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116,579 | 1dcf6a | Was the Holodomor of 1932-33 genocide of the Ukrainians or did Stalin not mean to target them especially? | This question was asked twice recently: Here are the links._URL_1__URL_0_ | [
"This question was asked twice recently: Here are the links.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_"
] | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> number of deaths by starvation in Ukraine may never be precisely known. That said, the most recent demographic studies suggest that over 4 million Ukrainians perished in the first six months of 1933 alone, a figure that increases if population losses from 1931, 1932 and 1934 are also included, along with those from adjacent territories inhabited primarily by Ukrainians (but politically part of the Russian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic), such as the Kuban.
The Soviet Union suppressed information about this genocide, and as late as the 1980s admitted only that there was some hardship because of kulak sabotage and bad weather. <P> of the Ukrainian parliament, especially the Communists. A Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Genrikh Yagoda, Yakov Yakovlev, Stanislav Kosior, Pavel Postyshev, Vlas Chubar and Mendel Khatayevich posthumously guilty of genocide on 13 January 2010. As of 2010, the Russian government's official position was that the famine took place, but was not an ethnic genocide; former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych supported this position. A ruling of 12 January 2010 by Kyiv's Court of Appeal declared the Soviet leaders guilty of "genocide against the Ukrainian national group in 1932–33 through the artificial creation of living conditions intended for <P> of killed range between 30,000 and 60,000. Of the recorded 1,236 pogroms and excesses, 493 were carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers under command of Symon Petliura, 307 by independent Ukrainian warlords, 213 by Denikin's army, 106 by the Red Army and 32 by the Polish Army. Decossackization During the Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks engaged in a genocidal campaign against the Don Cossacks. The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20. Joseph Stalin Multiple documented instances of unnatural mass death occurred in the <P> case was dropped. Unfortunately, he died.”
Vasyl Stus died after he declared hunger strike on September 4, 1985 in a Soviet forced labor camp for political prisoners Perm-36 near the village of Kuchino, Perm Oblast, Russian SFSR, where he had been transferred in November 1980. Danylo Shumuk reported that the commandant, a Major Zhuravkov, committed suicide after the death of Stus. In the Kuchino camp, out of 56 inmates kept there between 1980 and 1987, eight died, including four members of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group.
In August 1990 the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union cancelled Stus' verdict and the case <P> and some other parts of the Soviet Union, leaving the peasants too little to feed themselves. As a result, an estimated ten million died, including three to seven million in Ukraine, one million in the North Caucasus and one million elsewhere.
In addition to the requisitioning of crops and livestock in Ukraine, all food was confiscated by Soviet authorities. Any and all aid and food was prohibited from entering the Ukrainian republic. Ukraine's Yuschenko administration recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide and pushed international governments to acknowledge this. This move was opposed by the Russian government and some members <P> opposed forced collectivisation by slaughtering 18 million horses, 30 million cattle, about 45 per cent of the total, and 100 million sheep and goats, about two thirds of the total. Those who engaged in these behaviours, deemed Kulaks, were dealt with harshly; in December 1929, Stalin issued a call to "liquidate the Kulaks as a class". A distinction was made between the elimination of the Kulaks as a class and the killing of is the individuals themselves; nevertheless, at least 530,000 to 600,000 deaths resulted from dekulakization from 1929 to 1933, and Robert Conquest has estimated that there could have <P> executed in Babyn Yar along with other Ukrainian nationalists, although his wife was left unaware of his death and kept bringing him packages to Kiev prison until summer 1942. <P> Zavod’s confines, but most found it physically arduous and more psychologically unnerving than prison life.
The Siberian population met the Decembrists with great hospitality. Natives played central roles in keeping lines of communication open among Decembrists, friends, and relatives. Most merchants and state employees were also sympathetic. To the masses, the Decembrist exiles were "generals who had refused to take the oath to Nicholas I." They were great figures that had suffered political persecution for their loyalty to the people. On the whole, indigenous Siberian populations greatly respected the Decembrists and were extremely hospitable in their reception of them.
Upon arrival at <P> regarded missing. About 69,000 died of severe famine in the republic. This nation could not restore its population even under 1959 census. The record breaking estimates of 700,000 military casualties out of a total 1,25 million Turkmenian citizens (with slightly less than 60 per cent being Turkmens) are attributed to the late President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov. Historians do not regard them as being trustworthy. OBD Memorial database The names of Soviet war dead are presented at the OBD (Central Data Bank) Memorial database online. Causes The Red Army suffered catastrophic losses of men and equipment during the first months <P> its partial physical destruction." Poles in the Soviet Union Several scholars write that the killing, on the basis of nationality and politics, of more than 120,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet Union from 1937–38 was genocide. An NKVD official remarked that Poles living in the Soviet Union were to be "completely destroyed". Under Stalin the NKVD's Polish operation soon arrested some 144,000, of whom 111,000 were shot and surviving family members deported to Kazakhstan.
In practice abandoning its 'official socialist' ideology of the "fraternity of peoples", the Soviets in the Great Terror of 1937–1938 targeted "a national group as an enemy <P> Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. These include Union-wide famines in the early 1920s and early 1930s and deportations of ethnic minorities. Holodomor During the Soviet famine of 1932–33 that affected Ukraine, Kazakhstan and some densely populated regions of Russia, the highest scale of death was in Ukraine. The events there are referred to as the Holodomor and they are recognized as genocide by the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the US and Hungary. The famine was caused by the confiscation of the whole 1933 harvest in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the Kuban (a densely populated Russian region), <P> deportation of Lithuanians. Crimean Tatars The ethnic cleansing and deportation of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea was ordered by Joseph Stalin as a form of collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the Nazi occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict during 1942–1943. The state-organized removal is known as the Sürgünlik in Crimean Tatar. A total of more than 230,000 people were deported (the entire ethnic Crimean Tatar population), of which more than 100,000 died from starvation or disease.
Some activists, politicians, scholars and historians go even further and consider this deportation a crime of genocide. Professor Lyman H. Legters argued that the Soviet <P> Kiev during the Second World War and later became one of the Righteous among the Nations Last days and death On 20 October 1937, Alexander Glagolev was arrested by NKVD. He was tortured and died in prison on 25 November 1937. <P> services and the Soviet tactics, which throughout the war tended to be expensive in terms of human life"
Russian scholars attribute the high civilian death toll to the Nazi Generalplan Ost which treated the Soviet people as "subhumans", they use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. German occupation policies implemented under the Hunger Plan resulted in the confiscation of food stocks which resulted in famine in the occupied regions. During the Soviet era the partisan campaign behind the lines was portrayed as the struggle of the local population against the German occupation. <P> of 124 Decembrists were convicted of "state-crimes" by the Supreme Criminal Court, and sentenced to "exile-to-settlement." These men were sent directly to isolated locales, such as Berezov, Narym, Surgut, Pelym, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Viliuisk, among others. Few Russians inhabited these places: the populations consisted mainly of Siberian aborigines, Tunguses, Yakuts, Tartars, Ostiaks, Mongols, and Buriats.
Of all those exiled, the largest group of prisoners was sent to Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, to be transferred three years later to Petrovsky Zavod, near Nerchinsk. This group, sentenced to hard labor, included principal leaders of the Decembrist movement as well as Polish revolutionaries. Siberian <P> pogrom was deliberately incited by the Communists to discredit the government in exile (possibly to distract attention from the rigged referendum which had taken place at the end of June 1946). When it became clear following trials that the nationalists could not be blamed, this line of propaganda was swiftly dropped by the government.
Additional investigation into the circumstances of the massacre was opposed by the communist regime until the era of Solidarity, when in December 1981 an article was published in the Solidarity newspaper Tygodnik Solidarność. However, the return of repressive government meant that files could not be accessed for <P> in south Russia organised a squad of six men to assassinate Trepov. They were beaten to it by Vera Zasulich, who shot and wounded him in his office on 24 January 1878. This act was the start of the wave of political violence that culminated in the assassination of the Tsar Alexander II.
Bogolyubov was transferred to Kharkov central prison, then at the end of 1880, to a psychiatric hospital in Kazan. It is not known when he died, but it was "a few years" after being flogged. <P> boys, he was transferred to the village of Poltava, 15 km from Kotlas (not to be confused with the city of Poltava, Ukraine), where he completed his sentence in 1932. He chose to reside in Kirov, Kirov Oblast, where, worn out by the rigours of his imprisonment, he died on 7 March 1935. Legacy On 27 June 2001, Exarch Leonid Feodorov was beatified by Pope John Paul II. He remains deeply venerated among Russian Catholics. <P> their effort and, to compound their sad lot, many would later become victims of the Stalin Purges after their return to the USSR. <P> of his poor health it was commuted to time in prison. The first year of his prison term was spent in St. Petersburg, and in the winter of 1908–1909 Tsereteli was moved to Nikolayev in southern Ukraine; after four years in Nikolayev he was again moved, sent to the Alexandrovsky Central Prison in Irkutsk. In the autumn of 1913 Tsereteli was permitted to move to Usolye, a village about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Irkutsk and easily accessible owing to its location on a branch line of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Tsereteli would later reflect fondly on this period of exile: there were | question: Was the Holodomor of 1932-33 genocide of the Ukrainians or did Stalin not mean to target them especially? context: <P> number of deaths by starvation in Ukraine may never be precisely known. That said, the most recent demographic studies suggest that over 4 million Ukrainians perished in the first six months of 1933 alone, a figure that increases if population losses from 1931, 1932 and 1934 are also included, along with those from adjacent territories inhabited primarily by Ukrainians (but politically part of the Russian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic), such as the Kuban.
The Soviet Union suppressed information about this genocide, and as late as the 1980s admitted only that there was some hardship because of kulak sabotage and bad weather. <P> of the Ukrainian parliament, especially the Communists. A Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Genrikh Yagoda, Yakov Yakovlev, Stanislav Kosior, Pavel Postyshev, Vlas Chubar and Mendel Khatayevich posthumously guilty of genocide on 13 January 2010. As of 2010, the Russian government's official position was that the famine took place, but was not an ethnic genocide; former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych supported this position. A ruling of 12 January 2010 by Kyiv's Court of Appeal declared the Soviet leaders guilty of "genocide against the Ukrainian national group in 1932–33 through the artificial creation of living conditions intended for <P> of killed range between 30,000 and 60,000. Of the recorded 1,236 pogroms and excesses, 493 were carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers under command of Symon Petliura, 307 by independent Ukrainian warlords, 213 by Denikin's army, 106 by the Red Army and 32 by the Polish Army. Decossackization During the Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks engaged in a genocidal campaign against the Don Cossacks. The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20. Joseph Stalin Multiple documented instances of unnatural mass death occurred in the <P> case was dropped. Unfortunately, he died.”
Vasyl Stus died after he declared hunger strike on September 4, 1985 in a Soviet forced labor camp for political prisoners Perm-36 near the village of Kuchino, Perm Oblast, Russian SFSR, where he had been transferred in November 1980. Danylo Shumuk reported that the commandant, a Major Zhuravkov, committed suicide after the death of Stus. In the Kuchino camp, out of 56 inmates kept there between 1980 and 1987, eight died, including four members of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group.
In August 1990 the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union cancelled Stus' verdict and the case <P> and some other parts of the Soviet Union, leaving the peasants too little to feed themselves. As a result, an estimated ten million died, including three to seven million in Ukraine, one million in the North Caucasus and one million elsewhere.
In addition to the requisitioning of crops and livestock in Ukraine, all food was confiscated by Soviet authorities. Any and all aid and food was prohibited from entering the Ukrainian republic. Ukraine's Yuschenko administration recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide and pushed international governments to acknowledge this. This move was opposed by the Russian government and some members <P> opposed forced collectivisation by slaughtering 18 million horses, 30 million cattle, about 45 per cent of the total, and 100 million sheep and goats, about two thirds of the total. Those who engaged in these behaviours, deemed Kulaks, were dealt with harshly; in December 1929, Stalin issued a call to "liquidate the Kulaks as a class". A distinction was made between the elimination of the Kulaks as a class and the killing of is the individuals themselves; nevertheless, at least 530,000 to 600,000 deaths resulted from dekulakization from 1929 to 1933, and Robert Conquest has estimated that there could have <P> executed in Babyn Yar along with other Ukrainian nationalists, although his wife was left unaware of his death and kept bringing him packages to Kiev prison until summer 1942. <P> Zavod’s confines, but most found it physically arduous and more psychologically unnerving than prison life.
The Siberian population met the Decembrists with great hospitality. Natives played central roles in keeping lines of communication open among Decembrists, friends, and relatives. Most merchants and state employees were also sympathetic. To the masses, the Decembrist exiles were "generals who had refused to take the oath to Nicholas I." They were great figures that had suffered political persecution for their loyalty to the people. On the whole, indigenous Siberian populations greatly respected the Decembrists and were extremely hospitable in their reception of them.
Upon arrival at <P> regarded missing. About 69,000 died of severe famine in the republic. This nation could not restore its population even under 1959 census. The record breaking estimates of 700,000 military casualties out of a total 1,25 million Turkmenian citizens (with slightly less than 60 per cent being Turkmens) are attributed to the late President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov. Historians do not regard them as being trustworthy. OBD Memorial database The names of Soviet war dead are presented at the OBD (Central Data Bank) Memorial database online. Causes The Red Army suffered catastrophic losses of men and equipment during the first months <P> its partial physical destruction." Poles in the Soviet Union Several scholars write that the killing, on the basis of nationality and politics, of more than 120,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet Union from 1937–38 was genocide. An NKVD official remarked that Poles living in the Soviet Union were to be "completely destroyed". Under Stalin the NKVD's Polish operation soon arrested some 144,000, of whom 111,000 were shot and surviving family members deported to Kazakhstan.
In practice abandoning its 'official socialist' ideology of the "fraternity of peoples", the Soviets in the Great Terror of 1937–1938 targeted "a national group as an enemy <P> Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. These include Union-wide famines in the early 1920s and early 1930s and deportations of ethnic minorities. Holodomor During the Soviet famine of 1932–33 that affected Ukraine, Kazakhstan and some densely populated regions of Russia, the highest scale of death was in Ukraine. The events there are referred to as the Holodomor and they are recognized as genocide by the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the US and Hungary. The famine was caused by the confiscation of the whole 1933 harvest in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the Kuban (a densely populated Russian region), <P> deportation of Lithuanians. Crimean Tatars The ethnic cleansing and deportation of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea was ordered by Joseph Stalin as a form of collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the Nazi occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict during 1942–1943. The state-organized removal is known as the Sürgünlik in Crimean Tatar. A total of more than 230,000 people were deported (the entire ethnic Crimean Tatar population), of which more than 100,000 died from starvation or disease.
Some activists, politicians, scholars and historians go even further and consider this deportation a crime of genocide. Professor Lyman H. Legters argued that the Soviet <P> Kiev during the Second World War and later became one of the Righteous among the Nations Last days and death On 20 October 1937, Alexander Glagolev was arrested by NKVD. He was tortured and died in prison on 25 November 1937. <P> services and the Soviet tactics, which throughout the war tended to be expensive in terms of human life"
Russian scholars attribute the high civilian death toll to the Nazi Generalplan Ost which treated the Soviet people as "subhumans", they use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. German occupation policies implemented under the Hunger Plan resulted in the confiscation of food stocks which resulted in famine in the occupied regions. During the Soviet era the partisan campaign behind the lines was portrayed as the struggle of the local population against the German occupation. <P> of 124 Decembrists were convicted of "state-crimes" by the Supreme Criminal Court, and sentenced to "exile-to-settlement." These men were sent directly to isolated locales, such as Berezov, Narym, Surgut, Pelym, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Viliuisk, among others. Few Russians inhabited these places: the populations consisted mainly of Siberian aborigines, Tunguses, Yakuts, Tartars, Ostiaks, Mongols, and Buriats.
Of all those exiled, the largest group of prisoners was sent to Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, to be transferred three years later to Petrovsky Zavod, near Nerchinsk. This group, sentenced to hard labor, included principal leaders of the Decembrist movement as well as Polish revolutionaries. Siberian <P> pogrom was deliberately incited by the Communists to discredit the government in exile (possibly to distract attention from the rigged referendum which had taken place at the end of June 1946). When it became clear following trials that the nationalists could not be blamed, this line of propaganda was swiftly dropped by the government.
Additional investigation into the circumstances of the massacre was opposed by the communist regime until the era of Solidarity, when in December 1981 an article was published in the Solidarity newspaper Tygodnik Solidarność. However, the return of repressive government meant that files could not be accessed for <P> in south Russia organised a squad of six men to assassinate Trepov. They were beaten to it by Vera Zasulich, who shot and wounded him in his office on 24 January 1878. This act was the start of the wave of political violence that culminated in the assassination of the Tsar Alexander II.
Bogolyubov was transferred to Kharkov central prison, then at the end of 1880, to a psychiatric hospital in Kazan. It is not known when he died, but it was "a few years" after being flogged. <P> boys, he was transferred to the village of Poltava, 15 km from Kotlas (not to be confused with the city of Poltava, Ukraine), where he completed his sentence in 1932. He chose to reside in Kirov, Kirov Oblast, where, worn out by the rigours of his imprisonment, he died on 7 March 1935. Legacy On 27 June 2001, Exarch Leonid Feodorov was beatified by Pope John Paul II. He remains deeply venerated among Russian Catholics. <P> their effort and, to compound their sad lot, many would later become victims of the Stalin Purges after their return to the USSR. <P> of his poor health it was commuted to time in prison. The first year of his prison term was spent in St. Petersburg, and in the winter of 1908–1909 Tsereteli was moved to Nikolayev in southern Ukraine; after four years in Nikolayev he was again moved, sent to the Alexandrovsky Central Prison in Irkutsk. In the autumn of 1913 Tsereteli was permitted to move to Usolye, a village about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Irkutsk and easily accessible owing to its location on a branch line of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Tsereteli would later reflect fondly on this period of exile: there were | answer: This question was asked twice recently: Here are the links._URL_1__URL_0_ |
140,122 | 1qxxmc | can somebody explain the cloud services such as dropbox? | Dropbox has software that automagically synchronizes those files between all your devices, and lets your share them with other people.So you could configure you cell phone's camera to store files in a Dropbox folder, and they will show up on any computer you have Dropbox installed on, without the bother of having to download them to each location. | [
"Dropbox has software that automagically synchronizes those files between all your devices, and lets your share them with other people.\n\nSo you could configure you cell phone's camera to store files in a Dropbox folder, and they will show up on any computer you have Dropbox installed on, without the bother of hav... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> M. Satyanarayanan, Victor Bahl, Ramón Cáceres, and Nigel Davies, and a prototype implementation is developed by Carnegie Mellon University as a research project. The concept of cloudlet is also known as follow me cloud, and mobile micro-cloud. Motivation Many mobile services split the application into a front-end client program and a back-end server program following the traditional client-server model. The front-end mobile application offloads its functionality to the back-end servers for various reasons such as speeding up processing. With the advent of cloud computing, the back-end server is typically hosted at the cloud datacenter. Though the use of a cloud <P> on-premise, hybrid or multi-cloud.
Jelastic PaaS can be installed and fully configured by Jelastic Ops team, or this can be performed automatically on top of Google Cloud and MS Azure, as well as on top of bare metal using an ISO image.
The platform configuration includes integration with billing systems like WHMCS, Odin System Automation, Cleverbridge or custom billing if required. Pricing Model Jelastic provides pay-as-you-use pricing model within public cloud. Resources are charged on hourly base: RAM and CPU (cloudlet resource unit), Disk space, External traffic, Public IP and SSL. The price for each resource unit depends on the chosen <P> cloud service, nor are users required to provide detailed IT specifications. They are only required to provide business and organization requirements.
To make selection easier and to speed service deployment, service definitions are often standardized in cloud service catalogs. This presents three benefits: improved capacity planning, particularly if standard components are used; quicker service provisioning; and better buying forecasts which helps to lower costs.
Automation is an aspect of cloud service catalog that has been noted. Cloud service catalogs have been described as enabling "cloud on auto-pilot" enabling cloud users to build cloud services based on pre-built templates selected from catalogs. <P> computations, with minimal restrictions on their process structure, programming languages or operating systems. At a cloud datacenter, these requirements are met today using the virtual machine (VM) abstraction. For the same reasons they are used in cloud computing today, VMs are used as an abstraction for cloudlets. Meanwhile, there are a few but important differentiators between cloud and cloudlet. Rapid provisioning Different from cloud data centers that are optimized for launching existing VM images in their storage tier, cloudlets need to be much more agile in their provisioning. Their association with mobile devices is highly dynamic, with considerable churn due <P> CloudKit Services Application developers can utilize CloudKit for integrated access to Apple's iCloud servers into iOS and macOS applications. The framework provides authentication, a private database, a public database and structured asset storage services allowing developers to focus on client-side development. It is the foundation for both iCloud Storage and iCloud Photo Library.
CloudKit also offers several APIs to access the iCloud Storage, where a user can store data and files so that they can be easily accessible from other devices. Reception Developers claim that this framework "replaces back-end web services like old-school databases, file storage and user authentication systems." <P> Cloudlet A cloudlet is a mobility-enhanced small-scale cloud datacenter that is located at the edge of the Internet. The main purpose of the cloudlet is supporting resource-intensive and interactive mobile applications by providing powerful computing resources to mobile devices with lower latency. It is a new architectural element that extends today’s cloud computing infrastructure. It represents the middle tier of a 3-tier hierarchy: mobile device - cloudlet - cloud. A cloudlet can be viewed as a data center in a box whose goal is to bring the cloud closer. The cloudlet term was first coined by <P> developed from Elastic’s acquisition of Swiftype. In late 2017, Elastic formed partnerships with Google to offer Elastic Cloud in GCP, and Alibaba to offer Elasticsearch and Kibana in Alibaba Cloud.
Elasticsearch Service on Elastic Cloud is the official hosted and managed Elasticsearch and Kibana offering from the creators of the project since August 2018 Elasticsearch Service users can create secure deployments with partners, Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and Alibaba Cloud.
AWS offers Elasticsearch as a managed service since 2015. Such managed services provide hosting, deployment, backup and other support. Most managed services also include support for Kibana.
Elasticsearch is the basis of <P> hosting provider and can be estimated on a monthly, daily or hourly base within dev panel. Cloud hosting expenses can be tracked and optimized using built-in billing details for whole account or specific application.
Private cloud installation is charged monthly on a license base per physical server. There are two types of licensing - for installation with further self-administering and for installation with managed services.
Partnership with service providers is built on franchise model with revenue sharing. Customers Jelastic is installed by a wide range of hosting providers and telcos, among them are DataCenter Finland, Telecom Italia, eApps, Locaweb, PrimeTel, Layershift, <P> development and then deploy to popular runtime PaaS offerings, such as Pivotal CF, Google App Engine and Amazon Elastic Beanstalk. The release of CloudBees Jenkins Platform — Private SaaS Edition provides enterprises with self-service access to teams across an entire organization. The software gives enterprises the ability to access the CloudBees Jenkins Platform on their own private cloud or dedicated Amazon Web Services. CloudBees clients include a range of enterprises and Fortune 500 companies. <P> backups to be shipped back to the user faster than an over-the-Internet download.
Data is encrypted, password-protected and stored in a proprietary format. There is also an option for a more secure private key. Corporate users that have CrashPlan PROe back up to private servers instead of Code42's data centers in four out of five cases. The software has an option to create a private on-site backup server.
Code42 used to develop and market a file sharing service called SharePlan, which was released in October 2013. According to the Star Tribune, it competed with DropBox, but SharePlan used a PIN to <P> Global Cloud Storage System integrates with cloud storage platforms, including Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Cleversafe, EMC Atmos, Google, HP Cloud Services, and Nirvanix.
Panzura received three patents on its technology in 2013. Panzura offers proprietary software delivered on hardware appliances or virtual machine licenses, which are installed locally to backup, actively archive, and centralize data at a remote location.
Architectural firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro credited Panzura technology for speeding up the backup and recovery of its data after Hurricane Sandy.California State University, Northridge also used the technology for backing up its data.
In March 2013 Panzura announced it achieved FIPS 140-2 <P> public and private cloud infrastructure to provide cloud services. Other models that mix on-premises cloud with public cloud technologies include Platform as a Service (PaaS), which includes infrastructure services combined with development tools and middleware; and Software as a Service (SaaS), which is used to develop packaged software.
However, moving data in the cloud can be a difficult procedure. In the case of Software as a Service (SaaS), it is difficult particularly if the incumbent cloud provider used proprietary software, or if it altered an open source application.
A way to mitigate cloud migration difficulties is to architect applications for the cloud <P> are able to change the configuration of the technologies used to deliver the services based on cost, performance and technology improvements.
By seeing and understanding the different services available through the cloud users can better appreciate what is available to them, compared to traditional IT whereby one group of users or business unit may be unaware of the technologies available to another unit.
Accessed by self-service portals, service catalogs contain a list of cloud services from which cloud consumers select for self-provisioning of cloud services. This removes the need for users to work through various IT departments in order to provision a <P> basic wiki workspaces or upgrade to a premium plan to access additional features, such as enhanced security features, customization through CSS, and more storage space. Workspaces can be configured as either public or private (only viewable by those who have been invited to join the workspace).
The software is only available in English. Usage A number of businesses and corporations use PBworks to create private wikis for employees; one case study described a legal firm which had transitioned to PBworks as a document management system in order to cut their IT costs. Major companies using PBworks to host internal documents <P> Alibaba Cloud Data Center Regions Alibaba Cloud has 19 regional data centres globally, including China North, China South, China East, US West, US East, Europe, United Kingdom, Middle East, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, India, and Indonesia.
The Data Center in Germany is operated by Vodafone Germany (Frankfurt) and certified with C5. Products Alibaba Cloud provides cloud computing IaaS, PaaS, DBaaS and SaaS, including services such as e-commerce, big data, Database, IoT, Object storage (OOS), Kubernetes and data customization which can be managed from Alibaba web page or using aliyun command line tool. Academic Partner In 2017, Alibaba Cloud <P> to do this when they want to move key workloads to another Infrastructure-as-a-Service supplier. Components HP CloudSystem is a component of HP Cloud. It enables user organizations to burst workloads to external or internal cloud resources in times of increased workloads or when they want additional compute resources. This function is known as cloud bursting. Industry sector packages HP Cloud includes a number of packages for different industry sectors. For instance, HP Cloud Services for Airlines integrates Software as a service (SaaS) and infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) to the airline industry. Applications for that include HP Passenger Service Solution, which integrates travel <P> stations. The individual elements of this offload infrastructure are referred to as cloudlets. Applications Cloudlets aim to support mobile applications that are both resource-intensive and interactive. Augmented reality applications that use head-tracked systems require end-to-end latencies of less than 16 ms. Cloud games with remote rendering also require low latencies and high bandwidth. Wearable cognitive assistance systems combine devices such as Google Glass with cloud-based processing to guide users through complex tasks. This futuristic genre of applications is characterized as “astonishingly transformative” by the report of the 2013 NSF Workshop on Future Directions in Wireless Networking. These applications use cloud <P> firm, the authors state that cloud professional services can help companies map out both a short-term and a long-term strategy for how to use cloud in a way that aids their business goals.
The most common reason businesses engage cloud professional services are for assistance with incorporating cloud technology into existing IT environments, and to plan how to implement cloud, according to a study published in February 2014 by the independent research firm Technology Business Research, Inc. According to published reports, the use of cloud professional services indicates that businesses do not have adequate internal resources that are knowledgeable about implementing <P> Google Cloud Dataflow Google Cloud Dataflow is a fully managed service for executing Apache Beam pipelines within the Google Cloud Platform ecosystem. History Google Cloud Dataflow was announced in June, 2014 and released to the general public as an open beta in April, 2015. In January, 2016 Google donated the underlying SDK, the implementation of a local runner, and a set of IOs (data connectors) to access Google Cloud Platform data services to the Apache Software Foundation. The donated code formed the original basis for the Beam project. <P> Google Data Liberation Front Data Transfer Project On July 20, 2018, Google's Data Liberation Front engineering team announced the Data Transfer Project in partnership with Facebook, Microsoft, and Twitter, an ecosystem which features data portability between multiple online platforms without the need of downloading and re-uploading data. | question: can somebody explain the cloud services such as dropbox? context: <P> M. Satyanarayanan, Victor Bahl, Ramón Cáceres, and Nigel Davies, and a prototype implementation is developed by Carnegie Mellon University as a research project. The concept of cloudlet is also known as follow me cloud, and mobile micro-cloud. Motivation Many mobile services split the application into a front-end client program and a back-end server program following the traditional client-server model. The front-end mobile application offloads its functionality to the back-end servers for various reasons such as speeding up processing. With the advent of cloud computing, the back-end server is typically hosted at the cloud datacenter. Though the use of a cloud <P> on-premise, hybrid or multi-cloud.
Jelastic PaaS can be installed and fully configured by Jelastic Ops team, or this can be performed automatically on top of Google Cloud and MS Azure, as well as on top of bare metal using an ISO image.
The platform configuration includes integration with billing systems like WHMCS, Odin System Automation, Cleverbridge or custom billing if required. Pricing Model Jelastic provides pay-as-you-use pricing model within public cloud. Resources are charged on hourly base: RAM and CPU (cloudlet resource unit), Disk space, External traffic, Public IP and SSL. The price for each resource unit depends on the chosen <P> cloud service, nor are users required to provide detailed IT specifications. They are only required to provide business and organization requirements.
To make selection easier and to speed service deployment, service definitions are often standardized in cloud service catalogs. This presents three benefits: improved capacity planning, particularly if standard components are used; quicker service provisioning; and better buying forecasts which helps to lower costs.
Automation is an aspect of cloud service catalog that has been noted. Cloud service catalogs have been described as enabling "cloud on auto-pilot" enabling cloud users to build cloud services based on pre-built templates selected from catalogs. <P> computations, with minimal restrictions on their process structure, programming languages or operating systems. At a cloud datacenter, these requirements are met today using the virtual machine (VM) abstraction. For the same reasons they are used in cloud computing today, VMs are used as an abstraction for cloudlets. Meanwhile, there are a few but important differentiators between cloud and cloudlet. Rapid provisioning Different from cloud data centers that are optimized for launching existing VM images in their storage tier, cloudlets need to be much more agile in their provisioning. Their association with mobile devices is highly dynamic, with considerable churn due <P> CloudKit Services Application developers can utilize CloudKit for integrated access to Apple's iCloud servers into iOS and macOS applications. The framework provides authentication, a private database, a public database and structured asset storage services allowing developers to focus on client-side development. It is the foundation for both iCloud Storage and iCloud Photo Library.
CloudKit also offers several APIs to access the iCloud Storage, where a user can store data and files so that they can be easily accessible from other devices. Reception Developers claim that this framework "replaces back-end web services like old-school databases, file storage and user authentication systems." <P> Cloudlet A cloudlet is a mobility-enhanced small-scale cloud datacenter that is located at the edge of the Internet. The main purpose of the cloudlet is supporting resource-intensive and interactive mobile applications by providing powerful computing resources to mobile devices with lower latency. It is a new architectural element that extends today’s cloud computing infrastructure. It represents the middle tier of a 3-tier hierarchy: mobile device - cloudlet - cloud. A cloudlet can be viewed as a data center in a box whose goal is to bring the cloud closer. The cloudlet term was first coined by <P> developed from Elastic’s acquisition of Swiftype. In late 2017, Elastic formed partnerships with Google to offer Elastic Cloud in GCP, and Alibaba to offer Elasticsearch and Kibana in Alibaba Cloud.
Elasticsearch Service on Elastic Cloud is the official hosted and managed Elasticsearch and Kibana offering from the creators of the project since August 2018 Elasticsearch Service users can create secure deployments with partners, Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and Alibaba Cloud.
AWS offers Elasticsearch as a managed service since 2015. Such managed services provide hosting, deployment, backup and other support. Most managed services also include support for Kibana.
Elasticsearch is the basis of <P> hosting provider and can be estimated on a monthly, daily or hourly base within dev panel. Cloud hosting expenses can be tracked and optimized using built-in billing details for whole account or specific application.
Private cloud installation is charged monthly on a license base per physical server. There are two types of licensing - for installation with further self-administering and for installation with managed services.
Partnership with service providers is built on franchise model with revenue sharing. Customers Jelastic is installed by a wide range of hosting providers and telcos, among them are DataCenter Finland, Telecom Italia, eApps, Locaweb, PrimeTel, Layershift, <P> development and then deploy to popular runtime PaaS offerings, such as Pivotal CF, Google App Engine and Amazon Elastic Beanstalk. The release of CloudBees Jenkins Platform — Private SaaS Edition provides enterprises with self-service access to teams across an entire organization. The software gives enterprises the ability to access the CloudBees Jenkins Platform on their own private cloud or dedicated Amazon Web Services. CloudBees clients include a range of enterprises and Fortune 500 companies. <P> backups to be shipped back to the user faster than an over-the-Internet download.
Data is encrypted, password-protected and stored in a proprietary format. There is also an option for a more secure private key. Corporate users that have CrashPlan PROe back up to private servers instead of Code42's data centers in four out of five cases. The software has an option to create a private on-site backup server.
Code42 used to develop and market a file sharing service called SharePlan, which was released in October 2013. According to the Star Tribune, it competed with DropBox, but SharePlan used a PIN to <P> Global Cloud Storage System integrates with cloud storage platforms, including Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Cleversafe, EMC Atmos, Google, HP Cloud Services, and Nirvanix.
Panzura received three patents on its technology in 2013. Panzura offers proprietary software delivered on hardware appliances or virtual machine licenses, which are installed locally to backup, actively archive, and centralize data at a remote location.
Architectural firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro credited Panzura technology for speeding up the backup and recovery of its data after Hurricane Sandy.California State University, Northridge also used the technology for backing up its data.
In March 2013 Panzura announced it achieved FIPS 140-2 <P> public and private cloud infrastructure to provide cloud services. Other models that mix on-premises cloud with public cloud technologies include Platform as a Service (PaaS), which includes infrastructure services combined with development tools and middleware; and Software as a Service (SaaS), which is used to develop packaged software.
However, moving data in the cloud can be a difficult procedure. In the case of Software as a Service (SaaS), it is difficult particularly if the incumbent cloud provider used proprietary software, or if it altered an open source application.
A way to mitigate cloud migration difficulties is to architect applications for the cloud <P> are able to change the configuration of the technologies used to deliver the services based on cost, performance and technology improvements.
By seeing and understanding the different services available through the cloud users can better appreciate what is available to them, compared to traditional IT whereby one group of users or business unit may be unaware of the technologies available to another unit.
Accessed by self-service portals, service catalogs contain a list of cloud services from which cloud consumers select for self-provisioning of cloud services. This removes the need for users to work through various IT departments in order to provision a <P> basic wiki workspaces or upgrade to a premium plan to access additional features, such as enhanced security features, customization through CSS, and more storage space. Workspaces can be configured as either public or private (only viewable by those who have been invited to join the workspace).
The software is only available in English. Usage A number of businesses and corporations use PBworks to create private wikis for employees; one case study described a legal firm which had transitioned to PBworks as a document management system in order to cut their IT costs. Major companies using PBworks to host internal documents <P> Alibaba Cloud Data Center Regions Alibaba Cloud has 19 regional data centres globally, including China North, China South, China East, US West, US East, Europe, United Kingdom, Middle East, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, India, and Indonesia.
The Data Center in Germany is operated by Vodafone Germany (Frankfurt) and certified with C5. Products Alibaba Cloud provides cloud computing IaaS, PaaS, DBaaS and SaaS, including services such as e-commerce, big data, Database, IoT, Object storage (OOS), Kubernetes and data customization which can be managed from Alibaba web page or using aliyun command line tool. Academic Partner In 2017, Alibaba Cloud <P> to do this when they want to move key workloads to another Infrastructure-as-a-Service supplier. Components HP CloudSystem is a component of HP Cloud. It enables user organizations to burst workloads to external or internal cloud resources in times of increased workloads or when they want additional compute resources. This function is known as cloud bursting. Industry sector packages HP Cloud includes a number of packages for different industry sectors. For instance, HP Cloud Services for Airlines integrates Software as a service (SaaS) and infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) to the airline industry. Applications for that include HP Passenger Service Solution, which integrates travel <P> stations. The individual elements of this offload infrastructure are referred to as cloudlets. Applications Cloudlets aim to support mobile applications that are both resource-intensive and interactive. Augmented reality applications that use head-tracked systems require end-to-end latencies of less than 16 ms. Cloud games with remote rendering also require low latencies and high bandwidth. Wearable cognitive assistance systems combine devices such as Google Glass with cloud-based processing to guide users through complex tasks. This futuristic genre of applications is characterized as “astonishingly transformative” by the report of the 2013 NSF Workshop on Future Directions in Wireless Networking. These applications use cloud <P> firm, the authors state that cloud professional services can help companies map out both a short-term and a long-term strategy for how to use cloud in a way that aids their business goals.
The most common reason businesses engage cloud professional services are for assistance with incorporating cloud technology into existing IT environments, and to plan how to implement cloud, according to a study published in February 2014 by the independent research firm Technology Business Research, Inc. According to published reports, the use of cloud professional services indicates that businesses do not have adequate internal resources that are knowledgeable about implementing <P> Google Cloud Dataflow Google Cloud Dataflow is a fully managed service for executing Apache Beam pipelines within the Google Cloud Platform ecosystem. History Google Cloud Dataflow was announced in June, 2014 and released to the general public as an open beta in April, 2015. In January, 2016 Google donated the underlying SDK, the implementation of a local runner, and a set of IOs (data connectors) to access Google Cloud Platform data services to the Apache Software Foundation. The donated code formed the original basis for the Beam project. <P> Google Data Liberation Front Data Transfer Project On July 20, 2018, Google's Data Liberation Front engineering team announced the Data Transfer Project in partnership with Facebook, Microsoft, and Twitter, an ecosystem which features data portability between multiple online platforms without the need of downloading and re-uploading data. | answer: Dropbox has software that automagically synchronizes those files between all your devices, and lets your share them with other people.So you could configure you cell phone's camera to store files in a Dropbox folder, and they will show up on any computer you have Dropbox installed on, without the bother of having to download them to each location. |
77,367 | 3xa17s | why do big corporations ask clients to donate for a certain cause when they already have tons of money to do so? | It's to make people who buy their product know that they are donating money. You would not know that bob's store donates to orphans if he didn't make it a 3 month campaign with logos and made you buy his stuff to match donations. An ad in the local news doesn't do as much as a logo on their product all over the state. | [
"It's to make people who buy their product know that they are donating money. \n\nYou would not know that bob's store donates to orphans if he didn't make it a 3 month campaign with logos and made you buy his stuff to match donations. \n\nAn ad in the local news doesn't do as much as a logo on their product all ove... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> raise proceeds for the cause. <P> Wildlife Fund. Today some charities have modernized, and allow people to donate online, through websites such as JustGiving. Originally charity entailed the benefactor directly giving the goods to the receiver. This practice was continued by some individuals, for example, "CNN Hero" Sal Dimiceli, and service organizations, such as the Jaycees. With the rise of more social peer-to-peer processes, many charities are moving away from the charitable model and starting to adopt this more direct donator to recipient approach. Examples of this include Global Giving (direct funding of community development projects in developing countries), DonorsChoose (for US-based projects), PureCharity, Kiva <P> the support of volunteer initiatives. <P> 100 Neediest Cases The 100 Neediest Cases is an annual charitable campaign jointly sponsored by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the local chapter of the United Way. The campaign selects 100 families and individuals that are profiled in the Post-Dispatch during November and December. Local students participate in contests for the selection of companion illustrations in the profiles. The sponsoring organizations and other charities absorb the administrative cost. Local organizations adopts individual cases, donating food, medications, household necessities, and holiday presents etc. for the 100 beneficiaries of the campaign.
The campaign also facilitates the adoption by local organizations of about 1,200 <P> on the charity's actual position. <P> social investors, the social business maximises sources of funding for projects by allowing cash raised locally to be combined with grant funding streams available for civic projects from government, foundations and businesses. Backers of projects are only charged if the funding target is reached.
Project creators can apply for grants via the platform at the same time as crowdfunding. They can also request in-kind contributions towards the cost of the project.
Each project is verified by partner organisation Locality to ensure its viability before it starts funding. According to the company, the average success rate for fundraising campaigns on Spacehive is 52%, <P> their contribution should be seen as a form of “clinical labor” and therefore participants should also benefit economically. <P> they are doing already," he said.
"For instance, when I worked at Teen Challenge, my job as executive director was to generate money. Every dollar raised was private money," he said. "There is a reason for that. Teen Challenge is totally faith-saturated, which means, in most cases, there is nothing that can be federally funded because the whole system is faith-saturated. There was no way an organization like Teen Challenge could leverage federal or state dollars because those dollars cannot be used for the delivery of service, or for technology, that is faith-centered or spiritual. It <P> campaigns, a sense of being part of something worthwhile. There are two types of campaigns: all-or-nothing and unconditional. All-or-nothing campaigns These are campaigns that must reach their funding goal within the allotted time period. If they do not reach their target before the campaign deadline, the project is not funded, supporters do not get charged and do not receive their rewards. Unconditional campaigns Any and all funding raised towards an unconditional campaign goes to the campaign creator and supporters receive their rewards after the campaign deadline, whether or not the campaign reached its funding target.
The founders cite plans to expand <P> ten "highly impactful" charities to receive matching funds during their 2017 and 2018 campaigns. <P> 16, 2010, UnitedHealthcare and VolunteerMatch released research on the health benefits of volunteering. On June 8, 2010, Ben & Jerry's released two ice cream flavors—Berry Voluntary and Brownie Chew Gooder—to promote Scoop It Forward, a partnership with Target and Ben & Jerry’s aimed at encouraging consumers to volunteer at education-related nonprofits. December 31, 2010 marked the first time that mission-related revenue covered 100 percent of VolunteerMatch’s annual costs. In September 2011, it listed 71,652 active volunteer opportunities from over 79,920 nonprofit organizations.
The organization announced it had generated seven million volunteer connections on July 11, 2013 in a press release announcement <P> For Common Cause History For Common Cause was founded by Karen Snow after she worked with DFID and USAID on poverty reduction, civic participation, and public-private partnerships. Snow founded the charity after working with victims of trauma and torture in apartheid South Africa to launch their own livelihoods. "I saw there was nothing for those at the grassroots to do things for themselves. We have big institutions and governments, but they only offer a partial solution," said Snow in an interview with Calahane in 2013. Structure and management The charity is managed by its governing document, a deed of trust, <P> a similar a community, otherwise it could be rejected."
"There's no greater gesture any of us can give someone than the gift of life and this is what you might be doing by signing up."
"It is not an easy thing to think about sometimes, but if you know the difference your donation could make to someone else's life it can make the decision much easier." <P> Fundraising Regulator Fundraising Charity fundraising is widespread and varied. Professionals and volunteers employ a wide range of techniques to raise funds for charitable causes. Fundraising is a key source of income for many charities; for some, it is their sole income generator. In 2012, it was estimated that there are around 45,000 fundraising charities in the UK. raising more than £11 billion in voluntary income each year. Fundraising regulation The Charities Act 2006 prescribed the establishment of a new self-regulatory framework for charity fundraising.
In February 2007, a new body – the Fundraising Standards Board (FRSB) was launched, tasked with regulating <P> and the Future of Volunteering. On June 27, 2008, Boomer Volunteer Engagement: Collaborate Today, Thrive Tomorrow, a step-by-step guide for nonprofits to engage older adults and skilled volunteers, was co-published with the JFFixler Group.
VolunteerMatch reached one million volunteer connections on January 9, 2003; two million on March 16, 2005; three million on June 5, 2007; and four million on March 13, 2009. On July 31, 2019, VolunteerMatch celebrated its 14 millionth nonprofit-volunteer connection.
In 2009, it helped thousands of Americans participate in the first September 11 National Day of Service and Remembrance. As part of National Volunteer Week on April <P> costs.
For Common Cause had an income of £91,062 and spent £58,172 in 2013. Publicity For Common Cause participated in the first annual Grass Roots Enterprise conference in 2013.
For Common Cause featured in MEP Syed Kamall's series OURCITY London in February 2015.
Karen Snow wrote an article about the responsibility of alleviating poverty that was featured on the University of Westminster Career Development Centre, NCVO, and Positive News.
RBS SE100 Index, an annual data snapshot to measure growth and examine performance of social enterprises, gave For Common Cause an Impact Measurement Score of 7 out of 10. <P> in UMPS CARE charity events. <P> billion. People in different countries and regions will have the opportunity listen to and call into these programs and share their stories and actions.
Playing for Change: The non-profit group the Playing for Change Foundation will partner with 7 Billion Actions to produce an official campaign song. <P> similar type of work and same area.
CharityNavigator.org shows FYE 2016 Revenues of $1,085,468 of which $485,000 comes from government grants. Trina Vargo, President is paid $248,281 as compensation (23.58% of total expenses). https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=5497 retrieved 3/10/2019 <P> who oppose it. In either case, individuals benefit from their group's success, whether or not they contribute to the effort.
A well-known proposition in public finance holds that if all behavior is voluntary, public goods will tend to be underproduced. In politics, this means that the effort groups make to secure political goals will always understate the true value they place on achieving those goals. The reason is that each individual has an incentive to be a free rider, contributing little or no effort while hoping that others will contribute a lot.
The groups that are most successful in overcoming the free | question: why do big corporations ask clients to donate for a certain cause when they already have tons of money to do so? context: <P> raise proceeds for the cause. <P> Wildlife Fund. Today some charities have modernized, and allow people to donate online, through websites such as JustGiving. Originally charity entailed the benefactor directly giving the goods to the receiver. This practice was continued by some individuals, for example, "CNN Hero" Sal Dimiceli, and service organizations, such as the Jaycees. With the rise of more social peer-to-peer processes, many charities are moving away from the charitable model and starting to adopt this more direct donator to recipient approach. Examples of this include Global Giving (direct funding of community development projects in developing countries), DonorsChoose (for US-based projects), PureCharity, Kiva <P> the support of volunteer initiatives. <P> 100 Neediest Cases The 100 Neediest Cases is an annual charitable campaign jointly sponsored by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the local chapter of the United Way. The campaign selects 100 families and individuals that are profiled in the Post-Dispatch during November and December. Local students participate in contests for the selection of companion illustrations in the profiles. The sponsoring organizations and other charities absorb the administrative cost. Local organizations adopts individual cases, donating food, medications, household necessities, and holiday presents etc. for the 100 beneficiaries of the campaign.
The campaign also facilitates the adoption by local organizations of about 1,200 <P> on the charity's actual position. <P> social investors, the social business maximises sources of funding for projects by allowing cash raised locally to be combined with grant funding streams available for civic projects from government, foundations and businesses. Backers of projects are only charged if the funding target is reached.
Project creators can apply for grants via the platform at the same time as crowdfunding. They can also request in-kind contributions towards the cost of the project.
Each project is verified by partner organisation Locality to ensure its viability before it starts funding. According to the company, the average success rate for fundraising campaigns on Spacehive is 52%, <P> their contribution should be seen as a form of “clinical labor” and therefore participants should also benefit economically. <P> they are doing already," he said.
"For instance, when I worked at Teen Challenge, my job as executive director was to generate money. Every dollar raised was private money," he said. "There is a reason for that. Teen Challenge is totally faith-saturated, which means, in most cases, there is nothing that can be federally funded because the whole system is faith-saturated. There was no way an organization like Teen Challenge could leverage federal or state dollars because those dollars cannot be used for the delivery of service, or for technology, that is faith-centered or spiritual. It <P> campaigns, a sense of being part of something worthwhile. There are two types of campaigns: all-or-nothing and unconditional. All-or-nothing campaigns These are campaigns that must reach their funding goal within the allotted time period. If they do not reach their target before the campaign deadline, the project is not funded, supporters do not get charged and do not receive their rewards. Unconditional campaigns Any and all funding raised towards an unconditional campaign goes to the campaign creator and supporters receive their rewards after the campaign deadline, whether or not the campaign reached its funding target.
The founders cite plans to expand <P> ten "highly impactful" charities to receive matching funds during their 2017 and 2018 campaigns. <P> 16, 2010, UnitedHealthcare and VolunteerMatch released research on the health benefits of volunteering. On June 8, 2010, Ben & Jerry's released two ice cream flavors—Berry Voluntary and Brownie Chew Gooder—to promote Scoop It Forward, a partnership with Target and Ben & Jerry’s aimed at encouraging consumers to volunteer at education-related nonprofits. December 31, 2010 marked the first time that mission-related revenue covered 100 percent of VolunteerMatch’s annual costs. In September 2011, it listed 71,652 active volunteer opportunities from over 79,920 nonprofit organizations.
The organization announced it had generated seven million volunteer connections on July 11, 2013 in a press release announcement <P> For Common Cause History For Common Cause was founded by Karen Snow after she worked with DFID and USAID on poverty reduction, civic participation, and public-private partnerships. Snow founded the charity after working with victims of trauma and torture in apartheid South Africa to launch their own livelihoods. "I saw there was nothing for those at the grassroots to do things for themselves. We have big institutions and governments, but they only offer a partial solution," said Snow in an interview with Calahane in 2013. Structure and management The charity is managed by its governing document, a deed of trust, <P> a similar a community, otherwise it could be rejected."
"There's no greater gesture any of us can give someone than the gift of life and this is what you might be doing by signing up."
"It is not an easy thing to think about sometimes, but if you know the difference your donation could make to someone else's life it can make the decision much easier." <P> Fundraising Regulator Fundraising Charity fundraising is widespread and varied. Professionals and volunteers employ a wide range of techniques to raise funds for charitable causes. Fundraising is a key source of income for many charities; for some, it is their sole income generator. In 2012, it was estimated that there are around 45,000 fundraising charities in the UK. raising more than £11 billion in voluntary income each year. Fundraising regulation The Charities Act 2006 prescribed the establishment of a new self-regulatory framework for charity fundraising.
In February 2007, a new body – the Fundraising Standards Board (FRSB) was launched, tasked with regulating <P> and the Future of Volunteering. On June 27, 2008, Boomer Volunteer Engagement: Collaborate Today, Thrive Tomorrow, a step-by-step guide for nonprofits to engage older adults and skilled volunteers, was co-published with the JFFixler Group.
VolunteerMatch reached one million volunteer connections on January 9, 2003; two million on March 16, 2005; three million on June 5, 2007; and four million on March 13, 2009. On July 31, 2019, VolunteerMatch celebrated its 14 millionth nonprofit-volunteer connection.
In 2009, it helped thousands of Americans participate in the first September 11 National Day of Service and Remembrance. As part of National Volunteer Week on April <P> costs.
For Common Cause had an income of £91,062 and spent £58,172 in 2013. Publicity For Common Cause participated in the first annual Grass Roots Enterprise conference in 2013.
For Common Cause featured in MEP Syed Kamall's series OURCITY London in February 2015.
Karen Snow wrote an article about the responsibility of alleviating poverty that was featured on the University of Westminster Career Development Centre, NCVO, and Positive News.
RBS SE100 Index, an annual data snapshot to measure growth and examine performance of social enterprises, gave For Common Cause an Impact Measurement Score of 7 out of 10. <P> in UMPS CARE charity events. <P> billion. People in different countries and regions will have the opportunity listen to and call into these programs and share their stories and actions.
Playing for Change: The non-profit group the Playing for Change Foundation will partner with 7 Billion Actions to produce an official campaign song. <P> similar type of work and same area.
CharityNavigator.org shows FYE 2016 Revenues of $1,085,468 of which $485,000 comes from government grants. Trina Vargo, President is paid $248,281 as compensation (23.58% of total expenses). https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=5497 retrieved 3/10/2019 <P> who oppose it. In either case, individuals benefit from their group's success, whether or not they contribute to the effort.
A well-known proposition in public finance holds that if all behavior is voluntary, public goods will tend to be underproduced. In politics, this means that the effort groups make to secure political goals will always understate the true value they place on achieving those goals. The reason is that each individual has an incentive to be a free rider, contributing little or no effort while hoping that others will contribute a lot.
The groups that are most successful in overcoming the free | answer: It's to make people who buy their product know that they are donating money. You would not know that bob's store donates to orphans if he didn't make it a 3 month campaign with logos and made you buy his stuff to match donations. An ad in the local news doesn't do as much as a logo on their product all over the state. |
6,995 | 1kgtrw | how do/did pirate radio stations get shut down? | Probably using a dish antenna, like satellite TV uses, and triangulation. The antenna picks up signal strongest from where it is pointing at, so they take three readings from three different places and trace the lines back to the source. Assuming that the signal is all they have to go on, this might take several tries, as the method is inaccurate from a long way off. But if they have some other clues that they could use to guess the general location of the broadcaster, then the amount of tries drops to as few as one. | [
"Probably using a dish antenna, like satellite TV uses, and triangulation. The antenna picks up signal strongest from where it is pointing at, so they take three readings from three different places and trace the lines back to the source. Assuming that the signal is all they have to go on, this might take several t... | 1 | [
"Probably using a dish antenna, like satellite TV uses, and triangulation. The antenna picks up signal strongest from where it is pointing at, so they take three readings from three different places and trace the lines back to the source. Assuming that the signal is all they have to go on, this might take several t... | 1 | <P> Allston from the descriptive “Pirate Radio” by providing a community service in the form of news programming, senior citizen shows, minority forums, and interviews with local businesses, politicians, artists, and social activists. In addition, a wide range of music programming included, but was not limited to, Hip-Hop, Latin, and all genres of Rock, Roots, and R&B. Day-to-day operations, fund raising, equipment maintenance, and logistics depended on a core of dedicated volunteers. The station was awarded a certificate of merit by the Boston City Council, but was shut down by the FCC a few days before its first 72-hour broadcast featuring <P> Campaign dollars were thought to have subsidized the operations of the radio station, regardless of dollars raised, the executive director and district vice president concluded campaign money was better spent in other areas", says former General Manager, Natalie Hall. "It is a sad day for all who devoted time and effort into making KYMC a great community outlet."
After officially falling silent on January 8, 2007, the station applied to the FCC for special temporary authority to remain silent and authorization was granted on January 9, 2007. This authority was renewed by the FCC on January 30, 2008. This authority <P> old United States Air Force radio beacon to broadcast his station. From Knock John Tower, he ran Radio Essex from 1965 to 1966 and succeeded in becoming the first pirate radio station to provide 24-hour entertainment. The station changed its name in October 1966 to Britain's Better Music Station (BBMS) after Bates had been convicted of violating Section One of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949. Bates was then fined £100 for his continued illegal broadcasting. Due to insufficient funds, BBMS went off the air on Christmas Day in 1966. Formation of Sealand Bates moved his operation to the nearby Roughs <P> did indeed exist, the operators of NCW voluntarily shut down the operation and applied to the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) for a licence to serve the area.
The initial offering from the BCI was a 30-day temporary licence, and following a significant expansion of the team of volunteers and presenters, the station went on air as "West Limerick Community Radio" for the month of June 2004. Broadcasting solely on 102.2FM, the initial pilot covered a range of about 5 miles from studios in the square in Newcastle West.
Following the relative success of the pilot, an application was made to the BCI <P> community powered station which went on-air in December 2016.
The Cave Junction area had a pirate radio station, Hope Mountain Radio. It broadcast out of Takilma until repeated interference from government agents caused them to shut down. The station then began broadcasting legally on the internet at TakilmaFM.com, although this caused their costs to go up and necessitated fundraising activities. As of January 2007, Hope Mountain Radio broadcasts 24 hours a day with an all volunteer staff.
1 Education Cave Junction has three schools: Illinois Valley High School, Lorna Byrne Middle School, and Evergreen Elementary School. These schools <P> was set to expire on July 28, 2008. A grassroots movement to "save" KYMC sprung up but was ultimately unsuccessful. New ownership In July 2008 and with the final remain silent authority about to expire, the YMCA of Greater St. Louis reached an agreement to sell this station to Missouri River Christian Broadcasting, Inc. The deal was approved by the FCC on August 22, 2008, and the transaction was consummated on September 19, 2008. The new owners announced plans to return KYMC to the air with religious programming as a member of "The Good News Voice" network of <P> After resolving issues with the previous licensee, the FCC granted new licensee Bar Broadcasting's application for license renewal on March 23, 2012.
Bar Broadcasting president Pedro Zamora reported to the FCC that his broadcast facility was vandalized on July 15, 2013, and both WJHX and sister station WZGX (1450 AM) were temporarily silent. On November 4, 2013, the FCC granted WJHX special temporary authority to remain silent. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one <P> with a translator of WFCR on 90.5 FM. Finding available frequencies proved difficult, however. In addition to the crowded state of the noncommercial end of the FM dial in the Northeast, there was a considerable glut of 10-watt stations in the state. Ultimately, CPTV bought the 90.5 frequency from the Friends of WFCR, the New Haven group that owned the WFCR translator, and used it as the linchpin for what would become Connecticut Public Radio.
The network's first station, WPBH, signed on in June 1978. The station was licensed to Meriden, halfway between Hartford and New Haven, in order to serve <P> found improperly maintained meters, missing logs, and gates that were not padlocked. At KCKY, the FCC claimed an unlicensed transmitter was in use.
On October 15, 1960, at a hearing in Phoenix, Gila asked the FCC to approve the renewal of the Gila stations' license and their sale to Earl Perrin, Jr., of Chicago. The stations went dark on October 29 despite the FCC denying Gila's request to take them silent, with Gila citing the fact that nervous employees fearing for their futures were already leaving their jobs and the company's financial state for the closures. In denying the request, the <P> KTWY Surrender of license On May 26, 2017 the Federal Communications Commission released an order regarding two Consent Agreements reached with Cochise Broadcasting LLC and Cochise Media Licenses LLC to settle multiple violations at ten stations. Under the agreements nine licenses, including KTWY's, were to be surrendered.
KTWY's license was donated to the University of Wyoming effective December 29, 2017. <P> British RadCom amateur radio magazine in October 2007. <P> of the stations. <P> a similar petition for Cutforth's KJJL was denied in June 2009, the Commission granted KJME special temporary authority to operate on October 6, 2009, and restored the station's call sign to the FCC database. The station's license was issued on January 6, 2012.
On December 11, 2018, KJME posted on its Facebook page that it had ceased broadcasting given its "broadcast towers facility has reached the end of its agreement" and was not renewed, noting the station had "powered off until further notice" on November 24, 2018. <P> community operated radio station to service the areas of Monbulk, Woori Yallock, Gembrook, Pakenham, Berwick, Belgrave, Emerald, Cockatoo and everywhere in between
MDR ran 13 test transmissions on the following dates between 5 August 1985 and 29 October 1989.
3MDR's first temporary broadcast - as part of its demonstration phase intended to generate and display a community need for the service, it broadcast from a small studio in the back of an old bus by the side of a water tower on the ridge above Cockatoo. Licensing 3MDR was the only applicant for a community licence in the outer eastern (mountains) area <P> the single program and monthly fees characteristic of the grapevine systems. Historical background Information about the grapevine installations (also called "speakerline") is limited, because of their brief history and the fact that they do not appear to have been established outside a small region of South Carolina. Unlike radio stations, they did not require government approval to operate. Their existence was also dependent on an unusual and short-lived economic and technical environment, as they required a central distribution site that had access to electricity, plus a surrounding community of prospective subscribers that did not have electric service.
Throughout the 1930s large <P> Mercy Radio filed a Remain Silent Authority application with the FCC, citing major technical issues. At the time the station was expected to remain off the air for 120 days while technicians made repairs. WETC resumed regular operations at 3:55 p.m. EST on February 4, 2019. <P> February 20 at 5:00 PM (PT), giving longtime radio veteran Tom Leykis the final sign-off and the opportunity to "blow up" the station (in reference to a catchphrase used by the show's callers, "Blow me up, Tom!").
"AMP Radio" then launched with Paranoid by Kanye West (which coincidentally was also playing on its new rival KIIS at the same time), beginning a commercial-free block of 10,000 songs, similar to the debuts of the current KDAY in 2004 and, in 1989, KQLZ (Pirate Radio 100.3). (Conway would later reappear on KFI as a weekend afternoon host.) The launch of AMP Radio marked <P> planned to enter the Denver market as a rimshot. KBUD was licensed for the move to Deer Trail on April 14, 2016.
Kona Coast Radio surrendered the station's license to the FCC on April 18, 2016; the FCC cancelled the license on April 19, 2016. <P> Glen Allen, Greg Berg, and most of the DJ staff, with the intention of turning the station back into "kiddy radio camp" for the YMCA. Large protests were organized by Joey Jay and some of the remaining DJs, receiving front page coverage in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Falling silent "Effective Jan. 1, (2007) the station will go dark," said Denise Glass, executive director of the West County Family YMCA, "The YMCA of Greater St. Louis is a not-for-profit charitable organization. During our budget process for 2007, it was determined we would cease operations of the station due to budgetary constraints."
"Annual <P> 7, 2009, the station went silent again, due to financial reasons. Silent broadcast facilities must return to air within one year of going silent, or the license can be revoked, and on December 2, 2010, the station notified the FCC that it had resumed operations as of November 30. When the station once again filed for Silent STA on December 17, 2010, it was discovered that its authorization to broadcast had expired August 18, 2009, and since unauthorized operations did not count, the station was deemed to have not legally broadcast for more than a year, and the FCC revoked | question: how do/did pirate radio stations get shut down? context: <P> Allston from the descriptive “Pirate Radio” by providing a community service in the form of news programming, senior citizen shows, minority forums, and interviews with local businesses, politicians, artists, and social activists. In addition, a wide range of music programming included, but was not limited to, Hip-Hop, Latin, and all genres of Rock, Roots, and R&B. Day-to-day operations, fund raising, equipment maintenance, and logistics depended on a core of dedicated volunteers. The station was awarded a certificate of merit by the Boston City Council, but was shut down by the FCC a few days before its first 72-hour broadcast featuring <P> Campaign dollars were thought to have subsidized the operations of the radio station, regardless of dollars raised, the executive director and district vice president concluded campaign money was better spent in other areas", says former General Manager, Natalie Hall. "It is a sad day for all who devoted time and effort into making KYMC a great community outlet."
After officially falling silent on January 8, 2007, the station applied to the FCC for special temporary authority to remain silent and authorization was granted on January 9, 2007. This authority was renewed by the FCC on January 30, 2008. This authority <P> old United States Air Force radio beacon to broadcast his station. From Knock John Tower, he ran Radio Essex from 1965 to 1966 and succeeded in becoming the first pirate radio station to provide 24-hour entertainment. The station changed its name in October 1966 to Britain's Better Music Station (BBMS) after Bates had been convicted of violating Section One of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949. Bates was then fined £100 for his continued illegal broadcasting. Due to insufficient funds, BBMS went off the air on Christmas Day in 1966. Formation of Sealand Bates moved his operation to the nearby Roughs <P> did indeed exist, the operators of NCW voluntarily shut down the operation and applied to the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) for a licence to serve the area.
The initial offering from the BCI was a 30-day temporary licence, and following a significant expansion of the team of volunteers and presenters, the station went on air as "West Limerick Community Radio" for the month of June 2004. Broadcasting solely on 102.2FM, the initial pilot covered a range of about 5 miles from studios in the square in Newcastle West.
Following the relative success of the pilot, an application was made to the BCI <P> community powered station which went on-air in December 2016.
The Cave Junction area had a pirate radio station, Hope Mountain Radio. It broadcast out of Takilma until repeated interference from government agents caused them to shut down. The station then began broadcasting legally on the internet at TakilmaFM.com, although this caused their costs to go up and necessitated fundraising activities. As of January 2007, Hope Mountain Radio broadcasts 24 hours a day with an all volunteer staff.
1 Education Cave Junction has three schools: Illinois Valley High School, Lorna Byrne Middle School, and Evergreen Elementary School. These schools <P> was set to expire on July 28, 2008. A grassroots movement to "save" KYMC sprung up but was ultimately unsuccessful. New ownership In July 2008 and with the final remain silent authority about to expire, the YMCA of Greater St. Louis reached an agreement to sell this station to Missouri River Christian Broadcasting, Inc. The deal was approved by the FCC on August 22, 2008, and the transaction was consummated on September 19, 2008. The new owners announced plans to return KYMC to the air with religious programming as a member of "The Good News Voice" network of <P> After resolving issues with the previous licensee, the FCC granted new licensee Bar Broadcasting's application for license renewal on March 23, 2012.
Bar Broadcasting president Pedro Zamora reported to the FCC that his broadcast facility was vandalized on July 15, 2013, and both WJHX and sister station WZGX (1450 AM) were temporarily silent. On November 4, 2013, the FCC granted WJHX special temporary authority to remain silent. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one <P> with a translator of WFCR on 90.5 FM. Finding available frequencies proved difficult, however. In addition to the crowded state of the noncommercial end of the FM dial in the Northeast, there was a considerable glut of 10-watt stations in the state. Ultimately, CPTV bought the 90.5 frequency from the Friends of WFCR, the New Haven group that owned the WFCR translator, and used it as the linchpin for what would become Connecticut Public Radio.
The network's first station, WPBH, signed on in June 1978. The station was licensed to Meriden, halfway between Hartford and New Haven, in order to serve <P> found improperly maintained meters, missing logs, and gates that were not padlocked. At KCKY, the FCC claimed an unlicensed transmitter was in use.
On October 15, 1960, at a hearing in Phoenix, Gila asked the FCC to approve the renewal of the Gila stations' license and their sale to Earl Perrin, Jr., of Chicago. The stations went dark on October 29 despite the FCC denying Gila's request to take them silent, with Gila citing the fact that nervous employees fearing for their futures were already leaving their jobs and the company's financial state for the closures. In denying the request, the <P> KTWY Surrender of license On May 26, 2017 the Federal Communications Commission released an order regarding two Consent Agreements reached with Cochise Broadcasting LLC and Cochise Media Licenses LLC to settle multiple violations at ten stations. Under the agreements nine licenses, including KTWY's, were to be surrendered.
KTWY's license was donated to the University of Wyoming effective December 29, 2017. <P> British RadCom amateur radio magazine in October 2007. <P> of the stations. <P> a similar petition for Cutforth's KJJL was denied in June 2009, the Commission granted KJME special temporary authority to operate on October 6, 2009, and restored the station's call sign to the FCC database. The station's license was issued on January 6, 2012.
On December 11, 2018, KJME posted on its Facebook page that it had ceased broadcasting given its "broadcast towers facility has reached the end of its agreement" and was not renewed, noting the station had "powered off until further notice" on November 24, 2018. <P> community operated radio station to service the areas of Monbulk, Woori Yallock, Gembrook, Pakenham, Berwick, Belgrave, Emerald, Cockatoo and everywhere in between
MDR ran 13 test transmissions on the following dates between 5 August 1985 and 29 October 1989.
3MDR's first temporary broadcast - as part of its demonstration phase intended to generate and display a community need for the service, it broadcast from a small studio in the back of an old bus by the side of a water tower on the ridge above Cockatoo. Licensing 3MDR was the only applicant for a community licence in the outer eastern (mountains) area <P> the single program and monthly fees characteristic of the grapevine systems. Historical background Information about the grapevine installations (also called "speakerline") is limited, because of their brief history and the fact that they do not appear to have been established outside a small region of South Carolina. Unlike radio stations, they did not require government approval to operate. Their existence was also dependent on an unusual and short-lived economic and technical environment, as they required a central distribution site that had access to electricity, plus a surrounding community of prospective subscribers that did not have electric service.
Throughout the 1930s large <P> Mercy Radio filed a Remain Silent Authority application with the FCC, citing major technical issues. At the time the station was expected to remain off the air for 120 days while technicians made repairs. WETC resumed regular operations at 3:55 p.m. EST on February 4, 2019. <P> February 20 at 5:00 PM (PT), giving longtime radio veteran Tom Leykis the final sign-off and the opportunity to "blow up" the station (in reference to a catchphrase used by the show's callers, "Blow me up, Tom!").
"AMP Radio" then launched with Paranoid by Kanye West (which coincidentally was also playing on its new rival KIIS at the same time), beginning a commercial-free block of 10,000 songs, similar to the debuts of the current KDAY in 2004 and, in 1989, KQLZ (Pirate Radio 100.3). (Conway would later reappear on KFI as a weekend afternoon host.) The launch of AMP Radio marked <P> planned to enter the Denver market as a rimshot. KBUD was licensed for the move to Deer Trail on April 14, 2016.
Kona Coast Radio surrendered the station's license to the FCC on April 18, 2016; the FCC cancelled the license on April 19, 2016. <P> Glen Allen, Greg Berg, and most of the DJ staff, with the intention of turning the station back into "kiddy radio camp" for the YMCA. Large protests were organized by Joey Jay and some of the remaining DJs, receiving front page coverage in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Falling silent "Effective Jan. 1, (2007) the station will go dark," said Denise Glass, executive director of the West County Family YMCA, "The YMCA of Greater St. Louis is a not-for-profit charitable organization. During our budget process for 2007, it was determined we would cease operations of the station due to budgetary constraints."
"Annual <P> 7, 2009, the station went silent again, due to financial reasons. Silent broadcast facilities must return to air within one year of going silent, or the license can be revoked, and on December 2, 2010, the station notified the FCC that it had resumed operations as of November 30. When the station once again filed for Silent STA on December 17, 2010, it was discovered that its authorization to broadcast had expired August 18, 2009, and since unauthorized operations did not count, the station was deemed to have not legally broadcast for more than a year, and the FCC revoked | answer: Probably using a dish antenna, like satellite TV uses, and triangulation. The antenna picks up signal strongest from where it is pointing at, so they take three readings from three different places and trace the lines back to the source. Assuming that the signal is all they have to go on, this might take several tries, as the method is inaccurate from a long way off. But if they have some other clues that they could use to guess the general location of the broadcaster, then the amount of tries drops to as few as one. |
223,936 | 6hj84s | When did China start having conceptions of race? What is the history of race in China? | This doesn't answer your historical question, but it might be worth clearing up what people mean today by saying that race is a social construct.There are different ethnicities in the world, but our decision to group different ethnicities together into large umbrellas of "race" is the social construct that most people are talking about.We put Ashkenazi Jews, Greeks, Germans, Basques, and Slavs in the same "white" category. Are they so similar to each other, and so different from Arabs, Persians, and Kurds, that the categorization makes sense? Or does it all descend from somewhat arbitrary line drawing?Does the U.S. Census Bureau's categorization of South Asians, East Asians, and Pacific Islanders as a single category of "Asian/Pacific Islander" follow some kind of principled system, or is it an arbitrary categorization that makes sense only in the context of American society?It's also worth noting that we tend to account for shared culture and language when drawing the lines of ethnicity in the first place. So meaningfully separating culture from race is difficult to begin with, and I'm not sure what you'd be able to do with the isolated variables. | [
"This doesn't answer your historical question, but it might be worth clearing up what people mean today by saying that race is a social construct.\n\nThere are different ethnicities in the world, but our decision to group different ethnicities together into large umbrellas of \"race\" is the social construct that m... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> with women from plains aboriginal groups. The human leukocyte antigen typing study and mitochondrial DNA analysis performed in recent years show that more than 88% of the Taiwanese population have some degree of aboriginal origin (Sim 2003).
A 2009 doctoral dissertation questions such findings and claims that "the great number of Han immigrants after the 18th century is the main reason to consider that the early genetic contribution from Plains Indigenes to Taiwanese Han has been largely diluted and no longer exists in any meaningful way." The lack of a totally complete and definite set of genetic record of plains Aborigines, <P> or 2nd century AD in Vagnari, Italy, had East Asian ancestry on his mother's side.
A 2016 analysis of archaeological finds from Southwark in London, the site of the ancient Roman city Londinium in Roman Britain, suggests that two or three skeletons from a sample of twenty-two dating to the 2nd to the 4th centuries AD are of Asian ancestry, and possibly of Chinese descent. The assertion is based on forensics and the analysis of skeletal facial features. The discovery has been presented by Dr Rebecca Redfern, curator of human osteology at the Museum of London. No DNA analysis has yet <P> Y chromosomes of Asian or sub-Saharan origins may be held by European looking people as it does not show physical looks, but the origin of the patrilineage. Demographic characteristics According to surveys undertaken by Chinese associations, Chinese residents of Portugal have a very young average age, with 29.6% younger than 30, and 38.5% between 31 and 40 years old. Over three-quarters live in Lisbon, Porto, or Faro. Migration waves and communities Despite early arrivals of Chinese slaves, servants and traders to Portugal since the latter half of the 16th century, a visible Chinese community did not begin to form until <P> Zhelaizhai Lost Romans myth Zhelaizhai received much attention from international media and researchers due to a hypothesis which states that its inhabitants may have descended from the Romans. The area of the former Liqian County is known for the distinctive physical appearance of its inhabitants. The population has higher frequencies of traits prevalent in Europe, such as aquiline noses, blonde or light-colored hair, blue or green eyes, and relatively fair skin tones. In the 1940s, Homer H. Dubs, a professor of Chinese history at the University of Oxford, suggested that the people of Liqian were descended from Roman legionaries taken <P> overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European. These studies also showed that light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo-European Neolithic Europeans (in both farmers and hunter-gatherers), so long-standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo-Europeans from the steppes were misguided.
Autosomal DNA tests also indicate that the Yamna migration from the steppes introduced a component of ancestry referred to as "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. "Ancient North Eurasian" is the name given in genetic literature to a component that represents <P> dwelling-places were transitory, but the territories were not. Physical anthropology Skeletal remains are relatively meagre. They have been studied and described in great detail from an anthropometric, or "man-measuring", point of view. Without resorting to this specialised language, the main conclusions are as follows. The Ertebølle and preceding Kongemose populations were of mixed race. On the one hand they did not differ from the current inhabitants of Denmark in skeleton. Soft tissue features, being known through reconstruction only, leave some room for variation.
On the other hand, many skulls evidence facial features or dimensions of Cro-magnon man. The latter type prevailed <P> the ancestral population shared by East Asians and Native Americans.
A 2016 study presented an analysis of the population genetics of the Ainu people of northern Japan as key to the reconstruction of the early peopling of East Asia. The Ainu were found to represent a more basal branch than the modern farming populations of East Asia, suggesting an ancient (pre-Neolithic) connection with northeast Siberians. A 2013 study associated several phenotypical traits associated with Mongoloids with a single mutation of the EDAR gene, dated to c. 35,000 years ago.
Mitochondrial haplogroups A, B and G originated about 50,000 years ago, and bearers <P> the ancient DNA of Tianyuan Man found that the individual is related to modern Asian and Native American populations. A 2013 study found Neanderthal introgression of 18 genes within the chromosome 3p21.31 region (HYAL region) of East Asians. The introgressive haplotypes were positively selected in only East Asian populations, rising steadily from 45,000 years ago until a sudden increase of growth rate around 5,000 to 3,500 years ago. They occur at very high frequencies among East Asian populations in contrast to other Eurasian populations (e.g. European and South Asian populations). The findings also suggests that this Neanderthal introgression occurred within <P> Europe before the arrival of Aryan Celts from the direction of central Europe. Origin Among the earliest anatomically modern human settlements established in Europe were Kostenki-Borshchevo, Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia. DNA sequencing of a 37,000-year-old male skeleton from the area, Kostenki XIV or Markina Gora, indicates that these early settlers possessed a similar genetic makeup as modern Europeans, but had dark skin and dark eyes. They also possessed slightly more Neanderthal genes than modern populations in Europe and Asia due to interbreeding with Neanderthals over 45,000 years ago. In a study of Cro-Magnon crania, Jantz and Owsley (2003) have <P> was highly advanced. Andronovo people were of European descent and are the most ancient genetic ancestors of the Kazakh people. DNA tests have revealed that 60% of the tested remains had light hair and blue or green eyes.
During the late Bronze Age (13th–9th centuries BC), successors of the Andronovo people created the Begazy-dandybai culture. In the Kent Mountains, 12 settlements and 10 cemeteries have been uncovered. The ancient city of Kent was also uncovered. Kent is the biggest settlement from the Bronze Age known in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The settlement was 30 hectares large and was <P> M12 shows a direct correlation of Japanese haplotypes with Tibetans. Other haplotypes that early descents of Japanese people were thought to be carried into include C-M8, which is another Y-chromosome haplotype. Also going back to the Jōmon, that gene is displayed in high frequencies in people of Japanese descent. The estimated percentage of this type of gene in Japanese Americans is about 34.7%. The highest frequencies occur in Okinawans and Hokkaidos. Overall, the genetic makeup of Japanese Americans show very mixed origins of genes, all due to the result of migrations of the Japanese ancestors in the past. Risk for <P> a Singaporean citizen when Singapore gained full independence in 1965. While living in the UK he was conscious of his Chinese identity, but later on he took the view that he might not be fully Chinese since China had been occupied by the Mongols and Manchurians: "I'm not sure if I'm 100% Chinese blood. I'm sure my ancestor has got mixture of Mongolian and even Thai and Miao people [sic]. We are all mixed, and this is true. But I always like to think that there is only one race in the world. We are all one human race." <P> noted that these "Upper Paleolithic crania are, for the most part, larger and more generalized versions of recent Europeans."
William Howells (1997) has argued that Cro-Magnons were Caucasoid based on their cranial traits:
... the Cro-Magnons were already racially European, i.e., Caucasoid. This has always been accepted because of the general appearance of the skulls: straight faces, narrow noses, and so forth. It is also possible to test this arithmetically.... Except for Predmosti 4, which is distant from every present and past population, all of these skulls show themselves to be closer to "Europeans" than to other peoples – Mladec and Abri Pataud comfortably <P> Sino-Roman connection for tourism, but Dubs' synthesis of Roman and Chinese sources has not found acceptance among historians, on the grounds that it is highly speculative and reaches too many conclusions without sufficient hard evidence. DNA testing in 2005 confirmed the Indo-European ancestry of a few inhabitants of modern Liqian; this could be explained by transethnic marriages with Indo-European people known to have lived in Gansu in ancient times, such as the Yuezhi and Wusun. A much more comprehensive DNA analysis of more than two hundred male residents of the village in 2007 showed close genetic relation to the Han <P> and/or who spoke Indo-European languages lived in areas that are now part of Gansu and Xinjiang centuries before the Romans, including the Yuezhi, Wusun, Basmyls, Tocharians, and some prehistoric Siberian populations. One or more of these peoples may have been responsible for the Caucasoid Tarim mummies of Xinjiang. Genetic testing in 2005 revealed that 56% of the DNA of some Zhelaizhai residents could be classified as Caucasoid but did not determine their origins. A subsequent DNA study in 2007 found that "paternal genetic variation" did not support "a Roman mercenary origin" and that the modern population of Liqian was consistent <P> a term that arose during Spanish colonization of the Philippines, where circumstances were different from colonial settlement of the Americas. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas of the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous male Spaniards (conquistadors, explorers, missionaries, and soldiers) settled there. For decades most Spanish men made liaisons and intermarried with indigenous women; their children were considered mixed race and were called mestizo.
Male Chinese traders and workers came during the colonial period, and many intermarried with native women. The Spanish government classified the Chinese immigrants as Sangley if they were pure-blooded Chinese. Their mixed-race descendants with native <P> Asia.
Thus, Melanesians emerge as the most archaic-admixed population, having Denisovan/Neanderthal-related admixture of ~8%.
In a study published in 2013, Jeffrey Wall from University of California studied whole sequence-genome data and found higher rates of introgression in Asians compared to Europeans. Hammer et al. tested the hypothesis that contemporary African genomes have signatures of gene flow with archaic human ancestors and found evidence of archaic admixture in African genomes, suggesting that modest amounts of gene flow were widespread throughout time and space during the evolution of anatomically modern humans. Categorization of the world population New data on human genetic variation has reignited <P> but instances of similar figures have been identified in Pennsylvania and Canada from the Great Lakes east. Because of their rarity, they provide an unusual opportunity to establish prehistoric cultural connections between relatively disparate regions. <P> the chain of transmission of steppe ancestry.
— W. Haak et al., Nature (2015)
Goldberg et al. (2016) found that Neolithic farming migration into Europe "was driven by mass migration of both males and females in roughly equal numbers, perhaps whole families", while Bronze Age Pontic steppe "migration and cultural shift were instead driven by male migration, potentially connected to new technology and conquest." On the other hand, Kristiansen et al. says "We have been able to reconstruct the social processes of cultural integration and hybridisation that followed from (probable) Neolithic women marrying into Yamnaya settlements dominated by males of first-generation migrants."
The <P> Gorontaloan people Origins The origins of the Gorontaloan people is uncertain. Based on the physical attributes of the Gorontaloan people, the Gorontaloan people are categorized as part of the Mongoloid race, with the possibility of mixing with other ethnic groups several centuries ago. As a result the Gorontaloan people currently has diverse physical postures, and different shades of skin color from yellow to dark brown. Variety of hair types also exist among them from straight to wavy and curly hair. There are two Southeast Asian migration theories, with the first theory states that the population of Southeast Asian originally came | question: When did China start having conceptions of race? What is the history of race in China? context: <P> with women from plains aboriginal groups. The human leukocyte antigen typing study and mitochondrial DNA analysis performed in recent years show that more than 88% of the Taiwanese population have some degree of aboriginal origin (Sim 2003).
A 2009 doctoral dissertation questions such findings and claims that "the great number of Han immigrants after the 18th century is the main reason to consider that the early genetic contribution from Plains Indigenes to Taiwanese Han has been largely diluted and no longer exists in any meaningful way." The lack of a totally complete and definite set of genetic record of plains Aborigines, <P> or 2nd century AD in Vagnari, Italy, had East Asian ancestry on his mother's side.
A 2016 analysis of archaeological finds from Southwark in London, the site of the ancient Roman city Londinium in Roman Britain, suggests that two or three skeletons from a sample of twenty-two dating to the 2nd to the 4th centuries AD are of Asian ancestry, and possibly of Chinese descent. The assertion is based on forensics and the analysis of skeletal facial features. The discovery has been presented by Dr Rebecca Redfern, curator of human osteology at the Museum of London. No DNA analysis has yet <P> Y chromosomes of Asian or sub-Saharan origins may be held by European looking people as it does not show physical looks, but the origin of the patrilineage. Demographic characteristics According to surveys undertaken by Chinese associations, Chinese residents of Portugal have a very young average age, with 29.6% younger than 30, and 38.5% between 31 and 40 years old. Over three-quarters live in Lisbon, Porto, or Faro. Migration waves and communities Despite early arrivals of Chinese slaves, servants and traders to Portugal since the latter half of the 16th century, a visible Chinese community did not begin to form until <P> Zhelaizhai Lost Romans myth Zhelaizhai received much attention from international media and researchers due to a hypothesis which states that its inhabitants may have descended from the Romans. The area of the former Liqian County is known for the distinctive physical appearance of its inhabitants. The population has higher frequencies of traits prevalent in Europe, such as aquiline noses, blonde or light-colored hair, blue or green eyes, and relatively fair skin tones. In the 1940s, Homer H. Dubs, a professor of Chinese history at the University of Oxford, suggested that the people of Liqian were descended from Roman legionaries taken <P> overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European. These studies also showed that light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo-European Neolithic Europeans (in both farmers and hunter-gatherers), so long-standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo-Europeans from the steppes were misguided.
Autosomal DNA tests also indicate that the Yamna migration from the steppes introduced a component of ancestry referred to as "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. "Ancient North Eurasian" is the name given in genetic literature to a component that represents <P> dwelling-places were transitory, but the territories were not. Physical anthropology Skeletal remains are relatively meagre. They have been studied and described in great detail from an anthropometric, or "man-measuring", point of view. Without resorting to this specialised language, the main conclusions are as follows. The Ertebølle and preceding Kongemose populations were of mixed race. On the one hand they did not differ from the current inhabitants of Denmark in skeleton. Soft tissue features, being known through reconstruction only, leave some room for variation.
On the other hand, many skulls evidence facial features or dimensions of Cro-magnon man. The latter type prevailed <P> the ancestral population shared by East Asians and Native Americans.
A 2016 study presented an analysis of the population genetics of the Ainu people of northern Japan as key to the reconstruction of the early peopling of East Asia. The Ainu were found to represent a more basal branch than the modern farming populations of East Asia, suggesting an ancient (pre-Neolithic) connection with northeast Siberians. A 2013 study associated several phenotypical traits associated with Mongoloids with a single mutation of the EDAR gene, dated to c. 35,000 years ago.
Mitochondrial haplogroups A, B and G originated about 50,000 years ago, and bearers <P> the ancient DNA of Tianyuan Man found that the individual is related to modern Asian and Native American populations. A 2013 study found Neanderthal introgression of 18 genes within the chromosome 3p21.31 region (HYAL region) of East Asians. The introgressive haplotypes were positively selected in only East Asian populations, rising steadily from 45,000 years ago until a sudden increase of growth rate around 5,000 to 3,500 years ago. They occur at very high frequencies among East Asian populations in contrast to other Eurasian populations (e.g. European and South Asian populations). The findings also suggests that this Neanderthal introgression occurred within <P> Europe before the arrival of Aryan Celts from the direction of central Europe. Origin Among the earliest anatomically modern human settlements established in Europe were Kostenki-Borshchevo, Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia. DNA sequencing of a 37,000-year-old male skeleton from the area, Kostenki XIV or Markina Gora, indicates that these early settlers possessed a similar genetic makeup as modern Europeans, but had dark skin and dark eyes. They also possessed slightly more Neanderthal genes than modern populations in Europe and Asia due to interbreeding with Neanderthals over 45,000 years ago. In a study of Cro-Magnon crania, Jantz and Owsley (2003) have <P> was highly advanced. Andronovo people were of European descent and are the most ancient genetic ancestors of the Kazakh people. DNA tests have revealed that 60% of the tested remains had light hair and blue or green eyes.
During the late Bronze Age (13th–9th centuries BC), successors of the Andronovo people created the Begazy-dandybai culture. In the Kent Mountains, 12 settlements and 10 cemeteries have been uncovered. The ancient city of Kent was also uncovered. Kent is the biggest settlement from the Bronze Age known in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The settlement was 30 hectares large and was <P> M12 shows a direct correlation of Japanese haplotypes with Tibetans. Other haplotypes that early descents of Japanese people were thought to be carried into include C-M8, which is another Y-chromosome haplotype. Also going back to the Jōmon, that gene is displayed in high frequencies in people of Japanese descent. The estimated percentage of this type of gene in Japanese Americans is about 34.7%. The highest frequencies occur in Okinawans and Hokkaidos. Overall, the genetic makeup of Japanese Americans show very mixed origins of genes, all due to the result of migrations of the Japanese ancestors in the past. Risk for <P> a Singaporean citizen when Singapore gained full independence in 1965. While living in the UK he was conscious of his Chinese identity, but later on he took the view that he might not be fully Chinese since China had been occupied by the Mongols and Manchurians: "I'm not sure if I'm 100% Chinese blood. I'm sure my ancestor has got mixture of Mongolian and even Thai and Miao people [sic]. We are all mixed, and this is true. But I always like to think that there is only one race in the world. We are all one human race." <P> noted that these "Upper Paleolithic crania are, for the most part, larger and more generalized versions of recent Europeans."
William Howells (1997) has argued that Cro-Magnons were Caucasoid based on their cranial traits:
... the Cro-Magnons were already racially European, i.e., Caucasoid. This has always been accepted because of the general appearance of the skulls: straight faces, narrow noses, and so forth. It is also possible to test this arithmetically.... Except for Predmosti 4, which is distant from every present and past population, all of these skulls show themselves to be closer to "Europeans" than to other peoples – Mladec and Abri Pataud comfortably <P> Sino-Roman connection for tourism, but Dubs' synthesis of Roman and Chinese sources has not found acceptance among historians, on the grounds that it is highly speculative and reaches too many conclusions without sufficient hard evidence. DNA testing in 2005 confirmed the Indo-European ancestry of a few inhabitants of modern Liqian; this could be explained by transethnic marriages with Indo-European people known to have lived in Gansu in ancient times, such as the Yuezhi and Wusun. A much more comprehensive DNA analysis of more than two hundred male residents of the village in 2007 showed close genetic relation to the Han <P> and/or who spoke Indo-European languages lived in areas that are now part of Gansu and Xinjiang centuries before the Romans, including the Yuezhi, Wusun, Basmyls, Tocharians, and some prehistoric Siberian populations. One or more of these peoples may have been responsible for the Caucasoid Tarim mummies of Xinjiang. Genetic testing in 2005 revealed that 56% of the DNA of some Zhelaizhai residents could be classified as Caucasoid but did not determine their origins. A subsequent DNA study in 2007 found that "paternal genetic variation" did not support "a Roman mercenary origin" and that the modern population of Liqian was consistent <P> a term that arose during Spanish colonization of the Philippines, where circumstances were different from colonial settlement of the Americas. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas of the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous male Spaniards (conquistadors, explorers, missionaries, and soldiers) settled there. For decades most Spanish men made liaisons and intermarried with indigenous women; their children were considered mixed race and were called mestizo.
Male Chinese traders and workers came during the colonial period, and many intermarried with native women. The Spanish government classified the Chinese immigrants as Sangley if they were pure-blooded Chinese. Their mixed-race descendants with native <P> Asia.
Thus, Melanesians emerge as the most archaic-admixed population, having Denisovan/Neanderthal-related admixture of ~8%.
In a study published in 2013, Jeffrey Wall from University of California studied whole sequence-genome data and found higher rates of introgression in Asians compared to Europeans. Hammer et al. tested the hypothesis that contemporary African genomes have signatures of gene flow with archaic human ancestors and found evidence of archaic admixture in African genomes, suggesting that modest amounts of gene flow were widespread throughout time and space during the evolution of anatomically modern humans. Categorization of the world population New data on human genetic variation has reignited <P> but instances of similar figures have been identified in Pennsylvania and Canada from the Great Lakes east. Because of their rarity, they provide an unusual opportunity to establish prehistoric cultural connections between relatively disparate regions. <P> the chain of transmission of steppe ancestry.
— W. Haak et al., Nature (2015)
Goldberg et al. (2016) found that Neolithic farming migration into Europe "was driven by mass migration of both males and females in roughly equal numbers, perhaps whole families", while Bronze Age Pontic steppe "migration and cultural shift were instead driven by male migration, potentially connected to new technology and conquest." On the other hand, Kristiansen et al. says "We have been able to reconstruct the social processes of cultural integration and hybridisation that followed from (probable) Neolithic women marrying into Yamnaya settlements dominated by males of first-generation migrants."
The <P> Gorontaloan people Origins The origins of the Gorontaloan people is uncertain. Based on the physical attributes of the Gorontaloan people, the Gorontaloan people are categorized as part of the Mongoloid race, with the possibility of mixing with other ethnic groups several centuries ago. As a result the Gorontaloan people currently has diverse physical postures, and different shades of skin color from yellow to dark brown. Variety of hair types also exist among them from straight to wavy and curly hair. There are two Southeast Asian migration theories, with the first theory states that the population of Southeast Asian originally came | answer: This doesn't answer your historical question, but it might be worth clearing up what people mean today by saying that race is a social construct.There are different ethnicities in the world, but our decision to group different ethnicities together into large umbrellas of "race" is the social construct that most people are talking about.We put Ashkenazi Jews, Greeks, Germans, Basques, and Slavs in the same "white" category. Are they so similar to each other, and so different from Arabs, Persians, and Kurds, that the categorization makes sense? Or does it all descend from somewhat arbitrary line drawing?Does the U.S. Census Bureau's categorization of South Asians, East Asians, and Pacific Islanders as a single category of "Asian/Pacific Islander" follow some kind of principled system, or is it an arbitrary categorization that makes sense only in the context of American society?It's also worth noting that we tend to account for shared culture and language when drawing the lines of ethnicity in the first place. So meaningfully separating culture from race is difficult to begin with, and I'm not sure what you'd be able to do with the isolated variables. |
27,052 | 4e1t8g | intel turbo boost, why not just keep it at the frequency that it is turbo boost at instead of a lower frequency? i.e 2.4ghz normal 3.2ghz turbo? | There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, most processors don't run at max unless stressed. I will use my own 4790k as a example. This has a max speed of 4GHz and a turbo speed of 4.4GHz.Let's imagine it like a car engine. On normal running, the car engine runs at low speed. The engine does not use much fuel and therefore does not run very hot. This is like a processor which will not normally run at max speed. Instead it runs at a lower speed so that it saves power and therefore produces less heat while still completing all tasks you require. Now consider a engine in 'normal mode' and you flooring the peddle. The engine runs quickly using more fuel but also creates more heat. A processor does this by running the cores at the max speed. However it uses more power and more heat.Finally consider a engine in 'sports mode' and you floor the throttle. The engine runs in a boosted mode but it has restricted performance such as limiting power when it over heats. A processor is similar in the sense that the turbo speed is a speed higher then the max speed but is dependent on conditions. For example on my 4.4GHz turbo processor, not all cores can run at 4.4GHz at the same time. It could be you have four cores running at a faster then max speed or two cores then run at a really fast speed. TL;DR: Processors change clock speed constantly based on the load. This saves power and heat generation. Turbo mode clock speed is different to max. Max clock speed is the speed all cores can run. Turbo is the speed a subset of those cores can run depending on situations. I'm sure someone will expand further. I'm not the most processor minded person here. Edit: I've took a screenshot of my PC running at max speed encoding video. Notice the clock speed is at 4.16GHz, not the 4.4GHz Turbo. Still higher then the max 4.0GHz limit. [Imgur](_URL_1_)Edit2: From the spec sheet, note how it says "up to 4.4GHz"._URL_0_ | [
"At the higher speeds, more heat is generated. This can be dealt with for some period of time, but can't be supported full time. Thus, when the processor is less stressed, it runs at a lower speed to avoid cooking itself.",
"There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, m... | 2 | [
"There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, most processors don't run at max unless stressed. I will use my own 4790k as a example. This has a max speed of 4GHz and a turbo speed of 4.4GHz.\n\nLet's imagine it like a car engine. \n\nOn normal running, the car engine runs... | 1 | <P> like the CFM56 is better suited to higher temperatures encountered supersonically.
The engine is a compromise between a big core for power and a small fan for wave drag, and Mach 1.4 is a compromise between higher speed and enough range.
The high-pressure core is derived from the eight-stage compressor and single-stage turbine of the CFM56, matched to a new low-pressure section optimised for supersonic speed with a 1.33m (52in) diameter fan instead of the 155-173cm (61-68.3in) fan of the 6:1 bypass ratio CFM56.
The twin-shaft, twin-fan engine with FADEC has a service ceiling of 60,000 feet and does without an afterburner, it <P> situation that worsens with higher boost pressures. Occasional events of this type may be only a nuisance, but frequent events can eventually foul the spark plugs and destroy the catalytic converter, as the inefficiently combusted fuel produces soot (excess carbon) and unburned fuel in the exhaust flow can produce soot in the converter and drive the converter beyond its normal operating temperature range.
An alternative method for utilizing both a MAF and a blowoff valve is to have the MAF located down stream between the intercooler and the throttle plate. This is known as Blow-through rather than the traditional Draw-through set <P> "choo-choo" is sometimes used). When the throttle plate on a turbocharged engine closes, with the turbine spinning at high speed, the flow reduces beyond the surge line of the compressor. At this point the delta-P across the compressor reduces leading to a collapse in flow and possibly even flow reversal and a collapse in plenum pressure. As the compressor is still spinning at high speed, once the flow has reduced sufficiently, delta-P across the compressor begins to rise and flow is re-established into the plenum. This continues until once again the plenum is pressurised and flow begins to fall until <P> operate in load-following mode and so participate in the primary and secondary frequency control. Some units follow a variable load program with one or two large power changes per day. Some designs allow for rapid changes of power level around rated power, a capability that is usable for frequency regulation. A more efficient solution is to maintain the primary circuit at full power and to use the excess power for cogeneration. Boiling water reactors Boiling water reactors (BWRs) can vary the speed of recirculation water flow to quickly reduce their power level down to 60% of rated power (up <P> Dalvik Turbo virtual machine Performance Myriad claims applications run in Dalvik Turbo "up to three times" faster, while reducing battery drain and giving developers the power they need to create graphically intense games.
Dalvik Turbo has been shown on video to be 2.8 times faster while running a benchmark test. <P> lacking an external compressive driver such as the Otto cycle's piston, or the Brayton cycle's compression turbine, drives compression with acoustic resonance in a tube. This limits the maximum pre-combustion pressure ratio, to around 1.2 to 1.
The high noise levels usually make them impractical for other than military and other similarly restricted applications. However, pulsejets are used on a large scale as industrial drying systems, and there has been a resurgence in studying these engines for applications such as high-output heating, biomass conversion, and alternative energy systems, as pulsejets can run on almost anything that burns, including particulate fuels such <P> viewed as many low depth (2 state) 'convolutional codes' that are connected via the repeat and distribute operations. The repeat and distribute operations perform the function of the interleaver in the turbo code.
The ability to more precisely manage the connections of the various constituent codes and the level of redundancy for each input bit give more flexibility in the design of LDPC codes, which can lead to better performance than turbo codes in some instances. Turbo codes still seem to perform better than LDPCs at low code rates, or at least the design of well performing low rate codes is <P> intake design. At around 450 km/h (280 mph) most valved engines' valve systems stop fully closing owing to ram air pressure, which results in performance loss.
Variable intake geometry lets the engine produce full power at most speeds by optimizing for whatever speed at which the air enters the pulsejet. Valveless designs are not as negatively affected by ram air pressure as other designs, as they were never intended to stop the flow out of the intake, and can significantly increase in power at speed.
Another feature of pulsejet engines is that their thrust can be increased by a specially shaped duct placed behind <P> implements only the most basic interfacing with the chips, namely, an explicit setting for the duty cycle for each fan control setting, subsequently performing the duty cycle adjustments itself in software, and thus requiring that both the operating system, as well as this third-party software itself to continue running on the main CPU to perform the monitoring loop. This may not be a problem until the system or the utility crashes, at which point the system may overheat due to the failure of the fans to maintain adequate cooling whilst running at reduced voltage and speed. <P> certificates (STCs) to the BE65. It resolves the biggest issue of the Queen Air design, the engines. This is accomplished by replacing the rather cantankerous (if operated incorrectly) six-cylinder Lycoming IGSO-480s and Lycoming IGSO-540s, with the far more robust eight-cylinder Lycoming IO-720. This presents the major advantage of not having a gearbox or superchargers to cause maintenance and reliability problems. However the loss of the supercharger does limit the cruising altitude to below fifteen thousand feet. The other advantages gained are the overall increase in power to 400 hp (300 kW) per engine as well as a gross weight increase in most <P> included only staged VVTL i.e. High-Low. With the introduction of i-VTEC the systems gained infinitely variable valve timing but still only staged lift i.e. High-Low. The "infinitely variable" portion of the A-VTEC is what makes it stand out as a serious evolutionary step in the world of VTEC. Explanation of patent Advanced VTEC has a standard camshaft and rocker arms, attached as they normally are with camshaft overhead, and rocker arms pushing down on the poppet valves. The camshaft is surrounded by a partially open drum which has secondary rocker arms attached to it via a pivoting point. These secondary <P> Air turborocket Benefits The benefit of this setup is increased specific impulse over that of a rocket. For the same carried mass of propellant as a rocket motor, the overall output of the air turborocket is much higher. In addition, it provides thrust throughout a much wider speed range than a ramjet, yet is much cheaper and easier to control than a gas turbine engine. The air turborocket fills a niche (in terms of cost, reliability, ruggedness, and duration of thrust) between the solid-fuel rocket motor and gas turbine engine for missile applications. Turborocket A turborocket is <P> lower supply voltage therefore works against the goal of high clock speed.
Only improvements in photolithography and reduction in threshold voltage allow both to improve at once. On another note, the formula shown above is for long channel MOSFETs. With the area of the MOSFETs halving every 18-24 months (Moore's law) the distance between the two terminals of the MOSFET switch called the channel length is becoming smaller and smaller. This changes the nature of the relationship between terminal voltages and current.
When a processor is overclocked its clock speed is increased at the cost of system stability. To withstand higher <P> the low-voltage 778 (1.60 GHz).
The processor line has models running at clock speeds from 1.0 GHz to 2.26 GHz as of July 2005. The models with lower frequencies were either low voltage or ultra-low voltage CPUs designed for improved battery life and reduced heat output. The 718 (1.3 GHz), 738 (1.4 GHz), and 758 (1.5 GHz) models are low-voltage (1.116 V) with a TDP of 10 W, while the 723 (1.0 GHz), 733 (1.1 GHz), and 753 (1.2 GHz) models are ultra-low voltage (0.940 V) with a TDP of 5 W. Intel A100 Series An ultra low-power microprocessor based on the Dothan built on a 90 nm process with 512 KB L2 cache and 400 <P> the frequency of half-wave rectified output. To reduce ripple to a satisfactory limit with just a single capacitor would often require a capacitor that's infeasibly large. Choke input filter It is also possible to put the rectified waveform into a choke-input filter. The advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother: current is drawn over the entire cycle, instead of being drawn in pulses at the peaks of AC voltage each half-cycle as in a capacitor input filter. The disadvantage is that the voltage output is much lower – the average of an AC <P> the surge line is again crossed and the cycle repeats.
This unstable flow leads to the cyclic noise sometimes heard on high boost engines with no bypass valve.
With a valve fitted, flow is maintained preventing the compressor entering the stall/surge cycle.
The repeated, high speed cycling will cause a cyclic torque on the compressor and may lead to increased stresses on the bearings and compressor impeller. Operation A blowoff valve is connected by a vacuum hose to the intake manifold after the throttle plate. When the throttle is closed, the relative manifold pressure drops below atmospheric pressure and the resulting pressure differential <P> (ups) on its network by July 2008. This is just a single venue – most firms will be taking updates from several venues. Reducing latency in the order chain Reducing latency in the order chain involves attacking the problem from many angles. Amdahl's Law, commonly used to calculate performance gains of throwing more CPUs at a problem, can be applied more generally to improving latency – that is, improving a portion of a system which is already fairly inconsequential (with respect to latency) will result in minimal improvement in the overall performance. Another strategy for reducing latency involves <P> GB/min while still preserve low-power consumption, were reported in the Proceeding of IEEE's TENCON 2014.
The whole architecture of software stack, including the runtime, data integrity verification and data compression, is studied and improved. The work reported in this paper achieved the processing rate at almost 0.9 GB/min, successfully processed the same benchmarks from the previous work by roughly 38 minutes. <P> the compressor before further heating in the combustor, reducing the fuel input required. The larger the temperature difference between turbine out and compressor out, the greater the benefit from the recuperator. Therefore, microturbines (<1 MW), which typically have low pressure ratios, have the most to gain from the use of a recuperator. In practice, a doubling of efficiency is possible through the use of a recuperator. The major practical challenge for a recuperator in microturbine applications is coping with the exhaust gas temperature, which can exceed 750 °C (1,380 °F). <P> head.
Specifically, RLL bounds the length of stretches (runs) of repeated bits during which the signal does not change. If the runs are too long, clock recovery is difficult; if they are too short, the high frequencies might be attenuated by the communications channel. By modulating the data, RLL reduces the timing uncertainty in decoding the stored data, which would lead to the possible erroneous insertion or removal of bits when reading the data back. This mechanism ensures that the boundaries between bits can always be accurately found (preventing bit slip), while efficiently using the media to reliably store | question: intel turbo boost, why not just keep it at the frequency that it is turbo boost at instead of a lower frequency? i.e 2.4ghz normal 3.2ghz turbo? context: <P> like the CFM56 is better suited to higher temperatures encountered supersonically.
The engine is a compromise between a big core for power and a small fan for wave drag, and Mach 1.4 is a compromise between higher speed and enough range.
The high-pressure core is derived from the eight-stage compressor and single-stage turbine of the CFM56, matched to a new low-pressure section optimised for supersonic speed with a 1.33m (52in) diameter fan instead of the 155-173cm (61-68.3in) fan of the 6:1 bypass ratio CFM56.
The twin-shaft, twin-fan engine with FADEC has a service ceiling of 60,000 feet and does without an afterburner, it <P> situation that worsens with higher boost pressures. Occasional events of this type may be only a nuisance, but frequent events can eventually foul the spark plugs and destroy the catalytic converter, as the inefficiently combusted fuel produces soot (excess carbon) and unburned fuel in the exhaust flow can produce soot in the converter and drive the converter beyond its normal operating temperature range.
An alternative method for utilizing both a MAF and a blowoff valve is to have the MAF located down stream between the intercooler and the throttle plate. This is known as Blow-through rather than the traditional Draw-through set <P> "choo-choo" is sometimes used). When the throttle plate on a turbocharged engine closes, with the turbine spinning at high speed, the flow reduces beyond the surge line of the compressor. At this point the delta-P across the compressor reduces leading to a collapse in flow and possibly even flow reversal and a collapse in plenum pressure. As the compressor is still spinning at high speed, once the flow has reduced sufficiently, delta-P across the compressor begins to rise and flow is re-established into the plenum. This continues until once again the plenum is pressurised and flow begins to fall until <P> operate in load-following mode and so participate in the primary and secondary frequency control. Some units follow a variable load program with one or two large power changes per day. Some designs allow for rapid changes of power level around rated power, a capability that is usable for frequency regulation. A more efficient solution is to maintain the primary circuit at full power and to use the excess power for cogeneration. Boiling water reactors Boiling water reactors (BWRs) can vary the speed of recirculation water flow to quickly reduce their power level down to 60% of rated power (up <P> Dalvik Turbo virtual machine Performance Myriad claims applications run in Dalvik Turbo "up to three times" faster, while reducing battery drain and giving developers the power they need to create graphically intense games.
Dalvik Turbo has been shown on video to be 2.8 times faster while running a benchmark test. <P> lacking an external compressive driver such as the Otto cycle's piston, or the Brayton cycle's compression turbine, drives compression with acoustic resonance in a tube. This limits the maximum pre-combustion pressure ratio, to around 1.2 to 1.
The high noise levels usually make them impractical for other than military and other similarly restricted applications. However, pulsejets are used on a large scale as industrial drying systems, and there has been a resurgence in studying these engines for applications such as high-output heating, biomass conversion, and alternative energy systems, as pulsejets can run on almost anything that burns, including particulate fuels such <P> viewed as many low depth (2 state) 'convolutional codes' that are connected via the repeat and distribute operations. The repeat and distribute operations perform the function of the interleaver in the turbo code.
The ability to more precisely manage the connections of the various constituent codes and the level of redundancy for each input bit give more flexibility in the design of LDPC codes, which can lead to better performance than turbo codes in some instances. Turbo codes still seem to perform better than LDPCs at low code rates, or at least the design of well performing low rate codes is <P> intake design. At around 450 km/h (280 mph) most valved engines' valve systems stop fully closing owing to ram air pressure, which results in performance loss.
Variable intake geometry lets the engine produce full power at most speeds by optimizing for whatever speed at which the air enters the pulsejet. Valveless designs are not as negatively affected by ram air pressure as other designs, as they were never intended to stop the flow out of the intake, and can significantly increase in power at speed.
Another feature of pulsejet engines is that their thrust can be increased by a specially shaped duct placed behind <P> implements only the most basic interfacing with the chips, namely, an explicit setting for the duty cycle for each fan control setting, subsequently performing the duty cycle adjustments itself in software, and thus requiring that both the operating system, as well as this third-party software itself to continue running on the main CPU to perform the monitoring loop. This may not be a problem until the system or the utility crashes, at which point the system may overheat due to the failure of the fans to maintain adequate cooling whilst running at reduced voltage and speed. <P> certificates (STCs) to the BE65. It resolves the biggest issue of the Queen Air design, the engines. This is accomplished by replacing the rather cantankerous (if operated incorrectly) six-cylinder Lycoming IGSO-480s and Lycoming IGSO-540s, with the far more robust eight-cylinder Lycoming IO-720. This presents the major advantage of not having a gearbox or superchargers to cause maintenance and reliability problems. However the loss of the supercharger does limit the cruising altitude to below fifteen thousand feet. The other advantages gained are the overall increase in power to 400 hp (300 kW) per engine as well as a gross weight increase in most <P> included only staged VVTL i.e. High-Low. With the introduction of i-VTEC the systems gained infinitely variable valve timing but still only staged lift i.e. High-Low. The "infinitely variable" portion of the A-VTEC is what makes it stand out as a serious evolutionary step in the world of VTEC. Explanation of patent Advanced VTEC has a standard camshaft and rocker arms, attached as they normally are with camshaft overhead, and rocker arms pushing down on the poppet valves. The camshaft is surrounded by a partially open drum which has secondary rocker arms attached to it via a pivoting point. These secondary <P> Air turborocket Benefits The benefit of this setup is increased specific impulse over that of a rocket. For the same carried mass of propellant as a rocket motor, the overall output of the air turborocket is much higher. In addition, it provides thrust throughout a much wider speed range than a ramjet, yet is much cheaper and easier to control than a gas turbine engine. The air turborocket fills a niche (in terms of cost, reliability, ruggedness, and duration of thrust) between the solid-fuel rocket motor and gas turbine engine for missile applications. Turborocket A turborocket is <P> lower supply voltage therefore works against the goal of high clock speed.
Only improvements in photolithography and reduction in threshold voltage allow both to improve at once. On another note, the formula shown above is for long channel MOSFETs. With the area of the MOSFETs halving every 18-24 months (Moore's law) the distance between the two terminals of the MOSFET switch called the channel length is becoming smaller and smaller. This changes the nature of the relationship between terminal voltages and current.
When a processor is overclocked its clock speed is increased at the cost of system stability. To withstand higher <P> the low-voltage 778 (1.60 GHz).
The processor line has models running at clock speeds from 1.0 GHz to 2.26 GHz as of July 2005. The models with lower frequencies were either low voltage or ultra-low voltage CPUs designed for improved battery life and reduced heat output. The 718 (1.3 GHz), 738 (1.4 GHz), and 758 (1.5 GHz) models are low-voltage (1.116 V) with a TDP of 10 W, while the 723 (1.0 GHz), 733 (1.1 GHz), and 753 (1.2 GHz) models are ultra-low voltage (0.940 V) with a TDP of 5 W. Intel A100 Series An ultra low-power microprocessor based on the Dothan built on a 90 nm process with 512 KB L2 cache and 400 <P> the frequency of half-wave rectified output. To reduce ripple to a satisfactory limit with just a single capacitor would often require a capacitor that's infeasibly large. Choke input filter It is also possible to put the rectified waveform into a choke-input filter. The advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother: current is drawn over the entire cycle, instead of being drawn in pulses at the peaks of AC voltage each half-cycle as in a capacitor input filter. The disadvantage is that the voltage output is much lower – the average of an AC <P> the surge line is again crossed and the cycle repeats.
This unstable flow leads to the cyclic noise sometimes heard on high boost engines with no bypass valve.
With a valve fitted, flow is maintained preventing the compressor entering the stall/surge cycle.
The repeated, high speed cycling will cause a cyclic torque on the compressor and may lead to increased stresses on the bearings and compressor impeller. Operation A blowoff valve is connected by a vacuum hose to the intake manifold after the throttle plate. When the throttle is closed, the relative manifold pressure drops below atmospheric pressure and the resulting pressure differential <P> (ups) on its network by July 2008. This is just a single venue – most firms will be taking updates from several venues. Reducing latency in the order chain Reducing latency in the order chain involves attacking the problem from many angles. Amdahl's Law, commonly used to calculate performance gains of throwing more CPUs at a problem, can be applied more generally to improving latency – that is, improving a portion of a system which is already fairly inconsequential (with respect to latency) will result in minimal improvement in the overall performance. Another strategy for reducing latency involves <P> GB/min while still preserve low-power consumption, were reported in the Proceeding of IEEE's TENCON 2014.
The whole architecture of software stack, including the runtime, data integrity verification and data compression, is studied and improved. The work reported in this paper achieved the processing rate at almost 0.9 GB/min, successfully processed the same benchmarks from the previous work by roughly 38 minutes. <P> the compressor before further heating in the combustor, reducing the fuel input required. The larger the temperature difference between turbine out and compressor out, the greater the benefit from the recuperator. Therefore, microturbines (<1 MW), which typically have low pressure ratios, have the most to gain from the use of a recuperator. In practice, a doubling of efficiency is possible through the use of a recuperator. The major practical challenge for a recuperator in microturbine applications is coping with the exhaust gas temperature, which can exceed 750 °C (1,380 °F). <P> head.
Specifically, RLL bounds the length of stretches (runs) of repeated bits during which the signal does not change. If the runs are too long, clock recovery is difficult; if they are too short, the high frequencies might be attenuated by the communications channel. By modulating the data, RLL reduces the timing uncertainty in decoding the stored data, which would lead to the possible erroneous insertion or removal of bits when reading the data back. This mechanism ensures that the boundaries between bits can always be accurately found (preventing bit slip), while efficiently using the media to reliably store | answer: There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, most processors don't run at max unless stressed. I will use my own 4790k as a example. This has a max speed of 4GHz and a turbo speed of 4.4GHz.Let's imagine it like a car engine. On normal running, the car engine runs at low speed. The engine does not use much fuel and therefore does not run very hot. This is like a processor which will not normally run at max speed. Instead it runs at a lower speed so that it saves power and therefore produces less heat while still completing all tasks you require. Now consider a engine in 'normal mode' and you flooring the peddle. The engine runs quickly using more fuel but also creates more heat. A processor does this by running the cores at the max speed. However it uses more power and more heat.Finally consider a engine in 'sports mode' and you floor the throttle. The engine runs in a boosted mode but it has restricted performance such as limiting power when it over heats. A processor is similar in the sense that the turbo speed is a speed higher then the max speed but is dependent on conditions. For example on my 4.4GHz turbo processor, not all cores can run at 4.4GHz at the same time. It could be you have four cores running at a faster then max speed or two cores then run at a really fast speed. TL;DR: Processors change clock speed constantly based on the load. This saves power and heat generation. Turbo mode clock speed is different to max. Max clock speed is the speed all cores can run. Turbo is the speed a subset of those cores can run depending on situations. I'm sure someone will expand further. I'm not the most processor minded person here. Edit: I've took a screenshot of my PC running at max speed encoding video. Notice the clock speed is at 4.16GHz, not the 4.4GHz Turbo. Still higher then the max 4.0GHz limit. [Imgur](_URL_1_)Edit2: From the spec sheet, note how it says "up to 4.4GHz"._URL_0_ |
60,288 | 7wxe3e | how does gene-editing on a live person work? | Viruses are tiny machines which have evolved up around us to insert themselves into our DNA and start churning out copies of themselves. They are really good at what they do. It's actually believed that around 70% of our DNA is fragments of ancient viruses which got in, didn't kill us, and never left.If viruses are cellular hijackers, then we have figured out how to be virus hijackers. It's surprisingly easy to cut viral DNA at the exact spots we want to keep the part which inserts itself and replaces the part that hijacks the cell with whatever we want. We've been able to do that for decades. The tricky bit has been figuring out how to design a gene which fixes a problem we want to fix without breaking anything else. In addition, you have to do this in ways which dodge a ludicrously paranoid immune system which has spent literally billions of years fighting viruses, bacteria, blood transfusions you need to live, and occasionally itself. We're essentially trying to edit spaghetti code with no annotations, written in a foreign language which doesn't even have normal human conventions, and where literally everything in the entire string has a good chance of affecting literally anything else. It's...hard. | [
"Viruses are tiny machines which have evolved up around us to insert themselves into our DNA and start churning out copies of themselves. They are really good at what they do. It's actually believed that around 70% of our DNA is fragments of ancient viruses which got in, didn't kill us, and never left.\n\nIf viruse... | 2 | [
"Viruses are tiny machines which have evolved up around us to insert themselves into our DNA and start churning out copies of themselves. They are really good at what they do. It's actually believed that around 70% of our DNA is fragments of ancient viruses which got in, didn't kill us, and never left.\n\nIf viruse... | 1 | <P> Lee Prize for Science and Technology Progress.
In 2017, Chen and his collaborator, Deng Hongkui of Peking University, used CRISPR gene editing to transplant human HSCs with the edited CCR5 gene to mice, and conferred HIV resistance to the animals. They subsequently used the technique to treat an AIDS patient who suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It was the first time CRISPR was used on a human HIV patient. 19 months later, the patient's ALL was in complete remission. Their research demonstrated the safety of CRISPR for humans, although the therapy was not effective for curing AIDS as only 5% <P> α and β exons, in the C-terminal region of fsTnT are alternatively spliced in a mutually exclusive manner.
Avian Tnnt3 gene has evolved with additional alternatively spliced exons, w, P1-7(x) and y, encoding the N-terminal variable region (Fig. 3). Reflecting the power of combined alternative splicing of multiple exons to generate fsTnT variants, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis detected more than 40 different fsTnT splice forms in chicken leg muscle. Developmental regulation Through alternative splicing of the fetal exon and other alternative exons in the N-terminal variable region, the expression of fsTnT during mammalian and avian development undergoes a high molecular to low <P> through specific receptors. These might include a 30kDa surface receptor, or macrophage scavenger receptors. The 30kDa surface receptor binds specifically to 4500-bp DNA fragments (which are then internalised) and is found on professional APCs and T-cells. Macrophage scavenger receptors bind to a variety of macromolecules, including polyribonucleotides and are thus candidates for DNA uptake. Receptor-mediated DNA uptake could be facilitated by the presence of polyguanylate sequences. Gene gun delivery systems, cationic liposome packaging, and other delivery methods bypass this entry method, but understanding it may be useful in reducing costs (e.g. by reducing the requirement for cytofectins), which could be <P> procaspase 4 is believed to cause apoptosis by activating downstream caspases.
Although PERK is recognised to produce a translational block, certain genes can bypass this block. An important example is that the proapoptotic protein CHOP (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), is upregulated downstream of the bZIP transcription factor ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and uniquely responsive to ER stress. CHOP causes downregulation of the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial protein Bcl-2, favouring a pro-apoptotic drive at the mitochondria by proteins that cause mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation. <P> include the visualization of specific proteins within living cells, monitoring of the kinetics of the translation of individual proteins in an in vitro translation system, control of the integration of a multi-spanning membrane protein into the endoplasmic reticulum by fusing the SBP-Tag to the N-terminal translocation sequence and then halting integration with streptavidin and restarting integration with biotin. Fluorescent streptavidin reagents (e.g. streptavidin-HRP) can be used to visualize the SBP-tag by immunoblotting of SDS-PAGE. Additionally, antibodies to the SBP-tag are available commercially. Surface plasmon resonance The SBP-Tag has been used to reversibly immobilize recombinant proteins onto streptavidin-functionalized surfaces thereby permitting <P> from Huntington's disease mutation-carriers in 2015 using a novel 'single-molecule counting' immunoassay, providing a direct way to assess whether huntingtin-lowering treatments are achieving the desired effect. Similarly, gene splicing techniques are being looked at to try to repair a genome with the erroneous gene that causes HD, using tools such as CRISPR/Cas9. Improving cell survival Among the approaches aimed at improving cell survival in the presence of mutant huntingtin are correction of transcriptional regulation using histone deacetylase inhibitors, modulating aggregation of huntingtin, improving metabolism and mitochondrial function and restoring function of synapses. Neuronal replacement Stem cell therapy is the replacement <P> to the many different tissues in which this process is observed. Various tissue-specific mechanisms of transcytosis have been identified. Brefeldin A, a commonly used inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi apparatus transport, has been shown to inhibit transcytosis in dog kidney cells, which provided the first clues as to the nature of transcytosis regulation. Transcytosis in dog kidney cells has also been shown be regulated at the apical membrane by Rab17, as well as Rab11a and Rab25. Further work on dog kidney cells has shown that a signaling cascade involving the phosphorylation of EGFR by Yes leading to the activation of Rab11FIP5 by <P> could involve the protein being fused to the M13 minor coat protein pIII, with the gene encoding this protein being held within the phage particle. Large libraries of phages with different proteins on their surfaces can then be screened through automated selection and amplification for a protein that binds tightly to a particular target. <P> of smooth muscle cells from embroyonic stem cell derived cultures, MiR-1 is required; as its loss of function resulted in a reduction in smooth muscle cell biomarkers and a reduction in the derived smooth muscle cell population. There is evidence that the control of smooth muscle cell differentiation by MiR-1 may be mediated by the down regulation of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), since a MiR-1 recognition site is predicted in the 3' UTR of KLF4 and inhibition of MiR-1 results in reversed down-regulation of KLF4 and an inhibition of smooth muscle cell differentiation. A mutation in the 3' UTR of <P> of hPER2 in vitro. The hypophosphorylation of hPER2 disrupts the transcription-translation (negative) feedback loop (TTFL) required for regulating the stable production of hPER2 protein. In a wildtype individual, Per2 mRNA is transcribed and translated to form a PER2 protein. Large concentrations of PER2 protein inhibits further transcription of Per2 mRNA. CK1 regulates PER2 levels by binding to a CK1 binding site on the protein, allowing for phosphorylation which marks the protein for degradation, reducing protein levels. Once proteins become phosphorylated, PER2 levels decrease again, and Per2 mRNA transcription can resume. This negative feedback regulates the levels and expression of these <P> cell fates in the eye, leg, and nervous system of the fly. Dach is a member of the Ski gene family and is involved in eye and organismal development. Dach1 deletion mice exhibit early postnatal death, although no developmental defects were detected in any organ system examined, including kidneys. DACH1 plays an important role on this precursor of cell proliferation in retinal and pituitary.
Restrain of Cancer cell growth. DACH1 protein is able to prevent the proliferation of cancerous cells (lung, breast, prostate) and functions as a repressor of estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer cells.
Transcription. DACH1 conducts transcriptional function <P> loops, CK1ε periodically binds to and phosphorylates the PER proteins (PER1, PER2, and PER3), which form heterodimers with each other and interact with CRY1 and CRY2. The effects of phosphorylation are two-fold. It has been shown in Drosophila that phosphorylation of the PER proteins increase their ubiquitination, which leads to degradation. Phosphorylation of the PER proteins also leaves them unable to enter the nucleus, where they suppress transcription of clock genes. The blocking of nuclear translocation occurs via phosphorylation of PER at the nuclear localization signal, which masks the signal and prevents nuclear entry. However, this CK1ε-mediated constraint to the <P> protein and the sgRNA can be directly introduced into fertilized zygotes to achieve the desired gene modifications when creating transgenic models in rodents. This allows bypassing of the usual cell targeting stage in generating transgenic lines, and as a result, it reduces generation time by 90%.
One potential that CRISPR brings with its effectiveness is the application of xenotransplantation. In previous research trials, CRISPR demonstrated the ability to target and eliminate endogenous retroviruses, which reduces the risk of transmitting diseases and reduces immune barriers. Eliminating these problems improves donor organ function, which brings this application closer to a reality.
In plants, genome <P> avoid its activity unless absolutely necessary for survival of the cell. Pol V's strict regulation stems from its poor replication fidelity, Pol V is highly mutagenic and it is used as a last resort in DNA repair mechanisms. As such, the expression of the UmuD'2C complex takes 45–50 minutes after UV radiation exposure. Transcriptional regulation Transcription of the SOS response genes is negatively regulated by the LexA repressor. LexA binds to the promoter of the UmuDC operon and inhibits gene transcription. DNA damage in the cell leads to the formation of RecA*. RecA* interacts with LexA and stimulates its proteolytic <P> to control tissue cell mass influencing both its mitotic and apoptotic (see Apoptosis) activities tissue-specifically. In case if TAS effectors form CURD phase of metabolism stimulation one should expect acceleration of proliferative (see Proliferation) pool cells passage through mitotic cycle (MC). Herewith there will be also an acceleration of cells maturation and ageing. This will provoke an increase of both mitotic and apoptotic activity in tissue. On the contrary, formation of CURD phase of metabolism protective inhibition should result in opposite results – an inhibition of all mentioned processes and, as a result, to inhibition of both mitotic and apoptotic <P> In addition, mice lacking Cry1 or Cry2 genes exhibit differentially altered free running periods, but are still capable of photoentrainment. However, mice that lack both Cry1 and Cry2 are arrhythmic in both LD and DD and always have high Per1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that cryptochromes play a photoreceptive role, as well as acting as negative regulators of Per gene expression in mice. In Drosophila In Drosophila, cryptochrome functions as a blue light photoreceptor. Exposure to blue light induces a conformation similar to that of the always-active CRY mutant with a C-terminal deletion (CRYΔ). The half-life of this conformation <P> by simultaneous accumulation of RNF8 protein and the DNA repair protein NBS1 which bind to MDC1 as MDC1 attaches to γH2AX. RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4 protein, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD. CHD4 accumulation at the site of the double-strand break is rapid, with half-maximum accumulation occurring by 40 seconds after irradiation.
The fast initial chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage (with rapid initiation of DNA repair) is followed by a slow recondensation, with chromatin recovering a compaction state close to its predamage level in ∼ 20 min. Cancer <P> (wild-type) bone marrow into a Hoxb8 mutant mouse results in a reduction of compulsive grooming. <P> Tryptophan repressor Mechanism When the amino acid tryptophan is in plentiful supply in the cell, trpR binds 2 molecules of tryptophan, which alters its structure and dynamics so that it becomes able to bind to operator DNA. When this occurs, transcription of the DNA is prevented, suppressing the products of the gene - proteins which make more tryptophan. When the cellular levels of tryptophan decline, the tryptophan molecules on the repressor fall off, allowing the repressor to return to its inactive form.
trpR also controls the regulation of its own production, through regulation of the trpR gene.
The structure <P> Feline sarcoma oncogene Function This gene encodes the human cellular counterpart of a feline sarcoma retrovirus protein with transforming capabilities. The gene product has tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity and that activity is required for maintenance of cellular transformation. Its chromosomal location has linked it to a specific translocation event identified in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia but it is also involved in normal hematopoiesis. A truncated transcript has been identified that is generated utilizing a start site in one of the far downstream exons but a protein product associated with this transcript has not been identified. Interactions Feline sarcoma oncogene | question: how does gene-editing on a live person work? context: <P> Lee Prize for Science and Technology Progress.
In 2017, Chen and his collaborator, Deng Hongkui of Peking University, used CRISPR gene editing to transplant human HSCs with the edited CCR5 gene to mice, and conferred HIV resistance to the animals. They subsequently used the technique to treat an AIDS patient who suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It was the first time CRISPR was used on a human HIV patient. 19 months later, the patient's ALL was in complete remission. Their research demonstrated the safety of CRISPR for humans, although the therapy was not effective for curing AIDS as only 5% <P> α and β exons, in the C-terminal region of fsTnT are alternatively spliced in a mutually exclusive manner.
Avian Tnnt3 gene has evolved with additional alternatively spliced exons, w, P1-7(x) and y, encoding the N-terminal variable region (Fig. 3). Reflecting the power of combined alternative splicing of multiple exons to generate fsTnT variants, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis detected more than 40 different fsTnT splice forms in chicken leg muscle. Developmental regulation Through alternative splicing of the fetal exon and other alternative exons in the N-terminal variable region, the expression of fsTnT during mammalian and avian development undergoes a high molecular to low <P> through specific receptors. These might include a 30kDa surface receptor, or macrophage scavenger receptors. The 30kDa surface receptor binds specifically to 4500-bp DNA fragments (which are then internalised) and is found on professional APCs and T-cells. Macrophage scavenger receptors bind to a variety of macromolecules, including polyribonucleotides and are thus candidates for DNA uptake. Receptor-mediated DNA uptake could be facilitated by the presence of polyguanylate sequences. Gene gun delivery systems, cationic liposome packaging, and other delivery methods bypass this entry method, but understanding it may be useful in reducing costs (e.g. by reducing the requirement for cytofectins), which could be <P> procaspase 4 is believed to cause apoptosis by activating downstream caspases.
Although PERK is recognised to produce a translational block, certain genes can bypass this block. An important example is that the proapoptotic protein CHOP (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), is upregulated downstream of the bZIP transcription factor ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and uniquely responsive to ER stress. CHOP causes downregulation of the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial protein Bcl-2, favouring a pro-apoptotic drive at the mitochondria by proteins that cause mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation. <P> include the visualization of specific proteins within living cells, monitoring of the kinetics of the translation of individual proteins in an in vitro translation system, control of the integration of a multi-spanning membrane protein into the endoplasmic reticulum by fusing the SBP-Tag to the N-terminal translocation sequence and then halting integration with streptavidin and restarting integration with biotin. Fluorescent streptavidin reagents (e.g. streptavidin-HRP) can be used to visualize the SBP-tag by immunoblotting of SDS-PAGE. Additionally, antibodies to the SBP-tag are available commercially. Surface plasmon resonance The SBP-Tag has been used to reversibly immobilize recombinant proteins onto streptavidin-functionalized surfaces thereby permitting <P> from Huntington's disease mutation-carriers in 2015 using a novel 'single-molecule counting' immunoassay, providing a direct way to assess whether huntingtin-lowering treatments are achieving the desired effect. Similarly, gene splicing techniques are being looked at to try to repair a genome with the erroneous gene that causes HD, using tools such as CRISPR/Cas9. Improving cell survival Among the approaches aimed at improving cell survival in the presence of mutant huntingtin are correction of transcriptional regulation using histone deacetylase inhibitors, modulating aggregation of huntingtin, improving metabolism and mitochondrial function and restoring function of synapses. Neuronal replacement Stem cell therapy is the replacement <P> to the many different tissues in which this process is observed. Various tissue-specific mechanisms of transcytosis have been identified. Brefeldin A, a commonly used inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi apparatus transport, has been shown to inhibit transcytosis in dog kidney cells, which provided the first clues as to the nature of transcytosis regulation. Transcytosis in dog kidney cells has also been shown be regulated at the apical membrane by Rab17, as well as Rab11a and Rab25. Further work on dog kidney cells has shown that a signaling cascade involving the phosphorylation of EGFR by Yes leading to the activation of Rab11FIP5 by <P> could involve the protein being fused to the M13 minor coat protein pIII, with the gene encoding this protein being held within the phage particle. Large libraries of phages with different proteins on their surfaces can then be screened through automated selection and amplification for a protein that binds tightly to a particular target. <P> of smooth muscle cells from embroyonic stem cell derived cultures, MiR-1 is required; as its loss of function resulted in a reduction in smooth muscle cell biomarkers and a reduction in the derived smooth muscle cell population. There is evidence that the control of smooth muscle cell differentiation by MiR-1 may be mediated by the down regulation of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), since a MiR-1 recognition site is predicted in the 3' UTR of KLF4 and inhibition of MiR-1 results in reversed down-regulation of KLF4 and an inhibition of smooth muscle cell differentiation. A mutation in the 3' UTR of <P> of hPER2 in vitro. The hypophosphorylation of hPER2 disrupts the transcription-translation (negative) feedback loop (TTFL) required for regulating the stable production of hPER2 protein. In a wildtype individual, Per2 mRNA is transcribed and translated to form a PER2 protein. Large concentrations of PER2 protein inhibits further transcription of Per2 mRNA. CK1 regulates PER2 levels by binding to a CK1 binding site on the protein, allowing for phosphorylation which marks the protein for degradation, reducing protein levels. Once proteins become phosphorylated, PER2 levels decrease again, and Per2 mRNA transcription can resume. This negative feedback regulates the levels and expression of these <P> cell fates in the eye, leg, and nervous system of the fly. Dach is a member of the Ski gene family and is involved in eye and organismal development. Dach1 deletion mice exhibit early postnatal death, although no developmental defects were detected in any organ system examined, including kidneys. DACH1 plays an important role on this precursor of cell proliferation in retinal and pituitary.
Restrain of Cancer cell growth. DACH1 protein is able to prevent the proliferation of cancerous cells (lung, breast, prostate) and functions as a repressor of estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer cells.
Transcription. DACH1 conducts transcriptional function <P> loops, CK1ε periodically binds to and phosphorylates the PER proteins (PER1, PER2, and PER3), which form heterodimers with each other and interact with CRY1 and CRY2. The effects of phosphorylation are two-fold. It has been shown in Drosophila that phosphorylation of the PER proteins increase their ubiquitination, which leads to degradation. Phosphorylation of the PER proteins also leaves them unable to enter the nucleus, where they suppress transcription of clock genes. The blocking of nuclear translocation occurs via phosphorylation of PER at the nuclear localization signal, which masks the signal and prevents nuclear entry. However, this CK1ε-mediated constraint to the <P> protein and the sgRNA can be directly introduced into fertilized zygotes to achieve the desired gene modifications when creating transgenic models in rodents. This allows bypassing of the usual cell targeting stage in generating transgenic lines, and as a result, it reduces generation time by 90%.
One potential that CRISPR brings with its effectiveness is the application of xenotransplantation. In previous research trials, CRISPR demonstrated the ability to target and eliminate endogenous retroviruses, which reduces the risk of transmitting diseases and reduces immune barriers. Eliminating these problems improves donor organ function, which brings this application closer to a reality.
In plants, genome <P> avoid its activity unless absolutely necessary for survival of the cell. Pol V's strict regulation stems from its poor replication fidelity, Pol V is highly mutagenic and it is used as a last resort in DNA repair mechanisms. As such, the expression of the UmuD'2C complex takes 45–50 minutes after UV radiation exposure. Transcriptional regulation Transcription of the SOS response genes is negatively regulated by the LexA repressor. LexA binds to the promoter of the UmuDC operon and inhibits gene transcription. DNA damage in the cell leads to the formation of RecA*. RecA* interacts with LexA and stimulates its proteolytic <P> to control tissue cell mass influencing both its mitotic and apoptotic (see Apoptosis) activities tissue-specifically. In case if TAS effectors form CURD phase of metabolism stimulation one should expect acceleration of proliferative (see Proliferation) pool cells passage through mitotic cycle (MC). Herewith there will be also an acceleration of cells maturation and ageing. This will provoke an increase of both mitotic and apoptotic activity in tissue. On the contrary, formation of CURD phase of metabolism protective inhibition should result in opposite results – an inhibition of all mentioned processes and, as a result, to inhibition of both mitotic and apoptotic <P> In addition, mice lacking Cry1 or Cry2 genes exhibit differentially altered free running periods, but are still capable of photoentrainment. However, mice that lack both Cry1 and Cry2 are arrhythmic in both LD and DD and always have high Per1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that cryptochromes play a photoreceptive role, as well as acting as negative regulators of Per gene expression in mice. In Drosophila In Drosophila, cryptochrome functions as a blue light photoreceptor. Exposure to blue light induces a conformation similar to that of the always-active CRY mutant with a C-terminal deletion (CRYΔ). The half-life of this conformation <P> by simultaneous accumulation of RNF8 protein and the DNA repair protein NBS1 which bind to MDC1 as MDC1 attaches to γH2AX. RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4 protein, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD. CHD4 accumulation at the site of the double-strand break is rapid, with half-maximum accumulation occurring by 40 seconds after irradiation.
The fast initial chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage (with rapid initiation of DNA repair) is followed by a slow recondensation, with chromatin recovering a compaction state close to its predamage level in ∼ 20 min. Cancer <P> (wild-type) bone marrow into a Hoxb8 mutant mouse results in a reduction of compulsive grooming. <P> Tryptophan repressor Mechanism When the amino acid tryptophan is in plentiful supply in the cell, trpR binds 2 molecules of tryptophan, which alters its structure and dynamics so that it becomes able to bind to operator DNA. When this occurs, transcription of the DNA is prevented, suppressing the products of the gene - proteins which make more tryptophan. When the cellular levels of tryptophan decline, the tryptophan molecules on the repressor fall off, allowing the repressor to return to its inactive form.
trpR also controls the regulation of its own production, through regulation of the trpR gene.
The structure <P> Feline sarcoma oncogene Function This gene encodes the human cellular counterpart of a feline sarcoma retrovirus protein with transforming capabilities. The gene product has tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity and that activity is required for maintenance of cellular transformation. Its chromosomal location has linked it to a specific translocation event identified in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia but it is also involved in normal hematopoiesis. A truncated transcript has been identified that is generated utilizing a start site in one of the far downstream exons but a protein product associated with this transcript has not been identified. Interactions Feline sarcoma oncogene | answer: Viruses are tiny machines which have evolved up around us to insert themselves into our DNA and start churning out copies of themselves. They are really good at what they do. It's actually believed that around 70% of our DNA is fragments of ancient viruses which got in, didn't kill us, and never left.If viruses are cellular hijackers, then we have figured out how to be virus hijackers. It's surprisingly easy to cut viral DNA at the exact spots we want to keep the part which inserts itself and replaces the part that hijacks the cell with whatever we want. We've been able to do that for decades. The tricky bit has been figuring out how to design a gene which fixes a problem we want to fix without breaking anything else. In addition, you have to do this in ways which dodge a ludicrously paranoid immune system which has spent literally billions of years fighting viruses, bacteria, blood transfusions you need to live, and occasionally itself. We're essentially trying to edit spaghetti code with no annotations, written in a foreign language which doesn't even have normal human conventions, and where literally everything in the entire string has a good chance of affecting literally anything else. It's...hard. |
169,599 | 27yv3m | how can some companies refuse to accept cash? what happened to "good for all debts public and private"? | Cash is " legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and due" but there are no laws (at least on the federal level, states/counties/cities may differ) that compels businesses to accept paper money. They can choose which way they accept that tender, be it paper money, electronic, or check. | [
"Cash is \" legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and due\" but there are no laws (at least on the federal level, states/counties/cities may differ) that compels businesses to accept paper money. They can choose which way they accept that tender, be it paper money, electronic, or check. ",
"It is per... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> at any time to surrender the goods that are subject to the credit agreement, whether or not the consumer is in default. This provision is discussed in detail above. Unlawful collection practices A credit provider may not use an identity document, credit or debit card, access card or PIN to enforce a credit agreement or collect on the agreement. A contravention of this provision is a criminal offence. <P> 1974 makes a joint and several obligation on both the seller and the card issuer to refund money Unsolicited goods If goods are sent to a consumer without a contract asking for them, the "recipient may [...] use, deal with, or dispose of the goods as if they were an unconditional gift to him" and "[t]he rights of the sender to the goods are extinguished". This is intended to prevent companies purporting to demand payment for goods a consumer receives unexpectedly. This provision amends the Unsolicited Goods Act 1971, which defines goods only as unsolicited goods if they have been <P> be considered as extinct to the amount of the lower one as of the day on which the offsetting could have been made. The offsetting is also possible after prescription of one of the claims, if it would have been admissible before the expiry of the limitation period. If the debtor agreed to an assignment of the debt, he may not offset his obligation with the assigned one regarding his old creditor. Claims that are not subject to forcible execution and claims ensuing from wilful wrongful acts and claims for taxes cannot be set-off without the creditor's consent. Reconsideration (art. <P> modifications of the common law framework in England and the United States.
Governments were latecomers to the facilitation of trade financed by factors. English common law originally held that unless the debtor was notified, the assignment between the seller of invoices and the factor was not valid. The Canadian Federal Government legislation governing the assignment of moneys owed by it still reflects this stance as does provincial government legislation modelled after it. As late as the current century, the courts have heard arguments that without notification of the debtor the assignment was not valid. In the United States, by 1949 the <P> Part 4A of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/1277) in respect of the conduct constituting the misrepresentation. [commencement: October 1, 2014] Section 2(5) Subsection (4) does not prevent a debtor from bringing a claim under section 75(1) of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 against a creditor under a debtor-creditor-supplier agreement in a case where, but for subsection (4), the debtor would have a claim against the supplier in respect of a misrepresentation (and, where section 75 of that Act would otherwise apply, it accordingly applies as if the debtor had a claim against the supplier).” [commencement: <P> $300 tax exemption
"I would not permit the covetous and hard-hearted creditor to drive his unfortunate debtor, naked and penniless, out upon the cold charities of an inhospitable world. The laws that authorize such a procedure should be blotted from the pages of the statute books of every State in this Union. They are repugnant to the spirit of the age, and revolting to humanity. Like -the laws sanctioning imprisonment for debt, they should be repudiated by every philanthropic legislator; they should exist but in the history of the past—an obsolete idea. It has been truly said, Mr. Speaker, that he <P> finalised, which can take a long time. It is not clear from the Act whether or not credit providers will still be able to obtain interim attachment orders. The past practice of obtaining such orders may well continue. Re-instatement of credit agreement by consumer At any time before cancellation, a consumer may reinstate a credit agreement that is in default by paying all amounts overdue, plus default charges and the costs of enforcing the debt to date. The consumer may then repossess property attached, but not if the goods have already been sold. Surrender of goods The consumer may choose <P> which is no longer the case.
However, the Act does provide a number of civil legal remedies for consumers, some of which are drastic departures from previous law. The most important of these remedies are outlined below. In duplum rule The Act has codified the in duplum rule for the first time in South Africa's legislative history, and extended the rule further to include all credit costs. This rule states that, while a consumer is in default, all credit costs will stop being added to the debt when their total equals the unpaid balance of the principal debt. It is likely <P> from the consumer. Consumer A consumer is the party to whom goods or services are sold, or to whom money is loaned in any of the examples referred to above. When steps are taken to recover amounts due, the consumer is often referred to as “the debtor.” Credit agreement An agreement is a credit agreement if it provides for a deferral or delay of payment, and if there is a fee or interest charged for the deferred payment. The Act does not require that a credit agreement be in writing and signed by both parties, although this is implied throughout <P> states (in part):
United States coins and currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes and dues. Foreign gold or silver coins are not legal tender for debts.
— 31 U.S.C. § 5103
Contrary to common misconception, there is no federal law stating that a private business, a person, or a government organization must accept currency or coins for payment. Private businesses are free to create their own policies on whether they accept cash, unless there is a specific state law which says otherwise. For example, a bus line may <P> credit agreement itself can then be concluded. Rights and duties of consumers and credit providers Many consumer rights are contained in the Act, but very few rights for credit providers. (By contrast, credit providers have many duties.) The Act is biased towards consumers, because it seeks to redress imbalances inherent in our common law. This is not unusual for legislation of this kind. Right to apply for credit and non-discrimination Every adult person has the right to apply for credit, but no-one has the right to be granted credit. A credit grantor may choose to refuse credit for reasonable business <P> banks, there is no reason to oppose monetary creation by central banks in order to support monetary policy such as quantitative easing. In Wolf's view, the argument against Q.E. on the grounds that it creates debt is offset by potential benefits to economic growth and employment, and because the increase in debt would be temporary and easy to reverse. Advocacy for debt cancellation Arguments for debt forgiveness have long been made from people of all political orientations; as an example, in 2010 hedge fund manager Hugh Hendry, a strong believer in free markets, argued for a partial cancellation of <P> legal incapacity only what has been used to his benefit may be claimed from him. Excluding the cases named above, each person that obtained something from someone without legal basis must pay the enrichment until the state of impoverishment. This right is justified if no other claim to defend the impoverished person is present. Repayment of another person’s obligation in accordance with art. 56 OCA If a person pays another person's obligation by mistake, he has the right to claim it back from the creditor unless the latter one renounced the document or repayment of the obligation in good faith. <P> money where, prior to payment to the recipient bank, there was no existing equitable interest. Further, I cannot understand how the recipient's conscience can be affected at a time when he is not aware of any mistake." This view, expressed by way of obiter dictum, was particularly criticised by Peter Birks on the ground that the more straightforward way to establish a claim would be for unjust enrichment, should trigger a proprietary remedy in a similar circumstance, regardless of the position of one's notional conscience.
Lord Millett, writing extrajudicially, has also criticised the decision, stating "It is easy to agree with <P> to "rivindicate" (claim as one's own) which will allow him a speedy recover of the securities. In countries where the second interpretation prevails (the US and, to a certain extent the recourse to trust deposits in common law countries), the investor would only dispose of a right of claim, that will oblige him, except when the contrary is specified, to share with other creditors of the insolvent intermediary the product of the winding up of the intermediary in prorate of the value of the security.
This second interpretation does not comfort the investor, even when it is backed by experienced lawyers <P> can end up hurting all sections of society, including debtors.
In a 2012 paper, economic theorist Perry Mehrling notes that what is commonly regarded as money can often be viewed as debt. He posits a hierarchy of assets with gold at the top, then currency, then deposits and then securities. The lower down the hierarchy, the easier it is to view the asset as reflecting someone else's debt.
A later 2012 paper from Claudio Borio of the BIS made the contrary case that it is loans that give rise to deposits, rather than the other way <P> one is liable for under Section 5(3). In R v. Hall (1972), a customer paid a deposit to a travel agent. The deposit was paid into the company's bank account but the travel agent went out of business. This was not an instance of theft as the money was legitimately paid as a deposit against cancellation and there was no specific obligation to spend the money in a particular way.
Section 5(4) requires that if property is received by mistake it must be returned and failure to do so counts as appropriation. This was seen in action in Attorney-General's Reference (No. <P> required to settle the account. No settlement charge is payable for small agreements; interest and other fees are payable only until date of settlement. This means that a consumer may request from the credit provider the balance due, pay the entire amount, and not be penalised for doing so.
This, however, does not apply to large agreements such as mortgage bonds. If a consumer wishes to settle a bond he must first give notice of cancellation for a period of three months to the credit provider. When a mortgage bond is cancelled, the consumer will be liable for bond cancellation costs.
Consumers <P> illegality is where the transferor is worried about bankruptcy or insolvency, and transfers the property to avoid having to pay his creditors. Section 423 of the Insolvency Act 1986 empowers to the courts to reverse any transfer which removes assets from creditors with the intention to avoid their claims. These creditors do not have to be creditors at the time of the transfer; it is enough that they be creditors after the transfer or sale, as in Midland Bank v Wyatt. <P> people to have use of a product or service, at a cost represented by an interest rate, prior to their having paid for that product or service or, where an item cannot be afforded from a single month’s salary, to spread payments over a number of months.
This document goes on to describe credit as a “double-edged sword,” because of the “considerable imbalance of power between consumers and credit providers,” due to poor consumer education levels and knowledge of consumer rights, and inability to enforce such rights through negotiation or legal action:
Credit cannot therefore be seen as a universal basic service | question: how can some companies refuse to accept cash? what happened to "good for all debts public and private"? context: <P> at any time to surrender the goods that are subject to the credit agreement, whether or not the consumer is in default. This provision is discussed in detail above. Unlawful collection practices A credit provider may not use an identity document, credit or debit card, access card or PIN to enforce a credit agreement or collect on the agreement. A contravention of this provision is a criminal offence. <P> 1974 makes a joint and several obligation on both the seller and the card issuer to refund money Unsolicited goods If goods are sent to a consumer without a contract asking for them, the "recipient may [...] use, deal with, or dispose of the goods as if they were an unconditional gift to him" and "[t]he rights of the sender to the goods are extinguished". This is intended to prevent companies purporting to demand payment for goods a consumer receives unexpectedly. This provision amends the Unsolicited Goods Act 1971, which defines goods only as unsolicited goods if they have been <P> be considered as extinct to the amount of the lower one as of the day on which the offsetting could have been made. The offsetting is also possible after prescription of one of the claims, if it would have been admissible before the expiry of the limitation period. If the debtor agreed to an assignment of the debt, he may not offset his obligation with the assigned one regarding his old creditor. Claims that are not subject to forcible execution and claims ensuing from wilful wrongful acts and claims for taxes cannot be set-off without the creditor's consent. Reconsideration (art. <P> modifications of the common law framework in England and the United States.
Governments were latecomers to the facilitation of trade financed by factors. English common law originally held that unless the debtor was notified, the assignment between the seller of invoices and the factor was not valid. The Canadian Federal Government legislation governing the assignment of moneys owed by it still reflects this stance as does provincial government legislation modelled after it. As late as the current century, the courts have heard arguments that without notification of the debtor the assignment was not valid. In the United States, by 1949 the <P> Part 4A of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/1277) in respect of the conduct constituting the misrepresentation. [commencement: October 1, 2014] Section 2(5) Subsection (4) does not prevent a debtor from bringing a claim under section 75(1) of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 against a creditor under a debtor-creditor-supplier agreement in a case where, but for subsection (4), the debtor would have a claim against the supplier in respect of a misrepresentation (and, where section 75 of that Act would otherwise apply, it accordingly applies as if the debtor had a claim against the supplier).” [commencement: <P> $300 tax exemption
"I would not permit the covetous and hard-hearted creditor to drive his unfortunate debtor, naked and penniless, out upon the cold charities of an inhospitable world. The laws that authorize such a procedure should be blotted from the pages of the statute books of every State in this Union. They are repugnant to the spirit of the age, and revolting to humanity. Like -the laws sanctioning imprisonment for debt, they should be repudiated by every philanthropic legislator; they should exist but in the history of the past—an obsolete idea. It has been truly said, Mr. Speaker, that he <P> finalised, which can take a long time. It is not clear from the Act whether or not credit providers will still be able to obtain interim attachment orders. The past practice of obtaining such orders may well continue. Re-instatement of credit agreement by consumer At any time before cancellation, a consumer may reinstate a credit agreement that is in default by paying all amounts overdue, plus default charges and the costs of enforcing the debt to date. The consumer may then repossess property attached, but not if the goods have already been sold. Surrender of goods The consumer may choose <P> which is no longer the case.
However, the Act does provide a number of civil legal remedies for consumers, some of which are drastic departures from previous law. The most important of these remedies are outlined below. In duplum rule The Act has codified the in duplum rule for the first time in South Africa's legislative history, and extended the rule further to include all credit costs. This rule states that, while a consumer is in default, all credit costs will stop being added to the debt when their total equals the unpaid balance of the principal debt. It is likely <P> from the consumer. Consumer A consumer is the party to whom goods or services are sold, or to whom money is loaned in any of the examples referred to above. When steps are taken to recover amounts due, the consumer is often referred to as “the debtor.” Credit agreement An agreement is a credit agreement if it provides for a deferral or delay of payment, and if there is a fee or interest charged for the deferred payment. The Act does not require that a credit agreement be in writing and signed by both parties, although this is implied throughout <P> states (in part):
United States coins and currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes and dues. Foreign gold or silver coins are not legal tender for debts.
— 31 U.S.C. § 5103
Contrary to common misconception, there is no federal law stating that a private business, a person, or a government organization must accept currency or coins for payment. Private businesses are free to create their own policies on whether they accept cash, unless there is a specific state law which says otherwise. For example, a bus line may <P> credit agreement itself can then be concluded. Rights and duties of consumers and credit providers Many consumer rights are contained in the Act, but very few rights for credit providers. (By contrast, credit providers have many duties.) The Act is biased towards consumers, because it seeks to redress imbalances inherent in our common law. This is not unusual for legislation of this kind. Right to apply for credit and non-discrimination Every adult person has the right to apply for credit, but no-one has the right to be granted credit. A credit grantor may choose to refuse credit for reasonable business <P> banks, there is no reason to oppose monetary creation by central banks in order to support monetary policy such as quantitative easing. In Wolf's view, the argument against Q.E. on the grounds that it creates debt is offset by potential benefits to economic growth and employment, and because the increase in debt would be temporary and easy to reverse. Advocacy for debt cancellation Arguments for debt forgiveness have long been made from people of all political orientations; as an example, in 2010 hedge fund manager Hugh Hendry, a strong believer in free markets, argued for a partial cancellation of <P> legal incapacity only what has been used to his benefit may be claimed from him. Excluding the cases named above, each person that obtained something from someone without legal basis must pay the enrichment until the state of impoverishment. This right is justified if no other claim to defend the impoverished person is present. Repayment of another person’s obligation in accordance with art. 56 OCA If a person pays another person's obligation by mistake, he has the right to claim it back from the creditor unless the latter one renounced the document or repayment of the obligation in good faith. <P> money where, prior to payment to the recipient bank, there was no existing equitable interest. Further, I cannot understand how the recipient's conscience can be affected at a time when he is not aware of any mistake." This view, expressed by way of obiter dictum, was particularly criticised by Peter Birks on the ground that the more straightforward way to establish a claim would be for unjust enrichment, should trigger a proprietary remedy in a similar circumstance, regardless of the position of one's notional conscience.
Lord Millett, writing extrajudicially, has also criticised the decision, stating "It is easy to agree with <P> to "rivindicate" (claim as one's own) which will allow him a speedy recover of the securities. In countries where the second interpretation prevails (the US and, to a certain extent the recourse to trust deposits in common law countries), the investor would only dispose of a right of claim, that will oblige him, except when the contrary is specified, to share with other creditors of the insolvent intermediary the product of the winding up of the intermediary in prorate of the value of the security.
This second interpretation does not comfort the investor, even when it is backed by experienced lawyers <P> can end up hurting all sections of society, including debtors.
In a 2012 paper, economic theorist Perry Mehrling notes that what is commonly regarded as money can often be viewed as debt. He posits a hierarchy of assets with gold at the top, then currency, then deposits and then securities. The lower down the hierarchy, the easier it is to view the asset as reflecting someone else's debt.
A later 2012 paper from Claudio Borio of the BIS made the contrary case that it is loans that give rise to deposits, rather than the other way <P> one is liable for under Section 5(3). In R v. Hall (1972), a customer paid a deposit to a travel agent. The deposit was paid into the company's bank account but the travel agent went out of business. This was not an instance of theft as the money was legitimately paid as a deposit against cancellation and there was no specific obligation to spend the money in a particular way.
Section 5(4) requires that if property is received by mistake it must be returned and failure to do so counts as appropriation. This was seen in action in Attorney-General's Reference (No. <P> required to settle the account. No settlement charge is payable for small agreements; interest and other fees are payable only until date of settlement. This means that a consumer may request from the credit provider the balance due, pay the entire amount, and not be penalised for doing so.
This, however, does not apply to large agreements such as mortgage bonds. If a consumer wishes to settle a bond he must first give notice of cancellation for a period of three months to the credit provider. When a mortgage bond is cancelled, the consumer will be liable for bond cancellation costs.
Consumers <P> illegality is where the transferor is worried about bankruptcy or insolvency, and transfers the property to avoid having to pay his creditors. Section 423 of the Insolvency Act 1986 empowers to the courts to reverse any transfer which removes assets from creditors with the intention to avoid their claims. These creditors do not have to be creditors at the time of the transfer; it is enough that they be creditors after the transfer or sale, as in Midland Bank v Wyatt. <P> people to have use of a product or service, at a cost represented by an interest rate, prior to their having paid for that product or service or, where an item cannot be afforded from a single month’s salary, to spread payments over a number of months.
This document goes on to describe credit as a “double-edged sword,” because of the “considerable imbalance of power between consumers and credit providers,” due to poor consumer education levels and knowledge of consumer rights, and inability to enforce such rights through negotiation or legal action:
Credit cannot therefore be seen as a universal basic service | answer: Cash is " legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and due" but there are no laws (at least on the federal level, states/counties/cities may differ) that compels businesses to accept paper money. They can choose which way they accept that tender, be it paper money, electronic, or check. |
131,904 | y94tj | I understand the basics of the gyroscopes but how is it they are used in guidance systems, how is it that it keeps maintaining current position and orientation? | The best way I've seen it explained, is this.Basically, you have a number of different sensors working together. Those sensors are good at some things, but not so good at others. Some examples and what they measure -- GPS - Position - Very stable over long periods of time, but not great for fine measurements. For example, you can know where you are within 10m, and that will always be mostly correct, but if you move 5m forward and want a quick result... then you are not going to have a good time because you are within the error.- Accelerometers - Acceleration - Accelerometers can be used to find position by integration. If you sum up all of the acceleration measurements, assuming your orientation doesn't change, you can find your position. However, the long term response tends to be unstable because it accumulates error, but this is offset because it gives very good measurements over short ranges (0-10m).- Compass - Absolute angle - Similar to GPS, but for angle. You can use this to find your heading, but only within 0.5-2 degrees depending on the model.- Gyroscopes - Angular velocity - If you integrate angular velocity, you can find your orientation. Similar error applies to drifting. You can use your orientation using the gyro and compass which allows you to use the accelerometer to find position. This is slightly more accurate than the compass, and also works better for other orientations (pitch and roll, as well as yaw. Compasses work best for yaw, because this is the plane in which the earth's magnetic field runs).So basically, you use all of the above with a sensor fusion algorithm to take the advantages of some and eliminate the disadvantages. Some of this falls under kalman bayesian filtering (google it). The basic principle is to 'trust' data more based on when it was received, which eliminates a lot of the drift. | [
"The best way I've seen it explained, is this.\n\nBasically, you have a number of different sensors working together. Those sensors are good at some things, but not so good at others. Some examples and what they measure -\n\n- GPS - Position - Very stable over long periods of time, but not great for fine measuremen... | 1 | [
"The best way I've seen it explained, is this.\n\nBasically, you have a number of different sensors working together. Those sensors are good at some things, but not so good at others. Some examples and what they measure -\n\n- GPS - Position - Very stable over long periods of time, but not great for fine measuremen... | 1 | <P> with. Quaternions offer a decent compromise in that they do not suffer from gimbal lock, and only require 4 values to fully describe the attitude. Relative attitude sensors Many sensors generate outputs that reflect the rate of change in attitude. These require a known initial attitude, or external information to use them to determine attitude. Many of this class of sensor have some noise, leading to inaccuracies if not corrected by absolute attitude sensors. Gyroscopes Gyroscopes are devices that sense rotation in three-dimensional space without reliance on the observation of external objects. Classically, a gyroscope consists of a spinning <P> Einstein's theory of special relativity had discarded.
A gimbal mounted mechanical gyroscope remains pointing in the same direction after spinning up, and thus can be used as a rotational reference for an inertial navigation system. With the development of so-called laser gyroscopes and fiber optic gyroscopes based on the Sagnac effect, the bulky mechanical gyroscope is replaced by one having no moving parts in many modern inertial navigation systems.
The principles behind the two devices are different, however. A conventional gyroscope relies on the principle of conservation of angular momentum whereas the sensitivity of the ring interferometer to rotation arises from <P> around the shell symmetry axis, the standing wave does not rotate exactly with the shell, but the difference between both rotations is nevertheless perfectly proportional to the input rotation. The device is then able to sense rotation.
The electronics which sense the standing waves are also able to drive them. Therefore, the gyros can operate in either a “whole angle mode” that sense the standing waves' position or a “force rebalance mode” that holds the standing wave in a fixed orientation with respect to the gyro.
Originally used in space applications (Attitude and Orbit Control Systems for spacecrafts), HRG is now used <P> Hemispherical resonator gyroscope The Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscope (HRG), also called wine-glass gyroscope or mushroom gyro, is a compact, low noise, high performance angular rate or rotation sensor. An HRG is made using a thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by a thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are deposited directly onto separate fused-quartz structures that surround the shell. The gyroscopic effect is obtained from the inertial property of the flexural standing waves. Although the HRG is a mechanical system, it has no moving parts, and can be very compact. <P> at constant speed, mounted on gimbals to provide attitude control. Although a CMG provides control about the two axes orthogonal to the gyro spin axis, triaxial control still requires two units. A CMG is a bit more expensive in terms of cost and mass, because gimbals and their drive motors must be provided. The maximum torque (but not the maximum angular momentum change) exerted by a CMG is greater than for a momentum wheel, making it better suited to large spacecraft. A major drawback is the additional complexity, which increases the number of failure points. For this reason, the International <P> mass, but there are also "ring laser gyros" utilizing coherent light reflected around a closed path. Another type of "gyro" is a hemispherical resonator gyro where a crystal cup shaped like a wine glass can be driven into oscillation just as a wine glass "sings" as a finger is rubbed around its rim. The orientation of the oscillation is fixed in inertial space, so measuring the orientation of the oscillation relative to the spacecraft can be used to sense the motion of the spacecraft with respect to inertial space. Absolute attitude sensors This class of sensors sense the position or <P> angular rate from the gyro is used directly to propagate the rotational dynamics forward in time. This is valid for most applications as gyros are typically far more precise than one's knowledge of disturbance torques acting on the system (which is required for precise estimation of the angular rate). Control Algorithms Control algorithms are computer programs that receive data from vehicle sensors and derive the appropriate commands to the actuators to rotate the vehicle to the desired attitude. The algorithms range from very simple, e.g. proportional control, to complex nonlinear estimators or many in-between types, depending on mission requirements. <P> is by way of twist angle measurement or phase shift measurement, whereby the angle of twist resulting from applied torque is measured by using two angular position sensors and measuring the phase angle between them. This technique is used in the Allison T56 turboprop engine.
Finally, (as described within the abstract for US Patent 5257535), if the mechanical system involves a right angle gearbox, then the axial reaction force experienced by the inputting shaft/pinion can be related to the torque experienced by the output shaft(s). The axial input stress must first be calibrated against the output torque. The input stress can <P> gyroscopes are extremely sensitive to rotations, which need to be accounted for if an inertial guidance system is to return accurate results. The ring laser also can detect the sidereal day, which can also be termed "mode 1". Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), such as GPS, GLONASS, COMPASS or Galileo, need to take the rotation of the Earth into account in the procedures of using radio signals to synchronize clocks. Ring lasers Fibre optic gyroscopes are sometimes referred to as 'passive ring interferometers'. A passive ring interferometer uses light entering the setup from outside. The interference pattern that is obtained <P> of absorption/driver unit.
One means for measuring torque is to mount the dynamometer housing so that it is free to turn except as restrained by a torque arm. The housing can be made free to rotate by using trunnions connected to each end of the housing to support it in pedestal-mounted trunnion bearings. The torque arm is connected to the dyno housing and a weighing scale is positioned so that it measures the force exerted by the dyno housing in attempting to rotate. The torque is the force indicated by the scales multiplied by the length of the torque arm measured <P> with an M27 periscope. <P> as being able to cover hundreds of kilometers of distance without the aid of wind. South pointing chariot The south-pointing chariot device was first invented by the Chinese mechanical engineer Ma Jun (c. 200–265 AD). It was a wheeled vehicle that incorporated an early use of differential gears to operate a fixed figurine that would constantly point south, hence enabling one to accurately measure their directional bearings. This effect was achieved not by magnetics (like in a compass), but through intricate mechanics, the same design that allows equal amounts of torque applied to wheels rotating at different speeds for the <P> control algorithm is called the B-Dot controller and relies on magnetic coils or torque rods as control actuators. The control law is based on the measurement of the rate of change of body-fixed magnetometer signals.
where is the commanded magnetic dipole moment of the magnetic torquer and is the proportional gain and is the rate of change of the Earth's magnetic field. Actuators Attitude control can be obtained by several mechanisms, specifically: Thrusters Vernier thrusters are the most common actuators, as they may be used for station keeping as well. Thrusters must be organized as a system to <P> distinguish diagrams of the longitudinal and the transverse Lorentz force flowmeters.
It is important to mention that even that in figures only a coil or a magnet are sketched, the principle holds for both.
Rotary LFF consists of a freely rotating permanent magnet (or an array of magnets mounted on a flywheel as shown in figure 4), which is magnetized perpendicularly to the axle it is mounted on. When such a system is placed close to a duct carrying an electrically conducting fluid flow, it rotates so that the driving torque due to the eddy currents induced by the flow is balanced <P> for a particular purpose. Types of dynamometer systems A 'brake' dynamometer applies variable load on the prime mover (PM) and measures the PM's ability to move or hold the RPM as related to the "braking force" applied. It is usually connected to a computer that records applied braking torque and calculates engine power output based on information from a "load cell" or "strain gauge" and a speed sensor.
An 'inertia' dynamometer provides a fixed inertial mass load, calculates the power required to accelerate that fixed and known mass, and uses a computer to record RPM and acceleration rate to calculate torque. <P> output until torque is reduced to an amount where the ball detents can lock the annulus again. This system equally limits torque in both directions of rotation and also works with the sun gear as the input. The compression of the ball detents (and therefore the amount of torque at which the limiter is utilized) is typically adjusted by means of a rotating collar accessible to the user which is indexed and held in place with its own separate ball detents. Pawl and spring This mechanical type uses a spring to hold a drive pawl against a notch in the <P> the sense of the relative motion between the parts is opposite. (Italian and French threaded bottom brackets have right-hand threading on both sides.) Bicycle sprockets Splined sprockets precess against any lockring which is screwed into the freehub. Shimano uses a lockring with detents to hold cassette sprockets in place, and this resists precession. Sturmey-Archer once used 12-splined sprockets for 2- and 3-speed racing hubs, and these were secured with a left-threaded lockring for the same reason. (Fixed gear bicycles also use a left-threaded lockring but this is not because of precession; it is merely to ensure <P> direction (qibla). <P> with their controls on the central console. The handbrake is located outside the driver's seat beside the inner sill, and is a "drop-down" design to assist ingress and egress. A three-spoked leather steering wheel is mounted to a steering column adjustable for reach and rake, behind which is a "pod-style" instrument binnacle holding six gauges: speedometer, tachometer, fuel level, water temperature, oil pressure and oil temperature. The Mondial instrumentation is completed with a comprehensive set of warning lights and electronic check panels. History The Mondial was, at the time, one of Ferrari's most commercially successful models, with over 6,000 examples <P> Empty can/Full can tests Test procedures In both tests, the patient is placed in a standing or sitting position, and the arms are raised parallel to the ground in the scapular plane. The tests differ in the rotation of the arm; in the Empty can test, the arm is rotated to full internal rotation (thumb down) and in the Full can test, the arm is rotated to 45° external rotation. Once rotated, the clinician pushes down on either the wrists or the elbow, and the patient is instructed to resist the downward pressure. Test results The test is | question: I understand the basics of the gyroscopes but how is it they are used in guidance systems, how is it that it keeps maintaining current position and orientation? context: <P> with. Quaternions offer a decent compromise in that they do not suffer from gimbal lock, and only require 4 values to fully describe the attitude. Relative attitude sensors Many sensors generate outputs that reflect the rate of change in attitude. These require a known initial attitude, or external information to use them to determine attitude. Many of this class of sensor have some noise, leading to inaccuracies if not corrected by absolute attitude sensors. Gyroscopes Gyroscopes are devices that sense rotation in three-dimensional space without reliance on the observation of external objects. Classically, a gyroscope consists of a spinning <P> Einstein's theory of special relativity had discarded.
A gimbal mounted mechanical gyroscope remains pointing in the same direction after spinning up, and thus can be used as a rotational reference for an inertial navigation system. With the development of so-called laser gyroscopes and fiber optic gyroscopes based on the Sagnac effect, the bulky mechanical gyroscope is replaced by one having no moving parts in many modern inertial navigation systems.
The principles behind the two devices are different, however. A conventional gyroscope relies on the principle of conservation of angular momentum whereas the sensitivity of the ring interferometer to rotation arises from <P> around the shell symmetry axis, the standing wave does not rotate exactly with the shell, but the difference between both rotations is nevertheless perfectly proportional to the input rotation. The device is then able to sense rotation.
The electronics which sense the standing waves are also able to drive them. Therefore, the gyros can operate in either a “whole angle mode” that sense the standing waves' position or a “force rebalance mode” that holds the standing wave in a fixed orientation with respect to the gyro.
Originally used in space applications (Attitude and Orbit Control Systems for spacecrafts), HRG is now used <P> Hemispherical resonator gyroscope The Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscope (HRG), also called wine-glass gyroscope or mushroom gyro, is a compact, low noise, high performance angular rate or rotation sensor. An HRG is made using a thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by a thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are deposited directly onto separate fused-quartz structures that surround the shell. The gyroscopic effect is obtained from the inertial property of the flexural standing waves. Although the HRG is a mechanical system, it has no moving parts, and can be very compact. <P> at constant speed, mounted on gimbals to provide attitude control. Although a CMG provides control about the two axes orthogonal to the gyro spin axis, triaxial control still requires two units. A CMG is a bit more expensive in terms of cost and mass, because gimbals and their drive motors must be provided. The maximum torque (but not the maximum angular momentum change) exerted by a CMG is greater than for a momentum wheel, making it better suited to large spacecraft. A major drawback is the additional complexity, which increases the number of failure points. For this reason, the International <P> mass, but there are also "ring laser gyros" utilizing coherent light reflected around a closed path. Another type of "gyro" is a hemispherical resonator gyro where a crystal cup shaped like a wine glass can be driven into oscillation just as a wine glass "sings" as a finger is rubbed around its rim. The orientation of the oscillation is fixed in inertial space, so measuring the orientation of the oscillation relative to the spacecraft can be used to sense the motion of the spacecraft with respect to inertial space. Absolute attitude sensors This class of sensors sense the position or <P> angular rate from the gyro is used directly to propagate the rotational dynamics forward in time. This is valid for most applications as gyros are typically far more precise than one's knowledge of disturbance torques acting on the system (which is required for precise estimation of the angular rate). Control Algorithms Control algorithms are computer programs that receive data from vehicle sensors and derive the appropriate commands to the actuators to rotate the vehicle to the desired attitude. The algorithms range from very simple, e.g. proportional control, to complex nonlinear estimators or many in-between types, depending on mission requirements. <P> is by way of twist angle measurement or phase shift measurement, whereby the angle of twist resulting from applied torque is measured by using two angular position sensors and measuring the phase angle between them. This technique is used in the Allison T56 turboprop engine.
Finally, (as described within the abstract for US Patent 5257535), if the mechanical system involves a right angle gearbox, then the axial reaction force experienced by the inputting shaft/pinion can be related to the torque experienced by the output shaft(s). The axial input stress must first be calibrated against the output torque. The input stress can <P> gyroscopes are extremely sensitive to rotations, which need to be accounted for if an inertial guidance system is to return accurate results. The ring laser also can detect the sidereal day, which can also be termed "mode 1". Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), such as GPS, GLONASS, COMPASS or Galileo, need to take the rotation of the Earth into account in the procedures of using radio signals to synchronize clocks. Ring lasers Fibre optic gyroscopes are sometimes referred to as 'passive ring interferometers'. A passive ring interferometer uses light entering the setup from outside. The interference pattern that is obtained <P> of absorption/driver unit.
One means for measuring torque is to mount the dynamometer housing so that it is free to turn except as restrained by a torque arm. The housing can be made free to rotate by using trunnions connected to each end of the housing to support it in pedestal-mounted trunnion bearings. The torque arm is connected to the dyno housing and a weighing scale is positioned so that it measures the force exerted by the dyno housing in attempting to rotate. The torque is the force indicated by the scales multiplied by the length of the torque arm measured <P> with an M27 periscope. <P> as being able to cover hundreds of kilometers of distance without the aid of wind. South pointing chariot The south-pointing chariot device was first invented by the Chinese mechanical engineer Ma Jun (c. 200–265 AD). It was a wheeled vehicle that incorporated an early use of differential gears to operate a fixed figurine that would constantly point south, hence enabling one to accurately measure their directional bearings. This effect was achieved not by magnetics (like in a compass), but through intricate mechanics, the same design that allows equal amounts of torque applied to wheels rotating at different speeds for the <P> control algorithm is called the B-Dot controller and relies on magnetic coils or torque rods as control actuators. The control law is based on the measurement of the rate of change of body-fixed magnetometer signals.
where is the commanded magnetic dipole moment of the magnetic torquer and is the proportional gain and is the rate of change of the Earth's magnetic field. Actuators Attitude control can be obtained by several mechanisms, specifically: Thrusters Vernier thrusters are the most common actuators, as they may be used for station keeping as well. Thrusters must be organized as a system to <P> distinguish diagrams of the longitudinal and the transverse Lorentz force flowmeters.
It is important to mention that even that in figures only a coil or a magnet are sketched, the principle holds for both.
Rotary LFF consists of a freely rotating permanent magnet (or an array of magnets mounted on a flywheel as shown in figure 4), which is magnetized perpendicularly to the axle it is mounted on. When such a system is placed close to a duct carrying an electrically conducting fluid flow, it rotates so that the driving torque due to the eddy currents induced by the flow is balanced <P> for a particular purpose. Types of dynamometer systems A 'brake' dynamometer applies variable load on the prime mover (PM) and measures the PM's ability to move or hold the RPM as related to the "braking force" applied. It is usually connected to a computer that records applied braking torque and calculates engine power output based on information from a "load cell" or "strain gauge" and a speed sensor.
An 'inertia' dynamometer provides a fixed inertial mass load, calculates the power required to accelerate that fixed and known mass, and uses a computer to record RPM and acceleration rate to calculate torque. <P> output until torque is reduced to an amount where the ball detents can lock the annulus again. This system equally limits torque in both directions of rotation and also works with the sun gear as the input. The compression of the ball detents (and therefore the amount of torque at which the limiter is utilized) is typically adjusted by means of a rotating collar accessible to the user which is indexed and held in place with its own separate ball detents. Pawl and spring This mechanical type uses a spring to hold a drive pawl against a notch in the <P> the sense of the relative motion between the parts is opposite. (Italian and French threaded bottom brackets have right-hand threading on both sides.) Bicycle sprockets Splined sprockets precess against any lockring which is screwed into the freehub. Shimano uses a lockring with detents to hold cassette sprockets in place, and this resists precession. Sturmey-Archer once used 12-splined sprockets for 2- and 3-speed racing hubs, and these were secured with a left-threaded lockring for the same reason. (Fixed gear bicycles also use a left-threaded lockring but this is not because of precession; it is merely to ensure <P> direction (qibla). <P> with their controls on the central console. The handbrake is located outside the driver's seat beside the inner sill, and is a "drop-down" design to assist ingress and egress. A three-spoked leather steering wheel is mounted to a steering column adjustable for reach and rake, behind which is a "pod-style" instrument binnacle holding six gauges: speedometer, tachometer, fuel level, water temperature, oil pressure and oil temperature. The Mondial instrumentation is completed with a comprehensive set of warning lights and electronic check panels. History The Mondial was, at the time, one of Ferrari's most commercially successful models, with over 6,000 examples <P> Empty can/Full can tests Test procedures In both tests, the patient is placed in a standing or sitting position, and the arms are raised parallel to the ground in the scapular plane. The tests differ in the rotation of the arm; in the Empty can test, the arm is rotated to full internal rotation (thumb down) and in the Full can test, the arm is rotated to 45° external rotation. Once rotated, the clinician pushes down on either the wrists or the elbow, and the patient is instructed to resist the downward pressure. Test results The test is | answer: The best way I've seen it explained, is this.Basically, you have a number of different sensors working together. Those sensors are good at some things, but not so good at others. Some examples and what they measure -- GPS - Position - Very stable over long periods of time, but not great for fine measurements. For example, you can know where you are within 10m, and that will always be mostly correct, but if you move 5m forward and want a quick result... then you are not going to have a good time because you are within the error.- Accelerometers - Acceleration - Accelerometers can be used to find position by integration. If you sum up all of the acceleration measurements, assuming your orientation doesn't change, you can find your position. However, the long term response tends to be unstable because it accumulates error, but this is offset because it gives very good measurements over short ranges (0-10m).- Compass - Absolute angle - Similar to GPS, but for angle. You can use this to find your heading, but only within 0.5-2 degrees depending on the model.- Gyroscopes - Angular velocity - If you integrate angular velocity, you can find your orientation. Similar error applies to drifting. You can use your orientation using the gyro and compass which allows you to use the accelerometer to find position. This is slightly more accurate than the compass, and also works better for other orientations (pitch and roll, as well as yaw. Compasses work best for yaw, because this is the plane in which the earth's magnetic field runs).So basically, you use all of the above with a sensor fusion algorithm to take the advantages of some and eliminate the disadvantages. Some of this falls under kalman bayesian filtering (google it). The basic principle is to 'trust' data more based on when it was received, which eliminates a lot of the drift. |
98,347 | b406mx | how does the automatic shutoff/ restart function on many newer cars work? does it provide any actual benefits? | Fuel savings. The engine is designed to require minimal effort to start, thus shutting off the engine at stops can result in a small fuel savings. | [
"Fuel savings. The engine is designed to require minimal effort to start, thus shutting off the engine at stops can result in a small fuel savings."
] | 1 | [
"Fuel savings. The engine is designed to require minimal effort to start, thus shutting off the engine at stops can result in a small fuel savings."
] | 1 | <P> Electronic throttle control Failure modes There is no mechanical linkage between the accelerator pedal and the throttle valve with electronic throttle control. Instead, the position of the throttle valve (i.e., the amount of air in the engine) is fully controlled by the ETC software via the electric motor. But just opening or closing the throttle valve by sending a new signal to the electric motor is an open loop condition and leads to inaccurate control. Thus, most if not all current ETC systems use closed loop feedback systems, such as PID control, whereby the ECU tells the <P> makes no physical contact, so will never be subject to failing by wear. This is an insidious failure as it may not provide any symptoms until there is total failure. All cars having a TPS have what is known as a 'limp-home-mode'. When the car goes into the limp-home-mode it is because the accelerator and engine control computer and the throttle are not talking to each other in a way that they can understand. The engine control computer shuts down the signal to the throttle position motor and a set of springs in the throttle set it to a fast <P> Go Available in direct mode only, Go is the equivalent to BASIC's RUN and CONT, depending on whether a program is currently stopped due to an error or Stop command being encountered. Cancel Another direct-mode-only command, Cancel is used when the program has stopped for an error and the user wants to reset the program, which it does by clearing the program counter. A Go would pick up at the last location, but issuing a Cancel makes Go start at the top again. If the current breakpoint was due to a parenthetical (Do.), one can issue a parenthetical cancel, (Cancel.), <P> with ease. Vehicles fitted with Thermostart glow plugs do not usually activate via the normal ignition switch. A button elsewhere is provided (along with, in some cases, the button to activate the starting motor). Where a Thermostart is activated by the same switch as the ignition, it is usually activated by turning the switch one 'notch' counter-clockwise. After the 20 second period has elapsed, cranking is achieved by turning the ignition switch a further notch counter-clockwise. Once the engine has fired and is running, the ignition switch is released, allowing it to spring back to the off position. The operator <P> period of up to 20 seconds whereas more modern engines use around a 6 to 8 second heat period and provide after glow at a reduced voltage." Starting Before any attempt is made to start a vehicle engine, the vehicle's parking brake should be firmly applied and gear selection should be in Neutral (or Park). Any engine stop control should be returned to the run position and in cold weather, any 'excess fuel' starting aid should be set or used - such as Ki-Gass.
With in-cylinder glow plugs, when a pre-set time has elapsed, the glowplug relay switches off the "wait-to-start" <P> from A.74 engine manual <P> said relaunch. <P> or the motor will overheat.
In a thyristor-controlled injection braking unit, the DC voltage to be injected into the motor stator winding is obtained by rectifying the supply voltage. Two thyristors are connected as a phase controlled rectifier (PCR). The braking torque depends on the magnitude of the current, which can be varied by phase control of the thyristors. When the motor is switched off, the motor contactor relay not only disconnects the AC current supply to the motor windings, but also causes a braking relay contactor to close. This initiates a sequence beginning with a time delay of about <P> them to the kick lever through a cable for automatic operation. Though it only uses electric start, not kick start, the 2012 Ducati 1199 uses a compression release, which is automatically activated at low engine speed by a centrifugal flyweight on each exhaust cam. This reduces the work of cranking the high 12.5:1 compression ratio engine, allowing a smaller battery and smaller starter motor, for a total weight savings of 3.3 kilograms (7.3 lb).
From the mid-1960s to the late-1970s, engine compression-releases were also used to supplement rear-wheel braking on many two-stroke engine powered motorcycles, primarily those used off-road or <P> follower floats freely while the valve springs keep the valves closed. The engine's drive by wire throttle allows the engine management computer to smooth out the engine's power delivery, making the system nearly imperceptible on some vehicles. When the VCM system disables cylinders, an "ECO" indicator lights on the dashboard, Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) pumps an opposite-phase sound through the audio speakers to reduce cabin noise, and Active Control Engine Mount (ACM) systems reduce vibration.
Owners of vehicles equipped with VCM frequently face vibration problems due to engine motor mount malfunction while ECO mode is enabled. Instead of replacing motor mounts, <P> preheating phase was also made to be automatically activated when the operator turned the key to the "on" position for a long duration; the glowplug relay switches the glowplugs on, and a light (see picture at right) on the instrument cluster illuminates. This process is called "pre-heating" or "glowing". Many modern diesels automatically activate their glow plugs when the operator unlocks the vehicle or opens the door to the car, thus simplifying the process and shortening the time the operator has to wait before the engine will start. According to Bosch: "Older engines with Thermostart manifold plugs used a glow <P> the built in voltage regulator has been controlling the alternator field current to charge the vehicle battery and although it will attempt to reduce the field current to keep the output voltage constant, the field winding is highly inductive and setting the current to its new value takes several hundred milliseconds, during which the alternator output voltage will exceed its intended value. The load dump transient may also ruin the diodes in the alternator by exceeding their breakdown voltage. A car receiving a jump start from a truck may be subject to a 24 V electrical system used in some vehicles. <P> there is an automatic controller which cut off the power supply to winder motor and applies mechanical brake. Also there is an emergency stop button which activates the ‘ungabbling gear’ which disengages brake control lever from Iversen type valve and applies mechanical brake. Accident On Monday, 30 July 1973 the winding engine man noticed some sparks under the brake cylinder when he started to retard the winding. He immediately increased regenerative braking and simultaneously pulled the brake lever to ON position. As there was no effect, he pressed the emergency stop button. This too had no effect and <P> light. A pre-heating cycle usually lasts for 2 to 5 seconds. The operator then proceeds to turn the key to the "start" position. The relay switches off the glowplugs after the engine is running (or, in older cars, at the same time the "wait to start" light goes out). In some cars, in order to maintain compliance with emissions regulations, the glow plugs may be operated immediately after engine start, or during periods of extended idle where engine temperature has decreased, as combustion efficiency is greatly reduced when the engine is below operating temperature.
With a Thermostart plug in the inlet <P> LEDs may blink immediately before the alert appears. In AmigaOS 1.x, programmed in ROMs known as Kickstart 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, the errors are always red. In AmigaOS 2.x and 3.x, recoverable alerts are yellow, except for some very early versions of 2.x where they were green.
Dead-end alerts are always red and terminal in all OS versions except in a rare series of events, as in when a deprecated Kickstart (example: 1.1) program conditionally boots from disk on a more advanced Kickstart 3.x ROM Amiga running in compatibility mode (therefore eschewing the on-disk OS) and crashes with a red Guru <P> the Thunderbird also lightly applied the brakes and illuminated the stop lamps when the Retard was continuously depressed with the cruise control on, but not engaged.
In 1974, Lincoln added two rocker switches on the steering wheel to activate various cruise control functions on the Continental and Continental Mark IV. In 1988, Pontiac offered a steering wheel with 12 buttons controlling various audio functions on the Trans-Am, 6000 STE and Bonneville.
In the 1990s, a proliferation of new buttons began to appear on automobile steering wheels. Remote or alternate adjustments could include vehicle audio, telephone, and voice control navigation. Often <P> components. These systems usually lean out the engine's overspeed by shutting off the fuel injectors. This is less popular in high performance engines due to high temperatures in lean operation. Spark control Ignition control rev limiting systems work by shutting off the spark
plugs once the engine overspeeds.
This is less common in production vehicles because the system still injects fuel into the cylinder and consequently releases unburned fuel which may ignite at a turbo charger or in the exhaust pipe. This can affect the temperatures in the exhaust, causing premature wear on the catalytic converter. Hard-cut limiters Hard-cut limiters completely cut <P> a component necessary for the combustion processes to occur. compression-ignition engines use mechanical governors or limiters to shut off electronic fuel injectors. A spark-ignition engine may also shut off fuel or stop the spark ignition and some just reduce the engines power by changing the spark timing.
In the case of an automatic transmission in "drive" mode, the engine RPM stays safely within the range that the transmission chooses. Only when over revving the engine in "park", "neutral" or "manual" modes is there any need for a rev limiter. These vehicles often do not include a tachometer. Without this gauge, <P> annealing. To do this we set s and e to sbest and ebest and perhaps restart the annealing schedule. The decision to restart could be based on several criteria. Notable among these include restarting based on a fixed number of steps, based on whether the current energy is too high compared to the best energy obtained so far, restarting randomly, etc. <P> owners often override the VCM with a bypass mechanism, such as an in-line resistor based temperature override module. This has the effect of the vehicle computer believing that a sufficient engine temperature to enable VCM has not been reached. While this cannot guarantee that VCM will be disabled (eg. differing climates/load scenarios), it can generally keep VCM from engaging under normal driving conditions. | question: how does the automatic shutoff/ restart function on many newer cars work? does it provide any actual benefits? context: <P> Electronic throttle control Failure modes There is no mechanical linkage between the accelerator pedal and the throttle valve with electronic throttle control. Instead, the position of the throttle valve (i.e., the amount of air in the engine) is fully controlled by the ETC software via the electric motor. But just opening or closing the throttle valve by sending a new signal to the electric motor is an open loop condition and leads to inaccurate control. Thus, most if not all current ETC systems use closed loop feedback systems, such as PID control, whereby the ECU tells the <P> makes no physical contact, so will never be subject to failing by wear. This is an insidious failure as it may not provide any symptoms until there is total failure. All cars having a TPS have what is known as a 'limp-home-mode'. When the car goes into the limp-home-mode it is because the accelerator and engine control computer and the throttle are not talking to each other in a way that they can understand. The engine control computer shuts down the signal to the throttle position motor and a set of springs in the throttle set it to a fast <P> Go Available in direct mode only, Go is the equivalent to BASIC's RUN and CONT, depending on whether a program is currently stopped due to an error or Stop command being encountered. Cancel Another direct-mode-only command, Cancel is used when the program has stopped for an error and the user wants to reset the program, which it does by clearing the program counter. A Go would pick up at the last location, but issuing a Cancel makes Go start at the top again. If the current breakpoint was due to a parenthetical (Do.), one can issue a parenthetical cancel, (Cancel.), <P> with ease. Vehicles fitted with Thermostart glow plugs do not usually activate via the normal ignition switch. A button elsewhere is provided (along with, in some cases, the button to activate the starting motor). Where a Thermostart is activated by the same switch as the ignition, it is usually activated by turning the switch one 'notch' counter-clockwise. After the 20 second period has elapsed, cranking is achieved by turning the ignition switch a further notch counter-clockwise. Once the engine has fired and is running, the ignition switch is released, allowing it to spring back to the off position. The operator <P> period of up to 20 seconds whereas more modern engines use around a 6 to 8 second heat period and provide after glow at a reduced voltage." Starting Before any attempt is made to start a vehicle engine, the vehicle's parking brake should be firmly applied and gear selection should be in Neutral (or Park). Any engine stop control should be returned to the run position and in cold weather, any 'excess fuel' starting aid should be set or used - such as Ki-Gass.
With in-cylinder glow plugs, when a pre-set time has elapsed, the glowplug relay switches off the "wait-to-start" <P> from A.74 engine manual <P> said relaunch. <P> or the motor will overheat.
In a thyristor-controlled injection braking unit, the DC voltage to be injected into the motor stator winding is obtained by rectifying the supply voltage. Two thyristors are connected as a phase controlled rectifier (PCR). The braking torque depends on the magnitude of the current, which can be varied by phase control of the thyristors. When the motor is switched off, the motor contactor relay not only disconnects the AC current supply to the motor windings, but also causes a braking relay contactor to close. This initiates a sequence beginning with a time delay of about <P> them to the kick lever through a cable for automatic operation. Though it only uses electric start, not kick start, the 2012 Ducati 1199 uses a compression release, which is automatically activated at low engine speed by a centrifugal flyweight on each exhaust cam. This reduces the work of cranking the high 12.5:1 compression ratio engine, allowing a smaller battery and smaller starter motor, for a total weight savings of 3.3 kilograms (7.3 lb).
From the mid-1960s to the late-1970s, engine compression-releases were also used to supplement rear-wheel braking on many two-stroke engine powered motorcycles, primarily those used off-road or <P> follower floats freely while the valve springs keep the valves closed. The engine's drive by wire throttle allows the engine management computer to smooth out the engine's power delivery, making the system nearly imperceptible on some vehicles. When the VCM system disables cylinders, an "ECO" indicator lights on the dashboard, Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) pumps an opposite-phase sound through the audio speakers to reduce cabin noise, and Active Control Engine Mount (ACM) systems reduce vibration.
Owners of vehicles equipped with VCM frequently face vibration problems due to engine motor mount malfunction while ECO mode is enabled. Instead of replacing motor mounts, <P> preheating phase was also made to be automatically activated when the operator turned the key to the "on" position for a long duration; the glowplug relay switches the glowplugs on, and a light (see picture at right) on the instrument cluster illuminates. This process is called "pre-heating" or "glowing". Many modern diesels automatically activate their glow plugs when the operator unlocks the vehicle or opens the door to the car, thus simplifying the process and shortening the time the operator has to wait before the engine will start. According to Bosch: "Older engines with Thermostart manifold plugs used a glow <P> the built in voltage regulator has been controlling the alternator field current to charge the vehicle battery and although it will attempt to reduce the field current to keep the output voltage constant, the field winding is highly inductive and setting the current to its new value takes several hundred milliseconds, during which the alternator output voltage will exceed its intended value. The load dump transient may also ruin the diodes in the alternator by exceeding their breakdown voltage. A car receiving a jump start from a truck may be subject to a 24 V electrical system used in some vehicles. <P> there is an automatic controller which cut off the power supply to winder motor and applies mechanical brake. Also there is an emergency stop button which activates the ‘ungabbling gear’ which disengages brake control lever from Iversen type valve and applies mechanical brake. Accident On Monday, 30 July 1973 the winding engine man noticed some sparks under the brake cylinder when he started to retard the winding. He immediately increased regenerative braking and simultaneously pulled the brake lever to ON position. As there was no effect, he pressed the emergency stop button. This too had no effect and <P> light. A pre-heating cycle usually lasts for 2 to 5 seconds. The operator then proceeds to turn the key to the "start" position. The relay switches off the glowplugs after the engine is running (or, in older cars, at the same time the "wait to start" light goes out). In some cars, in order to maintain compliance with emissions regulations, the glow plugs may be operated immediately after engine start, or during periods of extended idle where engine temperature has decreased, as combustion efficiency is greatly reduced when the engine is below operating temperature.
With a Thermostart plug in the inlet <P> LEDs may blink immediately before the alert appears. In AmigaOS 1.x, programmed in ROMs known as Kickstart 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, the errors are always red. In AmigaOS 2.x and 3.x, recoverable alerts are yellow, except for some very early versions of 2.x where they were green.
Dead-end alerts are always red and terminal in all OS versions except in a rare series of events, as in when a deprecated Kickstart (example: 1.1) program conditionally boots from disk on a more advanced Kickstart 3.x ROM Amiga running in compatibility mode (therefore eschewing the on-disk OS) and crashes with a red Guru <P> the Thunderbird also lightly applied the brakes and illuminated the stop lamps when the Retard was continuously depressed with the cruise control on, but not engaged.
In 1974, Lincoln added two rocker switches on the steering wheel to activate various cruise control functions on the Continental and Continental Mark IV. In 1988, Pontiac offered a steering wheel with 12 buttons controlling various audio functions on the Trans-Am, 6000 STE and Bonneville.
In the 1990s, a proliferation of new buttons began to appear on automobile steering wheels. Remote or alternate adjustments could include vehicle audio, telephone, and voice control navigation. Often <P> components. These systems usually lean out the engine's overspeed by shutting off the fuel injectors. This is less popular in high performance engines due to high temperatures in lean operation. Spark control Ignition control rev limiting systems work by shutting off the spark
plugs once the engine overspeeds.
This is less common in production vehicles because the system still injects fuel into the cylinder and consequently releases unburned fuel which may ignite at a turbo charger or in the exhaust pipe. This can affect the temperatures in the exhaust, causing premature wear on the catalytic converter. Hard-cut limiters Hard-cut limiters completely cut <P> a component necessary for the combustion processes to occur. compression-ignition engines use mechanical governors or limiters to shut off electronic fuel injectors. A spark-ignition engine may also shut off fuel or stop the spark ignition and some just reduce the engines power by changing the spark timing.
In the case of an automatic transmission in "drive" mode, the engine RPM stays safely within the range that the transmission chooses. Only when over revving the engine in "park", "neutral" or "manual" modes is there any need for a rev limiter. These vehicles often do not include a tachometer. Without this gauge, <P> annealing. To do this we set s and e to sbest and ebest and perhaps restart the annealing schedule. The decision to restart could be based on several criteria. Notable among these include restarting based on a fixed number of steps, based on whether the current energy is too high compared to the best energy obtained so far, restarting randomly, etc. <P> owners often override the VCM with a bypass mechanism, such as an in-line resistor based temperature override module. This has the effect of the vehicle computer believing that a sufficient engine temperature to enable VCM has not been reached. While this cannot guarantee that VCM will be disabled (eg. differing climates/load scenarios), it can generally keep VCM from engaging under normal driving conditions. | answer: Fuel savings. The engine is designed to require minimal effort to start, thus shutting off the engine at stops can result in a small fuel savings. |
89,460 | 1sa978 | why can't i bake things at higher temperatures, quicker? | The reason they need to be baked at certain temperatures for certain times is because the heat needs to permeate the food (conduction). The outside of the food is heated first, and the energy is slowly transferred to the inside. Making it too hot outside will destroy the food. (think burned chocolate chips)If you want to cook faster, make your cookies thinner. | [
"The reason they need to be baked at certain temperatures for certain times is because the heat needs to permeate the food (conduction). The outside of the food is heated first, and the energy is slowly transferred to the inside. Making it too hot outside will destroy the food. (think burned chocolate chips)\n\nIf ... | 2 | [
"The reason they need to be baked at certain temperatures for certain times is because the heat needs to permeate the food (conduction). The outside of the food is heated first, and the energy is slowly transferred to the inside. Making it too hot outside will destroy the food. (think burned chocolate chips)\n\nIf ... | 2 | <P> US National Center for Home Food Preservation:
"Most food scientists cannot recommend cold-smoking methods because of the inherent risks." Cold smoking meats should only be attempted by personnel certified in HACCP, or Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, to ensure that it is safely prepared. Warm smoking Warm smoking exposes foods to temperatures of 25–40 °C (77–104 °F). Hot smoking Hot smoking exposes the foods to smoke and heat in a controlled environment such as a smoker oven or smokehouse. Hot smoking requires the use of a smoker which generates heat either from a charcoal base, heated element within the smoker or from <P> Elicek (41.297°N 34.852°E), or further afield to (Tepeköy, Saraydüzü (41.325°N 34.835°E) and Boyabat. <P> heat sterilization. The destruction of microorganisms through the use of dry heat is a gradual phenomenon. With longer exposure to lethal temperatures, the number of killed microorganisms increases. Forced ventilation of hot air can be used to increase the rate at which heat is transferred to an organism and reduce the temperature and amount of time needed to achieve sterility. At higher temperatures, shorter exposure times are required to kill organisms. This can reduce heat-induced damage to food products.
The standard setting for a hot air oven is at least two hours at 160 °C (320 °F). A rapid method heats air to <P> low temperatures suppress the reaction of the strongly basic organolithium reagent with the THF. <P> mass-smoking and is considered the prototype for all modern large-scale commercial smokers. Although refinements in technique and advancements in technology have made smoking much easier, the basic steps involved remain essentially the same today as they were hundreds if not thousands of years ago. Cold smoking Cold smoking differs from hot smoking in that the food remains raw, rather than cooked, throughout the smoking process. Smokehouse temperatures for cold smoking are typically done between 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F). In this temperature range, foods take on a smoked flavor, but remain relatively moist. Cold smoking does not cook <P> Typical Conditions Thermal [6+4] reactions are typically carried out at reflux in a non-polar solvent such as xylene, benzene, or toluene. As higher temperatures may promote lower-order processes, the temperature should be kept as low as possible. Metal-mediated reactions are usually carried out in hexanes, with a small amount of ether for solubility purposes if necessary. Pyrex and uranium glass-filtered light give higher yields than quartz-filtered light. <P> 19 °F (−19 to −7 °C). <P> a move decreases when the difference
increases—that is, small uphill moves are more likely than large ones. However, this requirement is not strictly necessary, provided that the above requirements are met.
Given these properties, the temperature plays a crucial role in controlling the evolution of the state of the system with regard to its sensitivity to the variations of system energies. To be precise, for a large , the evolution of is sensitive to coarser energy variations, while it is sensitive to finer energy variations when is small. The annealing schedule The name and inspiration of <P> generates the heat directly in the mold. This results in very high heating rates. Additionally, this leads to significant increase in the sintering activity of fine metal powder aggregates which makes short cycle times of a few minutes possible. Further, this process lowers the threshold sintering temperature and pressure compared to that required in conventional sintering processes. The previous two methods are both closely dependent on an intrinsic property of the mold material, i.e., its thermal conductivity. With direct resistance heating, however, the heat is generated where it is needed.
Latest research suggests that there is no basic difference between sintering <P> bar with high strength but with a certain degree of ductility too. Blacksmithing Tempering was originally a process used and developed by blacksmiths (forgers of iron). The process was most likely developed by the Hittites of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), in the twelfth or eleventh century BC. Without knowledge of metallurgy, tempering was originally devised through a trial-and-error method.
Because few methods of precisely measuring temperature existed until modern times, temperature was usually judged by watching the tempering colors of the metal. Tempering often consisted of heating above a charcoal or coal forge, or by fire, so holding the work at exactly <P> Heat. <P> heat. <P> in the bar for 20 minutes because of the cold. <P> biltong much more effectively, and in the best possible food safety environment. Mould and bacterial risk are at a natural minimum, and thicker biltong cuts can be hung to dry slowly for a richer texture, fuller flavor and dark colour. Heat has only been introduced into the process in recent years, and traditional biltong makers maintain that heat makes for an inferior end result. Due to increased risk of bacterial and fungal growth, the heated method, such as that used in cardboard or wooden biltong boxes (urban) or climate-controlled dry rooms (commercial), cannot be used without the addition of nitrates <P> (the thermodynamic product). In this case one must examine the rate-limiting step and the intermediates. Often, the rate-limiting step is the initial formation of an unstable species such as a carbocation. Then, once the carbocation is formed, subsequent rearrangements can occur. In these kinds of reactions, especially when run at lower temperatures, the reactants simply react before the rearrangements necessary to form a more stable intermediate have time to occur. At higher temperatures when microscopic reversal is easier, the more stable thermodynamic product is favored because these intermediates have time to rearrange. Whether run at high or low temperatures, the <P> designed to store food between +3 °C and +5 °C, but the blast chiller is a higher grade and more expensive appliance and is usually only found in commercial kitchens. As of 2013, in the UK, blast chillers are typically priced from GBP 2,000 to GBP 8,000 excluding VAT.
Use of blast chillers is prescribed for the restaurants of the European Union, e.g. in the regulations 852/2004 or 853/2004. <P> is heat sealed. This method is suitable for bulk and large operations. <P> foods, and as such, meats should be fully cured before cold smoking. Cold smoking can be used as a flavor enhancer for items such as cheese or nuts, along with meats such as chicken breasts, beef, pork chops, salmon, scallops, and steak. The item is often hung in a dry environment first to develop a pellicle, then it can be cold smoked up to several days to ensure it absorbs the smokey flavour. Some cold smoked foods are baked, grilled, steamed, roasted, or sautéed before eating.
Cold smoking meats is not something that should be attempted at home, according to the <P> to experience much more evaporative cooling than condensative warming. <P> of the mold and independent from heat and pressure. Main disadvantage is the time that it takes to heat up the mold. It takes relatively long for heat transfer to take place from the furnace atmosphere to the mold surface and subsequently throughout the cross-section of the mold. Field assisted sintering technique (FAST) / Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) The basic idea of sintering with electric current going through the mold is quite old. Resistance heating of cemented carbide powders was patented by Tayler as early as 1933. This method is currently undergoing renewed interest. Current can be pulsed or unpulsed | question: why can't i bake things at higher temperatures, quicker? context: <P> US National Center for Home Food Preservation:
"Most food scientists cannot recommend cold-smoking methods because of the inherent risks." Cold smoking meats should only be attempted by personnel certified in HACCP, or Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, to ensure that it is safely prepared. Warm smoking Warm smoking exposes foods to temperatures of 25–40 °C (77–104 °F). Hot smoking Hot smoking exposes the foods to smoke and heat in a controlled environment such as a smoker oven or smokehouse. Hot smoking requires the use of a smoker which generates heat either from a charcoal base, heated element within the smoker or from <P> Elicek (41.297°N 34.852°E), or further afield to (Tepeköy, Saraydüzü (41.325°N 34.835°E) and Boyabat. <P> heat sterilization. The destruction of microorganisms through the use of dry heat is a gradual phenomenon. With longer exposure to lethal temperatures, the number of killed microorganisms increases. Forced ventilation of hot air can be used to increase the rate at which heat is transferred to an organism and reduce the temperature and amount of time needed to achieve sterility. At higher temperatures, shorter exposure times are required to kill organisms. This can reduce heat-induced damage to food products.
The standard setting for a hot air oven is at least two hours at 160 °C (320 °F). A rapid method heats air to <P> low temperatures suppress the reaction of the strongly basic organolithium reagent with the THF. <P> mass-smoking and is considered the prototype for all modern large-scale commercial smokers. Although refinements in technique and advancements in technology have made smoking much easier, the basic steps involved remain essentially the same today as they were hundreds if not thousands of years ago. Cold smoking Cold smoking differs from hot smoking in that the food remains raw, rather than cooked, throughout the smoking process. Smokehouse temperatures for cold smoking are typically done between 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F). In this temperature range, foods take on a smoked flavor, but remain relatively moist. Cold smoking does not cook <P> Typical Conditions Thermal [6+4] reactions are typically carried out at reflux in a non-polar solvent such as xylene, benzene, or toluene. As higher temperatures may promote lower-order processes, the temperature should be kept as low as possible. Metal-mediated reactions are usually carried out in hexanes, with a small amount of ether for solubility purposes if necessary. Pyrex and uranium glass-filtered light give higher yields than quartz-filtered light. <P> 19 °F (−19 to −7 °C). <P> a move decreases when the difference
increases—that is, small uphill moves are more likely than large ones. However, this requirement is not strictly necessary, provided that the above requirements are met.
Given these properties, the temperature plays a crucial role in controlling the evolution of the state of the system with regard to its sensitivity to the variations of system energies. To be precise, for a large , the evolution of is sensitive to coarser energy variations, while it is sensitive to finer energy variations when is small. The annealing schedule The name and inspiration of <P> generates the heat directly in the mold. This results in very high heating rates. Additionally, this leads to significant increase in the sintering activity of fine metal powder aggregates which makes short cycle times of a few minutes possible. Further, this process lowers the threshold sintering temperature and pressure compared to that required in conventional sintering processes. The previous two methods are both closely dependent on an intrinsic property of the mold material, i.e., its thermal conductivity. With direct resistance heating, however, the heat is generated where it is needed.
Latest research suggests that there is no basic difference between sintering <P> bar with high strength but with a certain degree of ductility too. Blacksmithing Tempering was originally a process used and developed by blacksmiths (forgers of iron). The process was most likely developed by the Hittites of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), in the twelfth or eleventh century BC. Without knowledge of metallurgy, tempering was originally devised through a trial-and-error method.
Because few methods of precisely measuring temperature existed until modern times, temperature was usually judged by watching the tempering colors of the metal. Tempering often consisted of heating above a charcoal or coal forge, or by fire, so holding the work at exactly <P> Heat. <P> heat. <P> in the bar for 20 minutes because of the cold. <P> biltong much more effectively, and in the best possible food safety environment. Mould and bacterial risk are at a natural minimum, and thicker biltong cuts can be hung to dry slowly for a richer texture, fuller flavor and dark colour. Heat has only been introduced into the process in recent years, and traditional biltong makers maintain that heat makes for an inferior end result. Due to increased risk of bacterial and fungal growth, the heated method, such as that used in cardboard or wooden biltong boxes (urban) or climate-controlled dry rooms (commercial), cannot be used without the addition of nitrates <P> (the thermodynamic product). In this case one must examine the rate-limiting step and the intermediates. Often, the rate-limiting step is the initial formation of an unstable species such as a carbocation. Then, once the carbocation is formed, subsequent rearrangements can occur. In these kinds of reactions, especially when run at lower temperatures, the reactants simply react before the rearrangements necessary to form a more stable intermediate have time to occur. At higher temperatures when microscopic reversal is easier, the more stable thermodynamic product is favored because these intermediates have time to rearrange. Whether run at high or low temperatures, the <P> designed to store food between +3 °C and +5 °C, but the blast chiller is a higher grade and more expensive appliance and is usually only found in commercial kitchens. As of 2013, in the UK, blast chillers are typically priced from GBP 2,000 to GBP 8,000 excluding VAT.
Use of blast chillers is prescribed for the restaurants of the European Union, e.g. in the regulations 852/2004 or 853/2004. <P> is heat sealed. This method is suitable for bulk and large operations. <P> foods, and as such, meats should be fully cured before cold smoking. Cold smoking can be used as a flavor enhancer for items such as cheese or nuts, along with meats such as chicken breasts, beef, pork chops, salmon, scallops, and steak. The item is often hung in a dry environment first to develop a pellicle, then it can be cold smoked up to several days to ensure it absorbs the smokey flavour. Some cold smoked foods are baked, grilled, steamed, roasted, or sautéed before eating.
Cold smoking meats is not something that should be attempted at home, according to the <P> to experience much more evaporative cooling than condensative warming. <P> of the mold and independent from heat and pressure. Main disadvantage is the time that it takes to heat up the mold. It takes relatively long for heat transfer to take place from the furnace atmosphere to the mold surface and subsequently throughout the cross-section of the mold. Field assisted sintering technique (FAST) / Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) The basic idea of sintering with electric current going through the mold is quite old. Resistance heating of cemented carbide powders was patented by Tayler as early as 1933. This method is currently undergoing renewed interest. Current can be pulsed or unpulsed | answer: The reason they need to be baked at certain temperatures for certain times is because the heat needs to permeate the food (conduction). The outside of the food is heated first, and the energy is slowly transferred to the inside. Making it too hot outside will destroy the food. (think burned chocolate chips)If you want to cook faster, make your cookies thinner. |
151,232 | 2uoooc | Is orbital speed "locked" to orbital altitude? | Assuming the mass of the satellite is very small compared to the mass of the object it is orbiting and assuming a circular orbit, the following holds:r = G M / v^2(r = distance from satellite to center of mass of celestial body, G = gravitational constant, M = mass of celestial body, v = speed)So 2 satellites orbiting a circular orbit at the same altitude will have the same speed. | [
"Assuming the mass of the satellite is very small compared to the mass of the object it is orbiting and assuming a circular orbit, the following holds:\n\nr = G M / v^2\n(r = distance from satellite to center of mass of celestial body, G = gravitational constant, M = mass of celestial body, v = speed)\n\nSo 2 satel... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> control for nadir pointing making use of either momentum or reaction wheels as actuators. Based on the change in momentum of the wheels, the control law can be defined in 3-axes x, y, z as
This control algorithm also affects momentum dumping.
Another important and common control algorithm involves the concept of detumbling, which is attenuating the angular momentum of the spacecraft. The need to detumble the spacecraft arises from the uncontrollable state after release from the launch vehicle. Most spacecraft in low earth orbit (LEO) makes use of magnetic detumbling concept which utilizes the effect of the earth's magnetic field. The <P> coil currents to the bucket. In this section, the acceleration increases as the velocity increases, up to the maximum that the bucket can take. After that, the constant acceleration region begins. This region spaces the coils at increasing distances to give a fixed amount of velocity increase per unit of time.
Based on this mode, a major proposal for the use of mass drivers involved transporting lunar-surface material to space habitats for processing using solar energy. The Space Studies Institute showed that this application was reasonably practical.
In some designs, the payload would be held in a bucket and then released, so <P> ideal radial field, control laws based on torques coupling to this field will be highly non-linear. Moreover, only two-axis control is available at any given time meaning that a vehicle reorient may be necessary to null all rates. Pure passive attitude control There exist two main passive control types for satellites. The first one uses gravity gradient, and it leads to four stable states with the long axis (axis with smallest moment of inertia) pointing towards Earth. As this system has four stable states, if the satellite has a preferred orientation, e.g. a camera pointed at the planet, some way <P> much more massive counterweight. To suspend a kilogram of cable or payload just above the surface of the Moon would require 1,000 kg of counterweight, 26,000 km beyond L₁. (A smaller counterweight on a longer cable, e.g., 100 kg at a distance of 230,000 km — more than halfway to Earth — would have the same balancing effect.) Without the Earth's gravity to attract it, an L₂ cable's lowest kilogram would require 1,000 kg of counterweight at a distance of 120,000 km from the Moon. The average Earth-Moon distance is 384,400 km.
The anchor point of a space elevator is normally considered to be at the equator. <P> of a problem with singular control is the optimization of the thrust of a missile flying at a constant altitude and which is launched at low speed. Here the problem is one of a bang-bang control at maximum possible thrust until the singular arc is reached. Then the solution to the singular control provides a lower variable thrust until burnout. At that point bang-bang control provides that the control or thrust go to its minimum value of zero. This solution is the foundation of the boost-sustain rocket motor profile widely used today to maximize missile performance. <P> the rocket ship that are dropped will fall to the floor with an acceleration of 9.81 m/s². This example shows that a uniformly accelerating reference frame is indistinguishable from a gravitational reference frame.
Further, the equivalence principle guarantees that phenomena that are caused by inertial effects will also be present due to gravitational effects. Imagine, for example, a beam of light that is shined horizontally across a rocket ship that is accelerating uniformly upwards. According to an observer outside the rocket ship, the floor of the rocket ship accelerates up towards the light beam. The light beam does not seem to travel <P> mountains, may facilitate the construction of the distant, upwardly targeted part. The higher up the track terminates, the less resistance from the atmosphere the launched object will encounter.
The 40 megajoules per kilogram or less kinetic energy of projectiles launched at up to 9000 m/s velocity (if including extra for drag losses) towards low Earth orbit is a few kilowatt-hours per kilogram if efficiencies are relatively high, which accordingly has been hypothesized to be under $1 of electrical energy cost per kilogram shipped to LEO, though total costs would be far more than electricity alone. By being mainly located slightly above, <P> The Lagrangian points L₁ and L₂ are points of unstable gravitational equilibrium, meaning that small inertial adjustments will be needed to ensure any object positioned there can remain stationary relative to the lunar surface.
Both of these positions are substantially farther up than the 36,000 km from Earth to geostationary orbit. Furthermore, the weight of the limb of the cable system extending down to the Moon would have to be balanced by the cable extending further up, and the Moon's slow rotation means the upper limb would have to be much longer than for an Earth-based system, or be topped by a <P> merge into particle accelerators with fractional-lightspeed exhaust velocity for tiny particles, trying to use extreme exhaust velocity to accelerate a far slower spacecraft could be suboptimally low thrust when the energy available from a spacecraft's reactor or power source is limited (a lesser analogue of feeding onboard power to a row of spotlights, photons being an example of an extremely low momentum to energy ratio).
For instance, if limited onboard power fed to its engine was the dominant limitation on how much payload a hypothetical spacecraft could shuttle (such as if intrinsic propellant economic cost was minor from usage of extraterrestrial <P> this region is related to the s-parameter, or the ratio of the distance between the null and separatrix, and the thermal ion gyroradius. At high-s, most particles do not cross the null and this effect is negligible. At low-s, ~2, this effect dominates and the FRC is said to be "kinetic" rather than "MHD." Spacecraft propulsion Field-reversed configuration devices have been considered for spacecraft propulsion. By angling the walls of the device outward, the plasmoid can be accelerated in the axial direction and out of the device, generating thrust. <P> is no satellite, and therefore no immediate means to determine its mass. <P> relativity, and states that the laws of physics are the same regardless of whether you consider a uniformly accelerating reference frame or a reference frame that is acted upon by uniform gravitational field. Equivalence principle The equivalence principle can be understood by picturing a rocket ship in two scenarios. First, imagine a rocket ship that is at rest on the Earth's surface; objects in the rocket ship are being accelerated downward at 9.81 m/s². Now, imagine a rocket ship that has escaped Earth's gravitational field and is accelerating upwards at a constant 9.81 m/s² due to thrust from its rockets; objects in <P> driver would be located further up the gravity well than the theoretical targets, it would enjoy a significant energy imbalance in terms of counter-attack. Practical attempts One of the first engineering descriptions of an "Electric Gun" appears in the technical supplement of the 1937 science fiction novel "Zero to Eighty" by "Akkad Pseudoman", a pen name for the Princeton physicist and electrical entrepreneur Edwin Fitch Northrup. Dr. Northrup built prototype coil guns powered by kHz-frequency three phase electrical generators, and the book contains photographs of some of these prototypes. The book describes a fictional circumnavigation of the moon <P> package consisting of a magnetizable holder containing a payload. Once the payload has been accelerated, the two separate, and the holder is slowed and recycled for another payload.
Mass drivers can be used to propel spacecraft in three different ways: A large, ground-based mass driver could be used to launch spacecraft away from Earth, the Moon, or another body. A small mass driver could be on board a spacecraft, flinging pieces of material into space to propel itself. Another variation would have a massive facility on a moon or asteroid send projectiles to assist a distant craft.
Miniaturized mass drivers can <P> orbits around the Sun in 2006, one farther ahead of and one behind the Earth's orbit) which would have seen the Counter-Earth during the first half of 2007. The separation of the STEREO spacecraft from Earth would give them a view of the L3 point during the early phase of the mission.
If a Counter-Earth had an electromagnetic energy signature similar to that of Earth's, it would be able to be detected by astronomers since the signature would extend well beyond the surface of an Earth-like planet. The Sun's "wobbling" motion around its "barycenter" would prevent it from blocking all <P> axis points at the planet's center of mass. This system has the virtue of needing no active control system or expenditure of fuel. The effect is caused by a tidal force. The upper end of the vehicle feels less gravitational pull than the lower end. This provides a restoring torque whenever the long axis is not co-linear with the direction of gravity. Unless some means of damping is provided, the spacecraft will oscillate about the local vertical. Sometimes tethers are used to connect two parts of a satellite, to increase the stabilizing torque. A problem with such tethers is that <P> rocket flights, as the vehicles are spin stabilized through ascent and have minimal flight time for roll cancellation using the payload's attitude control system.
As an example of yo-yo de-spin, on the Dawn Mission, roughly 3 kg of weights, and 12 meter cables, reduced the initial spin rate of the 1420 kg spacecraft from 46 RPM to 3 RPM in the opposite direction. The relatively small weights have a large effect since they are far from the spin axis, and their effect increases as the square of the length of the cables.
Yo-yo de-spin was invented, built, and tested at Caltech's Jet <P> Propulsion Laboratory.
Yo-yo hardware can contribute to the space debris problem on orbital missions, but this is not a problem when used on the upper stages of earth escape missions such as Dawn, as the cables and weights are also on an escape trajectory. "Yo-weight" Sometimes only a single weight and cable is used. Such an arrangement is colloquially named a "yo-weight." When the final stage is a solid rocket, the stage may continue to thrust slightly even after spacecraft release. This is from residual fuel and insulation in the motor casing outgassing, even without significant combustion. <P> Pass (spaceflight) A pass, in spaceflight and satellite communications, is the period in which a satellite or other spacecraft is above the local horizon and available for radio communication with a particular ground station, satellite receiver, or relay satellite (or, in some cases, for visual sighting). The beginning of a pass is termed acquisition of signal; the end of a pass is termed loss of signal. The point at which a spacecraft comes closest to a ground observer is the time of closest approach. Timing and duration The timing and duration of passes depends on the characteristics of the orbit <P> many proposals feature installing mass drivers on the moon, where the lower gravity and lack of atmosphere greatly reduce the required velocity to reach lunar orbit.
Most serious mass-driver designs use superconducting coils to achieve reasonable energetic efficiency (often 50% to 90+%, depending on design). Equipment may include a superconducting bucket or aluminum coil as the payload. The coils of a mass driver can induce eddy currents in a payload's aluminum coil, and then act on the resulting magnetic field. There are two sections of a mass driver. The maximum acceleration part spaces the coils at constant distances, and synchronizes the | question: Is orbital speed "locked" to orbital altitude? context: <P> control for nadir pointing making use of either momentum or reaction wheels as actuators. Based on the change in momentum of the wheels, the control law can be defined in 3-axes x, y, z as
This control algorithm also affects momentum dumping.
Another important and common control algorithm involves the concept of detumbling, which is attenuating the angular momentum of the spacecraft. The need to detumble the spacecraft arises from the uncontrollable state after release from the launch vehicle. Most spacecraft in low earth orbit (LEO) makes use of magnetic detumbling concept which utilizes the effect of the earth's magnetic field. The <P> coil currents to the bucket. In this section, the acceleration increases as the velocity increases, up to the maximum that the bucket can take. After that, the constant acceleration region begins. This region spaces the coils at increasing distances to give a fixed amount of velocity increase per unit of time.
Based on this mode, a major proposal for the use of mass drivers involved transporting lunar-surface material to space habitats for processing using solar energy. The Space Studies Institute showed that this application was reasonably practical.
In some designs, the payload would be held in a bucket and then released, so <P> ideal radial field, control laws based on torques coupling to this field will be highly non-linear. Moreover, only two-axis control is available at any given time meaning that a vehicle reorient may be necessary to null all rates. Pure passive attitude control There exist two main passive control types for satellites. The first one uses gravity gradient, and it leads to four stable states with the long axis (axis with smallest moment of inertia) pointing towards Earth. As this system has four stable states, if the satellite has a preferred orientation, e.g. a camera pointed at the planet, some way <P> much more massive counterweight. To suspend a kilogram of cable or payload just above the surface of the Moon would require 1,000 kg of counterweight, 26,000 km beyond L₁. (A smaller counterweight on a longer cable, e.g., 100 kg at a distance of 230,000 km — more than halfway to Earth — would have the same balancing effect.) Without the Earth's gravity to attract it, an L₂ cable's lowest kilogram would require 1,000 kg of counterweight at a distance of 120,000 km from the Moon. The average Earth-Moon distance is 384,400 km.
The anchor point of a space elevator is normally considered to be at the equator. <P> of a problem with singular control is the optimization of the thrust of a missile flying at a constant altitude and which is launched at low speed. Here the problem is one of a bang-bang control at maximum possible thrust until the singular arc is reached. Then the solution to the singular control provides a lower variable thrust until burnout. At that point bang-bang control provides that the control or thrust go to its minimum value of zero. This solution is the foundation of the boost-sustain rocket motor profile widely used today to maximize missile performance. <P> the rocket ship that are dropped will fall to the floor with an acceleration of 9.81 m/s². This example shows that a uniformly accelerating reference frame is indistinguishable from a gravitational reference frame.
Further, the equivalence principle guarantees that phenomena that are caused by inertial effects will also be present due to gravitational effects. Imagine, for example, a beam of light that is shined horizontally across a rocket ship that is accelerating uniformly upwards. According to an observer outside the rocket ship, the floor of the rocket ship accelerates up towards the light beam. The light beam does not seem to travel <P> mountains, may facilitate the construction of the distant, upwardly targeted part. The higher up the track terminates, the less resistance from the atmosphere the launched object will encounter.
The 40 megajoules per kilogram or less kinetic energy of projectiles launched at up to 9000 m/s velocity (if including extra for drag losses) towards low Earth orbit is a few kilowatt-hours per kilogram if efficiencies are relatively high, which accordingly has been hypothesized to be under $1 of electrical energy cost per kilogram shipped to LEO, though total costs would be far more than electricity alone. By being mainly located slightly above, <P> The Lagrangian points L₁ and L₂ are points of unstable gravitational equilibrium, meaning that small inertial adjustments will be needed to ensure any object positioned there can remain stationary relative to the lunar surface.
Both of these positions are substantially farther up than the 36,000 km from Earth to geostationary orbit. Furthermore, the weight of the limb of the cable system extending down to the Moon would have to be balanced by the cable extending further up, and the Moon's slow rotation means the upper limb would have to be much longer than for an Earth-based system, or be topped by a <P> merge into particle accelerators with fractional-lightspeed exhaust velocity for tiny particles, trying to use extreme exhaust velocity to accelerate a far slower spacecraft could be suboptimally low thrust when the energy available from a spacecraft's reactor or power source is limited (a lesser analogue of feeding onboard power to a row of spotlights, photons being an example of an extremely low momentum to energy ratio).
For instance, if limited onboard power fed to its engine was the dominant limitation on how much payload a hypothetical spacecraft could shuttle (such as if intrinsic propellant economic cost was minor from usage of extraterrestrial <P> this region is related to the s-parameter, or the ratio of the distance between the null and separatrix, and the thermal ion gyroradius. At high-s, most particles do not cross the null and this effect is negligible. At low-s, ~2, this effect dominates and the FRC is said to be "kinetic" rather than "MHD." Spacecraft propulsion Field-reversed configuration devices have been considered for spacecraft propulsion. By angling the walls of the device outward, the plasmoid can be accelerated in the axial direction and out of the device, generating thrust. <P> is no satellite, and therefore no immediate means to determine its mass. <P> relativity, and states that the laws of physics are the same regardless of whether you consider a uniformly accelerating reference frame or a reference frame that is acted upon by uniform gravitational field. Equivalence principle The equivalence principle can be understood by picturing a rocket ship in two scenarios. First, imagine a rocket ship that is at rest on the Earth's surface; objects in the rocket ship are being accelerated downward at 9.81 m/s². Now, imagine a rocket ship that has escaped Earth's gravitational field and is accelerating upwards at a constant 9.81 m/s² due to thrust from its rockets; objects in <P> driver would be located further up the gravity well than the theoretical targets, it would enjoy a significant energy imbalance in terms of counter-attack. Practical attempts One of the first engineering descriptions of an "Electric Gun" appears in the technical supplement of the 1937 science fiction novel "Zero to Eighty" by "Akkad Pseudoman", a pen name for the Princeton physicist and electrical entrepreneur Edwin Fitch Northrup. Dr. Northrup built prototype coil guns powered by kHz-frequency three phase electrical generators, and the book contains photographs of some of these prototypes. The book describes a fictional circumnavigation of the moon <P> package consisting of a magnetizable holder containing a payload. Once the payload has been accelerated, the two separate, and the holder is slowed and recycled for another payload.
Mass drivers can be used to propel spacecraft in three different ways: A large, ground-based mass driver could be used to launch spacecraft away from Earth, the Moon, or another body. A small mass driver could be on board a spacecraft, flinging pieces of material into space to propel itself. Another variation would have a massive facility on a moon or asteroid send projectiles to assist a distant craft.
Miniaturized mass drivers can <P> orbits around the Sun in 2006, one farther ahead of and one behind the Earth's orbit) which would have seen the Counter-Earth during the first half of 2007. The separation of the STEREO spacecraft from Earth would give them a view of the L3 point during the early phase of the mission.
If a Counter-Earth had an electromagnetic energy signature similar to that of Earth's, it would be able to be detected by astronomers since the signature would extend well beyond the surface of an Earth-like planet. The Sun's "wobbling" motion around its "barycenter" would prevent it from blocking all <P> axis points at the planet's center of mass. This system has the virtue of needing no active control system or expenditure of fuel. The effect is caused by a tidal force. The upper end of the vehicle feels less gravitational pull than the lower end. This provides a restoring torque whenever the long axis is not co-linear with the direction of gravity. Unless some means of damping is provided, the spacecraft will oscillate about the local vertical. Sometimes tethers are used to connect two parts of a satellite, to increase the stabilizing torque. A problem with such tethers is that <P> rocket flights, as the vehicles are spin stabilized through ascent and have minimal flight time for roll cancellation using the payload's attitude control system.
As an example of yo-yo de-spin, on the Dawn Mission, roughly 3 kg of weights, and 12 meter cables, reduced the initial spin rate of the 1420 kg spacecraft from 46 RPM to 3 RPM in the opposite direction. The relatively small weights have a large effect since they are far from the spin axis, and their effect increases as the square of the length of the cables.
Yo-yo de-spin was invented, built, and tested at Caltech's Jet <P> Propulsion Laboratory.
Yo-yo hardware can contribute to the space debris problem on orbital missions, but this is not a problem when used on the upper stages of earth escape missions such as Dawn, as the cables and weights are also on an escape trajectory. "Yo-weight" Sometimes only a single weight and cable is used. Such an arrangement is colloquially named a "yo-weight." When the final stage is a solid rocket, the stage may continue to thrust slightly even after spacecraft release. This is from residual fuel and insulation in the motor casing outgassing, even without significant combustion. <P> Pass (spaceflight) A pass, in spaceflight and satellite communications, is the period in which a satellite or other spacecraft is above the local horizon and available for radio communication with a particular ground station, satellite receiver, or relay satellite (or, in some cases, for visual sighting). The beginning of a pass is termed acquisition of signal; the end of a pass is termed loss of signal. The point at which a spacecraft comes closest to a ground observer is the time of closest approach. Timing and duration The timing and duration of passes depends on the characteristics of the orbit <P> many proposals feature installing mass drivers on the moon, where the lower gravity and lack of atmosphere greatly reduce the required velocity to reach lunar orbit.
Most serious mass-driver designs use superconducting coils to achieve reasonable energetic efficiency (often 50% to 90+%, depending on design). Equipment may include a superconducting bucket or aluminum coil as the payload. The coils of a mass driver can induce eddy currents in a payload's aluminum coil, and then act on the resulting magnetic field. There are two sections of a mass driver. The maximum acceleration part spaces the coils at constant distances, and synchronizes the | answer: Assuming the mass of the satellite is very small compared to the mass of the object it is orbiting and assuming a circular orbit, the following holds:r = G M / v^2(r = distance from satellite to center of mass of celestial body, G = gravitational constant, M = mass of celestial body, v = speed)So 2 satellites orbiting a circular orbit at the same altitude will have the same speed. |
44,166 | 2nqc60 | How does kinetic energy work? | As simple as possible. Here is the eli5 versionThe majority of Power plants are based around the idea of boiling water to pressurized steam. The steam is then allowed to expand in a turbine. A turbine has lots of blades like a fan or a windmill, but they are designed for steam to push them. The steam expands, and pushes the blades causing the turbine to turn. The turbine is attached to an electrical generator which makes electricity. A power generator is a magnet that rotates next to wires. When the magnet rotates, the electrons in the wires get pushed, creating electrical current, which goes to your house or business or whatever. The only difference with a nuclear power reactor and a normal power plant is that the reactor is used to boil water instead of burning fossil fuels. The nuclear reactor is a heat source. The nuclear chain reaction splits the atom and releases energy in the form of kinetic energy and radiation. The kinetic energy is because the atoms, when they split, they fly apart very quickly. Then they run into other stuff, and the friction of the split atoms running into stuff creates the majority of the heat in the reactor. Cooling water is then used to both cool the fuel, and boil into steam for the turbine to use. [this is what a large power plant turbine looks like](_URL_1_) [this is a diagram of a generator](_URL_0_)The part on the left is the wires. It doesn't move so we call it the "stator windings". Because It is stationary and has wound up wires or conductors. The part on the right is the magnet. It's called the rotor, because it is attached to the turbine and rotates. When the magnet rotates next to wires in a closed electrical circuit you get electricity. | [
"It is all about transferring energy. If you have a rigid drive shaft and you apply torque on one end, you can turn a load that is on the other end. That is an example of transferring mechanical energy from A to B, and is similar to how a power line functions. At one end of the power line, a voltage drives electron... | 2 | [
"As simple as possible. Here is the eli5 version\n\nThe majority of Power plants are based around the idea of boiling water to pressurized steam. The steam is then allowed to expand in a turbine. A turbine has lots of blades like a fan or a windmill, but they are designed for steam to push them. The steam expands, ... | 1 | <P> the products have been stopped and cooled, however, as the extra mass must escape from the system as heat before its loss can be noticed, in theory.) On the other hand, if one must inject energy to separate a system of particles into its components, then the initial mass is less than that of the components after they are separated. In the latter case, the energy injected is "stored" as potential energy, which shows as the increased mass of the components that store it. This is an example of the fact that energy of all types is seen in systems <P> the weight's total energy. It is described as loss of gravitational potential energy by the weight, due to change of its macroscopic position in the gravity field, in contrast to, for example, loss of the weight's internal energy due to changes in its entropy, volume, and chemical composition. Though it occurs relatively rapidly, because the energy remains nearly fully available as work in one way or another, such diversion of work in the surroundings may be idealized as nearly reversible, or nearly perfectly efficient.
In contrast, the conversion of heat into work in a heat engine can never exceed the Carnot <P> For example, with the apparatus of Joule's experiment in which, through pulleys, a weight descending in the surroundings drives the stirring of a thermodynamic system, the descent of the weight can be diverted by a re-arrangement of pulleys, so that it lifts another weight in the surroundings, instead of stirring the thermodynamic system.
Such conversion may be idealized as nearly frictionless, though it occurs relatively quickly. It usually comes about through devices that are not simple thermodynamic systems (a simple thermodynamic system is a homogeneous body of material substances). For example, the descent of the weight in Joule's stirring experiment reduces <P> the volume of the water. Work that does not change the volume of the water is said to be isochoric; it is irreversible. The energy supplied by the fall of the weight passed into the water as heat. Conservation of energy A pre-supposed guiding principle of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. The total energy of a system is the sum of its internal energy, of its potential energy as a whole system in an external force field, such as gravity, and of its kinetic energy as a whole system in motion. Thermodynamics has special concern with transfers of energy, <P> of such transfer defines the system as an open system, as opposed to a closed system. By definition, such transfer is neither as work nor as heat.
Changes in the potential energy of a body as a whole with respect to forces in its surroundings, and in the kinetic energy of the body moving as a whole with respect to its surroundings, are by definition excluded from the body's cardinal energy (examples are internal energy and enthalpy). Nearly reversible transfer of energy by work in the surroundings In the surroundings of a thermodynamic system, external to it, all the various mechanical <P> it can be shown that the particle's velocity parallel to the local field must decrease if the field is increasing along its z motion, and increase if the field decreases, while the components of the velocity transverse to the field increase or decrease so as to keep the magnitude of the total velocity constant. Conservation of energy prevents the transverse velocity from increasing without limit, and eventually the longitudinal component of the velocity becomes zero, while the pitch angle, of the particle with respect to the field line, becomes 90°. Then the longitudinal motion is stopped and reversed, <P> and non-mechanical macroscopic forms of work can be converted into each other with no limitation in principle due to the laws of thermodynamics, so that the energy conversion efficiency can approach 100% in some cases; such conversion is required to be frictionless, and consequently adiabatic. In particular, in principle, all macroscopic forms of work can be converted into the mechanical work of lifting a weight, which was the original form of thermodynamic work considered by Carnot and Joule (see History section above). Some authors have considered this equivalence to the lifting of a weight as a defining characteristic of work. <P> to those two modes of energy transfer, as work, and as heat. Adiabatic work is done without matter transfer and without heat transfer. In principle, in thermodynamics, for a process in a closed system, quantity of heat transferred is defined by the amount of adiabatic work that would be needed to effect the change in the system that is occasioned by the heat transfer. In experimental practice, heat transfer is often estimated calorimetrically, through change of temperature of a known quantity of calorimetric material substance.
Energy can also be transferred to or from a system through transfer of matter. The possibility <P> Energy current Energy current is a flow of energy defined by the Poynting vector (E × H), as opposed to normal current (flow of charge). It was originally postulated by Oliver Heaviside. It is also an informal name for Energy flux. Explanation "Energy current" is a somewhat informal term that is used, on occasion, to describe the process of energy transfer in situations where the transfer can usefully be viewed in terms of a flow. It is particularly used when the transfer of energy is more significant to the discussion than the process by which the energy is transferred. For <P> minimum energy structure, but arrive at it via a different pathway. <P> second law of thermodynamics. Under many practical situations this can be represented by the thermodynamic availability, or Exergy, function. Two important cases are: in thermodynamic systems where the temperature and volume are held constant, the measure of useful work attainable is the Helmholtz free energy function; and in systems where the temperature and pressure are held constant, the measure of useful work attainable is the Gibbs free energy. Gravitational work Gravitational work is defined by force measured in the surroundings' gravitational field. It may cause a generalized displacement in the form of change of the spatial distribution of <P> from a body of matter, such as, for example a cylinder of steam, to the surroundings of the body, by mechanisms through which the body exerts macroscopic forces on its surroundings so as to lift a weight there; such mechanisms are the ones that are said to mediate thermodynamic work.
Besides transfer of energy as work, thermodynamics admits transfer of energy as heat. For a process in a closed (no transfer of matter) thermodynamic system, the first law of thermodynamics relates changes in the internal energy (or other cardinal energy function, depending on the conditions of the transfer) of the system <P> the coupling between the system and surroundings be through a rigid rod that links pistons of different areas for the system and surroundings. Then for a given amount of work transferred, the exchange of volumes involves different pressures, inversely with the piston areas, for mechanical equilibrium. This cannot be done for the transfer of energy as heat because of its non-mechanical nature.
Another important kind of work is isochoric work, that is to say work that involves no eventual overall change of volume of the system between the initial and the final states of the process. Examples are friction on the <P> a chemical bond depends on the bonding environment, including the number of bonds and possibly also angles and bond length. It is based on the Linus Pauling bond order concept
,
and can be written in the form
This means that the potential is written as a simple pair potential depending on the distance between two atoms , but the strength of this bond is modified by the environment of the atom via the term. Alternatively, the energy can be written in the form
where is the electron density at the location of atom . These two forms for the energy <P> instance, the flow of fuel oil in a pipeline could be considered as an energy current, although this would not be a convenient way of visualising the fullness of the storage tanks.
The units of energy current are those of power (W). This is closely related to energy flux, which is the energy transferred per unit area per unit time (measured in W/m²). Energy current in electromagnetism A specific use of the concept of energy current was promulgated by Oliver Heaviside in the last quarter of the 19th century. Against heavy resistance from the engineering community, Heaviside worked out the physics <P> and on the arbitrarily selected axis about which the moment of inertia is defined. The moments of inertia about two of the principal axes are the maximum and minimum moments of inertia of the body about any axis. The third is perpendicular to the other two and has a moment of inertia somewhere between the maximum and minimum.
If energy is dissipated while an object is rotating, this will cause the polhode motion about the axis of maximum inertia (also called the major principal axis) to damp out or stabilize, with the polhode path becoming a smaller and smaller ellipse or <P> from a wire. The weight is subjected to a gravitational force, , and a tension force in the wire. The mass accelerates upward with an acceleration . Newton's Second Law becomes or . As an observer with feet planted firmly on the ground, we see that the force accelerates the weight, , but, if we are moving with the wire we don’t see the acceleration, we feel it. The tension in the wire seems to counteract an acceleration “force” or . <P> Work (thermodynamics) 1824 Work, i.e. "weight lifted through a height", was originally defined in 1824 by Sadi Carnot in his famous paper Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, where he used the term motive power for work. Specifically, according to Carnot:
We use here motive power to express the useful effect that a motor is capable of producing. This effect can always be likened to the elevation of a weight to a certain height. It has, as we know, as a measure, the product of the weight multiplied by the height to which it is raised. 1845 In <P> can also tend to rotate a body about an axis. The axis may be any line which neither intersects nor is parallel to the line of action of the force. This rotational tendency is known as the moment (M) of the force. Moment is also referred to as torque. Varignon's theorem Varignon's theorem states that the moment of a force about any point is equal to the sum of the moments of the components of the force about the same point. Equilibrium equations The static equilibrium of a particle is an important concept in statics. A particle is in equilibrium <P> Simulated annealing Overview The state of some physical systems, and the function E(s) to be minimized, is analogous to the internal energy of the system in that state. The goal is to bring the system, from an arbitrary initial state, to a state with the minimum possible energy. The basic iteration At each step, the simulated annealing heuristic considers some neighboring state s* of the current state s, and probabilistically decides between moving the system to state s* or staying in-state s. These probabilities ultimately lead the system to move to states of lower energy. Typically this step | question: How does kinetic energy work? context: <P> the products have been stopped and cooled, however, as the extra mass must escape from the system as heat before its loss can be noticed, in theory.) On the other hand, if one must inject energy to separate a system of particles into its components, then the initial mass is less than that of the components after they are separated. In the latter case, the energy injected is "stored" as potential energy, which shows as the increased mass of the components that store it. This is an example of the fact that energy of all types is seen in systems <P> the weight's total energy. It is described as loss of gravitational potential energy by the weight, due to change of its macroscopic position in the gravity field, in contrast to, for example, loss of the weight's internal energy due to changes in its entropy, volume, and chemical composition. Though it occurs relatively rapidly, because the energy remains nearly fully available as work in one way or another, such diversion of work in the surroundings may be idealized as nearly reversible, or nearly perfectly efficient.
In contrast, the conversion of heat into work in a heat engine can never exceed the Carnot <P> For example, with the apparatus of Joule's experiment in which, through pulleys, a weight descending in the surroundings drives the stirring of a thermodynamic system, the descent of the weight can be diverted by a re-arrangement of pulleys, so that it lifts another weight in the surroundings, instead of stirring the thermodynamic system.
Such conversion may be idealized as nearly frictionless, though it occurs relatively quickly. It usually comes about through devices that are not simple thermodynamic systems (a simple thermodynamic system is a homogeneous body of material substances). For example, the descent of the weight in Joule's stirring experiment reduces <P> the volume of the water. Work that does not change the volume of the water is said to be isochoric; it is irreversible. The energy supplied by the fall of the weight passed into the water as heat. Conservation of energy A pre-supposed guiding principle of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. The total energy of a system is the sum of its internal energy, of its potential energy as a whole system in an external force field, such as gravity, and of its kinetic energy as a whole system in motion. Thermodynamics has special concern with transfers of energy, <P> of such transfer defines the system as an open system, as opposed to a closed system. By definition, such transfer is neither as work nor as heat.
Changes in the potential energy of a body as a whole with respect to forces in its surroundings, and in the kinetic energy of the body moving as a whole with respect to its surroundings, are by definition excluded from the body's cardinal energy (examples are internal energy and enthalpy). Nearly reversible transfer of energy by work in the surroundings In the surroundings of a thermodynamic system, external to it, all the various mechanical <P> it can be shown that the particle's velocity parallel to the local field must decrease if the field is increasing along its z motion, and increase if the field decreases, while the components of the velocity transverse to the field increase or decrease so as to keep the magnitude of the total velocity constant. Conservation of energy prevents the transverse velocity from increasing without limit, and eventually the longitudinal component of the velocity becomes zero, while the pitch angle, of the particle with respect to the field line, becomes 90°. Then the longitudinal motion is stopped and reversed, <P> and non-mechanical macroscopic forms of work can be converted into each other with no limitation in principle due to the laws of thermodynamics, so that the energy conversion efficiency can approach 100% in some cases; such conversion is required to be frictionless, and consequently adiabatic. In particular, in principle, all macroscopic forms of work can be converted into the mechanical work of lifting a weight, which was the original form of thermodynamic work considered by Carnot and Joule (see History section above). Some authors have considered this equivalence to the lifting of a weight as a defining characteristic of work. <P> to those two modes of energy transfer, as work, and as heat. Adiabatic work is done without matter transfer and without heat transfer. In principle, in thermodynamics, for a process in a closed system, quantity of heat transferred is defined by the amount of adiabatic work that would be needed to effect the change in the system that is occasioned by the heat transfer. In experimental practice, heat transfer is often estimated calorimetrically, through change of temperature of a known quantity of calorimetric material substance.
Energy can also be transferred to or from a system through transfer of matter. The possibility <P> Energy current Energy current is a flow of energy defined by the Poynting vector (E × H), as opposed to normal current (flow of charge). It was originally postulated by Oliver Heaviside. It is also an informal name for Energy flux. Explanation "Energy current" is a somewhat informal term that is used, on occasion, to describe the process of energy transfer in situations where the transfer can usefully be viewed in terms of a flow. It is particularly used when the transfer of energy is more significant to the discussion than the process by which the energy is transferred. For <P> minimum energy structure, but arrive at it via a different pathway. <P> second law of thermodynamics. Under many practical situations this can be represented by the thermodynamic availability, or Exergy, function. Two important cases are: in thermodynamic systems where the temperature and volume are held constant, the measure of useful work attainable is the Helmholtz free energy function; and in systems where the temperature and pressure are held constant, the measure of useful work attainable is the Gibbs free energy. Gravitational work Gravitational work is defined by force measured in the surroundings' gravitational field. It may cause a generalized displacement in the form of change of the spatial distribution of <P> from a body of matter, such as, for example a cylinder of steam, to the surroundings of the body, by mechanisms through which the body exerts macroscopic forces on its surroundings so as to lift a weight there; such mechanisms are the ones that are said to mediate thermodynamic work.
Besides transfer of energy as work, thermodynamics admits transfer of energy as heat. For a process in a closed (no transfer of matter) thermodynamic system, the first law of thermodynamics relates changes in the internal energy (or other cardinal energy function, depending on the conditions of the transfer) of the system <P> the coupling between the system and surroundings be through a rigid rod that links pistons of different areas for the system and surroundings. Then for a given amount of work transferred, the exchange of volumes involves different pressures, inversely with the piston areas, for mechanical equilibrium. This cannot be done for the transfer of energy as heat because of its non-mechanical nature.
Another important kind of work is isochoric work, that is to say work that involves no eventual overall change of volume of the system between the initial and the final states of the process. Examples are friction on the <P> a chemical bond depends on the bonding environment, including the number of bonds and possibly also angles and bond length. It is based on the Linus Pauling bond order concept
,
and can be written in the form
This means that the potential is written as a simple pair potential depending on the distance between two atoms , but the strength of this bond is modified by the environment of the atom via the term. Alternatively, the energy can be written in the form
where is the electron density at the location of atom . These two forms for the energy <P> instance, the flow of fuel oil in a pipeline could be considered as an energy current, although this would not be a convenient way of visualising the fullness of the storage tanks.
The units of energy current are those of power (W). This is closely related to energy flux, which is the energy transferred per unit area per unit time (measured in W/m²). Energy current in electromagnetism A specific use of the concept of energy current was promulgated by Oliver Heaviside in the last quarter of the 19th century. Against heavy resistance from the engineering community, Heaviside worked out the physics <P> and on the arbitrarily selected axis about which the moment of inertia is defined. The moments of inertia about two of the principal axes are the maximum and minimum moments of inertia of the body about any axis. The third is perpendicular to the other two and has a moment of inertia somewhere between the maximum and minimum.
If energy is dissipated while an object is rotating, this will cause the polhode motion about the axis of maximum inertia (also called the major principal axis) to damp out or stabilize, with the polhode path becoming a smaller and smaller ellipse or <P> from a wire. The weight is subjected to a gravitational force, , and a tension force in the wire. The mass accelerates upward with an acceleration . Newton's Second Law becomes or . As an observer with feet planted firmly on the ground, we see that the force accelerates the weight, , but, if we are moving with the wire we don’t see the acceleration, we feel it. The tension in the wire seems to counteract an acceleration “force” or . <P> Work (thermodynamics) 1824 Work, i.e. "weight lifted through a height", was originally defined in 1824 by Sadi Carnot in his famous paper Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, where he used the term motive power for work. Specifically, according to Carnot:
We use here motive power to express the useful effect that a motor is capable of producing. This effect can always be likened to the elevation of a weight to a certain height. It has, as we know, as a measure, the product of the weight multiplied by the height to which it is raised. 1845 In <P> can also tend to rotate a body about an axis. The axis may be any line which neither intersects nor is parallel to the line of action of the force. This rotational tendency is known as the moment (M) of the force. Moment is also referred to as torque. Varignon's theorem Varignon's theorem states that the moment of a force about any point is equal to the sum of the moments of the components of the force about the same point. Equilibrium equations The static equilibrium of a particle is an important concept in statics. A particle is in equilibrium <P> Simulated annealing Overview The state of some physical systems, and the function E(s) to be minimized, is analogous to the internal energy of the system in that state. The goal is to bring the system, from an arbitrary initial state, to a state with the minimum possible energy. The basic iteration At each step, the simulated annealing heuristic considers some neighboring state s* of the current state s, and probabilistically decides between moving the system to state s* or staying in-state s. These probabilities ultimately lead the system to move to states of lower energy. Typically this step | answer: As simple as possible. Here is the eli5 versionThe majority of Power plants are based around the idea of boiling water to pressurized steam. The steam is then allowed to expand in a turbine. A turbine has lots of blades like a fan or a windmill, but they are designed for steam to push them. The steam expands, and pushes the blades causing the turbine to turn. The turbine is attached to an electrical generator which makes electricity. A power generator is a magnet that rotates next to wires. When the magnet rotates, the electrons in the wires get pushed, creating electrical current, which goes to your house or business or whatever. The only difference with a nuclear power reactor and a normal power plant is that the reactor is used to boil water instead of burning fossil fuels. The nuclear reactor is a heat source. The nuclear chain reaction splits the atom and releases energy in the form of kinetic energy and radiation. The kinetic energy is because the atoms, when they split, they fly apart very quickly. Then they run into other stuff, and the friction of the split atoms running into stuff creates the majority of the heat in the reactor. Cooling water is then used to both cool the fuel, and boil into steam for the turbine to use. [this is what a large power plant turbine looks like](_URL_1_) [this is a diagram of a generator](_URL_0_)The part on the left is the wires. It doesn't move so we call it the "stator windings". Because It is stationary and has wound up wires or conductors. The part on the right is the magnet. It's called the rotor, because it is attached to the turbine and rotates. When the magnet rotates next to wires in a closed electrical circuit you get electricity. |
47,696 | gu249 | Why would it be windier on Earth if there was no moon? | I suspect that the moon's gravitational pull has a stabilizing effect on the Earth's atmosphere. Just like with ocean tides, the moon creates atmospheric tides by pulling on the atmosphere. Without this constant force acting on it, the air in the atmosphere would be slightly more free to move around according to temperature and pressure variations and would therefore be more windy. | [
"I suspect that the moon's gravitational pull has a stabilizing effect on the Earth's atmosphere. Just like with ocean tides, the moon creates atmospheric tides by pulling on the atmosphere. Without this constant force acting on it, the air in the atmosphere would be slightly more free to move around according to t... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> Moon and Sun, there are fluctuating tides. These tidal fluctuations result in dissipation at an average rate of about 3.7 TW.
Another physical limitation is the energy available in the tidal fluctuations of the oceans, which is about 0.6 EJ (exajoule). Note this is only a tiny fraction of the total rotational energy of the Earth. Without forcing, this energy would be dissipated (at a dissipation rate of 3.7 TW) in about four semi-diurnal tide periods. So, dissipation plays a significant role in the tidal dynamics of the oceans. Therefore, this limits the available tidal energy to around 0.8 TW (20% <P> Moon. <P> the planet would undergo libration and the terminator would be alternatively lit and darkened during libration.
Models of the evolution of the planet's orbit over time suggest that heating resulting from this tidal locking may play a major role in the planet's geology. Models proposed by scientists predict that tidal heating could yield a surface heat flux about three times greater than that of Jupiter's moon Io, which could result in major geological activity such as volcanoes and plate tectonics. Habitability and climate The study of Gliese 581c by the von Bloh et al. team has been quoted as concluding "The <P> roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius. Most, if not all, remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (peaking at about 5,000 times its present level). A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth's orbit will eventually decay due to tidal effects and drag, causing it to enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized. Shape The shape of Earth is nearly spherical. There is a small flattening at the poles and bulging around the equator due to Earth's <P> of the planet from being blown into space by solar wind. <P> different mechanisms by which the behaviour of the Moon could influence the behaviour of human beings. A common suggestion is that, since the Moon affects large bodies of water such as the ocean (a phenomenon known as "tidal force"), the Moon should be expected to have an analogous effect on human beings, whose bodies contain a great deal of water. However, this is a misconception that fails to take into account differences in scale. The tidal force is in fact very weak and should be expected to exercise no more gravitational pull on the human body than a mosquito. Besides <P> Solar eclipse of December 13, 1898 Description The eclipse took place in Northern Antarctica and the Pacific within the 180th meridian and the International Date Line. In Antarctica, it showed up to 1.3% obscuration of the sun, it showed up to 2.3% obscuration in the Pacific offshore. The greatest eclipse was in the Atlantic off the shore of Antarctica some 25 miles (40 km) south of the Antarctic Circle at 66.8 S & 174.5 E at 11:58 (11:58 PM local time the same day). As the moon moved towards the right on the Moon, in that part of Antarctica north <P> of Theia was approximately 10 percent of Earth, it hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth. Geological history Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing. Water vapor from these sources condensed into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids, protoplanets, and comets. In this model, atmospheric "greenhouse gases" kept the oceans from freezing when the newly <P> “I rested.” Formation of the Moon Samples brought back from the Apollo program showed that the Moon was composed of the same material as the mantle of the Earth. This surprising result was still unexplained in the early 1970s, when Cameron began work on an explanation of the Moon's origins. He theorized that the formation of the Moon was the result of a tangential impact of an object at least the size of Mars on the early Earth. In this model, the outer silicates of the body hitting the Earth would be vaporized, whereas a metallic core would not. The <P> estimated age.
The disk contains an estimated mass of dust equal to a sixth of the mass of the Moon, with individual dust grains exceeding 3.5 μm in size at a temperature of about 55 K. This dust is being generated by the collision of comets, which range up to 10 to 30 km in diameter and have a combined mass of 5 to 9 times that of Earth. This is similar to the estimated 10 Earth masses in the primordial Kuiper belt. The disk around Epsilon Eridani contains less than 2.2 × 10¹⁷ kg of carbon monoxide. This low level suggests a paucity <P> inhabitants from the intense heat. The inhabitants are described as giants that hide under water to escape from the heat of the day. Subvolva A day and night is around 30 Earth days. A day on Subvolva represents the Phases of the Moon on Earth. Subvolva sees the Earth as its moon. The Earth goes through phases just as our Moon does during their night. Kepler notes that Subvolva is inhabited by serpent-like creatures. The Subvolvan terrain is full of fields and towns just like our world. At night on Privolva all of the water is pumped to Subvolva to <P> vapor in the planet's atmosphere, but only in the rare case of a planet with an orbit aligned so as to transit its star, which Gliese 581c is not known to do. Tidally-locked models Theoretical models predict that volatile compounds such as water and carbon dioxide, if present, might evaporate in the scorching heat of the sunward side, migrate to the cooler night side, and condense to form ice caps. Over time, the entire atmosphere might freeze into ice caps on the night side of the planet. However, it remains unknown if water and/or carbon dioxide are even present on <P> of Phobos are very common, happening almost every night.
The motions of Phobos and Deimos would appear very different from that of Earth's Moon. Speedy Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just eleven hours, while Deimos, being only just outside synchronous orbit, rises as expected in the east but very slowly. Despite its 30-hour orbit, it takes 2.7 days to set in the west as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars.
Both moons are tidally locked, always presenting the same face towards Mars. Since Phobos orbits Mars faster than the planet itself rotates, <P> times the diameter of Earth, and 1.5 times Earth's gravity. The side of the planet that constantly faces its companion world Chujo ("Moonside") is mostly land, the other hemisphere ("Starside") is mostly ocean. The mean surface temperature is +20 °C, slightly warmer than Earth. Although humans in good condition can physically accommodate to the high gravity, the sea level air pressure of 3.1 bars which results from this gravity (as per the barometric formula) requires artificial decompression for safe breathing. Only at 5,800 meters (an altitude found on this planet only in the form of a few small highlands that are <P> does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.
A study from 2016 suggested that Planet Nine tilted all the planets of the Solar System, including Earth, by about six degrees. Habitability A planet that can sustain life is termed habitable, even if life did not originate there. Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain metabolism. <P> more volatile materials that were emitted during the collision would escape the Solar System, whereas silicates would tend to coalesce. Hence, most of the collisional material sent into orbit would consist of silicates, leaving the coalescing Moon deficient in iron and volatile materials, such as water.
After seeing William Hartmann present a similar, independent model at a conference in 1974, Cameron began a several decade-long collaboration with Hartmann to develop the giant-impact hypothesis. Cameron was able to use increasingly sophisticated computer models to show that such a collision could produce an Earth-Moon system with the correct mass, spin, and orbital momentum. <P> Lunar magma ocean The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) is the layer of molten rock that is theorized to have been present on the surface of the Moon. The Lunar Magma Ocean was likely present on the Moon from the time of the Moon's formation (about 4.5 or 4.4 billion years ago) to 10s or 100s of millions years after that time. It is a thermodynamic consequence of the Moon's relatively rapid formation in the aftermath of a giant impact between the proto-Earth and another planetary body. As the Moon accreted from the debris from the giant impact, gravitational potential energy <P> Solar eclipse of November 13, 2012 Visibility For this eclipse, totality was visible from northern Australia to about 4° north of the Chilean Juan Fernández Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean where totality ended. The most populous city to experience totality was Cairns, which had 2 minutes of totality an hour after daybreak (06:39 AEST, 20:39 UTC) with the sun at an altitude of 14°. Norfolk Island, a small Pacific island east of Australia, experienced a partial eclipse with a maximum of 98% of the sun obscured at 08:37 NFT and an altitude of 42°.
New Zealand experienced a partial eclipse. <P> The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the ecliptic), and the Earth–Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses.
The Hill sphere, or the sphere of gravitational influence, of the Earth is about 1.5 million km (930,000 mi) in radius. This is the maximum distance at which the Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit the Earth within this radius, <P> appears in a terrestrial environment. | question: Why would it be windier on Earth if there was no moon? context: <P> Moon and Sun, there are fluctuating tides. These tidal fluctuations result in dissipation at an average rate of about 3.7 TW.
Another physical limitation is the energy available in the tidal fluctuations of the oceans, which is about 0.6 EJ (exajoule). Note this is only a tiny fraction of the total rotational energy of the Earth. Without forcing, this energy would be dissipated (at a dissipation rate of 3.7 TW) in about four semi-diurnal tide periods. So, dissipation plays a significant role in the tidal dynamics of the oceans. Therefore, this limits the available tidal energy to around 0.8 TW (20% <P> Moon. <P> the planet would undergo libration and the terminator would be alternatively lit and darkened during libration.
Models of the evolution of the planet's orbit over time suggest that heating resulting from this tidal locking may play a major role in the planet's geology. Models proposed by scientists predict that tidal heating could yield a surface heat flux about three times greater than that of Jupiter's moon Io, which could result in major geological activity such as volcanoes and plate tectonics. Habitability and climate The study of Gliese 581c by the von Bloh et al. team has been quoted as concluding "The <P> roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius. Most, if not all, remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (peaking at about 5,000 times its present level). A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth's orbit will eventually decay due to tidal effects and drag, causing it to enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized. Shape The shape of Earth is nearly spherical. There is a small flattening at the poles and bulging around the equator due to Earth's <P> of the planet from being blown into space by solar wind. <P> different mechanisms by which the behaviour of the Moon could influence the behaviour of human beings. A common suggestion is that, since the Moon affects large bodies of water such as the ocean (a phenomenon known as "tidal force"), the Moon should be expected to have an analogous effect on human beings, whose bodies contain a great deal of water. However, this is a misconception that fails to take into account differences in scale. The tidal force is in fact very weak and should be expected to exercise no more gravitational pull on the human body than a mosquito. Besides <P> Solar eclipse of December 13, 1898 Description The eclipse took place in Northern Antarctica and the Pacific within the 180th meridian and the International Date Line. In Antarctica, it showed up to 1.3% obscuration of the sun, it showed up to 2.3% obscuration in the Pacific offshore. The greatest eclipse was in the Atlantic off the shore of Antarctica some 25 miles (40 km) south of the Antarctic Circle at 66.8 S & 174.5 E at 11:58 (11:58 PM local time the same day). As the moon moved towards the right on the Moon, in that part of Antarctica north <P> of Theia was approximately 10 percent of Earth, it hit Earth with a glancing blow and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth. Geological history Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing. Water vapor from these sources condensed into the oceans, augmented by water and ice from asteroids, protoplanets, and comets. In this model, atmospheric "greenhouse gases" kept the oceans from freezing when the newly <P> “I rested.” Formation of the Moon Samples brought back from the Apollo program showed that the Moon was composed of the same material as the mantle of the Earth. This surprising result was still unexplained in the early 1970s, when Cameron began work on an explanation of the Moon's origins. He theorized that the formation of the Moon was the result of a tangential impact of an object at least the size of Mars on the early Earth. In this model, the outer silicates of the body hitting the Earth would be vaporized, whereas a metallic core would not. The <P> estimated age.
The disk contains an estimated mass of dust equal to a sixth of the mass of the Moon, with individual dust grains exceeding 3.5 μm in size at a temperature of about 55 K. This dust is being generated by the collision of comets, which range up to 10 to 30 km in diameter and have a combined mass of 5 to 9 times that of Earth. This is similar to the estimated 10 Earth masses in the primordial Kuiper belt. The disk around Epsilon Eridani contains less than 2.2 × 10¹⁷ kg of carbon monoxide. This low level suggests a paucity <P> inhabitants from the intense heat. The inhabitants are described as giants that hide under water to escape from the heat of the day. Subvolva A day and night is around 30 Earth days. A day on Subvolva represents the Phases of the Moon on Earth. Subvolva sees the Earth as its moon. The Earth goes through phases just as our Moon does during their night. Kepler notes that Subvolva is inhabited by serpent-like creatures. The Subvolvan terrain is full of fields and towns just like our world. At night on Privolva all of the water is pumped to Subvolva to <P> vapor in the planet's atmosphere, but only in the rare case of a planet with an orbit aligned so as to transit its star, which Gliese 581c is not known to do. Tidally-locked models Theoretical models predict that volatile compounds such as water and carbon dioxide, if present, might evaporate in the scorching heat of the sunward side, migrate to the cooler night side, and condense to form ice caps. Over time, the entire atmosphere might freeze into ice caps on the night side of the planet. However, it remains unknown if water and/or carbon dioxide are even present on <P> of Phobos are very common, happening almost every night.
The motions of Phobos and Deimos would appear very different from that of Earth's Moon. Speedy Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just eleven hours, while Deimos, being only just outside synchronous orbit, rises as expected in the east but very slowly. Despite its 30-hour orbit, it takes 2.7 days to set in the west as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars.
Both moons are tidally locked, always presenting the same face towards Mars. Since Phobos orbits Mars faster than the planet itself rotates, <P> times the diameter of Earth, and 1.5 times Earth's gravity. The side of the planet that constantly faces its companion world Chujo ("Moonside") is mostly land, the other hemisphere ("Starside") is mostly ocean. The mean surface temperature is +20 °C, slightly warmer than Earth. Although humans in good condition can physically accommodate to the high gravity, the sea level air pressure of 3.1 bars which results from this gravity (as per the barometric formula) requires artificial decompression for safe breathing. Only at 5,800 meters (an altitude found on this planet only in the form of a few small highlands that are <P> does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.
A study from 2016 suggested that Planet Nine tilted all the planets of the Solar System, including Earth, by about six degrees. Habitability A planet that can sustain life is termed habitable, even if life did not originate there. Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain metabolism. <P> more volatile materials that were emitted during the collision would escape the Solar System, whereas silicates would tend to coalesce. Hence, most of the collisional material sent into orbit would consist of silicates, leaving the coalescing Moon deficient in iron and volatile materials, such as water.
After seeing William Hartmann present a similar, independent model at a conference in 1974, Cameron began a several decade-long collaboration with Hartmann to develop the giant-impact hypothesis. Cameron was able to use increasingly sophisticated computer models to show that such a collision could produce an Earth-Moon system with the correct mass, spin, and orbital momentum. <P> Lunar magma ocean The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) is the layer of molten rock that is theorized to have been present on the surface of the Moon. The Lunar Magma Ocean was likely present on the Moon from the time of the Moon's formation (about 4.5 or 4.4 billion years ago) to 10s or 100s of millions years after that time. It is a thermodynamic consequence of the Moon's relatively rapid formation in the aftermath of a giant impact between the proto-Earth and another planetary body. As the Moon accreted from the debris from the giant impact, gravitational potential energy <P> Solar eclipse of November 13, 2012 Visibility For this eclipse, totality was visible from northern Australia to about 4° north of the Chilean Juan Fernández Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean where totality ended. The most populous city to experience totality was Cairns, which had 2 minutes of totality an hour after daybreak (06:39 AEST, 20:39 UTC) with the sun at an altitude of 14°. Norfolk Island, a small Pacific island east of Australia, experienced a partial eclipse with a maximum of 98% of the sun obscured at 08:37 NFT and an altitude of 42°.
New Zealand experienced a partial eclipse. <P> The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the ecliptic), and the Earth–Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses.
The Hill sphere, or the sphere of gravitational influence, of the Earth is about 1.5 million km (930,000 mi) in radius. This is the maximum distance at which the Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit the Earth within this radius, <P> appears in a terrestrial environment. | answer: I suspect that the moon's gravitational pull has a stabilizing effect on the Earth's atmosphere. Just like with ocean tides, the moon creates atmospheric tides by pulling on the atmosphere. Without this constant force acting on it, the air in the atmosphere would be slightly more free to move around according to temperature and pressure variations and would therefore be more windy. |
192,598 | 1rjswg | how come we can see pictures of space probes as far as saturn if they are so far away? | No, the solar system is only a few light-hours wide, even if you include Pluto. | [
"No, the solar system is only a few light-hours wide, even if you include Pluto.",
" > Wouldn't the info take years to arrive?\n\nNo, it takes about an hour (I think) from the edge of the planetary solar system.\n\nIf it took a year, then it would be a light-year away which is 9.5×10^12 kilometers wheras Uranus ... | 3 | [] | 0 | <P> the New Horizons KBO Search (268) team using the Magellan II (Clay) telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory, located in the Atacama desert in Chile. Milestone image When the New Horizons spacecraft imaged 2012 HZ₈₄ in 2017, it was the farthest from Earth ever captured by a spacecraft. The image was taken by the spacecraft's Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on 5 December 2017 at more than 6.12 billion kilometers (40.9 AU) away from Earth. This record was previously held by the Voyager 1 spacecraft which took the iconic Pale Blue Dot image at 6.06 billion kilometers from Earth in February 1990.
In <P> by flat surfaces on the spacecraft. The International Space Station, the largest artificial satellite of Earth, has a maximum apparent magnitude of –5.9, brighter than the planet Venus. <P> probes, and the absolute error of the distance measures to them is about the same as the earth satellite ranging measures, while the absolute distances involved are much bigger. <P> is limited by the precision of the atmospheric turbulence correction. It also requires a relatively bright 14th-magnitude star in the field of view on which to guide. Being above the atmosphere, the Hubble Space Telescope is not limited by these concerns and so is capable of much wider-field high-resolution imaging. Popularity of technique Both amateur and professional astronomers have begun to use this technique. Modern webcams and camcorders have the ability to capture rapid short exposures with sufficient sensitivity for astrophotography, and these devices are used with a telescope and the shift-and-add method from speckle imaging (also known as image <P> (HST), which offered higher resolution, and showed considerably more detail, resolving variations several hundred kilometers across, including polar regions and large bright spots. These maps were produced by complex computer processing, which finds the best-fit projected maps for the few pixels of the Hubble images. These remained the most detailed maps of Pluto until the flyby of New Horizons in July 2015, because the two cameras on the HST used for these maps were no longer in service. Exploration The New Horizons spacecraft, which flew by Pluto in July 2015, is the first and so far only attempt to explore <P> Wide Field Camera 3 The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) is the Hubble Space Telescope's last and most technologically advanced instrument to take images in the visible spectrum. It was installed as a replacement for the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 during the first spacewalk of Space Shuttle mission STS-125 (Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 4) on May 14, 2009. Specifications The instrument is designed to be a versatile camera capable of imaging astronomical targets over a very wide wavelength range and with a large field of view. It is a fourth-generation instrument for Hubble. The instrument has two <P> to allow additional sensitivity toward smaller and longer-period exoplanets in that region of the celestial sphere. The spacecraft will spend two 13.7-day orbits observing each sector, mapping the southern hemisphere of sky in its first year of operation and the northern hemisphere in its second year. The cameras actually take images every 2 seconds, but all the raw images would represent much more data volume than can be stored or downlinked. To deal with this, cutouts around 15,000 selected stars (per orbit) will be coadded over a 2-minute period and saved on board for downlink, while full-frame images will also <P> from a new hybrid lucky imaging and adaptive optics (AO) system. The new camera gave the first diffraction-limited resolutions on 5 m-class telescopes in visible light. The research was performed on the Mt. Palomar Hale telescope of 200-inch-diameter aperture. The telescope, with lucky cam and adaptive optics, pushed it near its theoretical angular resolution, achieving up to 0.025 arc seconds for certain types of viewing.
Compared to space telescopes like the 2.4 m Hubble, the system still has some drawbacks including a narrow field of view for crisp images (typically 10" to 20"), airglow, and electromagnetic frequencies blocked by the atmosphere.
When <P> they must be made from very secluded sites with care taken to eliminate interference. Space based experiments, even on the far side of the Moon (where they would be sheltered from interference from terrestrial radio signals), have been proposed to compensate for this. Little is known about other effects, such as synchrotron emission and free–free emission on the galaxy. Despite these problems, 21 cm observations, along with space-based gravity wave observations, are generally viewed as the next great frontier in observational cosmology, after the cosmic microwave background polarization. <P> the original Wide Field and Planetary Camera as well as the filter assembly. These were switched for the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 by the servicing mission STS-61 in December 1993.
WFC3 was originally conceived as an optical channel only; the near infrared channel was added later. WFC3 is intended to ensure that Hubble retains a powerful imaging capability through to the end of its lifetime. History WFC3 had been in the planning since the Spring of 1998. It was built by a team of highly experienced Hubble engineers and scientists drawn from many organizations, with leadership at Goddard Space <P> Asteroids like Interamnia, Davida, Europa and, unless under exceptional conditions Hygiea, are too faint to be seen with commonly sold binoculars. Likewise too faint to be seen with most binoculars are the planetary moons except the Galileans and Titan, and the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris. Other difficult binocular targets include the phases of Venus and the rings of Saturn. Only binoculars with very high magnification, 20x or higher, are capable of discerning Saturn's rings to a recognizable extent. High-power binoculars can sometimes show one or two cloud belts on the disk of Jupiter if optics and observing conditions <P> Hubble Deep Field South The Hubble Deep Field South is a composite of several hundred individual images taken using the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 over 10 days in September and October 1998. It followed the great success of the original Hubble Deep Field in facilitating the study of extremely distant galaxies in early stages of their evolution. While the WFPC2 took very deep optical images, nearby fields were simultaneously imaged by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). Planning The rationale behind making another Deep <P> radiant and reflected energy. The camera system was designed to obtain images of Jupiter's satellites at resolutions 20 to 1,000 times better than Voyager's best, because Galileo flew closer to the planet and its inner moons, and because the more modern CCD sensor in Galileo's camera was more sensitive and had a broader color detection band than the vidicons of Voyager. Instrumentation details The following information was taken directly from NASA's Galileo legacy site. Solid State Imager (SSI) The SSI was an 800-by-800-pixel solid state camera consisting of an array of silicon sensors called a charge-coupled device (CCD). Galileo was <P> (altitude about 5 km) and the last P-channel image 0.2 to 0.4 seconds before impact (altitude about 600 m). The images provided better resolution than was available from Earth-based views by a factor of 1000. The design and construction of the cameras was led by Leonard R Malling.
The Ranger program manager for the first six spacecraft was James D. Burke. <P> is more than 12 times the apparent diameter of the moon. The telescope was operated by the Schmidt Telescope Unit of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh until 1988, when it was agreed that control would be handed over to the AAO.
The Schmidt has undertaken work including blue and red photographic surveys of the southern sky and the 6dF Galaxy Survey. Its multi-object spectroscopic capability is currently being exploited to perform the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) survey. <P> data (i.e. electromagnetic showers produced from gamma rays), VERITAS uses a three-level trigger system. Level one corresponds to the discriminators on each pixel using constant fraction discriminators. Level two is a pattern selection trigger, which selects only photon-initiated showers, which have compact shapes, and background pulses, which have more random distributions. Level three is the array trigger which looks for coincidence between multiple telescopes.
The Cherenkov light that is produced by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere is very dim, so VERITAS can only observe under clear, dark skies. Observations are not possible under cloudy or rainy skies, or when the <P> ultraviolet spectral range of 55 nm to 210 nm and can achieve a spectral resolution of <0.6 nm. The instrument does not contain a scan mirror, so the spacecraft must provide the maneuvering capability necessary to obtain complete spatial images of the moon. <P> Pluto directly. Launched in 2006, it captured its first (distant) images of Pluto in late September 2006 during a test of the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager. The images, taken from a distance of approximately 4.2 billion kilometers, confirmed the spacecraft's ability to track distant targets, critical for maneuvering toward Pluto and other Kuiper belt objects. In early 2007 the craft made use of a gravity assist from Jupiter.
New Horizons made its closest approach to Pluto on July 14, 2015, after a 3,462-day journey across the Solar System. Scientific observations of Pluto began five months before the closest approach and continued <P> experiments were carried on the spacecraft. Communications Communications were through the quasiomnidirectional low-gain antenna and the parabolic high-gain antenna. Transmitters aboard the spacecraft included a 60-watt television channel F at 959.52 MHz, a 60-watt television channel P at 960.05 MHz, and a 3-watt transponder channel 8 at 960.58 MHz. The telecommunications equipment converted the composite video signal from the camera transmitters into a radio-frequency signal for subsequent transmission through the spacecraft's high-gain antenna. Sufficient video bandwidth was provided to allow for rapid framing sequences of both narrow- and wide-angle television pictures. Mission profile The Atlas 196D and Agena B 6006 boosters performed nominally, <P> show a few of the wider-split binary stars such as Albireo in the constellation Cygnus.
A number of solar system objects that are mostly to completely invisible to the human eye are reasonably detectable with medium-size binoculars, including larger craters on the Moon; the dim outer planets Uranus and Neptune; the inner "minor planets" Ceres, Vesta and Pallas; Saturn's largest moon Titan; and the Galilean moons of Jupiter. Although visible unaided in pollution-free skies, Uranus and Vesta require binoculars for easy detection. 10×50 binoculars are limited to an apparent magnitude of +9.5 to +11 depending on sky conditions and observer experience. | question: how come we can see pictures of space probes as far as saturn if they are so far away? context: <P> the New Horizons KBO Search (268) team using the Magellan II (Clay) telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory, located in the Atacama desert in Chile. Milestone image When the New Horizons spacecraft imaged 2012 HZ₈₄ in 2017, it was the farthest from Earth ever captured by a spacecraft. The image was taken by the spacecraft's Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on 5 December 2017 at more than 6.12 billion kilometers (40.9 AU) away from Earth. This record was previously held by the Voyager 1 spacecraft which took the iconic Pale Blue Dot image at 6.06 billion kilometers from Earth in February 1990.
In <P> by flat surfaces on the spacecraft. The International Space Station, the largest artificial satellite of Earth, has a maximum apparent magnitude of –5.9, brighter than the planet Venus. <P> probes, and the absolute error of the distance measures to them is about the same as the earth satellite ranging measures, while the absolute distances involved are much bigger. <P> is limited by the precision of the atmospheric turbulence correction. It also requires a relatively bright 14th-magnitude star in the field of view on which to guide. Being above the atmosphere, the Hubble Space Telescope is not limited by these concerns and so is capable of much wider-field high-resolution imaging. Popularity of technique Both amateur and professional astronomers have begun to use this technique. Modern webcams and camcorders have the ability to capture rapid short exposures with sufficient sensitivity for astrophotography, and these devices are used with a telescope and the shift-and-add method from speckle imaging (also known as image <P> (HST), which offered higher resolution, and showed considerably more detail, resolving variations several hundred kilometers across, including polar regions and large bright spots. These maps were produced by complex computer processing, which finds the best-fit projected maps for the few pixels of the Hubble images. These remained the most detailed maps of Pluto until the flyby of New Horizons in July 2015, because the two cameras on the HST used for these maps were no longer in service. Exploration The New Horizons spacecraft, which flew by Pluto in July 2015, is the first and so far only attempt to explore <P> Wide Field Camera 3 The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) is the Hubble Space Telescope's last and most technologically advanced instrument to take images in the visible spectrum. It was installed as a replacement for the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 during the first spacewalk of Space Shuttle mission STS-125 (Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 4) on May 14, 2009. Specifications The instrument is designed to be a versatile camera capable of imaging astronomical targets over a very wide wavelength range and with a large field of view. It is a fourth-generation instrument for Hubble. The instrument has two <P> to allow additional sensitivity toward smaller and longer-period exoplanets in that region of the celestial sphere. The spacecraft will spend two 13.7-day orbits observing each sector, mapping the southern hemisphere of sky in its first year of operation and the northern hemisphere in its second year. The cameras actually take images every 2 seconds, but all the raw images would represent much more data volume than can be stored or downlinked. To deal with this, cutouts around 15,000 selected stars (per orbit) will be coadded over a 2-minute period and saved on board for downlink, while full-frame images will also <P> from a new hybrid lucky imaging and adaptive optics (AO) system. The new camera gave the first diffraction-limited resolutions on 5 m-class telescopes in visible light. The research was performed on the Mt. Palomar Hale telescope of 200-inch-diameter aperture. The telescope, with lucky cam and adaptive optics, pushed it near its theoretical angular resolution, achieving up to 0.025 arc seconds for certain types of viewing.
Compared to space telescopes like the 2.4 m Hubble, the system still has some drawbacks including a narrow field of view for crisp images (typically 10" to 20"), airglow, and electromagnetic frequencies blocked by the atmosphere.
When <P> they must be made from very secluded sites with care taken to eliminate interference. Space based experiments, even on the far side of the Moon (where they would be sheltered from interference from terrestrial radio signals), have been proposed to compensate for this. Little is known about other effects, such as synchrotron emission and free–free emission on the galaxy. Despite these problems, 21 cm observations, along with space-based gravity wave observations, are generally viewed as the next great frontier in observational cosmology, after the cosmic microwave background polarization. <P> the original Wide Field and Planetary Camera as well as the filter assembly. These were switched for the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 by the servicing mission STS-61 in December 1993.
WFC3 was originally conceived as an optical channel only; the near infrared channel was added later. WFC3 is intended to ensure that Hubble retains a powerful imaging capability through to the end of its lifetime. History WFC3 had been in the planning since the Spring of 1998. It was built by a team of highly experienced Hubble engineers and scientists drawn from many organizations, with leadership at Goddard Space <P> Asteroids like Interamnia, Davida, Europa and, unless under exceptional conditions Hygiea, are too faint to be seen with commonly sold binoculars. Likewise too faint to be seen with most binoculars are the planetary moons except the Galileans and Titan, and the dwarf planets Pluto and Eris. Other difficult binocular targets include the phases of Venus and the rings of Saturn. Only binoculars with very high magnification, 20x or higher, are capable of discerning Saturn's rings to a recognizable extent. High-power binoculars can sometimes show one or two cloud belts on the disk of Jupiter if optics and observing conditions <P> Hubble Deep Field South The Hubble Deep Field South is a composite of several hundred individual images taken using the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 over 10 days in September and October 1998. It followed the great success of the original Hubble Deep Field in facilitating the study of extremely distant galaxies in early stages of their evolution. While the WFPC2 took very deep optical images, nearby fields were simultaneously imaged by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). Planning The rationale behind making another Deep <P> radiant and reflected energy. The camera system was designed to obtain images of Jupiter's satellites at resolutions 20 to 1,000 times better than Voyager's best, because Galileo flew closer to the planet and its inner moons, and because the more modern CCD sensor in Galileo's camera was more sensitive and had a broader color detection band than the vidicons of Voyager. Instrumentation details The following information was taken directly from NASA's Galileo legacy site. Solid State Imager (SSI) The SSI was an 800-by-800-pixel solid state camera consisting of an array of silicon sensors called a charge-coupled device (CCD). Galileo was <P> (altitude about 5 km) and the last P-channel image 0.2 to 0.4 seconds before impact (altitude about 600 m). The images provided better resolution than was available from Earth-based views by a factor of 1000. The design and construction of the cameras was led by Leonard R Malling.
The Ranger program manager for the first six spacecraft was James D. Burke. <P> is more than 12 times the apparent diameter of the moon. The telescope was operated by the Schmidt Telescope Unit of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh until 1988, when it was agreed that control would be handed over to the AAO.
The Schmidt has undertaken work including blue and red photographic surveys of the southern sky and the 6dF Galaxy Survey. Its multi-object spectroscopic capability is currently being exploited to perform the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) survey. <P> data (i.e. electromagnetic showers produced from gamma rays), VERITAS uses a three-level trigger system. Level one corresponds to the discriminators on each pixel using constant fraction discriminators. Level two is a pattern selection trigger, which selects only photon-initiated showers, which have compact shapes, and background pulses, which have more random distributions. Level three is the array trigger which looks for coincidence between multiple telescopes.
The Cherenkov light that is produced by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere is very dim, so VERITAS can only observe under clear, dark skies. Observations are not possible under cloudy or rainy skies, or when the <P> ultraviolet spectral range of 55 nm to 210 nm and can achieve a spectral resolution of <0.6 nm. The instrument does not contain a scan mirror, so the spacecraft must provide the maneuvering capability necessary to obtain complete spatial images of the moon. <P> Pluto directly. Launched in 2006, it captured its first (distant) images of Pluto in late September 2006 during a test of the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager. The images, taken from a distance of approximately 4.2 billion kilometers, confirmed the spacecraft's ability to track distant targets, critical for maneuvering toward Pluto and other Kuiper belt objects. In early 2007 the craft made use of a gravity assist from Jupiter.
New Horizons made its closest approach to Pluto on July 14, 2015, after a 3,462-day journey across the Solar System. Scientific observations of Pluto began five months before the closest approach and continued <P> experiments were carried on the spacecraft. Communications Communications were through the quasiomnidirectional low-gain antenna and the parabolic high-gain antenna. Transmitters aboard the spacecraft included a 60-watt television channel F at 959.52 MHz, a 60-watt television channel P at 960.05 MHz, and a 3-watt transponder channel 8 at 960.58 MHz. The telecommunications equipment converted the composite video signal from the camera transmitters into a radio-frequency signal for subsequent transmission through the spacecraft's high-gain antenna. Sufficient video bandwidth was provided to allow for rapid framing sequences of both narrow- and wide-angle television pictures. Mission profile The Atlas 196D and Agena B 6006 boosters performed nominally, <P> show a few of the wider-split binary stars such as Albireo in the constellation Cygnus.
A number of solar system objects that are mostly to completely invisible to the human eye are reasonably detectable with medium-size binoculars, including larger craters on the Moon; the dim outer planets Uranus and Neptune; the inner "minor planets" Ceres, Vesta and Pallas; Saturn's largest moon Titan; and the Galilean moons of Jupiter. Although visible unaided in pollution-free skies, Uranus and Vesta require binoculars for easy detection. 10×50 binoculars are limited to an apparent magnitude of +9.5 to +11 depending on sky conditions and observer experience. | answer: No, the solar system is only a few light-hours wide, even if you include Pluto. |
9,988 | 83a2jx | sometimes police can enter a house saying they have a warrant, but do not need to produce it for proof to the people in the house? | Under the Federal Constitution there is no requirement to show the warrant. There is a standard of reasonableness with regard to the manner of execution of the search or arrest, and some decisions have cited the display of the warrant, but the Supreme Court has affirmatively held it is not a requirement. Some states do have statutes dictating the manner with which warrants are executed.Keep in mind, as with all personal rights (i.e. limitations on government power) under the Federal Constitution, states can always expand the proscription (i.e. give you more rights) but they can never limit your rights under the Federal Constitution. In short, requiring a warrant to be shown is an additional right, but it is not required everywhere in the U.S. | [
"Under the Federal Constitution there is no requirement to show the warrant. There is a standard of reasonableness with regard to the manner of execution of the search or arrest, and some decisions have cited the display of the warrant, but the Supreme Court has affirmatively held it is not a requirement. \n\nSome ... | 2 | [
"Under the Federal Constitution there is no requirement to show the warrant. There is a standard of reasonableness with regard to the manner of execution of the search or arrest, and some decisions have cited the display of the warrant, but the Supreme Court has affirmatively held it is not a requirement. \n\nSome ... | 2 | <P> self-censorship. Although the constitution and law provide for the inviolability of the home and legal searches require judicial search warrants, police reportedly ignore legal procedures in the pursuit of criminal suspects or when it serves their personal interests. <P> when those funds become available, the US Supreme Court has ruled that a holder of a valid warrant cannot obtain a writ of mandamus for specific performance of the obligation to pay, enforced against a treasurer or other employee of the municipality.
Warrants can be replaced with substitute checks under the Check 21 Act. Such substitute checks show the MICR routing numbers that identify them as warrants. United Kingdom In the UK, warrants are issued as payment by the NS&I when a Premium Bond is chosen.
The difference between a warrant and a cheque is that a cheque usually places no explicit <P> invalid, thus making the search illegal and hence the evidence obtained through the search inadmissible in the trial. However, there were no hard guidelines defining the legality of a search warrant and it could be difficult for a judge to decide upon a warrant’s validity.
In order to obtain a search warrant in the United States, a law officer must appear before a judge or magistrate and swear or affirm that they have probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed. The officer is required to present their evidence and an affidavit to a magistrate, setting forth the evidence. <P> order to pay or an order to deliver goods. Modern warrants In government finance, a warrant is a written order to pay that instructs a federal, state, or county government treasurer to pay the warrant holder on demand or after a maturity date. Such warrants look like checks and clear through the banking system like checks, but are not drawn against cleared funds in a checking account (demand deposit account). Instead, they may be drawn against "available funds" or "out of fund 0027" so that the issuer can collect interest on the float or delay redemption. If the warrant is <P> for the emergence of property rights to real estate. For information about the property, contained in the cadastre and registry, sufficiently detailed and structured cover most essential information about an object runs open cadastral map. With a fairly simple web forms can be found and read a part of the information on any object property .These laws are not, however, establish an immediate full liability of the state for the correctness of the information contained in databases.
In 2015, the State Duma has been registered a bill that covers public access to information about the owners of the property <P> payment to the bank each business day.
Regular warrants are redeemable by the government treasurer after they are issued. "Registered warrants" bear interest and need not be redeemed by the treasurer until the warrant maturity date. If warrants cannot be immediately redeemed by the issuing entity, the collecting bank may accept the warrants as short term debt instruments and collect interest when redeemed in accordance with a prior agreement with the issuing entity. The collecting bank may refuse to accept a warrant issue, in which case other banks may also refuse to accept them.
"The warrants of a municipal corporation are not <P> warrant and the police will then go into the community, find the defendant, and take them into custody. Search After being arrested, the defendant may be searched by the police. If the police would like to search a person or their property before making an arrest, they must have probable cause to do so or a signed search warrant from a judge. A search warrant is different from an arrest warrant. Interrogation If the police want to interrogate the defendant, they must first read the Miranda warning to the defendant, advising them of their rights. The defendant does not have <P> Aguilar–Spinelli test Background According to the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Historically in the United States, if the police made an illegal search and seizure of evidence, the evidence, once obtained, could often be used against a defendant in a criminal trial regardless of its illegality.
By a <P> remaining term is to be filled at the next town election. If no election is to take place within 120 days of the vacancy, then the district chairman is to call together the members of the district, and they are to elect a member who will serve until the next town election. Warrant The Warrant at Town Meeting includes the articles to be voted on. Any elected or appointed board, committee, town officer, or any ten voters may place an article on the warrant. Each article to be voted on is directed by the Board of Selectmen to an appropriate <P> conditional on funds being available, the warrant is not a negotiable debt instrument.
In the U.S., warrants are issued by government entities such as the military and state and county governments. Warrants are issued for payroll to individual employees, accounts payable to vendors, to local governments, to taxpayers receiving tax refunds, to recipients of unemployment benefits, and to owners of unclaimed money.
Warrants deposited in a bank are routed (based on the MICR routing number) to a collecting bank which processes them as collection items like maturing treasury bills and presents the warrants to the government entity's treasury department for <P> Property room Property rooms, or evidence rooms, are secure areas used to store seized property, stolen property, and evidence to be used in court. They are typically located in a police station. Evidence or property in most cases may only be handled by technicians in order to preserve the chain of custody. All evidence taken in or out has to be tagged, logged and barcoded. <P> Premises Law relating to premises See Land law Liability of owner of premises in tort See Duty of care#Land Transfer of ownership of premises See Conveyancing Premises registration Premises registration is "a way to locate where livestock or dead animals are kept or congregated." In the United States, it is voluntary according to the USDA, but may be mandatory for each state.
As of January 13, 2009 the USDA has entered into the federal register a document which provides for the expansion of implementation of a mandatory national animal identification system to be effective January 2010. Citizens may go <P> out certain activities (such as home building or operating restaurants), and then delegate to subordinate bodies the power to make rules governing how residents can demonstrate compliance with these standards.
A resident who wishes to challenge the validity of an ordinance need not wait until it has been enforced against them (although it may be challenged at that time). Instead, a resident may bring an action for a declaratory judgment alleging that the ordinance is void because it was not properly noticed, goes beyond the county charter, is arbitrary, discriminatory, or unreasonably vague, or that it is preempted by state or <P> Constabulary and Fire Rescue Service using powers invested in them by the Police Act 1996. On Friday 6 November 2015, all Chief Constables of police forces in England and Wales were informed that crime-recording practice would become part of police inspection reports. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire Rescue Service reports findings about how a police force is complying with crime recording standards is published on its website. Home Office counting rules The Home Office decides and lists what is a notifiable offence, and when and how they must be recorded. It requires recording notifiable offences against both the <P> where states invoke the independent source doctrine, and courts admit partially tainted warrants if the untainted information in the warrant is enough to establish probable cause. <P> officers while standing outside the barn and looking in was admissible. Looking at whether the barn was inside the curtilage or rather in an open field, the Court stated:
[C]urtilage questions should be resolved with particular reference to four factors: the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home, whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the home, the nature of the uses to which the area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by. We do not suggest that combining these factors produces <P> requirement for any warrantless seizure is that "the officer be lawfully located in a place from which the object can be plainly seen, but he or she must also have a lawful right of access to the object itself."
Justice Stevens also looked at the dissent from Coolidge, where Justice White had said:
Let us suppose officers secure a warrant to search a house for a rifle. While staying well within the range of a rifle search, they discover two photographs of the murder victim, both in plain sight in the bedroom. Assume also that the discovery of the one photograph was <P> that the associated court rule and statute provide, getting records can be problematic.
A Pitchess motion contains numerous parts. A defendant must identify the case in which the records are being sought, which is easily satisfied by simply referencing the case number. A defendant must attach a full set of the police reports or at least those portions of the police report that relate to the Pitchess motion. The defendant must identify which officer or officers whose records are sought and which government agency has custody of the records. The defendant must also describe, via affidavit or declaration, the records and <P> Court security officer (England and Wales) Powers Court security officers may search people as they enter the court and remove them if they refuse to be searched. They can also remove people in order to enable court business to be carried on without interference or delay, maintain order and secure the safety of any person in the court building. Reasonable force may be used in exercise of these powers. Officers may ask a person to surrender (and failing that seize) property if they believe it may jeopardise the maintenance of order in the court, put the safety of any person <P> a local historian before erecting such marker. When placing on state property there is an application process and you must have the text reviewed by the SED. | question: sometimes police can enter a house saying they have a warrant, but do not need to produce it for proof to the people in the house? context: <P> self-censorship. Although the constitution and law provide for the inviolability of the home and legal searches require judicial search warrants, police reportedly ignore legal procedures in the pursuit of criminal suspects or when it serves their personal interests. <P> when those funds become available, the US Supreme Court has ruled that a holder of a valid warrant cannot obtain a writ of mandamus for specific performance of the obligation to pay, enforced against a treasurer or other employee of the municipality.
Warrants can be replaced with substitute checks under the Check 21 Act. Such substitute checks show the MICR routing numbers that identify them as warrants. United Kingdom In the UK, warrants are issued as payment by the NS&I when a Premium Bond is chosen.
The difference between a warrant and a cheque is that a cheque usually places no explicit <P> invalid, thus making the search illegal and hence the evidence obtained through the search inadmissible in the trial. However, there were no hard guidelines defining the legality of a search warrant and it could be difficult for a judge to decide upon a warrant’s validity.
In order to obtain a search warrant in the United States, a law officer must appear before a judge or magistrate and swear or affirm that they have probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed. The officer is required to present their evidence and an affidavit to a magistrate, setting forth the evidence. <P> order to pay or an order to deliver goods. Modern warrants In government finance, a warrant is a written order to pay that instructs a federal, state, or county government treasurer to pay the warrant holder on demand or after a maturity date. Such warrants look like checks and clear through the banking system like checks, but are not drawn against cleared funds in a checking account (demand deposit account). Instead, they may be drawn against "available funds" or "out of fund 0027" so that the issuer can collect interest on the float or delay redemption. If the warrant is <P> for the emergence of property rights to real estate. For information about the property, contained in the cadastre and registry, sufficiently detailed and structured cover most essential information about an object runs open cadastral map. With a fairly simple web forms can be found and read a part of the information on any object property .These laws are not, however, establish an immediate full liability of the state for the correctness of the information contained in databases.
In 2015, the State Duma has been registered a bill that covers public access to information about the owners of the property <P> payment to the bank each business day.
Regular warrants are redeemable by the government treasurer after they are issued. "Registered warrants" bear interest and need not be redeemed by the treasurer until the warrant maturity date. If warrants cannot be immediately redeemed by the issuing entity, the collecting bank may accept the warrants as short term debt instruments and collect interest when redeemed in accordance with a prior agreement with the issuing entity. The collecting bank may refuse to accept a warrant issue, in which case other banks may also refuse to accept them.
"The warrants of a municipal corporation are not <P> warrant and the police will then go into the community, find the defendant, and take them into custody. Search After being arrested, the defendant may be searched by the police. If the police would like to search a person or their property before making an arrest, they must have probable cause to do so or a signed search warrant from a judge. A search warrant is different from an arrest warrant. Interrogation If the police want to interrogate the defendant, they must first read the Miranda warning to the defendant, advising them of their rights. The defendant does not have <P> Aguilar–Spinelli test Background According to the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Historically in the United States, if the police made an illegal search and seizure of evidence, the evidence, once obtained, could often be used against a defendant in a criminal trial regardless of its illegality.
By a <P> remaining term is to be filled at the next town election. If no election is to take place within 120 days of the vacancy, then the district chairman is to call together the members of the district, and they are to elect a member who will serve until the next town election. Warrant The Warrant at Town Meeting includes the articles to be voted on. Any elected or appointed board, committee, town officer, or any ten voters may place an article on the warrant. Each article to be voted on is directed by the Board of Selectmen to an appropriate <P> conditional on funds being available, the warrant is not a negotiable debt instrument.
In the U.S., warrants are issued by government entities such as the military and state and county governments. Warrants are issued for payroll to individual employees, accounts payable to vendors, to local governments, to taxpayers receiving tax refunds, to recipients of unemployment benefits, and to owners of unclaimed money.
Warrants deposited in a bank are routed (based on the MICR routing number) to a collecting bank which processes them as collection items like maturing treasury bills and presents the warrants to the government entity's treasury department for <P> Property room Property rooms, or evidence rooms, are secure areas used to store seized property, stolen property, and evidence to be used in court. They are typically located in a police station. Evidence or property in most cases may only be handled by technicians in order to preserve the chain of custody. All evidence taken in or out has to be tagged, logged and barcoded. <P> Premises Law relating to premises See Land law Liability of owner of premises in tort See Duty of care#Land Transfer of ownership of premises See Conveyancing Premises registration Premises registration is "a way to locate where livestock or dead animals are kept or congregated." In the United States, it is voluntary according to the USDA, but may be mandatory for each state.
As of January 13, 2009 the USDA has entered into the federal register a document which provides for the expansion of implementation of a mandatory national animal identification system to be effective January 2010. Citizens may go <P> out certain activities (such as home building or operating restaurants), and then delegate to subordinate bodies the power to make rules governing how residents can demonstrate compliance with these standards.
A resident who wishes to challenge the validity of an ordinance need not wait until it has been enforced against them (although it may be challenged at that time). Instead, a resident may bring an action for a declaratory judgment alleging that the ordinance is void because it was not properly noticed, goes beyond the county charter, is arbitrary, discriminatory, or unreasonably vague, or that it is preempted by state or <P> Constabulary and Fire Rescue Service using powers invested in them by the Police Act 1996. On Friday 6 November 2015, all Chief Constables of police forces in England and Wales were informed that crime-recording practice would become part of police inspection reports. Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire Rescue Service reports findings about how a police force is complying with crime recording standards is published on its website. Home Office counting rules The Home Office decides and lists what is a notifiable offence, and when and how they must be recorded. It requires recording notifiable offences against both the <P> where states invoke the independent source doctrine, and courts admit partially tainted warrants if the untainted information in the warrant is enough to establish probable cause. <P> officers while standing outside the barn and looking in was admissible. Looking at whether the barn was inside the curtilage or rather in an open field, the Court stated:
[C]urtilage questions should be resolved with particular reference to four factors: the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home, whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the home, the nature of the uses to which the area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by. We do not suggest that combining these factors produces <P> requirement for any warrantless seizure is that "the officer be lawfully located in a place from which the object can be plainly seen, but he or she must also have a lawful right of access to the object itself."
Justice Stevens also looked at the dissent from Coolidge, where Justice White had said:
Let us suppose officers secure a warrant to search a house for a rifle. While staying well within the range of a rifle search, they discover two photographs of the murder victim, both in plain sight in the bedroom. Assume also that the discovery of the one photograph was <P> that the associated court rule and statute provide, getting records can be problematic.
A Pitchess motion contains numerous parts. A defendant must identify the case in which the records are being sought, which is easily satisfied by simply referencing the case number. A defendant must attach a full set of the police reports or at least those portions of the police report that relate to the Pitchess motion. The defendant must identify which officer or officers whose records are sought and which government agency has custody of the records. The defendant must also describe, via affidavit or declaration, the records and <P> Court security officer (England and Wales) Powers Court security officers may search people as they enter the court and remove them if they refuse to be searched. They can also remove people in order to enable court business to be carried on without interference or delay, maintain order and secure the safety of any person in the court building. Reasonable force may be used in exercise of these powers. Officers may ask a person to surrender (and failing that seize) property if they believe it may jeopardise the maintenance of order in the court, put the safety of any person <P> a local historian before erecting such marker. When placing on state property there is an application process and you must have the text reviewed by the SED. | answer: Under the Federal Constitution there is no requirement to show the warrant. There is a standard of reasonableness with regard to the manner of execution of the search or arrest, and some decisions have cited the display of the warrant, but the Supreme Court has affirmatively held it is not a requirement. Some states do have statutes dictating the manner with which warrants are executed.Keep in mind, as with all personal rights (i.e. limitations on government power) under the Federal Constitution, states can always expand the proscription (i.e. give you more rights) but they can never limit your rights under the Federal Constitution. In short, requiring a warrant to be shown is an additional right, but it is not required everywhere in the U.S. |
75,336 | 2n7z9z | why do you have to put your signature and initials when signing a legal document? | Your initials are just a short way of repeating your signature to show that (1) you specifically agree to key parts and (2) none of the middle pages were changed after you signed the last page. | [
"Contracts aren't magical papers that 100% binding at all times. Bits and pieces can frequently be thrown out in court - especially when it's contract that you have no room to negotiate on (a contract of cohesion) like the standard contracts you get when buying a cellphone.\n\nInitialing certain sections shows tha... | 2 | [
"Your initials are just a short way of repeating your signature to show that (1) you specifically agree to key parts and (2) none of the middle pages were changed after you signed the last page."
] | 1 | <P> are true. And I make this declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835."
A standard form is used for a statutory declaration; one copy will be given to the applicant and the other is held on file. <P> it. Such an idea was again proposed in 1633 which the Writers again opposed.
In civil actions in the Court of Session, a pursuer is required to have his writ stamped with the Signet to give him authority from the Queen to serve the writ on the defender. That conferral, called "passing the Signet," was previously carried out by the Signet Office, the administration of which was one of the Society's responsibilities. In 1976 the Signet Office was merged into the General Department of the Court of Session and the Society was relieved of any responsibility for it. Nevertheless, the <P> Tamper-evident technology Seals and signatures Tamper-evident designs have been a feature of letters since ancient times, often using wax, clay, or metal seals to signify that the letter had not been opened since it was written. Roman signet rings for example, were unique to the person who owned them, and the ring was pressed into the hot wax seal forming a signature which could not be easily duplicated by somebody attempting to re-seal the letter.
Similar practices continue today, from examples such as envelopes to carefully designed packaging for payslips. In modern contract law, it is common to see each page <P> Signature forgery Methods Several different methods can be used to forge signatures. One method is the "freehand method", whereby the forger, after careful practice, replicates the signature by freehand. Although a difficult method to perfect, this often produces the most convincing results.
In the "trace-over method", the sheet of paper containing the genuine signature is placed on top of the paper where the forgery is required. The signature is traced over, appearing as a faint indentation on the sheet of paper underneath. This indentation can then be used as a guide for a signature. <P> document does not amount to a waiver of privilege. Following the rule of indivisibility of waiver, the disclosure of part of a letter pursuant to a general order for discovery constitutes a waiver of privilege in respect of the whole contents of the letter. Other parties and other proceedings A third party is not in general entitled to rely on a defendant's privilege in relation to a document which came into existence for the purpose of enabling the defendant to obtain legal advice pending litigation unless there is some common interest between the defendant and the third party. However, <P> unilaterally by the client. This should be contrasted with the privilege which attaches to without prejudice correspondence, which may not be waived without the consent of both parties. A document in respect of which privilege is waived in one action cannot necessarily be used by the opposite party in a subsequent action between the same litigants unless the privilege is once again waived.
The reading out of part of a document by counsel at trial, even without the client's express authority, amounts to a waiver of any privilege attaching to the document as a whole; however, mere reference to a <P> in the check section of the preamble.
The prosigns "BREAK", or <BT> on CW, at the start and end of the text are not counted. Signature The signature of the message is the name of the person for whom the message is created (not necessarily the station of origin), and any other information that person wishes to include (such as address, telephone number, title, etc.). The Place-of-Origin given in the Preamble is the location of this individual.
Words like love and regards, often associated with signatures in formal letters, are put in the text in amateur messages.
Amateur call signs, titles, QCWA or <P> Countersign (legal) Countersigning means writing a second signature onto a document. For example, a contract or other official document signed by the representative of a company may be countersigned by his supervisor to verify the authority of the representative. Also, a money order or other financial instrument may be signed once upon receipt, then signed again by the same person when presented for payment, as an indication that the bearer is the same person who originally received the item, and not a thief who has stolen the item before it could be carried to the place where it was to <P> defectiveness from their conclusion and where a conformation is usually not possible. Contracts contravening or circumventing the law, as well as contracts infringing good morals, including contracts on inheritance that does not exist as yet, shall be null and void. Null and void shall also be those contracts that have an impossible subject, as well as the contracts which lack either consent or a form prescribed by law, or grounds. Fictitious contracts are also null and void. The grounds shall be presumed to exist until otherwise proved. Partial invalidity The invalidity of few clauses does not render the entire contract <P> is necessary to serve papers to start proceedings correctly. If a party does not have an address within the United Kingdom, the procedure for serving these papers can be lengthy and complicated, with proof of service particularly difficult in some circumstances.
It is therefore customary to appoint a process agent and contractually agree that service at the address of the agent will constitute proper service for the purposes of Rule 6.1.1 of the Civil Procedure Rules. In order to meet the requirements of Rule 6.1.1, an appropriate contractual clause needs to be inserted into the agreement specifying the <P> stated by Holt CJ in Crosse v Gardner and Medina v Staughton that an affirmation at the time of sale is a warranty provided it appear on evidence to have been so intended.
If, as is elementary, the consideration for the warranty in the usual case is the entering into of the main contract in relation to which the warranty is given, I see no reason why there may not be an enforceable warranty between A and B supported by the consideration that B should cause C to enter into a contract with A or that B should do some other <P> whom they are intended, on the left side, of the lower part of the paper. The place of abode of the person to whom sent, to be first. This is the case when they are in the third person. The letter, or note should never be carried so, near the bottom, as not to have room for the usual conclusion, and signature or to crunch it. Postscripts should if possible be avoided, and, on no account should civilities be postponed to this part. All letters should be enveloped but such as are sent by the post. Nothing should be written <P> the shoulder during the siege at Holbeche House. Biographer Mark Nicholls views the difference in signatures as a significant and puzzling lapse, if a "master forger" is presumed to be responsible for the document. He views the handwriting on the confession as "convincingly that of Winter [Wintour]", pointing out that it appears to be the work of an author, not an editor, and written as a draft for the King's Book. This is a view that generally, Alan Haynes agrees with: "no one has ever made a solid and sensible suggestion about why a government-employed forger (say <P> cannot read or cannot write in English, a translator or preparer may complete the form and sign it on behalf of the employee. The form also requires the employee's own signature.
In October 2004, new legislation made it possible to complete the I-9 electronically. Reverification Employers must update or reverify certain ID documents at or prior to their expiration date. This does not apply to already presented and accepted non-expired U.S. Passports or Permanent Resident Cards when they reach their expiration date, nor to any List B documents (e.g., state driver's licenses and state IDs). The USCIS website, in the Employer <P> Privilege revocation (law) In law the general term privilege revocation is often used when discussing some paper, such as a drivers licence, being voided after a (negative) condition is met by the holder. <P> void is usually used in contradistinction to "voidable" and "unenforceable", the principal difference being that an action which is voidable remains valid until it is avoided. Significance The significance of this usually lies in the possibility of third party rights being acquired in good faith. For example, in Cundy v Lindsay (1878), a fraudster using the name Blenkarn posed as a retailer and induced Lindsay & Co to deliver 250 dozen linen handkerchiefs to him. Blenkarn then sold the handkerchiefs on to an innocent third party, Cundy, but Lindsay was never paid. Lindsay, claiming ownership of the handkerchiefs, sued <P> there is an overriding principle that a defendant or potential defendant must be free to seek such evidence without being obliged to disclose the result of his finding to his opponent. Consequently, where a memorandum was prepared by a third party at the request of a potential defendant to enable him to obtain legal advice, the court would not order the third party to disclose the memorandum to the plaintiff, even though the third party was not at the time a potential defendant and was in effect sheltering the defendant's privilege.
The court may not order disclosure of documents held by <P> services with the equivalent rank of major and above, and British diplomatic and consular officers in post abroad, may authenticate a statutory declaration.
The person who hears the declaration need not enquire into the truth of it. That person’s function is limited to hearing the declaration, and certifying that he or she has done so by signing it. If the declaration turns out to be untrue, the defendant making it may be punished for perjury.
The form of the statutory declaration is prescribed in the schedule to the Act:
"I (full name), do solemnly and sincerely declare that the contents of this declaration <P> material point) by obreption or subreption it becomes necessary to ask for a so-called "reformatory decree" in case the favour asked has not yet been granted by the Curia, or for the letters known as "Perinde ac valere" if the favour has already been granted. If after all this a further material error is discovered, letters known as "Perinde ac valere super perinde ac valere" must be applied for.
Dispensation rescripts are generally drawn up in formâ commissâ mixtâ, i. e. they are entrusted to an executor who is thereby obliged to proceed to their execution, if he finds that the <P> so the 'last document rule' may not apply. In the GHSP case, there was no situation where one company could have been said to have accepted the other's standard terms, as they remained in unresolved dispute. The court held that neither party's terms applied and therefore the contract was governed by the implied terms of the UK Sale of Goods Act 1979. Postal Rule As a rule of convenience, if the offer is accepted by post, the contract comes into existence at the moment that the acceptance was posted. This rule only applies when, impliedly or explicitly, the parties have | question: why do you have to put your signature and initials when signing a legal document? context: <P> are true. And I make this declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835."
A standard form is used for a statutory declaration; one copy will be given to the applicant and the other is held on file. <P> it. Such an idea was again proposed in 1633 which the Writers again opposed.
In civil actions in the Court of Session, a pursuer is required to have his writ stamped with the Signet to give him authority from the Queen to serve the writ on the defender. That conferral, called "passing the Signet," was previously carried out by the Signet Office, the administration of which was one of the Society's responsibilities. In 1976 the Signet Office was merged into the General Department of the Court of Session and the Society was relieved of any responsibility for it. Nevertheless, the <P> Tamper-evident technology Seals and signatures Tamper-evident designs have been a feature of letters since ancient times, often using wax, clay, or metal seals to signify that the letter had not been opened since it was written. Roman signet rings for example, were unique to the person who owned them, and the ring was pressed into the hot wax seal forming a signature which could not be easily duplicated by somebody attempting to re-seal the letter.
Similar practices continue today, from examples such as envelopes to carefully designed packaging for payslips. In modern contract law, it is common to see each page <P> Signature forgery Methods Several different methods can be used to forge signatures. One method is the "freehand method", whereby the forger, after careful practice, replicates the signature by freehand. Although a difficult method to perfect, this often produces the most convincing results.
In the "trace-over method", the sheet of paper containing the genuine signature is placed on top of the paper where the forgery is required. The signature is traced over, appearing as a faint indentation on the sheet of paper underneath. This indentation can then be used as a guide for a signature. <P> document does not amount to a waiver of privilege. Following the rule of indivisibility of waiver, the disclosure of part of a letter pursuant to a general order for discovery constitutes a waiver of privilege in respect of the whole contents of the letter. Other parties and other proceedings A third party is not in general entitled to rely on a defendant's privilege in relation to a document which came into existence for the purpose of enabling the defendant to obtain legal advice pending litigation unless there is some common interest between the defendant and the third party. However, <P> unilaterally by the client. This should be contrasted with the privilege which attaches to without prejudice correspondence, which may not be waived without the consent of both parties. A document in respect of which privilege is waived in one action cannot necessarily be used by the opposite party in a subsequent action between the same litigants unless the privilege is once again waived.
The reading out of part of a document by counsel at trial, even without the client's express authority, amounts to a waiver of any privilege attaching to the document as a whole; however, mere reference to a <P> in the check section of the preamble.
The prosigns "BREAK", or <BT> on CW, at the start and end of the text are not counted. Signature The signature of the message is the name of the person for whom the message is created (not necessarily the station of origin), and any other information that person wishes to include (such as address, telephone number, title, etc.). The Place-of-Origin given in the Preamble is the location of this individual.
Words like love and regards, often associated with signatures in formal letters, are put in the text in amateur messages.
Amateur call signs, titles, QCWA or <P> Countersign (legal) Countersigning means writing a second signature onto a document. For example, a contract or other official document signed by the representative of a company may be countersigned by his supervisor to verify the authority of the representative. Also, a money order or other financial instrument may be signed once upon receipt, then signed again by the same person when presented for payment, as an indication that the bearer is the same person who originally received the item, and not a thief who has stolen the item before it could be carried to the place where it was to <P> defectiveness from their conclusion and where a conformation is usually not possible. Contracts contravening or circumventing the law, as well as contracts infringing good morals, including contracts on inheritance that does not exist as yet, shall be null and void. Null and void shall also be those contracts that have an impossible subject, as well as the contracts which lack either consent or a form prescribed by law, or grounds. Fictitious contracts are also null and void. The grounds shall be presumed to exist until otherwise proved. Partial invalidity The invalidity of few clauses does not render the entire contract <P> is necessary to serve papers to start proceedings correctly. If a party does not have an address within the United Kingdom, the procedure for serving these papers can be lengthy and complicated, with proof of service particularly difficult in some circumstances.
It is therefore customary to appoint a process agent and contractually agree that service at the address of the agent will constitute proper service for the purposes of Rule 6.1.1 of the Civil Procedure Rules. In order to meet the requirements of Rule 6.1.1, an appropriate contractual clause needs to be inserted into the agreement specifying the <P> stated by Holt CJ in Crosse v Gardner and Medina v Staughton that an affirmation at the time of sale is a warranty provided it appear on evidence to have been so intended.
If, as is elementary, the consideration for the warranty in the usual case is the entering into of the main contract in relation to which the warranty is given, I see no reason why there may not be an enforceable warranty between A and B supported by the consideration that B should cause C to enter into a contract with A or that B should do some other <P> whom they are intended, on the left side, of the lower part of the paper. The place of abode of the person to whom sent, to be first. This is the case when they are in the third person. The letter, or note should never be carried so, near the bottom, as not to have room for the usual conclusion, and signature or to crunch it. Postscripts should if possible be avoided, and, on no account should civilities be postponed to this part. All letters should be enveloped but such as are sent by the post. Nothing should be written <P> the shoulder during the siege at Holbeche House. Biographer Mark Nicholls views the difference in signatures as a significant and puzzling lapse, if a "master forger" is presumed to be responsible for the document. He views the handwriting on the confession as "convincingly that of Winter [Wintour]", pointing out that it appears to be the work of an author, not an editor, and written as a draft for the King's Book. This is a view that generally, Alan Haynes agrees with: "no one has ever made a solid and sensible suggestion about why a government-employed forger (say <P> cannot read or cannot write in English, a translator or preparer may complete the form and sign it on behalf of the employee. The form also requires the employee's own signature.
In October 2004, new legislation made it possible to complete the I-9 electronically. Reverification Employers must update or reverify certain ID documents at or prior to their expiration date. This does not apply to already presented and accepted non-expired U.S. Passports or Permanent Resident Cards when they reach their expiration date, nor to any List B documents (e.g., state driver's licenses and state IDs). The USCIS website, in the Employer <P> Privilege revocation (law) In law the general term privilege revocation is often used when discussing some paper, such as a drivers licence, being voided after a (negative) condition is met by the holder. <P> void is usually used in contradistinction to "voidable" and "unenforceable", the principal difference being that an action which is voidable remains valid until it is avoided. Significance The significance of this usually lies in the possibility of third party rights being acquired in good faith. For example, in Cundy v Lindsay (1878), a fraudster using the name Blenkarn posed as a retailer and induced Lindsay & Co to deliver 250 dozen linen handkerchiefs to him. Blenkarn then sold the handkerchiefs on to an innocent third party, Cundy, but Lindsay was never paid. Lindsay, claiming ownership of the handkerchiefs, sued <P> there is an overriding principle that a defendant or potential defendant must be free to seek such evidence without being obliged to disclose the result of his finding to his opponent. Consequently, where a memorandum was prepared by a third party at the request of a potential defendant to enable him to obtain legal advice, the court would not order the third party to disclose the memorandum to the plaintiff, even though the third party was not at the time a potential defendant and was in effect sheltering the defendant's privilege.
The court may not order disclosure of documents held by <P> services with the equivalent rank of major and above, and British diplomatic and consular officers in post abroad, may authenticate a statutory declaration.
The person who hears the declaration need not enquire into the truth of it. That person’s function is limited to hearing the declaration, and certifying that he or she has done so by signing it. If the declaration turns out to be untrue, the defendant making it may be punished for perjury.
The form of the statutory declaration is prescribed in the schedule to the Act:
"I (full name), do solemnly and sincerely declare that the contents of this declaration <P> material point) by obreption or subreption it becomes necessary to ask for a so-called "reformatory decree" in case the favour asked has not yet been granted by the Curia, or for the letters known as "Perinde ac valere" if the favour has already been granted. If after all this a further material error is discovered, letters known as "Perinde ac valere super perinde ac valere" must be applied for.
Dispensation rescripts are generally drawn up in formâ commissâ mixtâ, i. e. they are entrusted to an executor who is thereby obliged to proceed to their execution, if he finds that the <P> so the 'last document rule' may not apply. In the GHSP case, there was no situation where one company could have been said to have accepted the other's standard terms, as they remained in unresolved dispute. The court held that neither party's terms applied and therefore the contract was governed by the implied terms of the UK Sale of Goods Act 1979. Postal Rule As a rule of convenience, if the offer is accepted by post, the contract comes into existence at the moment that the acceptance was posted. This rule only applies when, impliedly or explicitly, the parties have | answer: Your initials are just a short way of repeating your signature to show that (1) you specifically agree to key parts and (2) none of the middle pages were changed after you signed the last page. |
224,452 | 4fqrfv | why mustangs don't need anyone to maintain their hooves, but domesticated horses do? | Their hooves get worn down because they're almost constantly moving. Even when ridden all the time, domestic horses don't travel enough to significantly wear down their hooves because they're still stalled/pastured. In fact, a lot of farriers have taken to studying the shape of mustang hooves in order to find different ways to trim domestic horse hooves in a way that makes them stronger. There's demand for this because shoeing can be very damaging to the feet, though it'll always be necessary for a significant portion of domestic horses who are tender footed or subject to tough terrain/roads. | [
"I'm not a horse expert, but I assume that people make domesticated horses walk where and when a wild one wouldn't.",
"Their hooves get worn down because they're almost constantly moving. Even when ridden all the time, domestic horses don't travel enough to significantly wear down their hooves because they're sti... | 2 | [
"Their hooves get worn down because they're almost constantly moving. Even when ridden all the time, domestic horses don't travel enough to significantly wear down their hooves because they're still stalled/pastured. In fact, a lot of farriers have taken to studying the shape of mustang hooves in order to find diff... | 1 | <P> of the skeleton, nerves, and muscles. These include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride, and are commonly found in most good-quality feeds. Horses also need trace minerals such as magnesium, selenium, copper, zinc, and iodine. Normally, if adult animals at maintenance levels are consuming fresh hay or are on pasture, they will receive adequate amounts of minerals in their diet, with the exception of sodium chloride (salt), which needs to be provided, preferably free choice. Some pastures are deficient in certain trace minerals, including selenium, zinc, and copper, and in such situations, health problems, including deficiency diseases, may occur <P> worked long hours or do not have access to pasture, they require hay or a similar dried forage, with no more than a 1:4 ratio of legumes to grass. They also require salt and mineral supplements, and access to clean, fresh water. Like ponies and mules, in a lush climate, donkeys are prone to obesity and are at risk of laminitis. Treats Many people like to feed horses special treats such as carrots, sugar cubes, peppermint candies, or specially manufactured horse "cookies." Horses do not need treats, and due to the risk of colic or choke, many <P> Stable vices Modern husbandry and the effects on behavior Horses are extremely social creatures, and the process of domestication has not altered their need for social interactions. Also, in the wild, horses are constantly grazing; they are called trickle feeders because they continuously eat small amounts of forage throughout the day, except the approximately 2 hours that they spent sleeping. Modern equine husbandry sometimes creates conflicts with the horse’s natural behaviors; some owners keep their horses confined to a stall with minimal turnout time, little to no social interactions, and sometimes inadequate amounts of roughage. This can be problematic as <P> seat are allowed to grow longer feet than in other disciplines and are shod with pads and special shoes. While ordinary horseshoes are usually held on with horseshoe nails clinched on the outside wall of the hoof, shoes on high-action breeds are often held in place with a metal band, as well as with clinches, because of their weight. Longer toes and heavier shoes encourage a saddle seat horse to lift its feet and knees higher, or reach them out farther, with more "snap" and flash. Toe length and shoe weight therefore is an often controversial issue <P> of their respect for horses. <P> Arkansas Southland Park Gaming and Racing is the only active track in Arkansas. West Virginia The are two active tracks in West Virginia; Mardi Gras Casino and Resort and Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack. Welfare At American tracks, greyhounds are kept in kennel compounds, in crates that are approximately three feet wide, four feet deep, and three feet high. Most kennels turn the dogs out 4 to 6 times per day. Each turnout can be from 30 to 90 minutes. Because greyhound kennels often house upwards of 50–70 dogs, crating is essential to the safety and wellbeing of canine life.
In addition to <P> The legs are clean, without feathering, and the hooves broad and strong. Uses The Black Forest Horse was originally bred for work in agriculture and forestry; it is now used in harness and, more and more often, as a riding horse. <P> also has an adaptive significance, as younger animals living within the herd will learn from the other members of the group.
The amount of forage a horse is given or has access to is extremely important as the equine digestive tract continuously produces acid, therefore the horse’s digestive tract must contain food most of time; if a horse is without forage for more that 3 hours, the acid in the digestive tract will build up which can cause ulcers, diarrhea, and potentially colic. Behavioral problems can also develop because the horse is in pain from the ulcers that are a <P> be quite destructive especially when they are not given sufficient exercise; however, the average adult Deerhound may want to spend most of the day stretched out on the floor or a couch sleeping. They do require a stimulus, preferably another Deerhound, and a large area to exercise properly and frequently
. They are gentle and docile indoors and are generally good around company and children (however, due to their size, they require supervision with young children). Health Longevity: the US health survey states 8.4 for males and 8.9 for females, the UK survey puts the average at 8.3 and median at <P> by consuming excessive quantities of grain. Growth disorders Young horses that are overfed or are fed a diet with an improper calcium:phosphorus ratio over time may develop a number of growth and orthopedic disorders, including osteochondrosis (OCD), angular limb deformities (ALD), and several conditions grouped under the popular term "contracted tendons." If not properly treated, damage can be permanent. However, they can be treated if caught in time, given proper veterinary care, and any improper feeding practices are corrected. Young horses being fed for rapid growth in order to be shown or sold as yearlings are <P> number of skeletal problems may occur in young animals with an unbalanced diet. Hard work increases the need for minerals; sweating depletes sodium, potassium, and chloride from the horse’s system. Therefore, supplementation with electrolytes may be required for horses in intense training, especially in hot weather. Types of feed Equids can consume approximately 2-2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a 1,000 lb (450 kg) adult horse could eat up to 25 lb (11 kg) of food. Foals less than six months of age eat 2-4% of their weight each day.
Solid feeds are placed into three categories: forages <P> the tape is calibrated to convert circumference into approximate weight.
Actual amounts fed vary by the size of the horse, the age of the horse, the climate, and the work to which the animal is put. In addition, genetic factors play a role. Some animals are naturally easy keepers (good doers), which means that they can thrive on small amounts of food and are prone to obesity and other health problems if overfed. Others are hard keepers (poor doers), meaning that they are prone to be thin and require considerably more food to maintain a healthy weight.
Veterinarians are <P> deer were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries.
The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as buckskin. There is nothing special about skins with the fur on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hoofs and horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the roe deer, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk horn is often employed in making knife handles. In China, <P> level of competition, as fibrosis may have occurred, which would result in loss of muscle function. The prognosis is guarded for these horses. Diet Reducing any extra energy in a horse's diet is essential to maintaining a horse that has experienced ER. Decreasing carbohydrates and increasing the daily intake of hay or pasture can usually accomplish this. Grain may need to be cut out altogether and replaced by a substitute, such as vegetable oil, to meet the individual energy needs of the horse.
Grain should be reduced or removed from a horse's ration on days when he cannot be worked. Exercise <P> horse. <P> experienced a revival, and the consumption of horse meat continued to decrease. On March 11, 1994, the Trait du Nord was officially declared to be a workhorse again, and in 1996 another decree prohibited docking of tails in horses. Members of the breed are occasionally exported from France, with some going to Italy, Belgium and Germany, mainly for work in logging and pulling brewery wagons. A few are sent to Sicily and Guadeloupe, but this is quite rare. Uses The Trait du Nord was originally used mainly for agriculture and mining. They also towed barges on waterways, although this use <P> tapering muzzle. The eyes are dark, dark brown or hazel in colour. The teeth should form a level, complete scissor bite. The long straight or curved tail, well covered with hair, should almost reach the ground. Temperament The Scottish Deerhound is gentle and extremely friendly. The breed is famed for being
docile and eager to please, with a bearing of gentle dignity. It is however a true sighthound which has been selected for generations to pursue game; consequently, most Deerhounds will be eager to chase.
The Deerhound needs considerable exercise when young to develop properly and to maintain its health <P> that it is not at a near-freezing temperature. Special feeding issues for ponies Ponies and miniature horses are usually easy keepers and need less feed than full-sized horses. This is not only because they are smaller, but also, because they evolved under harsher living conditions than horses, they use feed more efficiently. Ponies easily become obese from overfeeding and are at high risk for colic and, especially, laminitis. Fresh grass is a particular danger to ponies; they can develop laminitis in as little as one hour of grazing on lush pasture.
Incorrect feeding is also as much a concern <P> affects the nervous system of horses, leading to lack of co-ordination, dragging of hooves and falling. Recovery is swift following exclusion of the plant from the diet. <P> if horses' trace mineral intake is not properly supplemented.
Calcium and phosphorus are needed in a specific ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1. Adult horses can tolerate up to a 5:1 ratio, foals no more than 3:1. A total ration with a higher ratio of phosphorus than calcium is to be avoided. Over time, imbalance will ultimately lead to a number of possible bone-related problems such as osteoporosis.
Foals and young growing horses through their first three to four years have special nutritional needs and require feeds that are balanced with a proper calcium:phosphorus ratio and other trace minerals. A | question: why mustangs don't need anyone to maintain their hooves, but domesticated horses do? context: <P> of the skeleton, nerves, and muscles. These include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and chloride, and are commonly found in most good-quality feeds. Horses also need trace minerals such as magnesium, selenium, copper, zinc, and iodine. Normally, if adult animals at maintenance levels are consuming fresh hay or are on pasture, they will receive adequate amounts of minerals in their diet, with the exception of sodium chloride (salt), which needs to be provided, preferably free choice. Some pastures are deficient in certain trace minerals, including selenium, zinc, and copper, and in such situations, health problems, including deficiency diseases, may occur <P> worked long hours or do not have access to pasture, they require hay or a similar dried forage, with no more than a 1:4 ratio of legumes to grass. They also require salt and mineral supplements, and access to clean, fresh water. Like ponies and mules, in a lush climate, donkeys are prone to obesity and are at risk of laminitis. Treats Many people like to feed horses special treats such as carrots, sugar cubes, peppermint candies, or specially manufactured horse "cookies." Horses do not need treats, and due to the risk of colic or choke, many <P> Stable vices Modern husbandry and the effects on behavior Horses are extremely social creatures, and the process of domestication has not altered their need for social interactions. Also, in the wild, horses are constantly grazing; they are called trickle feeders because they continuously eat small amounts of forage throughout the day, except the approximately 2 hours that they spent sleeping. Modern equine husbandry sometimes creates conflicts with the horse’s natural behaviors; some owners keep their horses confined to a stall with minimal turnout time, little to no social interactions, and sometimes inadequate amounts of roughage. This can be problematic as <P> seat are allowed to grow longer feet than in other disciplines and are shod with pads and special shoes. While ordinary horseshoes are usually held on with horseshoe nails clinched on the outside wall of the hoof, shoes on high-action breeds are often held in place with a metal band, as well as with clinches, because of their weight. Longer toes and heavier shoes encourage a saddle seat horse to lift its feet and knees higher, or reach them out farther, with more "snap" and flash. Toe length and shoe weight therefore is an often controversial issue <P> of their respect for horses. <P> Arkansas Southland Park Gaming and Racing is the only active track in Arkansas. West Virginia The are two active tracks in West Virginia; Mardi Gras Casino and Resort and Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack. Welfare At American tracks, greyhounds are kept in kennel compounds, in crates that are approximately three feet wide, four feet deep, and three feet high. Most kennels turn the dogs out 4 to 6 times per day. Each turnout can be from 30 to 90 minutes. Because greyhound kennels often house upwards of 50–70 dogs, crating is essential to the safety and wellbeing of canine life.
In addition to <P> The legs are clean, without feathering, and the hooves broad and strong. Uses The Black Forest Horse was originally bred for work in agriculture and forestry; it is now used in harness and, more and more often, as a riding horse. <P> also has an adaptive significance, as younger animals living within the herd will learn from the other members of the group.
The amount of forage a horse is given or has access to is extremely important as the equine digestive tract continuously produces acid, therefore the horse’s digestive tract must contain food most of time; if a horse is without forage for more that 3 hours, the acid in the digestive tract will build up which can cause ulcers, diarrhea, and potentially colic. Behavioral problems can also develop because the horse is in pain from the ulcers that are a <P> be quite destructive especially when they are not given sufficient exercise; however, the average adult Deerhound may want to spend most of the day stretched out on the floor or a couch sleeping. They do require a stimulus, preferably another Deerhound, and a large area to exercise properly and frequently
. They are gentle and docile indoors and are generally good around company and children (however, due to their size, they require supervision with young children). Health Longevity: the US health survey states 8.4 for males and 8.9 for females, the UK survey puts the average at 8.3 and median at <P> by consuming excessive quantities of grain. Growth disorders Young horses that are overfed or are fed a diet with an improper calcium:phosphorus ratio over time may develop a number of growth and orthopedic disorders, including osteochondrosis (OCD), angular limb deformities (ALD), and several conditions grouped under the popular term "contracted tendons." If not properly treated, damage can be permanent. However, they can be treated if caught in time, given proper veterinary care, and any improper feeding practices are corrected. Young horses being fed for rapid growth in order to be shown or sold as yearlings are <P> number of skeletal problems may occur in young animals with an unbalanced diet. Hard work increases the need for minerals; sweating depletes sodium, potassium, and chloride from the horse’s system. Therefore, supplementation with electrolytes may be required for horses in intense training, especially in hot weather. Types of feed Equids can consume approximately 2-2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a 1,000 lb (450 kg) adult horse could eat up to 25 lb (11 kg) of food. Foals less than six months of age eat 2-4% of their weight each day.
Solid feeds are placed into three categories: forages <P> the tape is calibrated to convert circumference into approximate weight.
Actual amounts fed vary by the size of the horse, the age of the horse, the climate, and the work to which the animal is put. In addition, genetic factors play a role. Some animals are naturally easy keepers (good doers), which means that they can thrive on small amounts of food and are prone to obesity and other health problems if overfed. Others are hard keepers (poor doers), meaning that they are prone to be thin and require considerably more food to maintain a healthy weight.
Veterinarians are <P> deer were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries.
The skins make a peculiarly strong, soft leather, known as buckskin. There is nothing special about skins with the fur on since the hair is brittle and soon falls off. The hoofs and horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially the antlers of the roe deer, which are utilized for making umbrella handles, and for similar purposes; elk horn is often employed in making knife handles. In China, <P> level of competition, as fibrosis may have occurred, which would result in loss of muscle function. The prognosis is guarded for these horses. Diet Reducing any extra energy in a horse's diet is essential to maintaining a horse that has experienced ER. Decreasing carbohydrates and increasing the daily intake of hay or pasture can usually accomplish this. Grain may need to be cut out altogether and replaced by a substitute, such as vegetable oil, to meet the individual energy needs of the horse.
Grain should be reduced or removed from a horse's ration on days when he cannot be worked. Exercise <P> horse. <P> experienced a revival, and the consumption of horse meat continued to decrease. On March 11, 1994, the Trait du Nord was officially declared to be a workhorse again, and in 1996 another decree prohibited docking of tails in horses. Members of the breed are occasionally exported from France, with some going to Italy, Belgium and Germany, mainly for work in logging and pulling brewery wagons. A few are sent to Sicily and Guadeloupe, but this is quite rare. Uses The Trait du Nord was originally used mainly for agriculture and mining. They also towed barges on waterways, although this use <P> tapering muzzle. The eyes are dark, dark brown or hazel in colour. The teeth should form a level, complete scissor bite. The long straight or curved tail, well covered with hair, should almost reach the ground. Temperament The Scottish Deerhound is gentle and extremely friendly. The breed is famed for being
docile and eager to please, with a bearing of gentle dignity. It is however a true sighthound which has been selected for generations to pursue game; consequently, most Deerhounds will be eager to chase.
The Deerhound needs considerable exercise when young to develop properly and to maintain its health <P> that it is not at a near-freezing temperature. Special feeding issues for ponies Ponies and miniature horses are usually easy keepers and need less feed than full-sized horses. This is not only because they are smaller, but also, because they evolved under harsher living conditions than horses, they use feed more efficiently. Ponies easily become obese from overfeeding and are at high risk for colic and, especially, laminitis. Fresh grass is a particular danger to ponies; they can develop laminitis in as little as one hour of grazing on lush pasture.
Incorrect feeding is also as much a concern <P> affects the nervous system of horses, leading to lack of co-ordination, dragging of hooves and falling. Recovery is swift following exclusion of the plant from the diet. <P> if horses' trace mineral intake is not properly supplemented.
Calcium and phosphorus are needed in a specific ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1. Adult horses can tolerate up to a 5:1 ratio, foals no more than 3:1. A total ration with a higher ratio of phosphorus than calcium is to be avoided. Over time, imbalance will ultimately lead to a number of possible bone-related problems such as osteoporosis.
Foals and young growing horses through their first three to four years have special nutritional needs and require feeds that are balanced with a proper calcium:phosphorus ratio and other trace minerals. A | answer: Their hooves get worn down because they're almost constantly moving. Even when ridden all the time, domestic horses don't travel enough to significantly wear down their hooves because they're still stalled/pastured. In fact, a lot of farriers have taken to studying the shape of mustang hooves in order to find different ways to trim domestic horse hooves in a way that makes them stronger. There's demand for this because shoeing can be very damaging to the feet, though it'll always be necessary for a significant portion of domestic horses who are tender footed or subject to tough terrain/roads. |
53,041 | 7hz0v6 | What were the primary weapons of Roman cavalry in the Republic and early Empire period? | Woo, question times! So to start with, I'll give you a quick rundown of the Roman cavalry and their general use et alla. From there, I'll discuss what we know (and what we don't) about their equipment. The Romans were pretty well known for two things, among many others: having a nigh-unstoppable infantry in the melee, and having really poor cavalry. Even authours who are trying to talk the Roman war machine up are forced to admit, a la Polybius, that Roman cavalry were exemplary for bravery, if nothing else. Wew know that the early Roman cavalry, in the early and middle Republic at least, were equipped in the "Greek fashion." Beyond this utterly unhelpful note by Polybius, we really know nothing much about their equipment. Scholars have theorized that this included a sword for the close melee and a handful of javelins for skirmishing. Recognizing this weakness, the Romans, with their infinite love of Stealing Other Peoples' Stuff, drew the vast majority of their cavalry from auxiliary regiments, from people who were known for their horsemanship especially. We start seeing significant examples of this during the Second Punic War, both for and against the Romans. Hannibal has a ball kicking Roman tail up and down the peninsula, and this was partly aided by the clear superiority of his Numidian cavalry, widely recognized as the best horsemen of that period. Going back to that earlier delightful tendency of the Romans, Scipio (later Africanus) wooed the Numidians away from the Carthaginians, using them to good effect at Hannibal's final defeat at the Battle of Zama. A quick summary of the battle - the infantry got into an all out slugfest, only absolutely resolved when the Romans (Well, Numidians really), having crushed the Carthaginian cavalry, flanked and routed Hannibal's elite core of veterans. A more valuable question, therefore, would be about the cavalry fighting under the Roman banner, rather than the Roman cavalry themselves. The Numidians are described as pulling feats on horseback that mirror the Mongols - flipping underneath their horses to hamstring enemy cavalry, "Parthian-style" hit and run tactics with light javelins, and so forth. So your answer as to their equipment would be more of a light cavalry core focused around agility and skirmishing until the foe was wounded, tired, and discouraged, then closing for a close-range rout. The Gauls, over a century later under (and against) Caesar are described similarly - light cavalry, focused on agility over armour. Heck, Crassus' disastrous defeat at Carrhae is partly blamed on his lack of any cavalry to counter the enemy cavalry - and the only kind of cavalry that could take on horse archery to any degree would be the same aforementioned light skirmishers. So that's a quick down and dirty of your Republican era stuff, but what happened when Augustus (may he live forev- oh wait) completely restructured the Roman army in the late First Century BC? Well, he made the army pretty institutionalized. Infantry were mostly heavy, with auxiliary cohorts of skirmishers added on as needed, but often just using auxiliary heavy infantry to complement the Romans. Cavalry, on the other hand, was almost exclusively devoted to the *auxilia*. So your question about the *spatha* is a little self explanatory: the Roman cavalry adopted the *spatha* thanks to the auxiliaries...because the Roman cavalry was basically always auxiliary. We've actually excavated some first c. AD *spatha* from Scotland. The *spatha* was usually a longer sword, about 26-36 in (65-91cm), imitating the *gladius* in style. Other weapons, though, included a few small javelins for throwing and one "fighting spear." Gravestone depictions often show cavalrymen with a spear in hand. Regulation equipment, according to a text recording of weapon inspections in first century AD Britain, was one fighting spear, one sword, and two *subarmales* (throwing javelins and such). Josephus (1st c. AD Palestine) confirms this, talking about Roman cavalry with one fighting spear and multiple javelins stored in a quiver. Other options for more specialized cavalry could be more focused on shock (12 foot! lances), or heavy power (yeah, the Romans stole the cataphracts), or even horse archers, but these mostly start in the second century AD. Hope this answers your questions! Edit because further reading: Check out Goldsworthy's *The Complete Roman Army - it's a very accessible and readable work that succinctly covers a huge amount of information, much of it on this (and similar) topic. | [
"Follow up question: \n\nwhat happened to a cavalryman who lost his horse during the march. Was he incorporated into the infantry or the auxiliary or was it \"below his status\"? If not, did the horseless guy continue to hang out with the legion or was he perhaps given a leave to find a new mount?",
"Woo, questio... | 2 | [
"Follow up question: \n\nwhat happened to a cavalryman who lost his horse during the march. Was he incorporated into the infantry or the auxiliary or was it \"below his status\"? If not, did the horseless guy continue to hang out with the legion or was he perhaps given a leave to find a new mount?",
"Woo, questio... | 2 | <P> who served under the command of the janna de Majore, the commander in charge of the security of the sovereign. The main armaments were the sword, chain mail, the shield, the helmet, and the birrudu, a weapon similar to the ancient verutum, the Roman javelin.
The militias of the ground and the infantry (birrudos) used a shorter version of this same weapon. Besides the use of spears and shields, another common weapon was the leppa, a sword with a bone handle and curved blade, between 50 and 70 cm long which was still in use, in a more contained dimension, until <P> tribes as well. Weapons The weapon most associated with the Dacian forces that fought against Trajan's army during his invasions of Dacia was the falx, a single-edged scythe-like weapon. The falx was able to inflict horrible wounds on opponents, easily disabling or killing the heavily armored Roman legionaries that they faced. This weapon, more so than any other single factor, forced the Roman army to adopt previously unused or modified equipment to suit the conditions on the Dacian battlefield. Trivia "The ducks come from the trucks" – Romanian language pun about a mistranslation (duck and truck sound like dac and <P> They have been likened to the tank of the Ancient World. Their armour enabled them to attack enemy infantry and cavalry with confidence and virtually ignore missile fire. However, the armour was heavy and both soldier and mount could tire quickly in battle, and therefore become vulnerable to counterattack. In particular, horse armour prevented the horse from cooling itself effectively by sweating; therefore heat exhaustion could be a great problem, especially in hot climates. Cataphracts needed to maintain a close and ordered formation to be effective and their flanks were particularly vulnerable to attack. If their formation became broken, individual <P> how the hastati were armed and armored, they could also be considered light infantry). The hastati, the youngest men in the line, were armed with a sword, or gladius, and two javelins, or pila. The pila (singular pilum) were usually thrown at a charging enemy before they were engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Hastati were also equipped with a helmet, a shield and a bronze breast plate or coat of mail (if they could afford it). The principes were armed just like the hastati, but they were older, more experienced and, because they had more money, were more likely to own <P> horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour.
The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies <P> better-quality arms. The final type of heavy infantry were the triarii. They were armed and armored just like the hastati except that instead of holding pila to throw at the enemy, they used a large spear known as the hasta. Incidentally, the hastati were originally armed with this weapon, which gave them their name, but the hasta were eventually abandoned except by the triarii. The triarii were usually called in to end the battle and break the lines of the enemy. Rome's use of heavy infantry and a general lack of major cavalry forces meant they were stronger in pitched <P> the cavalry was much larger than in reality and frightened the enemy's horses. Other possibilities included the wings being made to defend the backs of the men against swords and lassos, or that they were worn to make their own horses deaf to the wooden noise-makers used by the Ottoman and the Crimean Tatars. Tactics The hussars represented the heavy cavalry of the Commonwealth. The Towarzysz husarski (Companion) commanded his own poczet (kopia) consisting of two to five similarly armed retainers and other servants (czeladnicy) who tended to his horses, food, supplies, repairs and fodder and often participated in battle. <P> spear blade at the end of the shaft in addition to the axe head and dagger.
All chariot commanders carried a bronze dagger for protection in the case of the chariot becoming unserviceable or an enemy jumping on board the chariot. Soldiers aboard wore leather or occasionally copper armour and carried a shield or dùn (盾) made from leather or bronze. The chariot's archer was armed either a bow (gōng 弓) or crossbow (nŭ 弩) for long distance attacks. Chariot horses also began to wear armor during the Spring and Autumn Period to protect against injury. When the chariot was not <P> on the battlefield. The standard bearers, signiferi, were of great importance in keeping Roman soldiers in the battle. The loss of a standard was a disgrace to the century the standard belonged to. As such, standard bearers served as someone to rally around and as someone to exhort legionaries to battle.
Optiones, Roman officers at the rear of a formation, had many essential roles outside of battle. However, during battle, their task was to prevent legionaries from routing. Carrying a staff with a ball-end, an optio would force legionaries fleeing from battle back into formation. Leading at the front, centurions <P> were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry, rather than true cavalry. One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the fyrd, which were led by the local elites. In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance <P> using stirrups. This is anachronistic in that the horse-mounted forces of the Roman army used a two-horned saddle, without stirrups. Stirrups were only employed in filming for safety reasons because of the additional training and skill required to ride with a Roman saddle. Catapults and ballistae would not have been used in a forest. They were reserved primarily for sieges and were rarely used in open battles. Fire arrows and canisters fired from catapults are a myth made by Hollywood and would not have occurred in ancient history.
The Praetorian Guards seen in the film are all wearing black uniforms. No <P> and those of Mazowsze, who, because they faced enemies from the East, like Old Prussians, Lithuanians, and Tatars, partially adopted their fighting manners, and lighter armament as well. Even their horses were smaller and lighter.
Different armament was used by infantry, which marched onto the battlefield in close order formations of shield-bearers covering heavy cavalry detachments, or mobile units of bowmen and cross-bowmen, and sometimes irregulars, who used different weapons specialized to fight both foot soldiers and cavalry: (war hammer, war scythe, glaive, fork, flail, morgenstern, guisarme, halberd, bardiche). Defensive armaments of the infantry consisted of shields (wooden, round or oval, <P> Equites cataphractarii Equites cataphractarii, or simply cataphractarii, were the most heavily armoured type of Roman cavalry in the Imperial Roman army and Late Roman army. The term derives from a Greek word, κατάφρακτος kataphraktos, meaning "covered over" or "completely covered" (see Cataphract). Origins Heavily armoured cataphract cavalry, usually armed with a long lance (contus), were adopted by the Roman army to counter Parthian troops of this kind on the eastern frontier and similar Sarmatian cavalry in on the Danubian frontier. In distinction to both Parthian and Sarmatian cataphracts, who represented a wealthy feudal or tribal elite equipped for war, Roman <P> cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphases on types of soldiers—ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the <P> for communities and villages who could not afford large forces of heavy cavalry. The pike could be up to 18 feet (5.5 m) long, whereas the spear was only 6 to 8 feet (2.4 m) in length. Archers would be integrated into these forces of spearmen or pikemen to rain down arrows upon an enemy while the spears or pikes held the enemy at bay. Polearms were improved again with creation of the halberd. The halberd could be the length of a spear, but with an axe head which enabled the user to stab or chop the enemy cavalry with either the <P> stretching from the British Isles to Anatolia. A people with a strong warrior tradition, they varied greatly in battle and equipment (see Celtic warfare). Some of the heavier armed Celts wore chainmail and "Galea" type helmets, and threw javelins in battle - all of these elements were later adopted by the Romans. Celts were respected for their battle prowess and often served as mercenaries for other Mediterranean civilizations. Rome In the military of ancient Rome, heavy infantry made up most of the Roman army. The heavy infantry of the pre-Marian Roman republic included the hastati, principes, and triarii (although depending <P> the infantry; the enemy's shorter weaponry could not reach the phalanx because of the sarissae
. Sword As a secondary weapon, hoplites are known to have carried a short sword known as the xiphos which was made from iron or bronze depending on the era. This was used in the event of a broken spear, or if close melee combat was necessary. Hoplites mounted on horseback likely used a heavier, curved sword known as the kopis, meaning "chopper" in the Greek language.
Light infantry known as peltasts would carry a number of javelins used to pepper enemy formations, avoiding close combat <P> crossbowmen were forced to retreat at Crécy when deployed without their protecting pavises. Horses were generally less well protected than the knights themselves; shooting the French knights' horses from the side (where they were less well armoured) is described by contemporary accounts of the Battle of Poitiers (1356), and at Agincourt John Keegan has argued that the main effect of the longbow would have been in injuring the horses of the mounted French knights. Shooting rate A typical military longbow archer would be provided with between 60 and 72 arrows at the time of battle. Most archers would not shoot <P> human faces were worn. However, a graffito from the Roman frontier fortress of Dura Europos shows a cataphract wearing a conical helmet with a face-covering mail aventail. They were normally armed with a contus, a long lance held in both hands. However, the name of one unit, equites sagitarii clibanarii, implies that these troops carried bows instead of, or in addition to, the contus. As a secondary weapon they were armed with swords (spathae). In some cases, their horses were covered in scale armour also. Two iron and copper-alloy scale horse armours, usually called 'trappers' or 'bards', still attached to <P> (cuadro) with swordsmen – typically equipped with a short sword, a buckler, and javelins – inside; as the firearm rose in prominence, the swordsmen declined and were phased out. The arquebusiers (later, musketeers) were usually split up in several mobile groups called sleeves (mangas) and deployed relative to the cuadro, typically with one manga at each corner. By virtue of this combined-arms approach, the formation simultaneously enjoyed the staying power of its pike-armed infantry, the ranged firepower of its arquebusiers, as well as the ability to conduct assaults with sword-and-buckler men. In addition to its inherent ability to repulse cavalry | question: What were the primary weapons of Roman cavalry in the Republic and early Empire period? context: <P> who served under the command of the janna de Majore, the commander in charge of the security of the sovereign. The main armaments were the sword, chain mail, the shield, the helmet, and the birrudu, a weapon similar to the ancient verutum, the Roman javelin.
The militias of the ground and the infantry (birrudos) used a shorter version of this same weapon. Besides the use of spears and shields, another common weapon was the leppa, a sword with a bone handle and curved blade, between 50 and 70 cm long which was still in use, in a more contained dimension, until <P> tribes as well. Weapons The weapon most associated with the Dacian forces that fought against Trajan's army during his invasions of Dacia was the falx, a single-edged scythe-like weapon. The falx was able to inflict horrible wounds on opponents, easily disabling or killing the heavily armored Roman legionaries that they faced. This weapon, more so than any other single factor, forced the Roman army to adopt previously unused or modified equipment to suit the conditions on the Dacian battlefield. Trivia "The ducks come from the trucks" – Romanian language pun about a mistranslation (duck and truck sound like dac and <P> They have been likened to the tank of the Ancient World. Their armour enabled them to attack enemy infantry and cavalry with confidence and virtually ignore missile fire. However, the armour was heavy and both soldier and mount could tire quickly in battle, and therefore become vulnerable to counterattack. In particular, horse armour prevented the horse from cooling itself effectively by sweating; therefore heat exhaustion could be a great problem, especially in hot climates. Cataphracts needed to maintain a close and ordered formation to be effective and their flanks were particularly vulnerable to attack. If their formation became broken, individual <P> how the hastati were armed and armored, they could also be considered light infantry). The hastati, the youngest men in the line, were armed with a sword, or gladius, and two javelins, or pila. The pila (singular pilum) were usually thrown at a charging enemy before they were engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Hastati were also equipped with a helmet, a shield and a bronze breast plate or coat of mail (if they could afford it). The principes were armed just like the hastati, but they were older, more experienced and, because they had more money, were more likely to own <P> horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour.
The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies <P> better-quality arms. The final type of heavy infantry were the triarii. They were armed and armored just like the hastati except that instead of holding pila to throw at the enemy, they used a large spear known as the hasta. Incidentally, the hastati were originally armed with this weapon, which gave them their name, but the hasta were eventually abandoned except by the triarii. The triarii were usually called in to end the battle and break the lines of the enemy. Rome's use of heavy infantry and a general lack of major cavalry forces meant they were stronger in pitched <P> the cavalry was much larger than in reality and frightened the enemy's horses. Other possibilities included the wings being made to defend the backs of the men against swords and lassos, or that they were worn to make their own horses deaf to the wooden noise-makers used by the Ottoman and the Crimean Tatars. Tactics The hussars represented the heavy cavalry of the Commonwealth. The Towarzysz husarski (Companion) commanded his own poczet (kopia) consisting of two to five similarly armed retainers and other servants (czeladnicy) who tended to his horses, food, supplies, repairs and fodder and often participated in battle. <P> spear blade at the end of the shaft in addition to the axe head and dagger.
All chariot commanders carried a bronze dagger for protection in the case of the chariot becoming unserviceable or an enemy jumping on board the chariot. Soldiers aboard wore leather or occasionally copper armour and carried a shield or dùn (盾) made from leather or bronze. The chariot's archer was armed either a bow (gōng 弓) or crossbow (nŭ 弩) for long distance attacks. Chariot horses also began to wear armor during the Spring and Autumn Period to protect against injury. When the chariot was not <P> on the battlefield. The standard bearers, signiferi, were of great importance in keeping Roman soldiers in the battle. The loss of a standard was a disgrace to the century the standard belonged to. As such, standard bearers served as someone to rally around and as someone to exhort legionaries to battle.
Optiones, Roman officers at the rear of a formation, had many essential roles outside of battle. However, during battle, their task was to prevent legionaries from routing. Carrying a staff with a ball-end, an optio would force legionaries fleeing from battle back into formation. Leading at the front, centurions <P> were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry, rather than true cavalry. One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the fyrd, which were led by the local elites. In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance <P> using stirrups. This is anachronistic in that the horse-mounted forces of the Roman army used a two-horned saddle, without stirrups. Stirrups were only employed in filming for safety reasons because of the additional training and skill required to ride with a Roman saddle. Catapults and ballistae would not have been used in a forest. They were reserved primarily for sieges and were rarely used in open battles. Fire arrows and canisters fired from catapults are a myth made by Hollywood and would not have occurred in ancient history.
The Praetorian Guards seen in the film are all wearing black uniforms. No <P> and those of Mazowsze, who, because they faced enemies from the East, like Old Prussians, Lithuanians, and Tatars, partially adopted their fighting manners, and lighter armament as well. Even their horses were smaller and lighter.
Different armament was used by infantry, which marched onto the battlefield in close order formations of shield-bearers covering heavy cavalry detachments, or mobile units of bowmen and cross-bowmen, and sometimes irregulars, who used different weapons specialized to fight both foot soldiers and cavalry: (war hammer, war scythe, glaive, fork, flail, morgenstern, guisarme, halberd, bardiche). Defensive armaments of the infantry consisted of shields (wooden, round or oval, <P> Equites cataphractarii Equites cataphractarii, or simply cataphractarii, were the most heavily armoured type of Roman cavalry in the Imperial Roman army and Late Roman army. The term derives from a Greek word, κατάφρακτος kataphraktos, meaning "covered over" or "completely covered" (see Cataphract). Origins Heavily armoured cataphract cavalry, usually armed with a long lance (contus), were adopted by the Roman army to counter Parthian troops of this kind on the eastern frontier and similar Sarmatian cavalry in on the Danubian frontier. In distinction to both Parthian and Sarmatian cataphracts, who represented a wealthy feudal or tribal elite equipped for war, Roman <P> cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphases on types of soldiers—ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the <P> for communities and villages who could not afford large forces of heavy cavalry. The pike could be up to 18 feet (5.5 m) long, whereas the spear was only 6 to 8 feet (2.4 m) in length. Archers would be integrated into these forces of spearmen or pikemen to rain down arrows upon an enemy while the spears or pikes held the enemy at bay. Polearms were improved again with creation of the halberd. The halberd could be the length of a spear, but with an axe head which enabled the user to stab or chop the enemy cavalry with either the <P> stretching from the British Isles to Anatolia. A people with a strong warrior tradition, they varied greatly in battle and equipment (see Celtic warfare). Some of the heavier armed Celts wore chainmail and "Galea" type helmets, and threw javelins in battle - all of these elements were later adopted by the Romans. Celts were respected for their battle prowess and often served as mercenaries for other Mediterranean civilizations. Rome In the military of ancient Rome, heavy infantry made up most of the Roman army. The heavy infantry of the pre-Marian Roman republic included the hastati, principes, and triarii (although depending <P> the infantry; the enemy's shorter weaponry could not reach the phalanx because of the sarissae
. Sword As a secondary weapon, hoplites are known to have carried a short sword known as the xiphos which was made from iron or bronze depending on the era. This was used in the event of a broken spear, or if close melee combat was necessary. Hoplites mounted on horseback likely used a heavier, curved sword known as the kopis, meaning "chopper" in the Greek language.
Light infantry known as peltasts would carry a number of javelins used to pepper enemy formations, avoiding close combat <P> crossbowmen were forced to retreat at Crécy when deployed without their protecting pavises. Horses were generally less well protected than the knights themselves; shooting the French knights' horses from the side (where they were less well armoured) is described by contemporary accounts of the Battle of Poitiers (1356), and at Agincourt John Keegan has argued that the main effect of the longbow would have been in injuring the horses of the mounted French knights. Shooting rate A typical military longbow archer would be provided with between 60 and 72 arrows at the time of battle. Most archers would not shoot <P> human faces were worn. However, a graffito from the Roman frontier fortress of Dura Europos shows a cataphract wearing a conical helmet with a face-covering mail aventail. They were normally armed with a contus, a long lance held in both hands. However, the name of one unit, equites sagitarii clibanarii, implies that these troops carried bows instead of, or in addition to, the contus. As a secondary weapon they were armed with swords (spathae). In some cases, their horses were covered in scale armour also. Two iron and copper-alloy scale horse armours, usually called 'trappers' or 'bards', still attached to <P> (cuadro) with swordsmen – typically equipped with a short sword, a buckler, and javelins – inside; as the firearm rose in prominence, the swordsmen declined and were phased out. The arquebusiers (later, musketeers) were usually split up in several mobile groups called sleeves (mangas) and deployed relative to the cuadro, typically with one manga at each corner. By virtue of this combined-arms approach, the formation simultaneously enjoyed the staying power of its pike-armed infantry, the ranged firepower of its arquebusiers, as well as the ability to conduct assaults with sword-and-buckler men. In addition to its inherent ability to repulse cavalry | answer: Woo, question times! So to start with, I'll give you a quick rundown of the Roman cavalry and their general use et alla. From there, I'll discuss what we know (and what we don't) about their equipment. The Romans were pretty well known for two things, among many others: having a nigh-unstoppable infantry in the melee, and having really poor cavalry. Even authours who are trying to talk the Roman war machine up are forced to admit, a la Polybius, that Roman cavalry were exemplary for bravery, if nothing else. Wew know that the early Roman cavalry, in the early and middle Republic at least, were equipped in the "Greek fashion." Beyond this utterly unhelpful note by Polybius, we really know nothing much about their equipment. Scholars have theorized that this included a sword for the close melee and a handful of javelins for skirmishing. Recognizing this weakness, the Romans, with their infinite love of Stealing Other Peoples' Stuff, drew the vast majority of their cavalry from auxiliary regiments, from people who were known for their horsemanship especially. We start seeing significant examples of this during the Second Punic War, both for and against the Romans. Hannibal has a ball kicking Roman tail up and down the peninsula, and this was partly aided by the clear superiority of his Numidian cavalry, widely recognized as the best horsemen of that period. Going back to that earlier delightful tendency of the Romans, Scipio (later Africanus) wooed the Numidians away from the Carthaginians, using them to good effect at Hannibal's final defeat at the Battle of Zama. A quick summary of the battle - the infantry got into an all out slugfest, only absolutely resolved when the Romans (Well, Numidians really), having crushed the Carthaginian cavalry, flanked and routed Hannibal's elite core of veterans. A more valuable question, therefore, would be about the cavalry fighting under the Roman banner, rather than the Roman cavalry themselves. The Numidians are described as pulling feats on horseback that mirror the Mongols - flipping underneath their horses to hamstring enemy cavalry, "Parthian-style" hit and run tactics with light javelins, and so forth. So your answer as to their equipment would be more of a light cavalry core focused around agility and skirmishing until the foe was wounded, tired, and discouraged, then closing for a close-range rout. The Gauls, over a century later under (and against) Caesar are described similarly - light cavalry, focused on agility over armour. Heck, Crassus' disastrous defeat at Carrhae is partly blamed on his lack of any cavalry to counter the enemy cavalry - and the only kind of cavalry that could take on horse archery to any degree would be the same aforementioned light skirmishers. So that's a quick down and dirty of your Republican era stuff, but what happened when Augustus (may he live forev- oh wait) completely restructured the Roman army in the late First Century BC? Well, he made the army pretty institutionalized. Infantry were mostly heavy, with auxiliary cohorts of skirmishers added on as needed, but often just using auxiliary heavy infantry to complement the Romans. Cavalry, on the other hand, was almost exclusively devoted to the *auxilia*. So your question about the *spatha* is a little self explanatory: the Roman cavalry adopted the *spatha* thanks to the auxiliaries...because the Roman cavalry was basically always auxiliary. We've actually excavated some first c. AD *spatha* from Scotland. The *spatha* was usually a longer sword, about 26-36 in (65-91cm), imitating the *gladius* in style. Other weapons, though, included a few small javelins for throwing and one "fighting spear." Gravestone depictions often show cavalrymen with a spear in hand. Regulation equipment, according to a text recording of weapon inspections in first century AD Britain, was one fighting spear, one sword, and two *subarmales* (throwing javelins and such). Josephus (1st c. AD Palestine) confirms this, talking about Roman cavalry with one fighting spear and multiple javelins stored in a quiver. Other options for more specialized cavalry could be more focused on shock (12 foot! lances), or heavy power (yeah, the Romans stole the cataphracts), or even horse archers, but these mostly start in the second century AD. Hope this answers your questions! Edit because further reading: Check out Goldsworthy's *The Complete Roman Army - it's a very accessible and readable work that succinctly covers a huge amount of information, much of it on this (and similar) topic. |
185,178 | 4otw6s | why do most dogs move and make noise in their sleep, but most humans don't? | According to my other half all I do when I'm asleep is move and make noise. It would explain why I wake up tired sometimes.Just how many people have you observed sleeping to come to your conclusion? | [
"All dogs are different, just like people. My dog looks dead when he sleeps. Sometimes I feel like a jack ass cuz I wake him up to make sure. ",
"According to my other half all I do when I'm asleep is move and make noise. It would explain why I wake up tired sometimes.\n\nJust how many people have you observed sl... | 4 | [
"All dogs are different, just like people. My dog looks dead when he sleeps. Sometimes I feel like a jack ass cuz I wake him up to make sure. ",
"According to my other half all I do when I'm asleep is move and make noise. It would explain why I wake up tired sometimes.\n\nJust how many people have you observed sl... | 2 | <P> Dogs. <P> at night. <P> tall iceberg.
At the end of the picture, the sailor says if you listen carefully, you can to this day still hear the lullaby at night. Indeed, at the peak, the pair stand—both very old and grey now—with the bear holding the dog tenderly and singing "Rock-A-Bye Baby". <P> called "night walker" (đi đêm) . <P> city" the poet finds lodging at an inn, where he meets an attractive girl. He wines and dines her, then arranges to meet her later that night. When everyone is asleep he makes his move, but stumbles over a stool in the darkness, and in getting up knocks over a table from which a brass bowl falls. The noise of all this, and of the dogs who have started barking, awakens three English tinkers called Hickin, Jenkin and Jack. They raise the alarm, believing that some Welsh thief is after their belongings. The ostler rouses <P> B has killed Billy and wounded Phil. Tony goes to bed and, though it is not dawn yet, calls Carmela. He says, "I had another one of my Coach Molinaro dreams." She is half asleep and they have a gentle, slow conversation. <P> his sleep. <P> yn fy mynwes.
Ar yr engyl gwynion draw.
Translation
Sleep child upon my bosom,
It is cosy and warm;
Mother's arms are tight around you,
A mother's love is in my breast;
Nothing shall disturb your slumber,
Nobody will do you harm;
Sleep in peace, dear child,
Sleep quietly on your mother's breast.
Sleep peacefully tonight, sleep;
Gently sleep, my lovely;
Why are you now smiling,
Smiling gently in your sleep?
Are angels above smiling on you,
As you smile cheerfully,
Smiling back and sleeping,
Sleeping quietly on my breast?
Do not fear, it is nothing but a leaf
Beating, beating on the door;
Do not fear, only a small wave
Murmurs, murmurs on the seashore;
Sleep child, there's nothing here
Nothing to give <P> you fright;
Smile quietly in my bosom,
On the blessed angels yonder.
Poetic translation
Sleep my darling, on my bosom,
Harm will never come to you;
Mother's arms enfold you safely,
Mother's heart is ever true.
As you sleep there's naught to scare you,
Naught to wake you from your rest;
Close those eyelids, little angel,
Sleep upon your mother's breast.
Sleep, my darling, night is falling
Rest in slumber sound and deep;
I would know why you are smiling,
Smiling sweetly as you sleep!
Do you see the angels smiling
As they see your rosy rest,
So that you must smile an answer
As you slumber on my breast?
Don't be frightened, it's a leaflet
Tapping, tapping on the door;
Don't <P> being read by a literate dog. <P> soldier's neck,
And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats,
Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades,
Of healths five-fathom deep; and then anon
Drums in his ear, at which he starts and wakes,
And being thus frighted swears a prayer or two
And sleeps again. This is that very Mab
That plaits the manes of horses in the night,
And bakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs,
Which once untangled, much misfortune bodes:
This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs,
That presses them and learns them first to bear,
Making them women of good carriage:
This is she—"
— Mercutio in Romeo and <P> connected to treats, the cats were unable to consistently choose the correct strings, leading to the conclusion that cats do not understand cause and effect in the same way that humans do.
Cats have complex dreams while sleeping, retaining and recalling long sequences of events while they are asleep, as many other animals do. A dreaming cat will usually have rapid, uncontrolled facial, whisker, paw, and abdominal movements. Memory Taken as a whole, cats have excellent memories. In experimental conditions, the memory of a cat was demonstrated as having an information-retention or recall, of a duration totalling as much as 10 <P> dog to insure. <P> to continue the hearing. <P> important hobbies are eating and sleeping. <P> remember, they will not forget. <P> make the house more safe for an elderly person inclined to pace or wander. <P> human or canine companions. If these efforts are unsuccessful and the isolation is prolonged, it will sink into a state of dejection and despair. The marginal effectiveness of placing a ticking clock in the puppy's bed is based on a universal need in mammals to synchronize to the rhythms of their fellow creatures.
Limbic resonance and limbic regulation are also referred to as "mood contagion" or "emotional contagion" as in the work of Sigal Barsade. Barsade and colleagues at the Yale School of Management build on research in social cognition, and find that some emotions, especially positive ones, are spread more <P> Not Now (1936 film) Synopsis A noisy cat is preventing Betty Boop from getting any sleep at night. When Betty asks the cat to be quiet, it replies "not ne-ow". Pudgy tries to chase the cat away, and after much trouble, he seemingly succeeds . . . until all the cats in the neighborhood appear outside Betty's window. <P> here, or if I slept; but I am not able to forbear sleeping longer, and acquaint you with it, and now stand in defiance of them'; and thus I exerted myself about them and notwithstanding their continued threats I slept very well the next night, and continued to do so, though they continued with me above three months, day and night. | question: why do most dogs move and make noise in their sleep, but most humans don't? context: <P> Dogs. <P> at night. <P> tall iceberg.
At the end of the picture, the sailor says if you listen carefully, you can to this day still hear the lullaby at night. Indeed, at the peak, the pair stand—both very old and grey now—with the bear holding the dog tenderly and singing "Rock-A-Bye Baby". <P> called "night walker" (đi đêm) . <P> city" the poet finds lodging at an inn, where he meets an attractive girl. He wines and dines her, then arranges to meet her later that night. When everyone is asleep he makes his move, but stumbles over a stool in the darkness, and in getting up knocks over a table from which a brass bowl falls. The noise of all this, and of the dogs who have started barking, awakens three English tinkers called Hickin, Jenkin and Jack. They raise the alarm, believing that some Welsh thief is after their belongings. The ostler rouses <P> B has killed Billy and wounded Phil. Tony goes to bed and, though it is not dawn yet, calls Carmela. He says, "I had another one of my Coach Molinaro dreams." She is half asleep and they have a gentle, slow conversation. <P> his sleep. <P> yn fy mynwes.
Ar yr engyl gwynion draw.
Translation
Sleep child upon my bosom,
It is cosy and warm;
Mother's arms are tight around you,
A mother's love is in my breast;
Nothing shall disturb your slumber,
Nobody will do you harm;
Sleep in peace, dear child,
Sleep quietly on your mother's breast.
Sleep peacefully tonight, sleep;
Gently sleep, my lovely;
Why are you now smiling,
Smiling gently in your sleep?
Are angels above smiling on you,
As you smile cheerfully,
Smiling back and sleeping,
Sleeping quietly on my breast?
Do not fear, it is nothing but a leaf
Beating, beating on the door;
Do not fear, only a small wave
Murmurs, murmurs on the seashore;
Sleep child, there's nothing here
Nothing to give <P> you fright;
Smile quietly in my bosom,
On the blessed angels yonder.
Poetic translation
Sleep my darling, on my bosom,
Harm will never come to you;
Mother's arms enfold you safely,
Mother's heart is ever true.
As you sleep there's naught to scare you,
Naught to wake you from your rest;
Close those eyelids, little angel,
Sleep upon your mother's breast.
Sleep, my darling, night is falling
Rest in slumber sound and deep;
I would know why you are smiling,
Smiling sweetly as you sleep!
Do you see the angels smiling
As they see your rosy rest,
So that you must smile an answer
As you slumber on my breast?
Don't be frightened, it's a leaflet
Tapping, tapping on the door;
Don't <P> being read by a literate dog. <P> soldier's neck,
And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats,
Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades,
Of healths five-fathom deep; and then anon
Drums in his ear, at which he starts and wakes,
And being thus frighted swears a prayer or two
And sleeps again. This is that very Mab
That plaits the manes of horses in the night,
And bakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs,
Which once untangled, much misfortune bodes:
This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs,
That presses them and learns them first to bear,
Making them women of good carriage:
This is she—"
— Mercutio in Romeo and <P> connected to treats, the cats were unable to consistently choose the correct strings, leading to the conclusion that cats do not understand cause and effect in the same way that humans do.
Cats have complex dreams while sleeping, retaining and recalling long sequences of events while they are asleep, as many other animals do. A dreaming cat will usually have rapid, uncontrolled facial, whisker, paw, and abdominal movements. Memory Taken as a whole, cats have excellent memories. In experimental conditions, the memory of a cat was demonstrated as having an information-retention or recall, of a duration totalling as much as 10 <P> dog to insure. <P> to continue the hearing. <P> important hobbies are eating and sleeping. <P> remember, they will not forget. <P> make the house more safe for an elderly person inclined to pace or wander. <P> human or canine companions. If these efforts are unsuccessful and the isolation is prolonged, it will sink into a state of dejection and despair. The marginal effectiveness of placing a ticking clock in the puppy's bed is based on a universal need in mammals to synchronize to the rhythms of their fellow creatures.
Limbic resonance and limbic regulation are also referred to as "mood contagion" or "emotional contagion" as in the work of Sigal Barsade. Barsade and colleagues at the Yale School of Management build on research in social cognition, and find that some emotions, especially positive ones, are spread more <P> Not Now (1936 film) Synopsis A noisy cat is preventing Betty Boop from getting any sleep at night. When Betty asks the cat to be quiet, it replies "not ne-ow". Pudgy tries to chase the cat away, and after much trouble, he seemingly succeeds . . . until all the cats in the neighborhood appear outside Betty's window. <P> here, or if I slept; but I am not able to forbear sleeping longer, and acquaint you with it, and now stand in defiance of them'; and thus I exerted myself about them and notwithstanding their continued threats I slept very well the next night, and continued to do so, though they continued with me above three months, day and night. | answer: According to my other half all I do when I'm asleep is move and make noise. It would explain why I wake up tired sometimes.Just how many people have you observed sleeping to come to your conclusion? |
181,142 | 4lb8vc | is there a known medical reason why some babies practically waltz out of the womb while others are a 28 hour ordeal? | No two pregnancies, labors, or births are the same. There are way too many variables to know exactly why one labor was long and another was short. Those variables include:Gestation age. If your body goes into labor early on its own, it will typically happen quickly. Sometimes Dr.s have to induce labor earlier than they would like due to gestational diabetes or other pregnancy complications. These tend to be longer.Position of the baby. Not just about breach, but whether or not the head is face forward or backwards. And also if the shoulders rotate or not.Mom's stress levels. If she is anxious she may be actively working against the contractions instead of with them. Pain medications such as an epidural can be a factor.An induction to artificially start labor Freedom of movement during labor. Some hospitals may confine you to the bed when you have an IV and monitors. Moving, walking, squatting make labor faster because gravity helps the baby move lower. | [
"When people say I was in labour for X number of hours, it doesn't mean that they are pushing in a delivery room for that amount of time. Most people labour for at least 24 hours, some people just dont realize it or mistake some of the symptoms for the myriad of other pains they are feeling.",
"No two pregnancies... | 6 | [
"When people say I was in labour for X number of hours, it doesn't mean that they are pushing in a delivery room for that amount of time. Most people labour for at least 24 hours, some people just dont realize it or mistake some of the symptoms for the myriad of other pains they are feeling.",
"No two pregnancies... | 5 | <P> deprivation may occur from either cord prolapse or prolonged compression of the cord during birth, as in head entrapment. If oxygen deprivation is prolonged, it may cause permanent neurological damage (for instance, cerebral palsy) or death. It has been suggested that a fast vaginal delivery would mean the risk of stopping baby’s oxygen supply is reduced. However, there is not enough research to show this and a quick delivery might cause more harm to the baby than a conservative approach to the birth.
Injury to the brain and skull may occur due to the rapid passage of the baby's head <P> Fight for Life (TV series) Birth This episode explains that birth is the riskiest time in life and the process of a woman delivering a baby and how both the woman and the child are put at risk in this complex journey. It features a two-hour-old baby already facing death who has Meconium Aspiration Syndrome as a result of inhaling excrement at or before birth. The programme also follows a woman who needs a caesarean because her baby's in a breech position but the operation goes horribly wrong as the umbilical cord gets trapped around the baby's neck. Childhood As <P> dilated cervix. When the waters break the amniotic sac, it is possible for the umbilical cord to drop down and become compressed. This complication severely diminishes oxygen flow to the baby, so the baby must be delivered immediately (usually by Caesarean section) so that he or she can breathe. If there is a delay in delivery, the brain can be damaged. Among full-term, head-down babies, cord prolapse is quite rare, occurring in 0.4 percent. Among frank breech babies the incidence is 0.5 percent, among complete breeches 5 percent, and among footling breeches 15 percent.
Head entrapment is caused by the failure <P> initially perceived. Women who have already given birth have more relaxed uterine muscles that are consequently more sensitive to fetal motion, and for them fetal motion can sometimes be felt as early as 14 weeks.
Usually, quickening occurs naturally at about the middle of a pregnancy. A woman pregnant for the first time (i.e., a primigravida woman) typically feels fetal movements at about 18–20 weeks, whereas a woman who has given birth at least once (i.e., a para woman) will typically feel movements around 15–17 weeks. Legal history The word "quick" originally meant "alive". Historically, quickening has sometimes been <P> Japanese women know it as "Sango no hidachi" and Koreans as "Samchilil", which means "twenty-one". In Latin American countries it is called la cuarentena, i.e. "forty days" (the source of the English word "quarantine"). In India it is called jaappa (also transliterated japa). Health effects Postpartum confinement refers both to the mother and the baby. Human newborns are so underdeveloped that pediatricians such as Harvey Karp refer to the first three months as the "fourth trimester". The weeks of rest while the mother heals also protect the infant as it adjusts to the world, and both learn the skills of <P> for the baby. It has been shown that providing the infant with his/her own bed, instead of sleeping with the parent, helps reduce the risk of death due to suffocation or falling in between the mattress and the headboard. African relevance Many African women and their newborns do not have access to health care during the early postnatal period, putting them at an increased risk of illness and death. Each year, 310,000 fewer newborns would die in Africa and many maternal deaths could be preventable if coverage of postnatal care reached 90 percent of women and babies. With the Thula <P> Postpartum confinement Postpartum confinement refers to a traditional practice following childbirth. Those who practice it typically begin immediately after the birth, and it lasts for a culturally variable length: typically for one month or 30 days, up to 40 days, two months or 100 days. This postnatal recuperation can include "traditional health beliefs, taboos, rituals, and proscriptions." The practice used to be known as "lying-in", which, as the term suggests, centres around bed rest. In some cultures it may be connected to taboos concerning impurity after childbirth.
The custom is well-documented in China, where it is known as "Sitting the month". <P> of the birth, things were going as planned and normal. However, the man then noticed that there were many doctors rushing to his wife's room, but there were none leaving. The doctor told him that during the birth, she had hemorrhaged and that, unfortunately, they were unable to save her. When a nurse, in an effort to console him, gave him his son who had survived, the infant appeared sickly. The doctor explained that because the mother had hemorrhaged blood so badly, the baby had been cut from oxygen for so long that he suffered permanent brain damage; <P> the head and reduce decompression. Related to potential head trauma, researchers have identified a relationship between breech birth and autism.
Squeezing the baby’s abdomen can damage internal organs. Positioning the baby incorrectly while using forceps to deliver the after coming head can damage the spine or spinal cord. It is important for the birth attendant to be knowledgeable, skilled, and experienced with all variations of breech birth. Management As in labour with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and gradually the cervix begins to thin and open. In the more common breech <P> could be harmed. For example, when the baby's head passes through the mother’s pelvis the umbilical cord can be compressed which prevents delivery of oxygenated blood to the baby. Due to this and other risks, babies in breech position are usually born by a planned caesarean section in developed countries.
Caesarean section reduces the risk of harm or death for the baby but does increase risk of harm to the mother compared with a vaginal delivery. It is best if the baby is in a head down position so that they can be born vaginally with less risk of harm to <P> uterine contractions cause the baby’s head to flex, chin to chest. Then the back of the baby's head emerges and finally the face.
Due to the increased pressure during labour and birth, it is normal for the baby's leading hip to be bruised and genitalia to be swollen. Babies who assumed the frank breech position in utero may continue to hold their legs in this position for some days after birth. Cesarean or vaginal delivery When a baby is born bottom first there is more risk that the birth will not be straight forward and that the baby <P> complication that occurred during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy." Identification criteria According to the World Health Organization, if a woman present any of the conditions below during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy and survive, she is considered as a maternal near miss case.
Cardiovascular dysfunction
a)Shock
b)Cardiac Arrest
c)Severe hypoperfusion (lactate >5 mmol/L or >45 mg/dL)
d)Severe acidosis (pH<7.1)
e)Use of continuous vasoactive drugs
f)Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
Respiratory dysfunction
g)Acute cyanosis
h)Gasping
i)Severe tachypnea (respiratory rate>40 breaths per minute)
j)Severe bradypnea (respiratory rate<6 breaths per minute)
k)Severe hypoxemia
(O2 saturation <90% for ≥60min or PAO2/FiO2<200)
l)Intubation and ventilation not related to anaesthesia
Renal dysfunction
m)Oliguria non responsive to fluids or <P> have been documented in children less than 1 year of age. The infantile form involves multiple organ systems and is primarily characterized by hypoketotic hypoglycemia (recurring attacks of abnormally low levels of fat breakdown products and blood sugar) that often results in loss of consciousness and seizure activity. Acute liver failure, liver enlargement, and cardiomyopathy are also associated with the infantile presentation of this disorder. Episodes are triggered by febrile illness, infection, or fasting. Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome are attributed to infantile CPT II deficiency at autopsy. Neonatal form The neonatal form is <P> occurred, C/S is the method of choice of delivery, as alternative methods of delivery are potentially too traumatic for the mother. If the baby is preterm or macerated and very small a spontaneous delivery has been observed. History Prior to the arrival of C/S the fetus usually died during protracted labor and the mother's life was at risk as well due to infection, uterine rupture and bleeding. On occasion, if the baby was macerated and small, it collapsed sufficiently to be delivered. The shoulder presentation was a feared obstetrical complication.
In 1690 Justine Siegemundin, a German midwife, published Die Kgl. Preußische <P> mentally ill father who was unable to care for him. The police picked him up wandering the streets of Mohale’s Hoek alone at night. He could barely walk and was mostly only able to crawl. Adding another child, especially one that was sick and not potty trained was a definite strain on our Caretaker, ‘Me Makatiso. On top of this, we have not had much water. When consulted about taking the child, Makatiso was in favor, in fact almost insisted. She is overworked but she has a huge heart for kids. We’ll get some <P> Neonatal maladjustment syndrome Possible causes Oxygenation
While it is unknown exactly what causes NMS, many vets and horse owners believe it is due to a lack of oxygen available to the foal during the very important perinatal period, which means shortly before, during or after the birth (also known as foaling). This could stem from under oxygenated blood flow, decreased blood flow or damaged blood cells. The lack of oxygen could also come from early placenta detachment, where the placenta detaches from the uterus for a longer period of time than normal births. Many things could cause this detachment, although twin <P> experiences a complication during delivery, emergency attention is not given, and the woman, child, or both, face a higher risk of death.
In Angola, ad hoc demands at clinics are commonplace. Kyllike Christensson, co-author of "Ad Hoc Demands," found while studying the social aspects of child birth behavior that it is not uncommon for patients to arrive at a hospital or a clinic in need of care and be forced to wait until payment is made. In many cases, women chose to have their children at home instead of go to a hospital. This reality, along with the negative level of <P> (RHR/WHO) to publish a white paper on the global and regional toll of preterm birth worldwide. This report, which was the first attempt to identify the global scope of premature births and related infant deaths, found that an estimated 13 million infants worldwide are born premature each year and more than one million of them die in their first month of life. Further, premature births account for 9.6 percent of total births and for 28 percent of newborn deaths. The highest rates of premature birth are in Africa, followed by North America (Canada and the United States combined). <P> both mother and baby. The next section is looking at External cephalic version or ECV which is a method that can help the baby turn from a breech position to a head down position.
Vaginal birth of a breech baby has its risks but caesarean sections are not always available or possible, a mother might arrive in hospital at a late stage of her labour or may choose not to have a caesarean section. In these cases, it is important that the clinical skills needed to deliver breech babies are not lost so that mothers and babies are as safe <P> prematurity (ROP). She conducted a study that compared some of the Premature Infant Center's practices in the 1943–49 period (when RLF was rare) to the strategies that were in use by 1950. Evidence pointed to excessive oxygen administration as an important cause of RLF, and Lubchenco was able to greatly reduce the incidence of RLF in her center by managing the oxygen carefully, though it took several years before physicians at other hospitals were convinced of this connection.
In the early 1960s, Lubchenco began to publish her research on the relationship between birth weight and gestational age in newborns. A chart | question: is there a known medical reason why some babies practically waltz out of the womb while others are a 28 hour ordeal? context: <P> deprivation may occur from either cord prolapse or prolonged compression of the cord during birth, as in head entrapment. If oxygen deprivation is prolonged, it may cause permanent neurological damage (for instance, cerebral palsy) or death. It has been suggested that a fast vaginal delivery would mean the risk of stopping baby’s oxygen supply is reduced. However, there is not enough research to show this and a quick delivery might cause more harm to the baby than a conservative approach to the birth.
Injury to the brain and skull may occur due to the rapid passage of the baby's head <P> Fight for Life (TV series) Birth This episode explains that birth is the riskiest time in life and the process of a woman delivering a baby and how both the woman and the child are put at risk in this complex journey. It features a two-hour-old baby already facing death who has Meconium Aspiration Syndrome as a result of inhaling excrement at or before birth. The programme also follows a woman who needs a caesarean because her baby's in a breech position but the operation goes horribly wrong as the umbilical cord gets trapped around the baby's neck. Childhood As <P> dilated cervix. When the waters break the amniotic sac, it is possible for the umbilical cord to drop down and become compressed. This complication severely diminishes oxygen flow to the baby, so the baby must be delivered immediately (usually by Caesarean section) so that he or she can breathe. If there is a delay in delivery, the brain can be damaged. Among full-term, head-down babies, cord prolapse is quite rare, occurring in 0.4 percent. Among frank breech babies the incidence is 0.5 percent, among complete breeches 5 percent, and among footling breeches 15 percent.
Head entrapment is caused by the failure <P> initially perceived. Women who have already given birth have more relaxed uterine muscles that are consequently more sensitive to fetal motion, and for them fetal motion can sometimes be felt as early as 14 weeks.
Usually, quickening occurs naturally at about the middle of a pregnancy. A woman pregnant for the first time (i.e., a primigravida woman) typically feels fetal movements at about 18–20 weeks, whereas a woman who has given birth at least once (i.e., a para woman) will typically feel movements around 15–17 weeks. Legal history The word "quick" originally meant "alive". Historically, quickening has sometimes been <P> Japanese women know it as "Sango no hidachi" and Koreans as "Samchilil", which means "twenty-one". In Latin American countries it is called la cuarentena, i.e. "forty days" (the source of the English word "quarantine"). In India it is called jaappa (also transliterated japa). Health effects Postpartum confinement refers both to the mother and the baby. Human newborns are so underdeveloped that pediatricians such as Harvey Karp refer to the first three months as the "fourth trimester". The weeks of rest while the mother heals also protect the infant as it adjusts to the world, and both learn the skills of <P> for the baby. It has been shown that providing the infant with his/her own bed, instead of sleeping with the parent, helps reduce the risk of death due to suffocation or falling in between the mattress and the headboard. African relevance Many African women and their newborns do not have access to health care during the early postnatal period, putting them at an increased risk of illness and death. Each year, 310,000 fewer newborns would die in Africa and many maternal deaths could be preventable if coverage of postnatal care reached 90 percent of women and babies. With the Thula <P> Postpartum confinement Postpartum confinement refers to a traditional practice following childbirth. Those who practice it typically begin immediately after the birth, and it lasts for a culturally variable length: typically for one month or 30 days, up to 40 days, two months or 100 days. This postnatal recuperation can include "traditional health beliefs, taboos, rituals, and proscriptions." The practice used to be known as "lying-in", which, as the term suggests, centres around bed rest. In some cultures it may be connected to taboos concerning impurity after childbirth.
The custom is well-documented in China, where it is known as "Sitting the month". <P> of the birth, things were going as planned and normal. However, the man then noticed that there were many doctors rushing to his wife's room, but there were none leaving. The doctor told him that during the birth, she had hemorrhaged and that, unfortunately, they were unable to save her. When a nurse, in an effort to console him, gave him his son who had survived, the infant appeared sickly. The doctor explained that because the mother had hemorrhaged blood so badly, the baby had been cut from oxygen for so long that he suffered permanent brain damage; <P> the head and reduce decompression. Related to potential head trauma, researchers have identified a relationship between breech birth and autism.
Squeezing the baby’s abdomen can damage internal organs. Positioning the baby incorrectly while using forceps to deliver the after coming head can damage the spine or spinal cord. It is important for the birth attendant to be knowledgeable, skilled, and experienced with all variations of breech birth. Management As in labour with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and gradually the cervix begins to thin and open. In the more common breech <P> could be harmed. For example, when the baby's head passes through the mother’s pelvis the umbilical cord can be compressed which prevents delivery of oxygenated blood to the baby. Due to this and other risks, babies in breech position are usually born by a planned caesarean section in developed countries.
Caesarean section reduces the risk of harm or death for the baby but does increase risk of harm to the mother compared with a vaginal delivery. It is best if the baby is in a head down position so that they can be born vaginally with less risk of harm to <P> uterine contractions cause the baby’s head to flex, chin to chest. Then the back of the baby's head emerges and finally the face.
Due to the increased pressure during labour and birth, it is normal for the baby's leading hip to be bruised and genitalia to be swollen. Babies who assumed the frank breech position in utero may continue to hold their legs in this position for some days after birth. Cesarean or vaginal delivery When a baby is born bottom first there is more risk that the birth will not be straight forward and that the baby <P> complication that occurred during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy." Identification criteria According to the World Health Organization, if a woman present any of the conditions below during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy and survive, she is considered as a maternal near miss case.
Cardiovascular dysfunction
a)Shock
b)Cardiac Arrest
c)Severe hypoperfusion (lactate >5 mmol/L or >45 mg/dL)
d)Severe acidosis (pH<7.1)
e)Use of continuous vasoactive drugs
f)Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
Respiratory dysfunction
g)Acute cyanosis
h)Gasping
i)Severe tachypnea (respiratory rate>40 breaths per minute)
j)Severe bradypnea (respiratory rate<6 breaths per minute)
k)Severe hypoxemia
(O2 saturation <90% for ≥60min or PAO2/FiO2<200)
l)Intubation and ventilation not related to anaesthesia
Renal dysfunction
m)Oliguria non responsive to fluids or <P> have been documented in children less than 1 year of age. The infantile form involves multiple organ systems and is primarily characterized by hypoketotic hypoglycemia (recurring attacks of abnormally low levels of fat breakdown products and blood sugar) that often results in loss of consciousness and seizure activity. Acute liver failure, liver enlargement, and cardiomyopathy are also associated with the infantile presentation of this disorder. Episodes are triggered by febrile illness, infection, or fasting. Some cases of sudden infant death syndrome are attributed to infantile CPT II deficiency at autopsy. Neonatal form The neonatal form is <P> occurred, C/S is the method of choice of delivery, as alternative methods of delivery are potentially too traumatic for the mother. If the baby is preterm or macerated and very small a spontaneous delivery has been observed. History Prior to the arrival of C/S the fetus usually died during protracted labor and the mother's life was at risk as well due to infection, uterine rupture and bleeding. On occasion, if the baby was macerated and small, it collapsed sufficiently to be delivered. The shoulder presentation was a feared obstetrical complication.
In 1690 Justine Siegemundin, a German midwife, published Die Kgl. Preußische <P> mentally ill father who was unable to care for him. The police picked him up wandering the streets of Mohale’s Hoek alone at night. He could barely walk and was mostly only able to crawl. Adding another child, especially one that was sick and not potty trained was a definite strain on our Caretaker, ‘Me Makatiso. On top of this, we have not had much water. When consulted about taking the child, Makatiso was in favor, in fact almost insisted. She is overworked but she has a huge heart for kids. We’ll get some <P> Neonatal maladjustment syndrome Possible causes Oxygenation
While it is unknown exactly what causes NMS, many vets and horse owners believe it is due to a lack of oxygen available to the foal during the very important perinatal period, which means shortly before, during or after the birth (also known as foaling). This could stem from under oxygenated blood flow, decreased blood flow or damaged blood cells. The lack of oxygen could also come from early placenta detachment, where the placenta detaches from the uterus for a longer period of time than normal births. Many things could cause this detachment, although twin <P> experiences a complication during delivery, emergency attention is not given, and the woman, child, or both, face a higher risk of death.
In Angola, ad hoc demands at clinics are commonplace. Kyllike Christensson, co-author of "Ad Hoc Demands," found while studying the social aspects of child birth behavior that it is not uncommon for patients to arrive at a hospital or a clinic in need of care and be forced to wait until payment is made. In many cases, women chose to have their children at home instead of go to a hospital. This reality, along with the negative level of <P> (RHR/WHO) to publish a white paper on the global and regional toll of preterm birth worldwide. This report, which was the first attempt to identify the global scope of premature births and related infant deaths, found that an estimated 13 million infants worldwide are born premature each year and more than one million of them die in their first month of life. Further, premature births account for 9.6 percent of total births and for 28 percent of newborn deaths. The highest rates of premature birth are in Africa, followed by North America (Canada and the United States combined). <P> both mother and baby. The next section is looking at External cephalic version or ECV which is a method that can help the baby turn from a breech position to a head down position.
Vaginal birth of a breech baby has its risks but caesarean sections are not always available or possible, a mother might arrive in hospital at a late stage of her labour or may choose not to have a caesarean section. In these cases, it is important that the clinical skills needed to deliver breech babies are not lost so that mothers and babies are as safe <P> prematurity (ROP). She conducted a study that compared some of the Premature Infant Center's practices in the 1943–49 period (when RLF was rare) to the strategies that were in use by 1950. Evidence pointed to excessive oxygen administration as an important cause of RLF, and Lubchenco was able to greatly reduce the incidence of RLF in her center by managing the oxygen carefully, though it took several years before physicians at other hospitals were convinced of this connection.
In the early 1960s, Lubchenco began to publish her research on the relationship between birth weight and gestational age in newborns. A chart | answer: No two pregnancies, labors, or births are the same. There are way too many variables to know exactly why one labor was long and another was short. Those variables include:Gestation age. If your body goes into labor early on its own, it will typically happen quickly. Sometimes Dr.s have to induce labor earlier than they would like due to gestational diabetes or other pregnancy complications. These tend to be longer.Position of the baby. Not just about breach, but whether or not the head is face forward or backwards. And also if the shoulders rotate or not.Mom's stress levels. If she is anxious she may be actively working against the contractions instead of with them. Pain medications such as an epidural can be a factor.An induction to artificially start labor Freedom of movement during labor. Some hospitals may confine you to the bed when you have an IV and monitors. Moving, walking, squatting make labor faster because gravity helps the baby move lower. |
185,125 | 16dnyi | Can someone discuss the merits/accuracy of this headline that is popular on Facebook, "Flu Vaccine INCREASES Risk of Serious Pandemic Flu Illness" | Mercola's analysis seems [a little premature:](_URL_0_) > But in the meantime, Ms. Skowronski insisted the findings should not deter people from getting seasonal flu shots. > “I do think it’s important to clarify that our findings are unique to the pandemic,” she insisted. > “Pandemics are infrequent occurrences, but seasonal influenza recurs on an annual basis. It’s a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality,” — science’s term for illness and death — “and the seasonal vaccine substantially protects against that severe outcome due to seasonal influenza.” | [
"Mercola's analysis seems [a little premature:](_URL_0_)\n\n > But in the meantime, Ms. Skowronski insisted the findings should not deter people from getting seasonal flu shots.\n\n > “I do think it’s important to clarify that our findings are unique to the pandemic,” she insisted.\n\n > “Pandemics are infrequen... | 6 | [
"Mercola's analysis seems [a little premature:](_URL_0_)\n\n > But in the meantime, Ms. Skowronski insisted the findings should not deter people from getting seasonal flu shots.\n\n > “I do think it’s important to clarify that our findings are unique to the pandemic,” she insisted.\n\n > “Pandemics are infrequen... | 5 | <P> CAd3-ZEBOV First British trial Following ten Americans who received the vaccine in a trial, Ruth Atkins (born 1966) of Oxfordshire, a former nurse with the British National Health Service, was the first British volunteer to receive the experimental vaccine (on September 17, 2014) in a vaccine trial run by Oxford University researchers and funded by the Wellcome Trust and the UK government. This variant was only designed to protect against Ebola virus and not Sudan virus. <P> rebound in 15 years’ time. One of the journal studies found that a childhood vaccination strategy will be much cheaper than reacting to future epidemics with disruptive and costly case management and mass vaccination campaigns. Eradication In 2015, the caseload of the illness fell to zero in 16 countries that used MenAfriVac in mass vaccination campaigns. Ten other countries have not launched vaccination programs. Epidemics were expected to return in about 15 years unless MenAfriVac becomes a routine childhood vaccination as WHO recommended.
The tetanus toxoid protein used in the vaccine increased the share of people with long-term tetanus immunity from <P> licensed in 1962, and used for over three decades to help eliminate polio globally, replacing the Salk vaccine. Using these vaccines, the threat of polio remains only a serious threat in parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria. <P> has high prevalency in Indonesia. All of the vaccines used in National Immunization Program provided by Bio Farma, local vaccine manufacturer.
In June 2011, the third phase test of dengue vaccine involving 800 humans with ages of 2 and 14 years old have been held in 5 community health centre around Jakarta and will be conducted also in Bandung, West Java and Denpasar, Bali with 800 and 400 participants, respectively. The first test was performed on a limited number of soldiers and the second phase was conducted on a small number of children and if within the next 5 years the <P> nearly 58,000 cases, to 5,600 cases.
Eight years after Salk's success, Albert Sabin developed an oral polio vaccine (OPV) using live but weakened (attenuated) virus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962. Following the development of oral polio vaccine, a second wave of mass immunizations led to a further decline in the number of cases: by 1961, only 161 cases were recorded in the United States. The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of poliovirus in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak occurred among the Amish <P> also contains a chemical adjuvant to boost the immune system response. The vaccine is being developed by PATH and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), which has spent about $300 million on the project, plus about $200 million more from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Risk factors Most adults from endemic areas have a degree of long-term infection, which tends to recur, and also possess partial immunity (resistance); the resistance reduces with time, and such adults may become susceptible to severe malaria if they have spent a significant amount of time in non-endemic areas. They are strongly recommended to take full precautions if <P> them, and concluded that a conjugate meningococcal vaccine would have the potential to prevent future epidemics. They estimated that the new vaccine could become available in three to seven years for US$0.40 to $1 a dose, providing protection for at least ten years.
A year later, in 2001, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided a ten-year, $70 million grant to establish the Meningitis Vaccine Project, a partnership between PATH and WHO. The foundation charged the new project with development, testing, licensure and mass introduction of a meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
In 2002, the collaboration supported reinforced meningitis surveillance activities in 12 countries <P> vaccines to be used in places which were previously inaccessible to health programs. <P> paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States had shifted from infants to children aged 5 to 9 years; about one-third of the cases were reported in persons over 15 years of age. Accordingly, the rate of paralysis and death due to polio infection also increased during this time. In the United States, the 1952 polio epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation's history, and is credited with heightening parents’ fears of the disease and focusing public awareness on the need for a vaccine. Of the 57,628 cases reported that year 3,145 died and 21,269 were left with <P> (averaging 4.1 illnesses per child) and 21 million hospitalizations (0.27 per child) over the course of their lifetimes and avert 732,000 premature deaths from vaccine-preventable illnesses". All told, vaccination among this birth cohort will prevent an estimated 8.9 million measles-related hospitalization and 507,000 diphtheria-related deaths. These rates do not include prevented hospitalizations and deaths resulting from annual influenza immunizations, which the VFC also provides. Additionally, these estimates do not account for the rise in US population during this time period. Both of these factors have the potential to make the CDC's estimates artificially low.
The VFC program has also significantly helped <P> was developed by Jonas Salk, first tested in 1952, and announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955. The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), consists of an injected dose of killed poliovirus. In 1954, the vaccine was tested for its ability to prevent polio; the field trials involving the Salk vaccine would grow to be the largest medical experiment in history. Immediately following licensing, vaccination campaigns were launched, by 1957, following mass immunizations promoted by the March of Dimes the annual number of polio cases in the United States was reduced, from a peak of <P> and in 1999 it was spread to areas with elevating levels of infection.
The vaccine is given by injection. An initial dose provides protection lasting one year starting 2–4 weeks after vaccination; the second booster dose, given six to 12 months later, provides protection for over 20 years.
The vaccine was introduced in 1992 and was initially recommended for persons at high risk. Since then, Bahrain and Israel have embarked on elimination programmes. Australia, China, Belarus, Italy, Spain, and the United States have started similar programmes. The incidence of hepatitis A where widespread vaccination has been practised has decreased dramatically. In <P> MenAfriVac MenAfriVac is a vaccine developed for use in sub-Saharan Africa for children and adults between 9 months and 29 years of age against meningococcal bacterium Neisseria meningitidis group A. The vaccine costs less than US$0.50 per dose. History Epidemics of meningococcal A meningitis, which is a bacterial infection of the thin lining surrounding the brain and spinal cord, have swept across 26 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for a century, killing and disabling young people every year. The disease is highly feared on the continent; it can kill or cause severe brain damage in a child within hours. Epidemics usually <P> accurately detect active disease is more beneficial to society than vaccinating against a condition that is now relatively rare there).
Other names include "Vaccin Bilié de Calmette et Guérin vaccine" and "Bacille de Calmette et Guérin vaccine". Research Tentative evidence exists for a beneficial non-specific effect of BCG vaccination on overall mortality in low income countries, or for its reducing other health problems including sepsis and respiratory infections when given early, with greater benefit the earlier it is used.
BCG vaccine is in the early stages of being studied in type I diabetes. <P> of the population in that age group is enough to create "herd immunity". During the 2012 meningitis season no cases of the meningococcus sub-type serogroup A caused disease in places where mass vaccination took place. Carriers of serogroup A were found to decrease by more than 97% post vaccination. Surveillance is needed to continue for several more years to establish the length of effective period of the vaccine and whether other meningococci serogroups may surge to replace serogroup A.
In November 2015, special collection of 29 articles in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases—with guest editors from Public Health England and <P> the spread of the virus threatens the economic lifeblood of New York City; residents suddenly stop buying alcohol, tobacco or drugs, and the stock exchange and business districts are threatened with collapse if everyone is happy and nice to one another.
J. Gardner Monroe (Dom DeLuise) is sent by the government to New York to stop the outbreak. He arrives wearing a space helmet. After several attempts, the toucan is intercepted and a cure is found. The vaccine is spread around the city via gasoline and industrial exhaust fumes. Cured New Yorkers return to their nasty ways, but those immune to <P> flues. <P> fatality rate (albeit low incidence) to one that could be either prevented entirely (for many of them) or modified to a non-deadly form (for the rest). Today there is no commercially available vaccine for RMSF because, unlike in the 1920s when Spencer and colleagues developed one, antibiotics are now available to treat the disease, so prevention by vaccination is no longer the sole defense against likely death.
Much of the early research was conducted at Rocky Mountain Laboratories a part of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The schoolhouse laboratory of 1922-1924, filled with ticks in various phases <P> malaria-related deaths were reported in the 7 years span, although number of positive cases was quite high. This may be because of underreporting of deaths caused by malaria and the actual number could be high. Polio Burden The global drive to eliminate polio, which has gone on for 31 years and consumed over $16 billion, has been set back again by the new reported cases in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 2019 there were a total of 42 polio paralysis cases in the two countries.
Pakistan and Afghanistan form a single epidemiological block with a regular cross-border movement, which maintains the <P> boy from Rehoboth who returned from a rugby trip with 20 other students in South Africa and a young student returning from Europe. The latter was taken by ambulance to hospital directly from the international airport in Windhoek as she showed severe signs of flu. Nigeria Nigerian Health Minister Babatunde Osotimehin announced that the country was stockpiling antiviral treatments, informing the public and increasing surveillance.
The first A/H1N1 death was confirmed in Nigeria on 5 January 2010, with the victim being a 38-year-old woman from Lagos who was infected in the US. Tunisia Tunisia confirmed the two first cases of swine | question: Can someone discuss the merits/accuracy of this headline that is popular on Facebook, "Flu Vaccine INCREASES Risk of Serious Pandemic Flu Illness" context: <P> CAd3-ZEBOV First British trial Following ten Americans who received the vaccine in a trial, Ruth Atkins (born 1966) of Oxfordshire, a former nurse with the British National Health Service, was the first British volunteer to receive the experimental vaccine (on September 17, 2014) in a vaccine trial run by Oxford University researchers and funded by the Wellcome Trust and the UK government. This variant was only designed to protect against Ebola virus and not Sudan virus. <P> rebound in 15 years’ time. One of the journal studies found that a childhood vaccination strategy will be much cheaper than reacting to future epidemics with disruptive and costly case management and mass vaccination campaigns. Eradication In 2015, the caseload of the illness fell to zero in 16 countries that used MenAfriVac in mass vaccination campaigns. Ten other countries have not launched vaccination programs. Epidemics were expected to return in about 15 years unless MenAfriVac becomes a routine childhood vaccination as WHO recommended.
The tetanus toxoid protein used in the vaccine increased the share of people with long-term tetanus immunity from <P> licensed in 1962, and used for over three decades to help eliminate polio globally, replacing the Salk vaccine. Using these vaccines, the threat of polio remains only a serious threat in parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria. <P> has high prevalency in Indonesia. All of the vaccines used in National Immunization Program provided by Bio Farma, local vaccine manufacturer.
In June 2011, the third phase test of dengue vaccine involving 800 humans with ages of 2 and 14 years old have been held in 5 community health centre around Jakarta and will be conducted also in Bandung, West Java and Denpasar, Bali with 800 and 400 participants, respectively. The first test was performed on a limited number of soldiers and the second phase was conducted on a small number of children and if within the next 5 years the <P> nearly 58,000 cases, to 5,600 cases.
Eight years after Salk's success, Albert Sabin developed an oral polio vaccine (OPV) using live but weakened (attenuated) virus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962. Following the development of oral polio vaccine, a second wave of mass immunizations led to a further decline in the number of cases: by 1961, only 161 cases were recorded in the United States. The last cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by endemic transmission of poliovirus in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak occurred among the Amish <P> also contains a chemical adjuvant to boost the immune system response. The vaccine is being developed by PATH and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), which has spent about $300 million on the project, plus about $200 million more from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Risk factors Most adults from endemic areas have a degree of long-term infection, which tends to recur, and also possess partial immunity (resistance); the resistance reduces with time, and such adults may become susceptible to severe malaria if they have spent a significant amount of time in non-endemic areas. They are strongly recommended to take full precautions if <P> them, and concluded that a conjugate meningococcal vaccine would have the potential to prevent future epidemics. They estimated that the new vaccine could become available in three to seven years for US$0.40 to $1 a dose, providing protection for at least ten years.
A year later, in 2001, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided a ten-year, $70 million grant to establish the Meningitis Vaccine Project, a partnership between PATH and WHO. The foundation charged the new project with development, testing, licensure and mass introduction of a meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
In 2002, the collaboration supported reinforced meningitis surveillance activities in 12 countries <P> vaccines to be used in places which were previously inaccessible to health programs. <P> paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States had shifted from infants to children aged 5 to 9 years; about one-third of the cases were reported in persons over 15 years of age. Accordingly, the rate of paralysis and death due to polio infection also increased during this time. In the United States, the 1952 polio epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation's history, and is credited with heightening parents’ fears of the disease and focusing public awareness on the need for a vaccine. Of the 57,628 cases reported that year 3,145 died and 21,269 were left with <P> (averaging 4.1 illnesses per child) and 21 million hospitalizations (0.27 per child) over the course of their lifetimes and avert 732,000 premature deaths from vaccine-preventable illnesses". All told, vaccination among this birth cohort will prevent an estimated 8.9 million measles-related hospitalization and 507,000 diphtheria-related deaths. These rates do not include prevented hospitalizations and deaths resulting from annual influenza immunizations, which the VFC also provides. Additionally, these estimates do not account for the rise in US population during this time period. Both of these factors have the potential to make the CDC's estimates artificially low.
The VFC program has also significantly helped <P> was developed by Jonas Salk, first tested in 1952, and announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955. The Salk vaccine, or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), consists of an injected dose of killed poliovirus. In 1954, the vaccine was tested for its ability to prevent polio; the field trials involving the Salk vaccine would grow to be the largest medical experiment in history. Immediately following licensing, vaccination campaigns were launched, by 1957, following mass immunizations promoted by the March of Dimes the annual number of polio cases in the United States was reduced, from a peak of <P> and in 1999 it was spread to areas with elevating levels of infection.
The vaccine is given by injection. An initial dose provides protection lasting one year starting 2–4 weeks after vaccination; the second booster dose, given six to 12 months later, provides protection for over 20 years.
The vaccine was introduced in 1992 and was initially recommended for persons at high risk. Since then, Bahrain and Israel have embarked on elimination programmes. Australia, China, Belarus, Italy, Spain, and the United States have started similar programmes. The incidence of hepatitis A where widespread vaccination has been practised has decreased dramatically. In <P> MenAfriVac MenAfriVac is a vaccine developed for use in sub-Saharan Africa for children and adults between 9 months and 29 years of age against meningococcal bacterium Neisseria meningitidis group A. The vaccine costs less than US$0.50 per dose. History Epidemics of meningococcal A meningitis, which is a bacterial infection of the thin lining surrounding the brain and spinal cord, have swept across 26 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for a century, killing and disabling young people every year. The disease is highly feared on the continent; it can kill or cause severe brain damage in a child within hours. Epidemics usually <P> accurately detect active disease is more beneficial to society than vaccinating against a condition that is now relatively rare there).
Other names include "Vaccin Bilié de Calmette et Guérin vaccine" and "Bacille de Calmette et Guérin vaccine". Research Tentative evidence exists for a beneficial non-specific effect of BCG vaccination on overall mortality in low income countries, or for its reducing other health problems including sepsis and respiratory infections when given early, with greater benefit the earlier it is used.
BCG vaccine is in the early stages of being studied in type I diabetes. <P> of the population in that age group is enough to create "herd immunity". During the 2012 meningitis season no cases of the meningococcus sub-type serogroup A caused disease in places where mass vaccination took place. Carriers of serogroup A were found to decrease by more than 97% post vaccination. Surveillance is needed to continue for several more years to establish the length of effective period of the vaccine and whether other meningococci serogroups may surge to replace serogroup A.
In November 2015, special collection of 29 articles in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases—with guest editors from Public Health England and <P> the spread of the virus threatens the economic lifeblood of New York City; residents suddenly stop buying alcohol, tobacco or drugs, and the stock exchange and business districts are threatened with collapse if everyone is happy and nice to one another.
J. Gardner Monroe (Dom DeLuise) is sent by the government to New York to stop the outbreak. He arrives wearing a space helmet. After several attempts, the toucan is intercepted and a cure is found. The vaccine is spread around the city via gasoline and industrial exhaust fumes. Cured New Yorkers return to their nasty ways, but those immune to <P> flues. <P> fatality rate (albeit low incidence) to one that could be either prevented entirely (for many of them) or modified to a non-deadly form (for the rest). Today there is no commercially available vaccine for RMSF because, unlike in the 1920s when Spencer and colleagues developed one, antibiotics are now available to treat the disease, so prevention by vaccination is no longer the sole defense against likely death.
Much of the early research was conducted at Rocky Mountain Laboratories a part of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The schoolhouse laboratory of 1922-1924, filled with ticks in various phases <P> malaria-related deaths were reported in the 7 years span, although number of positive cases was quite high. This may be because of underreporting of deaths caused by malaria and the actual number could be high. Polio Burden The global drive to eliminate polio, which has gone on for 31 years and consumed over $16 billion, has been set back again by the new reported cases in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 2019 there were a total of 42 polio paralysis cases in the two countries.
Pakistan and Afghanistan form a single epidemiological block with a regular cross-border movement, which maintains the <P> boy from Rehoboth who returned from a rugby trip with 20 other students in South Africa and a young student returning from Europe. The latter was taken by ambulance to hospital directly from the international airport in Windhoek as she showed severe signs of flu. Nigeria Nigerian Health Minister Babatunde Osotimehin announced that the country was stockpiling antiviral treatments, informing the public and increasing surveillance.
The first A/H1N1 death was confirmed in Nigeria on 5 January 2010, with the victim being a 38-year-old woman from Lagos who was infected in the US. Tunisia Tunisia confirmed the two first cases of swine | answer: Mercola's analysis seems [a little premature:](_URL_0_) > But in the meantime, Ms. Skowronski insisted the findings should not deter people from getting seasonal flu shots. > “I do think it’s important to clarify that our findings are unique to the pandemic,” she insisted. > “Pandemics are infrequent occurrences, but seasonal influenza recurs on an annual basis. It’s a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality,” — science’s term for illness and death — “and the seasonal vaccine substantially protects against that severe outcome due to seasonal influenza.” |
137,084 | 619gqq | what does the successful vote to allow the sale of people's browsing history mean for the average person and what is the scope of this? | It really doesn't mean much. The rules that this vote seeks to overturn haven't gone into effect yet. Everything will stay as it is. It's also important to add the the senate vote is what just happened. For it to mean anything at all the house must vote to approve it and then the president must sign it. That will likely happen which will result in the status quo being preserved | [
"It really doesn't mean much. The rules that this vote seeks to overturn haven't gone into effect yet. Everything will stay as it is. \n\nIt's also important to add the the senate vote is what just happened. For it to mean anything at all the house must vote to approve it and then the president must sign it. That w... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> circulation on August 30, 2006, and the signatures were turned in the month of July. 83,724 signatures were found to be valid of those submitted, versus a qualification threshold of 82,769.
A union-funded watchdog group asked the Oregon Secretary of State to conduct an investigation into how some of the signatures on the measure were collected. Bill Bradbury, the Secretary of State has said, "...most all of the initiatives Oregon voters will decide this fall got there through practices that are now illegal. But those practices were legal at the time most of the signatures were submitted." The state <P> Copyright Term Extension Act Senate Report 104-315 The Senate Report gave the official reasons for passing copyright extension laws and was originally written in the context of the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995.
The purpose of the bill is to ensure adequate copyright protection for American works in foreign nations and the continued economic benefits of a healthy surplus balance of trade in the exploitation of copyrighted works. The bill accomplishes these goals by extending the current U.S. copyright term for an additional 21 years. Such an extension will provide significant trade benefits by substantially harmonizing U.S. copyright law to <P> personal rights It is also declared by the government that implementation of the prevention of access decisions are facilitated by the requirement of stipulating a legal responsibility to operators for preserving traffic information up to 2 years. Government also mentions that new codification will be helpful for preventing victimization from online defamatory content in an efficient and swift way. And the final decision is to be rendered by the court. However, the initiative of the PTC is designed as a tool for an interim measure to protect the individual’s personal rights from defamation till the court renders its <P> the copyright-protection of intellectual property in the context of fair use. This means that when a CD, etc. is copyright-protected, there is not only technically no space for fair use, but also from the legislative side, there is no support for copying in the context of fair use.
The "regulation of the alteration etc. of the rights management information" section strengthens the first regulation by saying that it is forbidden to remove rights management information attached to the work. However, it is to be said that this provision, and such, does not seem to limit immediately the reach of the public <P> and the triennial rulemaking process. This is different from usual public comments on exemption proposals. It includes the role of the anti-trafficking provisions and permanent exemptions, and the requirements of the rulemaking itself. The Office has issued a Notice of Inquiry requesting public comment.
Several comments were posted by individuals and organizations.
An individual recalls that the Copyright Clause has limitations.Association of American Publishers et al. hold there is no need to amend the statute or to significantly alter the rulemaking. They are happy with the protection they are being granted, including anti-trafficking provisions, and talk of placing <P> text of the law authorized institutions to disable the filter on request "for bona fide research or other lawful purpose", implying that the adult would be expected to provide justification with his request. But under the interpretation urged by the Solicitor General and adopted by the Supreme Court, libraries would be required to adopt an Internet use policy providing for unblocking the Internet for adult users, without a requirement that the library inquire into the user's reasons for disabling the filter. Legislation after CIPA An attempt to expand CIPA to include "social networking" web sites was considered by the U.S. <P> the cart before the horse, when they argue about requiring a proof of the mindset that consumers would have when utilizing circumvention tools
before actual acts of circumvention occur. In their opinion, the meaning of Section 1201 is to extend, not merely duplicate, copyright holder's rights.Society of American Archivists say they are not aware that the anti-trafficking provisions of section 1201(a)(2) and 1201(b) have had any impact in deterring copyright infringement. They do know, however, that the provisions have created an absurd, Catch-22 situation for any archives that sought to adhere to the letter of the law.iFixit also talks of <P> Database and Collections of Information Misappropriation Act, H.R. 3261, 108th Congress.) <P> students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the Federal Register. AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the Federal Register and CFR would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.
Access to Legal Information. The American Association of Law Libraries has been supporting free access to Pacer information for decades. In February 2019 the AALL joined with 15 organization and signed a letter calling for passage of H.R. 6714 the Electronic Records Reform Act. In addition to requiring free access <P> collection of data for OBA but gives an exception for commonly accepted practices such as fraud prevention and inventory control. The bill authorizes the FTC to enforce the new regulations by conducting random audits of Web publishers, although the proposed regulations contain an exception for websites that have less than 10,000 visitors per year. The bill never reached a vote and died in Congress. Commercial Privacy Bill of Rights Act of 2011 On April 12, 2011, Senator John Kerry introduced the “Commercial Privacy Bill of Rights Act of 2011”, co-sponsored by Senator John McCain. At the press conference to introduce <P> et cetera. The effectiveness of this register will be evaluated in 2019. <P> work with representatives of rights holders to build a consensus on the application of the fair use doctrine, and to publish a guide of best practices based on their findings. Long-term national strategies This final section reflects on the recommendations of the previous three, and addresses the larger practical challenges in accomplishing these goals.
The first recommendation of this section, 4.1, charges the National Recording Preservation Board with the task of coordinating the activities recommended by this document. These activities include aiding preservation work by other institutions, promoting public understanding of the board and foundation's goals, developing fundraising campaigns, and forming <P> transfer, along with “a clear and conspicuous mechanism for opt-out consent for any unauthorized use of [consumers'] personally identifiable information.”
The bill contains a provision which would require opt-in consent for the “collection, use or transfer of sensitive personally identifiable information”. Sensitive personally identifiable information is defined as “personally identifiable information which, if lost, compromised, or disclosed without authorization either alone or with other information, carries a significant risk of economic or physical harm” or is related to a particular medical condition, health record or the religious affiliation of an individual.
The bill also tasks the FTC with establishing a voluntary safe <P> 12, 2014, the campaign announced its intent to "... conduct a review of the signatures determined to be invalid by the registrars in several counties to determine if they were in fact valid signatures." To qualify for a full check of all signatures in all fifty-eight counties, the review must find about 450 wrongly invalidated signatures among those submitted in the fifteen counties that sampled 3% of the total signatures submitted in each of those fifteen counties. As of November 17, 2014, the campaign has not updated its web site with information about the results of their <P> business asset solely due to its age, or because the asset may have appreciated in value over time. The potential consequence of this simplification is that § 168 may "allow an asset to be written off over a period much shorter than its actual useful life and that the entire cost might be deducted despite the fact that there might be no actual economic decrease in value". <P> . The bill was supported by the Government . According to some experts, the restriction of information openness reduces the chances of identifying the public cases of illegal enrichment and increases business risks . . United Kingdom In the United Kingdom there are several land registers, including HM Land Registry for England and Wales, Registers of Scotland, and Land and Property Services in Northern Ireland. Scotland Scotland is one of the first countries in the world to have a system of land registration. Land registration commenced in Scotland with the creation of the "Register of Sasines" by the Registration Act <P> from the Attorney General). Proponents usually seek at least 50 percent more than the legal minimum number of signatures to compensate for possible duplicate or otherwise invalid signatures.
Proponents who have gathered at least 25 percent of the required number of signatures must immediately submit a written statement to the Secretary of State certifying they have done so. This is to allow time for each chamber in the State Legislature to assign the proposed initiative to its appropriate committees and schedule public hearings on it. However, the Legislature cannot amend the proposed initiative or prevent it from being added to the <P> amended by the same Act to specify that using repeated numbers invalidated a vote. <P> these standards in a public manner. Second, it removes the word "guidance" from the law, which would reduce the number of documents that must be available online by limiting the law to requiring only the actual standards. Finally, H.R. 2576 would remove the phrase "on an internet Web site" from the law, which would allow the industry and the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration to determine an alternate way to still grant access to the standards documents without forcing them to be freely available on the web. House H.R. 2576 was introduced into the House by Rep. Jeff Denham <P> an estimated 752,685 signatures were valid, which was insufficient not only to qualify the initiative for the ballot, but also to trigger a complete verification of all submitted signatures.
These estimated valid signatures were 66.15% of the 1,137,844 submitted signatures.
At least 807,615 signatures, 70.98% of the submitted signatures, had to be valid for the measure to qualify for the ballot. At least 767,235 signatures, 67.43% of the submitted signatures, had to be estimated to be valid in order for the petition to qualify for a second mandatory phase to review all of the submitted signatures, not just random samples.
Also on September | question: what does the successful vote to allow the sale of people's browsing history mean for the average person and what is the scope of this? context: <P> circulation on August 30, 2006, and the signatures were turned in the month of July. 83,724 signatures were found to be valid of those submitted, versus a qualification threshold of 82,769.
A union-funded watchdog group asked the Oregon Secretary of State to conduct an investigation into how some of the signatures on the measure were collected. Bill Bradbury, the Secretary of State has said, "...most all of the initiatives Oregon voters will decide this fall got there through practices that are now illegal. But those practices were legal at the time most of the signatures were submitted." The state <P> Copyright Term Extension Act Senate Report 104-315 The Senate Report gave the official reasons for passing copyright extension laws and was originally written in the context of the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1995.
The purpose of the bill is to ensure adequate copyright protection for American works in foreign nations and the continued economic benefits of a healthy surplus balance of trade in the exploitation of copyrighted works. The bill accomplishes these goals by extending the current U.S. copyright term for an additional 21 years. Such an extension will provide significant trade benefits by substantially harmonizing U.S. copyright law to <P> personal rights It is also declared by the government that implementation of the prevention of access decisions are facilitated by the requirement of stipulating a legal responsibility to operators for preserving traffic information up to 2 years. Government also mentions that new codification will be helpful for preventing victimization from online defamatory content in an efficient and swift way. And the final decision is to be rendered by the court. However, the initiative of the PTC is designed as a tool for an interim measure to protect the individual’s personal rights from defamation till the court renders its <P> the copyright-protection of intellectual property in the context of fair use. This means that when a CD, etc. is copyright-protected, there is not only technically no space for fair use, but also from the legislative side, there is no support for copying in the context of fair use.
The "regulation of the alteration etc. of the rights management information" section strengthens the first regulation by saying that it is forbidden to remove rights management information attached to the work. However, it is to be said that this provision, and such, does not seem to limit immediately the reach of the public <P> and the triennial rulemaking process. This is different from usual public comments on exemption proposals. It includes the role of the anti-trafficking provisions and permanent exemptions, and the requirements of the rulemaking itself. The Office has issued a Notice of Inquiry requesting public comment.
Several comments were posted by individuals and organizations.
An individual recalls that the Copyright Clause has limitations.Association of American Publishers et al. hold there is no need to amend the statute or to significantly alter the rulemaking. They are happy with the protection they are being granted, including anti-trafficking provisions, and talk of placing <P> text of the law authorized institutions to disable the filter on request "for bona fide research or other lawful purpose", implying that the adult would be expected to provide justification with his request. But under the interpretation urged by the Solicitor General and adopted by the Supreme Court, libraries would be required to adopt an Internet use policy providing for unblocking the Internet for adult users, without a requirement that the library inquire into the user's reasons for disabling the filter. Legislation after CIPA An attempt to expand CIPA to include "social networking" web sites was considered by the U.S. <P> the cart before the horse, when they argue about requiring a proof of the mindset that consumers would have when utilizing circumvention tools
before actual acts of circumvention occur. In their opinion, the meaning of Section 1201 is to extend, not merely duplicate, copyright holder's rights.Society of American Archivists say they are not aware that the anti-trafficking provisions of section 1201(a)(2) and 1201(b) have had any impact in deterring copyright infringement. They do know, however, that the provisions have created an absurd, Catch-22 situation for any archives that sought to adhere to the letter of the law.iFixit also talks of <P> Database and Collections of Information Misappropriation Act, H.R. 3261, 108th Congress.) <P> students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the Federal Register. AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the Federal Register and CFR would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.
Access to Legal Information. The American Association of Law Libraries has been supporting free access to Pacer information for decades. In February 2019 the AALL joined with 15 organization and signed a letter calling for passage of H.R. 6714 the Electronic Records Reform Act. In addition to requiring free access <P> collection of data for OBA but gives an exception for commonly accepted practices such as fraud prevention and inventory control. The bill authorizes the FTC to enforce the new regulations by conducting random audits of Web publishers, although the proposed regulations contain an exception for websites that have less than 10,000 visitors per year. The bill never reached a vote and died in Congress. Commercial Privacy Bill of Rights Act of 2011 On April 12, 2011, Senator John Kerry introduced the “Commercial Privacy Bill of Rights Act of 2011”, co-sponsored by Senator John McCain. At the press conference to introduce <P> et cetera. The effectiveness of this register will be evaluated in 2019. <P> work with representatives of rights holders to build a consensus on the application of the fair use doctrine, and to publish a guide of best practices based on their findings. Long-term national strategies This final section reflects on the recommendations of the previous three, and addresses the larger practical challenges in accomplishing these goals.
The first recommendation of this section, 4.1, charges the National Recording Preservation Board with the task of coordinating the activities recommended by this document. These activities include aiding preservation work by other institutions, promoting public understanding of the board and foundation's goals, developing fundraising campaigns, and forming <P> transfer, along with “a clear and conspicuous mechanism for opt-out consent for any unauthorized use of [consumers'] personally identifiable information.”
The bill contains a provision which would require opt-in consent for the “collection, use or transfer of sensitive personally identifiable information”. Sensitive personally identifiable information is defined as “personally identifiable information which, if lost, compromised, or disclosed without authorization either alone or with other information, carries a significant risk of economic or physical harm” or is related to a particular medical condition, health record or the religious affiliation of an individual.
The bill also tasks the FTC with establishing a voluntary safe <P> 12, 2014, the campaign announced its intent to "... conduct a review of the signatures determined to be invalid by the registrars in several counties to determine if they were in fact valid signatures." To qualify for a full check of all signatures in all fifty-eight counties, the review must find about 450 wrongly invalidated signatures among those submitted in the fifteen counties that sampled 3% of the total signatures submitted in each of those fifteen counties. As of November 17, 2014, the campaign has not updated its web site with information about the results of their <P> business asset solely due to its age, or because the asset may have appreciated in value over time. The potential consequence of this simplification is that § 168 may "allow an asset to be written off over a period much shorter than its actual useful life and that the entire cost might be deducted despite the fact that there might be no actual economic decrease in value". <P> . The bill was supported by the Government . According to some experts, the restriction of information openness reduces the chances of identifying the public cases of illegal enrichment and increases business risks . . United Kingdom In the United Kingdom there are several land registers, including HM Land Registry for England and Wales, Registers of Scotland, and Land and Property Services in Northern Ireland. Scotland Scotland is one of the first countries in the world to have a system of land registration. Land registration commenced in Scotland with the creation of the "Register of Sasines" by the Registration Act <P> from the Attorney General). Proponents usually seek at least 50 percent more than the legal minimum number of signatures to compensate for possible duplicate or otherwise invalid signatures.
Proponents who have gathered at least 25 percent of the required number of signatures must immediately submit a written statement to the Secretary of State certifying they have done so. This is to allow time for each chamber in the State Legislature to assign the proposed initiative to its appropriate committees and schedule public hearings on it. However, the Legislature cannot amend the proposed initiative or prevent it from being added to the <P> amended by the same Act to specify that using repeated numbers invalidated a vote. <P> these standards in a public manner. Second, it removes the word "guidance" from the law, which would reduce the number of documents that must be available online by limiting the law to requiring only the actual standards. Finally, H.R. 2576 would remove the phrase "on an internet Web site" from the law, which would allow the industry and the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration to determine an alternate way to still grant access to the standards documents without forcing them to be freely available on the web. House H.R. 2576 was introduced into the House by Rep. Jeff Denham <P> an estimated 752,685 signatures were valid, which was insufficient not only to qualify the initiative for the ballot, but also to trigger a complete verification of all submitted signatures.
These estimated valid signatures were 66.15% of the 1,137,844 submitted signatures.
At least 807,615 signatures, 70.98% of the submitted signatures, had to be valid for the measure to qualify for the ballot. At least 767,235 signatures, 67.43% of the submitted signatures, had to be estimated to be valid in order for the petition to qualify for a second mandatory phase to review all of the submitted signatures, not just random samples.
Also on September | answer: It really doesn't mean much. The rules that this vote seeks to overturn haven't gone into effect yet. Everything will stay as it is. It's also important to add the the senate vote is what just happened. For it to mean anything at all the house must vote to approve it and then the president must sign it. That will likely happen which will result in the status quo being preserved |
143,104 | 1je94f | why are tuesday's typically bad for business? | Because there's no particular reason to shop on a Tuesday. Saturday and Sunday people are out of work, Friday people are preparing for the weekend, Thursday people are preparing for Friday plans or a 3-day weekend, and Monday people are finally back from weekend trips. Tuesdays and Wednesdays are slow. | [
"Because there's no particular reason to shop on a Tuesday. Saturday and Sunday people are out of work, Friday people are preparing for the weekend, Thursday people are preparing for Friday plans or a 3-day weekend, and Monday people are finally back from weekend trips. Tuesdays and Wednesdays are slow."
] | 1 | [
"Because there's no particular reason to shop on a Tuesday. Saturday and Sunday people are out of work, Friday people are preparing for the weekend, Thursday people are preparing for Friday plans or a 3-day weekend, and Monday people are finally back from weekend trips. Tuesdays and Wednesdays are slow."
] | 1 | <P> to Professional Secretaries Week in 1981 and became Administrative Professionals Week in 2000 to encompass the expanding responsibilities and wide-ranging job titles of administrative support staff in the modern economy. The week-long observance was created in order to space out the bookings at restaurants, country clubs, and other places where administrative professionals would be taken out to lunch. Criticism Some critics take an anti-consumerist stance and accuse the flower, card, and candy industries of inventing the holiday for convenient sales between Easter and Mother's Day, which is the second Sunday of May in the United States. It has also <P> Keep Sunday Special History In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, before 1994 only small shops were allowed to open on Sunday, with large stores forced to remain shut. There were many rules at the time, which resulted in perceived idiosyncrasies such as the legal ability to buy a pornographic magazine but not a Bible or birthday card on a Sunday. Strict observance of Sabbath was declining, and other religions either had different days of rest, or none. However, some Christians set up letter-writing campaigns.
Trade unions and employers gave assurances that no worker would be forced to work on <P> as a way for landlords to raise rents every year. The cost of moving was another concern, as cartmen sometimes charged more than the official rates set by city ordinances – people were known to pay up to a week's wages to be moved – and the truckman might, if the customer refused to pay on delivery, take their belongings to Police Headquarters, charging for the additional transportation.
By 1856, some erosion of the strict adherence to the custom of Moving Day was noted, as some people moved a few days before or after the traditional day, creating, in effect, a <P> Sundays and surveys showed that even among Christians, many shopped on a Sunday so it was passed into law for a limited time. Under the Sunday Trading Act 1994, large shops are allowed to open for up to six hours on a Sunday between 10am and 6pm. The UK Department of Trade and Industry conducted a review of the Act in early 2006 to consider whether to extend opening hours to nine hours or to remove restrictions entirely. "Large" means having a retail area of 3,000 square feet (280 m²) or more.
Keep Sunday Special believed that such moves <P> a long weekend. <P> as a tool to negotiate for power within the farm. However, in recent years, women are viewed as a legal business holder giving them increasing recognition on the farm enabling them to have input on crucial decisions.
In the article by Roisin Kelly and Sally Shortall (December, 2002), it discusses how due to decreasing income from farming in northern Ireland the women typically get a job outside of the farm to support the farm. This financial move is oftentimes in order to preserve the farm during rough financial times. Mexico In Mexico, the most important crop has been and still is <P> always falls on a Thursday. It is common not to work on such days, so as to be able to extend the weekend to four days.
In Poland, long weekends occur several times a year. The term długi weekend (long weekend) is commonly used in the Polish language. As well as the Easter weekend and the Christmas weekend, there is Corpus Christi weekend (Corpus Christi is always on Thursday and people usually take Friday off as well) and it may occur also around other holidays. However, the best known long weekend is at the beginning of May, when there are holidays <P> intense competition in the UK market, and periods of calm with much less competition. In the UK traditionally employees have taken holidays in April, August and January. This is caused by religious holidays like Christmas and Easter, and by spring, summer and winter school holidays.
During holidays, wholesalers, license holders and manufacturers are less competitive than when employees are back at work. During the months when the majority of employees are at work, competing companies continually watch each other's prices and change their own selling prices on a daily or even hourly basis so as to maximize sales and profits.
The pricing <P> metaphor is also used: "yom gishur" יום גישור"). North America In the United States, the Uniform Monday Holiday Act officially moved federal government observances of many holidays to Mondays, largely at the behest of the travel industry. The resulting long weekends are often termed "three-day weekends" as a result. South America In Argentina, some national holidays that occur on a Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday or Friday (sometimes even on a Saturday) are officially moved to the closest Monday in order to create a long weekend.
In Brazil, when a holiday occurs in a Tuesday or a Thursday, some sectors of <P> seasons before it moved to October. Atlanta Motor Speedway moved to the Labor Day spot and remained there from 2009 to 2014. During that time, the Southern 500 moved up to Mother's Day weekend in May 2005 and remained there for eight years. It then moved to mid-April for 2014. In August of that year, NASCAR announced that the Southern 500 would return to Labor Day weekend for the first time in 12 years.
Members of the NASCAR media gave their thoughts on the return to Labor Day weekend. Pete Pistone of the Motor Racing Network said that Labor Day weekend <P> that 36% had to miss days of work because they lacked adequate menstrual hygiene supplies during their period. This was on top of the fact that many had other menstrual issues including bleeding, cramps and other menstrual induced health issues. This state was one of a majority that taxed essential hygiene products like tampons and menstrual pads as of November 2018. Legislative history By 1950, the state legislature would pass a law that stating that a woman who had an abortion or actively sought to have an abortion regardless of whether she went through with it were guilty of <P> Catholic National Synarchist Union (UNS) took heed of the holiday around 1941. Shop-owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families. The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes, and in turn, reinforced the systemic social problems of the country. Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative, but the 1940s' UNS saw Mother's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization <P> removing the chain and the breaks, and take off from the central hill before falling right into the watchmaker's display window. When being required to pay a bill, he chops down a flag pole outside the town hall struggling against "corruption ".
During Pentecost Eve, Bert meets Emilia at the Domus underwear department, when she invites Bert for a midday over Pentecost Monday (in those day a public holiday in Sweden). Bert believes that when eating at well-educated doctors (which Emilia's parents are), you are suspected to know good behaviour, table manners and eat with and eat with knife and fork <P> on Wednesdays. <P> attitude on the part of employers. In particular, members of the WFM had been outraged by employers' use of labor spies in organizing efforts such as Coeur d'Alene. The miners' frustrations had occasionally exploded in anger and violence, although they had also tried peaceful change. For example, after winning a referendum vote for the eight-hour day with support from 72 percent of Colorado's electorate, the WFM's goal of an eight-hour law was still defeated by employers and politicians.
In 1901, angry WFM members passed a convention proclamation that a "complete revolution of social and economic conditions" was "the only salvation of <P> Administrative Professionals Day Administrative Professionals Day (also known as Secretaries Day or Admin Day) is a day observed yearly in a small number of countries. It is not a public holiday in any of them. In some countries, it falls within Administrative Professionals Week (the last full week of April in the United States). The day recognizes the work of secretaries, administrative assistants, receptionists, client services representatives, and other administrative support professionals. Typically administrative professionals are given cards, flowers, chocolates, and lunches. History During World War II, there was a shortage of skilled administrative personnel in the United States due <P> or the closest weekend. <P> workers reported they work against tight deadlines at least one-fourth of their working time in 1990, increasing to 56% in 1995 and 60% in 2000. However, no change was noted in the period 1995–2000 (data not collected in 1990) in the percentage of workers reporting sufficient time to complete tasks. Long hours A substantial percentage of Americans work very long hours. By one estimate, more than 26% of men and more than 11% of women worked 50 hours per week or more in 2000. These figures represent a considerable increase over the previous three decades, especially for women. According to <P> on September 29. Eventually, the October date began to supplant the traditional May date, so that by 1922 the Van Owners Association reported only a "moderate flurry" of activity on the Spring day. The movers also attempted to get legislation passed to spread out the Fall rush to three dates: the firsts of September, October and November. Over time, the tradition of a specific Moving Day began to fade, with the remnant evident in commercial leases, which still generally run out on May 1 or October 1.
At the height of Moving Day in the early 20th century, it was estimated <P> the third Saturday in July. | question: why are tuesday's typically bad for business? context: <P> to Professional Secretaries Week in 1981 and became Administrative Professionals Week in 2000 to encompass the expanding responsibilities and wide-ranging job titles of administrative support staff in the modern economy. The week-long observance was created in order to space out the bookings at restaurants, country clubs, and other places where administrative professionals would be taken out to lunch. Criticism Some critics take an anti-consumerist stance and accuse the flower, card, and candy industries of inventing the holiday for convenient sales between Easter and Mother's Day, which is the second Sunday of May in the United States. It has also <P> Keep Sunday Special History In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, before 1994 only small shops were allowed to open on Sunday, with large stores forced to remain shut. There were many rules at the time, which resulted in perceived idiosyncrasies such as the legal ability to buy a pornographic magazine but not a Bible or birthday card on a Sunday. Strict observance of Sabbath was declining, and other religions either had different days of rest, or none. However, some Christians set up letter-writing campaigns.
Trade unions and employers gave assurances that no worker would be forced to work on <P> as a way for landlords to raise rents every year. The cost of moving was another concern, as cartmen sometimes charged more than the official rates set by city ordinances – people were known to pay up to a week's wages to be moved – and the truckman might, if the customer refused to pay on delivery, take their belongings to Police Headquarters, charging for the additional transportation.
By 1856, some erosion of the strict adherence to the custom of Moving Day was noted, as some people moved a few days before or after the traditional day, creating, in effect, a <P> Sundays and surveys showed that even among Christians, many shopped on a Sunday so it was passed into law for a limited time. Under the Sunday Trading Act 1994, large shops are allowed to open for up to six hours on a Sunday between 10am and 6pm. The UK Department of Trade and Industry conducted a review of the Act in early 2006 to consider whether to extend opening hours to nine hours or to remove restrictions entirely. "Large" means having a retail area of 3,000 square feet (280 m²) or more.
Keep Sunday Special believed that such moves <P> a long weekend. <P> as a tool to negotiate for power within the farm. However, in recent years, women are viewed as a legal business holder giving them increasing recognition on the farm enabling them to have input on crucial decisions.
In the article by Roisin Kelly and Sally Shortall (December, 2002), it discusses how due to decreasing income from farming in northern Ireland the women typically get a job outside of the farm to support the farm. This financial move is oftentimes in order to preserve the farm during rough financial times. Mexico In Mexico, the most important crop has been and still is <P> always falls on a Thursday. It is common not to work on such days, so as to be able to extend the weekend to four days.
In Poland, long weekends occur several times a year. The term długi weekend (long weekend) is commonly used in the Polish language. As well as the Easter weekend and the Christmas weekend, there is Corpus Christi weekend (Corpus Christi is always on Thursday and people usually take Friday off as well) and it may occur also around other holidays. However, the best known long weekend is at the beginning of May, when there are holidays <P> intense competition in the UK market, and periods of calm with much less competition. In the UK traditionally employees have taken holidays in April, August and January. This is caused by religious holidays like Christmas and Easter, and by spring, summer and winter school holidays.
During holidays, wholesalers, license holders and manufacturers are less competitive than when employees are back at work. During the months when the majority of employees are at work, competing companies continually watch each other's prices and change their own selling prices on a daily or even hourly basis so as to maximize sales and profits.
The pricing <P> metaphor is also used: "yom gishur" יום גישור"). North America In the United States, the Uniform Monday Holiday Act officially moved federal government observances of many holidays to Mondays, largely at the behest of the travel industry. The resulting long weekends are often termed "three-day weekends" as a result. South America In Argentina, some national holidays that occur on a Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday or Friday (sometimes even on a Saturday) are officially moved to the closest Monday in order to create a long weekend.
In Brazil, when a holiday occurs in a Tuesday or a Thursday, some sectors of <P> seasons before it moved to October. Atlanta Motor Speedway moved to the Labor Day spot and remained there from 2009 to 2014. During that time, the Southern 500 moved up to Mother's Day weekend in May 2005 and remained there for eight years. It then moved to mid-April for 2014. In August of that year, NASCAR announced that the Southern 500 would return to Labor Day weekend for the first time in 12 years.
Members of the NASCAR media gave their thoughts on the return to Labor Day weekend. Pete Pistone of the Motor Racing Network said that Labor Day weekend <P> that 36% had to miss days of work because they lacked adequate menstrual hygiene supplies during their period. This was on top of the fact that many had other menstrual issues including bleeding, cramps and other menstrual induced health issues. This state was one of a majority that taxed essential hygiene products like tampons and menstrual pads as of November 2018. Legislative history By 1950, the state legislature would pass a law that stating that a woman who had an abortion or actively sought to have an abortion regardless of whether she went through with it were guilty of <P> Catholic National Synarchist Union (UNS) took heed of the holiday around 1941. Shop-owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families. The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes, and in turn, reinforced the systemic social problems of the country. Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative, but the 1940s' UNS saw Mother's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization <P> removing the chain and the breaks, and take off from the central hill before falling right into the watchmaker's display window. When being required to pay a bill, he chops down a flag pole outside the town hall struggling against "corruption ".
During Pentecost Eve, Bert meets Emilia at the Domus underwear department, when she invites Bert for a midday over Pentecost Monday (in those day a public holiday in Sweden). Bert believes that when eating at well-educated doctors (which Emilia's parents are), you are suspected to know good behaviour, table manners and eat with and eat with knife and fork <P> on Wednesdays. <P> attitude on the part of employers. In particular, members of the WFM had been outraged by employers' use of labor spies in organizing efforts such as Coeur d'Alene. The miners' frustrations had occasionally exploded in anger and violence, although they had also tried peaceful change. For example, after winning a referendum vote for the eight-hour day with support from 72 percent of Colorado's electorate, the WFM's goal of an eight-hour law was still defeated by employers and politicians.
In 1901, angry WFM members passed a convention proclamation that a "complete revolution of social and economic conditions" was "the only salvation of <P> Administrative Professionals Day Administrative Professionals Day (also known as Secretaries Day or Admin Day) is a day observed yearly in a small number of countries. It is not a public holiday in any of them. In some countries, it falls within Administrative Professionals Week (the last full week of April in the United States). The day recognizes the work of secretaries, administrative assistants, receptionists, client services representatives, and other administrative support professionals. Typically administrative professionals are given cards, flowers, chocolates, and lunches. History During World War II, there was a shortage of skilled administrative personnel in the United States due <P> or the closest weekend. <P> workers reported they work against tight deadlines at least one-fourth of their working time in 1990, increasing to 56% in 1995 and 60% in 2000. However, no change was noted in the period 1995–2000 (data not collected in 1990) in the percentage of workers reporting sufficient time to complete tasks. Long hours A substantial percentage of Americans work very long hours. By one estimate, more than 26% of men and more than 11% of women worked 50 hours per week or more in 2000. These figures represent a considerable increase over the previous three decades, especially for women. According to <P> on September 29. Eventually, the October date began to supplant the traditional May date, so that by 1922 the Van Owners Association reported only a "moderate flurry" of activity on the Spring day. The movers also attempted to get legislation passed to spread out the Fall rush to three dates: the firsts of September, October and November. Over time, the tradition of a specific Moving Day began to fade, with the remnant evident in commercial leases, which still generally run out on May 1 or October 1.
At the height of Moving Day in the early 20th century, it was estimated <P> the third Saturday in July. | answer: Because there's no particular reason to shop on a Tuesday. Saturday and Sunday people are out of work, Friday people are preparing for the weekend, Thursday people are preparing for Friday plans or a 3-day weekend, and Monday people are finally back from weekend trips. Tuesdays and Wednesdays are slow. |
29,721 | r3o6b | When beams of light come through clouds, why don't they create parallel lines? | The lines are actually (nearly) parallel, but perspective effects cause them to look like they converge. Without other visual cues, they look like they converge._URL_0_ | [
"The lines are actually (nearly) parallel, but perspective effects cause them to look like they converge. Without other visual cues, they look like they converge.\n\n_URL_0_",
"[Crepuscular rays](_URL_1_)\n\nHere's an identical question: why do parallel railroad tracks come together far away? Answer: they don... | 2 | [
"The lines are actually (nearly) parallel, but perspective effects cause them to look like they converge. Without other visual cues, they look like they converge.\n\n_URL_0_",
"[Crepuscular rays](_URL_1_)\n\nHere's an identical question: why do parallel railroad tracks come together far away? Answer: they don... | 2 | <P> droplets to evaporate. If the cloud is sufficiently thin, such processes can yield a cloud-free corridor in an otherwise solid cloud layer. An early satellite observation of distrails that most likely were elongated, aircraft-induced fallstreak holes appeared in Corfidi and Brandli (1986).
Clouds form when invisible water vapor (H
2O in gas phase) condenses into microscopic water droplets (H
2O in liquid phase) or into microscopic ice crystals (H
2O in solid phase). This may happen when air with a high proportion of gaseous water cools. A distrail forms when the heat of engine exhaust evaporates the liquid water droplets in a cloud, <P> a parasequence. This is not necessarily the case for transitions from one parasequence to another. They are also typically of the size of one up to tens of meters. <P> the irregularly shaped maser cloud become greatly distorted by exponential gain. Part of the cloud that has a slightly longer path length than the rest will appear much brighter (as it is the exponent of the path length that is relevant), and so maser spots are typically much smaller than their parent clouds. The majority of the radiation will emerge along this line of greatest path length in a "beam"; this is termed beaming. Rapid variability As the gain of a maser depends exponentially on the population inversion and the velocity-coherent path length, any variation of either will itself result <P> puffy shape associated with cumulus clouds. The height of the cloud (from its bottom to its top) depends on the temperature profile of the atmosphere and the presence of any inversions. During the convection, surrounding air is entrained (mixed) with the thermal and the total mass of the ascending air increases.
Rain forms in a cumulus cloud via a process involving two non-discrete stages. The first stage occurs after the droplets coalesce onto the various nuclei. Langmuir writes that surface tension in the water droplets provides a slightly higher pressure on the droplet, raising the vapor pressure by a small amount. <P> atmospheric waves. Beneath the crests, the water is calm and reflects light directly back towards the sensor. Clouds commonly form at the crests of the waves, and such clouds are visible throughout this scene. Images that show sunglint Below is a gallery of images that show sunglint. <P> definition diametrically opposed to the sun's (or moon's) position in the sky, it always lies below the observer's horizon when the sun (or moon) is up. In order to see a glory, therefore, the clouds or fog causing it must be located below the observer, in a straight line with the Sun/Moon and the observer's eye. Hence, the glory is commonly observed from a high viewpoint such as a mountain, tall building or from an aircraft. In the latter case, if the plane is flying sufficiently low for its shadow to be visible on the clouds, the glory always surrounds <P> head containing concentric nozzles. In this process, a jet of core liquid is surrounded by a sheath of wall solution or melt. Vibrational nozzle Core-shell encapsulation or microgranulation (matrix-encapsulation) can be done using a laminar flow through a nozzle and an additional vibration of the nozzle or the liquid. The vibration has to be done in resonance with the Rayleigh instability and leads to very uniform droplets. The liquid can consist of any liquids with limited viscosities (0-10,000 mPa·s have been shown to work), e.g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, melts etc. The soldification can be done according to the used <P> of Alexandria, in his Catoptrics (1st century CE), showed that the ordinary law of reflection off a plane surface follows from the premise that the total length of the ray path is a minimum. In 1657, Pierre de Fermat received from Marin Cureau de la Chambre a copy of newly published treatise, in which La Chambre noted Hero's principle and complained that it did not work for refraction.
Fermat replied that refraction might be brought into the same framework by supposing that light took the path of least resistance, and that different media offered different resistances. His eventual solution, described in a <P> 1 2 2 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 2 2
or some reflection or rotation of one of these. These patterns cannot be killed off by their surroundings. It is the "only if" part of this result which is most interesting. If none of these patterns is present at <P> concept is the counter-flow fluid injection which is able to exert high-authority control to global flows using low energy modifications to key flow regions. In this case the air blow slit is located at the pressure side near the leading edge stagnation point location and the control air-flow is directed tangentially to the surface but with a forward direction. During the operation of such a flow control system two different effects are present. One effect, boundary layer enhancement, is caused by the increased turbulence levels away from the wall region thus transporting higher-energy outer flow into the wall region. In <P> The increased pressure results in those droplets evaporating and the resulting water vapor condensing on the larger droplets. Due to the extremely small size of the evaporating water droplets, this process becomes largely meaningless after the larger droplets have grown to around 20 to 30 micrometres, and the second stage takes over. In the accretion phase, the raindrop begins to fall, and other droplets collide and combine with it to increase the size of the raindrop. Langmuir was able to develop a formula which predicted that the droplet radius would grow unboundedly within a discrete time period. Description The liquid water density <P> liquid, mist is impinged against a surface, the liquid mist may adhere to and coalesce on the surface. After the mist coalesces into larger droplets, the droplets will gravitate to the liquid section of the vessel. If the liquid content of the gas is high, or if the mist particles are extremely fine, several successive impingement surfaces may be required to effect satisfactory removal of the mist. Change of flow direction When the direction of flow of a gas stream containing liquid mist is changed abruptly, inertia causes the liquid to continue in the original direction of flow. Separation of <P> Cloud drop effective radius The cloud drop effective radius (alternatively cloud effective radius or effective radius) is a weighted mean of the size distribution of cloud droplets. The term was defined in 1974 by James E. Hansen and Larry Travis as the ratio of the third to the second moment of a droplet size distribution to aid in the inversion of remotely sensed data. Physically, it is an area weighted radius of the cloud drop particles.
Mathematically, this can be expressed as
.
The global effective particle radius has different values for water and ice clouds: the former is around 14 μm, whereas <P> the modified Young's equation does not hold at the micro-nano scales.
For a sessile droplet, the free energy of the three phase system can be expressed as:
At constant volume in thermodynamic equilibrium, this reduces to:
Usually, the VdP term has been neglected for large droplets, however, VdP work becomes significant at small scales. The variation in the pressure at constant volume at the free liquid-vapor boundary is due to Laplace pressure, which is proportional to the mean Gaussian curvature, and is non zero. Solving the above equation for both convex and concave surfaces yields:
Where the constant parameters A, B, and C <P> speed of light must be finite." He also provided a wrong explanation of the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Benjamin Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory on the rainbow as follows:
Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not only of the <P> He speculated that the colored rings of the glory are caused by two-ray interference between "short" and "long" path surface waves—which are generated by light rays entering the droplets at diametrically opposite points (both rays suffer one internal reflection). A new theory by Brazilian physicist Herch Moysés Nussenzveig, however, suggests that the light energy beamed back by a glory originates mostly from classical wave tunneling (synonymous in the paper to the evanescent wave coupling), which is an interaction between an evanescent light wave traveling along the surface of the drop and the waves inside the drop. In culture C. T. <P> loop may have an arbitrary shape, and can move arbitrarily in space. The only restriction is that it is not allowed to stretch. (The case of a circular ring interferometer rotating about its center in free space is recovered by taking the index of refraction of the fiber to be 1.)
Consider a small segment of the fiber, whose length in its rest frame is . The time intervals, , it takes the left and right moving light rays to traverse the segment in the rest frame coincide and are given by
Let be the length of this small <P> speed. After that the light water rich material was excavated from the depth, but with a lower speed forming the bright inner ring of ejecta. <P> also a loss of color saturation proportional to the phase error. <P> depicted in Fig. 1. Furthermore, on an ideal surface, the drop will return to its original shape if it is disturbed. The following derivations apply only to ideal solid surfaces; they are only valid for the state in which the interfaces are not moving and the phase boundary line exists in equilibrium. The Jasper-Anand Equation for Flat and Curved Surfaces With improvements in measuring techniques such as AFM, confocal microscopy and SEM, researchers were able to produce and image droplets at ever smaller scales. With the reduction in droplet size came new experimental observations of wetting. These observations confirmed that | question: When beams of light come through clouds, why don't they create parallel lines? context: <P> droplets to evaporate. If the cloud is sufficiently thin, such processes can yield a cloud-free corridor in an otherwise solid cloud layer. An early satellite observation of distrails that most likely were elongated, aircraft-induced fallstreak holes appeared in Corfidi and Brandli (1986).
Clouds form when invisible water vapor (H
2O in gas phase) condenses into microscopic water droplets (H
2O in liquid phase) or into microscopic ice crystals (H
2O in solid phase). This may happen when air with a high proportion of gaseous water cools. A distrail forms when the heat of engine exhaust evaporates the liquid water droplets in a cloud, <P> a parasequence. This is not necessarily the case for transitions from one parasequence to another. They are also typically of the size of one up to tens of meters. <P> the irregularly shaped maser cloud become greatly distorted by exponential gain. Part of the cloud that has a slightly longer path length than the rest will appear much brighter (as it is the exponent of the path length that is relevant), and so maser spots are typically much smaller than their parent clouds. The majority of the radiation will emerge along this line of greatest path length in a "beam"; this is termed beaming. Rapid variability As the gain of a maser depends exponentially on the population inversion and the velocity-coherent path length, any variation of either will itself result <P> puffy shape associated with cumulus clouds. The height of the cloud (from its bottom to its top) depends on the temperature profile of the atmosphere and the presence of any inversions. During the convection, surrounding air is entrained (mixed) with the thermal and the total mass of the ascending air increases.
Rain forms in a cumulus cloud via a process involving two non-discrete stages. The first stage occurs after the droplets coalesce onto the various nuclei. Langmuir writes that surface tension in the water droplets provides a slightly higher pressure on the droplet, raising the vapor pressure by a small amount. <P> atmospheric waves. Beneath the crests, the water is calm and reflects light directly back towards the sensor. Clouds commonly form at the crests of the waves, and such clouds are visible throughout this scene. Images that show sunglint Below is a gallery of images that show sunglint. <P> definition diametrically opposed to the sun's (or moon's) position in the sky, it always lies below the observer's horizon when the sun (or moon) is up. In order to see a glory, therefore, the clouds or fog causing it must be located below the observer, in a straight line with the Sun/Moon and the observer's eye. Hence, the glory is commonly observed from a high viewpoint such as a mountain, tall building or from an aircraft. In the latter case, if the plane is flying sufficiently low for its shadow to be visible on the clouds, the glory always surrounds <P> head containing concentric nozzles. In this process, a jet of core liquid is surrounded by a sheath of wall solution or melt. Vibrational nozzle Core-shell encapsulation or microgranulation (matrix-encapsulation) can be done using a laminar flow through a nozzle and an additional vibration of the nozzle or the liquid. The vibration has to be done in resonance with the Rayleigh instability and leads to very uniform droplets. The liquid can consist of any liquids with limited viscosities (0-10,000 mPa·s have been shown to work), e.g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, melts etc. The soldification can be done according to the used <P> of Alexandria, in his Catoptrics (1st century CE), showed that the ordinary law of reflection off a plane surface follows from the premise that the total length of the ray path is a minimum. In 1657, Pierre de Fermat received from Marin Cureau de la Chambre a copy of newly published treatise, in which La Chambre noted Hero's principle and complained that it did not work for refraction.
Fermat replied that refraction might be brought into the same framework by supposing that light took the path of least resistance, and that different media offered different resistances. His eventual solution, described in a <P> 1 2 2 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 2 2
or some reflection or rotation of one of these. These patterns cannot be killed off by their surroundings. It is the "only if" part of this result which is most interesting. If none of these patterns is present at <P> concept is the counter-flow fluid injection which is able to exert high-authority control to global flows using low energy modifications to key flow regions. In this case the air blow slit is located at the pressure side near the leading edge stagnation point location and the control air-flow is directed tangentially to the surface but with a forward direction. During the operation of such a flow control system two different effects are present. One effect, boundary layer enhancement, is caused by the increased turbulence levels away from the wall region thus transporting higher-energy outer flow into the wall region. In <P> The increased pressure results in those droplets evaporating and the resulting water vapor condensing on the larger droplets. Due to the extremely small size of the evaporating water droplets, this process becomes largely meaningless after the larger droplets have grown to around 20 to 30 micrometres, and the second stage takes over. In the accretion phase, the raindrop begins to fall, and other droplets collide and combine with it to increase the size of the raindrop. Langmuir was able to develop a formula which predicted that the droplet radius would grow unboundedly within a discrete time period. Description The liquid water density <P> liquid, mist is impinged against a surface, the liquid mist may adhere to and coalesce on the surface. After the mist coalesces into larger droplets, the droplets will gravitate to the liquid section of the vessel. If the liquid content of the gas is high, or if the mist particles are extremely fine, several successive impingement surfaces may be required to effect satisfactory removal of the mist. Change of flow direction When the direction of flow of a gas stream containing liquid mist is changed abruptly, inertia causes the liquid to continue in the original direction of flow. Separation of <P> Cloud drop effective radius The cloud drop effective radius (alternatively cloud effective radius or effective radius) is a weighted mean of the size distribution of cloud droplets. The term was defined in 1974 by James E. Hansen and Larry Travis as the ratio of the third to the second moment of a droplet size distribution to aid in the inversion of remotely sensed data. Physically, it is an area weighted radius of the cloud drop particles.
Mathematically, this can be expressed as
.
The global effective particle radius has different values for water and ice clouds: the former is around 14 μm, whereas <P> the modified Young's equation does not hold at the micro-nano scales.
For a sessile droplet, the free energy of the three phase system can be expressed as:
At constant volume in thermodynamic equilibrium, this reduces to:
Usually, the VdP term has been neglected for large droplets, however, VdP work becomes significant at small scales. The variation in the pressure at constant volume at the free liquid-vapor boundary is due to Laplace pressure, which is proportional to the mean Gaussian curvature, and is non zero. Solving the above equation for both convex and concave surfaces yields:
Where the constant parameters A, B, and C <P> speed of light must be finite." He also provided a wrong explanation of the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Benjamin Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory on the rainbow as follows:
Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not only of the <P> He speculated that the colored rings of the glory are caused by two-ray interference between "short" and "long" path surface waves—which are generated by light rays entering the droplets at diametrically opposite points (both rays suffer one internal reflection). A new theory by Brazilian physicist Herch Moysés Nussenzveig, however, suggests that the light energy beamed back by a glory originates mostly from classical wave tunneling (synonymous in the paper to the evanescent wave coupling), which is an interaction between an evanescent light wave traveling along the surface of the drop and the waves inside the drop. In culture C. T. <P> loop may have an arbitrary shape, and can move arbitrarily in space. The only restriction is that it is not allowed to stretch. (The case of a circular ring interferometer rotating about its center in free space is recovered by taking the index of refraction of the fiber to be 1.)
Consider a small segment of the fiber, whose length in its rest frame is . The time intervals, , it takes the left and right moving light rays to traverse the segment in the rest frame coincide and are given by
Let be the length of this small <P> speed. After that the light water rich material was excavated from the depth, but with a lower speed forming the bright inner ring of ejecta. <P> also a loss of color saturation proportional to the phase error. <P> depicted in Fig. 1. Furthermore, on an ideal surface, the drop will return to its original shape if it is disturbed. The following derivations apply only to ideal solid surfaces; they are only valid for the state in which the interfaces are not moving and the phase boundary line exists in equilibrium. The Jasper-Anand Equation for Flat and Curved Surfaces With improvements in measuring techniques such as AFM, confocal microscopy and SEM, researchers were able to produce and image droplets at ever smaller scales. With the reduction in droplet size came new experimental observations of wetting. These observations confirmed that | answer: The lines are actually (nearly) parallel, but perspective effects cause them to look like they converge. Without other visual cues, they look like they converge._URL_0_ |
47,618 | 3xujxm | When did the Spanish begin branding slaves? When did the practice stop? What did these brands actually look like? | A partial answer. I had to do a little research to answer this question as relates to my specialty; Cuba. The actual term for this practice in specialized literature for Spanish America is *carimbar* (to brand with a hot iron).While formally outlawed by a *real cédula* (royal decree) in 1784, numerous cases of branding went well into the mid-19th century. Gabino La Rosa Corzo (PhD) has been published both inside Cuba and in at least one book in the US via the prestigious Cuban studies program over at [UNC](_URL_0_), wrote an interesting [article](_URL_1_) in the Cuban social science journal *Del Caribe* (Of the Caribbean) titled *La Carimba o marca de fuego* (the branding iron or 'marked by fire').He states that in his own investigation using colonial governmental records he discovered that branding continued "as proven by the some of the descriptions that accompanied the entries of *cimarrones* [runaways] to the depository for profligate captured slaves that existed in [the neighborhood of] El Cerro (La Habana) between 1797 and 1854." [my translation]The branding itself, with irons under closely guarded lock and key, were merely attempts to track which slaves were imported legally, and thus were taxed by royal officials, and which were contraband, thus lacking the proper brand.Another type of branding was specially conceived for contraband slaves. These were given special *marcas de indulto* (pardon brands) attesting to the fact that while imported illegally they had since passed through the proper channels and had been taxed by royal officials.Finally, owners themselves branded slaves as well. The author cites the case of Maria Antonia, a native of Jamaica, who was branded with the initials M.S. She was part of a group of slaves who had organized into a *palenque* (colony of runaway and thus free blacks) who were auctioned off. This auction happened in Cuba in August of 1748, in Santiago de Cuba. Because she was obviously imported illegally and lacked the proper brand it didn't matter that her master had marked her. She was sent to the auction block along with two of her three children (the third got away) and sold. La Rosa Corzo shows an illustration of the S.M. brand in the article [Note: Article states 1848 as the year for the action. This is an errata as revealed by the description of the brand available on page 8]The author's research discovered documents from as late as 1854 citing eight cases for that year of captured runaways who had been 'marked with fire' (*marca de fuego*). The author notes that while rare, by the middle of the 19th century, it is surprising that it was still practiced enough that several cases a year were being found eight decades after formal prohibition of the practice. | [
"A partial answer. I had to do a little research to answer this question as relates to my specialty; Cuba. The actual term for this practice in specialized literature for Spanish America is *carimbar* (to brand with a hot iron).\n\nWhile formally outlawed by a *real cédula* (royal decree) in 1784, numerous cases of... | 1 | [
"A partial answer. I had to do a little research to answer this question as relates to my specialty; Cuba. The actual term for this practice in specialized literature for Spanish America is *carimbar* (to brand with a hot iron).\n\nWhile formally outlawed by a *real cédula* (royal decree) in 1784, numerous cases of... | 1 | <P> influence is most likely the Spanish mantilla, although a southern Spanish garment called a rebociño (introduced to the area by the Moors) may have also played a part. Later influences probably came from Asia with the start of trade from the Manila Galleon.
Its origin was most likely among the lower, mestizo classes in the early colonial period, being most prominent among them first. The most traditional rebozos show coloring and designs from the colonial period and mestizo women probably wore them to distinguish themselves from indigenous women but could not afford Spanish finery. In 1625, Thomas Gage noted that <P> century was to embroider country scenes.
In 1886, a synthetic silk called rayon was created in France. The use of this cheaper thread made decorative rebozos more affordable. Its use as an identifying marker of Mexican identity began at this time as well with even the Empress Carlota wearing it on various formal occasions, especially while at her country home in Cuernavaca. By the end of the 19th century, the garment had become indispensable and their making an important handcraft.
Its symbolic function continued into the Mexican Revolution, and item associated with rebel women called “Adelitas,” who carried both babies and weapons <P> from a phrase that means “cloth of a thousand colors.”
The origin of the rebozo is not known, but probably had its beginnings in the very early colonial period. The first mention and description of the garment in written records is in 1572 by Friar Diego Duran, according to research done by Ruth D. Lechuga. The rebozo itself shows various influences, which probably come from the various cultures that had contact at that time. There are various indigenous garments that share physical characteristics with the rebozo. They include the ayate, a rough cloth of maguey fibre used to carry cargo, <P> the British responsible for precipitating the 1857 rebellion by being insensitive to local customs, citing the earlier case of the Vellore mutiny. In a commentary to the British media which had suggested that the mutineers were using greased cartridges, one of the immediate causes of the uprising, against the British he pointed out that they were all using 'Brown Bess' and conventional musket ammunition. He was one of the founding members of the Asiatic Society of Bombay. <P> Robert Bostock Robert Bostock (22 April 1784 Bootle – 1847 Hobart) was an English slave trader. With John McQueen, he co-owned a factory on the Saint Paul River, nowadays in Liberia.
In 1815 Governor William Maxwell of Sierra Leone sent an armed force to raid the settlement, seizing ships, merchandise and enslaved Africans from the factories there. Both Bostock and his partner McQueen were seized and taken to Sierra Leone. They were sentenced to fourteen years transportation to New South Wales by the Vice admiralty court. <P> It was made from a large hollowed-out tree trunk and had a palm-covered canopy. The canoe was 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) broad and was powered by 25 rowers. Trade goods carried included cacao, obsidian, ceramics, textiles, food and drink for the crew, and copper bells and axes. Cacao was used as currency (although not exclusively), and its value was such that counterfeiting occurred by removing the flesh from the pod, and stuffing it with dirt or avocado rind. Marketplaces Marketplaces are difficult to identify archaeologically. However, the Spanish reported a thriving market economy when they arrived in the region. At some <P> a shawl from Puebla over her head and shoulders, explains why ancient Mexico did not develop wheat and notes the surprise a European would feel in seeing a man carrying fifty pounds of water.
One picture shows an Apache chief sitting in a relaxed position on a prancing horse, showing his great skill as a rider.
There are illustrations of stylishly dressed and picturesquely posed Afro-Mexican soldiers and laborers.
It has been said that Linati's depictions of Afro-Mexicans were less stereotypical than others at the time, but the scenes are still romanticized.
The pictures provide a valuable record of life in Mexico in the <P> artistic visions and cultural traditions. Artists may create jewelry for adornment, ceremonies, and display, or for sale or trade. Lois Sherr Dubin writes, "[i]n the absence of written languages, adornment became an important element of Indian communication, conveying many levels of information." Later, jewelry and personal adornment "...signaled resistance to assimilation. It remains a major statement of tribal and individual identity."
Native American jewelry can be made from naturally occurring materials such as various metals, hardwoods, vegetal fibers, or precious and semi-precious gemstones; animal materials such as teeth, bones and hide; or man-made materials like beadwork and quillwork. Metalsmiths, beaders, carvers, <P> mahogany were also shipped. These were then forwarded to Britain, where they entered the market in the late 1760s.
In terms of quantity, the most significant new addition to the mahogany trade was Honduras mahogany, also called 'baywood', after the Bay of Honduras. British settlers had been active in southern Yucatan since the beginning of the 18th century, despite the opposition of the Spanish, who claimed sovereignty over all of Central America.
Their main occupation was cutting logwood, a dyewood in high demand in Europe. The centre of their activity and the primary point of export was Belize. Under Article XVII of <P> and in Manila they delivered her to the merchant who later took her to New Spain. Once in Acapulco, she was sold to a Puebla merchant by the name of Miguel de Sosa. Through her life, Catarina or Mirra continued to dress in a sari. It is possible that is this gave rise to the "china dress" that became popular in Mexico in the 17th century. A few years after her arrival in Mexico, Miguel de Sosa died, providing in his will for the manumission of his slave. She was taken in by a convent, where it is said she <P> trusted to watch a flock of sheep alone. While tending her flock, Callañaupa befriended an elderly shepherdess, Doña Sebestiana, who was a highly skilled spinner. Callañaupa attributes her interest in textiles to Doña Sebastiana, whose work was so fine that young Callañaupa dreamt of spinning at night.
From her mother Guadalupe, Callañaupa learned basic weaving designs. Her interest piqued, she also began studying textiles from other communities that her father brought home from his travels. When Edward and Christine Franquemont, a husband and wife pair of ethnobotanists from the USA, arrived in Chinchero in the 1970s to conduct investigations, Callañaupa <P> and culture. For example, an Otomi woman used to dip a point of her rebozo into water to indicate that she was thinking of her betrothed or husband. One important use for the garment in colonial times to the 19th century was for women to cover their heads in church. After its initial development in Mexico, its use spread south into Central America and even as far as Ecuador.
The rebozo was in common use among the middle and lower classes by the 18th century, with the kind of fibre used to weave it distinguishing the two. The garment was <P> Tamale Origin Tamales originated in Mesoamerica as early as 8000 to 5000 BC.
The preparation of tamales is likely to have spread from the indigenous culture in Mexico and Guatemala to the rest of Latin America. According to archaeologists Karl Taube, William Saturn and David Stuart, tamales may date from the year 100 AD. They found pictorial references in the Mural of San Bartolo, in Petén, Guatemala.
The Aztec and Maya civilizations, as well as the Olmec and Toltec before them, used tamales as easily portable food, for hunting trips, and for traveling large distances, as well as supporting their armies. Tamales <P> gladiators and war dogs. During those days their quarry was most of the time human, particularly during the "Spanish Encomendado"- early 16th century.
Helping enforce the Spanish reign in Latin America, the El Gran Mastín de Borinquen did this out of loyalty and desire to please his master, on the other hand many lacking proper human contact they were actually as bloodthirsty as described by Friar Bartolomé de las Casas.
The Mastín is noble, courageous and loyal- many died protecting their masters during the Spanish-Indian Wars. A perfect example is the case of Don Sancho de Arango in 1513, mentioned in the <P> many other strict rituals related to the dying and weaving of gerinsing mentioned in the Western literature, but none of the older inhabitants seem to remember them. Ritual use of geringsing By virtue of their magical qualities geringsing are not only capable of keeping impurities and danger out of the village, but also shield and protect humans from baleful influences during rites of passage as they transition from one phase of life to the next.
The Tengananese receive their first geringsing at the hair cutting ritual. His hair is cut and placed in a basket which is placed on a folded <P> off my head and threw it in the trash. She had been fighting against Indian stereotypes all her life, and I had just worn one home. I was only 10 years old, but the look of betrayal in my Creek mother's eyes is seared in my memory forever."
Native American writer and filmmaker Sherman Alexie has referenced Chief Wahoo when describing the impact of his book The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven: "To break Indians out of museums and movies and Chief Wahoo—that's a legacy for any book." In an interview for Time magazine, Alexie compared the logo to <P> indicted as Chief of the Provisional Insurrectional Government in 1831, and the second was sentenced to death for having conspired in 1821 to redeem Italy from domestic and foreign servitude. Civil, Military and Religious Costumes of Mexico Linati is renowned for his 1828 Civil, Military and Religious Costumes of Mexico (French: Costumes civils, militaires et réligieux du Mexique, Spanish: Trajes civiles, religiosos y militares de México). This is the first inventory of types of Mexican people made by a foreigner.
It is also one of the first color plate books about Mexico to be printed, with forty-eight hand-colored lithographs.
The book depicts <P> many different mothercultures all over mesoamerica. This formulation emphasises the viewpoint that influence from the Olmec heartland merged with many local traditions creating local expressions with both Olmec and non-Olmec roots. it follows from this approach that the type and degree of Olmec influence varies greatly from location to location within Mesoamerica. Long-distance trade Similarly long-distance trade can explain the Olmec-style artifacts found in Teopantecuanitlan, as well the jade and obsidian artifacts found in the Olmec heartland, which is far from any jade or obsidian source. But trade by itself fails to explain the widespread adoption of Olmec-influenced artifacts and <P> "make sure it was not poisoned." He was given his own footmen to open doors for him and to serve him at the table. Columbus was even rewarded with his own coat of arms. He did not bring any of the coveted East Indies spices, such as the exceedingly expensive black pepper, ginger or cloves. In his log, he wrote "there is also plenty of 'ají', which is their pepper, which is more valuable than black pepper, and all the people eat nothing else, it being very wholesome". The word "ají" is still used in South American Spanish for chili <P> together are fastened behind by a horsetail, or a bunch of silkgrass exactly resembling it, of a flaxen color, this being all of the apparel or covering that the men wear.
He has little to say on how the women dressed, recording only that his wife and female slaves were given "raw deer skins" with which to cover themselves after their European clothing had been taken away. Women of the Tequesta tribe, to the south of the Ais, were reported to wear "shawls" made of woven palm leaves, and "skirts” made from draped fibers from the Spanish dagger (yucca), similar to | question: When did the Spanish begin branding slaves? When did the practice stop? What did these brands actually look like? context: <P> influence is most likely the Spanish mantilla, although a southern Spanish garment called a rebociño (introduced to the area by the Moors) may have also played a part. Later influences probably came from Asia with the start of trade from the Manila Galleon.
Its origin was most likely among the lower, mestizo classes in the early colonial period, being most prominent among them first. The most traditional rebozos show coloring and designs from the colonial period and mestizo women probably wore them to distinguish themselves from indigenous women but could not afford Spanish finery. In 1625, Thomas Gage noted that <P> century was to embroider country scenes.
In 1886, a synthetic silk called rayon was created in France. The use of this cheaper thread made decorative rebozos more affordable. Its use as an identifying marker of Mexican identity began at this time as well with even the Empress Carlota wearing it on various formal occasions, especially while at her country home in Cuernavaca. By the end of the 19th century, the garment had become indispensable and their making an important handcraft.
Its symbolic function continued into the Mexican Revolution, and item associated with rebel women called “Adelitas,” who carried both babies and weapons <P> from a phrase that means “cloth of a thousand colors.”
The origin of the rebozo is not known, but probably had its beginnings in the very early colonial period. The first mention and description of the garment in written records is in 1572 by Friar Diego Duran, according to research done by Ruth D. Lechuga. The rebozo itself shows various influences, which probably come from the various cultures that had contact at that time. There are various indigenous garments that share physical characteristics with the rebozo. They include the ayate, a rough cloth of maguey fibre used to carry cargo, <P> the British responsible for precipitating the 1857 rebellion by being insensitive to local customs, citing the earlier case of the Vellore mutiny. In a commentary to the British media which had suggested that the mutineers were using greased cartridges, one of the immediate causes of the uprising, against the British he pointed out that they were all using 'Brown Bess' and conventional musket ammunition. He was one of the founding members of the Asiatic Society of Bombay. <P> Robert Bostock Robert Bostock (22 April 1784 Bootle – 1847 Hobart) was an English slave trader. With John McQueen, he co-owned a factory on the Saint Paul River, nowadays in Liberia.
In 1815 Governor William Maxwell of Sierra Leone sent an armed force to raid the settlement, seizing ships, merchandise and enslaved Africans from the factories there. Both Bostock and his partner McQueen were seized and taken to Sierra Leone. They were sentenced to fourteen years transportation to New South Wales by the Vice admiralty court. <P> It was made from a large hollowed-out tree trunk and had a palm-covered canopy. The canoe was 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) broad and was powered by 25 rowers. Trade goods carried included cacao, obsidian, ceramics, textiles, food and drink for the crew, and copper bells and axes. Cacao was used as currency (although not exclusively), and its value was such that counterfeiting occurred by removing the flesh from the pod, and stuffing it with dirt or avocado rind. Marketplaces Marketplaces are difficult to identify archaeologically. However, the Spanish reported a thriving market economy when they arrived in the region. At some <P> a shawl from Puebla over her head and shoulders, explains why ancient Mexico did not develop wheat and notes the surprise a European would feel in seeing a man carrying fifty pounds of water.
One picture shows an Apache chief sitting in a relaxed position on a prancing horse, showing his great skill as a rider.
There are illustrations of stylishly dressed and picturesquely posed Afro-Mexican soldiers and laborers.
It has been said that Linati's depictions of Afro-Mexicans were less stereotypical than others at the time, but the scenes are still romanticized.
The pictures provide a valuable record of life in Mexico in the <P> artistic visions and cultural traditions. Artists may create jewelry for adornment, ceremonies, and display, or for sale or trade. Lois Sherr Dubin writes, "[i]n the absence of written languages, adornment became an important element of Indian communication, conveying many levels of information." Later, jewelry and personal adornment "...signaled resistance to assimilation. It remains a major statement of tribal and individual identity."
Native American jewelry can be made from naturally occurring materials such as various metals, hardwoods, vegetal fibers, or precious and semi-precious gemstones; animal materials such as teeth, bones and hide; or man-made materials like beadwork and quillwork. Metalsmiths, beaders, carvers, <P> mahogany were also shipped. These were then forwarded to Britain, where they entered the market in the late 1760s.
In terms of quantity, the most significant new addition to the mahogany trade was Honduras mahogany, also called 'baywood', after the Bay of Honduras. British settlers had been active in southern Yucatan since the beginning of the 18th century, despite the opposition of the Spanish, who claimed sovereignty over all of Central America.
Their main occupation was cutting logwood, a dyewood in high demand in Europe. The centre of their activity and the primary point of export was Belize. Under Article XVII of <P> and in Manila they delivered her to the merchant who later took her to New Spain. Once in Acapulco, she was sold to a Puebla merchant by the name of Miguel de Sosa. Through her life, Catarina or Mirra continued to dress in a sari. It is possible that is this gave rise to the "china dress" that became popular in Mexico in the 17th century. A few years after her arrival in Mexico, Miguel de Sosa died, providing in his will for the manumission of his slave. She was taken in by a convent, where it is said she <P> trusted to watch a flock of sheep alone. While tending her flock, Callañaupa befriended an elderly shepherdess, Doña Sebestiana, who was a highly skilled spinner. Callañaupa attributes her interest in textiles to Doña Sebastiana, whose work was so fine that young Callañaupa dreamt of spinning at night.
From her mother Guadalupe, Callañaupa learned basic weaving designs. Her interest piqued, she also began studying textiles from other communities that her father brought home from his travels. When Edward and Christine Franquemont, a husband and wife pair of ethnobotanists from the USA, arrived in Chinchero in the 1970s to conduct investigations, Callañaupa <P> and culture. For example, an Otomi woman used to dip a point of her rebozo into water to indicate that she was thinking of her betrothed or husband. One important use for the garment in colonial times to the 19th century was for women to cover their heads in church. After its initial development in Mexico, its use spread south into Central America and even as far as Ecuador.
The rebozo was in common use among the middle and lower classes by the 18th century, with the kind of fibre used to weave it distinguishing the two. The garment was <P> Tamale Origin Tamales originated in Mesoamerica as early as 8000 to 5000 BC.
The preparation of tamales is likely to have spread from the indigenous culture in Mexico and Guatemala to the rest of Latin America. According to archaeologists Karl Taube, William Saturn and David Stuart, tamales may date from the year 100 AD. They found pictorial references in the Mural of San Bartolo, in Petén, Guatemala.
The Aztec and Maya civilizations, as well as the Olmec and Toltec before them, used tamales as easily portable food, for hunting trips, and for traveling large distances, as well as supporting their armies. Tamales <P> gladiators and war dogs. During those days their quarry was most of the time human, particularly during the "Spanish Encomendado"- early 16th century.
Helping enforce the Spanish reign in Latin America, the El Gran Mastín de Borinquen did this out of loyalty and desire to please his master, on the other hand many lacking proper human contact they were actually as bloodthirsty as described by Friar Bartolomé de las Casas.
The Mastín is noble, courageous and loyal- many died protecting their masters during the Spanish-Indian Wars. A perfect example is the case of Don Sancho de Arango in 1513, mentioned in the <P> many other strict rituals related to the dying and weaving of gerinsing mentioned in the Western literature, but none of the older inhabitants seem to remember them. Ritual use of geringsing By virtue of their magical qualities geringsing are not only capable of keeping impurities and danger out of the village, but also shield and protect humans from baleful influences during rites of passage as they transition from one phase of life to the next.
The Tengananese receive their first geringsing at the hair cutting ritual. His hair is cut and placed in a basket which is placed on a folded <P> off my head and threw it in the trash. She had been fighting against Indian stereotypes all her life, and I had just worn one home. I was only 10 years old, but the look of betrayal in my Creek mother's eyes is seared in my memory forever."
Native American writer and filmmaker Sherman Alexie has referenced Chief Wahoo when describing the impact of his book The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven: "To break Indians out of museums and movies and Chief Wahoo—that's a legacy for any book." In an interview for Time magazine, Alexie compared the logo to <P> indicted as Chief of the Provisional Insurrectional Government in 1831, and the second was sentenced to death for having conspired in 1821 to redeem Italy from domestic and foreign servitude. Civil, Military and Religious Costumes of Mexico Linati is renowned for his 1828 Civil, Military and Religious Costumes of Mexico (French: Costumes civils, militaires et réligieux du Mexique, Spanish: Trajes civiles, religiosos y militares de México). This is the first inventory of types of Mexican people made by a foreigner.
It is also one of the first color plate books about Mexico to be printed, with forty-eight hand-colored lithographs.
The book depicts <P> many different mothercultures all over mesoamerica. This formulation emphasises the viewpoint that influence from the Olmec heartland merged with many local traditions creating local expressions with both Olmec and non-Olmec roots. it follows from this approach that the type and degree of Olmec influence varies greatly from location to location within Mesoamerica. Long-distance trade Similarly long-distance trade can explain the Olmec-style artifacts found in Teopantecuanitlan, as well the jade and obsidian artifacts found in the Olmec heartland, which is far from any jade or obsidian source. But trade by itself fails to explain the widespread adoption of Olmec-influenced artifacts and <P> "make sure it was not poisoned." He was given his own footmen to open doors for him and to serve him at the table. Columbus was even rewarded with his own coat of arms. He did not bring any of the coveted East Indies spices, such as the exceedingly expensive black pepper, ginger or cloves. In his log, he wrote "there is also plenty of 'ají', which is their pepper, which is more valuable than black pepper, and all the people eat nothing else, it being very wholesome". The word "ají" is still used in South American Spanish for chili <P> together are fastened behind by a horsetail, or a bunch of silkgrass exactly resembling it, of a flaxen color, this being all of the apparel or covering that the men wear.
He has little to say on how the women dressed, recording only that his wife and female slaves were given "raw deer skins" with which to cover themselves after their European clothing had been taken away. Women of the Tequesta tribe, to the south of the Ais, were reported to wear "shawls" made of woven palm leaves, and "skirts” made from draped fibers from the Spanish dagger (yucca), similar to | answer: A partial answer. I had to do a little research to answer this question as relates to my specialty; Cuba. The actual term for this practice in specialized literature for Spanish America is *carimbar* (to brand with a hot iron).While formally outlawed by a *real cédula* (royal decree) in 1784, numerous cases of branding went well into the mid-19th century. Gabino La Rosa Corzo (PhD) has been published both inside Cuba and in at least one book in the US via the prestigious Cuban studies program over at [UNC](_URL_0_), wrote an interesting [article](_URL_1_) in the Cuban social science journal *Del Caribe* (Of the Caribbean) titled *La Carimba o marca de fuego* (the branding iron or 'marked by fire').He states that in his own investigation using colonial governmental records he discovered that branding continued "as proven by the some of the descriptions that accompanied the entries of *cimarrones* [runaways] to the depository for profligate captured slaves that existed in [the neighborhood of] El Cerro (La Habana) between 1797 and 1854." [my translation]The branding itself, with irons under closely guarded lock and key, were merely attempts to track which slaves were imported legally, and thus were taxed by royal officials, and which were contraband, thus lacking the proper brand.Another type of branding was specially conceived for contraband slaves. These were given special *marcas de indulto* (pardon brands) attesting to the fact that while imported illegally they had since passed through the proper channels and had been taxed by royal officials.Finally, owners themselves branded slaves as well. The author cites the case of Maria Antonia, a native of Jamaica, who was branded with the initials M.S. She was part of a group of slaves who had organized into a *palenque* (colony of runaway and thus free blacks) who were auctioned off. This auction happened in Cuba in August of 1748, in Santiago de Cuba. Because she was obviously imported illegally and lacked the proper brand it didn't matter that her master had marked her. She was sent to the auction block along with two of her three children (the third got away) and sold. La Rosa Corzo shows an illustration of the S.M. brand in the article [Note: Article states 1848 as the year for the action. This is an errata as revealed by the description of the brand available on page 8]The author's research discovered documents from as late as 1854 citing eight cases for that year of captured runaways who had been 'marked with fire' (*marca de fuego*). The author notes that while rare, by the middle of the 19th century, it is surprising that it was still practiced enough that several cases a year were being found eight decades after formal prohibition of the practice. |
154,580 | 2kgat9 | can someone explain to me why the korean war had significant effects in the cold war? | Now, I may get this wrong, but more or so it was because we saw the two ideologies so close together. As soon as Korea was divided up between the Allies, Russian and the USA installed their own regimes in each of their halves. Now, obviously what was already one country now two with opposite governments would cause tension. When the war began, America being deeply rooted in South Korea, more or so almost instantly mobilised. The UN as well as South Korean natives backed up this mobilisation. Stalin knew the consequences of Russians directly engaging Americans in Korea can be catastrophic, and refused to mobilise. Yet, North Korea backed South Korea into a corner, but the US managed to hold out, and pushed back the North Koreans. Then China mobilised troops to support North Korea. It more than showed China's military strength, and basically fighting then stabilised at the 38th parallel (kinda).It was important because it was the first time America directly engaged an enemy communist force (China), the fact that China intervened, and Stalin's thinking of not engaging Americans directly which was followed through most of the Cold War. Not to mention that because of the tension, Russia was supplying China funds and weapons and gave Mao permission to mobilise if need be, and finally just the fact that US engaged in a war Post-WWII.And here's Wikipedia as well: _URL_0_ | [
"Now, I may get this wrong, but more or so it was because we saw the two ideologies so close together. As soon as Korea was divided up between the Allies, Russian and the USA installed their own regimes in each of their halves. Now, obviously what was already one country now two with opposite governments would caus... | 2 | [
"Now, I may get this wrong, but more or so it was because we saw the two ideologies so close together. As soon as Korea was divided up between the Allies, Russian and the USA installed their own regimes in each of their halves. Now, obviously what was already one country now two with opposite governments would caus... | 1 | <P> the south of Korea; and thus restore the geopolitical status quo ante of the Soviet and American division of Korea at the 38th Parallel of global latitude. Consequent to Chinese military intervention in behalf of Communist North Korea, the magnitude of the infantry warfare reached operational and geographic stalemate (July 1951 – July 1953); afterwards, the shooting war was ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement (27 July 1953); and the superpower Cold War in Asia then resumed as the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Yugoslavia In the late 1940s, the geopolitics of the Eastern bloc countries under the hegemony of Stalinist Russia <P> War. Led by the United States, a 16-member coalition undertook the first collective action under the umbrella of the U.N. Command (UNC). Oscillating battle lines inflicted a high number of civilian casualties and wrought immense destruction. With the People's Republic of China's entry on behalf of North Korea in 1951, the fighting came to a stalemate close to the original line of demarcation.
Armistice negotiations, initiated in July 1951, finally concluded on July 27, 1953 at Panmunjom, now in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The resulting Armistice Agreement was signed by the North Korean army, Chinese People's Volunteers and the U.S.-led and <P> strengths were reduced by about half.
In March 1955, the South Korean national assembly unanimously passed a resolution that NNSC inspection teams should be expelled from South Korea. In May 1955, the U.S. decided that the NNSC should be told that its operations were seriously disadvantaging the UNC forces, and that the "UNC proposed in future to regard Article 13(d) of Armistice agreement as inoperative". In August 1955, South Korean President Syngman Rhee demanded NNSC members leave South Korea, and 1,200 railway workers and 300 South Korean war veterans tried to storm the Wolmi-do Island NNSC compound, but were held back <P> ally and took greater steps to ensure autarky from the USSR in the years following the War. In 1960, China broke from the Soviet Union in an event known today as the Sino-Soviet Split, creating a rift amongst all communist powers which were expected to pick one side of the divide. The North Korean regime, which bordered both countries, successfully navigated the split by playing one power off against the other. It did not firmly align with either power until the Soviet reforms under Mikhail Gorbachev compelled the regime to align with China.
This split, certainly influenced by the Korean War <P> War carried the potential to further destabilize the precarious relations between both sides, while also offering possible advantages.
In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the US. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned the US would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. However, Mao sent more ethnic <P> on 1 October 1949.
In Eastern Asia, the Cold War produced the Korean War (1950–1953), the first proxy war between the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, resulted from dual origins: (i) the nationalist Koreans' post-war resumption of their Korean Civil War; and (ii) an imperial war for regional hegemony, sponsored by the US and the USSR. The international response to the North Korean invasion of South Korea was realised by the United Nations Security Council who voted for war — despite the absent Soviet Union — and authorised an international military expedition to intervene and expel the northern invaders from <P> 38th parallel as dividing line became part of an instruction, approved by the Presi-dent, to General MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces. This instruction was also communicated to the British and Soviet government." "The 38th parallel was considered to be a temporary line to fix military responsibilities. Therefore, it has been called a "military expedient". Yet, once Soviet troops had entered the northern part of Korea, facts were established which could not be removed."
Two different governments were established under Soviet and U.S.'s support, and they had a few conflicts after establishment. June 25, 1950, the Korean War started. North Korean <P> Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated.
As American and UN soldiers were already deployed in the war on the South Korean side, it was virtually assured that Soviet forces could not engage in open and direct hostilities against the South without provoking conflicts with other UN countries. Instead, the Soviet Union was compelled to conceal its participation in the conflict (at least to the extent where Soviet involvement could still be plausibly denied by the Soviet government) so as to minimize the <P> economic crisis, severely damaging crops and infrastructure and led to widespread famine which the government proved incapable of curtailing. In 1996, the government accepted UN food aid. 21st century The international environment changed with the election of U.S. president George W. Bush in 2001. His administration rejected South Korea's Sunshine Policy and the Agreed Framework. The U.S. government treated North Korea as a rogue state, while North Korea redoubled its efforts to acquire nuclear weapons to avoid the fate of Iraq. On 9 October 2006, North Korea announced it had conducted its first nuclear weapons test.
U.S. President Barack Obama adopted <P> quick war against the South, which culminated in the outbreak of the Korean War. Korean War (1950–1953) The military of North Korea invaded the South on 25 June 1950, and swiftly overran most of the country. A United Nations force, led by the United States, intervened to defend the South, and rapidly advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on 27 July 1953, with an armistice that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea. Approximately 3 <P> Bloody Gulch massacre Korean War begins Following the invasion of South Korea by North Korea on June 25, 1950, the United Nations voted to use force to defend South Korea. The United States subsequently committed ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and to prevent South Korea from collapsing.
The 24th Infantry Division was the first US unit sent into Korea. The unit was to take the initial "shock" of KPA advances, delaying much larger KPA units to buy time to allow reinforcements to arrive. The division was consequently alone for several <P> also eventually turned back due to supply problems. The situation was most dire for units in the east, where rugged and mountainous terrain already posed a logistical challenge. The NK 5th Division and NK 12th Division attacking P'ohang-dong stopped receiving all food and ammunition supply between August 12 and August 20, a key factor in their defeat there. In some instances, desperate North Korean units forced South Korean populations to carry their supplies for them. North Korean units had advanced too far too quickly, and their logistical system, stretched beyond its limit, collapsed at a key point in the war. <P> force the US into action.
The Clinton Administration signed a later version of the Agreed Framework, under which North Korea agreed to freeze and ultimately dismantle its current nuclear program and comply with its nonproliferation obligations in exchange for oil deliveries, the construction of two light water reactors to replace its graphite reactors, and discussions for eventual diplomatic relations.
The agreement was widely hailed at the time as a significant diplomatic achievement. However, in December 2002, the Agreed Framework collapsed as a result of a dispute between the George W. Bush Administration and the North Korean government of Kim Jong-il.
In 2001, George <P> dismissed and replaced by General Matthew Ridgeway. The war then became a bloody stalemate for the next two and a half years while ceasefire negotiations dragged on.
An armistice was finally agreed to by the United Nations Command, the North Korean Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army on July 27, 1953. The war left 33,742 American soldiers dead, 92,134 wounded, and 80,000 missing in action (MIA) or prisoner of war (POW). Estimates place Korean and Chinese casualties at 1,000,000–1,400,000 dead or wounded, and 140,000 MIA or POW. Suez Crisis The Suez Crisis was a war fought over control of the <P> an early fruit of the first period of U.S.-Soviet détente or "thaw" during the Cold War. Little progress was made, except with Austria, from which the Soviets agreed to withdraw if it were made neutral. The subsequent Geneva Conference was to produce a temporary peace in Indochina and France's withdrawal from Vietnam, though formal peace in Korea remained elusive.
Some effects of the Berlin Conference was that the leaders were unable to reach an agreement. There was a "fear of freedom", this was between the east and the west on matters such as free elections in Germany and Austria. The <P> Bodo League members. Korean War Both Rhee and Kim Il-sung wanted to unite the Korean peninsula under their respective governments, but the United States refused to give South Korea any heavy weapons, in order to ensure that its military could only be used for preserving internal order and self-defense. By contrast, Pyongyang was well equipped with Soviet aircraft and tanks. According to John Merrill, "the war was preceded by a major insurgency in the South and serious clashes along the thirty-eighth parallel," and 100,000 people died in "political disturbances, guerrilla warfare, and border clashes".
At the outbreak of hostilities on June <P> meetings between officials of North Korea and South Korea took place in Seoul, beginning an especially fruitful period of dialogue. The prime ministerial talks resulted in two major agreements: the Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonaggression, Exchanges, and Cooperation (the Basic Agreement) and the Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (the Joint Declaration). The Joint Declaration on denuclearization was initiated on 13 December 1991. It forbade both sides to test, manufacture, produce, receive, possess, store, deploy, or use nuclear weapons and forbade the possession of nuclear reprocessing and uranium enrichment facilities. On 30 January 1992, North Korea also signed a <P> to North Korea as a "spoiled child" and its nuclear program as "a threat to the whole world's security" while two anonymous Chinese officials claimed there was growing support in Beijing for Korean reunification under the South's government. Inter-Korean relations In August 1971, both North and South Korea agreed to hold talks through their respective Red Cross societies with the aim of reuniting the many Korean families separated following the division of Korea after the Korean War. After a series of secret meetings, both sides announced on 4 July 1972, an agreement to work toward peaceful reunification and an end <P> ROK 7th Division, which reached Line Kansas on 10 June. The Marines and ROK 5th Division took a week longer to gain full possession of their objectives.
With the seizure of Line Wyoming and the adjusted segment of Line Kansas in the east, the Eighth Army had reached its allowed limit of general advance in support of efforts to open cease-fire negotiations. As yet there had been no clear sign that Chinese and North Korean authorities favored that kind of resolution, but there had been a search for a way to open armistice talks. Aftermath On 9 June Van Fleet offered <P> reduced.
At a meeting of the Military Armistice Commission on June 21, 1957, the U.S. informed the North Korean representatives that the UNC no longer considered itself bound by paragraph 13(d) of the armistice which prevented the introduction of new weapons into Korea, and enforcement of which was the primary mission of the NNSC. In January 1958 U.S. nuclear armed Honest John missiles and 280mm atomic cannons were deployed to South Korea, a year later adding nuclear armed Matador cruise missiles with the range to reach China and the Soviet Union. 1958–1995 North Korea viewed the NNSC as existing in name | question: can someone explain to me why the korean war had significant effects in the cold war? context: <P> the south of Korea; and thus restore the geopolitical status quo ante of the Soviet and American division of Korea at the 38th Parallel of global latitude. Consequent to Chinese military intervention in behalf of Communist North Korea, the magnitude of the infantry warfare reached operational and geographic stalemate (July 1951 – July 1953); afterwards, the shooting war was ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement (27 July 1953); and the superpower Cold War in Asia then resumed as the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Yugoslavia In the late 1940s, the geopolitics of the Eastern bloc countries under the hegemony of Stalinist Russia <P> War. Led by the United States, a 16-member coalition undertook the first collective action under the umbrella of the U.N. Command (UNC). Oscillating battle lines inflicted a high number of civilian casualties and wrought immense destruction. With the People's Republic of China's entry on behalf of North Korea in 1951, the fighting came to a stalemate close to the original line of demarcation.
Armistice negotiations, initiated in July 1951, finally concluded on July 27, 1953 at Panmunjom, now in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The resulting Armistice Agreement was signed by the North Korean army, Chinese People's Volunteers and the U.S.-led and <P> strengths were reduced by about half.
In March 1955, the South Korean national assembly unanimously passed a resolution that NNSC inspection teams should be expelled from South Korea. In May 1955, the U.S. decided that the NNSC should be told that its operations were seriously disadvantaging the UNC forces, and that the "UNC proposed in future to regard Article 13(d) of Armistice agreement as inoperative". In August 1955, South Korean President Syngman Rhee demanded NNSC members leave South Korea, and 1,200 railway workers and 300 South Korean war veterans tried to storm the Wolmi-do Island NNSC compound, but were held back <P> ally and took greater steps to ensure autarky from the USSR in the years following the War. In 1960, China broke from the Soviet Union in an event known today as the Sino-Soviet Split, creating a rift amongst all communist powers which were expected to pick one side of the divide. The North Korean regime, which bordered both countries, successfully navigated the split by playing one power off against the other. It did not firmly align with either power until the Soviet reforms under Mikhail Gorbachev compelled the regime to align with China.
This split, certainly influenced by the Korean War <P> War carried the potential to further destabilize the precarious relations between both sides, while also offering possible advantages.
In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the US. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned the US would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. However, Mao sent more ethnic <P> on 1 October 1949.
In Eastern Asia, the Cold War produced the Korean War (1950–1953), the first proxy war between the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, resulted from dual origins: (i) the nationalist Koreans' post-war resumption of their Korean Civil War; and (ii) an imperial war for regional hegemony, sponsored by the US and the USSR. The international response to the North Korean invasion of South Korea was realised by the United Nations Security Council who voted for war — despite the absent Soviet Union — and authorised an international military expedition to intervene and expel the northern invaders from <P> 38th parallel as dividing line became part of an instruction, approved by the Presi-dent, to General MacArthur, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces. This instruction was also communicated to the British and Soviet government." "The 38th parallel was considered to be a temporary line to fix military responsibilities. Therefore, it has been called a "military expedient". Yet, once Soviet troops had entered the northern part of Korea, facts were established which could not be removed."
Two different governments were established under Soviet and U.S.'s support, and they had a few conflicts after establishment. June 25, 1950, the Korean War started. North Korean <P> Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated.
As American and UN soldiers were already deployed in the war on the South Korean side, it was virtually assured that Soviet forces could not engage in open and direct hostilities against the South without provoking conflicts with other UN countries. Instead, the Soviet Union was compelled to conceal its participation in the conflict (at least to the extent where Soviet involvement could still be plausibly denied by the Soviet government) so as to minimize the <P> economic crisis, severely damaging crops and infrastructure and led to widespread famine which the government proved incapable of curtailing. In 1996, the government accepted UN food aid. 21st century The international environment changed with the election of U.S. president George W. Bush in 2001. His administration rejected South Korea's Sunshine Policy and the Agreed Framework. The U.S. government treated North Korea as a rogue state, while North Korea redoubled its efforts to acquire nuclear weapons to avoid the fate of Iraq. On 9 October 2006, North Korea announced it had conducted its first nuclear weapons test.
U.S. President Barack Obama adopted <P> quick war against the South, which culminated in the outbreak of the Korean War. Korean War (1950–1953) The military of North Korea invaded the South on 25 June 1950, and swiftly overran most of the country. A United Nations force, led by the United States, intervened to defend the South, and rapidly advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on 27 July 1953, with an armistice that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea. Approximately 3 <P> Bloody Gulch massacre Korean War begins Following the invasion of South Korea by North Korea on June 25, 1950, the United Nations voted to use force to defend South Korea. The United States subsequently committed ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and to prevent South Korea from collapsing.
The 24th Infantry Division was the first US unit sent into Korea. The unit was to take the initial "shock" of KPA advances, delaying much larger KPA units to buy time to allow reinforcements to arrive. The division was consequently alone for several <P> also eventually turned back due to supply problems. The situation was most dire for units in the east, where rugged and mountainous terrain already posed a logistical challenge. The NK 5th Division and NK 12th Division attacking P'ohang-dong stopped receiving all food and ammunition supply between August 12 and August 20, a key factor in their defeat there. In some instances, desperate North Korean units forced South Korean populations to carry their supplies for them. North Korean units had advanced too far too quickly, and their logistical system, stretched beyond its limit, collapsed at a key point in the war. <P> force the US into action.
The Clinton Administration signed a later version of the Agreed Framework, under which North Korea agreed to freeze and ultimately dismantle its current nuclear program and comply with its nonproliferation obligations in exchange for oil deliveries, the construction of two light water reactors to replace its graphite reactors, and discussions for eventual diplomatic relations.
The agreement was widely hailed at the time as a significant diplomatic achievement. However, in December 2002, the Agreed Framework collapsed as a result of a dispute between the George W. Bush Administration and the North Korean government of Kim Jong-il.
In 2001, George <P> dismissed and replaced by General Matthew Ridgeway. The war then became a bloody stalemate for the next two and a half years while ceasefire negotiations dragged on.
An armistice was finally agreed to by the United Nations Command, the North Korean Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army on July 27, 1953. The war left 33,742 American soldiers dead, 92,134 wounded, and 80,000 missing in action (MIA) or prisoner of war (POW). Estimates place Korean and Chinese casualties at 1,000,000–1,400,000 dead or wounded, and 140,000 MIA or POW. Suez Crisis The Suez Crisis was a war fought over control of the <P> an early fruit of the first period of U.S.-Soviet détente or "thaw" during the Cold War. Little progress was made, except with Austria, from which the Soviets agreed to withdraw if it were made neutral. The subsequent Geneva Conference was to produce a temporary peace in Indochina and France's withdrawal from Vietnam, though formal peace in Korea remained elusive.
Some effects of the Berlin Conference was that the leaders were unable to reach an agreement. There was a "fear of freedom", this was between the east and the west on matters such as free elections in Germany and Austria. The <P> Bodo League members. Korean War Both Rhee and Kim Il-sung wanted to unite the Korean peninsula under their respective governments, but the United States refused to give South Korea any heavy weapons, in order to ensure that its military could only be used for preserving internal order and self-defense. By contrast, Pyongyang was well equipped with Soviet aircraft and tanks. According to John Merrill, "the war was preceded by a major insurgency in the South and serious clashes along the thirty-eighth parallel," and 100,000 people died in "political disturbances, guerrilla warfare, and border clashes".
At the outbreak of hostilities on June <P> meetings between officials of North Korea and South Korea took place in Seoul, beginning an especially fruitful period of dialogue. The prime ministerial talks resulted in two major agreements: the Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonaggression, Exchanges, and Cooperation (the Basic Agreement) and the Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (the Joint Declaration). The Joint Declaration on denuclearization was initiated on 13 December 1991. It forbade both sides to test, manufacture, produce, receive, possess, store, deploy, or use nuclear weapons and forbade the possession of nuclear reprocessing and uranium enrichment facilities. On 30 January 1992, North Korea also signed a <P> to North Korea as a "spoiled child" and its nuclear program as "a threat to the whole world's security" while two anonymous Chinese officials claimed there was growing support in Beijing for Korean reunification under the South's government. Inter-Korean relations In August 1971, both North and South Korea agreed to hold talks through their respective Red Cross societies with the aim of reuniting the many Korean families separated following the division of Korea after the Korean War. After a series of secret meetings, both sides announced on 4 July 1972, an agreement to work toward peaceful reunification and an end <P> ROK 7th Division, which reached Line Kansas on 10 June. The Marines and ROK 5th Division took a week longer to gain full possession of their objectives.
With the seizure of Line Wyoming and the adjusted segment of Line Kansas in the east, the Eighth Army had reached its allowed limit of general advance in support of efforts to open cease-fire negotiations. As yet there had been no clear sign that Chinese and North Korean authorities favored that kind of resolution, but there had been a search for a way to open armistice talks. Aftermath On 9 June Van Fleet offered <P> reduced.
At a meeting of the Military Armistice Commission on June 21, 1957, the U.S. informed the North Korean representatives that the UNC no longer considered itself bound by paragraph 13(d) of the armistice which prevented the introduction of new weapons into Korea, and enforcement of which was the primary mission of the NNSC. In January 1958 U.S. nuclear armed Honest John missiles and 280mm atomic cannons were deployed to South Korea, a year later adding nuclear armed Matador cruise missiles with the range to reach China and the Soviet Union. 1958–1995 North Korea viewed the NNSC as existing in name | answer: Now, I may get this wrong, but more or so it was because we saw the two ideologies so close together. As soon as Korea was divided up between the Allies, Russian and the USA installed their own regimes in each of their halves. Now, obviously what was already one country now two with opposite governments would cause tension. When the war began, America being deeply rooted in South Korea, more or so almost instantly mobilised. The UN as well as South Korean natives backed up this mobilisation. Stalin knew the consequences of Russians directly engaging Americans in Korea can be catastrophic, and refused to mobilise. Yet, North Korea backed South Korea into a corner, but the US managed to hold out, and pushed back the North Koreans. Then China mobilised troops to support North Korea. It more than showed China's military strength, and basically fighting then stabilised at the 38th parallel (kinda).It was important because it was the first time America directly engaged an enemy communist force (China), the fact that China intervened, and Stalin's thinking of not engaging Americans directly which was followed through most of the Cold War. Not to mention that because of the tension, Russia was supplying China funds and weapons and gave Mao permission to mobilise if need be, and finally just the fact that US engaged in a war Post-WWII.And here's Wikipedia as well: _URL_0_ |
161,808 | 4wk1to | difference between types of fat (saturated, mono.., poly.., trans) and which ones it's safe or unsafe to consume. i am on keto, so fats is almost all i eat. | So, first things first, what is a fat? Fats are molecules that look like [this](_URL_2_), or like [this](_URL_3_) if you prefer a more 3D image. As shown, fats consist of 2 parts, an alcohol called glycerol, and 3 long chains of carbons surrounded by hydrogen, known as fatty acids.So first is the difference between saturated and unsaturated. If you take a look at the images I showed you, they all have hydrogen around the carbon in their fatty acids. That is not necessarily true, [here is a good image](_URL_4_), a little low quality, but it will do. Basically, you can have a carbon atom with what is known as a double bond. This replaces a hydrogen, making it no longer needed. If a fatty acid has a complete set of hydrogen and no carbon double bonds in its fatty acids, it is known as saturated, as it is saturated with hydrogen. If not, then it is unsaturated.Monounsaturated means that there is only one atom of hydrogen missing in an unsaturated fatty acid. Polyunsaturated means there is multiple.Lastly is a trans fat. Trans fat is a type of unsaturated fat that occurs when [this](_URL_1_) happens. Two double bonds, but each carbon of the double bond is on the opposite side. In three dimensions, they look like [this](_URL_0_).So, which ones to eat and which to not. First of all, trans fats are the worst, mainly because our body is not well equiped for them. They are very rare in nature, nature preferring there to be a double bond where both hydrogen are on the same side. As such, evolution has not seen it necessary to have a good way of processing it, and mainly it just gets stuck inside of arteries which can lead to heart complications and heart attacks.Well, if they don't come from nature, where do they come from?Hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is the process through which we can turn unsaturated fats into saturated ones, by pressurizing them with hydrogen. The issue is that it leads to some trans fats being made due to the inherent process of doing so. Life makes unsaturated fats by pulling hydrogen from the saturated ones, but pulling 2 at a time, generally from the same side because it is easier than having a protein do the other side as well, it also makes it pointless. Why? Because unsaturated fats are useful because their tails bend, making them not able to solidify nicely. This is why butter, a saturated fat, solidifies well, but oil does not. Unsaturated fats are often used to protect against the cold in plant cell walls, because it is crucial for life to have the fats as a liquid. Warm blooded animals like us have found different ways, mainly staying warm.Trans fats are unsaturated fats that do solidify because they are straight, like saturated fats, life has found little use for them, therefore they aren't made, nor can they be processed well. Since they are unsaturated fats, they have less calories, but solidify like butter, so once they were discovered to be created by hydrogenation, manufacturers would try to make trans fats, unknowing that they were really bad for the health, because it was essentially butter with half the calories. But trans fats are byproducts in all hydrogenation processes.Anyways, after that, is saturated fat. They have the most calories of any fat, because they have all the hydrogen, along with solidifying, which allows them to become plaque. But a little saturated fat doesn't hurt much, mainly meat and animal products contains this type of fat. Which is why butter comes from cows.The body does not like saturated fats in the blood as they have a tendency to kind of stick in on blood vessels wall and build up, again because of their straight shape. Which is why the body turns them into unsaturated fats. Trans fats however, are straight, but trick the body into thinking it isn't because they are unsaturated, which is the main reason why they are bad. But make no mistake, the body can't deal with a lot of saturated fat over time, and having it build up makes it longer, maybe even impossible, for the molecules that you break down that fats to reach many of them. The body does however it saturated fats for energy storage and other reasons.Unsaturated fats are by far the best to consume. They digest quite simply, their awkward shape makes them difficult to build up as plaque in the bloodstream. The more hydrogen, the more calories it is, so monounsaturated fats have more calories than polyunsaturated.But beside that, yea. | [
"So, first things first, what is a fat? Fats are molecules that look like [this](_URL_2_), or like [this](_URL_3_) if you prefer a more 3D image. As shown, fats consist of 2 parts, an alcohol called glycerol, and 3 long chains of carbons surrounded by hydrogen, known as fatty acids.\n\nSo first is the difference be... | 1 | [
"So, first things first, what is a fat? Fats are molecules that look like [this](_URL_2_), or like [this](_URL_3_) if you prefer a more 3D image. As shown, fats consist of 2 parts, an alcohol called glycerol, and 3 long chains of carbons surrounded by hydrogen, known as fatty acids.\n\nSo first is the difference be... | 1 | <P> in the middle position on the glycerol molecules appear to be absorbed more easily and influence metabolism more than fatty acids on the end positions. Unlike ordinary fats, MCTs are metabolized like carbohydrates. They have exceptional oxidative stability, and prevent foods from turning rancid readily. Animal feed Livestock and poultry are raised on animal feed, much of which is composed of the leftovers from processing crops, including GM crops. For example, approximately 43% of a canola seed is oil. What remains after oil extraction is a meal that becomes an ingredient in animal feed and contains canola protein. Likewise, the <P> 20 to 50%, fatty acids from 35 to 70%, and unsaponifiables from 6 to 30%. <P> Low-density lipoprotein Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein which transport all fat molecules around the body in the extracellular water. These groups, from least dense to most dense, are chylomicrons (aka ULDL by the overall density naming convention), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL delivers fat molecules to cells. LDL can contribute to atherosclerosis if it is oxidized within the walls of arteries.
It is important to note that while in the popular press LDL may be called "bad cholesterol", much recent research has shown that is <P> the fat Commercial use Many lipophilic bacteria are a good source of biosurfactants, hence are used commercially, e.g. Bacillus licheniformis. These kinds of bacteria produce biosurfactants which replace chemically produced surfactants. Biosurfactans are degradable unlike the chemical ones. <P> fat which is 10% and 18% when it comes to saturated fat, so some might want to be cautious when on a stricter diet. The average milligrams of dietary cholesterol is 300 and this only contains 5. Sodium makes up 1% of its daily value and contains 26 mg while Potassium is 5% and is about 167 mg. People on stricter diets would also consider the sugar levels which contains about 16gs while it also contains 2.7gs of protein and 1.7gs of dietary fiber. Champurrado also contains 1% vitamin A, no vitamin C, 7% calcium and 11% iron. Calcium helps the body <P> flawed research methodology. The issue remains controversial and vigorously contested in the literature. Structure Each native LDL particle enables emulsification, i.e. surrounding/packaging all fatty acids being carried, enabling these fats to move around the body within the water outside cells. Each particle contains a single apolipoprotein B-100 molecule (Apo B-100, a protein that has 4536 amino acid residues and a mass of 514 kDa), along with 80 to 100 additional ancillary proteins. Each LDL has a highly hydrophobic core consisting of polyunsaturated fatty acid known as linoleate and hundreds to thousands (about 1500 commonly cited as an average) esterified and <P> Fatty acid ester Fatty acid esters (FAEs) are a type of ester that result from the combination of a fatty acid with an alcohol. When the alcohol component is glycerol, the fatty acid esters produced can be monoglycerides, diglycerides, or triglycerides. Dietary fats are chemically triglycerides.
Glycerol esters of fatty acids occur as colorless to brown powders, flakes, coarse powders, or granular or waxy lumps, or are a colorless to brown semi-fluids or liquids. They are odorless or have a characteristic odor.
Biodiesels are typically fatty acid esters produced by the transesterification of vegetable fats and oils which results in the <P> the 1970s by the team at the Unilever Research Center at Colworth House in England. Their work proved that the use of a specific enzyme predictably rearranged the fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride at positions 1 and 3. This provided an expanded range of available triglyceride types, viable for any number of food production uses and also trans-fat free.
Marketplace shifts in the late 2000s accelerated the commercial application of enzymatic interesterification. Most impactful was the push for trans fat removal from both foodservice and packaged food products, which nearly eliminated the commercial application of partially hydrogenated <P> heart disease. This resulted in the American government recommending that people adopt a low-fat diet in order to prevent heart disease.
Keys had concluded that saturated fats as found in milk and meat have adverse effects, while unsaturated fats found in vegetable oils had beneficial effects. This message was obscured for a 20-year period starting around 1985, when all dietary fats were considered unhealthy. This was driven largely by the hypothesis that all dietary fats cause obesity and cancer. A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration, an organisation which promotes evidence-based medicine, found that reducing saturated fat intake <P> fatty acids and lowers saturated fat content. Chemistry Enzymatic Interesterification occurs when an enzyme is introduced into two oils; in most cases one oil is liquid and the other is a solid oil (hard fat). Hard fats are defined as fully hydrogenated fats. This process may occur in oils that already contain solids like palm oil or lauric fats that are not “hard fats."
The reaction between the oils and the enzyme causes the fatty acids of the triglycerides to exchange positions to the -1 and -3 glycerides, thereby altering the chemical composition and physical properties of the fat. Using a <P> cell proliferation, and may protect against colon cancer.
Butyrate is a major metabolite in colonic lumen arising from bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and has been shown to be a critical mediator of the colonic inflammatory response. In fact, butyrate is responsible for about 70% of energy from the colonocytes, being a critical SCFA in the colon homeostasis. Butyrate possesses both preventive and therapeutic potential to counteract inflammation-mediated ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer. The reason why butyrate is an energy source for normal colonocytes and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells, is due to the Warburg effect in cancer cells, <P> of carbon atoms, typically between 16 and 20. The 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids are the most common. Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated, with the configuration of the double bonds nearly always "cis". The length and the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid chains have a profound effect on membrane fluidity as unsaturated lipids create a kink, preventing the fatty acids from packing together as tightly, thus decreasing the melting temperature (increasing the fluidity) of the membrane. The ability of some organisms to regulate the fluidity of their cell membranes by altering lipid composition is called homeoviscous adaptation.
The <P> it not necessarily bad. It is an essential transport system for lipids the human body needs to survive, including cholesterol. There is both "large" and "small" particle LDL, and while only small is associated with cholesterol-related issues, neither is "bad". Even "small" LDL is necessary to conduct nutrients to vessels that "large" LDL cannot reach. Overview Lipoproteins transfer lipids (fats) around the body in the extracellular fluid, making fats available to body cells for receptor-mediated endocytosis. Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins, typically 80–100 proteins/particle (organized by a single apolipoprotein B for LDL and the larger particles). A <P> on glucose while the numbers 1'-6' indicate the position of the carbons on fructose.) The three primary hydroxyl groups are more reactive due to lower steric hindrance, so they react with fatty acids first, resulting in a sucrose mono-, di-, or triester. Typical saturated fatty acids that are used to produce sucrose esters are lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and behenic acid, and typical unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid and erusic acid. Emulsification Due to the hydrophilic property of sucrose and the lipophilic property of fatty acids, the overall hydrophilicity of sucrose esters can be tuned <P> 1,3-specific enzyme, only the fatty acids in the 1,3 positions are shifted around, and the 2-position is untouched. Unsaturated fatty acids in the 2-position are more often found naturally in plant lipids or vegetable oil sources. Allowing the rearrangement of the saturated fatty acids to occur in the 1-position and 3-position increases the amount of bioavailable unsaturated fatty acids.
Enzymes most suitable for this process are esterase; acylase; those enzymes that facilitate acidolysis reactions, transesterification reactions, ester synthesis or ester interchange reactions; enzymes having phospholipase or protease activity, including thermostable and thermotolerant hydrolase activity; and polynucleotides. From the two original fats, <P> a small but significant rise in serum cholesterol. Dietary limits for cholesterol were proposed in United States, but not in Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. Consequently, in 2015 the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee in the United States removed its recommendation of limiting cholesterol intake.
A 2015 Cochrane review found replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat resulted in a small decrease in cardiovascular disease by decreasing blood cholesterol. Other reviews have not found an effect from saturated fats on cardiovascular disease. Trans fats are recognized as a potential risk factor for cholesterol-related cardiovascular disease, and avoiding them in an adult diet is <P> single LDL particle is about 220–275 angstroms in diameter, typically transporting 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules/particle, and varying in size according to the number and mix of fat molecules contained within. The lipids carried include all fat molecules with cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides dominant; amounts of each varying considerably.
The conventional interpretation of cholesterol levels holds that higher levels of LDL particles pose increased risk of cardiovascular disease. LDL particles are thought to invade the endothelium and become oxidized, since the oxidized forms would be more easily retained by the proteoglycans. This view has been challenged as inaccurate and based on <P> ability to produce certain fatty acids by themselves. On the one hand, this renders the bacteria vulnerable to environmental changes. On the other hand, energy can be saved as there is no need to put effort into lipid synthesis. Health risks Most materials in laboratories and health-care centers have small amounts of lipids on their surface, and thus may support the proliferation of lipophilic bacteria. However, since they are not pathogenic, this is not a serious threat.
Lipophilic bacteria may also proliferate in diet fat. However, in modern food industry this is very rare and at worst causes a discoloration of <P> Butyrate In nature As a short chain fatty acid, butyric acid is fully ionized near neutral pH. In nature, the cation associated with butyrate is unknown or unimportant to the metabolizing enzymes.
Butyrates are important as food for cells lining the mammalian colon (colonocytes). Without butyrates for energy, colon cells undergo autophagy (self digestion) and die.
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which include butyrate, are produced by beneficial colonic bacteria (probiotics) that feed on, or ferment prebiotics, which are plant products that contain adequate amounts of dietary fiber. These SCFAs benefit the colonocytes (cells of the colon) by increasing energy production and <P> native condition, with a resolution of about 16 Angstroms using cryogenic electron microscopy, has been recently described. Physiology LDL particles are formed as VLDL lose triglyceride through the action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and they become smaller and denser (i.e. fewer fat molecules with same protein transport shell), containing a higher proportion of cholesterol esters. Transport into the cell When a cell requires additional cholesterol (beyond its current internal HMGCoA production pathway), it synthesizes the necessary LDL receptors as well as PCSK9, a proprotein convertase that marks the LDL receptor for degradation. LDL receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane | question: difference between types of fat (saturated, mono.., poly.., trans) and which ones it's safe or unsafe to consume. i am on keto, so fats is almost all i eat. context: <P> in the middle position on the glycerol molecules appear to be absorbed more easily and influence metabolism more than fatty acids on the end positions. Unlike ordinary fats, MCTs are metabolized like carbohydrates. They have exceptional oxidative stability, and prevent foods from turning rancid readily. Animal feed Livestock and poultry are raised on animal feed, much of which is composed of the leftovers from processing crops, including GM crops. For example, approximately 43% of a canola seed is oil. What remains after oil extraction is a meal that becomes an ingredient in animal feed and contains canola protein. Likewise, the <P> 20 to 50%, fatty acids from 35 to 70%, and unsaponifiables from 6 to 30%. <P> Low-density lipoprotein Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein which transport all fat molecules around the body in the extracellular water. These groups, from least dense to most dense, are chylomicrons (aka ULDL by the overall density naming convention), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL delivers fat molecules to cells. LDL can contribute to atherosclerosis if it is oxidized within the walls of arteries.
It is important to note that while in the popular press LDL may be called "bad cholesterol", much recent research has shown that is <P> the fat Commercial use Many lipophilic bacteria are a good source of biosurfactants, hence are used commercially, e.g. Bacillus licheniformis. These kinds of bacteria produce biosurfactants which replace chemically produced surfactants. Biosurfactans are degradable unlike the chemical ones. <P> fat which is 10% and 18% when it comes to saturated fat, so some might want to be cautious when on a stricter diet. The average milligrams of dietary cholesterol is 300 and this only contains 5. Sodium makes up 1% of its daily value and contains 26 mg while Potassium is 5% and is about 167 mg. People on stricter diets would also consider the sugar levels which contains about 16gs while it also contains 2.7gs of protein and 1.7gs of dietary fiber. Champurrado also contains 1% vitamin A, no vitamin C, 7% calcium and 11% iron. Calcium helps the body <P> flawed research methodology. The issue remains controversial and vigorously contested in the literature. Structure Each native LDL particle enables emulsification, i.e. surrounding/packaging all fatty acids being carried, enabling these fats to move around the body within the water outside cells. Each particle contains a single apolipoprotein B-100 molecule (Apo B-100, a protein that has 4536 amino acid residues and a mass of 514 kDa), along with 80 to 100 additional ancillary proteins. Each LDL has a highly hydrophobic core consisting of polyunsaturated fatty acid known as linoleate and hundreds to thousands (about 1500 commonly cited as an average) esterified and <P> Fatty acid ester Fatty acid esters (FAEs) are a type of ester that result from the combination of a fatty acid with an alcohol. When the alcohol component is glycerol, the fatty acid esters produced can be monoglycerides, diglycerides, or triglycerides. Dietary fats are chemically triglycerides.
Glycerol esters of fatty acids occur as colorless to brown powders, flakes, coarse powders, or granular or waxy lumps, or are a colorless to brown semi-fluids or liquids. They are odorless or have a characteristic odor.
Biodiesels are typically fatty acid esters produced by the transesterification of vegetable fats and oils which results in the <P> the 1970s by the team at the Unilever Research Center at Colworth House in England. Their work proved that the use of a specific enzyme predictably rearranged the fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride at positions 1 and 3. This provided an expanded range of available triglyceride types, viable for any number of food production uses and also trans-fat free.
Marketplace shifts in the late 2000s accelerated the commercial application of enzymatic interesterification. Most impactful was the push for trans fat removal from both foodservice and packaged food products, which nearly eliminated the commercial application of partially hydrogenated <P> heart disease. This resulted in the American government recommending that people adopt a low-fat diet in order to prevent heart disease.
Keys had concluded that saturated fats as found in milk and meat have adverse effects, while unsaturated fats found in vegetable oils had beneficial effects. This message was obscured for a 20-year period starting around 1985, when all dietary fats were considered unhealthy. This was driven largely by the hypothesis that all dietary fats cause obesity and cancer. A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration, an organisation which promotes evidence-based medicine, found that reducing saturated fat intake <P> fatty acids and lowers saturated fat content. Chemistry Enzymatic Interesterification occurs when an enzyme is introduced into two oils; in most cases one oil is liquid and the other is a solid oil (hard fat). Hard fats are defined as fully hydrogenated fats. This process may occur in oils that already contain solids like palm oil or lauric fats that are not “hard fats."
The reaction between the oils and the enzyme causes the fatty acids of the triglycerides to exchange positions to the -1 and -3 glycerides, thereby altering the chemical composition and physical properties of the fat. Using a <P> cell proliferation, and may protect against colon cancer.
Butyrate is a major metabolite in colonic lumen arising from bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and has been shown to be a critical mediator of the colonic inflammatory response. In fact, butyrate is responsible for about 70% of energy from the colonocytes, being a critical SCFA in the colon homeostasis. Butyrate possesses both preventive and therapeutic potential to counteract inflammation-mediated ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer. The reason why butyrate is an energy source for normal colonocytes and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells, is due to the Warburg effect in cancer cells, <P> of carbon atoms, typically between 16 and 20. The 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids are the most common. Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated, with the configuration of the double bonds nearly always "cis". The length and the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid chains have a profound effect on membrane fluidity as unsaturated lipids create a kink, preventing the fatty acids from packing together as tightly, thus decreasing the melting temperature (increasing the fluidity) of the membrane. The ability of some organisms to regulate the fluidity of their cell membranes by altering lipid composition is called homeoviscous adaptation.
The <P> it not necessarily bad. It is an essential transport system for lipids the human body needs to survive, including cholesterol. There is both "large" and "small" particle LDL, and while only small is associated with cholesterol-related issues, neither is "bad". Even "small" LDL is necessary to conduct nutrients to vessels that "large" LDL cannot reach. Overview Lipoproteins transfer lipids (fats) around the body in the extracellular fluid, making fats available to body cells for receptor-mediated endocytosis. Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins, typically 80–100 proteins/particle (organized by a single apolipoprotein B for LDL and the larger particles). A <P> on glucose while the numbers 1'-6' indicate the position of the carbons on fructose.) The three primary hydroxyl groups are more reactive due to lower steric hindrance, so they react with fatty acids first, resulting in a sucrose mono-, di-, or triester. Typical saturated fatty acids that are used to produce sucrose esters are lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and behenic acid, and typical unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid and erusic acid. Emulsification Due to the hydrophilic property of sucrose and the lipophilic property of fatty acids, the overall hydrophilicity of sucrose esters can be tuned <P> 1,3-specific enzyme, only the fatty acids in the 1,3 positions are shifted around, and the 2-position is untouched. Unsaturated fatty acids in the 2-position are more often found naturally in plant lipids or vegetable oil sources. Allowing the rearrangement of the saturated fatty acids to occur in the 1-position and 3-position increases the amount of bioavailable unsaturated fatty acids.
Enzymes most suitable for this process are esterase; acylase; those enzymes that facilitate acidolysis reactions, transesterification reactions, ester synthesis or ester interchange reactions; enzymes having phospholipase or protease activity, including thermostable and thermotolerant hydrolase activity; and polynucleotides. From the two original fats, <P> a small but significant rise in serum cholesterol. Dietary limits for cholesterol were proposed in United States, but not in Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia. Consequently, in 2015 the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee in the United States removed its recommendation of limiting cholesterol intake.
A 2015 Cochrane review found replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat resulted in a small decrease in cardiovascular disease by decreasing blood cholesterol. Other reviews have not found an effect from saturated fats on cardiovascular disease. Trans fats are recognized as a potential risk factor for cholesterol-related cardiovascular disease, and avoiding them in an adult diet is <P> single LDL particle is about 220–275 angstroms in diameter, typically transporting 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules/particle, and varying in size according to the number and mix of fat molecules contained within. The lipids carried include all fat molecules with cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides dominant; amounts of each varying considerably.
The conventional interpretation of cholesterol levels holds that higher levels of LDL particles pose increased risk of cardiovascular disease. LDL particles are thought to invade the endothelium and become oxidized, since the oxidized forms would be more easily retained by the proteoglycans. This view has been challenged as inaccurate and based on <P> ability to produce certain fatty acids by themselves. On the one hand, this renders the bacteria vulnerable to environmental changes. On the other hand, energy can be saved as there is no need to put effort into lipid synthesis. Health risks Most materials in laboratories and health-care centers have small amounts of lipids on their surface, and thus may support the proliferation of lipophilic bacteria. However, since they are not pathogenic, this is not a serious threat.
Lipophilic bacteria may also proliferate in diet fat. However, in modern food industry this is very rare and at worst causes a discoloration of <P> Butyrate In nature As a short chain fatty acid, butyric acid is fully ionized near neutral pH. In nature, the cation associated with butyrate is unknown or unimportant to the metabolizing enzymes.
Butyrates are important as food for cells lining the mammalian colon (colonocytes). Without butyrates for energy, colon cells undergo autophagy (self digestion) and die.
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which include butyrate, are produced by beneficial colonic bacteria (probiotics) that feed on, or ferment prebiotics, which are plant products that contain adequate amounts of dietary fiber. These SCFAs benefit the colonocytes (cells of the colon) by increasing energy production and <P> native condition, with a resolution of about 16 Angstroms using cryogenic electron microscopy, has been recently described. Physiology LDL particles are formed as VLDL lose triglyceride through the action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and they become smaller and denser (i.e. fewer fat molecules with same protein transport shell), containing a higher proportion of cholesterol esters. Transport into the cell When a cell requires additional cholesterol (beyond its current internal HMGCoA production pathway), it synthesizes the necessary LDL receptors as well as PCSK9, a proprotein convertase that marks the LDL receptor for degradation. LDL receptors are inserted into the plasma membrane | answer: So, first things first, what is a fat? Fats are molecules that look like [this](_URL_2_), or like [this](_URL_3_) if you prefer a more 3D image. As shown, fats consist of 2 parts, an alcohol called glycerol, and 3 long chains of carbons surrounded by hydrogen, known as fatty acids.So first is the difference between saturated and unsaturated. If you take a look at the images I showed you, they all have hydrogen around the carbon in their fatty acids. That is not necessarily true, [here is a good image](_URL_4_), a little low quality, but it will do. Basically, you can have a carbon atom with what is known as a double bond. This replaces a hydrogen, making it no longer needed. If a fatty acid has a complete set of hydrogen and no carbon double bonds in its fatty acids, it is known as saturated, as it is saturated with hydrogen. If not, then it is unsaturated.Monounsaturated means that there is only one atom of hydrogen missing in an unsaturated fatty acid. Polyunsaturated means there is multiple.Lastly is a trans fat. Trans fat is a type of unsaturated fat that occurs when [this](_URL_1_) happens. Two double bonds, but each carbon of the double bond is on the opposite side. In three dimensions, they look like [this](_URL_0_).So, which ones to eat and which to not. First of all, trans fats are the worst, mainly because our body is not well equiped for them. They are very rare in nature, nature preferring there to be a double bond where both hydrogen are on the same side. As such, evolution has not seen it necessary to have a good way of processing it, and mainly it just gets stuck inside of arteries which can lead to heart complications and heart attacks.Well, if they don't come from nature, where do they come from?Hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is the process through which we can turn unsaturated fats into saturated ones, by pressurizing them with hydrogen. The issue is that it leads to some trans fats being made due to the inherent process of doing so. Life makes unsaturated fats by pulling hydrogen from the saturated ones, but pulling 2 at a time, generally from the same side because it is easier than having a protein do the other side as well, it also makes it pointless. Why? Because unsaturated fats are useful because their tails bend, making them not able to solidify nicely. This is why butter, a saturated fat, solidifies well, but oil does not. Unsaturated fats are often used to protect against the cold in plant cell walls, because it is crucial for life to have the fats as a liquid. Warm blooded animals like us have found different ways, mainly staying warm.Trans fats are unsaturated fats that do solidify because they are straight, like saturated fats, life has found little use for them, therefore they aren't made, nor can they be processed well. Since they are unsaturated fats, they have less calories, but solidify like butter, so once they were discovered to be created by hydrogenation, manufacturers would try to make trans fats, unknowing that they were really bad for the health, because it was essentially butter with half the calories. But trans fats are byproducts in all hydrogenation processes.Anyways, after that, is saturated fat. They have the most calories of any fat, because they have all the hydrogen, along with solidifying, which allows them to become plaque. But a little saturated fat doesn't hurt much, mainly meat and animal products contains this type of fat. Which is why butter comes from cows.The body does not like saturated fats in the blood as they have a tendency to kind of stick in on blood vessels wall and build up, again because of their straight shape. Which is why the body turns them into unsaturated fats. Trans fats however, are straight, but trick the body into thinking it isn't because they are unsaturated, which is the main reason why they are bad. But make no mistake, the body can't deal with a lot of saturated fat over time, and having it build up makes it longer, maybe even impossible, for the molecules that you break down that fats to reach many of them. The body does however it saturated fats for energy storage and other reasons.Unsaturated fats are by far the best to consume. They digest quite simply, their awkward shape makes them difficult to build up as plaque in the bloodstream. The more hydrogen, the more calories it is, so monounsaturated fats have more calories than polyunsaturated.But beside that, yea. |
66,324 | 2s6hm8 | Did pregnant women wear corsets in the Victorian era? | Yes and no. Pregnancy was a very private thing and the idea of confinement (staying home) was a real thing in the latter months of pregnancy. Maternity corsets were a thing, with lacing on the sides to be loosened as the belly grew. They weren't for support either, but mostly structured to minimize the appearance. Women who had worn corsets since they were young needed them for support. Lower status women did not wear the same type of corsets as those worn by richer women, their corsets were looser and many ditched them during pregnancy. My answer focuses mostly on English practices at the time, so the practice in the new world may be slightly different.Sources:[Maternity Corset](_URL_0_) [Corsets and Conception: Fashion and Demographic Trends in the Nineteenth Century](_URL_1_) | [
"Yes and no. Pregnancy was a very private thing and the idea of confinement (staying home) was a real thing in the latter months of pregnancy. Maternity corsets were a thing, with lacing on the sides to be loosened as the belly grew. They weren't for support either, but mostly structured to minimize the appearanc... | 2 | [
"Yes and no. Pregnancy was a very private thing and the idea of confinement (staying home) was a real thing in the latter months of pregnancy. Maternity corsets were a thing, with lacing on the sides to be loosened as the belly grew. They weren't for support either, but mostly structured to minimize the appearanc... | 2 | <P> the corset causing extreme weight loss. (Gallstones are the result of the body metabolizing fat to compensate for rapid weight loss.)
However, the most common sufferers from gallstones are female even today, and it is unlikely that the corset had much to do with the condition. <P> There are other such belts at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg and the British Museum in London. Most have been removed from display to avoid any further embarrassment because the authenticity of these belts as medieval devices has since been called into question. Many contemporary historians accept that these alleged "artifacts" date from the 19th century, and are thus inauthentic.
From the 18th century and until the 1930s, masturbation was widely regarded as harmful in Western medicine. Numerous mentions can be found in medical journals of the time of the use of chastity belt-like devices to prevent masturbation in female <P> could be hung, such as small game like goannas in order to free the hands on long walks and hunts.
Among some groups, including the Pitjantjajara, a small modesty apron was made of the string for young girls to wear when they reached puberty. People in Central Australia today may talk of a girl having her "string broken", which can mean sexual abuse, or having sex when she is not ready.
Among some tribes, adults wore a loincloth-like pubic covering, which also hung from the waist belt. This was made either of the string itself, or of other material, including paperbark. <P> Holy Lands on the Crusades, his Lady would wear a chastity belt to preserve her faithfulness to him. However, there is no credible evidence that chastity belts existed before the 15th century (over a century after the last Middle Eastern Crusade), and their main period of apparent use falls within the Renaissance rather than the Middle Ages. Research into the history of the chastity belt suggests that they were not used until the 16th century, and then only rather rarely; they first became widely available in the form of 19th-century anti-masturbation medical devices.
Renaissance chastity belts were said to have <P> in Richard Strauss's later opera Der Rosenkavalier, where she has her hair dressed while surrounded by a disorderly crowd of tradesmen touting for work or payment, and other petitioners, followed by a visit from a cousin. The second scene of William Hogarth's A Rake's Progress shows a male equivalent in 1730s London.
In the French engraving Le Lever after Freudenberg, of the 1780s (illustration, right), gentle social criticism is levelled at the lady of the court; that she slept without unlacing her stays, apparently, perhaps can be seen as artistic licence. Her maids dress her with deference, while the wallclock <P> until noon. "At twelve I was called and got ready for the customary debutante luncheon." She graduated from Rosemary Hall prep school in 1910, at age 19. Development of the backless brassiere In 1910, at age 19, Polly was preparing to attend yet another débutante ball one evening. As was customary, she put on a corset stiffened with whalebone and a restrictive, tight corset cover that flattened and jammed her large breasts together into a single monobosom. A corset was cinched in to form as tiny a waist as possible, and the woman's torso was held very erect. A corset <P> tuberculosis which go to the lower lobes of the lungs first.
However, Valerie Steele notes that the corset's association with tuberculosis originated before the bacillus was discovered, and that the corset may have only aggravated the condition. Circulation In the nineteenth century, corseting was thought to lead to cardiac palpitations in the heart and spanaemia, or the lack of oxygen in the blood.
This claim was successfully debunked, as there is no evidence to support corset-caused circulatory damage. Breasts Corset-wearing cannot cause breast cancer. Occurring more frequently is a reduction of the size of the nipples. Victorians believed the corset caused mammary <P> or surgical conditions. Ancient history In ancient Egypt, midwifery was a recognized female occupation, as attested by the Ebers Papyrus which dates from 1900 to 1550 BCE. Five columns of this papyrus deal with obstetrics and gynecology, especially concerning the acceleration of parturition (the action or process of giving birth to offspring) and the birth prognosis of the newborn. The Westcar papyrus, dated to 1700 BCE, includes instructions for calculating the expected date of confinement and describes different styles of birth chairs. Bas reliefs in the royal birth rooms at Luxor and other temples also attest to the heavy presence <P> with a slip or underskirt to preserve their modesty. <P> were not included in women's education, and her classes quickly expanded. Among other topics, she educated women on the physiological consequences of fashion, like the deformities and breathing problems caused by corsets. She continued to teach these classes until 1843.
Soon after, she moved to New York and continued giving lectures and visiting the sick. Her first husband died in 1837, and she later re-married to John Baker in New York. The marriage eventually ended in divorce, but little is known about what happened during the relationship. After her husband’s death in 1837, Lozier continued with her medical training which <P> visus, was etymologically related to vis, "force, power". The connection between visus and vis, he said, also implied the potential for violation, just as Actaeon gazing on the naked Diana violated the goddess.
One exception to public nudity was the baths, though attitudes toward nude bathing also changed over time. In the 2nd century BC, Cato preferred not to bathe in the presence of his son, and Plutarch implies that for Romans of these earlier times it was considered shameful for mature men to expose their bodies to younger males. Later, however, men and women might even bathe together. Some Hellenized <P> house, Spartan women wore dresses (peplos) slit up the side to allow freer movement and moved freely about the city, either walking or driving chariots. Girls as well as boys exercised, possibly in the nude, and young women as well as young men may have participated in the Gymnopaedia ("Festival of Nude Youths").
Another practice that was mentioned by many visitors to Sparta was the practice of “wife-sharing”. In accordance with the Spartan belief that breeding should be between the most physically fit parents, many older men allowed younger, more fit men, to impregnate their wives. Other unmarried or <P> Mary, listed as 'Mrs Mary Jerningham', was among the ladies granted cloth for gowns for the occasion. From 1509 until 1527 Mary is said to have been one of the ladies who served the Queen.
Her first husband, Edward Jerningham, died in 1515, and by 1532 she had married Sir William Kingston, who had been appointed Constable of the Tower of London on 28 May 1524, an office which placed him in charge of state prisoners. In May 1536 Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII, became Kingston's prisoner. During her brief time in the Tower, Anne was attended by <P> cowboy's legs from cactus spines and prevent the fabric from wearing out. Two common types include the skintight shotgun chaps and wide batwing chaps. The latter were sometimes made from hides retaining their hair (known as "woolies") rather than tanned leather. They appeared on the Great Plains somewhere around 1887.
Women wore knee-length prairie skirts, red or blue gingham dresses or suede fringed skirts derived from Native American dress. Saloon girls wore short red dresses with corsets, garter belts and stockings. After World War II, many women, returning to the home after working in the fields or factories while the men <P> vittae that the Vestals wore was a cloth ribbon worn in the Vestals’ hair. It is closely associated with status of Roman matron. Vittae were worn by a wider range of women at different stages of life and therefore cannot be accepted as unique to just one stage. Unmarried girls, matrons, as well as the Vestal virgins all wore them.
However, the Vestals did not share all elements of the bride’s attire, specifically they did not wear the flammeum that brides did, but instead wore the suffibulum. The vestals also wore a stola, which is associated with Roman matrons, not with <P> until the Meiji Restoration. Commodore Matthew Perry's interpreter Rev. S. Well Williams wrote "Modesty, judging from what we see, might be said to be unknown, for the women make no attempt to hide the bosom, and every step shows the leg above the knee; while men generally go with the merest bit of rag, and that not always carefully put on. Naked men and women have both been seen in the streets, and uniformly resort to the same bath house, regardless of all decency. Lewd motions, pictures and talk seem to be the common expression of the viler acts and <P> taken as the epitome of mid-Victorian womanhood by the scholar Henry Sidgwick. <P> and women participated wearing only a loincloth, as toplessness for both sexes was the cultural norm; men wore loincloths, whilst women wore an open-fronted dress.
Ancient Greece had a particular fascination for aesthetics, which was also reflected in clothing or its absence. Sparta had rigorous codes of training (agoge) and physical exercise was conducted in the nude. Athletes competed naked in public sporting events. Spartan women, as well as men, would sometimes be naked in public processions and festivals. This practice was designed to encourage virtue in men while they were away at war and an appreciation of health in the <P> once, in 1858". She died on 1 December 1871. <P> contrary. In the racy 1934 sequel, Tarzan and His Mate (the last word meaning both a status and a biological function), men come from the U.S. with fancy gowns and other accoutrements to woo and clothe the bra-less, barely clothed Jane, again played by O'Sullivan, hoping to lure her away from the savage Tarzan. He detests the fancier clothing and tears it off. The film included a skinny-dipping scene with extensive nudity with a body double standing in for O'Sullivan. Breen, then head of the SRC, objected to the scene, and MGM, the movie's producer, decided to take their case | question: Did pregnant women wear corsets in the Victorian era? context: <P> the corset causing extreme weight loss. (Gallstones are the result of the body metabolizing fat to compensate for rapid weight loss.)
However, the most common sufferers from gallstones are female even today, and it is unlikely that the corset had much to do with the condition. <P> There are other such belts at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg and the British Museum in London. Most have been removed from display to avoid any further embarrassment because the authenticity of these belts as medieval devices has since been called into question. Many contemporary historians accept that these alleged "artifacts" date from the 19th century, and are thus inauthentic.
From the 18th century and until the 1930s, masturbation was widely regarded as harmful in Western medicine. Numerous mentions can be found in medical journals of the time of the use of chastity belt-like devices to prevent masturbation in female <P> could be hung, such as small game like goannas in order to free the hands on long walks and hunts.
Among some groups, including the Pitjantjajara, a small modesty apron was made of the string for young girls to wear when they reached puberty. People in Central Australia today may talk of a girl having her "string broken", which can mean sexual abuse, or having sex when she is not ready.
Among some tribes, adults wore a loincloth-like pubic covering, which also hung from the waist belt. This was made either of the string itself, or of other material, including paperbark. <P> Holy Lands on the Crusades, his Lady would wear a chastity belt to preserve her faithfulness to him. However, there is no credible evidence that chastity belts existed before the 15th century (over a century after the last Middle Eastern Crusade), and their main period of apparent use falls within the Renaissance rather than the Middle Ages. Research into the history of the chastity belt suggests that they were not used until the 16th century, and then only rather rarely; they first became widely available in the form of 19th-century anti-masturbation medical devices.
Renaissance chastity belts were said to have <P> in Richard Strauss's later opera Der Rosenkavalier, where she has her hair dressed while surrounded by a disorderly crowd of tradesmen touting for work or payment, and other petitioners, followed by a visit from a cousin. The second scene of William Hogarth's A Rake's Progress shows a male equivalent in 1730s London.
In the French engraving Le Lever after Freudenberg, of the 1780s (illustration, right), gentle social criticism is levelled at the lady of the court; that she slept without unlacing her stays, apparently, perhaps can be seen as artistic licence. Her maids dress her with deference, while the wallclock <P> until noon. "At twelve I was called and got ready for the customary debutante luncheon." She graduated from Rosemary Hall prep school in 1910, at age 19. Development of the backless brassiere In 1910, at age 19, Polly was preparing to attend yet another débutante ball one evening. As was customary, she put on a corset stiffened with whalebone and a restrictive, tight corset cover that flattened and jammed her large breasts together into a single monobosom. A corset was cinched in to form as tiny a waist as possible, and the woman's torso was held very erect. A corset <P> tuberculosis which go to the lower lobes of the lungs first.
However, Valerie Steele notes that the corset's association with tuberculosis originated before the bacillus was discovered, and that the corset may have only aggravated the condition. Circulation In the nineteenth century, corseting was thought to lead to cardiac palpitations in the heart and spanaemia, or the lack of oxygen in the blood.
This claim was successfully debunked, as there is no evidence to support corset-caused circulatory damage. Breasts Corset-wearing cannot cause breast cancer. Occurring more frequently is a reduction of the size of the nipples. Victorians believed the corset caused mammary <P> or surgical conditions. Ancient history In ancient Egypt, midwifery was a recognized female occupation, as attested by the Ebers Papyrus which dates from 1900 to 1550 BCE. Five columns of this papyrus deal with obstetrics and gynecology, especially concerning the acceleration of parturition (the action or process of giving birth to offspring) and the birth prognosis of the newborn. The Westcar papyrus, dated to 1700 BCE, includes instructions for calculating the expected date of confinement and describes different styles of birth chairs. Bas reliefs in the royal birth rooms at Luxor and other temples also attest to the heavy presence <P> with a slip or underskirt to preserve their modesty. <P> were not included in women's education, and her classes quickly expanded. Among other topics, she educated women on the physiological consequences of fashion, like the deformities and breathing problems caused by corsets. She continued to teach these classes until 1843.
Soon after, she moved to New York and continued giving lectures and visiting the sick. Her first husband died in 1837, and she later re-married to John Baker in New York. The marriage eventually ended in divorce, but little is known about what happened during the relationship. After her husband’s death in 1837, Lozier continued with her medical training which <P> visus, was etymologically related to vis, "force, power". The connection between visus and vis, he said, also implied the potential for violation, just as Actaeon gazing on the naked Diana violated the goddess.
One exception to public nudity was the baths, though attitudes toward nude bathing also changed over time. In the 2nd century BC, Cato preferred not to bathe in the presence of his son, and Plutarch implies that for Romans of these earlier times it was considered shameful for mature men to expose their bodies to younger males. Later, however, men and women might even bathe together. Some Hellenized <P> house, Spartan women wore dresses (peplos) slit up the side to allow freer movement and moved freely about the city, either walking or driving chariots. Girls as well as boys exercised, possibly in the nude, and young women as well as young men may have participated in the Gymnopaedia ("Festival of Nude Youths").
Another practice that was mentioned by many visitors to Sparta was the practice of “wife-sharing”. In accordance with the Spartan belief that breeding should be between the most physically fit parents, many older men allowed younger, more fit men, to impregnate their wives. Other unmarried or <P> Mary, listed as 'Mrs Mary Jerningham', was among the ladies granted cloth for gowns for the occasion. From 1509 until 1527 Mary is said to have been one of the ladies who served the Queen.
Her first husband, Edward Jerningham, died in 1515, and by 1532 she had married Sir William Kingston, who had been appointed Constable of the Tower of London on 28 May 1524, an office which placed him in charge of state prisoners. In May 1536 Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII, became Kingston's prisoner. During her brief time in the Tower, Anne was attended by <P> cowboy's legs from cactus spines and prevent the fabric from wearing out. Two common types include the skintight shotgun chaps and wide batwing chaps. The latter were sometimes made from hides retaining their hair (known as "woolies") rather than tanned leather. They appeared on the Great Plains somewhere around 1887.
Women wore knee-length prairie skirts, red or blue gingham dresses or suede fringed skirts derived from Native American dress. Saloon girls wore short red dresses with corsets, garter belts and stockings. After World War II, many women, returning to the home after working in the fields or factories while the men <P> vittae that the Vestals wore was a cloth ribbon worn in the Vestals’ hair. It is closely associated with status of Roman matron. Vittae were worn by a wider range of women at different stages of life and therefore cannot be accepted as unique to just one stage. Unmarried girls, matrons, as well as the Vestal virgins all wore them.
However, the Vestals did not share all elements of the bride’s attire, specifically they did not wear the flammeum that brides did, but instead wore the suffibulum. The vestals also wore a stola, which is associated with Roman matrons, not with <P> until the Meiji Restoration. Commodore Matthew Perry's interpreter Rev. S. Well Williams wrote "Modesty, judging from what we see, might be said to be unknown, for the women make no attempt to hide the bosom, and every step shows the leg above the knee; while men generally go with the merest bit of rag, and that not always carefully put on. Naked men and women have both been seen in the streets, and uniformly resort to the same bath house, regardless of all decency. Lewd motions, pictures and talk seem to be the common expression of the viler acts and <P> taken as the epitome of mid-Victorian womanhood by the scholar Henry Sidgwick. <P> and women participated wearing only a loincloth, as toplessness for both sexes was the cultural norm; men wore loincloths, whilst women wore an open-fronted dress.
Ancient Greece had a particular fascination for aesthetics, which was also reflected in clothing or its absence. Sparta had rigorous codes of training (agoge) and physical exercise was conducted in the nude. Athletes competed naked in public sporting events. Spartan women, as well as men, would sometimes be naked in public processions and festivals. This practice was designed to encourage virtue in men while they were away at war and an appreciation of health in the <P> once, in 1858". She died on 1 December 1871. <P> contrary. In the racy 1934 sequel, Tarzan and His Mate (the last word meaning both a status and a biological function), men come from the U.S. with fancy gowns and other accoutrements to woo and clothe the bra-less, barely clothed Jane, again played by O'Sullivan, hoping to lure her away from the savage Tarzan. He detests the fancier clothing and tears it off. The film included a skinny-dipping scene with extensive nudity with a body double standing in for O'Sullivan. Breen, then head of the SRC, objected to the scene, and MGM, the movie's producer, decided to take their case | answer: Yes and no. Pregnancy was a very private thing and the idea of confinement (staying home) was a real thing in the latter months of pregnancy. Maternity corsets were a thing, with lacing on the sides to be loosened as the belly grew. They weren't for support either, but mostly structured to minimize the appearance. Women who had worn corsets since they were young needed them for support. Lower status women did not wear the same type of corsets as those worn by richer women, their corsets were looser and many ditched them during pregnancy. My answer focuses mostly on English practices at the time, so the practice in the new world may be slightly different.Sources:[Maternity Corset](_URL_0_) [Corsets and Conception: Fashion and Demographic Trends in the Nineteenth Century](_URL_1_) |
46,329 | 4y2ybs | Where does the origins of redneck or white trash come from in the US? | OP can you clarify, are you asking about use of those *expressions*, or the existence of *people* categorized as such? If the expressions, if you don't get answers here, do try x-posting to /r/etymology | [
"OP can you clarify, are you asking about use of those *expressions*, or the existence of *people* categorized as such? If the expressions, if you don't get answers here, do try x-posting to /r/etymology "
] | 1 | [
"OP can you clarify, are you asking about use of those *expressions*, or the existence of *people* categorized as such? If the expressions, if you don't get answers here, do try x-posting to /r/etymology "
] | 1 | <P> the safe manufacturer Lewis P. Lillie. When he returned to Troy, New York, Peter and his brother Charles McCarthy founded C. & P. McCarthy and began trading in waste, rags, wool and cotton. C. & P. McCarthy was located on Riverstreet. Marriage and personal life On April 22, 1879, McCarthy married Julia F. Haley of Troy. They had ten children. McCarthy was also a member of the Catholic Club of New York and gave to Catholic Charities. Textile industry and Troy Waste Manufacturing The Troy Waste Manufacturing Company developed out of C. & P. McCarthy. The company obtained scraps from <P> modern waste picking did not flourish in the US and Europe until the 19th century. Just as in the developing world, the combination of industrialization and urbanization led to three trends which favored the blossoming of the informal waste collecting industry: increased generation of urban waste, increased demand for raw materials from industry, and increased numbers of urban dwellers in need of livelihoods. In that era, waste pickers were known as wharf rats, tinkers, rag and bone men, mudlarks, and ragpickers. By the mid-20th century waste picking decreased, as waste management industries were formalized, and welfare states decreased the <P> white mule and peddled from the mule cart in towns between Ennis and Dallas. By 1914 the brothers relocated their junk business to Austin. When World War I broke out in Europe that year, scrap metal prices skyrocketed. The brothers hit it big and became wealthy. So while still a teenager with very little English skills, Novy struck it rich in America. When World War I ended in 1918, Scrap metal prices tanked. Novy got into other ventures, one of which was movie theaters. His brother Sam died that year from the Influenza epidemic of 1918. His other brother Louis <P> of manufacturing jobs, cutbacks to government employment, and the roll back of the welfare state increased the ranks of the poor, working poor, and homeless—thus there were more people disposed to wastepick as a full-time profession or supplemental job.
American waste pickers predominantly collect cans, bottles, and cardboard. Many immigrants work as waste pickers because language and documentation barriers limit their opportunities to work elsewhere. Many homeless people also work as waste pickers—some describe it as their only alternative to panhandling. Some recyclers use vans to increase their yield while others work on foot with carts. Anecdotal evidence suggests that most <P> and public vehicles. Cantaloupes, potatoes, radishes, squash, turnips, spinach and sweet corn were shipped from Bixby all over the U.S. In time, the majority of the truck farms were converted to the production of sod, typically Bermuda grass, or developed for residential and other purposes. Only a small percentage of Bixby residents now work in agriculture, but the town continues to celebrate its earthy roots with the yearly "Green Corn Festival" in June.
Another point of history commemorated by Bixby is the 1832 visit to the area by the famous American writer Washington Irving. Irving accompanied a U.S. Army exploration <P> more grass grow on the steep hills of the sheep-farms. Not much fertilizer at first, but by 1960 the local carrier was carting 2000 tonne a year to the various airstrips in the district. The topdressing enabled much more wool and sheep-meat to be produced, and Mangamahu bard John Archer describes the unexpected social consequences.
The valley grew so wealthy,
from the super-pilots' loads
The farmers all bought big new motor cars,
and they tar-sealed our back-country roads.
The farmers' wives drove out every day,
<P> in Duluth today. <P> created in response to Vermont's 1953 attempt to legislate a mandatory deposit to be paid at point of purchase on disposable beverage containers and banning the sale of beer in non-refillable bottles.
The Keep America Beautiful narrow focus on litter, and indeed construction of the modern concept of litter, is seen as an attempt to divert responsibility from industries that manufacture and sell disposable products to the consumer that improperly disposes of the related non-returnable wrappers, filters, and beverage containers.
Elizabeth Royte author of Garbage Land, describes Keep America Beautiful as a "masterful example of corporate greenwash", writing that in contrast to <P> as well as the medium for travel and trade. Sylvan dwellers cut timber and light wood and made charcoal. Agriculturally, there were some citrus orchards and viticulture, but large traditional farms were nonexistence. Families cultivated vegetable gardens to supplement their high protein diet consisting primarily of seafood, fowl, and game.
After 1900, there was a marked decrease in charcoal making. Virtually every male resident of Bayou Puerto in 1900 was employed in the seafood industry. Only a few Blacks were still producing charcoal, probably for local consumption. Slavery Slavery in the Bayou Puerto area was almost nil, as most of the <P> flowed along the centre of winding streets. The cobbles were slippery with animal dung, rubbish and the slops thrown out of the houses, muddy and buzzing with flies in summer and awash with sewage in winter. The City Corporation employed "rakers" to remove the worst of the filth and it was transported to mounds outside the walls where it accumulated and continued to decompose. The stench was overwhelming and people walked around with handkerchiefs or nosegays pressed against their nostrils.
Some of the city's necessities such as coal arrived by barge, but most came by road. Carts, carriages, horses and pedestrians <P> for the cabbage...and 75 cents a crate (24 quarts) for strawberries.” Potatoes brought 15 cents per bushel. Although prices were low, Hohag recalled, everything cost less. “You could get a schooner of beer for a dime and free meal to go with it.” The encroachment of Minneapolis To Richfield residents, their homes were in “farm country.” A salesman selling real estate approached Richard Herman and his father in the early 1920s while they milked cows on their 77th and Lyndale farm. The seller offered the senior Herman a deal on one entire corner, 10 acres (40,000 m²), of the intersection at <P> of Waste Pickers chose to use the term "waste picker" for English usage to facilitate global communication. The term “scavenger” is also commonly used, but many waste pickers find it demeaning due to the implied comparison with animals.
A waste picker is different from a waste collector because the waste collected by the latter may be destined for a landfill or incinerator, not necessarily for a recycling facility.
"Dumpster diving" generally refers to the practice of anti-consumer and freegan activists who reclaim items such as food and clothes from the waste stream as a form of protest against consumer culture. “Waste picking” <P> people to be able to buy affordable fruit and vegetables. But [the vendors] have to meet us halfway. They can't continue to live outside the rules. We have to have constructive dialogue with them."
Concerns about odor and litter led the City of Boston to install several large trash compactors on the site in 2009. Art and culture In 1976, the Massachusetts Bicentennial Commission and the City of Boston commissioned a public art installation in the streets and sidewalks used for the market. The installation, called "Asaroton, 1976", by Mags Harries and Lajos Heder, was described by the artists as <P> layoffs in the coal industry. When the mines shut down, some coal towns were entirely depopulated. During the 1950s, special bus runs were made to transport laid off miners and their families to metropolitan areas. It was during this 1940 to 1970 period that entire neighborhoods in the nation's cities became Appalachian, but the foundations of those communities were often laid much earlier in the century. The period from 1940 to 1970 is often referred to as "The Great Migration". Forming communities For many Appalachians, factory work was what attracted them to urban areas — Wright <P> of the language in the North American diaspora is not as surprising as it might seem, as considerable numbers of Jersey people had been involved in the economic development and exploitation of the New World (see New Jersey). Much of the concentration focused on the cod fisheries of the Gaspé peninsula in Quebec, Canada, which were controlled into the early 20th century by Jersey-based companies or companies of Jersey origin employing Jersey labour. The common language of business was Jèrriais, and it is reported that there were still some Jèrriais-speakers in Gaspé villages in the 1960s. The Gaspesian expression "faire <P> “White Plains”. <P> and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the Pacific Garbage Patch and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands. <P> label for an area can be seen as an attempt to delegitimize that land use when hoping to repurpose it. History Slums were common in the United States and Europe before the early 20th century. London's East End is generally considered the locale where the term originated in the 19th century, where massive and rapid urbanisation of the dockside and industrial areas led to intensive overcrowding in a warren of post-medieval streetscape. The suffering of the poor was described in popular fiction by moralist authors such as Charles Dickens – most famously Oliver Twist (1837-9) and echoed the Christian Socialist <P> legacy Although production of chemicals at Shawfield ceased in the 1960s, the impact on the Rutherglen area due to the activities of J & J White lasted for decades afterwards due to the presence of the carcinogenic by-product hexavalent chromium (Chromium VI) produced at the works. Its dangers were highlighted in the Hollywood movie Erin Brockovich.
The 12-acre (7 ha) area set aside within the confines of the Shawfield works for waste (coincidentally the same as that bequeathed to the town by Lord Overtoun for the public park – giving some idea as to the size of the area in question) proved <P> picking by creating a large pool of unemployed and underemployed residents with few alternative means of earning a livelihood. Known as “the one industry that is always hiring,” waste picking provides a cushion for many who lose their jobs during times of war, crisis, and economic downturn in countries that do not have welfare systems. It is also one of the few work opportunities available to people who lack formal education or job experience. In post-industrial countries Though documentation exists of rag pickers and scrap metal collectors supplying goods to paper mills and foundries as early as the 17th century, | question: Where does the origins of redneck or white trash come from in the US? context: <P> the safe manufacturer Lewis P. Lillie. When he returned to Troy, New York, Peter and his brother Charles McCarthy founded C. & P. McCarthy and began trading in waste, rags, wool and cotton. C. & P. McCarthy was located on Riverstreet. Marriage and personal life On April 22, 1879, McCarthy married Julia F. Haley of Troy. They had ten children. McCarthy was also a member of the Catholic Club of New York and gave to Catholic Charities. Textile industry and Troy Waste Manufacturing The Troy Waste Manufacturing Company developed out of C. & P. McCarthy. The company obtained scraps from <P> modern waste picking did not flourish in the US and Europe until the 19th century. Just as in the developing world, the combination of industrialization and urbanization led to three trends which favored the blossoming of the informal waste collecting industry: increased generation of urban waste, increased demand for raw materials from industry, and increased numbers of urban dwellers in need of livelihoods. In that era, waste pickers were known as wharf rats, tinkers, rag and bone men, mudlarks, and ragpickers. By the mid-20th century waste picking decreased, as waste management industries were formalized, and welfare states decreased the <P> white mule and peddled from the mule cart in towns between Ennis and Dallas. By 1914 the brothers relocated their junk business to Austin. When World War I broke out in Europe that year, scrap metal prices skyrocketed. The brothers hit it big and became wealthy. So while still a teenager with very little English skills, Novy struck it rich in America. When World War I ended in 1918, Scrap metal prices tanked. Novy got into other ventures, one of which was movie theaters. His brother Sam died that year from the Influenza epidemic of 1918. His other brother Louis <P> of manufacturing jobs, cutbacks to government employment, and the roll back of the welfare state increased the ranks of the poor, working poor, and homeless—thus there were more people disposed to wastepick as a full-time profession or supplemental job.
American waste pickers predominantly collect cans, bottles, and cardboard. Many immigrants work as waste pickers because language and documentation barriers limit their opportunities to work elsewhere. Many homeless people also work as waste pickers—some describe it as their only alternative to panhandling. Some recyclers use vans to increase their yield while others work on foot with carts. Anecdotal evidence suggests that most <P> and public vehicles. Cantaloupes, potatoes, radishes, squash, turnips, spinach and sweet corn were shipped from Bixby all over the U.S. In time, the majority of the truck farms were converted to the production of sod, typically Bermuda grass, or developed for residential and other purposes. Only a small percentage of Bixby residents now work in agriculture, but the town continues to celebrate its earthy roots with the yearly "Green Corn Festival" in June.
Another point of history commemorated by Bixby is the 1832 visit to the area by the famous American writer Washington Irving. Irving accompanied a U.S. Army exploration <P> more grass grow on the steep hills of the sheep-farms. Not much fertilizer at first, but by 1960 the local carrier was carting 2000 tonne a year to the various airstrips in the district. The topdressing enabled much more wool and sheep-meat to be produced, and Mangamahu bard John Archer describes the unexpected social consequences.
The valley grew so wealthy,
from the super-pilots' loads
The farmers all bought big new motor cars,
and they tar-sealed our back-country roads.
The farmers' wives drove out every day,
<P> in Duluth today. <P> created in response to Vermont's 1953 attempt to legislate a mandatory deposit to be paid at point of purchase on disposable beverage containers and banning the sale of beer in non-refillable bottles.
The Keep America Beautiful narrow focus on litter, and indeed construction of the modern concept of litter, is seen as an attempt to divert responsibility from industries that manufacture and sell disposable products to the consumer that improperly disposes of the related non-returnable wrappers, filters, and beverage containers.
Elizabeth Royte author of Garbage Land, describes Keep America Beautiful as a "masterful example of corporate greenwash", writing that in contrast to <P> as well as the medium for travel and trade. Sylvan dwellers cut timber and light wood and made charcoal. Agriculturally, there were some citrus orchards and viticulture, but large traditional farms were nonexistence. Families cultivated vegetable gardens to supplement their high protein diet consisting primarily of seafood, fowl, and game.
After 1900, there was a marked decrease in charcoal making. Virtually every male resident of Bayou Puerto in 1900 was employed in the seafood industry. Only a few Blacks were still producing charcoal, probably for local consumption. Slavery Slavery in the Bayou Puerto area was almost nil, as most of the <P> flowed along the centre of winding streets. The cobbles were slippery with animal dung, rubbish and the slops thrown out of the houses, muddy and buzzing with flies in summer and awash with sewage in winter. The City Corporation employed "rakers" to remove the worst of the filth and it was transported to mounds outside the walls where it accumulated and continued to decompose. The stench was overwhelming and people walked around with handkerchiefs or nosegays pressed against their nostrils.
Some of the city's necessities such as coal arrived by barge, but most came by road. Carts, carriages, horses and pedestrians <P> for the cabbage...and 75 cents a crate (24 quarts) for strawberries.” Potatoes brought 15 cents per bushel. Although prices were low, Hohag recalled, everything cost less. “You could get a schooner of beer for a dime and free meal to go with it.” The encroachment of Minneapolis To Richfield residents, their homes were in “farm country.” A salesman selling real estate approached Richard Herman and his father in the early 1920s while they milked cows on their 77th and Lyndale farm. The seller offered the senior Herman a deal on one entire corner, 10 acres (40,000 m²), of the intersection at <P> of Waste Pickers chose to use the term "waste picker" for English usage to facilitate global communication. The term “scavenger” is also commonly used, but many waste pickers find it demeaning due to the implied comparison with animals.
A waste picker is different from a waste collector because the waste collected by the latter may be destined for a landfill or incinerator, not necessarily for a recycling facility.
"Dumpster diving" generally refers to the practice of anti-consumer and freegan activists who reclaim items such as food and clothes from the waste stream as a form of protest against consumer culture. “Waste picking” <P> people to be able to buy affordable fruit and vegetables. But [the vendors] have to meet us halfway. They can't continue to live outside the rules. We have to have constructive dialogue with them."
Concerns about odor and litter led the City of Boston to install several large trash compactors on the site in 2009. Art and culture In 1976, the Massachusetts Bicentennial Commission and the City of Boston commissioned a public art installation in the streets and sidewalks used for the market. The installation, called "Asaroton, 1976", by Mags Harries and Lajos Heder, was described by the artists as <P> layoffs in the coal industry. When the mines shut down, some coal towns were entirely depopulated. During the 1950s, special bus runs were made to transport laid off miners and their families to metropolitan areas. It was during this 1940 to 1970 period that entire neighborhoods in the nation's cities became Appalachian, but the foundations of those communities were often laid much earlier in the century. The period from 1940 to 1970 is often referred to as "The Great Migration". Forming communities For many Appalachians, factory work was what attracted them to urban areas — Wright <P> of the language in the North American diaspora is not as surprising as it might seem, as considerable numbers of Jersey people had been involved in the economic development and exploitation of the New World (see New Jersey). Much of the concentration focused on the cod fisheries of the Gaspé peninsula in Quebec, Canada, which were controlled into the early 20th century by Jersey-based companies or companies of Jersey origin employing Jersey labour. The common language of business was Jèrriais, and it is reported that there were still some Jèrriais-speakers in Gaspé villages in the 1960s. The Gaspesian expression "faire <P> “White Plains”. <P> and agglomerations of plastics created in areas like the Pacific Garbage Patch and on the beaches of the Pacific Islands. <P> label for an area can be seen as an attempt to delegitimize that land use when hoping to repurpose it. History Slums were common in the United States and Europe before the early 20th century. London's East End is generally considered the locale where the term originated in the 19th century, where massive and rapid urbanisation of the dockside and industrial areas led to intensive overcrowding in a warren of post-medieval streetscape. The suffering of the poor was described in popular fiction by moralist authors such as Charles Dickens – most famously Oliver Twist (1837-9) and echoed the Christian Socialist <P> legacy Although production of chemicals at Shawfield ceased in the 1960s, the impact on the Rutherglen area due to the activities of J & J White lasted for decades afterwards due to the presence of the carcinogenic by-product hexavalent chromium (Chromium VI) produced at the works. Its dangers were highlighted in the Hollywood movie Erin Brockovich.
The 12-acre (7 ha) area set aside within the confines of the Shawfield works for waste (coincidentally the same as that bequeathed to the town by Lord Overtoun for the public park – giving some idea as to the size of the area in question) proved <P> picking by creating a large pool of unemployed and underemployed residents with few alternative means of earning a livelihood. Known as “the one industry that is always hiring,” waste picking provides a cushion for many who lose their jobs during times of war, crisis, and economic downturn in countries that do not have welfare systems. It is also one of the few work opportunities available to people who lack formal education or job experience. In post-industrial countries Though documentation exists of rag pickers and scrap metal collectors supplying goods to paper mills and foundries as early as the 17th century, | answer: OP can you clarify, are you asking about use of those *expressions*, or the existence of *people* categorized as such? If the expressions, if you don't get answers here, do try x-posting to /r/etymology |
137,518 | fy3nsb | why can some animals live off of mainly protein and fats? while others need a mix of different nutrients to survive. for example how can a tiger eat only meat and not need carbs? while if a human did this they would be low energy, have constipation, and most likely get scurvy. | Energy. Carnivores don't have to eat plants because they can absorb the nutrients they need through their prey, but the downside being that they have to eat a lot more. Herbivores can make the opposite trade, where they don't have to spend their whole lives hunting, can capture more nutrients from plants, but need to eat a lot to get enough energy. Omnivores are in between and require the least food input since they can capture their energy needs from meat and the nutrient needs from plants. | [
"Energy. Carnivores don't have to eat plants because they can absorb the nutrients they need through their prey, but the downside being that they have to eat a lot more. Herbivores can make the opposite trade, where they don't have to spend their whole lives hunting, can capture more nutrients from plants, but need... | 4 | [] | 0 | <P> if a rabbit and a koala were compared that a rabbit would thrive and survive in many environments whereas the koala has worked itself into a "narrow ecological niche". This means the rabbit would excel at surviving because it has a wider range of flexible qualities. Of course it could be argued that there would be certain areas that the koala would thrive in, but they are not as numerous as the survival qualities of the rabbit. <P> small, unspecialized stomachs by ruminant standards, and high nutrition requirements. Rather than eating and digesting vast quantities of low-grade fibrous food as, for example, sheep and cattle do, deer select easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens. The low-fibered food, after minimal fermentation and shredding, passes rapidly through the alimentary canal. The deer require a large amount of minerals such as calcium and phosphate in order to support antler growth, and this further necessitates a nutrient-rich diet. There are, however, some reports of deer engaging in carnivorous activity, such as depredating the nests of <P> a relatively narrow zone of temperature tolerance and others (e.g. cattle) a broad one. Static magnetic fields, for reasons still unknown, also retard animal development. Nutrition The quality and quantity of usable meat depends on the animal's plane of nutrition, i.e., whether it is over- or underfed. Scientists disagree, however, about how exactly the plane of nutrition influences carcase composition.
The composition of the diet, especially the amount of protein provided, is also an important factor regulating animal growth. Ruminants, which may digest cellulose, are better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in <P> Shikimate dehydrogenase Function Shikimate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes one step of the shikimate pathway. This pathway is found in bacteria, plants, fungi, algae, and parasites and is responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) from the metabolism of carbohydrates. In contrast, animals and humans lack this pathway hence products of this biosynthetic route are essential amino acids that must be obtained through an animal's diet.
There are seven enzymes that play a role in this pathway. Shikimate dehydrogenase (also known as 3-dehydroshikimate dehydrogenase) is the fourth step of the seven step process. This step <P> link in the food chain because they consume plants in order to digest the carbohydrates photosynthetically produced by a plant. Carnivores in turn consume herbivores for the same reason, while omnivores can obtain their nutrients from either plants or animals. Due to a herbivore's ability to survive solely on tough and fibrous plant matter, they are termed the primary consumers in the food cycle (chain). Herbivory, carnivory, and omnivory can be regarded as special cases of consumer–resource interactions. Herbivore offense The myriad defenses displayed by plants means that their herbivores need a variety of skills to overcome these <P> form ascorbic acid.
Some mammals have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C, including simians and tarsiers, which together make up one of two major primate suborders, Haplorrhini. This group includes humans. The other more primitive primates (Strepsirrhini) have the ability to make vitamin C. Synthesis does not occur in most bats nor in species in the rodent family Caviidae, that includes guinea pigs and capybaras, but does occur in other rodents, including rats and mice.
Reptiles and older orders of birds make ascorbic acid in their kidneys. Recent orders of birds and most mammals make ascorbic acid in their <P> to puppies.
Cats are considered as obligate carnivores and dogs are known as omnivores. Cats are thus unable to down-regulate the amount of enzymes they are using based on the amount of protein in the body. Regardless if they were on a high- or low-protein diet, they would be using the same amount of the enzymes to break down protein. In contrast, dogs are able to regulate the amount of nitrogen catabolic enzymes based on if they are consuming a high- or low-protein diet. Cats also use much more protein for body maintenance than for growth, which is the opposite to <P> by the moose intestine, and passes into the brain where damage is done that is externally apparent, both in behaviour and in gait.
Deer, elk and moose in North America may suffer from chronic wasting disease, which was identified at a Colorado laboratory in the 1960s and is believed to be a prion disease. Out of an abundance of caution hunters are advised to avoid contact with specified risk material (SRM) such as the brain, spinal column or lymph nodes. Deboning the meat when butchering and sanitizing the knives and other tools used to butcher are amongst other government recommendations. Evolution <P> directed at the fish while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as soybean, although soy-based diets may also change in the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Miscellaneous uses Tilapia serve as a natural, biological control for most aquatic plant problems. Tilapia consume floating aquatic plants, such as duckweed watermeal (Lemna sp.), most "undesirable" submerged plants, and most forms of algae. In the United States and countries such as Thailand, they are becoming <P> the practice of coprophagy when providing low-protein diets to dogs, a negative correlation exists between the amount of protein fed and the occurrence of coprophagy. Maintenance needs should still be met by low-protein diets, and the muscle turnover (i.e. synthesis and breakdown) will also remain at an optimal rate, as long as the amino acid intake remains balanced and there is no limiting amino acids. However, there is a greater opportunity for amino acids to be balanced in diets containing higher protein content. Advantages The dog's simple gastrointestinal tract contains a vast array of microbial populations; some members of this <P> in different plant sources. Despite the large differences in ingredient sourcing, studies have demonstrated that a plant-based diet can be just as edible and palatable as animal-based diets for dogs.
Some nutrients that require special consideration include protein, calcium, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, taurine, L-carnitine, and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. Although their sources are more limited without animal products, it is possible to formulate a diet adequate in these nutrients through plant and synthetic sources.
Potential risks in feeding a plant-based diet include alkaline urine and nutrient inadequacy, especially in homemade diets. Adherence to recommendations by reliable sources is <P> Herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria. Etymology <P> of 18%. AAFCO only provided a minimum, but majority of the diets found on the market contain a protein level exceeding the minimum. Some diets have a protein level lower than others (such as 18-20%). These low-protein diets would not be seen with growth and reproductive life stages because of their higher demand for protein, as such, these diets are for dogs meeting maintenance levels. They can be purchased, such as vegetarian, vegan, weight control, and senior diets. Furthermore, this protein requirement varies from species to species. Cats have a higher protein requirement, stated 26% for adult maintenance by AAFCO, <P> little milk. If you stop for your own refreshment in the day, you should also refresh your dogs with a little milk and bread.
In 1833, The Complete Farrier gave similar but far more extensive advice on feeding dogs:
The dog is neither wholly carnivorous nor wholly herbivorous, but of a mixed kind, and can receive nourishment from either flesh or vegetables. A mixture of both is therefore his proper food, but of the former he requires a greater portion, and this portion should be always determined by his bodily exertions.
It was not until the mid-1800s that the world saw its first <P> Dog food Dog food is food specifically formulated and intended for consumption by dogs and other related canines. Like all carnivores, dogs have sharp, pointed teeth, and have short gastrointestinal tracts better suited for the consumption of meat than of vegetable substances. In spite of this natural carnivorous design, dogs have still managed to adapt over thousands of years to survive on the meat and non-meat scraps and leftovers of human existence and thrive on a variety of foods, with studies suggesting dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves.
In the United States <P> vegetarian. <P> present in animals, the zinc ion is coordinated by the imidazole rings of 3 histidine residues, His94, His96, and His119.
The primary function of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide out of tissues.
There are at least 14 different isoforms in mammals. Plants contain a different form called β-carbonic anhydrase, which, from an evolutionary standpoint, is a distinct enzyme, but participates in the same reaction and also uses a zinc ion in its active site. In plants, carbonic anhydrase helps raise <P> where a dog low-protein diet would not be suitable as a cat diet. Quality, digestibility and energy density There are a few key components in regards to providing protein in a diet that need to be taken into consideration when evaluating the needs and if they are being met. These factors include the quality and digestibility of the protein provided in the diet, as well as the composition of the amino acids included, and finally the energy density provided in the diet. As the quality, composition, and digestibility of the protein increase in a diet, there is less need to <P> the diet.
Taurine deficiency could be caused by the use of rendered, highly processed meat sources that are low in taurine. Another possible cause is that the food manufacturing process actually denatures some of the taurine, specifically during extrusion. Cats are obligate carnivores and their natural diet would consist of high amounts of whole meat - thus what has been termed "taurine deficiency" causing dilated cardiomyopathy in cats is more likely to be a deficiency in the production of commercial feed diets. Taurine is now artificially supplemented back into the diet after processing in the production of most commercial <P> infection with and decomposition by bacteria and fungi.
Meat is important in economy and culture, even though its mass production and consumption has been determined to pose risks for human health and the environment. Many religions have rules about which meat may or may not be eaten. Vegetarians may abstain from eating meat because of concerns about the ethics of eating meat, environmental effects of meat production or nutritional effects of consumption. Terminology The word meat comes from the Old English word mete, which referred to food in general. The term is related to mad in Danish, mat in Swedish and | question: why can some animals live off of mainly protein and fats? while others need a mix of different nutrients to survive. for example how can a tiger eat only meat and not need carbs? while if a human did this they would be low energy, have constipation, and most likely get scurvy. context: <P> if a rabbit and a koala were compared that a rabbit would thrive and survive in many environments whereas the koala has worked itself into a "narrow ecological niche". This means the rabbit would excel at surviving because it has a wider range of flexible qualities. Of course it could be argued that there would be certain areas that the koala would thrive in, but they are not as numerous as the survival qualities of the rabbit. <P> small, unspecialized stomachs by ruminant standards, and high nutrition requirements. Rather than eating and digesting vast quantities of low-grade fibrous food as, for example, sheep and cattle do, deer select easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens. The low-fibered food, after minimal fermentation and shredding, passes rapidly through the alimentary canal. The deer require a large amount of minerals such as calcium and phosphate in order to support antler growth, and this further necessitates a nutrient-rich diet. There are, however, some reports of deer engaging in carnivorous activity, such as depredating the nests of <P> a relatively narrow zone of temperature tolerance and others (e.g. cattle) a broad one. Static magnetic fields, for reasons still unknown, also retard animal development. Nutrition The quality and quantity of usable meat depends on the animal's plane of nutrition, i.e., whether it is over- or underfed. Scientists disagree, however, about how exactly the plane of nutrition influences carcase composition.
The composition of the diet, especially the amount of protein provided, is also an important factor regulating animal growth. Ruminants, which may digest cellulose, are better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in <P> Shikimate dehydrogenase Function Shikimate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes one step of the shikimate pathway. This pathway is found in bacteria, plants, fungi, algae, and parasites and is responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) from the metabolism of carbohydrates. In contrast, animals and humans lack this pathway hence products of this biosynthetic route are essential amino acids that must be obtained through an animal's diet.
There are seven enzymes that play a role in this pathway. Shikimate dehydrogenase (also known as 3-dehydroshikimate dehydrogenase) is the fourth step of the seven step process. This step <P> link in the food chain because they consume plants in order to digest the carbohydrates photosynthetically produced by a plant. Carnivores in turn consume herbivores for the same reason, while omnivores can obtain their nutrients from either plants or animals. Due to a herbivore's ability to survive solely on tough and fibrous plant matter, they are termed the primary consumers in the food cycle (chain). Herbivory, carnivory, and omnivory can be regarded as special cases of consumer–resource interactions. Herbivore offense The myriad defenses displayed by plants means that their herbivores need a variety of skills to overcome these <P> form ascorbic acid.
Some mammals have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C, including simians and tarsiers, which together make up one of two major primate suborders, Haplorrhini. This group includes humans. The other more primitive primates (Strepsirrhini) have the ability to make vitamin C. Synthesis does not occur in most bats nor in species in the rodent family Caviidae, that includes guinea pigs and capybaras, but does occur in other rodents, including rats and mice.
Reptiles and older orders of birds make ascorbic acid in their kidneys. Recent orders of birds and most mammals make ascorbic acid in their <P> to puppies.
Cats are considered as obligate carnivores and dogs are known as omnivores. Cats are thus unable to down-regulate the amount of enzymes they are using based on the amount of protein in the body. Regardless if they were on a high- or low-protein diet, they would be using the same amount of the enzymes to break down protein. In contrast, dogs are able to regulate the amount of nitrogen catabolic enzymes based on if they are consuming a high- or low-protein diet. Cats also use much more protein for body maintenance than for growth, which is the opposite to <P> by the moose intestine, and passes into the brain where damage is done that is externally apparent, both in behaviour and in gait.
Deer, elk and moose in North America may suffer from chronic wasting disease, which was identified at a Colorado laboratory in the 1960s and is believed to be a prion disease. Out of an abundance of caution hunters are advised to avoid contact with specified risk material (SRM) such as the brain, spinal column or lymph nodes. Deboning the meat when butchering and sanitizing the knives and other tools used to butcher are amongst other government recommendations. Evolution <P> directed at the fish while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as soybean, although soy-based diets may also change in the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Miscellaneous uses Tilapia serve as a natural, biological control for most aquatic plant problems. Tilapia consume floating aquatic plants, such as duckweed watermeal (Lemna sp.), most "undesirable" submerged plants, and most forms of algae. In the United States and countries such as Thailand, they are becoming <P> the practice of coprophagy when providing low-protein diets to dogs, a negative correlation exists between the amount of protein fed and the occurrence of coprophagy. Maintenance needs should still be met by low-protein diets, and the muscle turnover (i.e. synthesis and breakdown) will also remain at an optimal rate, as long as the amino acid intake remains balanced and there is no limiting amino acids. However, there is a greater opportunity for amino acids to be balanced in diets containing higher protein content. Advantages The dog's simple gastrointestinal tract contains a vast array of microbial populations; some members of this <P> in different plant sources. Despite the large differences in ingredient sourcing, studies have demonstrated that a plant-based diet can be just as edible and palatable as animal-based diets for dogs.
Some nutrients that require special consideration include protein, calcium, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, taurine, L-carnitine, and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. Although their sources are more limited without animal products, it is possible to formulate a diet adequate in these nutrients through plant and synthetic sources.
Potential risks in feeding a plant-based diet include alkaline urine and nutrient inadequacy, especially in homemade diets. Adherence to recommendations by reliable sources is <P> Herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria. Etymology <P> of 18%. AAFCO only provided a minimum, but majority of the diets found on the market contain a protein level exceeding the minimum. Some diets have a protein level lower than others (such as 18-20%). These low-protein diets would not be seen with growth and reproductive life stages because of their higher demand for protein, as such, these diets are for dogs meeting maintenance levels. They can be purchased, such as vegetarian, vegan, weight control, and senior diets. Furthermore, this protein requirement varies from species to species. Cats have a higher protein requirement, stated 26% for adult maintenance by AAFCO, <P> little milk. If you stop for your own refreshment in the day, you should also refresh your dogs with a little milk and bread.
In 1833, The Complete Farrier gave similar but far more extensive advice on feeding dogs:
The dog is neither wholly carnivorous nor wholly herbivorous, but of a mixed kind, and can receive nourishment from either flesh or vegetables. A mixture of both is therefore his proper food, but of the former he requires a greater portion, and this portion should be always determined by his bodily exertions.
It was not until the mid-1800s that the world saw its first <P> Dog food Dog food is food specifically formulated and intended for consumption by dogs and other related canines. Like all carnivores, dogs have sharp, pointed teeth, and have short gastrointestinal tracts better suited for the consumption of meat than of vegetable substances. In spite of this natural carnivorous design, dogs have still managed to adapt over thousands of years to survive on the meat and non-meat scraps and leftovers of human existence and thrive on a variety of foods, with studies suggesting dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves.
In the United States <P> vegetarian. <P> present in animals, the zinc ion is coordinated by the imidazole rings of 3 histidine residues, His94, His96, and His119.
The primary function of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide out of tissues.
There are at least 14 different isoforms in mammals. Plants contain a different form called β-carbonic anhydrase, which, from an evolutionary standpoint, is a distinct enzyme, but participates in the same reaction and also uses a zinc ion in its active site. In plants, carbonic anhydrase helps raise <P> where a dog low-protein diet would not be suitable as a cat diet. Quality, digestibility and energy density There are a few key components in regards to providing protein in a diet that need to be taken into consideration when evaluating the needs and if they are being met. These factors include the quality and digestibility of the protein provided in the diet, as well as the composition of the amino acids included, and finally the energy density provided in the diet. As the quality, composition, and digestibility of the protein increase in a diet, there is less need to <P> the diet.
Taurine deficiency could be caused by the use of rendered, highly processed meat sources that are low in taurine. Another possible cause is that the food manufacturing process actually denatures some of the taurine, specifically during extrusion. Cats are obligate carnivores and their natural diet would consist of high amounts of whole meat - thus what has been termed "taurine deficiency" causing dilated cardiomyopathy in cats is more likely to be a deficiency in the production of commercial feed diets. Taurine is now artificially supplemented back into the diet after processing in the production of most commercial <P> infection with and decomposition by bacteria and fungi.
Meat is important in economy and culture, even though its mass production and consumption has been determined to pose risks for human health and the environment. Many religions have rules about which meat may or may not be eaten. Vegetarians may abstain from eating meat because of concerns about the ethics of eating meat, environmental effects of meat production or nutritional effects of consumption. Terminology The word meat comes from the Old English word mete, which referred to food in general. The term is related to mad in Danish, mat in Swedish and | answer: Energy. Carnivores don't have to eat plants because they can absorb the nutrients they need through their prey, but the downside being that they have to eat a lot more. Herbivores can make the opposite trade, where they don't have to spend their whole lives hunting, can capture more nutrients from plants, but need to eat a lot to get enough energy. Omnivores are in between and require the least food input since they can capture their energy needs from meat and the nutrient needs from plants. |
200,356 | 88coll | how do video games know when a bullet hits the opponent? | Depends on the game. I believe games such a battlefield actually send a bullet projectile and just record the position of contact on the player.I might be talking shit but that's my best guess. | [
"Depends on the game. I believe games such a battlefield actually send a bullet projectile and just record the position of contact on the player.\n\nI might be talking shit but that's my best guess.",
"That's dependent on the game as well as the gun in question.\n\nIn COD for example, all guns are hitscan. There ... | 3 | [] | 0 | <P> which does not, however, retain these scores.
The game provides an array of collectible weapons, which automatically lock onto enemies. One of them, the Time Freeze Disruptor, can slow down the player's surroundings while he continues to move at regular speed (similar to bullet time). Most weapons rely on collectible ammo, but the electric prod only needs to be charged by holding down the fire button before use.
The game can be played alone or in co-op via Link Cable. The Link Cable also allows for a single-cartridge deathmatch with up to four players in a special arena. <P> different tank type has a basic movement printed on the counter. Each weapon has a maximum range, and tables show the dice roll (two six-sided die) required to hit the target vehicle at a given range. Once a hit is determined, the attacking weapon is cross-referenced against the target vehicle to determine what damage, if any, is done to the target. Typically an additional roll of the dice is needed to determine the specific damage done. In many cases, the attacking weapon simply lacks the power to punch through the spot on the enemy vehicle it has hit. Otherwise, minor <P> motion, follow the bullet from the rifle to the target's point of impact, showing an anatomically correct x-ray of the body part being hit and the damage the bullet causes to the organs and/or bones. In Sniper Elite III, stealth mechanics were reworked. An eye icon squints or opens to denote the player's level of detection by the enemy. Enemy soldiers will also have a circle meter over their heads to indicate alert status. Players are then forced to relocate periodically to prevent detection with a white ghost image to mark their last known position and the enemy will search <P> the game is based around third-person shooting, with the player able to wield a pistol, a magnum, a tommy gun, a shotgun, and a sniper rifle, as well as projectiles such as molotov cocktails and dynamite. The game features both a lock-on system and a manual aiming system. In the manual system, the player has complete freedom to aim wherever they wish. In the lock-on system, the player can lock onto a target, but still has a certain degree of freedom to aim manually; the targeting reticule can be moved around the locked on target, allowing the player to target <P> at a specific section of the marked area, they will gain a temporary slight damage boost with each reloaded shot and a faster reload. If the player stops the meter outside this area, their gun will become temporarily jammed and slow down the reload time. While most of the weapons are based on standard shooter archetypes, Gears's signature weapon is the Lancer, an assault rifle that has a mounted chainsaw bayonet which can be used in close quarter combat to instantly kill a standard foe. Most other weapons also can be used to bash opponents in melee, or in the <P> of the same weapons are: the Round Sweeper, which launches out a "gun pod" that sprays bullets in multiple directions; the Energy Shot, a large gunshot which delivers great damage; and a barrage of Homing Missiles that traces the nearest target.
Like Contra: Hard Corps, Shattered Soldier has multiple endings. However, the ending received now depends on player performance, rather than the path taken during the course of a game. The game introduces a "hit rate" system which gauges the number of enemies destroyed as a form of performance metric. Every unique target in each stage, whether it be an actual <P> of their gun for use in a subsequent turn. Thereby increasing the number of bullets in the chamber and increasing the likelihood of a successful shot when they subsequently choose to shoot.
If a player chooses to “Avoid”, they do not get to Shoot, nor Load. However, if any opponent chooses to shoot them during the round, they avoid a successful shot and may select any other opponent who is shot instead (as if by ricochet).
Each player has 5 lives. Thus they must be shot 5 times before they die and are eliminated from the game. The person who fired the <P> patrol (squad or platoon), the weapons carried, the composition of the squad, the infiltration and exfiltration routes, what areas of the planned mission will be rehearsed, and so on. Just about everything is under the player's control except the mission, the method of insertion, and availability of certain support ...
Once the mission is planned and rehearsed, it ... is resolved using a paragraph system. Since the situations are more generic and abstract, the system leads to more variability with replays. Many paragraphs can only be played once, and then you know the contents of the paragraphs and any <P> these stages. During these battles, a radar indicator is located below the screen to indicate where the enemies are attacking from. Unlike the other types of stages, the player can only use their revolver in these segments, although certain enemies will drop additional bullets. These battles can also be played using the NES Zapper light gun or the LaserScope headphone controller in addition to the standard controller. <P> timed explosives. Surrounding terrain can be surveyed with aerial observation units and radar. Food and money can be used to bribe and gather information from other characters. Target coordinates can be recorded into a log book, and the player can see his position in the game world on an overlaying map.
Hunter features a rather sophisticated AI for its time. In addition to shooting, enemy soldiers can also drive vehicles and track the player down. Guard towers, tracer guns, cannons and SAM launchers have the ability to shoot towards the player, and homing missiles launched by the enemy accurately follow the <P> information is analyzed to determine whether the detected object should be engaged by the CIWS system. Once the computer identifies a valid target (see details below), the mount moves to face the target and then hands the target over to the tracking antenna. The track antenna is extremely precise, but views a much smaller area. The tracking subsystem observes the target until the computer determines that the probability of a successful hit is maximized and then, depending on the operator conditions, the system either fires automatically or recommends fire to the operator. While firing, the system tracks outgoing rounds and <P> killing enemies. To simulate the bullet time effect, Max can also execute a shoot-dodge maneuver. When the maneuver is performed, Max jumps in a direction specified by the player, and although bullet time is activated while Max is in mid-air, this will not deplete the bullet time meter. The combat system has been improved for Max Payne 2; the player can arm Max with a secondary weapon such as a grenade or Molotov cocktail, and when near an enemy, Max can pistol whip them. AI companions can occasionally come to Max's aid, although their deaths do not affect the gameplay <P> for killing zombies and saving humans. Coins can be used for Weapon Upgrades, Extra Upgrades, or bypassing objectives. An individual game ends when the bunker door is sealed to prevent a zombie breaching the bunker, or when the player has killed a maximum number of humans. A hundred coins are earned per human saved and 20 coins per zombie killed plus 2 coins per zombie bounty upgrade. There is no coin penalty for human casualties.
During game play the player can toggle night vision between white and black hot modes. In BHOT mode zombies are white, humans black. In WHOT colors <P> ammo or swap out their current weapons with any weapon dropped by a downed foe or from those scattered around the various maps. Most weapons feature the "Active Reload" ability: either after a weapon has depleted an ammo magazine or when the player starts a manual reload, a meter is shown on screen, and the player can attempt to stop the meter in a certain marked area. If the player stops the meter in the marked area, their reload will be completed faster than if they did not attempt an Active Reload, and if the player can stop the meter <P> their movement unstacked. Combat After movement is completed for all units, a player may elect to enter combat with any units adjacent to enemy units. Combat is resolved by each side totalling their combat modifier, based on the unit's printed combat factor, and adding it to a ten-sided die. Combat factors are modified by terrain, fortifications, and previous damage taken. Additionally, the attacker may combine multiple units into a single attack.
Combat results are based on the difference between the modified die rolls. All differences require retreats, moderate differences require an additional one step of damage, and large differences require <P> left analog stick, and shooting is handled independently by pressing the right stick in a given direction, which automatically fires the current weapon in said direction. Alternately, movement may be controlled through the directional pad and shooting performed by using the four face buttons on a typical PlayStation controller (which lack analog sticks), where the buttons' placement on the controller correspond with the fire direction. Using the shoulder buttons it is also possible to duck or jump, and a selection of different weapons are available. Development The game engine for Apocalypse was completed in January 1996. Initially, the player character <P> or she wants to swing by moving the mouse accordingly, unless they have changed the options so that the game automatically chooses it for them. Aiming with a ranged weapon is also done by using the mouse.
Damage is dealt depending on multiple factors. Aside from each weapon's quality, its effectiveness is also influenced by the character's skill with that type of weapon, and the speed of the player relative to the target: for example, a javelin thrown while running or riding a horse will be potentially more damaging than a javelin thrown while standing still. Further, weapons have certain ranges <P> be used at certain stage checkpoints to purchase new attacks and items.
Much of the gameplay is centered around Joe's "Viewtiful Effects (VFX) Power", which is used in combat and puzzle solving. VFX Power is represented by a gauge located beneath the player's health. The gauge drains when in use but automatically replenishes itself. If it empties completely, Joe will temporarily lose his superpowers and will take more damage from enemies. The total length of the gauge can be extended by collecting "V-Tapes" scattered about each stage. There are five VFX Powers, and many of them are required to be combined <P> the same location. If a flying saucer is hit by a missile, the screen flashes and the saucer briefly disappears. Counters on the right side of the screen keep count of the number of times the player's rocket has been destroyed and the saucers have been destroyed, as well as how long that round of gameplay has lasted. A round has an adjustable time limit of 60 to 150 seconds, with a default of 90; when the time limit is reached, the game ends if the player's score is lower than the computer's. If it is higher, the black and <P> Wii Zapper can be used. The Zapper, or Wii Remote and Nunchuk, can be used to aim at targets to fire at them and simulate marksmanship.
The game's return to World War II-era warfare reintroduces weapons and technology. The player gains access to these over the course of the game, but may only carry up to two weapons in addition to hand grenades. Weapons and ammo from fallen foes or friendlies can be picked up to replace weapons in a player's arsenal. Players can also find weapons with additional attachments, including guns equipped with rifle grenades, telescopic sights, and bayonets.
A character | question: how do video games know when a bullet hits the opponent? context: <P> which does not, however, retain these scores.
The game provides an array of collectible weapons, which automatically lock onto enemies. One of them, the Time Freeze Disruptor, can slow down the player's surroundings while he continues to move at regular speed (similar to bullet time). Most weapons rely on collectible ammo, but the electric prod only needs to be charged by holding down the fire button before use.
The game can be played alone or in co-op via Link Cable. The Link Cable also allows for a single-cartridge deathmatch with up to four players in a special arena. <P> different tank type has a basic movement printed on the counter. Each weapon has a maximum range, and tables show the dice roll (two six-sided die) required to hit the target vehicle at a given range. Once a hit is determined, the attacking weapon is cross-referenced against the target vehicle to determine what damage, if any, is done to the target. Typically an additional roll of the dice is needed to determine the specific damage done. In many cases, the attacking weapon simply lacks the power to punch through the spot on the enemy vehicle it has hit. Otherwise, minor <P> motion, follow the bullet from the rifle to the target's point of impact, showing an anatomically correct x-ray of the body part being hit and the damage the bullet causes to the organs and/or bones. In Sniper Elite III, stealth mechanics were reworked. An eye icon squints or opens to denote the player's level of detection by the enemy. Enemy soldiers will also have a circle meter over their heads to indicate alert status. Players are then forced to relocate periodically to prevent detection with a white ghost image to mark their last known position and the enemy will search <P> the game is based around third-person shooting, with the player able to wield a pistol, a magnum, a tommy gun, a shotgun, and a sniper rifle, as well as projectiles such as molotov cocktails and dynamite. The game features both a lock-on system and a manual aiming system. In the manual system, the player has complete freedom to aim wherever they wish. In the lock-on system, the player can lock onto a target, but still has a certain degree of freedom to aim manually; the targeting reticule can be moved around the locked on target, allowing the player to target <P> at a specific section of the marked area, they will gain a temporary slight damage boost with each reloaded shot and a faster reload. If the player stops the meter outside this area, their gun will become temporarily jammed and slow down the reload time. While most of the weapons are based on standard shooter archetypes, Gears's signature weapon is the Lancer, an assault rifle that has a mounted chainsaw bayonet which can be used in close quarter combat to instantly kill a standard foe. Most other weapons also can be used to bash opponents in melee, or in the <P> of the same weapons are: the Round Sweeper, which launches out a "gun pod" that sprays bullets in multiple directions; the Energy Shot, a large gunshot which delivers great damage; and a barrage of Homing Missiles that traces the nearest target.
Like Contra: Hard Corps, Shattered Soldier has multiple endings. However, the ending received now depends on player performance, rather than the path taken during the course of a game. The game introduces a "hit rate" system which gauges the number of enemies destroyed as a form of performance metric. Every unique target in each stage, whether it be an actual <P> of their gun for use in a subsequent turn. Thereby increasing the number of bullets in the chamber and increasing the likelihood of a successful shot when they subsequently choose to shoot.
If a player chooses to “Avoid”, they do not get to Shoot, nor Load. However, if any opponent chooses to shoot them during the round, they avoid a successful shot and may select any other opponent who is shot instead (as if by ricochet).
Each player has 5 lives. Thus they must be shot 5 times before they die and are eliminated from the game. The person who fired the <P> patrol (squad or platoon), the weapons carried, the composition of the squad, the infiltration and exfiltration routes, what areas of the planned mission will be rehearsed, and so on. Just about everything is under the player's control except the mission, the method of insertion, and availability of certain support ...
Once the mission is planned and rehearsed, it ... is resolved using a paragraph system. Since the situations are more generic and abstract, the system leads to more variability with replays. Many paragraphs can only be played once, and then you know the contents of the paragraphs and any <P> these stages. During these battles, a radar indicator is located below the screen to indicate where the enemies are attacking from. Unlike the other types of stages, the player can only use their revolver in these segments, although certain enemies will drop additional bullets. These battles can also be played using the NES Zapper light gun or the LaserScope headphone controller in addition to the standard controller. <P> timed explosives. Surrounding terrain can be surveyed with aerial observation units and radar. Food and money can be used to bribe and gather information from other characters. Target coordinates can be recorded into a log book, and the player can see his position in the game world on an overlaying map.
Hunter features a rather sophisticated AI for its time. In addition to shooting, enemy soldiers can also drive vehicles and track the player down. Guard towers, tracer guns, cannons and SAM launchers have the ability to shoot towards the player, and homing missiles launched by the enemy accurately follow the <P> information is analyzed to determine whether the detected object should be engaged by the CIWS system. Once the computer identifies a valid target (see details below), the mount moves to face the target and then hands the target over to the tracking antenna. The track antenna is extremely precise, but views a much smaller area. The tracking subsystem observes the target until the computer determines that the probability of a successful hit is maximized and then, depending on the operator conditions, the system either fires automatically or recommends fire to the operator. While firing, the system tracks outgoing rounds and <P> killing enemies. To simulate the bullet time effect, Max can also execute a shoot-dodge maneuver. When the maneuver is performed, Max jumps in a direction specified by the player, and although bullet time is activated while Max is in mid-air, this will not deplete the bullet time meter. The combat system has been improved for Max Payne 2; the player can arm Max with a secondary weapon such as a grenade or Molotov cocktail, and when near an enemy, Max can pistol whip them. AI companions can occasionally come to Max's aid, although their deaths do not affect the gameplay <P> for killing zombies and saving humans. Coins can be used for Weapon Upgrades, Extra Upgrades, or bypassing objectives. An individual game ends when the bunker door is sealed to prevent a zombie breaching the bunker, or when the player has killed a maximum number of humans. A hundred coins are earned per human saved and 20 coins per zombie killed plus 2 coins per zombie bounty upgrade. There is no coin penalty for human casualties.
During game play the player can toggle night vision between white and black hot modes. In BHOT mode zombies are white, humans black. In WHOT colors <P> ammo or swap out their current weapons with any weapon dropped by a downed foe or from those scattered around the various maps. Most weapons feature the "Active Reload" ability: either after a weapon has depleted an ammo magazine or when the player starts a manual reload, a meter is shown on screen, and the player can attempt to stop the meter in a certain marked area. If the player stops the meter in the marked area, their reload will be completed faster than if they did not attempt an Active Reload, and if the player can stop the meter <P> their movement unstacked. Combat After movement is completed for all units, a player may elect to enter combat with any units adjacent to enemy units. Combat is resolved by each side totalling their combat modifier, based on the unit's printed combat factor, and adding it to a ten-sided die. Combat factors are modified by terrain, fortifications, and previous damage taken. Additionally, the attacker may combine multiple units into a single attack.
Combat results are based on the difference between the modified die rolls. All differences require retreats, moderate differences require an additional one step of damage, and large differences require <P> left analog stick, and shooting is handled independently by pressing the right stick in a given direction, which automatically fires the current weapon in said direction. Alternately, movement may be controlled through the directional pad and shooting performed by using the four face buttons on a typical PlayStation controller (which lack analog sticks), where the buttons' placement on the controller correspond with the fire direction. Using the shoulder buttons it is also possible to duck or jump, and a selection of different weapons are available. Development The game engine for Apocalypse was completed in January 1996. Initially, the player character <P> or she wants to swing by moving the mouse accordingly, unless they have changed the options so that the game automatically chooses it for them. Aiming with a ranged weapon is also done by using the mouse.
Damage is dealt depending on multiple factors. Aside from each weapon's quality, its effectiveness is also influenced by the character's skill with that type of weapon, and the speed of the player relative to the target: for example, a javelin thrown while running or riding a horse will be potentially more damaging than a javelin thrown while standing still. Further, weapons have certain ranges <P> be used at certain stage checkpoints to purchase new attacks and items.
Much of the gameplay is centered around Joe's "Viewtiful Effects (VFX) Power", which is used in combat and puzzle solving. VFX Power is represented by a gauge located beneath the player's health. The gauge drains when in use but automatically replenishes itself. If it empties completely, Joe will temporarily lose his superpowers and will take more damage from enemies. The total length of the gauge can be extended by collecting "V-Tapes" scattered about each stage. There are five VFX Powers, and many of them are required to be combined <P> the same location. If a flying saucer is hit by a missile, the screen flashes and the saucer briefly disappears. Counters on the right side of the screen keep count of the number of times the player's rocket has been destroyed and the saucers have been destroyed, as well as how long that round of gameplay has lasted. A round has an adjustable time limit of 60 to 150 seconds, with a default of 90; when the time limit is reached, the game ends if the player's score is lower than the computer's. If it is higher, the black and <P> Wii Zapper can be used. The Zapper, or Wii Remote and Nunchuk, can be used to aim at targets to fire at them and simulate marksmanship.
The game's return to World War II-era warfare reintroduces weapons and technology. The player gains access to these over the course of the game, but may only carry up to two weapons in addition to hand grenades. Weapons and ammo from fallen foes or friendlies can be picked up to replace weapons in a player's arsenal. Players can also find weapons with additional attachments, including guns equipped with rifle grenades, telescopic sights, and bayonets.
A character | answer: Depends on the game. I believe games such a battlefield actually send a bullet projectile and just record the position of contact on the player.I might be talking shit but that's my best guess. |
136,444 | cy2jp7 | how do rotating restaurants on buildings get power? | The same way trams roll down the tracks metal contact plates within the spinning part transfers the electricity without wires | [
"The whole restaurant doesn't rotate, only the outer seating area. In the middle is a core with the motor underneath that spins the rest of it that is stationary that the power would be located in. Imagine trying to be in a busy kitchen while the room was spinning. That is a safety hazard.",
"The same way trams r... | 4 | [
"The whole restaurant doesn't rotate, only the outer seating area. In the middle is a core with the motor underneath that spins the rest of it that is stationary that the power would be located in. Imagine trying to be in a busy kitchen while the room was spinning. That is a safety hazard.",
"The same way trams r... | 4 | <P> "mast" and a metallic, tubular "sail", surmounted by a 120-metre (390 ft) platform forming a "crow's nest", corresponding to the rotating restaurant and visitors viewing area. <P> use have their entire heating cycles defined before use with multiple set temperatures, hold times and ramps between them. The most sophisticated controllers of all are dedicated to glass use and allow pre-defined cycles such as "Fuse" or "Slump" to be selected from a simple menu, without their operator needing to be aware of the precise temperatures required. Firing cycles Glass' behaviour when heated is highly complex. <P> telephone, which would automatically ring to the order station in the kitchen. A staff member would answer and take the customer's order over the phone. When the order was ready, the kitchen staff would ring back to the phone at the table, which would signal the customers to go to the front so they could pay for and pick up their food. Layout Each Training Table location had a similar layout. the kitchen and register was located at the very back of the restaurant, and the eating area was relatively open. The middle of the restaurant housed booths arranged in <P> work is carried out in the spare time of the club members on a voluntary basis – often working all night in the final few days to get carts ready. <P> its shorter but similar cylindrically-shaped Radius Tower. Architectural details The building is cast in reflective glass in a cylindrical shape that reflects much of the downtown skyline (though each of the around 5600 windows are flat and not convex). Another small cylinder runs the full height of the building on one side, and accommodates two scenic elevators. The uppermost floors hold the Sun Dial Restaurant and Bar, a revolving restaurant that offers panoramic views of the city and its environs. The top floor of the restaurant completes a full revolution every 30 minutes, and the bottom every 60 minutes.
When the <P> schedule maintenance work or try to run a new mold without interrupting production on the other arms of the machine. Carousel machine This is one of the most common bi-axial machines in the industry. It can have up to 4 arms and six stations and it comes in a wide range of sizes. The machine comes in two different models, fixed and independent. A fixed-arm carousel consists of 3 fixed arms that must move together. One arm will be in the heating chamber while the other is in the cooling chamber and the other in the loading/reloading area. The fixed-arm <P> running of the hall, especially if let on a commercial basis. <P> variety of seafood and caldo de mariscos, a seafood soup reputed to cure hangovers.
Coffeehouses are a center of social life in the city, and the Gran Café del Portal and the Café de la Parroquia are the two best-known establishments. To request a refill, customers clink the sides of their glasses (not cups) with their spoons. This clinking can be heard from the early morning to late at night. The story behind this custom is that a trolley driver used to ring his bell when he was a block away from the Gran Café del Portal to let the waiters <P> is essential for controlling the process.
Electric kilns have controllers with a variety of sophistication: the simplest is the "Infinity Control", a simple open-loop power regulator. As this only controls power, rather than temperature, such a kiln must be manually controlled throughout the cycle. As firing cycles extend over several hours, potentially days for large architectural pieces, automatic unattended control is obviously important. Automatic temperature control uses a PID controller that maintains a constant set temperature. More sophisticated controllers allow the ramp heating and cooling rates to be controlled too, an important factor in glass heating. Controllers dedicated for glass kiln <P> towers and the top three floors of the atrium area. The two lower floors of the atrium area remain open to the public with retail merchants and a food court. In addition, the Hyatt's lobby and offices are located near the Superior Avenue entrance. <P> end of the day, the workers walk the catwalk in the company of their family and friends, who come along to show their support, before they are treated to their gourmet meal. <P> armadillo named Andy.
The company's restaurants offer entertainment in the form of line dancing. The waiters, waitresses and hosts perform these dances throughout the night. The employees also participate in intercompany competitions: bartenders compete in "The Real Bar" competition, and meat cutters in the annual "Meat Hero Competition".
The Roadhouse Corporation supports the homebuilding programs Habitat for Humanity International and Homes For Our Troops. The company also sponsors a road cycling team of about 20 cyclists, along with Willie Nelson tours.
Originally each restaurant had a table called "Willie's Corner", with pictures and memorabilia of Willie Nelson. In 2002, Nelson signed <P> Charbroiler Principles Charbroilers may be either free-standing countertop equipment that sits on a stand or refrigerated base, or part of a larger piece of equipment such as a restaurant range. Nominal unit width (left-to-right) sizes are in increments of 12 in (305 mm), most commonly 24 to 72 in (610 to 1,829 mm). Typical commercial charbroilers are a system of three main characteristics: (1) burner, (2) radiant, and (3) grate. The various combinations of these individual aspects have a dramatic effect on the performance of the charbroiler, though other design features such as gas orifice sizing, under-burner heat deflectors, burner divider plates (also <P> engine room on the tenth floor . Above it a special pendulum is installed, movement of which absorb cross vibrations caused by the wind. Exterior At the third to the fifth floor levels (i.e. the restaurant and hotel floors) the outer shell takes on the shape of a conical rotating surface. It consists of 64 conically placed panels. The panel surface is made of anodized aluminum sheets. At the restaurant level, these panels are glazed over the entire width and complemented by a low window sill, while at the hotel level there are smaller windows with rounded corners.
Parabolic antennas <P> jogging track on the roof around the atrium with a view to this rink. About 50 restaurants and specialty food stores at all prices and service points are located throughout the Galleria complex. Lodging Two Westin hotels are also located directly in the Galleria complex, The Westin Galleria and the Westin Oaks (prior to 1984, both hotels were known as the Galleria Plaza Hotel and Houston Oaks Hotel when Westin Hotels and Resorts was known as Western International Hotels). Offices The Galleria has three office towers with Galleria Financial Center acting as the hub of the mall where the shops <P> movie theater, four bars and restaurants, a small cafe, design firms, and a Segway tour operator. <P> Pallet jack Operational principle The jack is steered by a 'tiller' like lever that also acts as the pump handle for raising the jack. A small handle on the tiller releases the hydraulic fluid, causing the forks to lower.
The front wheels inside the end of the forks are mounted on levers attached to linkages that go to levers attached to the jack cylinder. As the hydraulic jack at the 'tiller' end is raised, the links force the wheels down, raising the forks vertically above the front wheels, raising the load upward until it clears the floor. The pallet is <P> to their place of the food chain. The third room takes visitors into the city to observe the food chain and inner workings in a modern setting. <P> for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller shops in the centre as well. Anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the centre to remain open.
Early on, grocery stores were a common type of anchor store, since they are visited often. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the grocery store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however.
As of 2005, the declining popularity of old-line <P> Lufrano Intercultural Gallery of Art and other various student organizations like Fraternity and Sorority Life have their offices in the facility. The Boathouse restaurant is the third variant of the UNF tradition. The food court has an Einstein Bros, Panda Express, and Slice Pizzeria. Market Days are held each Wednesday from 10am-2pm in Osprey Plaza and features vendors from the region. | question: how do rotating restaurants on buildings get power? context: <P> "mast" and a metallic, tubular "sail", surmounted by a 120-metre (390 ft) platform forming a "crow's nest", corresponding to the rotating restaurant and visitors viewing area. <P> use have their entire heating cycles defined before use with multiple set temperatures, hold times and ramps between them. The most sophisticated controllers of all are dedicated to glass use and allow pre-defined cycles such as "Fuse" or "Slump" to be selected from a simple menu, without their operator needing to be aware of the precise temperatures required. Firing cycles Glass' behaviour when heated is highly complex. <P> telephone, which would automatically ring to the order station in the kitchen. A staff member would answer and take the customer's order over the phone. When the order was ready, the kitchen staff would ring back to the phone at the table, which would signal the customers to go to the front so they could pay for and pick up their food. Layout Each Training Table location had a similar layout. the kitchen and register was located at the very back of the restaurant, and the eating area was relatively open. The middle of the restaurant housed booths arranged in <P> work is carried out in the spare time of the club members on a voluntary basis – often working all night in the final few days to get carts ready. <P> its shorter but similar cylindrically-shaped Radius Tower. Architectural details The building is cast in reflective glass in a cylindrical shape that reflects much of the downtown skyline (though each of the around 5600 windows are flat and not convex). Another small cylinder runs the full height of the building on one side, and accommodates two scenic elevators. The uppermost floors hold the Sun Dial Restaurant and Bar, a revolving restaurant that offers panoramic views of the city and its environs. The top floor of the restaurant completes a full revolution every 30 minutes, and the bottom every 60 minutes.
When the <P> schedule maintenance work or try to run a new mold without interrupting production on the other arms of the machine. Carousel machine This is one of the most common bi-axial machines in the industry. It can have up to 4 arms and six stations and it comes in a wide range of sizes. The machine comes in two different models, fixed and independent. A fixed-arm carousel consists of 3 fixed arms that must move together. One arm will be in the heating chamber while the other is in the cooling chamber and the other in the loading/reloading area. The fixed-arm <P> running of the hall, especially if let on a commercial basis. <P> variety of seafood and caldo de mariscos, a seafood soup reputed to cure hangovers.
Coffeehouses are a center of social life in the city, and the Gran Café del Portal and the Café de la Parroquia are the two best-known establishments. To request a refill, customers clink the sides of their glasses (not cups) with their spoons. This clinking can be heard from the early morning to late at night. The story behind this custom is that a trolley driver used to ring his bell when he was a block away from the Gran Café del Portal to let the waiters <P> is essential for controlling the process.
Electric kilns have controllers with a variety of sophistication: the simplest is the "Infinity Control", a simple open-loop power regulator. As this only controls power, rather than temperature, such a kiln must be manually controlled throughout the cycle. As firing cycles extend over several hours, potentially days for large architectural pieces, automatic unattended control is obviously important. Automatic temperature control uses a PID controller that maintains a constant set temperature. More sophisticated controllers allow the ramp heating and cooling rates to be controlled too, an important factor in glass heating. Controllers dedicated for glass kiln <P> towers and the top three floors of the atrium area. The two lower floors of the atrium area remain open to the public with retail merchants and a food court. In addition, the Hyatt's lobby and offices are located near the Superior Avenue entrance. <P> end of the day, the workers walk the catwalk in the company of their family and friends, who come along to show their support, before they are treated to their gourmet meal. <P> armadillo named Andy.
The company's restaurants offer entertainment in the form of line dancing. The waiters, waitresses and hosts perform these dances throughout the night. The employees also participate in intercompany competitions: bartenders compete in "The Real Bar" competition, and meat cutters in the annual "Meat Hero Competition".
The Roadhouse Corporation supports the homebuilding programs Habitat for Humanity International and Homes For Our Troops. The company also sponsors a road cycling team of about 20 cyclists, along with Willie Nelson tours.
Originally each restaurant had a table called "Willie's Corner", with pictures and memorabilia of Willie Nelson. In 2002, Nelson signed <P> Charbroiler Principles Charbroilers may be either free-standing countertop equipment that sits on a stand or refrigerated base, or part of a larger piece of equipment such as a restaurant range. Nominal unit width (left-to-right) sizes are in increments of 12 in (305 mm), most commonly 24 to 72 in (610 to 1,829 mm). Typical commercial charbroilers are a system of three main characteristics: (1) burner, (2) radiant, and (3) grate. The various combinations of these individual aspects have a dramatic effect on the performance of the charbroiler, though other design features such as gas orifice sizing, under-burner heat deflectors, burner divider plates (also <P> engine room on the tenth floor . Above it a special pendulum is installed, movement of which absorb cross vibrations caused by the wind. Exterior At the third to the fifth floor levels (i.e. the restaurant and hotel floors) the outer shell takes on the shape of a conical rotating surface. It consists of 64 conically placed panels. The panel surface is made of anodized aluminum sheets. At the restaurant level, these panels are glazed over the entire width and complemented by a low window sill, while at the hotel level there are smaller windows with rounded corners.
Parabolic antennas <P> jogging track on the roof around the atrium with a view to this rink. About 50 restaurants and specialty food stores at all prices and service points are located throughout the Galleria complex. Lodging Two Westin hotels are also located directly in the Galleria complex, The Westin Galleria and the Westin Oaks (prior to 1984, both hotels were known as the Galleria Plaza Hotel and Houston Oaks Hotel when Westin Hotels and Resorts was known as Western International Hotels). Offices The Galleria has three office towers with Galleria Financial Center acting as the hub of the mall where the shops <P> movie theater, four bars and restaurants, a small cafe, design firms, and a Segway tour operator. <P> Pallet jack Operational principle The jack is steered by a 'tiller' like lever that also acts as the pump handle for raising the jack. A small handle on the tiller releases the hydraulic fluid, causing the forks to lower.
The front wheels inside the end of the forks are mounted on levers attached to linkages that go to levers attached to the jack cylinder. As the hydraulic jack at the 'tiller' end is raised, the links force the wheels down, raising the forks vertically above the front wheels, raising the load upward until it clears the floor. The pallet is <P> to their place of the food chain. The third room takes visitors into the city to observe the food chain and inner workings in a modern setting. <P> for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller shops in the centre as well. Anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the centre to remain open.
Early on, grocery stores were a common type of anchor store, since they are visited often. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the grocery store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however.
As of 2005, the declining popularity of old-line <P> Lufrano Intercultural Gallery of Art and other various student organizations like Fraternity and Sorority Life have their offices in the facility. The Boathouse restaurant is the third variant of the UNF tradition. The food court has an Einstein Bros, Panda Express, and Slice Pizzeria. Market Days are held each Wednesday from 10am-2pm in Osprey Plaza and features vendors from the region. | answer: The same way trams roll down the tracks metal contact plates within the spinning part transfers the electricity without wires |
140,130 | 18b45k | In which ways did European military technology surpass that of the Ottomans? | The Ottomans had quite a few advantages when they went on their conquests. First of all, they had the Jannisaries, which was the only completely professional large force of diciplined fighters loyal only to the state in Europe at the time. The Ottomans also had a very strong cavalry arm, both with the Sipahi heavy cavalry and the irregular light cavalry. It meant that they usually could dominate the campaign through using irregular or light cavalry, denying their enemies supplies, fodder, reinforcements and information about their enemy, while enjoying all that themselves. The Ottomans also had a competent siege train with skilled engineers and big cannons.What happened? Well, the Europeans caught up with the Ottoman strong sides. Professional armies, or at least proffessional officers from officers' schools, light cavalry - the Hungarian Hussars and the Russian Cossacks are prime examples - and all of Europe adopted Hussars and their tactics after the Austrians used them with great success in the Seven Years' War. European heavy cavalry was taught by the Swedes (who were taught by the Poles) to return to the focused heavy charge in formation.European armies evolved from mercenary units fickle in thier loyalty or feudal levies to skilled and well-drilled professional or semi-professional forces of combined arms. At the same time, the Ottoman armies did not evolve much. The state was plagued by corruption, and the Jannisaries became a state within the state that limited the options of the Sultans to manouvre and force through reform.The Ottomans still had some successes though. They won against Russia 1711 and against the Austrians 1739. The treaty with Russia 1739 could be said to be a draw - at least the Ottomans fought the Russians off in that war.The Ottomans tried to reform several times, and their troops did well in the Crimean War (but then the Jannisaries had been destroyed 1829). | [
"... during what time period specifically? Before and after certain advancements the scale tips.",
"The Ottomans had quite a few advantages when they went on their conquests. First of all, they had the Jannisaries, which was the only completely professional large force of diciplined fighters loyal only to the st... | 2 | [
"The Ottomans had quite a few advantages when they went on their conquests. First of all, they had the Jannisaries, which was the only completely professional large force of diciplined fighters loyal only to the state in Europe at the time. The Ottomans also had a very strong cavalry arm, both with the Sipahi heavy... | 1 | <P> cannon designed by Hungarian engineer Orban, who had earlier offered his services to the Byzantine Empire emperor Constantine XI. Orban's price for the cannons was high, so the Byzantine emperor of Constantinople was not able to afford it. Mehmed II was determined to win the battle, and used cannons to blast through Constantinople's huge wall during the siege of Constantinople on April 6, 1453.
The Dardanelles Gun was designed and cast in bronze in 1464 by Munir Ali. The Dardanelles Gun was still present for duty more than 340 years later in 1807, when a Royal Navy force appeared and commenced <P> in 1453. The bombards weighed 19 tons, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery", when the huge bronze cannons of Mehmed II breached the city's walls, ending the Byzantine Empire, according to Sir Charles Oman.
The most commonly used gun is known as a battering gun (darbzen). This gun fired 0.15–2.5 kg shots in weight. These guns were used more in fortresses as the emphasis was given to small to medium-calibre guns. <P> European arms industries were in rapid progress. The Ottoman Army had only obsolete weapons with low efficiency. Abdul Hamid II removed the old system, but only an insignificant munitions industry developed. As a consequence, Ottoman Army relied on imports and grants from its allies for its needs of weapons and equipment. The situation is only improved with decree issued on July 3, 1910 which included the budget for purchases of arms and ammunition. Weapons General Vidinli Tevfik Paşa, was sent to Germany to analyse, select, and purchase Mauser rifles. Instead of the offered rifles (Mauser M1890), the Ottomans bought <P> and in the Middle East. Their power finally reached a peak in the mid 17th century. Their success through the Janissaries became their new weakness; conservative and extremely powerful, Ottoman reform was difficult to implement whilst European armies became increasingly more resourceful and modernized. As a result, Russian and Austrian attempts to contain the Ottoman threat became more and more a formality until the official dissolution of the Empire after World War I. <P> the 1820s–1830s, as well as for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century. Military The arquebus first appeared in the Ottoman Empire at some point between 1394 and the early 15th century. The arquebus was later used in substantial numbers by the Janissaries of the Ottoman army by the mid-15th century. The matchlock was first used by the Janissary corps in the first half of the 15th century, by the 1440s.
Ottoman artillery included a number of cannons, most of which were designed by Turkish engineers, in addition to a <P> contribution to tribal feuds.
The decision to disband was after the 1908 revolution and all of the units returned to their tribes by August 17, 1910. Militarily, Ottoman General Staff stated conventional-style military discipline had always been a problem with these units which were replaced of the new reserve cavalry formations. Artillery After the Balkan wars, Ottoman armies began to deploy rapid-firing guns. Artillery began to gain importance, and dominated the battlefield. Engineering The engineering branch has two main functions. Supportive functions are removal of the physical obstacles created by the enemy, to repair the damaged bridges and facilities, <P> by Bodor Mustafa Pasha, consisted of approximately 16,000 men and 150 cannons. The siege The fortifications were always being fixed; but most were made of earth hardened by palisades of whitewashed tree trunks, which were ineffective against 18th century cannons. The only masonry buildings were the castle, the mosques and the courtain surrounding the castle – the southern part of the city, the Angevin Fortress. All of the other buildings were made of wood, making them prone to destruction by fire.
On 21 August 1716, General Joachim Ignaz von Rotenhan reached Timișoara with 14 cavalry squadrons (1662–1736). On 25 August, 16 cavalry <P> of the powerful political environment of the Ottoman Empire. One could come to the conclusion that the atmosphere of diplomacy within the early modern period revolved around a foundation of conformity to Ottoman culture. East Asia One of the earliest realists in international relations theory was the 6th century BC military strategist Sun Tzu (d. 496 BC), author of The Art of War. He lived during a time in which rival states were starting to pay less attention to traditional respects of tutelage to the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC) figurehead monarchs while each vied for power and total conquest. <P> Land In Anatolia the Ottomans inherited a network of caravanserai from the Selçuk Turks who preceded them. The administration and tax-gathering of the empire mandated an interest in ensuring the safety of couriers and convoys and (by extension) of merchant caravans. The caravanserai network extended into the Balkans and provided safe lodgings for merchants and their animals.
The Jelali revolts of the 16th and 17th centuries did much to disrupt the land-transport network in Anatolia. The empire could no longer ensure the safety of merchants who then had to negotiate safe passage with the local leader of the area they were <P> Constantinople; first on 21 October 1889, and nine years later, on 5 October 1898. (Wilhelm II later visited Constantinople for a third time, on 15 October 1917, as a guest of Mehmed V). German officers (like Baron von der Goltz and Bodo-Borries von Ditfurth) were employed to oversee the organization of the Ottoman army.
German government officials were brought in to reorganize the Ottoman government's finances. Germany's friendship was not altruistic; it had to be fostered with railway and loan concessions. In 1899, a significant German desire, the construction of a Berlin-Baghdad railway, was granted.
Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany also requested the <P> the Dardanelles Operation. Turkish forces loaded the ancient relics with propellant and projectiles, then fired them at the British ships. The British squadron suffered 28 casualties from this bombardment.
The musket appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465. Damascus steel was used in the production of firearms such as the musket from the 16th century.
Turkish arquebuses may have reached China before Portuguese ones. In 1598, Chinese writer Zhao Shizhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets.
The Chinese military book Wu Pei Chih (1621) describes a Turkish musket that, rather than using a matchlock mechanism, instead uses a rack-and-pinion mechanism. <P> recruiting their aid. Those that did not assist the Ottomans were raided themselves. Eventually, the cities in Asia Minor, cut off from the outside surrendered and the Ottomans soon mastered the art of siege warfare.
It was the Ottomans' skill with dealing with their opponents that made them very powerful very quickly. They would subjugate their opponents as vassals rather than destroy them, otherwise they would have exhausted themselves in the process. The exacting of tribute from conquered states in the form of children and money was effective in forcing subjugation over conquest. Coupled with this, the entire region was composed <P> regions found new work in moving goods to and from trunk lines. The Aegean areas alone had over 10,000 camels working to supply local railroads. Ankara station had a thousand camels at a time waiting to unload goods. Furthermore, additional territories traversed by railroads encouraged development and improved agriculture. Like sailing vessels, land transport contributed to and invigorated trade and commerce across the empire. Agriculture The Ottoman Empire was an agrarian economy, labor scarce, land rich and capital poor. Majority of the population earned their living from small family holdings and this contributed to around 40 percent of taxes for <P> they had to pay high taxes. Ottoman-Europe relations were not always ideal because a difference in religion seems to have played an important role with their individual societies.
The quality of both land and sea transport was driven primarily by the efforts of the Ottoman administration over this time. As a result, the quality of transport infrastructure varied significantly over time depending on the current administration's efficacy. The story of transport in the empire should not be seen as one of continual improvement. Indeed, the road infrastructure was significantly better in the 16th century than it was in the 18th century. <P> Eugene and his achievements. The noble knight did not only fight and win in the Ottoman Wars, but also in the Spanish War of Succession. As a consequence of the Great Turkish War, which culminated in the victories of Peterwardein (1716) and Belgrade (1717) and ended with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, the Habsburg Monarchy achieved its greatest territorial expansion. The sphere of influence of the Habsburg Empire thus extended over Central and South Eastern Europe, rendering it a major power. Items particularly reminiscent of this period include a Turkish state tent and the ten-pound mortar of Belgrade, which <P> was heavily traditional, but with a strong German influence in terms of modernization, especially building railways. In 1914 the Ottoman government in Constantinople took the initiative in supporting the Central Powers. see Ottoman–German alliance Its Army already was under German guidance, especially by General Otto Liman von Sanders. The British expected the alliance with Germany and seized two dreadnoughts under construction that had been paid for by the Ottomans. Negotiations with the Allies went nowhere after the Turks demanded very large concessions. Instead, a secret alliance was made with Germany in early August, with promises of regaining territory <P> which the Ottomans used, such as the‘Saçma topu’ (grapeshot) and the ‘Ağaç topu’ (petard). Method and production The ammunition used by the bronze bombards were stone balls 1 meter in diameter and weighing 400 kg. The transportation of just two bombards proved to be a logistically challenging task. They were dragged to the Fall of Constantinople by 70 oxen and 1000 men. The casting of these bombards are described by Kritoboulos 1467. He describes the clay mould and the core which was strengthened by iron, wood, earth and stone. 45 tonnes of copper and tin are said to be placed in <P> the Russians, but in fact the Ottomans were unprepared for a long war. During the war, military reforms were undertaken, with the assistance of French officer François Baron de Tott. They included the modernization of artillery corps and the foundation of the Naval Engineering School in 1773. The war was disastrous for the Ottoman Empire. The Russian armies occupied the Crimea, Romania and parts of Bulgaria. Architecture Many monumental buildings including the Fatih Mosque, which was built by Mehmed the Conqueror was rebuilt from the ground during his reign. In addition, he had built Laleli Mosque complex, and the shore <P> after they entered Ottoman service, which reduced their speed to 8 to 10 knots (15 to 19 km/h; 9 to 12 mph).
A year later, in September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The two battleships and the ancient central battery ironclad Mesudiye—which had been built in the mid-1870s—had been on a summer training cruise since July, and so were prepared for the conflict. On 1 October, shortly after the outbreak of war, Barbaros Hayreddin and the rest of the Ottoman fleet was moored at Beirut. The following day, the fleet departed for Constantinople for repairs in preparation to engage the <P> programme of Weltpolitik, Germany had courted the Ottoman Empire through a policy of providing generous loans to the Ottoman state (which had gone bankrupt in 1881, and which had trouble getting loans as a result), weapons and German officers to train the Ottoman army. The price of these loans, weapons and the German military mission to train the army was that the Ottoman state had to favour German corporations when awarding railway concessions and other public works, thus pushing the empire further into the German political and economic sphere of influence. An official German-Ottoman alliance was not signed until | question: In which ways did European military technology surpass that of the Ottomans? context: <P> cannon designed by Hungarian engineer Orban, who had earlier offered his services to the Byzantine Empire emperor Constantine XI. Orban's price for the cannons was high, so the Byzantine emperor of Constantinople was not able to afford it. Mehmed II was determined to win the battle, and used cannons to blast through Constantinople's huge wall during the siege of Constantinople on April 6, 1453.
The Dardanelles Gun was designed and cast in bronze in 1464 by Munir Ali. The Dardanelles Gun was still present for duty more than 340 years later in 1807, when a Royal Navy force appeared and commenced <P> in 1453. The bombards weighed 19 tons, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery", when the huge bronze cannons of Mehmed II breached the city's walls, ending the Byzantine Empire, according to Sir Charles Oman.
The most commonly used gun is known as a battering gun (darbzen). This gun fired 0.15–2.5 kg shots in weight. These guns were used more in fortresses as the emphasis was given to small to medium-calibre guns. <P> European arms industries were in rapid progress. The Ottoman Army had only obsolete weapons with low efficiency. Abdul Hamid II removed the old system, but only an insignificant munitions industry developed. As a consequence, Ottoman Army relied on imports and grants from its allies for its needs of weapons and equipment. The situation is only improved with decree issued on July 3, 1910 which included the budget for purchases of arms and ammunition. Weapons General Vidinli Tevfik Paşa, was sent to Germany to analyse, select, and purchase Mauser rifles. Instead of the offered rifles (Mauser M1890), the Ottomans bought <P> and in the Middle East. Their power finally reached a peak in the mid 17th century. Their success through the Janissaries became their new weakness; conservative and extremely powerful, Ottoman reform was difficult to implement whilst European armies became increasingly more resourceful and modernized. As a result, Russian and Austrian attempts to contain the Ottoman threat became more and more a formality until the official dissolution of the Empire after World War I. <P> the 1820s–1830s, as well as for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century. Military The arquebus first appeared in the Ottoman Empire at some point between 1394 and the early 15th century. The arquebus was later used in substantial numbers by the Janissaries of the Ottoman army by the mid-15th century. The matchlock was first used by the Janissary corps in the first half of the 15th century, by the 1440s.
Ottoman artillery included a number of cannons, most of which were designed by Turkish engineers, in addition to a <P> contribution to tribal feuds.
The decision to disband was after the 1908 revolution and all of the units returned to their tribes by August 17, 1910. Militarily, Ottoman General Staff stated conventional-style military discipline had always been a problem with these units which were replaced of the new reserve cavalry formations. Artillery After the Balkan wars, Ottoman armies began to deploy rapid-firing guns. Artillery began to gain importance, and dominated the battlefield. Engineering The engineering branch has two main functions. Supportive functions are removal of the physical obstacles created by the enemy, to repair the damaged bridges and facilities, <P> by Bodor Mustafa Pasha, consisted of approximately 16,000 men and 150 cannons. The siege The fortifications were always being fixed; but most were made of earth hardened by palisades of whitewashed tree trunks, which were ineffective against 18th century cannons. The only masonry buildings were the castle, the mosques and the courtain surrounding the castle – the southern part of the city, the Angevin Fortress. All of the other buildings were made of wood, making them prone to destruction by fire.
On 21 August 1716, General Joachim Ignaz von Rotenhan reached Timișoara with 14 cavalry squadrons (1662–1736). On 25 August, 16 cavalry <P> of the powerful political environment of the Ottoman Empire. One could come to the conclusion that the atmosphere of diplomacy within the early modern period revolved around a foundation of conformity to Ottoman culture. East Asia One of the earliest realists in international relations theory was the 6th century BC military strategist Sun Tzu (d. 496 BC), author of The Art of War. He lived during a time in which rival states were starting to pay less attention to traditional respects of tutelage to the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC) figurehead monarchs while each vied for power and total conquest. <P> Land In Anatolia the Ottomans inherited a network of caravanserai from the Selçuk Turks who preceded them. The administration and tax-gathering of the empire mandated an interest in ensuring the safety of couriers and convoys and (by extension) of merchant caravans. The caravanserai network extended into the Balkans and provided safe lodgings for merchants and their animals.
The Jelali revolts of the 16th and 17th centuries did much to disrupt the land-transport network in Anatolia. The empire could no longer ensure the safety of merchants who then had to negotiate safe passage with the local leader of the area they were <P> Constantinople; first on 21 October 1889, and nine years later, on 5 October 1898. (Wilhelm II later visited Constantinople for a third time, on 15 October 1917, as a guest of Mehmed V). German officers (like Baron von der Goltz and Bodo-Borries von Ditfurth) were employed to oversee the organization of the Ottoman army.
German government officials were brought in to reorganize the Ottoman government's finances. Germany's friendship was not altruistic; it had to be fostered with railway and loan concessions. In 1899, a significant German desire, the construction of a Berlin-Baghdad railway, was granted.
Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany also requested the <P> the Dardanelles Operation. Turkish forces loaded the ancient relics with propellant and projectiles, then fired them at the British ships. The British squadron suffered 28 casualties from this bombardment.
The musket appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465. Damascus steel was used in the production of firearms such as the musket from the 16th century.
Turkish arquebuses may have reached China before Portuguese ones. In 1598, Chinese writer Zhao Shizhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets.
The Chinese military book Wu Pei Chih (1621) describes a Turkish musket that, rather than using a matchlock mechanism, instead uses a rack-and-pinion mechanism. <P> recruiting their aid. Those that did not assist the Ottomans were raided themselves. Eventually, the cities in Asia Minor, cut off from the outside surrendered and the Ottomans soon mastered the art of siege warfare.
It was the Ottomans' skill with dealing with their opponents that made them very powerful very quickly. They would subjugate their opponents as vassals rather than destroy them, otherwise they would have exhausted themselves in the process. The exacting of tribute from conquered states in the form of children and money was effective in forcing subjugation over conquest. Coupled with this, the entire region was composed <P> regions found new work in moving goods to and from trunk lines. The Aegean areas alone had over 10,000 camels working to supply local railroads. Ankara station had a thousand camels at a time waiting to unload goods. Furthermore, additional territories traversed by railroads encouraged development and improved agriculture. Like sailing vessels, land transport contributed to and invigorated trade and commerce across the empire. Agriculture The Ottoman Empire was an agrarian economy, labor scarce, land rich and capital poor. Majority of the population earned their living from small family holdings and this contributed to around 40 percent of taxes for <P> they had to pay high taxes. Ottoman-Europe relations were not always ideal because a difference in religion seems to have played an important role with their individual societies.
The quality of both land and sea transport was driven primarily by the efforts of the Ottoman administration over this time. As a result, the quality of transport infrastructure varied significantly over time depending on the current administration's efficacy. The story of transport in the empire should not be seen as one of continual improvement. Indeed, the road infrastructure was significantly better in the 16th century than it was in the 18th century. <P> Eugene and his achievements. The noble knight did not only fight and win in the Ottoman Wars, but also in the Spanish War of Succession. As a consequence of the Great Turkish War, which culminated in the victories of Peterwardein (1716) and Belgrade (1717) and ended with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, the Habsburg Monarchy achieved its greatest territorial expansion. The sphere of influence of the Habsburg Empire thus extended over Central and South Eastern Europe, rendering it a major power. Items particularly reminiscent of this period include a Turkish state tent and the ten-pound mortar of Belgrade, which <P> was heavily traditional, but with a strong German influence in terms of modernization, especially building railways. In 1914 the Ottoman government in Constantinople took the initiative in supporting the Central Powers. see Ottoman–German alliance Its Army already was under German guidance, especially by General Otto Liman von Sanders. The British expected the alliance with Germany and seized two dreadnoughts under construction that had been paid for by the Ottomans. Negotiations with the Allies went nowhere after the Turks demanded very large concessions. Instead, a secret alliance was made with Germany in early August, with promises of regaining territory <P> which the Ottomans used, such as the‘Saçma topu’ (grapeshot) and the ‘Ağaç topu’ (petard). Method and production The ammunition used by the bronze bombards were stone balls 1 meter in diameter and weighing 400 kg. The transportation of just two bombards proved to be a logistically challenging task. They were dragged to the Fall of Constantinople by 70 oxen and 1000 men. The casting of these bombards are described by Kritoboulos 1467. He describes the clay mould and the core which was strengthened by iron, wood, earth and stone. 45 tonnes of copper and tin are said to be placed in <P> the Russians, but in fact the Ottomans were unprepared for a long war. During the war, military reforms were undertaken, with the assistance of French officer François Baron de Tott. They included the modernization of artillery corps and the foundation of the Naval Engineering School in 1773. The war was disastrous for the Ottoman Empire. The Russian armies occupied the Crimea, Romania and parts of Bulgaria. Architecture Many monumental buildings including the Fatih Mosque, which was built by Mehmed the Conqueror was rebuilt from the ground during his reign. In addition, he had built Laleli Mosque complex, and the shore <P> after they entered Ottoman service, which reduced their speed to 8 to 10 knots (15 to 19 km/h; 9 to 12 mph).
A year later, in September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The two battleships and the ancient central battery ironclad Mesudiye—which had been built in the mid-1870s—had been on a summer training cruise since July, and so were prepared for the conflict. On 1 October, shortly after the outbreak of war, Barbaros Hayreddin and the rest of the Ottoman fleet was moored at Beirut. The following day, the fleet departed for Constantinople for repairs in preparation to engage the <P> programme of Weltpolitik, Germany had courted the Ottoman Empire through a policy of providing generous loans to the Ottoman state (which had gone bankrupt in 1881, and which had trouble getting loans as a result), weapons and German officers to train the Ottoman army. The price of these loans, weapons and the German military mission to train the army was that the Ottoman state had to favour German corporations when awarding railway concessions and other public works, thus pushing the empire further into the German political and economic sphere of influence. An official German-Ottoman alliance was not signed until | answer: The Ottomans had quite a few advantages when they went on their conquests. First of all, they had the Jannisaries, which was the only completely professional large force of diciplined fighters loyal only to the state in Europe at the time. The Ottomans also had a very strong cavalry arm, both with the Sipahi heavy cavalry and the irregular light cavalry. It meant that they usually could dominate the campaign through using irregular or light cavalry, denying their enemies supplies, fodder, reinforcements and information about their enemy, while enjoying all that themselves. The Ottomans also had a competent siege train with skilled engineers and big cannons.What happened? Well, the Europeans caught up with the Ottoman strong sides. Professional armies, or at least proffessional officers from officers' schools, light cavalry - the Hungarian Hussars and the Russian Cossacks are prime examples - and all of Europe adopted Hussars and their tactics after the Austrians used them with great success in the Seven Years' War. European heavy cavalry was taught by the Swedes (who were taught by the Poles) to return to the focused heavy charge in formation.European armies evolved from mercenary units fickle in thier loyalty or feudal levies to skilled and well-drilled professional or semi-professional forces of combined arms. At the same time, the Ottoman armies did not evolve much. The state was plagued by corruption, and the Jannisaries became a state within the state that limited the options of the Sultans to manouvre and force through reform.The Ottomans still had some successes though. They won against Russia 1711 and against the Austrians 1739. The treaty with Russia 1739 could be said to be a draw - at least the Ottomans fought the Russians off in that war.The Ottomans tried to reform several times, and their troops did well in the Crimean War (but then the Jannisaries had been destroyed 1829). |
131,502 | axl5ye | Why is the Sherman Tank (75mm cannon) considered a medium tank, while the Sherman tank (76.2mm anti tank gun) was considered a lot more powerful. Is 1.2 mm that big of a difference? | It's not necessarily the absolute diameter of the projectile, but the amount of kinetic energy behind it, as imparted by the mass and velocity of the projectile (much of the latter given by [the size of the propelling charge in the cartridge case](_URL_0_)) as well as the design of the projectile itself.The M3 75 mm gun, firing the M61 APC projectile with 2 pounds of powder as propellant, could give the 14.96-pound (6.79 kg) projectile a muzzle velocity of 2,030 feet per second (619 m/s). Using the equation for kinetic energy, KE = 1/2mv^(2), the 75 mm M3 gun could give the projectile 1.30x10^(6) joules of kinetic energy. The M72 plain AP projectile, which largely fell out of use after the North African campaign because of erratic quality and poor performance against German face-hardened armor, has essentially identical ballistic characteristics. The M61 projectile had an energy at the muzzle of 427 foot-tons (the energy needed to raise one long ton, 2,240 pounds, a distance of one foot), while the M72 projectile had a muzzle energy of 398 foot-tons. The 76 mm M1 gun, firing the M62 APC projectile with 3.75 pounds of powder as propellant, could give the 15.44-pound (7.00 kg) projectile a muzzle velocity of 2,600 feet per second (792 m/s). Using KE = 1/2mv^(2), the M62 APC projectile had 2.20x10^(6) joules of kinetic energy, nearly twice as much as the 75 mm projectile. The M79 plain AP projectile, similar in concept to the M72 projectile, had essentially identical ballistic characteristics. The M62 projectile had a muzzle energy of 724 foot-tons, while the M79 projectile had a muzzle energy of 703 foot-tons. As the 76 mm M1 gun was ballistically matched to the earlier 3-inch M7 gun (used on the M10 tank destroyer), the latter had basically identical characteristics, the only differences being that it fired its projectiles from a different cartridge case and externally retains far more of the appearance of its father, the 3-inch M1918 antiaircraft gun. This higher kinetic energy gave the 76 mm and 3-inch guns higher penetrating power than the 75 mm gun:Ammunition|500 m|1,000|1,500|2,000:--|:--|:--|:--|:--|:--75 L31 AP vs RHA|81 mm|66|54|4575 L31 AP vs FHA|67|52|40|3175 L31 APCBC vs RHA|72|65|58|5275 L31 APCBC vs FHA|84|75|67|59Ammunition|500 m|1,000|1,500|2,000:--|:--|:--|:--|:--|:--75 L40 AP vs RHA|92 mm|76|62|5175 L40 AP vs FHA|75|58|45|3575 L40 APCBC vs RHA|81|73|65|5975 L40 APCBC vs FHA|95|86|79|72Ammunition|500 m|1,000|1,500|2,000:--|:--|:--|:--|:--|:--76 L52 APCBC vs RHA|116 mm|106|97|8976 L52 APCBC vs FHA|122|116|110|10176 L52 HVAP|208|175|147|124Ammunition|500 m|1,000|1,500|2,000:--|:--|:--|:--|:--|:--3" L50 AP vs RHA|131 mm|107|88|723" L50 AP vs FHA|112|92|75|623" L50 APCBC vs RHA|115|103|93|843" L50 APCBC vs FHA|121|115|107|97The design of the projectiles themselves can also play a significant part: > Normal uncapped armor-piercing (AP) projectiles perform better against rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) than face-hardened armor (FHA), steel treated to draw the carbon to one side, giving a very hard, thin, outer layer designed to shatter the noses of these projectiles on impact. To combat FHA, as well as armor that was getting progressively thicker and more steeply sloped more effectively than just constantly raising the velocity of normal AP projectiles (making them vulnerable to shattering), armor piercing capped (APC) projectiles were developed. They had a blunt cap of softer metal designed to direct energy away from the nose of the projectile before penetration, hopefully preventing shattering. As the ideal shape of APC projectiles is quite blunt, armor piercing capped ballistic capped (APCBC) projectiles were soon developed, that had an aerodynamic "windshield" on the nose of the projectile. > There is a phenomenon which takes into account the properties of projectiles and contact with armor, known as "shatter gap." If a projectile is too "soft" based upon its Rockwell scale measure (most U.S. and Soviet projectiles fell into this category, but most British and German projectiles didn't), its velocity is increased, and the target armor thickness is held constant, there occurs a point where the projectile nose begins absorbing too much of the impact energy and fails, causing the projectile to break up and potentially refuse to penetrate. For APCBC projectiles, this point occurs when the ratio of projectile penetration over armor resistance (the "true" protective value of the armor) is between 1.05 and 1.25, and projectiles are traveling faster than 2,000 feet per second. For AP shot, the upper and lower limits are a bit higher. Below the range, probability curves apply; above it, all hits will penetrate. This means that projectiles can inexplicably refuse to penetrate at shorter ranges even when tests say they should, but successfully penetrate at longer ranges. **Sources:**Hunnicutt, R. P. *Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank*. Novato: Presidio Press, 1978.Bird, Lorrin R., and Robert D. Livingston. *WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery*. Albany: Overmatch Press, 2001.United States. War Department. *War Department Technical Manual TM 9-1901 Artillery Ammunition*. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1944. | [
"It's not necessarily the absolute diameter of the projectile, but the amount of kinetic energy behind it, as imparted by the mass and velocity of the projectile (much of the latter given by [the size of the propelling charge in the cartridge case](_URL_0_)) as well as the design of the projectile itself.\n\nThe M3... | 1 | [
"It's not necessarily the absolute diameter of the projectile, but the amount of kinetic energy behind it, as imparted by the mass and velocity of the projectile (much of the latter given by [the size of the propelling charge in the cartridge case](_URL_0_)) as well as the design of the projectile itself.\n\nThe M3... | 1 | <P> specification reduced weight and enabled the use of Cromwell tank components as a design expedient. The resulting Cruiser Mark VIII Challenger had a longer hull and provided a larger turret, allowing the 17-pounder to be mounted along with space for a second loader, thought to be required for the gun's larger ammunition. However, production of the tank took time and few could be completed before the allied invasion of Normandy.
While developing the Challenger tank, the British devised a conversion for their US-supplied M4 Sherman tanks to mount the 17-pounder. This was applied in sufficient numbers to put them into service <P> and in the anti-tank role by the BAT, MOBAT and 120 mm L6 WOMBAT series of recoilless rifles. Adaptation into tanks and AFVs The 17-pounder outperformed all other Allied armour-piercing guns, and was quickly adapted for use on various tank chassis. However, few tanks were capable of carrying such a large gun due to the size limitations of their turret rings. A new British tank specification, A29, was produced to meet the need for a 17-pounder armed cruiser tank. While the A29 was eventually cancelled without a successful design being produced, an amended specification, A30, reached production in 1943. The A30 <P> extended Firefly bustle gave enough space for the recoil within a limited elevation arc, but left a very cramped turret. Ammunition was sourced from Fabricaciones Militares.
Many Israeli M51s were sold to Chile in the 1980s and continued in use into the mid-1990s. Together with the Argentine Repotenciado, these represented the swansong of the Sherman series as a gun tank, more than half a century after entering service. By then, some of the individual base hulls were more than 40 years old. <P> 122 mm armour-piercing shell had a lower muzzle velocity than similar late German 7.5 cm and 8.8 cm guns, proving-ground tests established that the 122 mm could penetrate the frontal armour of the German Panther tank at 2500 metres and the HE shell would easily blow off the drive sprocket and tread of the heaviest German tank or self-propelled gun. The IS-122 replaced the IS-85, and began mass production as the IS-2. The 85 mm gun saw service in the lighter SU-85 and T-34-85. June 1941 Battle of Raseiniai A KV-1 or KV-2 tank (accounts vary) advanced far behind the German lines after attacking a <P> Crusader for its good power-to-weight ratio. In development were tank designs using the 17-pounder, which led to the Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger tank (and its post-war variant the Avenger SP gun) derived from the Cromwell cruiser tank and the Sherman Firefly conversion of the Sherman tank.
The Valentine chassis was soon chosen, as it was in production but obsolescent for British use and was also one of the few chassis that could accommodate such a large gun. The engine in the Archer had a higher power rating than in the Valentine. Since the Valentine had a small hull and it was <P> need for 17-pounder tanks late in the war.
As the war came to a close, the 17-pounder was also deployed on the Centurion tank, until ultimately being replaced by the 20-pounder.
The United States Army did not use the 17-pounder, though the gun was offered to US forces with a number of Sherman tanks modified for testing. US tanks began to use the 76 mm gun M1 instead. Anti-tank gun The 17-pounder was a much bulkier and heavier weapon than its predecessor. As a result, it had to be towed by a gun tractor, such as the Morris Quad, M3 Half-track or <P> Medium A Whippet but the version with the cannon had more firepower. It was conceived for mass production, and the FT became the most produced tank of World War I by a wide margin, with over 3,000 delivered to the French Army. Large numbers were used by the Americans and several were also lent to the British.
In July 1918, the French used 480 tanks (mostly FTs) at the Battle of Soissons, and there were even larger assaults planned for the next year. In Plan 1919, the Entente hoped to commit over 30,000 tanks to battle in that year. Whippet <P> a possible alternative, the stretched Mark V* tank, was unsuited for infantry transport. Two hundred Mark IXs were ordered from the tractor manufacturer Marshall, Sons & Co. of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire but by the end of the Great War only three had been finished, out of a total ultimate production run of thirty-four. A specially-designed sledge developed by the tank workshop in France, that allowed an additional 10 long tons (10 t) of stores to be hauled, was tried. Description As there was no time for a completely new design, the Mark IX was based on the Mark V, with the hull <P> until about 50% of Shermans in British service were Fireflies.
The British also converted some of their US-produced M10 tank destroyers, replacing the 3-inch (76 mm) gun with the 17-pounder; the resulting vehicles were called 17pdr SP Achilles or just 17-pdr M10. These served with Royal Artillery as self-propelled guns.
The 17-pounder was also successfully trialled on the Australian-designed Sentinel tank, though no Sentinels equipped with this gun entered service with the Australian Army.
A variant of the 17-pounder, the 77mm HV, was used on the Comet tank. A separate weapon, this fired 17-pounder projectiles in a more tank-compatible form, and ultimately replaced the <P> AC Mk IIA .303 Vickers machine gun replaced with 7.92-millimetre (0.312 in) Besa machine gun. The MkIVA featured a new gun mantlet and was built at several factories, including LMS Railway. It was the main type used in the desert from 1940–42. Combat history Approximately 40 Cruiser Mk IV and MkIVA, saw service in France in 1940 with the 1st Armoured Division of the British Expeditionary Force. Most were abandoned at Calais, and the few tanks that did see action were destroyed by the numerically superior German armored forces.
From October 1940, the Cruiser Tank MkIVA was sent to North Africa, <P> mobility, however, were its limitations in strategic mobility. The low practical range implied the need to refuel very often, limiting its operational capabilities. This again implied that the armoured divisions of the Infantry, the Divisions Cuirassées, were not very effective as a mobile reserve and thus lacked strategic flexibility. They were not created to fulfill such a role in the first place, which was reflected in the small size of the artillery and infantry components of the divisions. The one-man turret Another explanation of the similarity to the British Mark I lies in the Char B1's original specification to create <P> capable of both high angle fire +80° and 360° of traverse. Anti-tank gun In September 1940 a project started to adapt the 3-inch gun to the anti-tank role, starting with the T9 experimental model but equipping it with the breech, recoil system and carriage borrowed from the 105mm M2 howitzer. The gun was accepted for service as the 3-inch M5.
A similar derivative of the T9 – the 3-inch M6 – was intended to be mounted on the M5 self-propelled gun, which was eventually abandoned. A final adaptation was the 3-inch M7, which included minor modifications for mounting on the M6 <P> correct this issue. Naval Service Ansaldo Model 1934 guns were mounted triple wing turrets on the Littorio, and in triple and twin superfiring turrets forward and aft on the Duca degli Abruzzi-class. OTO Melara Model 1936 guns were mounted in triple wing turrets in the Vittorio Veneto and Roma. <P> Panzer III and Panzer IV appeared with thicker armour and larger guns. In North Africa, it was the anti-tank gun that claimed the vast majority of British tanks lost in battle; German tanks accounted for few British losses, contrary to popular belief.
The Cruiser MkIV was replaced by two tank designs, the Cruiser MkV Covenanter tank and the A15 Crusader. The A13 Covenanter was a radical departure from the original A13 design and constituted an entirely new tank. The A15 Crusader tank retained the original Cruiser IV Liberty engine but in all other respects was a new design. Mk IVA / <P> of the time carrying the same armament as the C.R.32, a 1933 design. The C.202 carried as standard two 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns. The Breda design was as heavy as the Browning M2, the model from which it was derived. The Breda fired 12.7x81 mm "Vickers" ammunition — while its cartridges were longer than the 13 x 64 mm rounds of its German rough equivalent, the MG 131, the 81 mm Italian rounds were still shorter than the standard 12.7x99 mm rounds of the American "Ma Deuce"; with the result that the energy at the muzzle was 10,000 joules vs. 16,000. The rate <P> 35,500-long-ton (36,100 t) version and a 33,200-long-ton (33,700 t) variant. The first incorporated a secondary battery of twenty 6-inch guns, while the smaller one retained twenty-two of the standard 5-inch guns. Weight savings were also achieved by reducing the thickness of the barbette and belt armor by an inch, and reducing fuel capacity. The General Board preferred the larger of the two, citing the heavier armor as needed to defeat the latest 15-inch guns being adopted in foreign battleships and the stronger secondary battery, which they viewed as necessary to ward off long-range torpedo attacks by destroyers. Secretary of the Navy Josephus <P> Char B1 reflected the fact that development started in the twenties: like the very first tank, the British Mark I tank of World War I, it still had large tracks going around the entire hull and large armour plates protecting the suspension—and like all tanks of that decade it had no welded or cast hull armour. The similarity resulted partly from the fact that the Char B1 was a specialised offensive weapon, a break-through tank optimised for punching a hole into strong defensive entrenchments, so it was designed with good trench-crossing capabilities. The French Army thought that dislodging the enemy <P> of a late first generation MBT sometimes being referred to as an intermediate second generation design. The Soviet T-54 and T-55 as well as the original configuration of the T-62A tank designs are also regarded as first generation MBTs. The second generation had enhanced night-fighting capabilities and in most cases NBC protection. Most western tanks of this generation were armed with the 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun or derivatives of it. Notable are the British Chieftain and German Leopard I. The United States fully committed to the main battle tank doctrine in 1963 when the Marine Corps retired <P> 25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun Development By the early 1920s the French Army had come to the realization that the armour-piercing capability of the 37 mm TRP infantry gun would be insufficient against modern tanks. In 1926 Hotchkiss proposed a 25 mm in-house design that was eventually accepted for service in 1934, under the designation canon de 25 mm semi-automatique modèle 1934 (generally shortened to canon de 25) . At the outbreak of World War II, it was the main anti-tank weapon of the French infantry. By May 1940, there were reported to be 6,000 in service with the French Army, although <P> II. Other examples include the French R-35, the British Valentine, and the British Churchill. Cruiser tank A cruiser tank, or cavalry tank, was designed to move fast and exploit penetrations of the enemy front. The idea originated in "Plan 1919", a British plan to break the trench deadlock of World War I in part via the use of high-speed tanks. The first cruiser tank was the British Whippet.
Between the wars, this concept was implemented in the "fast tanks" pioneered by J. Walter Christie. These led to the Soviet BT tank series and the British cruiser tank series.
During World War II, | question: Why is the Sherman Tank (75mm cannon) considered a medium tank, while the Sherman tank (76.2mm anti tank gun) was considered a lot more powerful. Is 1.2 mm that big of a difference? context: <P> specification reduced weight and enabled the use of Cromwell tank components as a design expedient. The resulting Cruiser Mark VIII Challenger had a longer hull and provided a larger turret, allowing the 17-pounder to be mounted along with space for a second loader, thought to be required for the gun's larger ammunition. However, production of the tank took time and few could be completed before the allied invasion of Normandy.
While developing the Challenger tank, the British devised a conversion for their US-supplied M4 Sherman tanks to mount the 17-pounder. This was applied in sufficient numbers to put them into service <P> and in the anti-tank role by the BAT, MOBAT and 120 mm L6 WOMBAT series of recoilless rifles. Adaptation into tanks and AFVs The 17-pounder outperformed all other Allied armour-piercing guns, and was quickly adapted for use on various tank chassis. However, few tanks were capable of carrying such a large gun due to the size limitations of their turret rings. A new British tank specification, A29, was produced to meet the need for a 17-pounder armed cruiser tank. While the A29 was eventually cancelled without a successful design being produced, an amended specification, A30, reached production in 1943. The A30 <P> extended Firefly bustle gave enough space for the recoil within a limited elevation arc, but left a very cramped turret. Ammunition was sourced from Fabricaciones Militares.
Many Israeli M51s were sold to Chile in the 1980s and continued in use into the mid-1990s. Together with the Argentine Repotenciado, these represented the swansong of the Sherman series as a gun tank, more than half a century after entering service. By then, some of the individual base hulls were more than 40 years old. <P> 122 mm armour-piercing shell had a lower muzzle velocity than similar late German 7.5 cm and 8.8 cm guns, proving-ground tests established that the 122 mm could penetrate the frontal armour of the German Panther tank at 2500 metres and the HE shell would easily blow off the drive sprocket and tread of the heaviest German tank or self-propelled gun. The IS-122 replaced the IS-85, and began mass production as the IS-2. The 85 mm gun saw service in the lighter SU-85 and T-34-85. June 1941 Battle of Raseiniai A KV-1 or KV-2 tank (accounts vary) advanced far behind the German lines after attacking a <P> Crusader for its good power-to-weight ratio. In development were tank designs using the 17-pounder, which led to the Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger tank (and its post-war variant the Avenger SP gun) derived from the Cromwell cruiser tank and the Sherman Firefly conversion of the Sherman tank.
The Valentine chassis was soon chosen, as it was in production but obsolescent for British use and was also one of the few chassis that could accommodate such a large gun. The engine in the Archer had a higher power rating than in the Valentine. Since the Valentine had a small hull and it was <P> need for 17-pounder tanks late in the war.
As the war came to a close, the 17-pounder was also deployed on the Centurion tank, until ultimately being replaced by the 20-pounder.
The United States Army did not use the 17-pounder, though the gun was offered to US forces with a number of Sherman tanks modified for testing. US tanks began to use the 76 mm gun M1 instead. Anti-tank gun The 17-pounder was a much bulkier and heavier weapon than its predecessor. As a result, it had to be towed by a gun tractor, such as the Morris Quad, M3 Half-track or <P> Medium A Whippet but the version with the cannon had more firepower. It was conceived for mass production, and the FT became the most produced tank of World War I by a wide margin, with over 3,000 delivered to the French Army. Large numbers were used by the Americans and several were also lent to the British.
In July 1918, the French used 480 tanks (mostly FTs) at the Battle of Soissons, and there were even larger assaults planned for the next year. In Plan 1919, the Entente hoped to commit over 30,000 tanks to battle in that year. Whippet <P> a possible alternative, the stretched Mark V* tank, was unsuited for infantry transport. Two hundred Mark IXs were ordered from the tractor manufacturer Marshall, Sons & Co. of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire but by the end of the Great War only three had been finished, out of a total ultimate production run of thirty-four. A specially-designed sledge developed by the tank workshop in France, that allowed an additional 10 long tons (10 t) of stores to be hauled, was tried. Description As there was no time for a completely new design, the Mark IX was based on the Mark V, with the hull <P> until about 50% of Shermans in British service were Fireflies.
The British also converted some of their US-produced M10 tank destroyers, replacing the 3-inch (76 mm) gun with the 17-pounder; the resulting vehicles were called 17pdr SP Achilles or just 17-pdr M10. These served with Royal Artillery as self-propelled guns.
The 17-pounder was also successfully trialled on the Australian-designed Sentinel tank, though no Sentinels equipped with this gun entered service with the Australian Army.
A variant of the 17-pounder, the 77mm HV, was used on the Comet tank. A separate weapon, this fired 17-pounder projectiles in a more tank-compatible form, and ultimately replaced the <P> AC Mk IIA .303 Vickers machine gun replaced with 7.92-millimetre (0.312 in) Besa machine gun. The MkIVA featured a new gun mantlet and was built at several factories, including LMS Railway. It was the main type used in the desert from 1940–42. Combat history Approximately 40 Cruiser Mk IV and MkIVA, saw service in France in 1940 with the 1st Armoured Division of the British Expeditionary Force. Most were abandoned at Calais, and the few tanks that did see action were destroyed by the numerically superior German armored forces.
From October 1940, the Cruiser Tank MkIVA was sent to North Africa, <P> mobility, however, were its limitations in strategic mobility. The low practical range implied the need to refuel very often, limiting its operational capabilities. This again implied that the armoured divisions of the Infantry, the Divisions Cuirassées, were not very effective as a mobile reserve and thus lacked strategic flexibility. They were not created to fulfill such a role in the first place, which was reflected in the small size of the artillery and infantry components of the divisions. The one-man turret Another explanation of the similarity to the British Mark I lies in the Char B1's original specification to create <P> capable of both high angle fire +80° and 360° of traverse. Anti-tank gun In September 1940 a project started to adapt the 3-inch gun to the anti-tank role, starting with the T9 experimental model but equipping it with the breech, recoil system and carriage borrowed from the 105mm M2 howitzer. The gun was accepted for service as the 3-inch M5.
A similar derivative of the T9 – the 3-inch M6 – was intended to be mounted on the M5 self-propelled gun, which was eventually abandoned. A final adaptation was the 3-inch M7, which included minor modifications for mounting on the M6 <P> correct this issue. Naval Service Ansaldo Model 1934 guns were mounted triple wing turrets on the Littorio, and in triple and twin superfiring turrets forward and aft on the Duca degli Abruzzi-class. OTO Melara Model 1936 guns were mounted in triple wing turrets in the Vittorio Veneto and Roma. <P> Panzer III and Panzer IV appeared with thicker armour and larger guns. In North Africa, it was the anti-tank gun that claimed the vast majority of British tanks lost in battle; German tanks accounted for few British losses, contrary to popular belief.
The Cruiser MkIV was replaced by two tank designs, the Cruiser MkV Covenanter tank and the A15 Crusader. The A13 Covenanter was a radical departure from the original A13 design and constituted an entirely new tank. The A15 Crusader tank retained the original Cruiser IV Liberty engine but in all other respects was a new design. Mk IVA / <P> of the time carrying the same armament as the C.R.32, a 1933 design. The C.202 carried as standard two 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda-SAFAT machine guns. The Breda design was as heavy as the Browning M2, the model from which it was derived. The Breda fired 12.7x81 mm "Vickers" ammunition — while its cartridges were longer than the 13 x 64 mm rounds of its German rough equivalent, the MG 131, the 81 mm Italian rounds were still shorter than the standard 12.7x99 mm rounds of the American "Ma Deuce"; with the result that the energy at the muzzle was 10,000 joules vs. 16,000. The rate <P> 35,500-long-ton (36,100 t) version and a 33,200-long-ton (33,700 t) variant. The first incorporated a secondary battery of twenty 6-inch guns, while the smaller one retained twenty-two of the standard 5-inch guns. Weight savings were also achieved by reducing the thickness of the barbette and belt armor by an inch, and reducing fuel capacity. The General Board preferred the larger of the two, citing the heavier armor as needed to defeat the latest 15-inch guns being adopted in foreign battleships and the stronger secondary battery, which they viewed as necessary to ward off long-range torpedo attacks by destroyers. Secretary of the Navy Josephus <P> Char B1 reflected the fact that development started in the twenties: like the very first tank, the British Mark I tank of World War I, it still had large tracks going around the entire hull and large armour plates protecting the suspension—and like all tanks of that decade it had no welded or cast hull armour. The similarity resulted partly from the fact that the Char B1 was a specialised offensive weapon, a break-through tank optimised for punching a hole into strong defensive entrenchments, so it was designed with good trench-crossing capabilities. The French Army thought that dislodging the enemy <P> of a late first generation MBT sometimes being referred to as an intermediate second generation design. The Soviet T-54 and T-55 as well as the original configuration of the T-62A tank designs are also regarded as first generation MBTs. The second generation had enhanced night-fighting capabilities and in most cases NBC protection. Most western tanks of this generation were armed with the 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun or derivatives of it. Notable are the British Chieftain and German Leopard I. The United States fully committed to the main battle tank doctrine in 1963 when the Marine Corps retired <P> 25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun Development By the early 1920s the French Army had come to the realization that the armour-piercing capability of the 37 mm TRP infantry gun would be insufficient against modern tanks. In 1926 Hotchkiss proposed a 25 mm in-house design that was eventually accepted for service in 1934, under the designation canon de 25 mm semi-automatique modèle 1934 (generally shortened to canon de 25) . At the outbreak of World War II, it was the main anti-tank weapon of the French infantry. By May 1940, there were reported to be 6,000 in service with the French Army, although <P> II. Other examples include the French R-35, the British Valentine, and the British Churchill. Cruiser tank A cruiser tank, or cavalry tank, was designed to move fast and exploit penetrations of the enemy front. The idea originated in "Plan 1919", a British plan to break the trench deadlock of World War I in part via the use of high-speed tanks. The first cruiser tank was the British Whippet.
Between the wars, this concept was implemented in the "fast tanks" pioneered by J. Walter Christie. These led to the Soviet BT tank series and the British cruiser tank series.
During World War II, | answer: It's not necessarily the absolute diameter of the projectile, but the amount of kinetic energy behind it, as imparted by the mass and velocity of the projectile (much of the latter given by [the size of the propelling charge in the cartridge case](_URL_0_)) as well as the design of the projectile itself.The M3 75 mm gun, firing the M61 APC projectile with 2 pounds of powder as propellant, could give the 14.96-pound (6.79 kg) projectile a muzzle velocity of 2,030 feet per second (619 m/s). Using the equation for kinetic energy, KE = 1/2mv^(2), the 75 mm M3 gun could give the projectile 1.30x10^(6) joules of kinetic energy. The M72 plain AP projectile, which largely fell out of use after the North African campaign because of erratic quality and poor performance against German face-hardened armor, has essentially identical ballistic characteristics. The M61 projectile had an energy at the muzzle of 427 foot-tons (the energy needed to raise one long ton, 2,240 pounds, a distance of one foot), while the M72 projectile had a muzzle energy of 398 foot-tons. The 76 mm M1 gun, firing the M62 APC projectile with 3.75 pounds of powder as propellant, could give the 15.44-pound (7.00 kg) projectile a muzzle velocity of 2,600 feet per second (792 m/s). Using KE = 1/2mv^(2), the M62 APC projectile had 2.20x10^(6) joules of kinetic energy, nearly twice as much as the 75 mm projectile. The M79 plain AP projectile, similar in concept to the M72 projectile, had essentially identical ballistic characteristics. The M62 projectile had a muzzle energy of 724 foot-tons, while the M79 projectile had a muzzle energy of 703 foot-tons. As the 76 mm M1 gun was ballistically matched to the earlier 3-inch M7 gun (used on the M10 tank destroyer), the latter had basically identical characteristics, the only differences being that it fired its projectiles from a different cartridge case and externally retains far more of the appearance of its father, the 3-inch M1918 antiaircraft gun. This higher kinetic energy gave the 76 mm and 3-inch guns higher penetrating power than the 75 mm gun:Ammunition|500 m|1,000|1,500|2,000:--|:--|:--|:--|:--|:--75 L31 AP vs RHA|81 mm|66|54|4575 L31 AP vs FHA|67|52|40|3175 L31 APCBC vs RHA|72|65|58|5275 L31 APCBC vs FHA|84|75|67|59Ammunition|500 m|1,000|1,500|2,000:--|:--|:--|:--|:--|:--75 L40 AP vs RHA|92 mm|76|62|5175 L40 AP vs FHA|75|58|45|3575 L40 APCBC vs RHA|81|73|65|5975 L40 APCBC vs FHA|95|86|79|72Ammunition|500 m|1,000|1,500|2,000:--|:--|:--|:--|:--|:--76 L52 APCBC vs RHA|116 mm|106|97|8976 L52 APCBC vs FHA|122|116|110|10176 L52 HVAP|208|175|147|124Ammunition|500 m|1,000|1,500|2,000:--|:--|:--|:--|:--|:--3" L50 AP vs RHA|131 mm|107|88|723" L50 AP vs FHA|112|92|75|623" L50 APCBC vs RHA|115|103|93|843" L50 APCBC vs FHA|121|115|107|97The design of the projectiles themselves can also play a significant part: > Normal uncapped armor-piercing (AP) projectiles perform better against rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) than face-hardened armor (FHA), steel treated to draw the carbon to one side, giving a very hard, thin, outer layer designed to shatter the noses of these projectiles on impact. To combat FHA, as well as armor that was getting progressively thicker and more steeply sloped more effectively than just constantly raising the velocity of normal AP projectiles (making them vulnerable to shattering), armor piercing capped (APC) projectiles were developed. They had a blunt cap of softer metal designed to direct energy away from the nose of the projectile before penetration, hopefully preventing shattering. As the ideal shape of APC projectiles is quite blunt, armor piercing capped ballistic capped (APCBC) projectiles were soon developed, that had an aerodynamic "windshield" on the nose of the projectile. > There is a phenomenon which takes into account the properties of projectiles and contact with armor, known as "shatter gap." If a projectile is too "soft" based upon its Rockwell scale measure (most U.S. and Soviet projectiles fell into this category, but most British and German projectiles didn't), its velocity is increased, and the target armor thickness is held constant, there occurs a point where the projectile nose begins absorbing too much of the impact energy and fails, causing the projectile to break up and potentially refuse to penetrate. For APCBC projectiles, this point occurs when the ratio of projectile penetration over armor resistance (the "true" protective value of the armor) is between 1.05 and 1.25, and projectiles are traveling faster than 2,000 feet per second. For AP shot, the upper and lower limits are a bit higher. Below the range, probability curves apply; above it, all hits will penetrate. This means that projectiles can inexplicably refuse to penetrate at shorter ranges even when tests say they should, but successfully penetrate at longer ranges. **Sources:**Hunnicutt, R. P. *Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank*. Novato: Presidio Press, 1978.Bird, Lorrin R., and Robert D. Livingston. *WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery*. Albany: Overmatch Press, 2001.United States. War Department. *War Department Technical Manual TM 9-1901 Artillery Ammunition*. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1944. |
9,455 | flhogm | how do 'dry' wines taste dry when they're a liquid? | "Dry" is just the wine lingo word for "not sweet." Sugar tends to make us salivate a little bit, which might explain why "dry" is used to mean a wine with little sugar - because the sour, bitter, and tannic flavors in wine can make the mouth feel drier without much sugar to compensate.However, it is mainly the tannins in wine that cause that puckery, drying out feeling on the tongue. The same compounds in a strong cup of tea. But we describe wines with a high amount of those tannins as "tannic," rather than dry. Confusingly, a wine can have plenty of sweetness and high tannins, meaning that your mouth might have that dry feeling, but the wine shouldn't be considered "dry." It's just a term that's been used historically for drinks without much sugar content. | [
"Dry is simply the opposite of sweet. Dry wine means it has a low sugar content. They tend to be quite sharp, the same way lemon juice is, and I suppose that could taste \"dry\".",
"\"Dry\" is just the wine lingo word for \"not sweet.\" Sugar tends to make us salivate a little bit, which might explain why \"dry\... | 2 | [
"\"Dry\" is just the wine lingo word for \"not sweet.\" Sugar tends to make us salivate a little bit, which might explain why \"dry\" is used to mean a wine with little sugar - because the sour, bitter, and tannic flavors in wine can make the mouth feel drier without much sugar to compensate.\n\nHowever, it is mai... | 1 | <P> Thai or Sichuan cuisine. It can accentuate the mild sweetness in some foods and can also contrast with salt such as the European custom of pairing salty Stilton cheese with a sweet Port. Sweetness in a wine can balance tartness in food, especially if the food has some sweetness (such as dishes with sweet & sour sauces). Bitterness The astringency associated with wine is usually derived from a wine's tannins. Tannins add a gritty texture and chalky, astringent taste. It can enhance the perception of "body" or weight in the wine. Tannins are normally derived from the skins, seeds, and <P> this may help for wines with excessive levels of acetaldehyde, for red wines, it can also destabilize the color of the wine by interfering with acetaldehyde's reaction with anthocyanins to create polymeric pigments that help create a wine's color. Diacetyl Diacetyl (or 2,3-butanedione) is the compound associated with the "buttery" aromas of Chardonnays, but it can affect any wine that has gone through malolactic fermentation. At an odor detection threshold of 0.2 mg/l in white wines and 2.8 mg/l in red wines, it can be perceived as slightly buttery or "nutty" while at concentrations greater than 5 to 7 mg/l (5-7 ppm) can <P> add a bitter "char" component to the dish that will allow it to play well with a tannic wine, while fish oils can make tannic wines taste metallic or off. Astringent tannic wines like Barolo and Cabernet Sauvignon can overwhelm a lot of foods but can be softened by fatty foods with a lot of proteins such as hard cheeses or meats. The dry tannins also serve as a cleansing agent on the palate by binding to the grease and oils left over in the mouth. Spicy and sweet foods can accentuate the dry, bitterness of tannins and make the <P> which produces the strong pungent spirit of the Bennett still, the Carter-Head bathes the botanicals in the alcohol vapours only. As these rise up through the still, they enter the base of the botanicals basket. Inside, the botanicals are contained in copper baskets, which hold them together while allowing the vapours to be fully exposed. As the evaporated alcohol moves through the botanicals, it efficiently extracts their flavours, which are carried out of the basket along with the alcohol until they reach the condenser. Only the lighter, sweeter and floral flavours can be extracted by this <P> by other wine faults, including the presence of excessive levels of acetic acid, diacetyl, lactic acid, and 2-butanol, which can contribute to a "vinegary-estery" aroma. The wine may also have a slimy sheen on the surface. Fresno mold and ropiness In the mid-20th century, a cottony mycelium-like growth began appearing in the bottles of some sweet fortified wines produced in California's Central Valley. Being fortified, these wines often had alcohol levels in excess of 20% which is usually a level that discourages growth of most spoilage organisms associated with winemaking. Nicknamed "Fresno mold" due to where it was first discovered, <P> of being diluted to approximately the strength of wine. The addition of water also causes a clouding, called the louche (called ouzo effect in other drinks).
Properly watering absinthe was considered by some to be an art form to be practiced with patience and finesse, and some bars were frequented by patrons humorously dubbed "Les professeurs d'absinthe" or absinthe teachers who, in exchange for a drink or a small fee would show new drinkers how to properly add water slowly, allowing the fullest flavor and aromatic character to be obtained from the drink. Carafe A water carafe is the most <P> the flavor and aroma of wine. These compounds can be considered "volatile" like aldehydes, ethyl acetate, ester, fatty acids, fusel oils, hydrogen sulfide, ketones and mercaptans or "non-volatile" like glycerol, acetic acid and succinic acid. Yeast also has the effect during fermentation of releasing glycoside hydrolase which can hydrolyse the flavor precursors of aliphatics (a flavor component that reacts with oak), benzene derivatives, monoterpenes (responsible for floral aromas from grapes like Muscat and Traminer), norisoprenoids (responsible for some of the spice notes in Chardonnay), and phenols.
Some strains of yeasts can generate volatile thiols which contribute to the fruity aromas <P> cellular matter to form ethanol and other chemical properties. The resulting wines are typically soft and fruity. <P> be deposited in the bottle, especially if the wine had not been filtered. These bacteria also have the potential to create excessive amounts of lactic acid which can further influence the flavor and sensory perception of the wine. Some species, such as the so-called "ferocious Lactobacillus", have been implicated in causing sluggish or stuck fermentations, while other species, such as L. fructivorans, have been known to create a cottony mycelium-like growth on the surface of wines, nicknamed "Fresno mold" after the wine region where it was discovered. Pediococcus So far, four species from the genus Pediococcus have been isolated in <P> round medium-sized berries is intensely and brightly coloured, the smell is fresh, original and fragrant. The taste is pleasantly acidic and tannic. The average bunch is of medium-large size, compact, with an irregular cone shape.
The must is normally high in colorants and tannins and is suitable both for aging and for coupage with other varieties. The must also contains higher than average quantities of resveratrol.
The wines produced tend to be fruity, low in alcohol content (around 11°) and high in acidity (5.5 to 6.5 tartaric acid) Synonyms Also known as bobos, rajeno, requena, espagnol, benicarlo, provechón, valenciana, carignan d'espagne, balau, <P> definite degrees."
One of The Art of Perfumery's most enduring legacies is Piesse's popularization of the use of synthetic materials. Mercutio Frangipani According to an article titled "Making the Synthetic Epic" in the journal, The Senses and Society, Andrew Kettler recounted the story of how Piesse, in later editions of The Art of Perfumery, invented the character named Mercutio Frangipani. According to Piesse, Frangipani was a botanist who was on board one of Christopher Columbus' voyages to America, and even supposedly found land by smelling it. There was a 17th-century French botanist named Charles Plumier, who did travel to study the <P> the wine is rubbed between the fingers and, if consumed, can leave a long, unpleasant finish. The aroma can be very potent, detectable at a sensory threshold as low as 1.6 parts per billion (μg/l). The exact compound behind this is derivatives of the amino acid lysine created through an oxidation reaction with ethanol. While undesirable LAB species have been most commonly associated with this fault, wine infected by Brettanomyces yeast in the presence of ammonium phosphate and lysine have also been known to exhibit this fault.
Sorbate is often used as a yeast-inhibitor by home winemakers to stop alcoholic fermentation <P> dependent on harvest yields with wines produced from lower yields being more likely to have the concentration of fruit needed to complement a period of oak aging that can add more body and complexity to the wine.
Early in its history, German producers would use Dornfelder to make Beaujolais nouveau style wine using carbonic maceration to make a light bodied, fruity wine, sometimes with a bit of residual sugar. Today, most examples of Dornfelder are fermented dry, though some off-dry examples exist, with flavors of sour cherry and blackberries. Synonyms The only known synonyms for Dornfelder are its breeding codes Weinsberg <P> I don't know whether to give him black coffee or cheese!"
In the Frasier episode "Three Dates and a Breakup: Part 2," Frasier Crane refers to a 1992 Pouilly-Fuissé as "the nectar of the Gods."
Jimmy Buffet's song "Landfall" contains a reference: "Oh, I love the smell of fresh snapper fried light;
What'd you say, Pouilly-Fuisse could round out the night." Other "Pouilly" wines The wines of Pouilly-Fuissé should not be confused with the Sauvignon blanc-based wines of Pouilly-Fumé and the Chasselas-based Pouilly-sur-Loire, both from the area around Pouilly-sur-Loire in the Loire Valley. <P> filled with a butanol solution containing bromocresol green indicator dye for several hours. After the paper is pulled out and dried, the distance of yellow-colored "splotches" from the base line denotes the presence of various acids, with tartaric being closest to the baseline followed by citric, malic, and finally lactic acids near the top of the paper.
A significant limitation to paper chromatography is that it will not show exactly how much malic is still remaining in the wine, with the size of the "splotch" on the paper having no correlation to a quantitative figure. The sensitivity of the paper is <P> grape skin is a primary concern, as that component brings the tannins, color, and intensity of flavor to the wine. The process of desiccation not only concentrates the juices within the grape, but also increases the skin contact of the grapes. The drying process creates a polymerization of the tannins in the skin that contributes to the overall balance of the finished wine.
Typically, the length of the drying process is 120 days, but varies according to producer and the quality of the harvest. The most evident consequence of this process is the loss of weight: 35 to 45% for Corvina <P> is perceived by a mouth watering response by the salivary glands. This mouth watering can also serve to stimulate the appetite. In wine there are three main acids that have their own associated flavors-malic (green apples), lactic (milky) and tartaric (bitter). In dishes that are fatty, oily, rich or salty, acidity in wine can "cut" (or standout and contrast) through the heaviness and be a refreshing change of pace on the palate. In cooking, acidity is often used in similar fashions such as a lemon wedges with a briny seafood dish such as oysters. The acidity of the lemon juices <P> Danny are seen drinking a 6-pack Of Reingold Dry beer. In music In the introduction to the Eartha Kitt song "I Wanna Be Evil", she sings, "I was made Miss Rheingold though I never touch beer."
In the song "Never Sweet, Never Bitter" by Rudebrat you will find fragments of old (1957/1958) advertisement texts spoken (possibly sampled from old TV ads), "... and that's quite right, too, folks, because every glass, every bottle, every can of Rheingold is as perfect as the one before. Pleasantly dry, perfect (...?) too. Never sweet, never bitter." which they also used to name <P> requiring winemakers to be diligent in removing rotted bunches that can cause moldy flavors in the wine. <P> prior to bottle with the slight sparkle being added by artificial carbonation.
While not necessarily a fault, malolactic fermentation does have the potential of making a wine "protein unstable" due to the resulting change in pH which affects the solubility of proteins in wine. For this reason, protein fining and heat stability tests on wine usually take place after malolactic fermentation has run to completion. Volatile acidity While volatile acidity (VA) is usually measured in terms of acetic acid content, its sensory perception is a combination of acetic (vinegary aromas) and ethyl acetate (nail polish remover and model airplane glue aromas). | question: how do 'dry' wines taste dry when they're a liquid? context: <P> Thai or Sichuan cuisine. It can accentuate the mild sweetness in some foods and can also contrast with salt such as the European custom of pairing salty Stilton cheese with a sweet Port. Sweetness in a wine can balance tartness in food, especially if the food has some sweetness (such as dishes with sweet & sour sauces). Bitterness The astringency associated with wine is usually derived from a wine's tannins. Tannins add a gritty texture and chalky, astringent taste. It can enhance the perception of "body" or weight in the wine. Tannins are normally derived from the skins, seeds, and <P> this may help for wines with excessive levels of acetaldehyde, for red wines, it can also destabilize the color of the wine by interfering with acetaldehyde's reaction with anthocyanins to create polymeric pigments that help create a wine's color. Diacetyl Diacetyl (or 2,3-butanedione) is the compound associated with the "buttery" aromas of Chardonnays, but it can affect any wine that has gone through malolactic fermentation. At an odor detection threshold of 0.2 mg/l in white wines and 2.8 mg/l in red wines, it can be perceived as slightly buttery or "nutty" while at concentrations greater than 5 to 7 mg/l (5-7 ppm) can <P> add a bitter "char" component to the dish that will allow it to play well with a tannic wine, while fish oils can make tannic wines taste metallic or off. Astringent tannic wines like Barolo and Cabernet Sauvignon can overwhelm a lot of foods but can be softened by fatty foods with a lot of proteins such as hard cheeses or meats. The dry tannins also serve as a cleansing agent on the palate by binding to the grease and oils left over in the mouth. Spicy and sweet foods can accentuate the dry, bitterness of tannins and make the <P> which produces the strong pungent spirit of the Bennett still, the Carter-Head bathes the botanicals in the alcohol vapours only. As these rise up through the still, they enter the base of the botanicals basket. Inside, the botanicals are contained in copper baskets, which hold them together while allowing the vapours to be fully exposed. As the evaporated alcohol moves through the botanicals, it efficiently extracts their flavours, which are carried out of the basket along with the alcohol until they reach the condenser. Only the lighter, sweeter and floral flavours can be extracted by this <P> by other wine faults, including the presence of excessive levels of acetic acid, diacetyl, lactic acid, and 2-butanol, which can contribute to a "vinegary-estery" aroma. The wine may also have a slimy sheen on the surface. Fresno mold and ropiness In the mid-20th century, a cottony mycelium-like growth began appearing in the bottles of some sweet fortified wines produced in California's Central Valley. Being fortified, these wines often had alcohol levels in excess of 20% which is usually a level that discourages growth of most spoilage organisms associated with winemaking. Nicknamed "Fresno mold" due to where it was first discovered, <P> of being diluted to approximately the strength of wine. The addition of water also causes a clouding, called the louche (called ouzo effect in other drinks).
Properly watering absinthe was considered by some to be an art form to be practiced with patience and finesse, and some bars were frequented by patrons humorously dubbed "Les professeurs d'absinthe" or absinthe teachers who, in exchange for a drink or a small fee would show new drinkers how to properly add water slowly, allowing the fullest flavor and aromatic character to be obtained from the drink. Carafe A water carafe is the most <P> the flavor and aroma of wine. These compounds can be considered "volatile" like aldehydes, ethyl acetate, ester, fatty acids, fusel oils, hydrogen sulfide, ketones and mercaptans or "non-volatile" like glycerol, acetic acid and succinic acid. Yeast also has the effect during fermentation of releasing glycoside hydrolase which can hydrolyse the flavor precursors of aliphatics (a flavor component that reacts with oak), benzene derivatives, monoterpenes (responsible for floral aromas from grapes like Muscat and Traminer), norisoprenoids (responsible for some of the spice notes in Chardonnay), and phenols.
Some strains of yeasts can generate volatile thiols which contribute to the fruity aromas <P> cellular matter to form ethanol and other chemical properties. The resulting wines are typically soft and fruity. <P> be deposited in the bottle, especially if the wine had not been filtered. These bacteria also have the potential to create excessive amounts of lactic acid which can further influence the flavor and sensory perception of the wine. Some species, such as the so-called "ferocious Lactobacillus", have been implicated in causing sluggish or stuck fermentations, while other species, such as L. fructivorans, have been known to create a cottony mycelium-like growth on the surface of wines, nicknamed "Fresno mold" after the wine region where it was discovered. Pediococcus So far, four species from the genus Pediococcus have been isolated in <P> round medium-sized berries is intensely and brightly coloured, the smell is fresh, original and fragrant. The taste is pleasantly acidic and tannic. The average bunch is of medium-large size, compact, with an irregular cone shape.
The must is normally high in colorants and tannins and is suitable both for aging and for coupage with other varieties. The must also contains higher than average quantities of resveratrol.
The wines produced tend to be fruity, low in alcohol content (around 11°) and high in acidity (5.5 to 6.5 tartaric acid) Synonyms Also known as bobos, rajeno, requena, espagnol, benicarlo, provechón, valenciana, carignan d'espagne, balau, <P> definite degrees."
One of The Art of Perfumery's most enduring legacies is Piesse's popularization of the use of synthetic materials. Mercutio Frangipani According to an article titled "Making the Synthetic Epic" in the journal, The Senses and Society, Andrew Kettler recounted the story of how Piesse, in later editions of The Art of Perfumery, invented the character named Mercutio Frangipani. According to Piesse, Frangipani was a botanist who was on board one of Christopher Columbus' voyages to America, and even supposedly found land by smelling it. There was a 17th-century French botanist named Charles Plumier, who did travel to study the <P> the wine is rubbed between the fingers and, if consumed, can leave a long, unpleasant finish. The aroma can be very potent, detectable at a sensory threshold as low as 1.6 parts per billion (μg/l). The exact compound behind this is derivatives of the amino acid lysine created through an oxidation reaction with ethanol. While undesirable LAB species have been most commonly associated with this fault, wine infected by Brettanomyces yeast in the presence of ammonium phosphate and lysine have also been known to exhibit this fault.
Sorbate is often used as a yeast-inhibitor by home winemakers to stop alcoholic fermentation <P> dependent on harvest yields with wines produced from lower yields being more likely to have the concentration of fruit needed to complement a period of oak aging that can add more body and complexity to the wine.
Early in its history, German producers would use Dornfelder to make Beaujolais nouveau style wine using carbonic maceration to make a light bodied, fruity wine, sometimes with a bit of residual sugar. Today, most examples of Dornfelder are fermented dry, though some off-dry examples exist, with flavors of sour cherry and blackberries. Synonyms The only known synonyms for Dornfelder are its breeding codes Weinsberg <P> I don't know whether to give him black coffee or cheese!"
In the Frasier episode "Three Dates and a Breakup: Part 2," Frasier Crane refers to a 1992 Pouilly-Fuissé as "the nectar of the Gods."
Jimmy Buffet's song "Landfall" contains a reference: "Oh, I love the smell of fresh snapper fried light;
What'd you say, Pouilly-Fuisse could round out the night." Other "Pouilly" wines The wines of Pouilly-Fuissé should not be confused with the Sauvignon blanc-based wines of Pouilly-Fumé and the Chasselas-based Pouilly-sur-Loire, both from the area around Pouilly-sur-Loire in the Loire Valley. <P> filled with a butanol solution containing bromocresol green indicator dye for several hours. After the paper is pulled out and dried, the distance of yellow-colored "splotches" from the base line denotes the presence of various acids, with tartaric being closest to the baseline followed by citric, malic, and finally lactic acids near the top of the paper.
A significant limitation to paper chromatography is that it will not show exactly how much malic is still remaining in the wine, with the size of the "splotch" on the paper having no correlation to a quantitative figure. The sensitivity of the paper is <P> grape skin is a primary concern, as that component brings the tannins, color, and intensity of flavor to the wine. The process of desiccation not only concentrates the juices within the grape, but also increases the skin contact of the grapes. The drying process creates a polymerization of the tannins in the skin that contributes to the overall balance of the finished wine.
Typically, the length of the drying process is 120 days, but varies according to producer and the quality of the harvest. The most evident consequence of this process is the loss of weight: 35 to 45% for Corvina <P> is perceived by a mouth watering response by the salivary glands. This mouth watering can also serve to stimulate the appetite. In wine there are three main acids that have their own associated flavors-malic (green apples), lactic (milky) and tartaric (bitter). In dishes that are fatty, oily, rich or salty, acidity in wine can "cut" (or standout and contrast) through the heaviness and be a refreshing change of pace on the palate. In cooking, acidity is often used in similar fashions such as a lemon wedges with a briny seafood dish such as oysters. The acidity of the lemon juices <P> Danny are seen drinking a 6-pack Of Reingold Dry beer. In music In the introduction to the Eartha Kitt song "I Wanna Be Evil", she sings, "I was made Miss Rheingold though I never touch beer."
In the song "Never Sweet, Never Bitter" by Rudebrat you will find fragments of old (1957/1958) advertisement texts spoken (possibly sampled from old TV ads), "... and that's quite right, too, folks, because every glass, every bottle, every can of Rheingold is as perfect as the one before. Pleasantly dry, perfect (...?) too. Never sweet, never bitter." which they also used to name <P> requiring winemakers to be diligent in removing rotted bunches that can cause moldy flavors in the wine. <P> prior to bottle with the slight sparkle being added by artificial carbonation.
While not necessarily a fault, malolactic fermentation does have the potential of making a wine "protein unstable" due to the resulting change in pH which affects the solubility of proteins in wine. For this reason, protein fining and heat stability tests on wine usually take place after malolactic fermentation has run to completion. Volatile acidity While volatile acidity (VA) is usually measured in terms of acetic acid content, its sensory perception is a combination of acetic (vinegary aromas) and ethyl acetate (nail polish remover and model airplane glue aromas). | answer: "Dry" is just the wine lingo word for "not sweet." Sugar tends to make us salivate a little bit, which might explain why "dry" is used to mean a wine with little sugar - because the sour, bitter, and tannic flavors in wine can make the mouth feel drier without much sugar to compensate.However, it is mainly the tannins in wine that cause that puckery, drying out feeling on the tongue. The same compounds in a strong cup of tea. But we describe wines with a high amount of those tannins as "tannic," rather than dry. Confusingly, a wine can have plenty of sweetness and high tannins, meaning that your mouth might have that dry feeling, but the wine shouldn't be considered "dry." It's just a term that's been used historically for drinks without much sugar content. |
185,453 | 37abd6 | why did the roma migrate from india? | Popular theories hold they were likely kicked out/banished as a people. If their customs are to go by, they would have likely upset the population there.Also it would be the Indian subcontinent as far as our best guesses go. We don't where exactly they originate from with regards to Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, etc. | [
"Popular theories hold they were likely kicked out/banished as a people. If their customs are to go by, they would have likely upset the population there.\n\n\n\n\nAlso it would be the Indian subcontinent as far as our best guesses go. We don't where exactly they originate from with regards to Afghanistan, Pakistan... | 3 | [
"Popular theories hold they were likely kicked out/banished as a people. If their customs are to go by, they would have likely upset the population there.\n\n\n\n\nAlso it would be the Indian subcontinent as far as our best guesses go. We don't where exactly they originate from with regards to Afghanistan, Pakistan... | 1 | <P> brutality of men of their own race. They had lost caste; they had taken to drink; they were the drudges of larrikins who ill-treated them; some had been in gaol; none were enjoying the protection of decent homes. So, far the lack of better prospects, they sought the Chinamen, who at least pay them well and treat them kindly.' and these prostitutes were found in Queensland, Victoria, and New South Wales in the countryside amongst the Chinese settlements. A lot of the prostitutes were Irish Catholic girls and women in colonial Australia. Haymarket Chinatown By the 1870s there was also <P> even upper caste pandits and banias took up residence in the village. Jats continued to dominate however, as they still do today.
The authenticity of this legend would be hard to establish as there are no known records of any type which can shed light on the deep history of Gorir. Demographics As per the Government of India Census, 2011, the village of Gorir has a population of 4903. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Young children less than six years in age constitute 13% of the population. About 18% of the population belongs to the scheduled castes <P> India posed a unique problem to the colonialists as the demarcation between wandering criminal tribes (such as Thuggees), vagrants, itinerants, travelling tradesmen, nomads and gypsies seemed impossible, so they were all, even eunuchs (hijras), grouped together, and their subsequent generations were merely a "law and order problem" for the state. History Thuggees who were known for murdering and robbing travellers in caravans, had started around the 17th century and had reached significant proportions by the time the British established themselves in India. As the death toll rose, so did the myths and legend about them, so much so that they <P> colony. The exact number of British Romani deported to Australia is unknown. It has been suggested that three Romanichal were present on the First Fleet, one of whom was thought to be James Squire who founded Australia's first commercial brewery in 1798, and whose grandson James Farnell who became the first native-born Premier of New South Wales in 1877.The total Romani population seems to be an extremely low number when we consider that British Romani people made up just 0.01% of the original 162,000 convict population. However, it has been suggested that Romanichal were one of the main target groups <P> village of Khadol near the town Dhandhuka.They are also found in some villages like Chareliya, Gadhethad and most of the parts of Upleta taluka. They were one of the greatest clans in India but as India became independent they had to live normal life as landowners. <P> gradually: its estimated population was around 1,588 during 17th-18th century; around 800 in 1815; and 37 in 1890. However, a variation of the legend claims that the village was abandoned overnight. According to this version, the lecherous minister Salim Singh was attracted to a beautiful girl from the village. He sent his guards to force the villagers to hand over the girl. The villagers asked the guards to return next morning, and abandoned the village overnight. Another version claims that 83 other villages in the area were also abandoned overnight.
A 2017 study by A. B. Roy et al., published in <P> then became transit centers for trafficking girls to India. Furthermore, trafficking has become a low-risk and highly lucrative business, which incentivizes traffickers to recruit girls, even when they are neighbors or family members. Cultural factors Historical and cultural factors feed into the current state of trafficking. Children who come from indigenous populations, minority groups, or lower castes are the most vulnerable. The Hindu caste system does not have a prostitute caste: however, in south-west Nepal, women of the Badi caste were traditionally entertainers who offered cultural shows as well as sexual services to local kings, religious leaders and landlords. Trafficker <P> Child Workers in Nepal Background During the 1950s, the eradication of malaria in Nepal's Terai region led migrants from other parts of the country to move in and occupy land traditionally owned by the Tharu ethnic community. The Tharu community was not wealthy enough to protect their land. Since there was no tangible proof that they owned the land, they were displaced and used as laborers.
It was also during this time when the Kamlari system was put into place. Kamlari is defined as a contracted system in which young girls from poor families are sold into domestic slavery. The practice <P> the British period and after, manpower was brought to Kuttikkanam from various parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The descendants of these migrant workers constitute the major part of the population of Kuttikkanam. <P> of 2011 Indian Census, Harda had a total population of 68,162, of which 34,970 were males and 33,192 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 8,205. The total number of literates in Harda was 52,771, which constituted 77.4% of the population with male literacy of 80.9% and female literacy of 73.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Harda was 88.0%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 8,758 and 2,390 respectively. Harda had 13493 households in 2011.
As of 2001 India census, Harda had a population of 61,712. Males constitute 52% of <P> child prostitution, was practiced throughout the country (see section 1.g. and 5, Trafficking).
In several mining regions, including the provinces of Katanga, Western and Eastern Kasai, and North and South Kivu, children performed dangerous, often underground, mine work. Children in the mining sector often received less than 10 percent of the pay adults received for the same production, according to the Solidarity Center.
Parents often used children for dangerous and difficult agricultural labor. Children sent to relatives by parents who could not feed them sometimes effectively became the property of those families, who subjected them to physical and sexual abuse and required <P> of total population in Mirpur Jattan. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 796 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Mirpur Jattan which includes 651 males and 145 females. According to census survey report 2011, 82.29% workers describe their work as main work and 17.71% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Homosexuality issue In January 2006, The panchayat asked a female couple to leave the village after they suspected to be lesbians by the <P> a famine year. During famine years it becomes very difficult for the animals to survive for want of fodder and the cattle population goes down drastically. Demographics At the census of 2001, Thathawate had a population of 6,500, of which 1105 were adults. There were 650 families residing in the village. Out of these, 513 families are of Bidawat (Rathore) Rajputs, 66 families of Jats and 75 families of other castes. The Jat families included Burdak, Chahar, Jhajharia, Pachar and Punia clans. The other castes included Brahmans, Harijans, Kumhars, Nai, Dholi, Naik and Daroga.
The main occupation of the villagers was <P> Tamil Nadu. In a lot of cases, both husband and wife came for work leaving the children behind with other family members. Migrants from Colachel in Kanyakumari district, Rameswaram in Ramanathapuram, Cuddalore and Thoothukudi districts constituted the majority among the traditional migrant fishers from various states who worked on boats that operated from Kerala coast. The plantations in Idukki and Wayanad also engage workers from Tamil Nadu. In most towns in Kerala, workers from Tamil Nadu were available and stayed in rented facilities scattered in and around the city. Karnataka Migrants from 17 districts in Karnataka worked in Kerala during <P> (156 inhabited and 12 uninhabited) villages in Kanika Tehsil. Total Number of Households is 24523. Total literacy in Kanika Tehsil is 1,05,731 (77.12%) including 53,565 (86.83%) males and 52,166 (68.55%) females. Scheduled Castes in Kanika 31,859 with 15,629 males and 16,230 females. Population in the age group of 0-6 is 16,226 of which 8,346 are males and 7,880 are females. Transportation Rajkanika is well connected from the state capital Bhubaneswar and the silvercity Cuttack by road. More than thirty buses are available from Cuttack to Rajkanika via different routes, private taxis and cabs are available from Cuttack which <P> Kalapani (Indian expatriates in UK) Kalapani refers to the Indians who crossed the sea to live in the UK during the British regime in 18th and 19th century. The process of crossing the seas was called Kalapani and was banned in major Indian religions at that time. Expatriates were mainly sailors and servants who used to live with their British masters. A large number of concubines accompanied their men as well. In most parts, they went in an agreement to come back after a certain period of time which they failed in many cases. Many of them turned into beggars <P> Thathawata History After the victory of last Hindu King of Delhi, Prithviraj III Chauhan, in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192, The Jats in his army moved to the countryside and settled as cultivators at various places in India. One such Jat soldier was Thatha of Bhadia clan who founded the village Thathawata. The Bhadias had also settled villages Banthod and Rol in present Sikar district of Rajasthan. Geography Route Biramsar on National Highway-11 to Kusumdesar village passes through the village.
The natural climatic conditions in the village are very harsh and extreme. The temperature ranges <P> Tabu Taid Early life and education Tabu Taid was born on 1 August 1942 in a geographically remote and economically challenged village Ghunasuti Ayengia in Lakhimpur district of Assam, India. His father was Ubbang Taid, a poor farmer who had to work hard to meet the needs of the family of two daughters, five sons and his wife, a nine-member family.
The village, 'Ghunasuti Ayengia' is a settlement of a small indigenous tribe of Assam, the Misings or Miri. Often visited by floods during the monsoon season, the villagers were poor subsistence level farmers. As of 1942, education or awareness of <P> significant numbers. Migrants from 22 districts of Odisha- Western
Odisha, Coastal Odisha, Southern Odisha and Northern Odisha, regions which have been identified as having distinct migration patterns, were found
working in Kerala.A lot of workers from Odisha belonged to Mayurbhanj, Malkangiri, Gajapati, Rayagada, Kandhamal and Sundargarh, districts in Odisha with more than half of the population belonging to tribal communities. There were also Christian families among the Odiya workers. Some of them
had moved out of Odisha during or after the Kandhamal riots in 2008.Except in the seafood, apparel and construction sectors, migration was
driven by social networks. Traditional fishers from coastal Odisha worked <P> Tekadi Demographics As of 2001 India census, Tekadi had a population of 17,179. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Tekadi has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 68%. In Tekadi, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. | question: why did the roma migrate from india? context: <P> brutality of men of their own race. They had lost caste; they had taken to drink; they were the drudges of larrikins who ill-treated them; some had been in gaol; none were enjoying the protection of decent homes. So, far the lack of better prospects, they sought the Chinamen, who at least pay them well and treat them kindly.' and these prostitutes were found in Queensland, Victoria, and New South Wales in the countryside amongst the Chinese settlements. A lot of the prostitutes were Irish Catholic girls and women in colonial Australia. Haymarket Chinatown By the 1870s there was also <P> even upper caste pandits and banias took up residence in the village. Jats continued to dominate however, as they still do today.
The authenticity of this legend would be hard to establish as there are no known records of any type which can shed light on the deep history of Gorir. Demographics As per the Government of India Census, 2011, the village of Gorir has a population of 4903. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Young children less than six years in age constitute 13% of the population. About 18% of the population belongs to the scheduled castes <P> India posed a unique problem to the colonialists as the demarcation between wandering criminal tribes (such as Thuggees), vagrants, itinerants, travelling tradesmen, nomads and gypsies seemed impossible, so they were all, even eunuchs (hijras), grouped together, and their subsequent generations were merely a "law and order problem" for the state. History Thuggees who were known for murdering and robbing travellers in caravans, had started around the 17th century and had reached significant proportions by the time the British established themselves in India. As the death toll rose, so did the myths and legend about them, so much so that they <P> colony. The exact number of British Romani deported to Australia is unknown. It has been suggested that three Romanichal were present on the First Fleet, one of whom was thought to be James Squire who founded Australia's first commercial brewery in 1798, and whose grandson James Farnell who became the first native-born Premier of New South Wales in 1877.The total Romani population seems to be an extremely low number when we consider that British Romani people made up just 0.01% of the original 162,000 convict population. However, it has been suggested that Romanichal were one of the main target groups <P> village of Khadol near the town Dhandhuka.They are also found in some villages like Chareliya, Gadhethad and most of the parts of Upleta taluka. They were one of the greatest clans in India but as India became independent they had to live normal life as landowners. <P> gradually: its estimated population was around 1,588 during 17th-18th century; around 800 in 1815; and 37 in 1890. However, a variation of the legend claims that the village was abandoned overnight. According to this version, the lecherous minister Salim Singh was attracted to a beautiful girl from the village. He sent his guards to force the villagers to hand over the girl. The villagers asked the guards to return next morning, and abandoned the village overnight. Another version claims that 83 other villages in the area were also abandoned overnight.
A 2017 study by A. B. Roy et al., published in <P> then became transit centers for trafficking girls to India. Furthermore, trafficking has become a low-risk and highly lucrative business, which incentivizes traffickers to recruit girls, even when they are neighbors or family members. Cultural factors Historical and cultural factors feed into the current state of trafficking. Children who come from indigenous populations, minority groups, or lower castes are the most vulnerable. The Hindu caste system does not have a prostitute caste: however, in south-west Nepal, women of the Badi caste were traditionally entertainers who offered cultural shows as well as sexual services to local kings, religious leaders and landlords. Trafficker <P> Child Workers in Nepal Background During the 1950s, the eradication of malaria in Nepal's Terai region led migrants from other parts of the country to move in and occupy land traditionally owned by the Tharu ethnic community. The Tharu community was not wealthy enough to protect their land. Since there was no tangible proof that they owned the land, they were displaced and used as laborers.
It was also during this time when the Kamlari system was put into place. Kamlari is defined as a contracted system in which young girls from poor families are sold into domestic slavery. The practice <P> the British period and after, manpower was brought to Kuttikkanam from various parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The descendants of these migrant workers constitute the major part of the population of Kuttikkanam. <P> of 2011 Indian Census, Harda had a total population of 68,162, of which 34,970 were males and 33,192 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 8,205. The total number of literates in Harda was 52,771, which constituted 77.4% of the population with male literacy of 80.9% and female literacy of 73.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Harda was 88.0%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 8,758 and 2,390 respectively. Harda had 13493 households in 2011.
As of 2001 India census, Harda had a population of 61,712. Males constitute 52% of <P> child prostitution, was practiced throughout the country (see section 1.g. and 5, Trafficking).
In several mining regions, including the provinces of Katanga, Western and Eastern Kasai, and North and South Kivu, children performed dangerous, often underground, mine work. Children in the mining sector often received less than 10 percent of the pay adults received for the same production, according to the Solidarity Center.
Parents often used children for dangerous and difficult agricultural labor. Children sent to relatives by parents who could not feed them sometimes effectively became the property of those families, who subjected them to physical and sexual abuse and required <P> of total population in Mirpur Jattan. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 796 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Mirpur Jattan which includes 651 males and 145 females. According to census survey report 2011, 82.29% workers describe their work as main work and 17.71% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Homosexuality issue In January 2006, The panchayat asked a female couple to leave the village after they suspected to be lesbians by the <P> a famine year. During famine years it becomes very difficult for the animals to survive for want of fodder and the cattle population goes down drastically. Demographics At the census of 2001, Thathawate had a population of 6,500, of which 1105 were adults. There were 650 families residing in the village. Out of these, 513 families are of Bidawat (Rathore) Rajputs, 66 families of Jats and 75 families of other castes. The Jat families included Burdak, Chahar, Jhajharia, Pachar and Punia clans. The other castes included Brahmans, Harijans, Kumhars, Nai, Dholi, Naik and Daroga.
The main occupation of the villagers was <P> Tamil Nadu. In a lot of cases, both husband and wife came for work leaving the children behind with other family members. Migrants from Colachel in Kanyakumari district, Rameswaram in Ramanathapuram, Cuddalore and Thoothukudi districts constituted the majority among the traditional migrant fishers from various states who worked on boats that operated from Kerala coast. The plantations in Idukki and Wayanad also engage workers from Tamil Nadu. In most towns in Kerala, workers from Tamil Nadu were available and stayed in rented facilities scattered in and around the city. Karnataka Migrants from 17 districts in Karnataka worked in Kerala during <P> (156 inhabited and 12 uninhabited) villages in Kanika Tehsil. Total Number of Households is 24523. Total literacy in Kanika Tehsil is 1,05,731 (77.12%) including 53,565 (86.83%) males and 52,166 (68.55%) females. Scheduled Castes in Kanika 31,859 with 15,629 males and 16,230 females. Population in the age group of 0-6 is 16,226 of which 8,346 are males and 7,880 are females. Transportation Rajkanika is well connected from the state capital Bhubaneswar and the silvercity Cuttack by road. More than thirty buses are available from Cuttack to Rajkanika via different routes, private taxis and cabs are available from Cuttack which <P> Kalapani (Indian expatriates in UK) Kalapani refers to the Indians who crossed the sea to live in the UK during the British regime in 18th and 19th century. The process of crossing the seas was called Kalapani and was banned in major Indian religions at that time. Expatriates were mainly sailors and servants who used to live with their British masters. A large number of concubines accompanied their men as well. In most parts, they went in an agreement to come back after a certain period of time which they failed in many cases. Many of them turned into beggars <P> Thathawata History After the victory of last Hindu King of Delhi, Prithviraj III Chauhan, in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192, The Jats in his army moved to the countryside and settled as cultivators at various places in India. One such Jat soldier was Thatha of Bhadia clan who founded the village Thathawata. The Bhadias had also settled villages Banthod and Rol in present Sikar district of Rajasthan. Geography Route Biramsar on National Highway-11 to Kusumdesar village passes through the village.
The natural climatic conditions in the village are very harsh and extreme. The temperature ranges <P> Tabu Taid Early life and education Tabu Taid was born on 1 August 1942 in a geographically remote and economically challenged village Ghunasuti Ayengia in Lakhimpur district of Assam, India. His father was Ubbang Taid, a poor farmer who had to work hard to meet the needs of the family of two daughters, five sons and his wife, a nine-member family.
The village, 'Ghunasuti Ayengia' is a settlement of a small indigenous tribe of Assam, the Misings or Miri. Often visited by floods during the monsoon season, the villagers were poor subsistence level farmers. As of 1942, education or awareness of <P> significant numbers. Migrants from 22 districts of Odisha- Western
Odisha, Coastal Odisha, Southern Odisha and Northern Odisha, regions which have been identified as having distinct migration patterns, were found
working in Kerala.A lot of workers from Odisha belonged to Mayurbhanj, Malkangiri, Gajapati, Rayagada, Kandhamal and Sundargarh, districts in Odisha with more than half of the population belonging to tribal communities. There were also Christian families among the Odiya workers. Some of them
had moved out of Odisha during or after the Kandhamal riots in 2008.Except in the seafood, apparel and construction sectors, migration was
driven by social networks. Traditional fishers from coastal Odisha worked <P> Tekadi Demographics As of 2001 India census, Tekadi had a population of 17,179. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Tekadi has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 68%. In Tekadi, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. | answer: Popular theories hold they were likely kicked out/banished as a people. If their customs are to go by, they would have likely upset the population there.Also it would be the Indian subcontinent as far as our best guesses go. We don't where exactly they originate from with regards to Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, etc. |
5,446 | 338xpk | why has no one crossed a dandelion with a carrot or parsnip, thus creating a nutritious vegetable that grows wild as a weed? | A few things. First, dandelions *are* nutritious vegetables that you can eat lots of ways.Second, a weed is just any unwanted plant - they typically grow more aggressively than cultivated plants because they are evolved specifically for the environment in which they are found and because they don't waste any energy producing something extra for humans. For example, there are wild carrots, they just don't produce as large and tasty a root as cultivated carrots. Cultivated carrots need more support, because we've bred them to be *inefficient* as plants in order to be efficient as food. It's hard to get the weedy-ness of a weed and the wasteful extravagance of cultivated plant.(Also, it's typically only possible to cross plant varieties of the same species or at least the same genus. Otherwise you're crossing wildly different species - it's like trying to get a chicken and a pig to successfully mate. Maybe it would produce delicious bacon flavored wings, but too bad cuz it ain't gonna happen.)You might be interested in heirloom plants varieties, though - these are older varieties of cultivated crops that typically offer a lot more variety than more modern versions and tend to be more adapted to specific areas. | [
"A few things. First, dandelions *are* nutritious vegetables that you can eat lots of ways.\n\nSecond, a weed is just any unwanted plant - they typically grow more aggressively than cultivated plants because they are evolved specifically for the environment in which they are found and because they don't waste any e... | 9 | [
"A few things. First, dandelions *are* nutritious vegetables that you can eat lots of ways.\n\nSecond, a weed is just any unwanted plant - they typically grow more aggressively than cultivated plants because they are evolved specifically for the environment in which they are found and because they don't waste any e... | 4 | <P> states for tests. Various major seed companies of the time claimed credit for its commercial introduction, including J. M. Thornburn of New York City, JJH Gregory of Marblehead, and Peter Henderson of New Jersey.
In 1879 Coy shipped "Hebron Beauties" to London. The Beauty of Hebron was one of the varieties used to restock the British Isles after the potato blight and Irish Potato Famine. Its use spread throughout the British Empire to localities such as New Zealand and New Caledonia. By the turn of the 20th century, it was also a favorite of market and home gardeners in the <P> be destroyed.
Buckman developed a variety of parsnip, the "Student" cultivar. There are herbarium specimens collected by James Buckman in the Charterhouse School Herbarium, housed at the University & Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley. Family Buckman married in 1858 married Julia Savory (1834–1865), daughter of John Savory, a pharmacist. They had five children, among them Sydney Savory Buckman. <P> USA. Control Once established, goutweed is difficult to eradicate. The smallest piece of rhizome left in the ground will quickly form a sturdy new plant. All-green goutweed may be more persistent and spread more rapidly than ornamental, variegated goutweed varieties, making the all-green type particularly difficult to control. And all-green, wild type forms are known to reappear from seeds of variegated varieties.
Integrative management strategies that combine herbicide with landscape cloth, bark mulch, and hand weeding to control goutweed in a garden are largely unsuccessful because sprouting occurs from either rhizomes or root fragments left in the soil. Hand pulling, raking, <P> and the use of modern herbicides This gloomy tale of decline was, however, qualified in 1996 by wild food enthusiast Richard Mabey, who noted that, although the plant had suffered a dramatic decline in England, beginning in the 1950s, it began to recover with the banning of stubble-burning in the early 1990s. Furthermore — and contrary to earlier theories — the plant has proven to be resistant to modern herbicides after all and Mabey notes that the 'needles' of the plant are not readily separated from wheat by modern harvesting machinery — another factor contributing to its return to the <P> dillweed is commonly used to flavor cabbage dishes, including mahshi koronb (stuffed cabbage leaves).
In Israel, dill seed is used to spice in salads and also to flavor omelettes, alongside parsley, and is called "Shamir". Cultivation Successful cultivation requires warm to hot summers with high sunshine levels; even partial shade will reduce the yield substantially. It also prefers rich, well-drained soil. The seeds are viable for three to ten years. The plants are somewhat monocarpic and quickly die after "bolting" (producing seeds). Hot temperatures may quicken bolting.
The seed is harvested by cutting the flower heads off the stalks when the seed <P> such as onions or spring greens.
The presence of weeds does not necessarily mean that they are damaging a crop, especially during the early growth stages when both weeds and crops can grow without interference. However, as growth proceeds they each begin to require greater amounts of water and nutrients. Estimates suggest that weed and crop can co-exist harmoniously for around three weeks before competition becomes significant. One study found that after competition had started, the final yield of onion bulbs was reduced at almost 4% per day.
Perennial weeds with bulbils, such as lesser celandine and oxalis, or with persistent underground <P> officinale is native to Europe and Asia, and was originally imported to America as a food crop. It is now naturalized throughout North America, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and India. It occurs in all 50 states of the US and most Canadian provinces. It is considered a noxious weed in some jurisdictions, and is considered to be a nuisance in residential and recreational lawns in North America. It is also an important weed in agriculture and causes significant economic damage because of its infestation in many crops worldwide.
The dandelion is a common colonizer of disturbed habitats, <P> where a chorus of robins wakes me and my morning bath is in a rushing stream of just-melted snow. In June I am in the northern counties scented with new-mown hay and wild strawberries. In July in the higher mountains, and in August and September up in the alpine zone with mule or burro.” Legacy Writer and horticulturalist Judith Larner Lowry comments on Rowntree's legacy: “Today, it would be hard to find a professional in the field of native plant horticulture who was not, at some point, inspired by Lester Rowntree. The model of her double focus, wildland exploration and <P> reasons. If a cultivar that is only resistant to one form is grown and the other form appears and epidemic could possibly occur. Cultural Practices Cultural management practices generally work to reduce the primary inoculum source (the pseudothecia) present in barley stubble through destruction the residual debris and through crop rotation. Crop rotation is beneficial, as P. teres primarily infects Hordeum vulgare. Similarly, the destruction of volunteer plants is suggested on sites where they may pose a problem. This often has a residual benefit of reducing possible infections from other pathogens that may also be on the volunteer plant, such <P> is sweetest and tenderest, while there are many kinds of onion, with Sardian, Cnidian, Samothracian and Ascalonian varieties from those regions. Garlic is said to be planted close to the solstice; the Cyprian variety is largest and is used in salads. All herbs except rue are said to like dung. Of the wild herbs, Theophrastus reports that some such as cat's ear are edible, whereas others like dandelion are too bitter to be worth eating. Book 8: Cereals and legumes Theophrastus groups together the cereals and the legumes (peas and beans), and includes millet and other many-seeded plants like sesame <P> a common contaminant in crop and forage seeds. The plants are adaptable to most soils and the seeds are not dependent on cold temperatures before they will germinate but they need to be within the top 2.5 cm (1 in) of soil.
T. officinale is food for the caterpillars of several Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), such as the tortrix moth Celypha rufana. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on dandelions.
Even though dandelion pollen is of poor nutritional quality for honey bees, they readily consume it, and it can be an important source of nutritional diversity in heavily managed monocultures such as that <P> grown from cuttings and as a potted plant but is difficult to maintain in the garden. Some success has been reported with grafts onto D. citriodora. <P> Figueres onion Nutritional properties It can help to expunge excess fluid in the body as it has very little sodium and potassium. It is a good source of B vitamins, such folic acid. Cultivation It is resistant to cold temperatures but requires a higher amount of sun to form the bulb. It should be planted between December and January, although depending on the weather can also be planted in February. It can easily succumb to the ills of monocrop production and drop heavily in quality, so it's best when rotated with other crops, not only for nutrition but also to <P> especially good performing hybrid lines with regard to high tuber yield as well as wide adaptability. Nevertheless, negative secondary effects, such as reduced seed set and reduced germination rates, have been observed. <P> Weed control Need for control Weeds compete with productive crops or pasture, they can be poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or otherwise interfere with the use and management of desirable plants by contaminating harvests or interfering with livestock.
Weeds compete with crops for space, nutrients, water and light. Smaller, slower growing seedlings are more susceptible than those that are larger and more vigorous. Onions are one of the most vulnerable, because they are slow to germinate and produce slender, upright stems. By contrast broad beans produce large seedlings and suffer far fewer effects other than during periods of water shortage at <P> killed (either directly or by not planting the seed). The only motivation for killing the weed is its effect on crop yields. Farmers would prefer to have no weeds at all, but a predator would die if it had no prey to eat, even if they might be difficult to identify. Finally, there is no known equivalent of Vavilovian mimicry in ecosystems unaltered by humans.
Delbert Wiens has argued that secondary crops cannot be classified as mimics, because they result from artificial as opposed to natural selection, and because the selective agent is a machine. On this first point, Georges Pasteur <P> of blueberries. Honey bees have not been shown to lower their pollination activity on nearby fruit crops when foraging on dandelions.
While not in bloom, this species is sometimes confused with others, such as Chondrilla juncea, that have similar basal rosettes of foliage. Another plant, sometimes referred to as fall dandelion, is very similar to dandelion, but produces "yellow fields" later. Fossil record T. officinale has a fossil record that goes back to glacial and interglacial times in Europe. Culinary Dandelions are harvested from the wild or grown on a small scale as a leaf vegetable. The leaves (called dandelion greens) <P> green to dark green, and various forms of white variegation.
In cultivation in the UK, this plant and the variegated cultivar 'Starlight' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The miniature cultivars, especially 'Too Little', are among the most popular plants for indoor bonsai. Destructive roots The United States Forest Service states, "Roots grow rapidly, invading gardens, growing under and lifting sidewalks, patios, and driveways." They conclude that its use in tree form is much too large for residential planting; therefore, in these settings, this species should only be used as a hedge or clipped screen. Allergic reactions The <P> to do with the purposeful selection of endophyte-infected ryegrass by plant breeders, who prize its resistance to pests which are more prevalent in Australia and New Zealand than elsewhere, and the practice of monoculture by farmers in those countries. Prevention Plant breeders have been working with mycologists in Australia and New Zealand to develop strains of fungus that produce mycotoxins that are toxic to pests but not to mammals. Until those become commercially established the best prevention is avoiding grazing livestock on ryegrass when the stems are emerging and while the plant is flowering (concentrations are highest in the <P> other species such as burrograss (Scleropogon brevifolius), alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) and sacaton (S. wrightii) and other dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.), grama grasses (Bouteloua spp.), muhly grasses (Muhlenbergia spp.), and tarbush (Flourensia cernua). Uses Tobosa is an important forage for cattle and horses in the American Southwest. It is productive and palatable until it becomes rough at maturity. It is especially valuable during drought when it persists after other grasses die. It can be cut into hay when still green. In Texas, it yields 1000 pounds per acre, and this can be increased with careful and deliberate management. In areas | question: why has no one crossed a dandelion with a carrot or parsnip, thus creating a nutritious vegetable that grows wild as a weed? context: <P> states for tests. Various major seed companies of the time claimed credit for its commercial introduction, including J. M. Thornburn of New York City, JJH Gregory of Marblehead, and Peter Henderson of New Jersey.
In 1879 Coy shipped "Hebron Beauties" to London. The Beauty of Hebron was one of the varieties used to restock the British Isles after the potato blight and Irish Potato Famine. Its use spread throughout the British Empire to localities such as New Zealand and New Caledonia. By the turn of the 20th century, it was also a favorite of market and home gardeners in the <P> be destroyed.
Buckman developed a variety of parsnip, the "Student" cultivar. There are herbarium specimens collected by James Buckman in the Charterhouse School Herbarium, housed at the University & Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley. Family Buckman married in 1858 married Julia Savory (1834–1865), daughter of John Savory, a pharmacist. They had five children, among them Sydney Savory Buckman. <P> USA. Control Once established, goutweed is difficult to eradicate. The smallest piece of rhizome left in the ground will quickly form a sturdy new plant. All-green goutweed may be more persistent and spread more rapidly than ornamental, variegated goutweed varieties, making the all-green type particularly difficult to control. And all-green, wild type forms are known to reappear from seeds of variegated varieties.
Integrative management strategies that combine herbicide with landscape cloth, bark mulch, and hand weeding to control goutweed in a garden are largely unsuccessful because sprouting occurs from either rhizomes or root fragments left in the soil. Hand pulling, raking, <P> and the use of modern herbicides This gloomy tale of decline was, however, qualified in 1996 by wild food enthusiast Richard Mabey, who noted that, although the plant had suffered a dramatic decline in England, beginning in the 1950s, it began to recover with the banning of stubble-burning in the early 1990s. Furthermore — and contrary to earlier theories — the plant has proven to be resistant to modern herbicides after all and Mabey notes that the 'needles' of the plant are not readily separated from wheat by modern harvesting machinery — another factor contributing to its return to the <P> dillweed is commonly used to flavor cabbage dishes, including mahshi koronb (stuffed cabbage leaves).
In Israel, dill seed is used to spice in salads and also to flavor omelettes, alongside parsley, and is called "Shamir". Cultivation Successful cultivation requires warm to hot summers with high sunshine levels; even partial shade will reduce the yield substantially. It also prefers rich, well-drained soil. The seeds are viable for three to ten years. The plants are somewhat monocarpic and quickly die after "bolting" (producing seeds). Hot temperatures may quicken bolting.
The seed is harvested by cutting the flower heads off the stalks when the seed <P> such as onions or spring greens.
The presence of weeds does not necessarily mean that they are damaging a crop, especially during the early growth stages when both weeds and crops can grow without interference. However, as growth proceeds they each begin to require greater amounts of water and nutrients. Estimates suggest that weed and crop can co-exist harmoniously for around three weeks before competition becomes significant. One study found that after competition had started, the final yield of onion bulbs was reduced at almost 4% per day.
Perennial weeds with bulbils, such as lesser celandine and oxalis, or with persistent underground <P> officinale is native to Europe and Asia, and was originally imported to America as a food crop. It is now naturalized throughout North America, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and India. It occurs in all 50 states of the US and most Canadian provinces. It is considered a noxious weed in some jurisdictions, and is considered to be a nuisance in residential and recreational lawns in North America. It is also an important weed in agriculture and causes significant economic damage because of its infestation in many crops worldwide.
The dandelion is a common colonizer of disturbed habitats, <P> where a chorus of robins wakes me and my morning bath is in a rushing stream of just-melted snow. In June I am in the northern counties scented with new-mown hay and wild strawberries. In July in the higher mountains, and in August and September up in the alpine zone with mule or burro.” Legacy Writer and horticulturalist Judith Larner Lowry comments on Rowntree's legacy: “Today, it would be hard to find a professional in the field of native plant horticulture who was not, at some point, inspired by Lester Rowntree. The model of her double focus, wildland exploration and <P> reasons. If a cultivar that is only resistant to one form is grown and the other form appears and epidemic could possibly occur. Cultural Practices Cultural management practices generally work to reduce the primary inoculum source (the pseudothecia) present in barley stubble through destruction the residual debris and through crop rotation. Crop rotation is beneficial, as P. teres primarily infects Hordeum vulgare. Similarly, the destruction of volunteer plants is suggested on sites where they may pose a problem. This often has a residual benefit of reducing possible infections from other pathogens that may also be on the volunteer plant, such <P> is sweetest and tenderest, while there are many kinds of onion, with Sardian, Cnidian, Samothracian and Ascalonian varieties from those regions. Garlic is said to be planted close to the solstice; the Cyprian variety is largest and is used in salads. All herbs except rue are said to like dung. Of the wild herbs, Theophrastus reports that some such as cat's ear are edible, whereas others like dandelion are too bitter to be worth eating. Book 8: Cereals and legumes Theophrastus groups together the cereals and the legumes (peas and beans), and includes millet and other many-seeded plants like sesame <P> a common contaminant in crop and forage seeds. The plants are adaptable to most soils and the seeds are not dependent on cold temperatures before they will germinate but they need to be within the top 2.5 cm (1 in) of soil.
T. officinale is food for the caterpillars of several Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), such as the tortrix moth Celypha rufana. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on dandelions.
Even though dandelion pollen is of poor nutritional quality for honey bees, they readily consume it, and it can be an important source of nutritional diversity in heavily managed monocultures such as that <P> grown from cuttings and as a potted plant but is difficult to maintain in the garden. Some success has been reported with grafts onto D. citriodora. <P> Figueres onion Nutritional properties It can help to expunge excess fluid in the body as it has very little sodium and potassium. It is a good source of B vitamins, such folic acid. Cultivation It is resistant to cold temperatures but requires a higher amount of sun to form the bulb. It should be planted between December and January, although depending on the weather can also be planted in February. It can easily succumb to the ills of monocrop production and drop heavily in quality, so it's best when rotated with other crops, not only for nutrition but also to <P> especially good performing hybrid lines with regard to high tuber yield as well as wide adaptability. Nevertheless, negative secondary effects, such as reduced seed set and reduced germination rates, have been observed. <P> Weed control Need for control Weeds compete with productive crops or pasture, they can be poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or otherwise interfere with the use and management of desirable plants by contaminating harvests or interfering with livestock.
Weeds compete with crops for space, nutrients, water and light. Smaller, slower growing seedlings are more susceptible than those that are larger and more vigorous. Onions are one of the most vulnerable, because they are slow to germinate and produce slender, upright stems. By contrast broad beans produce large seedlings and suffer far fewer effects other than during periods of water shortage at <P> killed (either directly or by not planting the seed). The only motivation for killing the weed is its effect on crop yields. Farmers would prefer to have no weeds at all, but a predator would die if it had no prey to eat, even if they might be difficult to identify. Finally, there is no known equivalent of Vavilovian mimicry in ecosystems unaltered by humans.
Delbert Wiens has argued that secondary crops cannot be classified as mimics, because they result from artificial as opposed to natural selection, and because the selective agent is a machine. On this first point, Georges Pasteur <P> of blueberries. Honey bees have not been shown to lower their pollination activity on nearby fruit crops when foraging on dandelions.
While not in bloom, this species is sometimes confused with others, such as Chondrilla juncea, that have similar basal rosettes of foliage. Another plant, sometimes referred to as fall dandelion, is very similar to dandelion, but produces "yellow fields" later. Fossil record T. officinale has a fossil record that goes back to glacial and interglacial times in Europe. Culinary Dandelions are harvested from the wild or grown on a small scale as a leaf vegetable. The leaves (called dandelion greens) <P> green to dark green, and various forms of white variegation.
In cultivation in the UK, this plant and the variegated cultivar 'Starlight' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The miniature cultivars, especially 'Too Little', are among the most popular plants for indoor bonsai. Destructive roots The United States Forest Service states, "Roots grow rapidly, invading gardens, growing under and lifting sidewalks, patios, and driveways." They conclude that its use in tree form is much too large for residential planting; therefore, in these settings, this species should only be used as a hedge or clipped screen. Allergic reactions The <P> to do with the purposeful selection of endophyte-infected ryegrass by plant breeders, who prize its resistance to pests which are more prevalent in Australia and New Zealand than elsewhere, and the practice of monoculture by farmers in those countries. Prevention Plant breeders have been working with mycologists in Australia and New Zealand to develop strains of fungus that produce mycotoxins that are toxic to pests but not to mammals. Until those become commercially established the best prevention is avoiding grazing livestock on ryegrass when the stems are emerging and while the plant is flowering (concentrations are highest in the <P> other species such as burrograss (Scleropogon brevifolius), alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) and sacaton (S. wrightii) and other dropseed grasses (Sporobolus spp.), grama grasses (Bouteloua spp.), muhly grasses (Muhlenbergia spp.), and tarbush (Flourensia cernua). Uses Tobosa is an important forage for cattle and horses in the American Southwest. It is productive and palatable until it becomes rough at maturity. It is especially valuable during drought when it persists after other grasses die. It can be cut into hay when still green. In Texas, it yields 1000 pounds per acre, and this can be increased with careful and deliberate management. In areas | answer: A few things. First, dandelions *are* nutritious vegetables that you can eat lots of ways.Second, a weed is just any unwanted plant - they typically grow more aggressively than cultivated plants because they are evolved specifically for the environment in which they are found and because they don't waste any energy producing something extra for humans. For example, there are wild carrots, they just don't produce as large and tasty a root as cultivated carrots. Cultivated carrots need more support, because we've bred them to be *inefficient* as plants in order to be efficient as food. It's hard to get the weedy-ness of a weed and the wasteful extravagance of cultivated plant.(Also, it's typically only possible to cross plant varieties of the same species or at least the same genus. Otherwise you're crossing wildly different species - it's like trying to get a chicken and a pig to successfully mate. Maybe it would produce delicious bacon flavored wings, but too bad cuz it ain't gonna happen.)You might be interested in heirloom plants varieties, though - these are older varieties of cultivated crops that typically offer a lot more variety than more modern versions and tend to be more adapted to specific areas. |
47,371 | 562i8b | why do we find it difficult to get past somebody if you are walking straight at each other? | Because you're making eye contact with them and you're both looking at each other's eyes to see where the other is going. When you feel that starting to happen, break eye contact and focus on the path you want to walk. As if by magic, you and the other person will cease doing "the dance" and continue on your way. | [
"Because you're making eye contact with them and you're both looking at each other's eyes to see where the other is going. When you feel that starting to happen, break eye contact and focus on the path you want to walk. As if by magic, you and the other person will cease doing \"the dance\" and continue on your w... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> run off into the distance. <P> can get, each determining which girl you end up escaping with (or dying with, depending on the girl).
When one of the two Janitors find you (indicated by the sounds of keys rattling), he will blow his whistle and proceed to chase you wherever you go until you outrun him or lose him by hiding. If he catches up to you, he will repeatedly hit you with his bat until you are dead. The Janitor finds you much easier if you make loud noises (running, opening doors, turning on lights, etc..) and whether you are hiding in the dark or light <P> happens is as follows; a grocer tosses her a random green fruit and she catches it, then she stops walking and realizes that everything else around her stopped too. She starts walking back and forth while watching an old woman drop and rewind her library books.
As the woman moves, her actions control everyone around her; an old man moving side to side with a TV, another young man on his cell phone and an Asian man crossing the street while preoccupied with reading a magazine. The young woman makes a mistake and takes too many steps and watches as she <P> male Black (Lee) turns and looks toward the glass door where I'm positioned... He looks directly at me and we make eye contact. Almost simultaneously, upon making eye contact, he reached for his waistband...with his right hand...and removed a blue steel semi-automatic handgun...at which point, fearing for my life, I drew my weapon from my holster and, after he removed the gun he pointed the weapon, his gun, right at me and fearful for my safety and my life I fired my weapon, my service weapon...During this entire time, it happened very, very quickly, his gun was continually pointing at <P> similar to vigilance tasks in which observers await fleeting signals. This phenomenon has been observed in vigilance literature as "signal-probability effects". It has been demonstrated that low signal probability reduces hit rates in classical low-event-rate, low-cognitive-load vigilance tasks by shifting criteria rather than decreasing sensitivity, and these effects are accompanied by slowed "yes" reaction times and faster "no" reaction times. <P> can come at a problem, the better chance you have of solving it”. <P> than from a desire to catch them." <P> knowing how to adorn oneself finely while concealing one's rascality.
For we are so inclined by nature that no one desires to see another have as much as himself, and each one acquires as much as he can; the other may fare as best he can. And yet we pretend to be godly, know how to adorn ourselves most finely and conceal our rascality, resort to and invent adroit devices and deceitful artifices (such as now are daily most ingeniously contrived) as though they were derived from the law codes; yea, we even dare impertinently to refer to it, and boast <P> Ze'evi's room at the 8th floor. The assailants waited for Ze'evi near the fire escape, in a location adjacent to Ze'evi's room.
Meanwhile, at 6:45 am Ze'evi's driver, Adi Maman, got to the dining room of the hotel and joined Ze'evi and his wife for breakfast. At 06:50 am Ze'evi headed by himself towards his room using the elevator. Two minutes later, Yael Ze'evi and the driver, Adi Maman, also began heading towards Ze'evi's room.
When the elevator door opened Ze'evi stepped out of the elevator and passed the two assailants. According to the assailants testimony, Quran shouted at him "Hey!" and when Ze'evi <P> go with him now if he asked me if the Divel said I should not this took place on the Thursday morning I saw my husband in the evening and he asked me what was the matter and I told him what had taken place the following Sunday he asked me to go with him for a walk instead of going to Chapel I went and my stepfather missed me from the Chapel and came to look for me and found us both together so I was afraid to go home for has he had said he would break <P> Prevalence effect In psychology, the prevalence effect is the phenomenon that one is more likely to miss (or fail to detect) a target with a low prevalence (or frequency) than a target with a high prevalence or frequency. A real-world application of this phenomenon occurs in airport security screening; since a very small proportion of those going through security checkpoints carry weapons, security staff may fail to detect those attempting to carry weapons onto a plane.
In visual perception, target prevalence describes the salience (or visibility) of an object or objects in the environment and influences visual search. An experiment similar <P> essence distorted by the place in which we view it happening. Please see Frame of reference for information about what a Reference Frame is. <P> 'the zone' and leads him away. <P> Forces. <P> my attack against the two MiGs in front, because I had seen the 'Olds' flight passing below us a few seconds before. I thought that the plane seen by my WSO could be one of them. Despite that, I suddenly turned left and then right, and caught sight of the third MiG. I ordered to my numbers 3 and 4 to break right. As they did so, the MiG broke left for some mysterious reason and for a split second we were side by side. We were so close that, besides the red stars in his wings, I <P> have been dragged out in long tails by the interaction. <P> opened the window I saw Sylvan...hunched over the wheel [of an official U.S. station wagon on the grounds of the American embassy]. Then I saw four soldiers between two embassy buildings. They saw him and Sylvan put up his hands like this and they grabbed him by his arms.
"I thought he was safe and I rushed downstairs and out the front door to try to get around the back and tell him he should go to the camp. Some soldiers stopped me but I ran past them and then I heard three or four shots—pah pah pah!
"I thought <P> a performance from a beautiful, red Citroen DS cabriolet in the street. He approaches him full of expectations and he thinks the magician recognises him. But when the show ends, the magician leaves. Elias runs after the magicians car and cries "Mister" and when the magicians driver stops, the young immigrant tells him "don’t you recognise me? You once told me that if I found myself in Paris, I should come and see you". The magician stares at him and says "Aha, so you’ve done both. You came in Paris and you also saw me". He then gives <P> around the oblivious band members. The items never hit any of them, though they come close. The actions of the participants would suggest that their motivations and intentions are to cast off the material trappings of society which prohibit them from living freely.
Two cars are then simultaneously dropped off the bridge and behind the band, resulting in clouds of smoke and fire. This is followed by an entire house (only with walls and roof) being dropped onto the band by a crane, and the walls falling onto the ground without anyone getting hurt. A continuity error occurs at the end: <P> see any depth of field; in the rest of their visual arc, mouflon can mainly just perceive movement. If mouflon are disturbed by a movement in their lateral field of vision, they turn their head toward the object, thereby locating it within the depth of the landscape. Only then do they try to gain additional information by testing the wind and their sense of hearing, in order to assess the level of danger posed by the disturbance. People may be seen at distances of up to 1,000 metres. Their sense of sight also plays a significant role in the cohesion | question: why do we find it difficult to get past somebody if you are walking straight at each other? context: <P> run off into the distance. <P> can get, each determining which girl you end up escaping with (or dying with, depending on the girl).
When one of the two Janitors find you (indicated by the sounds of keys rattling), he will blow his whistle and proceed to chase you wherever you go until you outrun him or lose him by hiding. If he catches up to you, he will repeatedly hit you with his bat until you are dead. The Janitor finds you much easier if you make loud noises (running, opening doors, turning on lights, etc..) and whether you are hiding in the dark or light <P> happens is as follows; a grocer tosses her a random green fruit and she catches it, then she stops walking and realizes that everything else around her stopped too. She starts walking back and forth while watching an old woman drop and rewind her library books.
As the woman moves, her actions control everyone around her; an old man moving side to side with a TV, another young man on his cell phone and an Asian man crossing the street while preoccupied with reading a magazine. The young woman makes a mistake and takes too many steps and watches as she <P> male Black (Lee) turns and looks toward the glass door where I'm positioned... He looks directly at me and we make eye contact. Almost simultaneously, upon making eye contact, he reached for his waistband...with his right hand...and removed a blue steel semi-automatic handgun...at which point, fearing for my life, I drew my weapon from my holster and, after he removed the gun he pointed the weapon, his gun, right at me and fearful for my safety and my life I fired my weapon, my service weapon...During this entire time, it happened very, very quickly, his gun was continually pointing at <P> similar to vigilance tasks in which observers await fleeting signals. This phenomenon has been observed in vigilance literature as "signal-probability effects". It has been demonstrated that low signal probability reduces hit rates in classical low-event-rate, low-cognitive-load vigilance tasks by shifting criteria rather than decreasing sensitivity, and these effects are accompanied by slowed "yes" reaction times and faster "no" reaction times. <P> can come at a problem, the better chance you have of solving it”. <P> than from a desire to catch them." <P> knowing how to adorn oneself finely while concealing one's rascality.
For we are so inclined by nature that no one desires to see another have as much as himself, and each one acquires as much as he can; the other may fare as best he can. And yet we pretend to be godly, know how to adorn ourselves most finely and conceal our rascality, resort to and invent adroit devices and deceitful artifices (such as now are daily most ingeniously contrived) as though they were derived from the law codes; yea, we even dare impertinently to refer to it, and boast <P> Ze'evi's room at the 8th floor. The assailants waited for Ze'evi near the fire escape, in a location adjacent to Ze'evi's room.
Meanwhile, at 6:45 am Ze'evi's driver, Adi Maman, got to the dining room of the hotel and joined Ze'evi and his wife for breakfast. At 06:50 am Ze'evi headed by himself towards his room using the elevator. Two minutes later, Yael Ze'evi and the driver, Adi Maman, also began heading towards Ze'evi's room.
When the elevator door opened Ze'evi stepped out of the elevator and passed the two assailants. According to the assailants testimony, Quran shouted at him "Hey!" and when Ze'evi <P> go with him now if he asked me if the Divel said I should not this took place on the Thursday morning I saw my husband in the evening and he asked me what was the matter and I told him what had taken place the following Sunday he asked me to go with him for a walk instead of going to Chapel I went and my stepfather missed me from the Chapel and came to look for me and found us both together so I was afraid to go home for has he had said he would break <P> Prevalence effect In psychology, the prevalence effect is the phenomenon that one is more likely to miss (or fail to detect) a target with a low prevalence (or frequency) than a target with a high prevalence or frequency. A real-world application of this phenomenon occurs in airport security screening; since a very small proportion of those going through security checkpoints carry weapons, security staff may fail to detect those attempting to carry weapons onto a plane.
In visual perception, target prevalence describes the salience (or visibility) of an object or objects in the environment and influences visual search. An experiment similar <P> essence distorted by the place in which we view it happening. Please see Frame of reference for information about what a Reference Frame is. <P> 'the zone' and leads him away. <P> Forces. <P> my attack against the two MiGs in front, because I had seen the 'Olds' flight passing below us a few seconds before. I thought that the plane seen by my WSO could be one of them. Despite that, I suddenly turned left and then right, and caught sight of the third MiG. I ordered to my numbers 3 and 4 to break right. As they did so, the MiG broke left for some mysterious reason and for a split second we were side by side. We were so close that, besides the red stars in his wings, I <P> have been dragged out in long tails by the interaction. <P> opened the window I saw Sylvan...hunched over the wheel [of an official U.S. station wagon on the grounds of the American embassy]. Then I saw four soldiers between two embassy buildings. They saw him and Sylvan put up his hands like this and they grabbed him by his arms.
"I thought he was safe and I rushed downstairs and out the front door to try to get around the back and tell him he should go to the camp. Some soldiers stopped me but I ran past them and then I heard three or four shots—pah pah pah!
"I thought <P> a performance from a beautiful, red Citroen DS cabriolet in the street. He approaches him full of expectations and he thinks the magician recognises him. But when the show ends, the magician leaves. Elias runs after the magicians car and cries "Mister" and when the magicians driver stops, the young immigrant tells him "don’t you recognise me? You once told me that if I found myself in Paris, I should come and see you". The magician stares at him and says "Aha, so you’ve done both. You came in Paris and you also saw me". He then gives <P> around the oblivious band members. The items never hit any of them, though they come close. The actions of the participants would suggest that their motivations and intentions are to cast off the material trappings of society which prohibit them from living freely.
Two cars are then simultaneously dropped off the bridge and behind the band, resulting in clouds of smoke and fire. This is followed by an entire house (only with walls and roof) being dropped onto the band by a crane, and the walls falling onto the ground without anyone getting hurt. A continuity error occurs at the end: <P> see any depth of field; in the rest of their visual arc, mouflon can mainly just perceive movement. If mouflon are disturbed by a movement in their lateral field of vision, they turn their head toward the object, thereby locating it within the depth of the landscape. Only then do they try to gain additional information by testing the wind and their sense of hearing, in order to assess the level of danger posed by the disturbance. People may be seen at distances of up to 1,000 metres. Their sense of sight also plays a significant role in the cohesion | answer: Because you're making eye contact with them and you're both looking at each other's eyes to see where the other is going. When you feel that starting to happen, break eye contact and focus on the path you want to walk. As if by magic, you and the other person will cease doing "the dance" and continue on your way. |
157,048 | 2ssaf0 | how do they get the hole in a hypodermic needle? | _URL_0_Remember watching this after asking the same thing not too long ago. | [
"_URL_0_\n\nRemember watching this after asking the same thing not too long ago."
] | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> to pressurize oil, which drives a vertical hydraulic ram to compress a cylindrical cavity known as a hatbox. This cavity is filled with six steel anvils, three facing and three facing down, that converge on a set of eight tungsten carbide cubes. The interior corners of these cubes truncated to fit an octahedral assembly. These octahedra range from 8 mm to 25 mm on edge and are typically composed of MgO or another material that deforms ductilely over the range of experimental conditions, to make sure the experiment is under hydrostatic stress. As this assembly is compressed, it extrudes out between the <P> shown by a number of international standards on it such as ASTM D971. This method is widely used for interfacial tension measurement between two liquids but care should be taken to make sure to keep the platinum ring undeformed. Wilhelmy plate tensiometer The Wilhelmy plate tensiometer requires a plate to make contact with the liquid surface. It is widely considered the simplest and most accurate method for surface tension measurement. Due to a large wetted length of the platinum plate, the surface tension reading is typically very stable compared to alternative methods. As an additional benefit, the Wilhelmy plate <P> with inductance of about 10 nanohenry. Its front side was closed with a very thin (3 mil, or 75 micrometers) and fragile conductive membrane. In the middle of the cavity was a mushroom-shaped flat-faced tuning post, with its top adjustable to make it possible to set the membrane-post distance; the membrane and the post formed a variable capacitor acting as a condenser microphone and providing amplitude modulation (AM), with parasitic frequency modulation (FM) for the re-radiated signal. The post had machined grooves and radial lines into its face, probably to provide channels for air flow to reduce pneumatic damping <P> and a measuring bulb with a capillary on the other. A liquid is introduced into the reservoir then sucked through the capillary and measuring bulb. The liquid is allowed to travel back through the measuring bulb and the time it takes for the liquid to pass through two calibrated marks is a measure for viscosity. The Ubbelohde device has a third arm extending from the end of the capillary and open to the atmosphere. In this way the pressure head only depends on a fixed height and no longer on the total volume of liquid. <P> container, which also holds a smaller container. The smaller container has 2 pumps running to and from its solution, one creating a vacuum and the other replacing the lost solution. The smaller container has a small hole (an orifice) near the bottom of the container. Coulter's principle is applied through the use of two electrodes. One electrode (the internal electrode) is within the smaller container, and the other (the external electrode) is outside of the smaller container but within the electrolyte/sample solution. As the vacuum draws the sample cells through the orifice, the cell momentarily causes electrical resistance to the <P> the outside diameter of hypodermic needles, catheters, cannulae and suture wires. It was originally developed in early 19th-century England for use in wire manufacture, and it began appearing in a medical setting in the early 20th century.
Another common needle gauge system is the French catheter scale.
Needle wire gauge was derived from the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge. <P> Tensiometer (surface tension) A tensiometer as it applies to physics is a measuring instrument used to measure the surface tension () of liquids or surfaces. Tensiometers are used in research and development laboratories to determine the surface tension of liquids like coatings, lacquers or adhesives. A further application field of tensiometers is the monitoring of industrial production processes like parts cleaning or electroplating. Goniometer/Tensiometer Surface scientists commonly use an optical goniometer/tensiometer to measure the surface tension and interfacial tension of a liquid using the pendant or sessile drop methods. A drop is produced and captured using a CCD camera. The <P> controlling the current flow and exposure time. Crookes tube (cold cathode tube) Crookes tubes generated the electrons needed to create X-rays by ionization of the residual air in the tube, instead of a heated filament, so they were partially but not completely evacuated. They consisted of a glass bulb with around 10⁻⁶ to 5×10⁻⁸ atmospheric pressure of air (0.1 to 0.005 Pa). An aluminum cathode plate at one end of the tube, a platinum anode target . The anode surface was angled so that the X-rays would radiate through the side of the tube. The <P> it is the sensor shaft, rather than the cup, that rotates. Blood (300 µl, anticoagulated with citrate) is placed into the disposable cuvette using an electronic pipette. A disposable pin is attached to a shaft which is connected with a thin spring (the equivalent to Hartert's torsion wire in thrombelastography) and slowly oscillates back and forth. The signal of the pin suspended in the blood sample is transmitted via an optical detector system. The test is started by adding appropriate reagents. The instrument measures and graphically displays the changes in elasticity at all stages of the developing and resolving <P> time the surface is usually gold, palladium, or silver—but the weld is made in the same way. The resulting weld is quite different in appearance from the ball bond, and is referred to as the wedge bond, tail bond, or simply as the second bond.
In the final step the machine pays out a small length of wire and tears the wire from the surface using a set of clamps. This leaves a small tail of wire hanging from the end of the capillary. The cycle then starts again with the high-voltage electric charge being applied to this tail.
The process where <P> MILLER banding Procedure A fistula or graft is dissected away through a small incision. An inflated intra-luminal balloon is used to provide a solid structure (thus allowing for precise sizing of the band), and a Prolene suture is tied around the access in the region of the balloon. <P> the refraction by 4 diopters but with an optical zone of 6 mm would require a much deeper ablation of approximately 48 μm. The ablation depth does not include the transition zone of the surgery.
The actual ablation depth and surface shape will be slightly different from the theoretical Munnerlyn formula. Many factors must be taken into account at the time of the surgery. The sex, age, and race of the patient, and such things as the barometric pressure and ambient humidity will change slightly the required ablation.
The formula was derived based on creating a theoretical lenticular surface in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) model, <P> keep the bead at a certain position.
Non-magnetic beads are usually also added to the sample as a reference to provide a background displacement vector. They have a different diameter as the magnetic beads so that they are optically distinguishable. This is necessary to detect potential drift of the fluid. For example, if the density of magnetic particles is too high, they may drag the surrounding viscous fluid with them. The displacement vector of a magnetic bead can be determined by subtracting its initial position vector and this background displacement vector from its current position. Force Calibration The determination of the <P> just below the middle, and have the upper fourth somewhat adpressed just below the simple impressed suture. The aperture is oblique oblong-ovate. The siphonal canal is short, wide, scarcely notched. The outer lip is solid but sharp, with a deep round sinus separated from the ascending suture by a callus from the posterior part of the inner lip, then straightly convexly antecurrent to two shallower sinuses at the base of the siphonal canal. The inner lip shows a complete smooth thin applied glaze, thickened behind. The spiral incisions, which begin in the second half of the first sculptured protoconchal whorl, <P> magnetic resonance equipment for measurement of oil or fat, moisture, fatty acid and protein content. Simultaneous, non-destructive and automated determination.
SLK-GOW Multiphase Water-Cut Meter: Resonance magnetic equipment for multiphase measurement Oil, water and gas. Deviates a multiphase sample to a secondary line (Bypass system). Water Cut Measurement (net oil and water), Gas Volume Fraction (GVF) and Oil Viscosity.
SLK-MFM-III Multiphase flow meter prototype equipment for magnetic resonance. Measures flow and cut of multiphase fluid, including water, gas and oil. Built for ø2´ lines with ø2´ Halbach magnet.
SLK-MRI-1400 Time domain magnetic resonance equipment (TD-NMR) suitable for imaging (MRI) with an ø 4´ circular <P> diameter, or cutting a single red blood cell into 100 slices. Ultramicrotomy process Ultra-thin sections of specimens are cut using a specialized instrument called an "ultramicrotome". The ultramicrotome is fitted with either a diamond knife, for most biological ultra-thin sectioning, or a glass knife, often used for initial cuts. There are numerous other pieces of equipment involved in the ultramicrotomy process. Before selecting an area of the specimen block to be ultra-thin sectioned, the technician examines semithin or "thick" sections range from 0.5 to 2 μm. These thick sections are also known as survey sections and are viewed under a light <P> the recording worthy of further study by the technician. Components Each Holter system consists of two basic parts – the hardware (called monitor or recorder) for recording the signal, and software for review and analysis of the record. Advanced Holter recorders are able to display the signal, which is very useful for checking the signal quality. Very often there is also a “patient button” located on the front site allowing the patient to press it in specific cases such as sickness, going to bed, taking pills, etc.; a special mark will be then placed into the record so that the <P> Ubbelohde viscometer An Ubbelohde type viscometer or suspended-level viscometer is a measuring instrument which uses a capillary based method of measuring viscosity. It is recommended for higher viscosity cellulosic polymer solutions. The advantage of this instrument is that the values obtained are independent of the total volume. The device was developed by the German chemist Leo Ubbelohde (1877-1964).
ASTM and other test methods are: ISO 3104, ISO 3105, ASTM D445, ASTM D446, ASTM D4020, IP 71, BS 188.
The Ubbelohde viscometer is closely related to the Ostwald viscometer. Both are u-shaped pieces of glassware with a reservoir on one side <P> pipe ends is available.
Afterwards, the flange will be positioned to the pipe end and connected to a hydraulic component or another pipe having a similar flange and corresponding insert.
Retaining Ring Technology
For the Retaining Ring connection, a groove will be machined onto the pipe end to hold the retaining ring. The retaining ring is made of a segmented stainless steel ring covered by a steainless steel spring and is used to fix the flange. For the assembly, the retaining ring flange has to be put onto the machined pipe end. The retaining ring has to be widened for getting it on <P> with a slit for light there are two drive rollers with film connecting the two. The light enters through the slit to record on the film. Some photokymographs have a lens so an appropriate speed for the film can be reached. Galvanometer The galvanometer is an early instrument used to measure the strength of an electric current. Hermann von Helmholtz used it to detect the electrical signals generated by nerve impulses, and thus to measure the time taken by impulses to travel between two points on a nerve. Audiometer This apparatus was designed to produce several fixed | question: how do they get the hole in a hypodermic needle? context: <P> to pressurize oil, which drives a vertical hydraulic ram to compress a cylindrical cavity known as a hatbox. This cavity is filled with six steel anvils, three facing and three facing down, that converge on a set of eight tungsten carbide cubes. The interior corners of these cubes truncated to fit an octahedral assembly. These octahedra range from 8 mm to 25 mm on edge and are typically composed of MgO or another material that deforms ductilely over the range of experimental conditions, to make sure the experiment is under hydrostatic stress. As this assembly is compressed, it extrudes out between the <P> shown by a number of international standards on it such as ASTM D971. This method is widely used for interfacial tension measurement between two liquids but care should be taken to make sure to keep the platinum ring undeformed. Wilhelmy plate tensiometer The Wilhelmy plate tensiometer requires a plate to make contact with the liquid surface. It is widely considered the simplest and most accurate method for surface tension measurement. Due to a large wetted length of the platinum plate, the surface tension reading is typically very stable compared to alternative methods. As an additional benefit, the Wilhelmy plate <P> with inductance of about 10 nanohenry. Its front side was closed with a very thin (3 mil, or 75 micrometers) and fragile conductive membrane. In the middle of the cavity was a mushroom-shaped flat-faced tuning post, with its top adjustable to make it possible to set the membrane-post distance; the membrane and the post formed a variable capacitor acting as a condenser microphone and providing amplitude modulation (AM), with parasitic frequency modulation (FM) for the re-radiated signal. The post had machined grooves and radial lines into its face, probably to provide channels for air flow to reduce pneumatic damping <P> and a measuring bulb with a capillary on the other. A liquid is introduced into the reservoir then sucked through the capillary and measuring bulb. The liquid is allowed to travel back through the measuring bulb and the time it takes for the liquid to pass through two calibrated marks is a measure for viscosity. The Ubbelohde device has a third arm extending from the end of the capillary and open to the atmosphere. In this way the pressure head only depends on a fixed height and no longer on the total volume of liquid. <P> container, which also holds a smaller container. The smaller container has 2 pumps running to and from its solution, one creating a vacuum and the other replacing the lost solution. The smaller container has a small hole (an orifice) near the bottom of the container. Coulter's principle is applied through the use of two electrodes. One electrode (the internal electrode) is within the smaller container, and the other (the external electrode) is outside of the smaller container but within the electrolyte/sample solution. As the vacuum draws the sample cells through the orifice, the cell momentarily causes electrical resistance to the <P> the outside diameter of hypodermic needles, catheters, cannulae and suture wires. It was originally developed in early 19th-century England for use in wire manufacture, and it began appearing in a medical setting in the early 20th century.
Another common needle gauge system is the French catheter scale.
Needle wire gauge was derived from the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge. <P> Tensiometer (surface tension) A tensiometer as it applies to physics is a measuring instrument used to measure the surface tension () of liquids or surfaces. Tensiometers are used in research and development laboratories to determine the surface tension of liquids like coatings, lacquers or adhesives. A further application field of tensiometers is the monitoring of industrial production processes like parts cleaning or electroplating. Goniometer/Tensiometer Surface scientists commonly use an optical goniometer/tensiometer to measure the surface tension and interfacial tension of a liquid using the pendant or sessile drop methods. A drop is produced and captured using a CCD camera. The <P> controlling the current flow and exposure time. Crookes tube (cold cathode tube) Crookes tubes generated the electrons needed to create X-rays by ionization of the residual air in the tube, instead of a heated filament, so they were partially but not completely evacuated. They consisted of a glass bulb with around 10⁻⁶ to 5×10⁻⁸ atmospheric pressure of air (0.1 to 0.005 Pa). An aluminum cathode plate at one end of the tube, a platinum anode target . The anode surface was angled so that the X-rays would radiate through the side of the tube. The <P> it is the sensor shaft, rather than the cup, that rotates. Blood (300 µl, anticoagulated with citrate) is placed into the disposable cuvette using an electronic pipette. A disposable pin is attached to a shaft which is connected with a thin spring (the equivalent to Hartert's torsion wire in thrombelastography) and slowly oscillates back and forth. The signal of the pin suspended in the blood sample is transmitted via an optical detector system. The test is started by adding appropriate reagents. The instrument measures and graphically displays the changes in elasticity at all stages of the developing and resolving <P> time the surface is usually gold, palladium, or silver—but the weld is made in the same way. The resulting weld is quite different in appearance from the ball bond, and is referred to as the wedge bond, tail bond, or simply as the second bond.
In the final step the machine pays out a small length of wire and tears the wire from the surface using a set of clamps. This leaves a small tail of wire hanging from the end of the capillary. The cycle then starts again with the high-voltage electric charge being applied to this tail.
The process where <P> MILLER banding Procedure A fistula or graft is dissected away through a small incision. An inflated intra-luminal balloon is used to provide a solid structure (thus allowing for precise sizing of the band), and a Prolene suture is tied around the access in the region of the balloon. <P> the refraction by 4 diopters but with an optical zone of 6 mm would require a much deeper ablation of approximately 48 μm. The ablation depth does not include the transition zone of the surgery.
The actual ablation depth and surface shape will be slightly different from the theoretical Munnerlyn formula. Many factors must be taken into account at the time of the surgery. The sex, age, and race of the patient, and such things as the barometric pressure and ambient humidity will change slightly the required ablation.
The formula was derived based on creating a theoretical lenticular surface in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) model, <P> keep the bead at a certain position.
Non-magnetic beads are usually also added to the sample as a reference to provide a background displacement vector. They have a different diameter as the magnetic beads so that they are optically distinguishable. This is necessary to detect potential drift of the fluid. For example, if the density of magnetic particles is too high, they may drag the surrounding viscous fluid with them. The displacement vector of a magnetic bead can be determined by subtracting its initial position vector and this background displacement vector from its current position. Force Calibration The determination of the <P> just below the middle, and have the upper fourth somewhat adpressed just below the simple impressed suture. The aperture is oblique oblong-ovate. The siphonal canal is short, wide, scarcely notched. The outer lip is solid but sharp, with a deep round sinus separated from the ascending suture by a callus from the posterior part of the inner lip, then straightly convexly antecurrent to two shallower sinuses at the base of the siphonal canal. The inner lip shows a complete smooth thin applied glaze, thickened behind. The spiral incisions, which begin in the second half of the first sculptured protoconchal whorl, <P> magnetic resonance equipment for measurement of oil or fat, moisture, fatty acid and protein content. Simultaneous, non-destructive and automated determination.
SLK-GOW Multiphase Water-Cut Meter: Resonance magnetic equipment for multiphase measurement Oil, water and gas. Deviates a multiphase sample to a secondary line (Bypass system). Water Cut Measurement (net oil and water), Gas Volume Fraction (GVF) and Oil Viscosity.
SLK-MFM-III Multiphase flow meter prototype equipment for magnetic resonance. Measures flow and cut of multiphase fluid, including water, gas and oil. Built for ø2´ lines with ø2´ Halbach magnet.
SLK-MRI-1400 Time domain magnetic resonance equipment (TD-NMR) suitable for imaging (MRI) with an ø 4´ circular <P> diameter, or cutting a single red blood cell into 100 slices. Ultramicrotomy process Ultra-thin sections of specimens are cut using a specialized instrument called an "ultramicrotome". The ultramicrotome is fitted with either a diamond knife, for most biological ultra-thin sectioning, or a glass knife, often used for initial cuts. There are numerous other pieces of equipment involved in the ultramicrotomy process. Before selecting an area of the specimen block to be ultra-thin sectioned, the technician examines semithin or "thick" sections range from 0.5 to 2 μm. These thick sections are also known as survey sections and are viewed under a light <P> the recording worthy of further study by the technician. Components Each Holter system consists of two basic parts – the hardware (called monitor or recorder) for recording the signal, and software for review and analysis of the record. Advanced Holter recorders are able to display the signal, which is very useful for checking the signal quality. Very often there is also a “patient button” located on the front site allowing the patient to press it in specific cases such as sickness, going to bed, taking pills, etc.; a special mark will be then placed into the record so that the <P> Ubbelohde viscometer An Ubbelohde type viscometer or suspended-level viscometer is a measuring instrument which uses a capillary based method of measuring viscosity. It is recommended for higher viscosity cellulosic polymer solutions. The advantage of this instrument is that the values obtained are independent of the total volume. The device was developed by the German chemist Leo Ubbelohde (1877-1964).
ASTM and other test methods are: ISO 3104, ISO 3105, ASTM D445, ASTM D446, ASTM D4020, IP 71, BS 188.
The Ubbelohde viscometer is closely related to the Ostwald viscometer. Both are u-shaped pieces of glassware with a reservoir on one side <P> pipe ends is available.
Afterwards, the flange will be positioned to the pipe end and connected to a hydraulic component or another pipe having a similar flange and corresponding insert.
Retaining Ring Technology
For the Retaining Ring connection, a groove will be machined onto the pipe end to hold the retaining ring. The retaining ring is made of a segmented stainless steel ring covered by a steainless steel spring and is used to fix the flange. For the assembly, the retaining ring flange has to be put onto the machined pipe end. The retaining ring has to be widened for getting it on <P> with a slit for light there are two drive rollers with film connecting the two. The light enters through the slit to record on the film. Some photokymographs have a lens so an appropriate speed for the film can be reached. Galvanometer The galvanometer is an early instrument used to measure the strength of an electric current. Hermann von Helmholtz used it to detect the electrical signals generated by nerve impulses, and thus to measure the time taken by impulses to travel between two points on a nerve. Audiometer This apparatus was designed to produce several fixed | answer: _URL_0_Remember watching this after asking the same thing not too long ago. |
97,878 | 30ze8v | why is homosexuality the big issue in southern christian parts of the usa and some other nations in the world? doesnt the bible forbid alot more than simple homosexuals, like alot more? | Because a lot of religious folks like to pick and choose which parts of the bible they are against. If they think it's wrong then "it's against God's word!" But if it inconveniences them they conveniently ignore it. | [
"Because a lot of religious folks like to pick and choose which parts of the bible they are against. If they think it's wrong then \"it's against God's word!\" But if it inconveniences them they conveniently ignore it. ",
"It isn't the only big issue, it's just the one in the national spotlight at the moment. Wom... | 9 | [
"Because a lot of religious folks like to pick and choose which parts of the bible they are against. If they think it's wrong then \"it's against God's word!\" But if it inconveniences them they conveniently ignore it. ",
"It isn't the only big issue, it's just the one in the national spotlight at the moment. Wom... | 6 | <P> Muslims and Jews arguing that loss of blood from slash to the throat renders the animals unconscious relatively quickly. Response to criticism of morality Not all religions are hostile to homosexuality. Both Reform Judaism and the Unitarian Universalist Association have advocated for equal rights for gay and lesbian people since the 1970s. Hinduism does not view homosexuality as an issue.
Many Christians have made efforts toward establishing racial equality, contributing to the civil rights movement. The African American Review sees as important the role Christian revivalism in the black church played in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr., an <P> religious life. Conditioning persons on their sexual orientation is not evangelical. Jesus would not do so." <P> Catholics that gays "should have an active role in the Christian community." In 1991, they called on "all Christians and citizens of good will to confront their own fears about homosexuality and to curb the humor and discrimination that offend homosexual persons. We understand that having a homosexual orientation brings with it enough anxiety, pain and issues related to self-acceptance without society bringing additional prejudicial treatment."
In 1997, the US Catholic Bishops Conference published a letter entitled Always Our Children, as a pastoral message to parents of gay and bisexual children with guidelines for pastoral ministers. It told parents not <P> a person should not be reduced to noting more than their sexual orientation as if they were nothing more than a homosexual or a heterosexual.
The Church points to several passages in the Bible as the basis for its teachings, including Genesis 19:1-11, Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, I Corinthians 6:9, Romans 1:18-32, and I Timothy 10. Freedom from discrimination The church teaches that, as one does not choose to be either homo- or heterosexual, being gay is not sinful. It also believes that being gay does not make you a bad person and that sexual orientation is innate and not changeable. <P> church is handling the issue.
In June 2015, data from Pew Research suggested that 66% of American Catholics think it is acceptable for children to be brought up by with gay parents. More generally, 70% thought it acceptable for a gay couple to cohabit. Less than half believed that homosexuality should be regarded as a sin (44% of Catholics compared to 62% of Protestants); and a majority would like the church to be more flexible toward those who are in same-sex relationships, including the right to have marriages recognised.
In August 2015, a poll jointly commissioned by the Public Religion Research Institute <P> by those who sympathize with this current that favors sexual libertinism, often appear under humanist banners, although at root they manifest materialist ideologies that deny the transcendent nature of the human person, as well as the supernatural vocation of the individual." The complementary union of man and
woman, he says, is the only relationship capable of generating "true conjugal love." Anti-gay rhetoric is still acceptable in parts of the country where the influence of the Catholic Church is strongest.
The new Catholic Catechism describes homosexual acts as a "grave depravity" and
"intrinsically disordered". It states that lesbian and gay relationships are "contrary to <P> were 60–70% male in their composition. On the basis of his sociological research, Joshua Marcus Cragle agreed that the religion contained a greater proportion of men than women, although observed that there was a more even balance between the two in Northern and Western Europe than in other regions. He also found that the Heathen community contained a greater percentage of transgender individuals, at 2%, than is estimated to be present in the wider population. Similarly, Cragle's research found a greater proportion of LGBT practitioners within Heathenry (21%) than wider society, although noted that the percentage was lower than in <P> perverted. We recognize the depth of the perversion that leads to homosexual acts but affirm the biblical position that such acts are sinful and subject to the wrath of God. We believe the grace of God sufficient to overcome the practice of homosexuality (1 Corinthians 6:9-11). We deplore any action or statement that would seem to imply compatibility between Christian morality and the practice of homosexuality. We urge clear preaching and teaching concerning Bible standards of sexual morality."
Woody Webb, VP for Student Development, stated: “We want to talk about this issue with students, and we want them to feel safe <P> that
Homosexual behavior, as all sexual deviation, is a perversion of God's created order (Genesis 1-3). The sanctity of marriage and the family is to be preserved against all manner of immoral conduct (Exodus 22:16-17; Deuteronomy 22:23-28; Leviticus 20:10-16), thus the Free Methodist Church does not recognize the legitimacy or participation in the practice of same-sex marriage.
Homosexual behavior is contrary to the will of God as clearly stated in Scripture (Leviticus 18:22; 20:13; Romans 1:26-27; 1 Corinthians 6:9-10; 1 Timothy 1:8-10).
Persons with homosexual inclinations are accountable to God for their behavior (Romans 14:12).
The forgiving and delivering grace of God in <P> Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued the document Persona humana (Human Person) dealing with sexual ethics. It stated that acceptance of homosexual activity runs counter to the church's teaching and morality. It drew a distinction between people who were homosexual because of "a false education [...] a lack of normal sexual development", or other curable non-biological causes and people who were innately or "pathological[ly]" homosexual. Little else was said about sexual orientation.
It criticized those who argued that innate homosexuality justified same-sex sexual activity within loving relationships and stated that the Bible condemned homosexual activity as depraved, "intrinsically disordered," <P> branches of Mormonism continue the practice. Homosexuals Homosexuality is unambiguously condemned in Abrahamic religions where prohibition and execution of those who engage in male homosexual activity are found in the Old Testament of the Bible and in the Quran. Homosexuals are also condemned in the New Testament several times but without obligatory punishment. In the United States, conservative Christian right groups such as the Christian Legal Society and the Alliance Defense Fund have filed numerous lawsuits against public universities, aimed at overturning policies that protect homosexuals from discrimination and hate speech. These groups argue that such policies infringe their right <P> is created to celebrate and bring awareness to asexuality (including gray asexuality). It was founded by Sara Beth Brooks in 2010. Religion Studies have found no significant statistical correlation between religion and asexuality, with asexuality occurring with equal prevalence in both religious and irreligious individuals. Nonetheless, asexuality is not uncommon among celibate clergy, since others are more likely to be discouraged by vows of chastity. In Aicken, Mercer, and Cassell's study, a higher proportion of Muslim respondents than Christian ones reported that they did not experience any form of sexual attraction.
Because of the relatively recent application of the term asexuality, <P> bracelets. Some also oppose the displaying of wedding bands, although banning wedding bands is not the position of the General Conference. Conservative Adventists avoid certain recreational activities which are considered to be a negative spiritual influence, including dancing, rock music and secular theatre. However, major studies conducted from 1989 onwards found that a majority of North American church youth reject some of these standards.
Though it seems unbelievable to some, I'm thankful that when I grew up in the church [in the 1950s and 1960s] I was taught not to go to the movie theater, dance, listen to popular music, read <P> being among the churches open to blessing same-gender couples. Evangelical Methodist Church The Evangelical Methodist Church maintains that the biblical record condemns homosexuality as evidenced in Leviticus 18:22, Romans 1:26-27, and 1 Corinthians 6:9-19. It teaches that homosexual practices are "sin leading to spiritual death and eternal punishment. Nevertheless, homosexuality is no greater a sin than adultery, murder, stealing, among others. As a result, practicing homosexuals are barred from becoming members of the Evangelical Methodist Church. Moreover, practicing homosexuals are prohibited from becoming candidates for ordained ministry. The Church upholds that all individuals are entitled to certain rights and protection <P> "ever open to better expressions."
In 1986, Cardinal Ratzinger wrote to Bishop Matthew Clark of Rochester, instructing him to remove his imprimatur from a book aimed at parents talking to children, Parents Talk Love: A Catholic Handbook on Sexuality written by Father Matthew Kawiak and Susan Sullivan, and which included information on homosexuality. Support for gay marriage In 2003, fewer than 35% of American Catholics supported same-sex marriage. However, a report by the Public Religion Research Institute on the situation in 2013 found that during that decade support for same-sex marriage has risen 22 percentage points among Catholics to 57%: 58% <P> enjoying sexual fantasies, having an abortion, sexual relationships outside marriage, gambling, consuming marijuana, looking at pictures of nudity or explicit sexual behavior, getting drunk and "having a sexual relationship with someone of the same sex". Children In the 19th century, philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that teaching some ideas to children at a young age could foster resistance to doubting those ideas later on.
Islam has permitted the child marriage of older men to girls as young as 9 years of age. Baptist pastor Jerry Vines denounced Mohammed as a pedophile for marying and having had sex with a nine-year-old, referring to <P> Middle East; the urge of some western LGBT activists to unearth and foster ‘gay’ politics in the region is potentially deeply counterproductive. Rather, the mainstreaming was won largely by framing the situations of LGBT (or otherwise-identified) people in terms of the rights violations, and protections, that existing human rights movements understand. (Human Rights Watch 2009, p. 18)
Although many Middle Eastern countries have penal codes against homosexual acts, these are seldom enforced due to the difficulty to prove unless caught in the act. In the Middle East today many countries still do not have codification of homosexuality or queerness as an <P> this article in a Fox News interview on September 9, 2008. When Fox reporter Greta Van Susteren asked for comment about inclusion of the announcement, Pastor Kroon replied, "When the subject of homosexuality comes up, people that matter to me come to mind. And over the past year, I've had different people in our congregation speak of homosexuals in ways that I did not want to hear our people speak. ... And I wanted my people, if at all possible, to hear somebody in their tone and their manner because I don't think the church has done a very <P> as ministers and ruling elders. The recommendations will be voted on in the 2020 General Assembly.
In Australia, the Presbyterian Church of Australia, declared homosexual practices to be sin in 1994, while in 2007 it called on the government to amend the Sex Discrimination Act "in such a way as to prevent same-sex partners and singles from continuing to access artificial reproductive technology."
In New Zealand the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand has debated homosexuality for many years. In 1985 its General Assembly declared "Homosexual acts are sinful." The most recent decision of the Assembly in 2004 declared "this church may <P> [a] partner, but drew the line at recognising her same-sex marriage." Methodist Church of Uruguay The church, part of the Evangelical Church of Uruguay, "has a ministry with persons of diverse sexual orientations". The denomination "resolved that pastors that wish to minister to homosexuals could do so freely". Since then, some congregations have provided blessing services for same-gender couples. Primitive Methodist Church The Primitive Methodist Church teaches that the practice of homosexuality is positively forbidden by Scripture, specifically in Romans 1:26-27 and Leviticus 18:22; 20:13. With regards to marriage, the Primitive Methodist Church believes it to involve the total commitment | question: why is homosexuality the big issue in southern christian parts of the usa and some other nations in the world? doesnt the bible forbid alot more than simple homosexuals, like alot more? context: <P> Muslims and Jews arguing that loss of blood from slash to the throat renders the animals unconscious relatively quickly. Response to criticism of morality Not all religions are hostile to homosexuality. Both Reform Judaism and the Unitarian Universalist Association have advocated for equal rights for gay and lesbian people since the 1970s. Hinduism does not view homosexuality as an issue.
Many Christians have made efforts toward establishing racial equality, contributing to the civil rights movement. The African American Review sees as important the role Christian revivalism in the black church played in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr., an <P> religious life. Conditioning persons on their sexual orientation is not evangelical. Jesus would not do so." <P> Catholics that gays "should have an active role in the Christian community." In 1991, they called on "all Christians and citizens of good will to confront their own fears about homosexuality and to curb the humor and discrimination that offend homosexual persons. We understand that having a homosexual orientation brings with it enough anxiety, pain and issues related to self-acceptance without society bringing additional prejudicial treatment."
In 1997, the US Catholic Bishops Conference published a letter entitled Always Our Children, as a pastoral message to parents of gay and bisexual children with guidelines for pastoral ministers. It told parents not <P> a person should not be reduced to noting more than their sexual orientation as if they were nothing more than a homosexual or a heterosexual.
The Church points to several passages in the Bible as the basis for its teachings, including Genesis 19:1-11, Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, I Corinthians 6:9, Romans 1:18-32, and I Timothy 10. Freedom from discrimination The church teaches that, as one does not choose to be either homo- or heterosexual, being gay is not sinful. It also believes that being gay does not make you a bad person and that sexual orientation is innate and not changeable. <P> church is handling the issue.
In June 2015, data from Pew Research suggested that 66% of American Catholics think it is acceptable for children to be brought up by with gay parents. More generally, 70% thought it acceptable for a gay couple to cohabit. Less than half believed that homosexuality should be regarded as a sin (44% of Catholics compared to 62% of Protestants); and a majority would like the church to be more flexible toward those who are in same-sex relationships, including the right to have marriages recognised.
In August 2015, a poll jointly commissioned by the Public Religion Research Institute <P> by those who sympathize with this current that favors sexual libertinism, often appear under humanist banners, although at root they manifest materialist ideologies that deny the transcendent nature of the human person, as well as the supernatural vocation of the individual." The complementary union of man and
woman, he says, is the only relationship capable of generating "true conjugal love." Anti-gay rhetoric is still acceptable in parts of the country where the influence of the Catholic Church is strongest.
The new Catholic Catechism describes homosexual acts as a "grave depravity" and
"intrinsically disordered". It states that lesbian and gay relationships are "contrary to <P> were 60–70% male in their composition. On the basis of his sociological research, Joshua Marcus Cragle agreed that the religion contained a greater proportion of men than women, although observed that there was a more even balance between the two in Northern and Western Europe than in other regions. He also found that the Heathen community contained a greater percentage of transgender individuals, at 2%, than is estimated to be present in the wider population. Similarly, Cragle's research found a greater proportion of LGBT practitioners within Heathenry (21%) than wider society, although noted that the percentage was lower than in <P> perverted. We recognize the depth of the perversion that leads to homosexual acts but affirm the biblical position that such acts are sinful and subject to the wrath of God. We believe the grace of God sufficient to overcome the practice of homosexuality (1 Corinthians 6:9-11). We deplore any action or statement that would seem to imply compatibility between Christian morality and the practice of homosexuality. We urge clear preaching and teaching concerning Bible standards of sexual morality."
Woody Webb, VP for Student Development, stated: “We want to talk about this issue with students, and we want them to feel safe <P> that
Homosexual behavior, as all sexual deviation, is a perversion of God's created order (Genesis 1-3). The sanctity of marriage and the family is to be preserved against all manner of immoral conduct (Exodus 22:16-17; Deuteronomy 22:23-28; Leviticus 20:10-16), thus the Free Methodist Church does not recognize the legitimacy or participation in the practice of same-sex marriage.
Homosexual behavior is contrary to the will of God as clearly stated in Scripture (Leviticus 18:22; 20:13; Romans 1:26-27; 1 Corinthians 6:9-10; 1 Timothy 1:8-10).
Persons with homosexual inclinations are accountable to God for their behavior (Romans 14:12).
The forgiving and delivering grace of God in <P> Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued the document Persona humana (Human Person) dealing with sexual ethics. It stated that acceptance of homosexual activity runs counter to the church's teaching and morality. It drew a distinction between people who were homosexual because of "a false education [...] a lack of normal sexual development", or other curable non-biological causes and people who were innately or "pathological[ly]" homosexual. Little else was said about sexual orientation.
It criticized those who argued that innate homosexuality justified same-sex sexual activity within loving relationships and stated that the Bible condemned homosexual activity as depraved, "intrinsically disordered," <P> branches of Mormonism continue the practice. Homosexuals Homosexuality is unambiguously condemned in Abrahamic religions where prohibition and execution of those who engage in male homosexual activity are found in the Old Testament of the Bible and in the Quran. Homosexuals are also condemned in the New Testament several times but without obligatory punishment. In the United States, conservative Christian right groups such as the Christian Legal Society and the Alliance Defense Fund have filed numerous lawsuits against public universities, aimed at overturning policies that protect homosexuals from discrimination and hate speech. These groups argue that such policies infringe their right <P> is created to celebrate and bring awareness to asexuality (including gray asexuality). It was founded by Sara Beth Brooks in 2010. Religion Studies have found no significant statistical correlation between religion and asexuality, with asexuality occurring with equal prevalence in both religious and irreligious individuals. Nonetheless, asexuality is not uncommon among celibate clergy, since others are more likely to be discouraged by vows of chastity. In Aicken, Mercer, and Cassell's study, a higher proportion of Muslim respondents than Christian ones reported that they did not experience any form of sexual attraction.
Because of the relatively recent application of the term asexuality, <P> bracelets. Some also oppose the displaying of wedding bands, although banning wedding bands is not the position of the General Conference. Conservative Adventists avoid certain recreational activities which are considered to be a negative spiritual influence, including dancing, rock music and secular theatre. However, major studies conducted from 1989 onwards found that a majority of North American church youth reject some of these standards.
Though it seems unbelievable to some, I'm thankful that when I grew up in the church [in the 1950s and 1960s] I was taught not to go to the movie theater, dance, listen to popular music, read <P> being among the churches open to blessing same-gender couples. Evangelical Methodist Church The Evangelical Methodist Church maintains that the biblical record condemns homosexuality as evidenced in Leviticus 18:22, Romans 1:26-27, and 1 Corinthians 6:9-19. It teaches that homosexual practices are "sin leading to spiritual death and eternal punishment. Nevertheless, homosexuality is no greater a sin than adultery, murder, stealing, among others. As a result, practicing homosexuals are barred from becoming members of the Evangelical Methodist Church. Moreover, practicing homosexuals are prohibited from becoming candidates for ordained ministry. The Church upholds that all individuals are entitled to certain rights and protection <P> "ever open to better expressions."
In 1986, Cardinal Ratzinger wrote to Bishop Matthew Clark of Rochester, instructing him to remove his imprimatur from a book aimed at parents talking to children, Parents Talk Love: A Catholic Handbook on Sexuality written by Father Matthew Kawiak and Susan Sullivan, and which included information on homosexuality. Support for gay marriage In 2003, fewer than 35% of American Catholics supported same-sex marriage. However, a report by the Public Religion Research Institute on the situation in 2013 found that during that decade support for same-sex marriage has risen 22 percentage points among Catholics to 57%: 58% <P> enjoying sexual fantasies, having an abortion, sexual relationships outside marriage, gambling, consuming marijuana, looking at pictures of nudity or explicit sexual behavior, getting drunk and "having a sexual relationship with someone of the same sex". Children In the 19th century, philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer argued that teaching some ideas to children at a young age could foster resistance to doubting those ideas later on.
Islam has permitted the child marriage of older men to girls as young as 9 years of age. Baptist pastor Jerry Vines denounced Mohammed as a pedophile for marying and having had sex with a nine-year-old, referring to <P> Middle East; the urge of some western LGBT activists to unearth and foster ‘gay’ politics in the region is potentially deeply counterproductive. Rather, the mainstreaming was won largely by framing the situations of LGBT (or otherwise-identified) people in terms of the rights violations, and protections, that existing human rights movements understand. (Human Rights Watch 2009, p. 18)
Although many Middle Eastern countries have penal codes against homosexual acts, these are seldom enforced due to the difficulty to prove unless caught in the act. In the Middle East today many countries still do not have codification of homosexuality or queerness as an <P> this article in a Fox News interview on September 9, 2008. When Fox reporter Greta Van Susteren asked for comment about inclusion of the announcement, Pastor Kroon replied, "When the subject of homosexuality comes up, people that matter to me come to mind. And over the past year, I've had different people in our congregation speak of homosexuals in ways that I did not want to hear our people speak. ... And I wanted my people, if at all possible, to hear somebody in their tone and their manner because I don't think the church has done a very <P> as ministers and ruling elders. The recommendations will be voted on in the 2020 General Assembly.
In Australia, the Presbyterian Church of Australia, declared homosexual practices to be sin in 1994, while in 2007 it called on the government to amend the Sex Discrimination Act "in such a way as to prevent same-sex partners and singles from continuing to access artificial reproductive technology."
In New Zealand the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand has debated homosexuality for many years. In 1985 its General Assembly declared "Homosexual acts are sinful." The most recent decision of the Assembly in 2004 declared "this church may <P> [a] partner, but drew the line at recognising her same-sex marriage." Methodist Church of Uruguay The church, part of the Evangelical Church of Uruguay, "has a ministry with persons of diverse sexual orientations". The denomination "resolved that pastors that wish to minister to homosexuals could do so freely". Since then, some congregations have provided blessing services for same-gender couples. Primitive Methodist Church The Primitive Methodist Church teaches that the practice of homosexuality is positively forbidden by Scripture, specifically in Romans 1:26-27 and Leviticus 18:22; 20:13. With regards to marriage, the Primitive Methodist Church believes it to involve the total commitment | answer: Because a lot of religious folks like to pick and choose which parts of the bible they are against. If they think it's wrong then "it's against God's word!" But if it inconveniences them they conveniently ignore it. |
81 | 6ivfui | Can you make electricity from radio waves? | Antennas are devices that turn radio waves into electrical power (or vice versa). It is possible to harvest energy from ambient electromagnetic radiation, but the amount of power you get is fairly low, usually on the order of a few milliwatts, which can be used to power small electrical devices. | [
"Antennas are devices that turn radio waves into electrical power (or vice versa). It is possible to harvest energy from ambient electromagnetic radiation, but the amount of power you get is fairly low, usually on the order of a few milliwatts, which can be used to power small electrical devices. ",
"Yes, but not... | 4 | [
"Antennas are devices that turn radio waves into electrical power (or vice versa). It is possible to harvest energy from ambient electromagnetic radiation, but the amount of power you get is fairly low, usually on the order of a few milliwatts, which can be used to power small electrical devices. ",
"What you're ... | 2 | <P> electrons oscillate, they create an electromagnetic wave atop the graphene layer, referred to as the surface plasmon polariton wave. This would enable the antenna to operate at the lower end of the terahertz frequency, which would be more efficient than the current copper based antennas. Ultimately, researchers envision that graphene will be able to break through the limitations of current antennas. Properties It has been estimated that speeds of up to terabits per second can be achieved using such a device. Traditional antennas would require very high frequencies to operate at nano scales, making it an unfeasible option. However, the <P> unique slower movement of electrons in graphene would enable it to operate at lower frequencies making it a feasible option for a nano sized antenna. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Researchers from the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have discovered a unique way to create an atomic antenna. Two sheets of graphene can be connected by a silicon wire that is approximately 0.1 nanometer in diameter. This is approximately 100 times smaller than current metal based wires, which can only be reduced to 50 nanometers. This silicon wire however, is a plasmotic device, which would enable the formation <P> (Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath), Ireland, on October 25, 1996. Recipient of the 2003 Chicago Innovation Award. IIT Alumni Association award for Professional Achievement,1985 . Alumni Medal 1994, IIT Alumni Association. IIT Alumni Award for Lifetime Achievement Award (posthumous) 2010. Publications U.S. Patent 2,833,994, July 2, 1954 for High Frequency Long-Line Variably End-Loaded with Clarence P. Pipes.
U.S.Patent 2,912,573, November 10, 1959 for Receiver having frequency and amplitude modulation detecting.
U.S. Patent 3,087,117, April 23, 1963 for Portable Transmitter Apparatus with Selective.
U.S. Patent 2,975,274, March 14, 1961 for Frequency Modulation Radio Receiver.
U.S. Patent 3,126,514,October 13, 1961 for Noise Reducing <P> Graphene antenna A graphene antenna is a proposed high-frequency antenna based on graphene, a one atom thick two dimensional carbon crystal, that would enhance radio communications. The unique structure of graphene would enable these enhancements. Ultimately, the choice of graphene for the basis of this nano antenna was due to the behavior of electrons. This is currently being researched and graphene appears to be a feasible basis for antennas. Antenna It would be unfeasible to simply reduce traditional metallic antennas to nano sizes, because they would require tremendously high frequencies to operate. Consequently, it would require a lot of power <P> and amplified plasmons, to enable integration at the nanoscale with semiconductor chips for telecommunications. <P> AT&T.
Armstrong invented his receiver as a means of overcoming the deficiencies of early vacuum tube triodes used as high-frequency amplifiers in radio direction finding equipment. Unlike simple radio communication, which needs only to make transmitted signals audible, direction-finders measure the received signal strength, which necessitates linear amplification of the actual carrier wave.
In a triode radio-frequency (RF) amplifier, if both the plate (anode) and grid are connected to resonant circuits tuned to the same frequency, stray capacitive coupling between the grid and the plate will cause the amplifier to go into oscillation if the stage gain is much more than unity. <P> installed, the invention of the General Electric engineer, with an output power of 200 kilowatts and looking like an ordinary power station generator. Its frequency was around 17 kHz, which made its wavelength around 17,500 meters. <P> passes through small excitation anodes. A magnetically shunted transformer of a few hundred VA rating is commonly used to provide this supply.
This excitation or keep-alive circuit was absolutely necessary for single-phase rectifiers such as the excitron and for mercury-arc rectifiers used in the high-voltage supply of radiotelegraphy transmitters, as current flow was regularly interrupted every time the Morse key was released. Grid control Both glass and metal envelope rectifiers may have control grids inserted between the anode and cathode.
Installation of a control grid between the anode and the pool cathode allows control of the conduction of the valve, thereby giving <P> that uses conventional telecommunication glas fibers would be limited to a distance of a few kilometers. Generation Squeezed light is produced by means of nonlinear optics. The most successful method uses degenerate type I optical-parametric down-conversion (also called optical-parametric amplification) inside an optical resonator. To squeeze modulation states with respect to a carrier field at optical frequency , a bright pump field at twice the optical frequency is focussed into a nonlinear crystal that is placed between two or more mirrors forming an optical resonator. It is not necessary to inject light at frequency . (Such light, however, is required <P> beat frequency still retained its original modulation, but on a lower carrier frequency. To monitor a frequency of 1500 kHz for example, he could set up an oscillator at, for example, 1560 kHz, which would produce a heterodyne difference frequency of 60 kHz, a frequency that could then be more conveniently amplified by the triodes of the day. He termed this the "intermediate frequency" often abbreviated to "IF".
In December 1919, Major E. H. Armstrong gave publicity to an indirect method of obtaining short-wave amplification, called the super-heterodyne. The idea is to reduce the incoming frequency, which may be, say 1,500,000 cycles (200 meters), <P> the pumped laser. Later lasers, including all of the 355 nm lasers, were side-pumped. Small-diameter (<2 mm) Nd:YAG rods were pumped by powerful (>20 watt), large-aperture semiconductor lasers placed alongside the rods. Lightwave Electronics developed and patented a design enabling efficient side-pumping of a laser while maintaining diffraction-limited output. The end-pumped pumped products were limited in power to less than 1 watt, while side-pumped products have exceeded 20 watts.
Lightwave Electronics made extensive use of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program, established in 1982. Successor Companies Spin-off companies from Lightwave Electronics Corporation include Electro-Optics Technology, of Traverse City MI; <P> and owls, a more cumbersome and slower mode of communication, are used to send messages instead of simple phone calls. On the other hand, an owl can be sent to deliver a message without the sender needing to know the recipient's exact location or phone number.
However, a large number of technologically complex devices do exist, and most of these devices exist in the Muggle world. From a certain perspective, it can be seen that Magic and electricity are the equivalents of each other in their respective worlds, but electronic equipment doesn't work around magic-filled areas, such as Hogwarts, and <P> combination of transmitters and receivers, including the accessory equipment, necessary at one location for carrying on a radio communication service, or the radio astronomy service. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily». Antennas A microphone is used to capture the input of sound waves created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are then turned into electrical energy; this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the electric current move back and forth up the antenna, the current creates an invisible electromagnetic radiation in the form of <P> delivering as little as a few tens of milliwatts for a headphone amplifier, up to around a gigawatt in a high voltage direct current transmission line. History The first semiconductor device used in power circuits was the electrolytic rectifier - an early version was described by a French experimenter, A. Nodon, in 1904. These were briefly popular with early radio experimenters as they could be improvised from aluminum sheets, and household chemicals. They had low withstand voltages and limited efficiency.
The first solid-state power semiconductor devices were copper oxide rectifiers, used in early battery chargers and power supplies for <P> in most electronic devices, but tubes are still used in some high-power transmitters (see Valve RF amplifier). Although mechanically robust, transistors are electrically fragile – they are easilly damaged by excess voltage or current. Tubes are mechanically fragile, but electrically robust – they can handle remarkably high electrical overloads without appreciable damage. Applications The basic applications of the RF power amplifier include driving to another high power source, driving a transmitting antenna and exciting microwave cavity resonators. Among these applications, driving transmitter antennas is most well known. The transmitter–receivers are used not only for voice and data communication but also <P> and radio. <P> Antique radio Morse receivers The first radio receivers used a coherer and sounding board, and were only able to receive CW continuous wave (CW) transmissions, encoded with Morse code (wireless telegraphy). Later wireless telephony|transmission and reception of speech became possible, although Morse code transmission continued in use until the 1990s.
All the following sections concern speech-capable radio, or wireless telephony. Crystal sets These basic radios used no battery, had no amplification and could only operate high-impedance headphones. They would only receive very strong signals from a local station. They were popular among the less wealthy due to their low build <P> for weather sensing (in the form of a radar).
RF power amplifiers using LDMOS (laterally diffused MOSFET) are the most widely used power semiconductor devices in wireless telecommunication networks, particularly mobile networks. LDMOS-based RF power amplifiers are widely used in digital mobile networks such as 2G, 3G, and 4G. <P> at a current antinode, but not at standing wave nodes.
Ferrite beads are available for different frequency ranges and power capacity. Application Transformer sheath current filters are used in low-frequency signal lines, where a ground loop otherwise can not be prevented. They are galvanically isolated.
Capacitive coupling filters can be used to prevent hum loops in antennas and radio frequency cables. They also have a galvanic separation.
Ferrite sheath current filters are used for noise suppression, combating noise such as radio frequency interference. They have no electrical isolation and cannot prevent ground loops. <P> results of this model gets impractical at high frequencies. | question: Can you make electricity from radio waves? context: <P> electrons oscillate, they create an electromagnetic wave atop the graphene layer, referred to as the surface plasmon polariton wave. This would enable the antenna to operate at the lower end of the terahertz frequency, which would be more efficient than the current copper based antennas. Ultimately, researchers envision that graphene will be able to break through the limitations of current antennas. Properties It has been estimated that speeds of up to terabits per second can be achieved using such a device. Traditional antennas would require very high frequencies to operate at nano scales, making it an unfeasible option. However, the <P> unique slower movement of electrons in graphene would enable it to operate at lower frequencies making it a feasible option for a nano sized antenna. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Researchers from the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) have discovered a unique way to create an atomic antenna. Two sheets of graphene can be connected by a silicon wire that is approximately 0.1 nanometer in diameter. This is approximately 100 times smaller than current metal based wires, which can only be reduced to 50 nanometers. This silicon wire however, is a plasmotic device, which would enable the formation <P> (Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath), Ireland, on October 25, 1996. Recipient of the 2003 Chicago Innovation Award. IIT Alumni Association award for Professional Achievement,1985 . Alumni Medal 1994, IIT Alumni Association. IIT Alumni Award for Lifetime Achievement Award (posthumous) 2010. Publications U.S. Patent 2,833,994, July 2, 1954 for High Frequency Long-Line Variably End-Loaded with Clarence P. Pipes.
U.S.Patent 2,912,573, November 10, 1959 for Receiver having frequency and amplitude modulation detecting.
U.S. Patent 3,087,117, April 23, 1963 for Portable Transmitter Apparatus with Selective.
U.S. Patent 2,975,274, March 14, 1961 for Frequency Modulation Radio Receiver.
U.S. Patent 3,126,514,October 13, 1961 for Noise Reducing <P> Graphene antenna A graphene antenna is a proposed high-frequency antenna based on graphene, a one atom thick two dimensional carbon crystal, that would enhance radio communications. The unique structure of graphene would enable these enhancements. Ultimately, the choice of graphene for the basis of this nano antenna was due to the behavior of electrons. This is currently being researched and graphene appears to be a feasible basis for antennas. Antenna It would be unfeasible to simply reduce traditional metallic antennas to nano sizes, because they would require tremendously high frequencies to operate. Consequently, it would require a lot of power <P> and amplified plasmons, to enable integration at the nanoscale with semiconductor chips for telecommunications. <P> AT&T.
Armstrong invented his receiver as a means of overcoming the deficiencies of early vacuum tube triodes used as high-frequency amplifiers in radio direction finding equipment. Unlike simple radio communication, which needs only to make transmitted signals audible, direction-finders measure the received signal strength, which necessitates linear amplification of the actual carrier wave.
In a triode radio-frequency (RF) amplifier, if both the plate (anode) and grid are connected to resonant circuits tuned to the same frequency, stray capacitive coupling between the grid and the plate will cause the amplifier to go into oscillation if the stage gain is much more than unity. <P> installed, the invention of the General Electric engineer, with an output power of 200 kilowatts and looking like an ordinary power station generator. Its frequency was around 17 kHz, which made its wavelength around 17,500 meters. <P> passes through small excitation anodes. A magnetically shunted transformer of a few hundred VA rating is commonly used to provide this supply.
This excitation or keep-alive circuit was absolutely necessary for single-phase rectifiers such as the excitron and for mercury-arc rectifiers used in the high-voltage supply of radiotelegraphy transmitters, as current flow was regularly interrupted every time the Morse key was released. Grid control Both glass and metal envelope rectifiers may have control grids inserted between the anode and cathode.
Installation of a control grid between the anode and the pool cathode allows control of the conduction of the valve, thereby giving <P> that uses conventional telecommunication glas fibers would be limited to a distance of a few kilometers. Generation Squeezed light is produced by means of nonlinear optics. The most successful method uses degenerate type I optical-parametric down-conversion (also called optical-parametric amplification) inside an optical resonator. To squeeze modulation states with respect to a carrier field at optical frequency , a bright pump field at twice the optical frequency is focussed into a nonlinear crystal that is placed between two or more mirrors forming an optical resonator. It is not necessary to inject light at frequency . (Such light, however, is required <P> beat frequency still retained its original modulation, but on a lower carrier frequency. To monitor a frequency of 1500 kHz for example, he could set up an oscillator at, for example, 1560 kHz, which would produce a heterodyne difference frequency of 60 kHz, a frequency that could then be more conveniently amplified by the triodes of the day. He termed this the "intermediate frequency" often abbreviated to "IF".
In December 1919, Major E. H. Armstrong gave publicity to an indirect method of obtaining short-wave amplification, called the super-heterodyne. The idea is to reduce the incoming frequency, which may be, say 1,500,000 cycles (200 meters), <P> the pumped laser. Later lasers, including all of the 355 nm lasers, were side-pumped. Small-diameter (<2 mm) Nd:YAG rods were pumped by powerful (>20 watt), large-aperture semiconductor lasers placed alongside the rods. Lightwave Electronics developed and patented a design enabling efficient side-pumping of a laser while maintaining diffraction-limited output. The end-pumped pumped products were limited in power to less than 1 watt, while side-pumped products have exceeded 20 watts.
Lightwave Electronics made extensive use of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program, established in 1982. Successor Companies Spin-off companies from Lightwave Electronics Corporation include Electro-Optics Technology, of Traverse City MI; <P> and owls, a more cumbersome and slower mode of communication, are used to send messages instead of simple phone calls. On the other hand, an owl can be sent to deliver a message without the sender needing to know the recipient's exact location or phone number.
However, a large number of technologically complex devices do exist, and most of these devices exist in the Muggle world. From a certain perspective, it can be seen that Magic and electricity are the equivalents of each other in their respective worlds, but electronic equipment doesn't work around magic-filled areas, such as Hogwarts, and <P> combination of transmitters and receivers, including the accessory equipment, necessary at one location for carrying on a radio communication service, or the radio astronomy service. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily». Antennas A microphone is used to capture the input of sound waves created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are then turned into electrical energy; this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the electric current move back and forth up the antenna, the current creates an invisible electromagnetic radiation in the form of <P> delivering as little as a few tens of milliwatts for a headphone amplifier, up to around a gigawatt in a high voltage direct current transmission line. History The first semiconductor device used in power circuits was the electrolytic rectifier - an early version was described by a French experimenter, A. Nodon, in 1904. These were briefly popular with early radio experimenters as they could be improvised from aluminum sheets, and household chemicals. They had low withstand voltages and limited efficiency.
The first solid-state power semiconductor devices were copper oxide rectifiers, used in early battery chargers and power supplies for <P> in most electronic devices, but tubes are still used in some high-power transmitters (see Valve RF amplifier). Although mechanically robust, transistors are electrically fragile – they are easilly damaged by excess voltage or current. Tubes are mechanically fragile, but electrically robust – they can handle remarkably high electrical overloads without appreciable damage. Applications The basic applications of the RF power amplifier include driving to another high power source, driving a transmitting antenna and exciting microwave cavity resonators. Among these applications, driving transmitter antennas is most well known. The transmitter–receivers are used not only for voice and data communication but also <P> and radio. <P> Antique radio Morse receivers The first radio receivers used a coherer and sounding board, and were only able to receive CW continuous wave (CW) transmissions, encoded with Morse code (wireless telegraphy). Later wireless telephony|transmission and reception of speech became possible, although Morse code transmission continued in use until the 1990s.
All the following sections concern speech-capable radio, or wireless telephony. Crystal sets These basic radios used no battery, had no amplification and could only operate high-impedance headphones. They would only receive very strong signals from a local station. They were popular among the less wealthy due to their low build <P> for weather sensing (in the form of a radar).
RF power amplifiers using LDMOS (laterally diffused MOSFET) are the most widely used power semiconductor devices in wireless telecommunication networks, particularly mobile networks. LDMOS-based RF power amplifiers are widely used in digital mobile networks such as 2G, 3G, and 4G. <P> at a current antinode, but not at standing wave nodes.
Ferrite beads are available for different frequency ranges and power capacity. Application Transformer sheath current filters are used in low-frequency signal lines, where a ground loop otherwise can not be prevented. They are galvanically isolated.
Capacitive coupling filters can be used to prevent hum loops in antennas and radio frequency cables. They also have a galvanic separation.
Ferrite sheath current filters are used for noise suppression, combating noise such as radio frequency interference. They have no electrical isolation and cannot prevent ground loops. <P> results of this model gets impractical at high frequencies. | answer: Antennas are devices that turn radio waves into electrical power (or vice versa). It is possible to harvest energy from ambient electromagnetic radiation, but the amount of power you get is fairly low, usually on the order of a few milliwatts, which can be used to power small electrical devices. |
194,139 | bow2vj | mirrors | This is a fun question because a proper answer requires a dive into quantum mechanics! But the ELI5 is that when light hits the mirror, it causes the atoms to wiggle around at nearly the same frequency of the light wave and to emit secondary waves at an angle. That energy has to go somewhere, right? Some of this energy is lost to heat so the frequencies of the secondary waves aren't exact, but for good mirrors they are close. | [
"This is a fun question because a proper answer requires a dive into quantum mechanics! But the ELI5 is that when light hits the mirror, it causes the atoms to wiggle around at nearly the same frequency of the light wave and to emit secondary waves at an angle. That energy has to go somewhere, right? Some of this e... | 2 | [
"This is a fun question because a proper answer requires a dive into quantum mechanics! But the ELI5 is that when light hits the mirror, it causes the atoms to wiggle around at nearly the same frequency of the light wave and to emit secondary waves at an angle. That energy has to go somewhere, right? Some of this e... | 1 | <P> reflects all light which arrives from a given direction at the same angle, whereas diffuse reflection reflects that light in a broad range of directions. An example of the distinction between specular and diffuse reflection would be glossy and matte paints. Matte paints have almost exclusively diffuse reflection, while glossy paints have both specular and diffuse reflection. A surface built from a non-absorbing powder, such as plaster, can be a nearly perfect diffuser, whereas polished metallic objects can specularly reflect light very efficiently. The reflecting material of mirrors is usually aluminum or silver. Law of reflection The law of <P> reflection describes the angle of reflected light: the angle of incident light is the same as the angle of the reflected light.
The law of reflection arises from diffraction of a plane wave with small wavelength on a flat boundary: when the boundary size is much larger than the wavelength, then electrons of the boundary are seen oscillating exactly in phase only from one direction – the specular direction. If a mirror becomes very small compared to the wavelength, the law of reflection no longer holds, and the behavior of light is more complicated. Reflectivity Reflectivity is the ratio of the <P> plane is on either zero, one or two tangent lines of a conic. A point on just one tangent line is on the conic. A point on no tangent line is said to be an interior point (or inner point) of the conic, while a point on two tangent lines is an exterior point (or outer point).
All the conic sections share a reflection property that can be stated as: All mirrors in the shape of a non-degenerate conic section reflect light coming from or going toward one focus toward or away from the other focus. In the case of the <P> Specular reflection Background When light hits a surface, there are three possible outcomes. Light may be absorbed by the material, light may be transmitted through the surface, or light may be reflected. Materials often show some mix of these behaviors, with the proportion of light that goes to each depending on the properties of the material, the wavelength of the light, and the angle of incidence. For most interfaces between materials, the fraction of the light that is reflected increases with increasing angle of incidence .
Reflected light can be divided into two sub-types, specular reflection and diffuse reflection. Specular reflection <P> of glass surface composition. <P> Hall and can be seen on demand. <P> next. Real space and virtual reflection penetrate each other, the boundaries between artwork and observer become fluid.
The occupation with the intangible physics of light, which – although a guarantee of visibility – is itself slightly overlooked, persists in the works of Brigitte Kowanz to this day. <P> Twisted Mirror" or "The Mirror" by the characters. <P> when the sunlight is diffuse. Optical elements Mirrors are typically parabolic or elliptical mirrors. Lenses are frequently made in multiple sections, like a Fresnel lens. Light guides include light pipes and anidolic ceilings. Lens systems Lens systems use reflection and refraction within optical prisms to redirect daylight. Some forms of prims lighting have been used for centuries, and others are 21st-century.
Deck prisms were set into the upper decks of ships to light the decks below. Pavement lights were set into floors or sidewalks to let light into a basement below. The underside was frequently extended into prisms to direct and <P> and art glass.” <P> light depends on the symmetry of the arrangement of the incident probing light with respect to the absorbing transitions dipole moments in the material.
Measurement of specular reflection is performed with normal or varying incidence reflection spectrophotometers (reflectometer) using a scanning variable-wavelength light source. Lower quality measurements using a glossmeter quantify the glossy appearance of a surface in gloss units. Examples A classic example of specular reflection is a mirror, which is specifically designed for specular reflection.
In addition to visible light, specular reflection can be observed in the ionospheric reflection of radiowaves and the reflection of radio- or microwave radar signals <P> wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light <P> Hall. <P> by the naked eye for the first time). Common sold it to Crossley who had it until 1895.
The 36-inch A.A.Common mirror was made by George Calver for Common's, which he ordered after he wanted one bigger than the 18-inch reflecting telescope, which also had a mirror from Calver.
Observations by James Keeler helped establish large reflecting telescopes with metal coated-glass mirrors as astronomically useful, as opposed to earlier cast speculum metal mirrors. Great refractors were still in vogue, but the Crossley reflector foreshadowed the success of large reflectors in the 1900s. Other large reflectors followed such as the Harvard 60-inch Reflector <P> these structures incorporated in a thin sheet or in paint. In the case of paint containing glass beads, the paint adheres the beads to the surface where retroreflection is required and the beads protrude, their diameter being about twice the thickness of the paint. Phase-conjugate mirror A third, much less common way of producing a retroreflector is to use the nonlinear optical phenomenon of phase conjugation. This technique is used in advanced optical systems such as high-power lasers and optical transmission lines. Phase-conjugate mirrors require a comparatively expensive and complex apparatus, as well as large quantities of power (as nonlinear <P> Skirting the Edge Album cover description The front cover of the CD features a wall table and wooden chair beside a hanging mirror. In the mirror it is possible to see a pair of patio doors, very similar to those on the cover of the Austin Sunday album (2006), suggesting that these photographs may be of the same room. <P> portion of the woman's breasts are seen. The woman raised his right arm covers parts of the mirror image so viewers can not see the bottom part of the face. In the mirror image is also seen that women do not consider themselves in the mirror, but the gaze directed downward to the left; there is no eye contact with the viewer.
The wall where the mirror hangs is plain, however, with some text. In the left of the picture is an oblique shadow on the wall and down the left wall. On the bottom right is a panel at the <P> recent work, Objects in the Mirror, was released in 2018. <P> brighter as its RI value increases.
The RI value of the reflector is a function of the color, size, and condition of the reflector. Clear or white reflectors are the most efficient, and appear brighter than other colors. The surface area of the reflector is proportional to the RI value, which increases as the reflective surface increases.
The RI value is also a function of the spatial geometry between the observer, light source, and reflector. Figures 1 and 2 show the observation angle and entrance angle between the automobile's headlights, bicycle, and driver. The observation angle is the angle formed by the <P> be a volume, a mysterious parallelepiped that changes under the light of day and night whose interior can only be guessed at. At night the volume will come alive with images, colors, and lights expressing the life going on inside".
"The interior is a world in itself, complex and diversified. An interior street lined with shops follows the path of the urban canal; a restaurant and bar spill into it. The restaurant is dominated by a covered square, a large empty volume beneath the wooden "scales" cladding the concert hall above. It is a world of contrasts and surprises, a | question: mirrors context: <P> reflects all light which arrives from a given direction at the same angle, whereas diffuse reflection reflects that light in a broad range of directions. An example of the distinction between specular and diffuse reflection would be glossy and matte paints. Matte paints have almost exclusively diffuse reflection, while glossy paints have both specular and diffuse reflection. A surface built from a non-absorbing powder, such as plaster, can be a nearly perfect diffuser, whereas polished metallic objects can specularly reflect light very efficiently. The reflecting material of mirrors is usually aluminum or silver. Law of reflection The law of <P> reflection describes the angle of reflected light: the angle of incident light is the same as the angle of the reflected light.
The law of reflection arises from diffraction of a plane wave with small wavelength on a flat boundary: when the boundary size is much larger than the wavelength, then electrons of the boundary are seen oscillating exactly in phase only from one direction – the specular direction. If a mirror becomes very small compared to the wavelength, the law of reflection no longer holds, and the behavior of light is more complicated. Reflectivity Reflectivity is the ratio of the <P> plane is on either zero, one or two tangent lines of a conic. A point on just one tangent line is on the conic. A point on no tangent line is said to be an interior point (or inner point) of the conic, while a point on two tangent lines is an exterior point (or outer point).
All the conic sections share a reflection property that can be stated as: All mirrors in the shape of a non-degenerate conic section reflect light coming from or going toward one focus toward or away from the other focus. In the case of the <P> Specular reflection Background When light hits a surface, there are three possible outcomes. Light may be absorbed by the material, light may be transmitted through the surface, or light may be reflected. Materials often show some mix of these behaviors, with the proportion of light that goes to each depending on the properties of the material, the wavelength of the light, and the angle of incidence. For most interfaces between materials, the fraction of the light that is reflected increases with increasing angle of incidence .
Reflected light can be divided into two sub-types, specular reflection and diffuse reflection. Specular reflection <P> of glass surface composition. <P> Hall and can be seen on demand. <P> next. Real space and virtual reflection penetrate each other, the boundaries between artwork and observer become fluid.
The occupation with the intangible physics of light, which – although a guarantee of visibility – is itself slightly overlooked, persists in the works of Brigitte Kowanz to this day. <P> Twisted Mirror" or "The Mirror" by the characters. <P> when the sunlight is diffuse. Optical elements Mirrors are typically parabolic or elliptical mirrors. Lenses are frequently made in multiple sections, like a Fresnel lens. Light guides include light pipes and anidolic ceilings. Lens systems Lens systems use reflection and refraction within optical prisms to redirect daylight. Some forms of prims lighting have been used for centuries, and others are 21st-century.
Deck prisms were set into the upper decks of ships to light the decks below. Pavement lights were set into floors or sidewalks to let light into a basement below. The underside was frequently extended into prisms to direct and <P> and art glass.” <P> light depends on the symmetry of the arrangement of the incident probing light with respect to the absorbing transitions dipole moments in the material.
Measurement of specular reflection is performed with normal or varying incidence reflection spectrophotometers (reflectometer) using a scanning variable-wavelength light source. Lower quality measurements using a glossmeter quantify the glossy appearance of a surface in gloss units. Examples A classic example of specular reflection is a mirror, which is specifically designed for specular reflection.
In addition to visible light, specular reflection can be observed in the ionospheric reflection of radiowaves and the reflection of radio- or microwave radar signals <P> wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light <P> Hall. <P> by the naked eye for the first time). Common sold it to Crossley who had it until 1895.
The 36-inch A.A.Common mirror was made by George Calver for Common's, which he ordered after he wanted one bigger than the 18-inch reflecting telescope, which also had a mirror from Calver.
Observations by James Keeler helped establish large reflecting telescopes with metal coated-glass mirrors as astronomically useful, as opposed to earlier cast speculum metal mirrors. Great refractors were still in vogue, but the Crossley reflector foreshadowed the success of large reflectors in the 1900s. Other large reflectors followed such as the Harvard 60-inch Reflector <P> these structures incorporated in a thin sheet or in paint. In the case of paint containing glass beads, the paint adheres the beads to the surface where retroreflection is required and the beads protrude, their diameter being about twice the thickness of the paint. Phase-conjugate mirror A third, much less common way of producing a retroreflector is to use the nonlinear optical phenomenon of phase conjugation. This technique is used in advanced optical systems such as high-power lasers and optical transmission lines. Phase-conjugate mirrors require a comparatively expensive and complex apparatus, as well as large quantities of power (as nonlinear <P> Skirting the Edge Album cover description The front cover of the CD features a wall table and wooden chair beside a hanging mirror. In the mirror it is possible to see a pair of patio doors, very similar to those on the cover of the Austin Sunday album (2006), suggesting that these photographs may be of the same room. <P> portion of the woman's breasts are seen. The woman raised his right arm covers parts of the mirror image so viewers can not see the bottom part of the face. In the mirror image is also seen that women do not consider themselves in the mirror, but the gaze directed downward to the left; there is no eye contact with the viewer.
The wall where the mirror hangs is plain, however, with some text. In the left of the picture is an oblique shadow on the wall and down the left wall. On the bottom right is a panel at the <P> recent work, Objects in the Mirror, was released in 2018. <P> brighter as its RI value increases.
The RI value of the reflector is a function of the color, size, and condition of the reflector. Clear or white reflectors are the most efficient, and appear brighter than other colors. The surface area of the reflector is proportional to the RI value, which increases as the reflective surface increases.
The RI value is also a function of the spatial geometry between the observer, light source, and reflector. Figures 1 and 2 show the observation angle and entrance angle between the automobile's headlights, bicycle, and driver. The observation angle is the angle formed by the <P> be a volume, a mysterious parallelepiped that changes under the light of day and night whose interior can only be guessed at. At night the volume will come alive with images, colors, and lights expressing the life going on inside".
"The interior is a world in itself, complex and diversified. An interior street lined with shops follows the path of the urban canal; a restaurant and bar spill into it. The restaurant is dominated by a covered square, a large empty volume beneath the wooden "scales" cladding the concert hall above. It is a world of contrasts and surprises, a | answer: This is a fun question because a proper answer requires a dive into quantum mechanics! But the ELI5 is that when light hits the mirror, it causes the atoms to wiggle around at nearly the same frequency of the light wave and to emit secondary waves at an angle. That energy has to go somewhere, right? Some of this energy is lost to heat so the frequencies of the secondary waves aren't exact, but for good mirrors they are close. |
223,667 | ao8d23 | physiologically how do some scents cause certain animals to panic in fear even if they are naive to the origin of the scent? | Not about smells but there's a cool paper on how water fleas develop protective helmets and longer tail spines in response to a chemical from a fish predator. Even if they've never met the fish before they will develop these traits. This means that the response was inherited from their parents because they realise that the chemical means "crap there's a fish better armour up so it doesn't eat me" and that message was passed through their DNA.They also found that if the populations weren't exposed to the fish predators for many generations then they respond slower. So the link between the chemical and the need to protect themselves gets weaker over time if they haven't seen the fish in a while.Here's a blog about the paper, probably explains it better than me: _URL_0_ | [
"Not about smells but there's a cool paper on how water fleas develop protective helmets and longer tail spines in response to a chemical from a fish predator. \n\nEven if they've never met the fish before they will develop these traits. This means that the response was inherited from their parents because they rea... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> Muscles located next to the scent glands allow them to spray with a high degree of accuracy, as far as 3 m (10 ft). The spray can also cause irritation and even temporary blindness, and is sufficiently powerful to be detected by a human nose up to 5.6 km (3.5 miles) downwind. Their chemical defense is effective, as illustrated by this extract from Charles Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle:
We saw also a couple of Zorrillos, or skunks—odious animals, which are far from uncommon. In general appearance, the Zorrillo resembles a polecat, but it is rather larger and much thicker in proportion. Conscious <P> plant origin repellents, operate through the first and the second mechanisms. The third type of repellent contains ingredients of animal origin, such animals' enemies urine (such as coyotes or foxes), dried blood and hair, inducing pest animals' panic, to make them flee, as confirmed by University of Massachusetts Amherst specialists.
Other types of non-chemical repellents are sometimes used. A simple electrified or barbed wire fence can mechanically repel livestock or predator animals. Some electrical repellent systems have been tested against sharks. High-frequency whistles have been used on vehicles to drive deer away from highways, and similar devices have <P> Animal repellent Animal repellents are products designed to keep certain animals away from objects, areas, people, plants, or other animals. Overview Repellents generally work by taking advantage of an animal's natural aversion to something, and often the thing chosen is something that the animal has learned to avoid (or instinctively avoids) in its natural environment.
For example, some animals will avoid anything that has the odor of the urine of predators. Tiger urine is thus very effective at keeping away animals. Coyote urine has gained currency as a deer repellent. Fox urine is used to repel rabbits, groundhogs, woodchucks, squirrels <P> Grueneberg ganglion The Grueneberg ganglion (GG), also written as Grüneberg ganglion is an olfactory subsystem located at the entrance of the nasal cavity of rodents. It was first described by Hans Grüneberg in 1973.
It is mainly implicated in the detection of volatile compounds signaling danger as the alarm pheromones emitted by stressed conspecifics, but also by several categories of kairomones emitted by the urine of predatory carnivores. The detection of these compounds by the Grueneberg ganglion induces fear-behaviors in the receiver.
The Grueneberg ganglion is also activated by cold temperatures. <P> potentials and show a much quicker adaptation rate. Activating neurons that have V1 receptors, V1Rs, cause field potentials that have weak, fluctuating responses that are seen the anterior of the accessory olfactory bulb, AOB. Activation of neurons that contain V2 receptors, V2Rs, however, promote distinct oscillations in the posterior of the AOB. Function In mammals, the sensory neurons of the vomeronasal organ detect non-volatile chemical cues, which requires direct physical contact with the source of odor. Notably, some scents act as chemical-communication signals (pheromones) from other individuals of the same species. Unlike the main olfactory bulb <P> to pull them away from the dogs if necessary.
In Baluchistan, captured hyenas sometimes had bridles placed in their mouths in order to prevent them from injuring the dogs. This was done in order to train the dogs into not fearing the animal.
It is known that a Dogue de Bordeaux bitch named Megre was pitted against hyenas in 1895, though the exact species was not identified. <P> predators; this is the most effective defense they use which creates a strong and unpleasant taste. These secretions have successfully protected the harvestmen against wandering spiders (Ctenidae), wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and Formica exsectoides ants. However, these chemical irritants are not able to prevent four species of harvestmen being preyed upon by the black scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis (Bothriuridae). These secretions contain multiple volatile compounds that vary among individuals and clades. Endangered status All troglobitic species (of all animal taxa) are considered to be at least threatened in Brazil. Four species of Opiliones are on the Brazilian national list of endangered species, <P> and smell similar to natural ones. <P> chance of mating. Female-Male Interactions Some field observations suggest that male Eulaema meriana collect these volatile fragrances to inform potential mates that they have “good genes”. <ales had the same sweeter mandibular gland odors but very different, rancid hind tibial odors.
When a female approaches a male, the male likely disperses collected odors towards the female – it is at this stage that the male would disperse a chemical blend specific to the E. meriana. Males that have lived longer and foraged widely, as evidenced by the chemicals it disperses, could show the female that they are better equipped with “better <P> crop that is palatable to that insect. Situationally Dependent Attractants / Repellents Insects use the same signal for many different uses depending on the situation this is called chemical parsimony. Situations that may change how an insect behaves in reaction to a scent are things like the concentration of the compound, the life stage of the insect, its mating status, other olfactory cues, the insects feeding state (hungry or full), the time of day, or even the insects body position. For example, Drosophila are very attracted to apple cider vinegar but in very high concentrations an additional olfactory receptor (that <P> that sends neuronal signals to the olfactory cortex, the VNO sends neuronal signals to the accessory olfactory bulb and then to the amygdala, BNST, and ultimately hypothalamus. Since the hypothalamus is a major neuroendocrine center (affecting aspects of reproductive physiology and behavior as well as other functions such as body temperature), this may explain how scents influence aggressive and mating behavior. For example, in many vertebrates, nerve signals from the brain pass sensory information to the hypothalamus about seasonal changes and the availability of a mate. In turn, the hypothalamus regulates the release of reproductive hormones required for breeding. Some <P> farrowing has indicated a decrease in savaging behavior. A study by Gonyou and Harris found that increasing light exposure in the farrowing rooms to 16–24 hours per day decreased piglet deaths due to savaging. A further environmental cause of savaging may be the shock mothers feel upon the arrival of the piglets. Piglet arrival can cause fear and alarm in gilts and sows as a new and unfamiliar stimulus has been presented. Some studies have found evidence of increased savaging rates in larger litter sizes as well. Genetic contribution It has been proposed that the degree of aggressive behaviour <P> be taught simple behaviors similar to Ivan Pavlov's dogs. This tortoise was called CORA. One of these included being hit meant food whilst whistling means food, and when conditioned such a whistle by itself means being hit. When he added another circuit tuned to a whistle of another pitch, this could become whistle means being hit, whistle means food, this would make the animal become "afraid" whenever food was presented. Walter remedied this behaviour by severing the two additional circuits, and the tortoise reverted to being a Machina speculatrix. The conditioned reflex behaviour was later placed into a static desktop <P> nuts in dry substrate, no odors are present and spatial memory is the most effective retrieval mechanism, suggesting that there is no inclusive fitness involved in the hoarding behavior. However, once placed in a wet environment, smell becomes an effective means to retrieve the food and decreases the individuals advantage over the other members of the group. Experiments to determine whether a squirrel would steal from others in the group revealed that no particular pattern exists and that the hidden food is recovered according to its availability. <P> and Hare (2003). For example, subordinate chimpanzees in one experiment avoided food that they knew the dominant chimpanzee could see, but sought food that the dominant chimpanzee could not see due to a physical barrier. In another experiment, subordinate chimpanzees made decisions about approaching food based on whether or not the dominant chimpanzee had seen the human researcher place the food behind the barrier. Chimpanzees were also found to react differently to humans who were unwilling versus unable to provide food (teasing the chimpanzee with food, or pretending to have an accident with it), thereby showing some ability to discriminate <P> general, they are not attracted to protein baits. Occasionally, however, Dolichovespula may feed on animal carcasses— such feeding has been observed on carcasses of a dog, pig, and snake. They are commonly seen to prey in higher trees (2–4 m). Defense In general, it has been observed that smaller colonies are less aggressive than larger ones. There are differing observations of the D. arenaria’s personality, one stating that they are quarrelsome and then other arguing that they are not. But this difference may lie in the fact that the first observation was observing the behavior when approaching a D. arenaria <P> the dog of Pluto. No sewer ever smelled so bad. I would not have believed it if I had not smelled it myself. Your heart almost fails you when you approach the animal; two have been killed in our court, and several days afterward there was such a dreadful odor throughout our house that we could not endure it. I believe the sin smelled by Saint Catherine de Sienne must have had the same vile odor.
In Southern United States dialect, the term polecat is sometimes used as a colloquial nickname for a skunk. Physical description Skunk species vary in size <P> invertebrate prey. Bufadienolides, defensive chemicals produced by toads, have been found in glands of natricine snakes used for defense. Mammals Some mammals can emit foul smelling liquids from anal glands, such as the pangolin and some members of families Mephitidae and Mustelidae including skunks, weasels, and polecats. Monotremes have venomous spurs used to avoid predation and slow lorises (Primates: Nycticebus) produce venom which appears to be effective at deterring both predators and parasites. It has also been demonstrated that physical contact with a slow loris (without being bitten) can cause a reaction in humans – acting as a contact poison. <P> the prey with the rare morphism match the background. Behavioural Basis of Apostatic Selection Most of the work done on the behavioural basis of apostatic selection was done by A.B Bond. It has been suggested that for frequency dependent predation, the amount of encounters with the prey aids to shape the predators prey detection.These ideas are based on the assumption that when the predator is learning foraging behaviour, they are going to obtain the common form more frequently. Since the predator is going to learn what is most frequently and commonly captured, the most common morph is what is identified <P> and chipmunks. Bobcat urine repels moles, mice, voles and other rodents. Wolf urine is used to repel moose. Used cat litter is also effective, but needs repeated application.
Chemical repellents mimic natural substances that repel or deter animals, or they are designed to be so irritating to a specific animal or type of animal that the targeted animal will avoid the protected object or area. Some chemical repellents combine both principles.
For example, the lawn fertilizer Milorganite is claimed to be an effective repellent due to its smell. Repellents fall into two main categories, odor and taste. Odor repellents work | question: physiologically how do some scents cause certain animals to panic in fear even if they are naive to the origin of the scent? context: <P> Muscles located next to the scent glands allow them to spray with a high degree of accuracy, as far as 3 m (10 ft). The spray can also cause irritation and even temporary blindness, and is sufficiently powerful to be detected by a human nose up to 5.6 km (3.5 miles) downwind. Their chemical defense is effective, as illustrated by this extract from Charles Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle:
We saw also a couple of Zorrillos, or skunks—odious animals, which are far from uncommon. In general appearance, the Zorrillo resembles a polecat, but it is rather larger and much thicker in proportion. Conscious <P> plant origin repellents, operate through the first and the second mechanisms. The third type of repellent contains ingredients of animal origin, such animals' enemies urine (such as coyotes or foxes), dried blood and hair, inducing pest animals' panic, to make them flee, as confirmed by University of Massachusetts Amherst specialists.
Other types of non-chemical repellents are sometimes used. A simple electrified or barbed wire fence can mechanically repel livestock or predator animals. Some electrical repellent systems have been tested against sharks. High-frequency whistles have been used on vehicles to drive deer away from highways, and similar devices have <P> Animal repellent Animal repellents are products designed to keep certain animals away from objects, areas, people, plants, or other animals. Overview Repellents generally work by taking advantage of an animal's natural aversion to something, and often the thing chosen is something that the animal has learned to avoid (or instinctively avoids) in its natural environment.
For example, some animals will avoid anything that has the odor of the urine of predators. Tiger urine is thus very effective at keeping away animals. Coyote urine has gained currency as a deer repellent. Fox urine is used to repel rabbits, groundhogs, woodchucks, squirrels <P> Grueneberg ganglion The Grueneberg ganglion (GG), also written as Grüneberg ganglion is an olfactory subsystem located at the entrance of the nasal cavity of rodents. It was first described by Hans Grüneberg in 1973.
It is mainly implicated in the detection of volatile compounds signaling danger as the alarm pheromones emitted by stressed conspecifics, but also by several categories of kairomones emitted by the urine of predatory carnivores. The detection of these compounds by the Grueneberg ganglion induces fear-behaviors in the receiver.
The Grueneberg ganglion is also activated by cold temperatures. <P> potentials and show a much quicker adaptation rate. Activating neurons that have V1 receptors, V1Rs, cause field potentials that have weak, fluctuating responses that are seen the anterior of the accessory olfactory bulb, AOB. Activation of neurons that contain V2 receptors, V2Rs, however, promote distinct oscillations in the posterior of the AOB. Function In mammals, the sensory neurons of the vomeronasal organ detect non-volatile chemical cues, which requires direct physical contact with the source of odor. Notably, some scents act as chemical-communication signals (pheromones) from other individuals of the same species. Unlike the main olfactory bulb <P> to pull them away from the dogs if necessary.
In Baluchistan, captured hyenas sometimes had bridles placed in their mouths in order to prevent them from injuring the dogs. This was done in order to train the dogs into not fearing the animal.
It is known that a Dogue de Bordeaux bitch named Megre was pitted against hyenas in 1895, though the exact species was not identified. <P> predators; this is the most effective defense they use which creates a strong and unpleasant taste. These secretions have successfully protected the harvestmen against wandering spiders (Ctenidae), wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and Formica exsectoides ants. However, these chemical irritants are not able to prevent four species of harvestmen being preyed upon by the black scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis (Bothriuridae). These secretions contain multiple volatile compounds that vary among individuals and clades. Endangered status All troglobitic species (of all animal taxa) are considered to be at least threatened in Brazil. Four species of Opiliones are on the Brazilian national list of endangered species, <P> and smell similar to natural ones. <P> chance of mating. Female-Male Interactions Some field observations suggest that male Eulaema meriana collect these volatile fragrances to inform potential mates that they have “good genes”. <ales had the same sweeter mandibular gland odors but very different, rancid hind tibial odors.
When a female approaches a male, the male likely disperses collected odors towards the female – it is at this stage that the male would disperse a chemical blend specific to the E. meriana. Males that have lived longer and foraged widely, as evidenced by the chemicals it disperses, could show the female that they are better equipped with “better <P> crop that is palatable to that insect. Situationally Dependent Attractants / Repellents Insects use the same signal for many different uses depending on the situation this is called chemical parsimony. Situations that may change how an insect behaves in reaction to a scent are things like the concentration of the compound, the life stage of the insect, its mating status, other olfactory cues, the insects feeding state (hungry or full), the time of day, or even the insects body position. For example, Drosophila are very attracted to apple cider vinegar but in very high concentrations an additional olfactory receptor (that <P> that sends neuronal signals to the olfactory cortex, the VNO sends neuronal signals to the accessory olfactory bulb and then to the amygdala, BNST, and ultimately hypothalamus. Since the hypothalamus is a major neuroendocrine center (affecting aspects of reproductive physiology and behavior as well as other functions such as body temperature), this may explain how scents influence aggressive and mating behavior. For example, in many vertebrates, nerve signals from the brain pass sensory information to the hypothalamus about seasonal changes and the availability of a mate. In turn, the hypothalamus regulates the release of reproductive hormones required for breeding. Some <P> farrowing has indicated a decrease in savaging behavior. A study by Gonyou and Harris found that increasing light exposure in the farrowing rooms to 16–24 hours per day decreased piglet deaths due to savaging. A further environmental cause of savaging may be the shock mothers feel upon the arrival of the piglets. Piglet arrival can cause fear and alarm in gilts and sows as a new and unfamiliar stimulus has been presented. Some studies have found evidence of increased savaging rates in larger litter sizes as well. Genetic contribution It has been proposed that the degree of aggressive behaviour <P> be taught simple behaviors similar to Ivan Pavlov's dogs. This tortoise was called CORA. One of these included being hit meant food whilst whistling means food, and when conditioned such a whistle by itself means being hit. When he added another circuit tuned to a whistle of another pitch, this could become whistle means being hit, whistle means food, this would make the animal become "afraid" whenever food was presented. Walter remedied this behaviour by severing the two additional circuits, and the tortoise reverted to being a Machina speculatrix. The conditioned reflex behaviour was later placed into a static desktop <P> nuts in dry substrate, no odors are present and spatial memory is the most effective retrieval mechanism, suggesting that there is no inclusive fitness involved in the hoarding behavior. However, once placed in a wet environment, smell becomes an effective means to retrieve the food and decreases the individuals advantage over the other members of the group. Experiments to determine whether a squirrel would steal from others in the group revealed that no particular pattern exists and that the hidden food is recovered according to its availability. <P> and Hare (2003). For example, subordinate chimpanzees in one experiment avoided food that they knew the dominant chimpanzee could see, but sought food that the dominant chimpanzee could not see due to a physical barrier. In another experiment, subordinate chimpanzees made decisions about approaching food based on whether or not the dominant chimpanzee had seen the human researcher place the food behind the barrier. Chimpanzees were also found to react differently to humans who were unwilling versus unable to provide food (teasing the chimpanzee with food, or pretending to have an accident with it), thereby showing some ability to discriminate <P> general, they are not attracted to protein baits. Occasionally, however, Dolichovespula may feed on animal carcasses— such feeding has been observed on carcasses of a dog, pig, and snake. They are commonly seen to prey in higher trees (2–4 m). Defense In general, it has been observed that smaller colonies are less aggressive than larger ones. There are differing observations of the D. arenaria’s personality, one stating that they are quarrelsome and then other arguing that they are not. But this difference may lie in the fact that the first observation was observing the behavior when approaching a D. arenaria <P> the dog of Pluto. No sewer ever smelled so bad. I would not have believed it if I had not smelled it myself. Your heart almost fails you when you approach the animal; two have been killed in our court, and several days afterward there was such a dreadful odor throughout our house that we could not endure it. I believe the sin smelled by Saint Catherine de Sienne must have had the same vile odor.
In Southern United States dialect, the term polecat is sometimes used as a colloquial nickname for a skunk. Physical description Skunk species vary in size <P> invertebrate prey. Bufadienolides, defensive chemicals produced by toads, have been found in glands of natricine snakes used for defense. Mammals Some mammals can emit foul smelling liquids from anal glands, such as the pangolin and some members of families Mephitidae and Mustelidae including skunks, weasels, and polecats. Monotremes have venomous spurs used to avoid predation and slow lorises (Primates: Nycticebus) produce venom which appears to be effective at deterring both predators and parasites. It has also been demonstrated that physical contact with a slow loris (without being bitten) can cause a reaction in humans – acting as a contact poison. <P> the prey with the rare morphism match the background. Behavioural Basis of Apostatic Selection Most of the work done on the behavioural basis of apostatic selection was done by A.B Bond. It has been suggested that for frequency dependent predation, the amount of encounters with the prey aids to shape the predators prey detection.These ideas are based on the assumption that when the predator is learning foraging behaviour, they are going to obtain the common form more frequently. Since the predator is going to learn what is most frequently and commonly captured, the most common morph is what is identified <P> and chipmunks. Bobcat urine repels moles, mice, voles and other rodents. Wolf urine is used to repel moose. Used cat litter is also effective, but needs repeated application.
Chemical repellents mimic natural substances that repel or deter animals, or they are designed to be so irritating to a specific animal or type of animal that the targeted animal will avoid the protected object or area. Some chemical repellents combine both principles.
For example, the lawn fertilizer Milorganite is claimed to be an effective repellent due to its smell. Repellents fall into two main categories, odor and taste. Odor repellents work | answer: Not about smells but there's a cool paper on how water fleas develop protective helmets and longer tail spines in response to a chemical from a fish predator. Even if they've never met the fish before they will develop these traits. This means that the response was inherited from their parents because they realise that the chemical means "crap there's a fish better armour up so it doesn't eat me" and that message was passed through their DNA.They also found that if the populations weren't exposed to the fish predators for many generations then they respond slower. So the link between the chemical and the need to protect themselves gets weaker over time if they haven't seen the fish in a while.Here's a blog about the paper, probably explains it better than me: _URL_0_ |
179,325 | 10butp | Do we have any idea what the infamous "bloop" was? | Not a peer reviewed paper, but there probably isn't one on the subject. I'm likely to to get hit hard for this, but [here's a link](_URL_1_) to a short (14:48) skeptical podcast on the subject.When approaching an unknown, we first have to establish that there's actually something requiring explanation. Should we determine (after carefully ruling out all the obvious sources of error) that the anomaly really does appear to be something real, then we can look at various possible explanations, in an attempt to eliminate those things we understand fairly well, insofar as that is possible. If none of those are able to adequately explain the anomaly, we don't (or at least shouldn't) reach for an unknown as an explanation; that would constitute an argument from ignorance. We are left with "I don't know what happened." This might be unsatisfying for a fan of mystery stories, but it is nonetheless a wiser and more intellectually honest course of action, if you're willing to look at this from a scientific perspective.[tl;dr] There's no particularly good reason to assume it was a gigantic unknown creature, or Cthulhu, or anything like that. It's an unknown, like [the WOW signal.](_URL_0_) That's about all we can say for sure.[a few edits for grammar and composition, and yes, I am indeed overly pedantic for doing so] | [
"Not a peer reviewed paper, but there probably isn't one on the subject. I'm likely to to get hit hard for this, but [here's a link](_URL_1_) to a short (14:48) skeptical podcast on the subject.\n\nWhen approaching an unknown, we first have to establish that there's actually something requiring explanation. Shoul... | 1 | [
"Not a peer reviewed paper, but there probably isn't one on the subject. I'm likely to to get hit hard for this, but [here's a link](_URL_1_) to a short (14:48) skeptical podcast on the subject.\n\nWhen approaching an unknown, we first have to establish that there's actually something requiring explanation. Shoul... | 1 | <P> before. Driving a 2001 Mitsubishi Challenger he took the Buntine Highway, which for much of his journey was a desert track across the outback of the Northern Territory.
The events leading to Megee being stranded are somewhat confused, and indeed, Megee's version of how events unfolded changed significantly over time. He first told his rescuers that his car had broken down, but then, The Washington Post reported, he claimed "that he had been drugged by hitchhikers and left for dead". Megee later elaborated on how this scenario unfolded, saying he had picked up a lone Aboriginal hitchhiker between the towns of <P> Bloody Disgusting listed the film as one of the "13 Scariest Mockumentaries Ever Made".
In 2015, Buzzfeed listed the film as one of "13 Australian Horror Movies That Will Scare The Shit Out Of You". Sequel In March 2012 it was announced that a sequel to The Tunnel is planned. The project is called The Tunnel: Dead-End and circles around a sibling who searches for her brother who got lost in the tunnels. <P> of his mouth with his car keys. Rescue and recovery Megee was eventually discovered about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Birrindudu Station, about 500 kilometres (310 mi) southwest of Katherine, Northern Territory. His rescuers were local station hands and their trainees, known as jackaroos. By now, Megee was starving, sunburnt, and suffering from malnutrition and exposure. Birrindudu Station manager, Mark Clifford, described Megee as "just a walking skeleton" when he was brought to the station, and said that the area he was found in was one of the "most isolated places in Australia".
On 5 April 2006 Megee was flown to the Royal <P> A6 disappearances The A6 disappearances (French: disparues de l'A6, literally the "[female] disappeared of the A6") is the name given to a number of mysterious disappearances or other crimes involving women and girls, occurring in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s along a 200-kilometer (120-mile) stretch of the A6 motorway around Mâcon, Chalon-sur-Saône and Montceau-les-Mines, France. The area has been informally referred to as the "triangle of fear" (French: triangle de la peur).
The crimes took place between 22 August 1984 and 2 April 2005. Although the police have solved some of the murders, they are unsure of whether the remaining unsolved <P> a wave pool that can accommodate 1,000 people. Kid Zone 10 fun kid slides Incidents at Waldameer Park Late evening, August 8, 1938, the Ravine Flyer failed to clear the hill following the bridge crossing Peninsula Drive. As the train continued to travel back and forth over Peninsula Drive, a woman became hysterical. Her brother then rose out of his seat in an attempt to calm her. He lost his balance, which resulted in the fall to his death in the middle of Peninsula Drive. The Ravine Flyer was shut down for further investigation which revealed no direct cause of <P> Monkey-man of Delhi The Monkey Man of New Delhi (Hindi: काला बन्दर, romanized: Kala Bandar) is a monster which was reported roaming Delhi in mid-2001. The entire incident has been described as an Indian example of mass hysteria. History In May 2001, reports began to circulate in the Indian capital New Delhi of a strange monkey-like creature that was appearing at night and attacking people. Eyewitness accounts were often inconsistent, but tended to describe the creature as about four feet (120 cm) tall, covered in thick black hair, with a metal helmet, metal claws, glowing red eyes and three buttons on its <P> who published the article. Later, when Lukyanenko admitted the hoax to Neverov, they tried to trace the origin of the article that had inspired the joke, and found that it itself was a joke by a local journalist. <P> scene by accident and was told by the hoaxers that they had seen many creatures just like it. They claimed that they had hit the dead one with their truck and the other creatures had left in their flying saucer, which is what caused the scorch marks.
The prank was played at the height of UFO hysteria in the United States. As a result, the Atlanta Police Department received constant phone calls after news of the story broke, with multiple residents adamant they had seen the flying saucer that the pranksters described. The situation was propelled further when a veterinarian agreed <P> series name Mayday, this is one of three Season 3 episodes labeled as Crash Scene Investigation spin-offs, examining marine or rail disasters. The dramatization was broadcast with the title "Unstoppable Train" in the United States. <P> Vehicular Lunatics Public response The movie was generally well received by motoring enthusiasts. A fan base grew as the production company posted follow-up videos for free download and produced two other DVDs from side projects associated with Jerry Reynolds of Usenet and Torquenstein infamy. However, public attention from law enforcement became unrelenting yet obvious for these people brazenly disrespecting traffic laws in such an in-your-face manner as the movie exhibits. Sections of the film include the famous Gumball quote, "It's Not a Race it's a Rally" uttered during a reckless high speed run between a Toyota Supra and Porsche GT2 <P> or six persons definitely died around the Murranji Waterhole and about 12 on the whole track, while trying to negotiate it.
The Birdsville Track is also a notorious stock route. The 520 km Birdsville Track was developed in the 1880s and runs across desert in some seasons, from Birdsville, Queensland to Marree just north of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. The remote track skirts the Simpson Desert and the Sturt Stony Desert and drovers relied on government provided artesian bores to water their stock along the route. On several occasions during the early years there were big losses of stock on <P> Pakistani media could be verified in its database of leaked cables. Thereafter several newspapers apologized. The fake cables were believed to have been planted by Inter-Services Intelligence. Slumdog Millionaire The Indo-British film Slumdog Millionaire was the subject of many controversies in terms of its title, its depiction of Indian slums and its language use. The film's title was consistently challenged for having the word "dog" in it. The protest took place in Patna where it was written on a signboard "I Am Not a Dog".
Activists stated that slum dwellers would continue to protest until the film's director deleted the word <P> "Complete Bastard" by telling tourists that all of London's tourist attractions were within walking distance of Ongar Tube. <P> the syndicated talk show Dr. Phil broadcast an episode about drunk-driving moms that focused heavily on Schuler and the crash. The next month, Oprah Winfrey devoted an episode of her show to the crash, interviewing Schuler's private investigator Tom Ruskin via Skype, with Winfrey responding incredulously to several of his claims.
The Law & Order episode "Doped," which first aired in November 2009, centers on a crash extremely similar to the Taconic Parkway incident. The fictionalized version features a woman who speeds down the West Side Highway in the wrong direction before crashing and killing herself, her daughter and her two <P> of the crash was the excessive speed of the train round a curve on a bridge across the ravine. The derailment happened at 13:40 between Arba and Awash. Demographics Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Awash has an estimated total population of 11,053, of whom 5,748 are men and 5,305 were women. According to the 1994 national census, the town had a population of 8,684. <P> prohibit its use. The line was not formally closed as this required written permission from the appropriate government minister. The track remained in place and the line was mothballed following this announcement. Expressions of interest in a rail link from industrial businesses in the Castlecliff area prompted KiwiRail to investigate the possibility of reopening the line and the line was subsequently upgraded and reopened in 2010. In October 2010 it was announced the line was to reopen, as the terminus of a new inland port for Port Taranaki, serving the Open Country diary factory in Castlecliff. The <P> that the animal was not from Earth. The United States Air Force was also called in to investigate. Hoax revealed The hoax was discovered hours after the event by Dr. Herman Jones and Emory University anatomy professor Dr. Marion Hines. They found that the anatomy of the creature was identical to that of a monkey and Hines is quoted as saying "If it came from Mars, they have monkeys on Mars."
Wilson, Payne and Watters eventually admitted to the hoax. Watters was made to pay a $40 fine "for obstructing a highway." Present day The Martian Monkey is now on display <P> a metal plaque baked inside, providing a map to a temple of Manco Capac in the Andes mountains. Unfortunately, Glomgold is eavesdropping.
Arriving at a village near Cuzco, Scrooge hires a plane to fly them to its location. The pilot of the plane turns out to be Glomgold, who relieves them of the plaque at gunpoint and then parachutes out. Scrooge tries to regain control of the plane and, in a comic episode, inadvertently rips out the belly of the plane while flying too low, dumping his nephews onto the valley floor, still in their seats. As the plane flies off, <P> as part of a conspiracy by a "black hand" or "despicable international bully" to harm Malaysian-owned airlines. Other online posters suggested that the user was either a Chinese intelligence official or a hacker who had come across secret information. Some skeptics suggested the user's posts or posting dates may have been retroactively changed to create the false impression of a successful prediction. Physically improbable theories The theory that MH370 may have been consumed by a black hole received considerable attention when Don Lemon asked, on CNN, whether it was "preposterous" that it could have happened. Lemon was criticised for this <P> film The Circus. Included in the DVD is footage from the film's Los Angeles premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in 1928. At one point, a woman is seen walking by, holding up an object to her ear. Clarke said that, on closer examination, she was talking into a thin, black device that had appeared to be a "phone". Clarke concluded that the woman was possibly a time traveller. The clip received millions of hits and was the subject of televised news stories.
Nicholas Jackson, associate editor for The Atlantic, says the most likely answer is that she was using a portable | question: Do we have any idea what the infamous "bloop" was? context: <P> before. Driving a 2001 Mitsubishi Challenger he took the Buntine Highway, which for much of his journey was a desert track across the outback of the Northern Territory.
The events leading to Megee being stranded are somewhat confused, and indeed, Megee's version of how events unfolded changed significantly over time. He first told his rescuers that his car had broken down, but then, The Washington Post reported, he claimed "that he had been drugged by hitchhikers and left for dead". Megee later elaborated on how this scenario unfolded, saying he had picked up a lone Aboriginal hitchhiker between the towns of <P> Bloody Disgusting listed the film as one of the "13 Scariest Mockumentaries Ever Made".
In 2015, Buzzfeed listed the film as one of "13 Australian Horror Movies That Will Scare The Shit Out Of You". Sequel In March 2012 it was announced that a sequel to The Tunnel is planned. The project is called The Tunnel: Dead-End and circles around a sibling who searches for her brother who got lost in the tunnels. <P> of his mouth with his car keys. Rescue and recovery Megee was eventually discovered about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Birrindudu Station, about 500 kilometres (310 mi) southwest of Katherine, Northern Territory. His rescuers were local station hands and their trainees, known as jackaroos. By now, Megee was starving, sunburnt, and suffering from malnutrition and exposure. Birrindudu Station manager, Mark Clifford, described Megee as "just a walking skeleton" when he was brought to the station, and said that the area he was found in was one of the "most isolated places in Australia".
On 5 April 2006 Megee was flown to the Royal <P> A6 disappearances The A6 disappearances (French: disparues de l'A6, literally the "[female] disappeared of the A6") is the name given to a number of mysterious disappearances or other crimes involving women and girls, occurring in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s along a 200-kilometer (120-mile) stretch of the A6 motorway around Mâcon, Chalon-sur-Saône and Montceau-les-Mines, France. The area has been informally referred to as the "triangle of fear" (French: triangle de la peur).
The crimes took place between 22 August 1984 and 2 April 2005. Although the police have solved some of the murders, they are unsure of whether the remaining unsolved <P> a wave pool that can accommodate 1,000 people. Kid Zone 10 fun kid slides Incidents at Waldameer Park Late evening, August 8, 1938, the Ravine Flyer failed to clear the hill following the bridge crossing Peninsula Drive. As the train continued to travel back and forth over Peninsula Drive, a woman became hysterical. Her brother then rose out of his seat in an attempt to calm her. He lost his balance, which resulted in the fall to his death in the middle of Peninsula Drive. The Ravine Flyer was shut down for further investigation which revealed no direct cause of <P> Monkey-man of Delhi The Monkey Man of New Delhi (Hindi: काला बन्दर, romanized: Kala Bandar) is a monster which was reported roaming Delhi in mid-2001. The entire incident has been described as an Indian example of mass hysteria. History In May 2001, reports began to circulate in the Indian capital New Delhi of a strange monkey-like creature that was appearing at night and attacking people. Eyewitness accounts were often inconsistent, but tended to describe the creature as about four feet (120 cm) tall, covered in thick black hair, with a metal helmet, metal claws, glowing red eyes and three buttons on its <P> who published the article. Later, when Lukyanenko admitted the hoax to Neverov, they tried to trace the origin of the article that had inspired the joke, and found that it itself was a joke by a local journalist. <P> scene by accident and was told by the hoaxers that they had seen many creatures just like it. They claimed that they had hit the dead one with their truck and the other creatures had left in their flying saucer, which is what caused the scorch marks.
The prank was played at the height of UFO hysteria in the United States. As a result, the Atlanta Police Department received constant phone calls after news of the story broke, with multiple residents adamant they had seen the flying saucer that the pranksters described. The situation was propelled further when a veterinarian agreed <P> series name Mayday, this is one of three Season 3 episodes labeled as Crash Scene Investigation spin-offs, examining marine or rail disasters. The dramatization was broadcast with the title "Unstoppable Train" in the United States. <P> Vehicular Lunatics Public response The movie was generally well received by motoring enthusiasts. A fan base grew as the production company posted follow-up videos for free download and produced two other DVDs from side projects associated with Jerry Reynolds of Usenet and Torquenstein infamy. However, public attention from law enforcement became unrelenting yet obvious for these people brazenly disrespecting traffic laws in such an in-your-face manner as the movie exhibits. Sections of the film include the famous Gumball quote, "It's Not a Race it's a Rally" uttered during a reckless high speed run between a Toyota Supra and Porsche GT2 <P> or six persons definitely died around the Murranji Waterhole and about 12 on the whole track, while trying to negotiate it.
The Birdsville Track is also a notorious stock route. The 520 km Birdsville Track was developed in the 1880s and runs across desert in some seasons, from Birdsville, Queensland to Marree just north of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. The remote track skirts the Simpson Desert and the Sturt Stony Desert and drovers relied on government provided artesian bores to water their stock along the route. On several occasions during the early years there were big losses of stock on <P> Pakistani media could be verified in its database of leaked cables. Thereafter several newspapers apologized. The fake cables were believed to have been planted by Inter-Services Intelligence. Slumdog Millionaire The Indo-British film Slumdog Millionaire was the subject of many controversies in terms of its title, its depiction of Indian slums and its language use. The film's title was consistently challenged for having the word "dog" in it. The protest took place in Patna where it was written on a signboard "I Am Not a Dog".
Activists stated that slum dwellers would continue to protest until the film's director deleted the word <P> "Complete Bastard" by telling tourists that all of London's tourist attractions were within walking distance of Ongar Tube. <P> the syndicated talk show Dr. Phil broadcast an episode about drunk-driving moms that focused heavily on Schuler and the crash. The next month, Oprah Winfrey devoted an episode of her show to the crash, interviewing Schuler's private investigator Tom Ruskin via Skype, with Winfrey responding incredulously to several of his claims.
The Law & Order episode "Doped," which first aired in November 2009, centers on a crash extremely similar to the Taconic Parkway incident. The fictionalized version features a woman who speeds down the West Side Highway in the wrong direction before crashing and killing herself, her daughter and her two <P> of the crash was the excessive speed of the train round a curve on a bridge across the ravine. The derailment happened at 13:40 between Arba and Awash. Demographics Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Awash has an estimated total population of 11,053, of whom 5,748 are men and 5,305 were women. According to the 1994 national census, the town had a population of 8,684. <P> prohibit its use. The line was not formally closed as this required written permission from the appropriate government minister. The track remained in place and the line was mothballed following this announcement. Expressions of interest in a rail link from industrial businesses in the Castlecliff area prompted KiwiRail to investigate the possibility of reopening the line and the line was subsequently upgraded and reopened in 2010. In October 2010 it was announced the line was to reopen, as the terminus of a new inland port for Port Taranaki, serving the Open Country diary factory in Castlecliff. The <P> that the animal was not from Earth. The United States Air Force was also called in to investigate. Hoax revealed The hoax was discovered hours after the event by Dr. Herman Jones and Emory University anatomy professor Dr. Marion Hines. They found that the anatomy of the creature was identical to that of a monkey and Hines is quoted as saying "If it came from Mars, they have monkeys on Mars."
Wilson, Payne and Watters eventually admitted to the hoax. Watters was made to pay a $40 fine "for obstructing a highway." Present day The Martian Monkey is now on display <P> a metal plaque baked inside, providing a map to a temple of Manco Capac in the Andes mountains. Unfortunately, Glomgold is eavesdropping.
Arriving at a village near Cuzco, Scrooge hires a plane to fly them to its location. The pilot of the plane turns out to be Glomgold, who relieves them of the plaque at gunpoint and then parachutes out. Scrooge tries to regain control of the plane and, in a comic episode, inadvertently rips out the belly of the plane while flying too low, dumping his nephews onto the valley floor, still in their seats. As the plane flies off, <P> as part of a conspiracy by a "black hand" or "despicable international bully" to harm Malaysian-owned airlines. Other online posters suggested that the user was either a Chinese intelligence official or a hacker who had come across secret information. Some skeptics suggested the user's posts or posting dates may have been retroactively changed to create the false impression of a successful prediction. Physically improbable theories The theory that MH370 may have been consumed by a black hole received considerable attention when Don Lemon asked, on CNN, whether it was "preposterous" that it could have happened. Lemon was criticised for this <P> film The Circus. Included in the DVD is footage from the film's Los Angeles premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in 1928. At one point, a woman is seen walking by, holding up an object to her ear. Clarke said that, on closer examination, she was talking into a thin, black device that had appeared to be a "phone". Clarke concluded that the woman was possibly a time traveller. The clip received millions of hits and was the subject of televised news stories.
Nicholas Jackson, associate editor for The Atlantic, says the most likely answer is that she was using a portable | answer: Not a peer reviewed paper, but there probably isn't one on the subject. I'm likely to to get hit hard for this, but [here's a link](_URL_1_) to a short (14:48) skeptical podcast on the subject.When approaching an unknown, we first have to establish that there's actually something requiring explanation. Should we determine (after carefully ruling out all the obvious sources of error) that the anomaly really does appear to be something real, then we can look at various possible explanations, in an attempt to eliminate those things we understand fairly well, insofar as that is possible. If none of those are able to adequately explain the anomaly, we don't (or at least shouldn't) reach for an unknown as an explanation; that would constitute an argument from ignorance. We are left with "I don't know what happened." This might be unsatisfying for a fan of mystery stories, but it is nonetheless a wiser and more intellectually honest course of action, if you're willing to look at this from a scientific perspective.[tl;dr] There's no particularly good reason to assume it was a gigantic unknown creature, or Cthulhu, or anything like that. It's an unknown, like [the WOW signal.](_URL_0_) That's about all we can say for sure.[a few edits for grammar and composition, and yes, I am indeed overly pedantic for doing so] |
59,081 | rfrn9 | If we were to be plucked from the earth and put on a planet that is 2x gravity could we walk/adapt? What is the maximum gravity we could stand? | Found it! Took some digging but I tracked down the last time this question was answered in depth. [Link](_URL_0_) > Those are just for short periods of time. I recently examined this subject, NASA did an experiment a couple years ago and it seems that even under just 1.25G most humans cannot handle more than a few hours, and if they try to stand up for extended periods they will pass out. This is because blood starts pooling towards your feet in more than normal gravity, and the longer you are in it the more risk. Also, the inner ear is not designed for more than 1G and incredible dizziness is common, although no one has been in hypergravity long enough to know if the inner ear eventually adjusts like it does in microgravity (space sickness). Another danger is bone compression, even just a short period in hypergravity can compress your spine a few centimeters. > Of course, humans can survive hypergravity fairly well in short bursts, but actually living in it would be impossible without improved technology or biology, unless someone knows some research I haven't seen yet. | [
"Conversely, if we grew up humans in a simulated hi-grav environment (say, space station), would they have 'super-human' strength if brought back to earth?",
"Found it! Took some digging but I tracked down the last time this question was answered in depth. [Link](_URL_0_)\n\n > Those are just for short periods of... | 17 | [
"Conversely, if we grew up humans in a simulated hi-grav environment (say, space station), would they have 'super-human' strength if brought back to earth?",
"Found it! Took some digging but I tracked down the last time this question was answered in depth. [Link](_URL_0_)\n\n > Those are just for short periods of... | 14 | <P> spacecraft rotation to produce a centrifugal force similar to gravity. This solution, while potentially effective, raises a number of operational, engineering, and physiological issues that will need to be addressed. The human physiological responses to long-duration exposure to anything other than zero-gravity or Earth's gravity are unknown. Research is needed to identify the minimum level, duration, and frequency of gravity level required to maintain normal CNS functions, as well as the importance of a gravity gradient across the body.
The complex functioning of the CNS, even in the 1-G environment of Earth, has not revealed all its secrets. The most basic <P> of processing three dimensions will be more developed after a long absence of a gravitational reference.
Further investigations carried out in space will perhaps reveal that other higher cortical functions are impaired in weightless conditions. The combination of virtual reality with the measurement of evoked potentials and brain mapping on board the International Space Station should provide exciting results on the adaptive mechanisms of cerebral functions in weightlessness. Neuroscience and space exploration From Voskhod to the International Space Station, spacecraft have improved in size and comfort and have allowed more and more people traveling into orbit. However, even with all <P> pressure, and gravity, i.e., all information necessary for postural stability. Adaptive modifications in the central processing of sensory information take place to produce motor responses that are appropriate for the new gravitational environment. As a result, terrestrial motor strategies are progressively abandoned in weightlessness, as astronauts adapt to the weightless environment. This is particularly true for the major postural muscles found in the lower legs. The modifications in posture, movement, and locomotion acquired in reduced gravity are then inappropriate for Earth's gravity upon return. After landing, postural instability approaching clinical ataxia is manifested as a result of this in-flight neural <P> of the human spaceflight experience gained over the past fifty years, no single completely effective countermeasure, or combination of countermeasures, exists against the negative effects of long-duration exposure to weightlessness. If a crew of astronauts were to embark on a six-month journey to Mars today, the countermeasures currently employed would presumably leave them less operational after landing.
Many believe that physiological adaptation to Mars gravity (0.38 G) and re-adaptation to Earth gravity (1 G) would be enhanced by frequent exposure to artificial gravity on board the spacecraft en route to and from Mars. This would require an on-board human-rated centrifuge or <P> times the diameter of Earth, and 1.5 times Earth's gravity. The side of the planet that constantly faces its companion world Chujo ("Moonside") is mostly land, the other hemisphere ("Starside") is mostly ocean. The mean surface temperature is +20 °C, slightly warmer than Earth. Although humans in good condition can physically accommodate to the high gravity, the sea level air pressure of 3.1 bars which results from this gravity (as per the barometric formula) requires artificial decompression for safe breathing. Only at 5,800 meters (an altitude found on this planet only in the form of a few small highlands that are <P> of skeletal pneumaticity is not definitively known, but there are several working hypotheses concerning the role of skeletal pneumaticity in an organism. Reduce body mass By invading the bones, the pneumatic diverticula would replace marrow with air, reducing the overall body mass. Reducing the body mass would make it easier for pterosaurs and birds to fly as there is less mass to keep aloft with the same amount of muscle powering the flight strokes. Pneumatizing the vertebral column of sauropods would reduce the weight of these organisms, and make it easier to support and move the massive neck. Alter skeletal <P> and worldwide epidemic. Stephen Hawking, renowned British theoretical physicist, said that "I don't think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. There are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet. But I'm an optimist. We will reach out to the stars." Arthur C. Clarke (1950) presented a summary of motivations for the human exploration of space in his non-fiction semi-technical monograph Interplanetary Flight. He argued that humanity's choice is essentially between expansion off Earth into space, versus cultural (and eventually biological) stagnation and death. Some analysts have even argued <P> of as sad a gravity;
A man for all seasons. <P> affiliation. Within the basket-resembling, for individual head circumference adjustable plastic holder of the helmet rests the earth, similar to a breakfast egg in an egg cup. On the Earth, apart from the northern part of the African continent, Europe and the Arctic, an industrial plant is perceivable as an independent continent, consisting of fractionating columns, spherical gas tanks, pipelines and a gas flare stack. It seems as though the observer would cast a future glance into the crystal ball of a clairvoyant, whereas this future reveals itself as a growing, globally expanding industrial world. The angle measurement of 359° preceding <P> the Encyclopedia of the Soviet Cinema (2001). According to critic I. Pavlova, Bogatyryov was impossible to classify. "A two-meter giant, he could easily play a bravest knight (or the chekist Yegor Shilov in At Home Among Strangers), then turn into an ecstatically maudlin idiot Manilov in Gogol's Dead Souls. One moment his body could be steel-and spring-like, and he'd sport unequalled strength and agility. The next it would turn all wadded and quilt-like, as if lacking spinal cord... Immensely gifted, he was a wealth of the artistic 'material' in its pure form: fantastically pliable, filling any shape or form, <P> Japanese Minoru Saitō who sailed round the world in 2005 aged 71.
On 3 October 2018, Socrates started on her latest attempt to circumnavigate the world singlehandedly.
On Saturday 7 September 2019, Socrates successfully completed her attempt to become the oldest person ever to solo circumnavigate non-stop. <P> body motion. Ambiguities and changes in how the gravitational input is processed can lead to potential errors in perception, which affects spatial orientation and mental representation. Dysfunctions of the vestibular system are common during and immediately after spaceflight, such as space motion sickness in orbit and balance disorders after return to Earth.
Adaptation to weightlessness involves not just the Sensory-motor coupling functions, but some autonomic nervous system functions as well. Sleep disorders and orthostatic intolerance are also common during and after spaceflight. There is no hydrostatic pressure in a weightless environment. As a result, the redistribution of body fluids toward the <P> space neuroscience questions must be answered to minimize risks and optimize crew performance during transit and planetary operations. The results of this research will certainly find other applications in medicine and biotechnology. Our ability to understand how Earth's gravitational environment has shaped the evolution of sensory and motor systems can give us a clearer understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of CNS functions. Knowledge of the effects of gravity on CNS functions in humans, as well as elucidation of the basic mechanisms by which these effects occur, will be of direct benefit to understanding the impact of, and providing countermeasures for, <P> three-dimensional objects is observed in-flight compared with pre-flight, suggesting an alteration in the mental representation of three-dimensional cues in weightlessness. Perception is a model of the brain, a hypothesis about the world that presupposes the Newton's laws of motion. These laws change in weightlessness and, therefore, one could expect changes in the mental representation of objects’ shape and distance during spaceflight. The rare investigations carried out in space so far have not demonstrated drastic changes, probably because the CNS continues to use an internal model of gravity, at least for a short while. It can be speculated that the way <P> At least some of the aliens think it would be just fine if the humans were rubbed out, or at least relocated to a safer (or less important) part of the planet.
One of the winged species appears to have evolved on the planet because fossils of these creatures have been found kilometers under the surface, wedged into the rocks of ice down there, and from the condition of the fossils, the wings were rudimentary. If this particular winged species actually did evolve on this planet, it would be a huge public relations victory elsewhere in the known universe, <P> the street during a carnival pageant in Louisiana; Costa Rican churchgoers; the city of Arequipa in southern Peru; Naomi, the dancer at 'The Silver Slippers' club in Cuba; tourists queueing in Moscow's Red Square to enter the Mausoleum of Vladimir Ilich Lenin; marimba making in Guatemala and traditional leather-tooled men's money bags in made in Colombia that were being adopted by American women; and water pots in Colombia.
A curious and enthusiastic amateur zoologist, in 1957 Severin precipitated the myth that cheetahs could reach 70 mph when he conducted a basic experiment using an upturned bicycle and some fishing line to pull along <P> in Gemini, Soyuz 9, Apollo, Skylab, Salyut 7, Mir, and the International Space Station. William E. Thornton, an astronaut and physician, was one of the biggest proponents of exercise as a way of preventing bone loss. Cause Bone remodels in response to stress in order to maintain constant strain energy per bone mass throughout. To do this, it grows more dense in areas experiencing high stress, while resorbing density in areas experiencing low stress. On Mars, where gravity is about one-third that of earth, the gravitational forces acting on astronauts' bodies would be much lower, causing bones <P> long-term exposure of humans to the weightlessness of spaceflight and the partial gravity of Moon and Mars bases. <P> reorganization.
Difficulties with standing, walking, turning corners, climbing stairs, and a slowing of gait are experienced as astronauts re-adapt to Earth's gravity, until terrestrial motor strategies are fully re-acquired. Adaptation to spaceflight also induces a significant increase in the time required to traverse an obstacle course on landing day, and recovery of functional mobility takes an average of two weeks. These difficulties can have adverse consequences for an astronauts’ ability to stand up or escape from the vehicle during emergencies and to function effectively immediately after leaving the spacecraft after flight. Thus it is important to understand the cause of these <P> Evgeny Arkhipov Personal life Arkhipov attended the Russian State University of Physical Education. | question: If we were to be plucked from the earth and put on a planet that is 2x gravity could we walk/adapt? What is the maximum gravity we could stand? context: <P> spacecraft rotation to produce a centrifugal force similar to gravity. This solution, while potentially effective, raises a number of operational, engineering, and physiological issues that will need to be addressed. The human physiological responses to long-duration exposure to anything other than zero-gravity or Earth's gravity are unknown. Research is needed to identify the minimum level, duration, and frequency of gravity level required to maintain normal CNS functions, as well as the importance of a gravity gradient across the body.
The complex functioning of the CNS, even in the 1-G environment of Earth, has not revealed all its secrets. The most basic <P> of processing three dimensions will be more developed after a long absence of a gravitational reference.
Further investigations carried out in space will perhaps reveal that other higher cortical functions are impaired in weightless conditions. The combination of virtual reality with the measurement of evoked potentials and brain mapping on board the International Space Station should provide exciting results on the adaptive mechanisms of cerebral functions in weightlessness. Neuroscience and space exploration From Voskhod to the International Space Station, spacecraft have improved in size and comfort and have allowed more and more people traveling into orbit. However, even with all <P> pressure, and gravity, i.e., all information necessary for postural stability. Adaptive modifications in the central processing of sensory information take place to produce motor responses that are appropriate for the new gravitational environment. As a result, terrestrial motor strategies are progressively abandoned in weightlessness, as astronauts adapt to the weightless environment. This is particularly true for the major postural muscles found in the lower legs. The modifications in posture, movement, and locomotion acquired in reduced gravity are then inappropriate for Earth's gravity upon return. After landing, postural instability approaching clinical ataxia is manifested as a result of this in-flight neural <P> of the human spaceflight experience gained over the past fifty years, no single completely effective countermeasure, or combination of countermeasures, exists against the negative effects of long-duration exposure to weightlessness. If a crew of astronauts were to embark on a six-month journey to Mars today, the countermeasures currently employed would presumably leave them less operational after landing.
Many believe that physiological adaptation to Mars gravity (0.38 G) and re-adaptation to Earth gravity (1 G) would be enhanced by frequent exposure to artificial gravity on board the spacecraft en route to and from Mars. This would require an on-board human-rated centrifuge or <P> times the diameter of Earth, and 1.5 times Earth's gravity. The side of the planet that constantly faces its companion world Chujo ("Moonside") is mostly land, the other hemisphere ("Starside") is mostly ocean. The mean surface temperature is +20 °C, slightly warmer than Earth. Although humans in good condition can physically accommodate to the high gravity, the sea level air pressure of 3.1 bars which results from this gravity (as per the barometric formula) requires artificial decompression for safe breathing. Only at 5,800 meters (an altitude found on this planet only in the form of a few small highlands that are <P> of skeletal pneumaticity is not definitively known, but there are several working hypotheses concerning the role of skeletal pneumaticity in an organism. Reduce body mass By invading the bones, the pneumatic diverticula would replace marrow with air, reducing the overall body mass. Reducing the body mass would make it easier for pterosaurs and birds to fly as there is less mass to keep aloft with the same amount of muscle powering the flight strokes. Pneumatizing the vertebral column of sauropods would reduce the weight of these organisms, and make it easier to support and move the massive neck. Alter skeletal <P> and worldwide epidemic. Stephen Hawking, renowned British theoretical physicist, said that "I don't think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. There are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet. But I'm an optimist. We will reach out to the stars." Arthur C. Clarke (1950) presented a summary of motivations for the human exploration of space in his non-fiction semi-technical monograph Interplanetary Flight. He argued that humanity's choice is essentially between expansion off Earth into space, versus cultural (and eventually biological) stagnation and death. Some analysts have even argued <P> of as sad a gravity;
A man for all seasons. <P> affiliation. Within the basket-resembling, for individual head circumference adjustable plastic holder of the helmet rests the earth, similar to a breakfast egg in an egg cup. On the Earth, apart from the northern part of the African continent, Europe and the Arctic, an industrial plant is perceivable as an independent continent, consisting of fractionating columns, spherical gas tanks, pipelines and a gas flare stack. It seems as though the observer would cast a future glance into the crystal ball of a clairvoyant, whereas this future reveals itself as a growing, globally expanding industrial world. The angle measurement of 359° preceding <P> the Encyclopedia of the Soviet Cinema (2001). According to critic I. Pavlova, Bogatyryov was impossible to classify. "A two-meter giant, he could easily play a bravest knight (or the chekist Yegor Shilov in At Home Among Strangers), then turn into an ecstatically maudlin idiot Manilov in Gogol's Dead Souls. One moment his body could be steel-and spring-like, and he'd sport unequalled strength and agility. The next it would turn all wadded and quilt-like, as if lacking spinal cord... Immensely gifted, he was a wealth of the artistic 'material' in its pure form: fantastically pliable, filling any shape or form, <P> Japanese Minoru Saitō who sailed round the world in 2005 aged 71.
On 3 October 2018, Socrates started on her latest attempt to circumnavigate the world singlehandedly.
On Saturday 7 September 2019, Socrates successfully completed her attempt to become the oldest person ever to solo circumnavigate non-stop. <P> body motion. Ambiguities and changes in how the gravitational input is processed can lead to potential errors in perception, which affects spatial orientation and mental representation. Dysfunctions of the vestibular system are common during and immediately after spaceflight, such as space motion sickness in orbit and balance disorders after return to Earth.
Adaptation to weightlessness involves not just the Sensory-motor coupling functions, but some autonomic nervous system functions as well. Sleep disorders and orthostatic intolerance are also common during and after spaceflight. There is no hydrostatic pressure in a weightless environment. As a result, the redistribution of body fluids toward the <P> space neuroscience questions must be answered to minimize risks and optimize crew performance during transit and planetary operations. The results of this research will certainly find other applications in medicine and biotechnology. Our ability to understand how Earth's gravitational environment has shaped the evolution of sensory and motor systems can give us a clearer understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of CNS functions. Knowledge of the effects of gravity on CNS functions in humans, as well as elucidation of the basic mechanisms by which these effects occur, will be of direct benefit to understanding the impact of, and providing countermeasures for, <P> three-dimensional objects is observed in-flight compared with pre-flight, suggesting an alteration in the mental representation of three-dimensional cues in weightlessness. Perception is a model of the brain, a hypothesis about the world that presupposes the Newton's laws of motion. These laws change in weightlessness and, therefore, one could expect changes in the mental representation of objects’ shape and distance during spaceflight. The rare investigations carried out in space so far have not demonstrated drastic changes, probably because the CNS continues to use an internal model of gravity, at least for a short while. It can be speculated that the way <P> At least some of the aliens think it would be just fine if the humans were rubbed out, or at least relocated to a safer (or less important) part of the planet.
One of the winged species appears to have evolved on the planet because fossils of these creatures have been found kilometers under the surface, wedged into the rocks of ice down there, and from the condition of the fossils, the wings were rudimentary. If this particular winged species actually did evolve on this planet, it would be a huge public relations victory elsewhere in the known universe, <P> the street during a carnival pageant in Louisiana; Costa Rican churchgoers; the city of Arequipa in southern Peru; Naomi, the dancer at 'The Silver Slippers' club in Cuba; tourists queueing in Moscow's Red Square to enter the Mausoleum of Vladimir Ilich Lenin; marimba making in Guatemala and traditional leather-tooled men's money bags in made in Colombia that were being adopted by American women; and water pots in Colombia.
A curious and enthusiastic amateur zoologist, in 1957 Severin precipitated the myth that cheetahs could reach 70 mph when he conducted a basic experiment using an upturned bicycle and some fishing line to pull along <P> in Gemini, Soyuz 9, Apollo, Skylab, Salyut 7, Mir, and the International Space Station. William E. Thornton, an astronaut and physician, was one of the biggest proponents of exercise as a way of preventing bone loss. Cause Bone remodels in response to stress in order to maintain constant strain energy per bone mass throughout. To do this, it grows more dense in areas experiencing high stress, while resorbing density in areas experiencing low stress. On Mars, where gravity is about one-third that of earth, the gravitational forces acting on astronauts' bodies would be much lower, causing bones <P> long-term exposure of humans to the weightlessness of spaceflight and the partial gravity of Moon and Mars bases. <P> reorganization.
Difficulties with standing, walking, turning corners, climbing stairs, and a slowing of gait are experienced as astronauts re-adapt to Earth's gravity, until terrestrial motor strategies are fully re-acquired. Adaptation to spaceflight also induces a significant increase in the time required to traverse an obstacle course on landing day, and recovery of functional mobility takes an average of two weeks. These difficulties can have adverse consequences for an astronauts’ ability to stand up or escape from the vehicle during emergencies and to function effectively immediately after leaving the spacecraft after flight. Thus it is important to understand the cause of these <P> Evgeny Arkhipov Personal life Arkhipov attended the Russian State University of Physical Education. | answer: Found it! Took some digging but I tracked down the last time this question was answered in depth. [Link](_URL_0_) > Those are just for short periods of time. I recently examined this subject, NASA did an experiment a couple years ago and it seems that even under just 1.25G most humans cannot handle more than a few hours, and if they try to stand up for extended periods they will pass out. This is because blood starts pooling towards your feet in more than normal gravity, and the longer you are in it the more risk. Also, the inner ear is not designed for more than 1G and incredible dizziness is common, although no one has been in hypergravity long enough to know if the inner ear eventually adjusts like it does in microgravity (space sickness). Another danger is bone compression, even just a short period in hypergravity can compress your spine a few centimeters. > Of course, humans can survive hypergravity fairly well in short bursts, but actually living in it would be impossible without improved technology or biology, unless someone knows some research I haven't seen yet. |
57,851 | 2wldp0 | what is superfish? | SuperFish is a piece of adware installed on some Lenovo computers.It is bad because they installed a digital certificate on the computer which browsers will trust.Then the adware intercept all web traffic, including HTTPs. When you visited an HTTPs site, the adware signed a certificate for the site using the installed trusted cert.Ie. instead of You < ---[encrypted]----- > Bankyou have You < --- [encrypted] --- > superfish < --- [encrypted] --- > bankwhere the link between you and superfish is encrypted with the superfish certificate.Your browser trusts the cert, so it doesn't tell you anything is wrong.The problem is that that the private key is embedded in the software, so anyone can make a certificate that any Lenovo computer will trust. Think the communication between you and your bank is secure? Anyone with the superfish key can be listening in. | [
"It's malware that hijacks secure HTTP connections and serves ads. It's also been compromised so that anyone, not just Lenovo, can hijack your HTTPS connections. It's a pretty severe problem, and if you own an affected machine, you ought to already have cleaned it, if not wiped your system and reinstalled.\n\n_URL_... | 2 | [
"SuperFish is a piece of adware installed on some Lenovo computers.\n\n\nIt is bad because they installed a digital certificate on the computer which browsers will trust.\n\nThen the adware intercept all web traffic, including HTTPs. When you visited an HTTPs site, the adware signed a certificate for the site u... | 1 | <P> world.
In February 2017, an open-source project to revive Habitat led by Randy Farmer (one of Habitat's creators) named NeoHabitat was announced to the public. The project is currently requesting volunteer contributors to aide in developing code, region design, documentation, and provide other assistance. Utilizing Quantumlink Reloaded, a new Habitat server was created which support the ability for an avatar to log in, manipulate objects, chat and navigate between sample regions. <P> It is legally represented by the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC), which assists the Kodi/XBMC project and its developers in legal matters such as intellectual property. It also assists with economic issues such as handling donations and sponsors that help the project with expenses for dedicated hosting service and activities such as going to developer conferences, trade fairs and computer expos to tech demo Kodi, meeting with potential new developers, and marketing the software.
Kodi's source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License, and is hosted through Git repositories. Use for illegal streaming Third-party add-ons allow users to stream <P> support." BamBrogan expected revenue-generating projects within three years, with a "classic infrastructure model". In July 2018, it announced that it had received $1 billion credit from Genertec America. Management The lead founder of Arrivo is Brogan BamBrogan, formerly founder and chief engineer at Hyperloop One and SpaceX. <P> a similar Squeak-based programming environment known as Scratch. Scratch was designed with Etoys code in the early 21st century by the MIT Media Lab, initially targeted at after-school computer clubs. Features The Etoys system is based on the idea of programmable virtual entities behaving on the computer screen.
Etoys provides a media-rich authoring environment with a simple, powerful scripted object model for many kinds of objects created by end-users. It includes 2D and 3D graphics, images, text, particles, presentations, web-pages, videos, sound and MIDI, the ability to share desktops with other Etoy users in real-time, so many forms of immersive <P> GoFish History In 2003, GoFish was founded, and went public on the OTC Bulletin Board
In February 2007, GoFish Corporation attempted a merger with Bolt.com, but later dropped the deal as their stock plummeted.
At one point in mid 2007, GoFish was the home to web television such as MMA Today (), which offered highlights from various Mixed Martial Arts events s well as Hidden Celebrity Cams. The shows were known as "Made For Internet".
In January 2008, the service received funding (US$22.5 million) to begin transitioning towards family/children's media, with its site now showing "Delivering Kids, Teens, and Moms" on the <P> it possible for Barentzymes to reduce time and costs from the moment of the development of an enzyme to the testing of an enzyme for customer’s specific applications. Barentzymes work with specific needs of a customer and produce tailored solutions that solve a customer's particular problem.
The company is a part of cluster active in the region of Northern Norway that aims at bringing together public institutions and industry representatives in an effort to research and commercialize the biodiversity of Barents Sea. Current status The funding of the company was stopped on a short notice, and its operations were finished in <P> that can be further customised and adjusted. The kit contains more than 160 mechanical parts and modules, including Makeblock's MegaPi mainboard - providing compatibility with Arduino and Raspberry Pi. Along with Makeblock's block-based programming, Arduino IDE, Node.js and Python languages are supported. DIY Platform A kit comprising over 300 mechanical parts, more than 100 electronic modules and more than 20 creative kits. The DIY Platform is a programmable mechanical building block platform. It is compatible with Arduino and Raspberry Pi but, but the product is also aimed at those without any coding experience.
XY Plotter Robot Kit
A programmable drawing robot kit <P> machine or over the network.
Plug-ins, using either C/C++ programming languages to create binary add-ons or the Python scripting language to create Script Addons, expand Kodi to include features such as television program guides, YouTube, Hulu, Netflix, Veoh, online movie trailer support, and Pandora Radio and podcast streaming. Kodi also functions as a game launcher on any operating system.
Kodi's source code is distributed as open source under the GNU General Public License (GPL), it is governed by the tax-exempt registered non-profit US organization, XBMC Foundation, and is owned and developed by a global free software community of unpaid volunteers.
Even though the <P> consulting company specialising in OpenDoc development, 6prime, with another OpenDoc technical lead Eric Soldan, however in 1997, Aladdin Systems purchased 6prime's main product REV releasing it as Flashback.
At Technorati, he led the adoption of better standards support (including microformats) throughout the company, including their website's front page. He was also involved with the special Election 2004 section of the website, including writing the initial version. He serves as a founder at the Global Multimedia Protocols Group.
In December 2010, Çelik began working on IndieWebCamp, an effort to coordinate a community of people to build tools to complement and eventually provide an <P> the consumer needs, from companies to mass consume. It is the core product of Jolla.
Sailfish OS is an evolution of the Nokia MeeGo and Mer project. It is based on Linux open source code powered with C, C++, Qt and QML. The core is developed on Linux kernel that enables a wide hardware support.
Sailfish OS has its own native applications that can be developed and uploaded in the store through the portal harbour.jolla.com. Thanks to Sailfish SDK, developers can fully emulate the whole OS behavior. This enables the development also for programmers who don't actually have a Sailfish device. <P> original commitment of establishing the Nordic Tier1, with the traditional focus on storage facilities. NDGF team includes software experts who take part in various Grid middleware development.
In 2012 NDGF became a part of a wider initiative, the Nordic e-Infrastructure Collaboration. Users and operations NDGF Tier1 is a production Grid facility that leverages existing, national computational resources and Grid infrastructures.
To qualify for support research groups should form a Virtual Organization, a VO. The VO provides compute resources for sharing and NDGF Tier1 operates a Grid interface for the sharing of these resources.
Currently, most computational resources of NDGF Tier1 are accessible through <P> Just Add Water (company) History Just Add Water was founded in 2006 by Stewart Gilray. The company has developed Gravity Crash, a PlayStation Network exclusive for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.
On 16 July 2010, Just Add Water announced they would start work on multiple Oddworld projects. On 3 September 2010, Just Add Water announced they would be updating Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath in HD with enhanced 720p visuals, more detailed character models, remastered dialogue, PlayStation Move Support and "additional bonus material." A collection containing all four original games called the Oddbox, for Steam service was released on 20 December 2010. <P> visualizations, weather forecasts, web interfaces, web scrapers, widget scripts, and more. Kodi developers encourage users to make and submit their own addons to expand media content and value-added services accessible from within Kodi.
Kodi/XBMC features, since version 10.0 (codename: "Dharma"), an Addons Framework architecture and an Addons Manager GUI client that connects to a decentralized digital distribution service platform that serves add-on apps and plug-ins which among other things provide online content to Kodi, the "Addons Manager" (or "Addons Browser") inside Kodi allows users to browse and download new addons directly from Kodi's GUI.
Many of these online content sources are in <P> when the attempt to relocate the DR-DOS development into the US failed, Caldera Thin Clients, under the new lead of Sparks, soon refocused on Linux.
In April 1999, Caldera Thin Clients released the no longer needed sources to GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
On 20 July 1999, Caldera Thin Clients was renamed into Lineo, Inc. Lineo licensed a stripped down OpenLinux distribution from Caldera Systems and named it Embedix. They continued to maintain the former Caldera Thin Clients sales office in Taipei in 1999. In January 2000, Lineo reincorporated in Delaware.
In October 2001, Lineo refreshed and expanded <P> Sobee History Company founder Mevlüt Dinç has since 1983 created games such as Enduro Racer, Last Ninja 2, First Samurai and Street Racer, all of which are highly popular with world gamers, and has received many awards in his area. Currently, Sobee develops interactive 3D multiplayer applications on a global scale thanks to its R&D based organizational structure. Core activities include the development of the server/client infrastructure to enable multiple players to simultaneously interact with these environments, as well as the creation of artificial intelligence which enables created interactive environments to operate in a realistic manner. Sobee's arsenal of game <P> Mastodon, Diaspora*, Friendica, GNU social. It is for example possible to comment on a video from a Mastodon account. This can create a whole "ecosystem", as opposed to locked-in platforms of the Big Four tech companies. This ecosystem aims to be resilient against censorship and DDoS, the Big Four being an example of single point of failure.
The software relies on the PostgreSQL DBMS and is integrated in popular video platforms like Reddit and Kodi. <P> in New Delhi. Key awards and achievements Micromax recognised as an Emerging company of the Year by V&D 100 Awards.
In 2017, Rahul Sharma, was conferred the 'Transformational Business Leader of the Year. Patent litigation In March 2013, Ericsson sued Micromax for infringement of Ericsson's eight patents registered in India that were essential to the 2G and 3G standards. The Delhi High Court ordered Micromax to pay royalty amounts to Ericsson based on the percentages of the net selling prices of the devices incorporating 2G and 3G standards. Around the time that Ericsson filed its patent infringement suit, Micromax filed a <P> new income tax recovery system as of 2007. Architecture Copernic wanted a service-oriented architecture (SOA) featuring complete control of IT systems, long-term sustainability and vendor independence. To cover all the fiscal information and its processing for 55 million citizens and 3 million enterprises, it decided to use free and open-source software.
Copernic deployed 4000 Linux servers and application architecture is based upon Java EE. It has full FOSS system monitoring (Nagios, Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG)) and software development platform (Eclipse). The presenter added, "FOSS is now our standard policy even for critical applications." They also needed a unique Enterprise JavaBean <P> Labroots History LabRoots was cofounded in 2008 by Greg and Don Cruikshank and in 2009 acquired BioConference Live, adding features to the platform that enable members to collaborate, share and engage with each other through cost-effective live video webcasts and real-time networking. The open platform allows anyone in the tech, medical, engineering, or similar fields, to participate in online, virtual event, giving access to a worldwide audience.
LabRoots has seen steady growth since its inception - doubling the number of employees in 2013, then again in 2016. With that personnel growth, the site and platform have both evolved to incorporate new <P> The CP80 Foundation The CP80 Foundation is an organization in the United States that advocates regulating the Internet to make it easier for users to filter out pornography. The foundation suggests using education, Internet governance, and legislation to achieve its goals.
Its legislative efforts include the proposed Internet Community Ports Act (ICPA), which would organize the ports as defined by the TCP/IP protocol suite into "community ports" and "open ports", requiring that obscene material exclusively use the open ports. Among the ports they propose designating as a community port is port 80, the standard port for the hypertext transport protocol | question: what is superfish? context: <P> world.
In February 2017, an open-source project to revive Habitat led by Randy Farmer (one of Habitat's creators) named NeoHabitat was announced to the public. The project is currently requesting volunteer contributors to aide in developing code, region design, documentation, and provide other assistance. Utilizing Quantumlink Reloaded, a new Habitat server was created which support the ability for an avatar to log in, manipulate objects, chat and navigate between sample regions. <P> It is legally represented by the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC), which assists the Kodi/XBMC project and its developers in legal matters such as intellectual property. It also assists with economic issues such as handling donations and sponsors that help the project with expenses for dedicated hosting service and activities such as going to developer conferences, trade fairs and computer expos to tech demo Kodi, meeting with potential new developers, and marketing the software.
Kodi's source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License, and is hosted through Git repositories. Use for illegal streaming Third-party add-ons allow users to stream <P> support." BamBrogan expected revenue-generating projects within three years, with a "classic infrastructure model". In July 2018, it announced that it had received $1 billion credit from Genertec America. Management The lead founder of Arrivo is Brogan BamBrogan, formerly founder and chief engineer at Hyperloop One and SpaceX. <P> a similar Squeak-based programming environment known as Scratch. Scratch was designed with Etoys code in the early 21st century by the MIT Media Lab, initially targeted at after-school computer clubs. Features The Etoys system is based on the idea of programmable virtual entities behaving on the computer screen.
Etoys provides a media-rich authoring environment with a simple, powerful scripted object model for many kinds of objects created by end-users. It includes 2D and 3D graphics, images, text, particles, presentations, web-pages, videos, sound and MIDI, the ability to share desktops with other Etoy users in real-time, so many forms of immersive <P> GoFish History In 2003, GoFish was founded, and went public on the OTC Bulletin Board
In February 2007, GoFish Corporation attempted a merger with Bolt.com, but later dropped the deal as their stock plummeted.
At one point in mid 2007, GoFish was the home to web television such as MMA Today (), which offered highlights from various Mixed Martial Arts events s well as Hidden Celebrity Cams. The shows were known as "Made For Internet".
In January 2008, the service received funding (US$22.5 million) to begin transitioning towards family/children's media, with its site now showing "Delivering Kids, Teens, and Moms" on the <P> it possible for Barentzymes to reduce time and costs from the moment of the development of an enzyme to the testing of an enzyme for customer’s specific applications. Barentzymes work with specific needs of a customer and produce tailored solutions that solve a customer's particular problem.
The company is a part of cluster active in the region of Northern Norway that aims at bringing together public institutions and industry representatives in an effort to research and commercialize the biodiversity of Barents Sea. Current status The funding of the company was stopped on a short notice, and its operations were finished in <P> that can be further customised and adjusted. The kit contains more than 160 mechanical parts and modules, including Makeblock's MegaPi mainboard - providing compatibility with Arduino and Raspberry Pi. Along with Makeblock's block-based programming, Arduino IDE, Node.js and Python languages are supported. DIY Platform A kit comprising over 300 mechanical parts, more than 100 electronic modules and more than 20 creative kits. The DIY Platform is a programmable mechanical building block platform. It is compatible with Arduino and Raspberry Pi but, but the product is also aimed at those without any coding experience.
XY Plotter Robot Kit
A programmable drawing robot kit <P> machine or over the network.
Plug-ins, using either C/C++ programming languages to create binary add-ons or the Python scripting language to create Script Addons, expand Kodi to include features such as television program guides, YouTube, Hulu, Netflix, Veoh, online movie trailer support, and Pandora Radio and podcast streaming. Kodi also functions as a game launcher on any operating system.
Kodi's source code is distributed as open source under the GNU General Public License (GPL), it is governed by the tax-exempt registered non-profit US organization, XBMC Foundation, and is owned and developed by a global free software community of unpaid volunteers.
Even though the <P> consulting company specialising in OpenDoc development, 6prime, with another OpenDoc technical lead Eric Soldan, however in 1997, Aladdin Systems purchased 6prime's main product REV releasing it as Flashback.
At Technorati, he led the adoption of better standards support (including microformats) throughout the company, including their website's front page. He was also involved with the special Election 2004 section of the website, including writing the initial version. He serves as a founder at the Global Multimedia Protocols Group.
In December 2010, Çelik began working on IndieWebCamp, an effort to coordinate a community of people to build tools to complement and eventually provide an <P> the consumer needs, from companies to mass consume. It is the core product of Jolla.
Sailfish OS is an evolution of the Nokia MeeGo and Mer project. It is based on Linux open source code powered with C, C++, Qt and QML. The core is developed on Linux kernel that enables a wide hardware support.
Sailfish OS has its own native applications that can be developed and uploaded in the store through the portal harbour.jolla.com. Thanks to Sailfish SDK, developers can fully emulate the whole OS behavior. This enables the development also for programmers who don't actually have a Sailfish device. <P> original commitment of establishing the Nordic Tier1, with the traditional focus on storage facilities. NDGF team includes software experts who take part in various Grid middleware development.
In 2012 NDGF became a part of a wider initiative, the Nordic e-Infrastructure Collaboration. Users and operations NDGF Tier1 is a production Grid facility that leverages existing, national computational resources and Grid infrastructures.
To qualify for support research groups should form a Virtual Organization, a VO. The VO provides compute resources for sharing and NDGF Tier1 operates a Grid interface for the sharing of these resources.
Currently, most computational resources of NDGF Tier1 are accessible through <P> Just Add Water (company) History Just Add Water was founded in 2006 by Stewart Gilray. The company has developed Gravity Crash, a PlayStation Network exclusive for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.
On 16 July 2010, Just Add Water announced they would start work on multiple Oddworld projects. On 3 September 2010, Just Add Water announced they would be updating Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath in HD with enhanced 720p visuals, more detailed character models, remastered dialogue, PlayStation Move Support and "additional bonus material." A collection containing all four original games called the Oddbox, for Steam service was released on 20 December 2010. <P> visualizations, weather forecasts, web interfaces, web scrapers, widget scripts, and more. Kodi developers encourage users to make and submit their own addons to expand media content and value-added services accessible from within Kodi.
Kodi/XBMC features, since version 10.0 (codename: "Dharma"), an Addons Framework architecture and an Addons Manager GUI client that connects to a decentralized digital distribution service platform that serves add-on apps and plug-ins which among other things provide online content to Kodi, the "Addons Manager" (or "Addons Browser") inside Kodi allows users to browse and download new addons directly from Kodi's GUI.
Many of these online content sources are in <P> when the attempt to relocate the DR-DOS development into the US failed, Caldera Thin Clients, under the new lead of Sparks, soon refocused on Linux.
In April 1999, Caldera Thin Clients released the no longer needed sources to GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
On 20 July 1999, Caldera Thin Clients was renamed into Lineo, Inc. Lineo licensed a stripped down OpenLinux distribution from Caldera Systems and named it Embedix. They continued to maintain the former Caldera Thin Clients sales office in Taipei in 1999. In January 2000, Lineo reincorporated in Delaware.
In October 2001, Lineo refreshed and expanded <P> Sobee History Company founder Mevlüt Dinç has since 1983 created games such as Enduro Racer, Last Ninja 2, First Samurai and Street Racer, all of which are highly popular with world gamers, and has received many awards in his area. Currently, Sobee develops interactive 3D multiplayer applications on a global scale thanks to its R&D based organizational structure. Core activities include the development of the server/client infrastructure to enable multiple players to simultaneously interact with these environments, as well as the creation of artificial intelligence which enables created interactive environments to operate in a realistic manner. Sobee's arsenal of game <P> Mastodon, Diaspora*, Friendica, GNU social. It is for example possible to comment on a video from a Mastodon account. This can create a whole "ecosystem", as opposed to locked-in platforms of the Big Four tech companies. This ecosystem aims to be resilient against censorship and DDoS, the Big Four being an example of single point of failure.
The software relies on the PostgreSQL DBMS and is integrated in popular video platforms like Reddit and Kodi. <P> in New Delhi. Key awards and achievements Micromax recognised as an Emerging company of the Year by V&D 100 Awards.
In 2017, Rahul Sharma, was conferred the 'Transformational Business Leader of the Year. Patent litigation In March 2013, Ericsson sued Micromax for infringement of Ericsson's eight patents registered in India that were essential to the 2G and 3G standards. The Delhi High Court ordered Micromax to pay royalty amounts to Ericsson based on the percentages of the net selling prices of the devices incorporating 2G and 3G standards. Around the time that Ericsson filed its patent infringement suit, Micromax filed a <P> new income tax recovery system as of 2007. Architecture Copernic wanted a service-oriented architecture (SOA) featuring complete control of IT systems, long-term sustainability and vendor independence. To cover all the fiscal information and its processing for 55 million citizens and 3 million enterprises, it decided to use free and open-source software.
Copernic deployed 4000 Linux servers and application architecture is based upon Java EE. It has full FOSS system monitoring (Nagios, Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG)) and software development platform (Eclipse). The presenter added, "FOSS is now our standard policy even for critical applications." They also needed a unique Enterprise JavaBean <P> Labroots History LabRoots was cofounded in 2008 by Greg and Don Cruikshank and in 2009 acquired BioConference Live, adding features to the platform that enable members to collaborate, share and engage with each other through cost-effective live video webcasts and real-time networking. The open platform allows anyone in the tech, medical, engineering, or similar fields, to participate in online, virtual event, giving access to a worldwide audience.
LabRoots has seen steady growth since its inception - doubling the number of employees in 2013, then again in 2016. With that personnel growth, the site and platform have both evolved to incorporate new <P> The CP80 Foundation The CP80 Foundation is an organization in the United States that advocates regulating the Internet to make it easier for users to filter out pornography. The foundation suggests using education, Internet governance, and legislation to achieve its goals.
Its legislative efforts include the proposed Internet Community Ports Act (ICPA), which would organize the ports as defined by the TCP/IP protocol suite into "community ports" and "open ports", requiring that obscene material exclusively use the open ports. Among the ports they propose designating as a community port is port 80, the standard port for the hypertext transport protocol | answer: SuperFish is a piece of adware installed on some Lenovo computers.It is bad because they installed a digital certificate on the computer which browsers will trust.Then the adware intercept all web traffic, including HTTPs. When you visited an HTTPs site, the adware signed a certificate for the site using the installed trusted cert.Ie. instead of You < ---[encrypted]----- > Bankyou have You < --- [encrypted] --- > superfish < --- [encrypted] --- > bankwhere the link between you and superfish is encrypted with the superfish certificate.Your browser trusts the cert, so it doesn't tell you anything is wrong.The problem is that that the private key is embedded in the software, so anyone can make a certificate that any Lenovo computer will trust. Think the communication between you and your bank is secure? Anyone with the superfish key can be listening in. |
99,674 | 1u3yt3 | why is produce such as tomatoes, and carrots etc. much cheaper at foreign markets such as hispanic and chinese than the large grocery chain stores? | A combination of lower profit margins and lower quality produce. A lot of big grocery produce is selected for appearance. Bright orange carrots and red tomatoes, free of blemishes, that keep a fresh looking appearance longer. People in the cooking community complain produce it grown to look good on shelves rather than to taste good.Discount and ethnic grocery stores are often more concerned about price. And if you are just going to cut up the produce and put it in a sauce or stew, freshness is not as imporatant. | [
"A combination of lower profit margins and lower quality produce. \n\nA lot of big grocery produce is selected for appearance. Bright orange carrots and red tomatoes, free of blemishes, that keep a fresh looking appearance longer. People in the cooking community complain produce it grown to look good on shelves ... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> which is a non-profit 501 (c)3 organization has managed it. The trust was formed in 2005 and consists of the Market Manager and eleven volunteers from the community. Offerings Each week approximately 3,000 people visit the market, with 82 percent of these people living and/or working in Lancaster and an additional 33 percent of them living within the same zip code as the Central Market.
Vendors offer a wide variety of international and Amish cuisine foods. Vendors include Kauffman's Fruit Farm from Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania, Hodecker's bleached celery, cookies, Springerle House ornaments, hardwood smoked hams and bacon from S. Clyde Weaver, and <P> premium goods such as organic produce of known local provenance in order to differentiate their offerings from those in supermarkets. Larger farm shops may target the leisure-shopping market, offering tea-rooms, gift shops and rural lifestyle products.
In recent years, especially in strongly-agrarian regions and countries such as the United Kingdom, farm shops are commonly associated with garden centres and nurseries. Often, these garden centres provide a significant amount of support for the farm shop by attracting customers, and vice versa. <P> Central de Abastos and La Nueva Viga seafood markets handing foodstuff with an approximate value of 90 billion pesos each year.
These traditional markets have been under pressure since the 20th century by newer forms of retailing, such as supermarkets, chain stores and convenience stores. This is especially true in urban areas, with about eighty percent of all food sales in Mexico City now done in supermarkets and similar outlets. Traditional fixed markets remain most viable in small rural towns, where the social network is strongest and options are limited. The system of a fixed public or municipal market along <P> fresh produce. Many stands have been replaced by those selling prepared foods such as tortas, juices, unlicensed movies and music, and other items.
Similar problems with empty stalls and lack of maintenance can be found in fixed markets from the north, such as in city of Durango where eighty percent of stands are empty and in the south, such as in Mérida, Yucatán where number have been completely abandoned, and for much the same reason, competition from self-service stores and convenience stores. Major markets in Mexico These traditional fixed market, whether they are called mercados públicos, mercados municipales or simply mercados, <P> in supermarkets. While most of the Veg Shed produce came from the Home Farm there were other items for sale from further away, including lemons and bananas. <P> with a weekly tianguis, is an important part of the economy and food distribution of rural areas. These are how most people in rural areas buy, sell, and sometimes trade to obtain necessities. However, the traditional markets still remain in many of the country’s largest cities. One factor in favor of these markets is that the difficulty of getting around by car in the city, increases demand for outlets close to home. Wholesale markets such as the Central de Abastos are most often the source of the products sold in other forms of commerce, such as corner stores. While supermarkets <P> remain in Mexico, with the most traditional held on certain days, put up and taken down the same day, much the way it was done in Mesoamerica.
These fixed mercados can be found in any town of any size in Mexico. Often, they are accompanied one or more days per week by tianguis, which set up around the main building. However, the largest, best developed and most numerous fixed markets are in Mexico City, which has over 300, 80 of which are specialty markets dedicated to one or more classes of merchandise, such as gourmet food, plants, cut flowers, candy etc. <P> suspected to be faulty wiring. It took over 100 firemen more than three hours to get the fire under control. Inside the market The largest building of the complex is dedicated mostly to the sale of fruits and vegetables. Other buildings sell household items such as juicers, tinware, spoons, cleaning supplies and much more. There is constant movement of people here, with many shouting out to potential customers. Work begins here in the very early morning hours and ends in the evening. The market is filled at all hours with truck drivers, sellers, buyers, butchers and cooks.
Basic Mexican foodstuffs is <P> can buy souvenirs for friends and family. Amphawa Floating Market T-shirts have many designs and styles. Each store will have a price that varies by model and pattern of the Shirt. Food Food is the main reason people from Bangkok visit the Amphawa floating market. The Amphawa floating market has many shop-house eateries, and all kinds of tantalizing tastes. Shapes and smells attract such as seafood, boat noodles, Thai desserts, and other items. Grilled seafood is also as popular as boat noodles. After that, there is Thai dessert for purchase as a sweet treat. Seafood Seafood is very popular among <P> or hours. One such wholesale farmers' market is the South Carolina State Farmers Market, which is a major supplier of watermelons, cantaloupes, and peaches for produce buyers in the north-eastern US. Farmers' markets also may supply buyers from produce stands, restaurants, and garden stores with fresh fruits and vegetables, plants, seedlings and nursery stock, honey, and other agricultural products. Although this is on the decline, in part due to the growth of chain stores that desire national distribution networks and cheap wholesales prices—prices driven down by the low cost of imported produce. Pork and beef products A wide variety of <P> small shops. <P> the whims of human nature. One can count on his fingers the number of grocery and produce stores which have succeeded in attracting trade from any considerable distance to purchase staple articles of food. People will come into the shopping district to compare values on rugs, furniture and dresses, but not on oranges, Bread and fish. This is an age in which convenience and service are as vital to the grocer's success as good merchandise and an attractive store. Most people, on account of service and convenience, prefer to buy at the neighborhood corner grocery, with the result that in <P> shop at these markets are over the age of thirty five, with younger and more affluent shoppers preferring supermarkets, which are generally cleaner and better maintained. Markets that have had supermarkets or other chain stores open nearby have seen sales drop as much as fifty percent. This has led to the abandonment of many fixed market stalls and about twenty percent of these markets in the Mexico City area have been abandoned altogether. Although still important, the percentage of foodstuffs sold through basic markets has declined to only about twenty percent in Mexico City. Of the 317 markets, 248 offer <P> Eids and the Christian Christmas and Easter. Markets Lokoja has three major markets: New Market (International Market); Old Market; and Kpata Market. Kpata Market and New Market have their market day every Five Days. The essential products sold in these markets are grains, vegetables and general household items. <P> of the building impedes air circulation. The vendors in the market do not live in the Condesa area. Customers There are middle class customers who come into the area each day to work. While the market was designed to sell foodstuffs retail, most of its sales are to the many restaurants which are located in this area as well as those who pass through. Although most buyers are from restaurants, they do not purchase here in bulk as they have other sources for this. Much of the purchase is fruits and vegetables to supplements their basic stock. The rest of <P> food is produced, processed and the health and safety aspects of certain foods. The emergence of books, magazine articles, and cookery and gardening programmes influence consumer concern of food preparation and consumption. China The traditional public markets in Chinese cities are known as "wet markets" (菜市场) where most vendors are resellers. The Chinese government has attempted to transform these traditional markets to supermarkets in urban renovation projects. It has led to a decline of these markets in some cities such as Shanghai. Yet, in other cities, wet markets persist and dominate the retail of fresh produce and meat. Because <P> Weekly Markets in Munich The weekly markets in Munich, Germany, are an important source of food to the residents of the city. The population of the city is provided with groceries by 41 weekly markets, including farmers’ markets and organic-food markets on a daily basis. These markets can be found all over Munich. History As it was too expensive to maintain permanent food markets (such as Viktualienmarkt) in some areas, the city authorities established markets that take place once or twice a week for a few hours or an entire day. The markets are supplied by mobile producers who provide <P> has various markets including 16 de Septiembre, Miguel Hidalgo and Jose María Morelos y Pavón and the largest, the Central de Abasto wholesale food market, the second largest in the country after its equal in Mexico City.
Mexico City has the greatest number and variety of both tianguis and fixed markets. and important in the supply chain of basic foodstuffs. The city has 317 public markets with 70,000 vendors, and more than 1,000 tianguis along with 314 self-service stores such as supermarkets. The traditional fixed market model has been expanded to the food distribution at the wholesale level, with the <P> time in transit) and for foods with more variety—has led to growth of farmers' markets as a food-retailing mechanism. To farmers Farmers' markets can offer farmers increased profit over selling to wholesalers, food processors, or large grocery firms. By selling directly to consumers, produce often needs less transport, less handling, less refrigeration and less time in storage. By selling in an outdoor market, the cost of land, buildings, lighting and air-conditioning is also reduced or eliminated. Farmers may also retain profit on produce not sold to consumers, by selling the excess to canneries and other food-processing firms. At the market, <P> Farm shop A farm shop, or "farm stand" in the United States, is a type of retail outlet which usually sells produce directly from a farm. Some farm shops also resell related goods such as locally produced groceries, foods, drinks and delicatessen products.
In developed countries the number of farm shops is increasing as farms seek to diversify their sources of income in the face of financial pressures. Direct sales to the consumer allow farmers to retain a larger portion of the resulting profit than they can obtain by selling to a wholesaler or larger reseller. Many farm shops sell higher-margin | question: why is produce such as tomatoes, and carrots etc. much cheaper at foreign markets such as hispanic and chinese than the large grocery chain stores? context: <P> which is a non-profit 501 (c)3 organization has managed it. The trust was formed in 2005 and consists of the Market Manager and eleven volunteers from the community. Offerings Each week approximately 3,000 people visit the market, with 82 percent of these people living and/or working in Lancaster and an additional 33 percent of them living within the same zip code as the Central Market.
Vendors offer a wide variety of international and Amish cuisine foods. Vendors include Kauffman's Fruit Farm from Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania, Hodecker's bleached celery, cookies, Springerle House ornaments, hardwood smoked hams and bacon from S. Clyde Weaver, and <P> premium goods such as organic produce of known local provenance in order to differentiate their offerings from those in supermarkets. Larger farm shops may target the leisure-shopping market, offering tea-rooms, gift shops and rural lifestyle products.
In recent years, especially in strongly-agrarian regions and countries such as the United Kingdom, farm shops are commonly associated with garden centres and nurseries. Often, these garden centres provide a significant amount of support for the farm shop by attracting customers, and vice versa. <P> Central de Abastos and La Nueva Viga seafood markets handing foodstuff with an approximate value of 90 billion pesos each year.
These traditional markets have been under pressure since the 20th century by newer forms of retailing, such as supermarkets, chain stores and convenience stores. This is especially true in urban areas, with about eighty percent of all food sales in Mexico City now done in supermarkets and similar outlets. Traditional fixed markets remain most viable in small rural towns, where the social network is strongest and options are limited. The system of a fixed public or municipal market along <P> fresh produce. Many stands have been replaced by those selling prepared foods such as tortas, juices, unlicensed movies and music, and other items.
Similar problems with empty stalls and lack of maintenance can be found in fixed markets from the north, such as in city of Durango where eighty percent of stands are empty and in the south, such as in Mérida, Yucatán where number have been completely abandoned, and for much the same reason, competition from self-service stores and convenience stores. Major markets in Mexico These traditional fixed market, whether they are called mercados públicos, mercados municipales or simply mercados, <P> in supermarkets. While most of the Veg Shed produce came from the Home Farm there were other items for sale from further away, including lemons and bananas. <P> with a weekly tianguis, is an important part of the economy and food distribution of rural areas. These are how most people in rural areas buy, sell, and sometimes trade to obtain necessities. However, the traditional markets still remain in many of the country’s largest cities. One factor in favor of these markets is that the difficulty of getting around by car in the city, increases demand for outlets close to home. Wholesale markets such as the Central de Abastos are most often the source of the products sold in other forms of commerce, such as corner stores. While supermarkets <P> remain in Mexico, with the most traditional held on certain days, put up and taken down the same day, much the way it was done in Mesoamerica.
These fixed mercados can be found in any town of any size in Mexico. Often, they are accompanied one or more days per week by tianguis, which set up around the main building. However, the largest, best developed and most numerous fixed markets are in Mexico City, which has over 300, 80 of which are specialty markets dedicated to one or more classes of merchandise, such as gourmet food, plants, cut flowers, candy etc. <P> suspected to be faulty wiring. It took over 100 firemen more than three hours to get the fire under control. Inside the market The largest building of the complex is dedicated mostly to the sale of fruits and vegetables. Other buildings sell household items such as juicers, tinware, spoons, cleaning supplies and much more. There is constant movement of people here, with many shouting out to potential customers. Work begins here in the very early morning hours and ends in the evening. The market is filled at all hours with truck drivers, sellers, buyers, butchers and cooks.
Basic Mexican foodstuffs is <P> can buy souvenirs for friends and family. Amphawa Floating Market T-shirts have many designs and styles. Each store will have a price that varies by model and pattern of the Shirt. Food Food is the main reason people from Bangkok visit the Amphawa floating market. The Amphawa floating market has many shop-house eateries, and all kinds of tantalizing tastes. Shapes and smells attract such as seafood, boat noodles, Thai desserts, and other items. Grilled seafood is also as popular as boat noodles. After that, there is Thai dessert for purchase as a sweet treat. Seafood Seafood is very popular among <P> or hours. One such wholesale farmers' market is the South Carolina State Farmers Market, which is a major supplier of watermelons, cantaloupes, and peaches for produce buyers in the north-eastern US. Farmers' markets also may supply buyers from produce stands, restaurants, and garden stores with fresh fruits and vegetables, plants, seedlings and nursery stock, honey, and other agricultural products. Although this is on the decline, in part due to the growth of chain stores that desire national distribution networks and cheap wholesales prices—prices driven down by the low cost of imported produce. Pork and beef products A wide variety of <P> small shops. <P> the whims of human nature. One can count on his fingers the number of grocery and produce stores which have succeeded in attracting trade from any considerable distance to purchase staple articles of food. People will come into the shopping district to compare values on rugs, furniture and dresses, but not on oranges, Bread and fish. This is an age in which convenience and service are as vital to the grocer's success as good merchandise and an attractive store. Most people, on account of service and convenience, prefer to buy at the neighborhood corner grocery, with the result that in <P> shop at these markets are over the age of thirty five, with younger and more affluent shoppers preferring supermarkets, which are generally cleaner and better maintained. Markets that have had supermarkets or other chain stores open nearby have seen sales drop as much as fifty percent. This has led to the abandonment of many fixed market stalls and about twenty percent of these markets in the Mexico City area have been abandoned altogether. Although still important, the percentage of foodstuffs sold through basic markets has declined to only about twenty percent in Mexico City. Of the 317 markets, 248 offer <P> Eids and the Christian Christmas and Easter. Markets Lokoja has three major markets: New Market (International Market); Old Market; and Kpata Market. Kpata Market and New Market have their market day every Five Days. The essential products sold in these markets are grains, vegetables and general household items. <P> of the building impedes air circulation. The vendors in the market do not live in the Condesa area. Customers There are middle class customers who come into the area each day to work. While the market was designed to sell foodstuffs retail, most of its sales are to the many restaurants which are located in this area as well as those who pass through. Although most buyers are from restaurants, they do not purchase here in bulk as they have other sources for this. Much of the purchase is fruits and vegetables to supplements their basic stock. The rest of <P> food is produced, processed and the health and safety aspects of certain foods. The emergence of books, magazine articles, and cookery and gardening programmes influence consumer concern of food preparation and consumption. China The traditional public markets in Chinese cities are known as "wet markets" (菜市场) where most vendors are resellers. The Chinese government has attempted to transform these traditional markets to supermarkets in urban renovation projects. It has led to a decline of these markets in some cities such as Shanghai. Yet, in other cities, wet markets persist and dominate the retail of fresh produce and meat. Because <P> Weekly Markets in Munich The weekly markets in Munich, Germany, are an important source of food to the residents of the city. The population of the city is provided with groceries by 41 weekly markets, including farmers’ markets and organic-food markets on a daily basis. These markets can be found all over Munich. History As it was too expensive to maintain permanent food markets (such as Viktualienmarkt) in some areas, the city authorities established markets that take place once or twice a week for a few hours or an entire day. The markets are supplied by mobile producers who provide <P> has various markets including 16 de Septiembre, Miguel Hidalgo and Jose María Morelos y Pavón and the largest, the Central de Abasto wholesale food market, the second largest in the country after its equal in Mexico City.
Mexico City has the greatest number and variety of both tianguis and fixed markets. and important in the supply chain of basic foodstuffs. The city has 317 public markets with 70,000 vendors, and more than 1,000 tianguis along with 314 self-service stores such as supermarkets. The traditional fixed market model has been expanded to the food distribution at the wholesale level, with the <P> time in transit) and for foods with more variety—has led to growth of farmers' markets as a food-retailing mechanism. To farmers Farmers' markets can offer farmers increased profit over selling to wholesalers, food processors, or large grocery firms. By selling directly to consumers, produce often needs less transport, less handling, less refrigeration and less time in storage. By selling in an outdoor market, the cost of land, buildings, lighting and air-conditioning is also reduced or eliminated. Farmers may also retain profit on produce not sold to consumers, by selling the excess to canneries and other food-processing firms. At the market, <P> Farm shop A farm shop, or "farm stand" in the United States, is a type of retail outlet which usually sells produce directly from a farm. Some farm shops also resell related goods such as locally produced groceries, foods, drinks and delicatessen products.
In developed countries the number of farm shops is increasing as farms seek to diversify their sources of income in the face of financial pressures. Direct sales to the consumer allow farmers to retain a larger portion of the resulting profit than they can obtain by selling to a wholesaler or larger reseller. Many farm shops sell higher-margin | answer: A combination of lower profit margins and lower quality produce. A lot of big grocery produce is selected for appearance. Bright orange carrots and red tomatoes, free of blemishes, that keep a fresh looking appearance longer. People in the cooking community complain produce it grown to look good on shelves rather than to taste good.Discount and ethnic grocery stores are often more concerned about price. And if you are just going to cut up the produce and put it in a sauce or stew, freshness is not as imporatant. |
42,656 | 1zocrb | lactic acid myth article. can anyone verify this article and give me a 5 year old explanation? | well back in the day it was thought that when you overexercized your muscles lactic acid, a product of metabolism in poorly oxigenated conditions would be trapped in the muscles, cause pain, and be a sign of novelty in terms of the stimulus given to the muscle.there were many theories surrounding lactic acid and body acidosis, about what you should and should not eat after exercise, how to improve tamponization, but they were mostly moot.it is know today that muscle pain is actually a product of pure outright inflammation, and that inflammation is the driver of muscle growth and recruitment of satellite cells.tl:dr: people thought lactic acid was some sort of measure of amount of exercise and indicator of muscle development, people were wrong. _URL_0_ | [
"well back in the day it was thought that when you overexercized your muscles lactic acid, a product of metabolism in poorly oxigenated conditions would be trapped in the muscles, cause pain, and be a sign of novelty in terms of the stimulus given to the muscle.\n\n\nthere were many theories surrounding lactic acid... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> with a low glucose concentration, cAMP accumulates and binds to the allosteric site on CRP (cAMP receptor protein), a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to a specific site upstream of the lac promoter, making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the cAMP concentration decreases, and the CRP disengages from the lac operon. Pathology Since cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been <P> in the mitochondria (back to pyruvate for entry into the Krebs’ cycle, generating NADH in the process), or serve as a gluconeogenic precursor, the intracellular lactate shuttle has been proposed to account for the majority of lactate turnover in the human body (as evidenced by the slight increases in arterial lactate concentration). Brooks et al. confirmed this in 1999, when they found that lactate oxidation exceeded that of pyruvate by 10-40% in rat liver, skeletal, and cardiac muscle.
In 1990, Roth and Brooks found evidence for the facilitated transporter of lactate, monocarboxylate transport protein (MCT), in the sarcolemma vesicles of rat <P> Lactate shuttle hypothesis The lactate shuttle hypothesis was proposed by professor George Brooks of the University of California at Berkeley, describing the movement of lactate intracellularly (within a cell) and intercellularly (between cells). The hypothesis is based on the observation that lactate is formed and utilized continuously in diverse cells under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Further, lactate produced at sites with high rates of glycolysis and glycogenolysis can be shuttled to adjacent or remote sites including heart or skeletal muscles where the lactate can be used as a gluconeogenic precursor or substrate for oxidation.
In addition to its role <P> Sarcoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca²⁺). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell. This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger; see calcium in biology for <P> pyruvate to lactate in the cytosol, oxidizing NADH to NAD⁺, regenerating the necessary substrate needed to continue glycolysis. Lactate is then transported from the peripheral tissues to the liver by means of the Cori Cycle where it is reformed into pyruvate through the reverse reaction using lactate dehydrogenase. By this logic, lactate was traditionally considered a toxic metabolic byproduct that could give rise to fatigue and muscle pain during times of anaerobic respiration. Lactate was essentially payment for ‘oxygen debt’ defined by Hill and Lupton as the ‘total amount of oxygen used, after cessation of exercise in <P> of myosin phosphorylation is in turn inhibited by KRP in vitro. As a consequence of this, in vivo KRP might slow down the rate of myosin phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and, therefore, tension development. When the intracellular Ca2+ level is decreasing, the KRP can also accelerate muscle relaxation by lowering the ratio of phosphorylated to phosphorylated myosin. KRP is also an important structural regulator of myosin filaments. Smooth muscle myosin, under physiological conditions in vitro, can adapt two relatively and different stable conformations. When the myosin is in the extended conformation, it is active and able <P> formation, thus looking like light chain phosphorylation. This could be a physiologically significant phenomenon considering the high concentration of ATP always present in smooth muscle cells. Thus, Kinase-related protein may have a very important role in relaxed smooth muscle by keeping dephosphorylated myosin in the filamentous state ready for the next rapid contractile response. Experiments aimed at testing this hypothesis indicated that under appropriate conditions a small excess of KRP is enough to form an equimolar complex with smooth muscle myosin and to cause its complete polymerization in the presence of ATP. Experiments where it has been tested this <P> as a fuel source predominantly in the muscles, heart, brain, and liver, the lactate shuttle hypothesis also relates the role of lactate in redox signalling, gene expression, and lipolytic control. These additional roles of lactate have given rise to the term ‘lactormone’, pertaining to the role of lactate as a signalling hormone. Lactate and the Cori cycle Prior to the formation of the lactate shuttle hypothesis, lactate had long been considered a byproduct resulting from glucose breakdown through glycolysis in times of anaerobic metabolism. As a means of regenerating oxidized NAD⁺, lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of <P> cause collapse in a severely dehydrated horse. The human drug dantrolene is sometimes given to alleviate the muscle spasms and prevent further degeneration of muscle tissue.
Vitamin E is an anti-oxidant, and so may help prevent further cell degeneration in the affected muscles. However, vitamin E products must be used with caution if they also contain selenium.
Bicarbonate will not help offset any lactic acid in the bloodstream, as lactic acid generally only accumulates in the affected muscles.
Except to get a horse to his stall, a horse showing signs of severe ER should not be moved until he is comfortable enough to <P> homology and presumed phylogenetic relationships. Classes A, C and D cleave beta-lactams by a multi-step mechanism analogous to the mechanism of serine proteases. Upon binding, a serine hydroxyl group in the beta-lactamase active site forms a transient covalent bond to the beta-lactam ring carbonyl group, cleaving the beta-lactam ring in the process. In a second step, nucleophilic attack by a water molecule cleaves the covalent bond between the enzyme and the carbonyl group of the erstwhile beta-lactam. This allows the degraded beta-lactam to diffuse away and frees up the enzyme to process additional beta-lactam molecules.
Currently available beta-lactamase inhibitors are effective <P> with the general transcription machinery is referred to as an "activating region". The part of the general transcription machinery that makes protein–protein interactions with the activator is referred to as an "activation target". Example The catabolite activator protein (CAP; also known as cAMP receptor protein, CRP) activates transcription at the lac operon of the bacterium Escherichia coli. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is produced during glucose starvation, binds to CAP, causes a conformational change that allows CAP to bind to a DNA site located adjacent to the lac promoter. CAP then makes a direct protein–protein interaction with RNA polymerase that <P> recovery there from’. Cell-cell role of the lactate shuttle In addition to Cori Cycle, the lactate shuttle hypothesis proposes complementary functions of lactate in multiple tissues. Contrary to the long-held belief that lactate is formed as a result of oxygen-limited metabolism, substantial evidence exists that suggests lactate is formed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, as a result of substrate supply and equilibrium dynamics. Tissue use (brain, heart, muscle) During physical exertion or moderate intensity exercise lactate released from working muscle and other tissue beds is the primary fuel source for the heart, exiting the muscles through monocarboxylate transport protein <P> However, the existence of the peroxisomal lactate shuttle suggests that this redox shuttle could exist for other organelles. Gene expression Increased intracellular levels of lactate can act as a signalling hormone, inducing changes in gene expression that will upregulate genes involved in lactate removal. These genes include MCT1, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and other enzymes involved in the lactate oxidation complex. Additionally, lactate will increase levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α), suggesting that lactate stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. Control of lipolysis In addition to the role of the lactate shuttle in supplying NAD+ substrate for β-oxidation <P> Glycerol dehydratase Structural studies As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1IWP and 1MMF. <P> recruits RNA polymerase to the lac promoter. <P> possibility of a mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex in 2006. This is supported by the observation that the ability of muscle cells to oxidize lactate was related to the density of mitochondria. Furthermore, it was shown that training increases MCT1 protein levels in skeletal muscle mitochondria, and that corresponded with an increase in the ability of muscle to clear lactate from the body during exercise. The affinity of MCT for pyruvate is greater than lactate, however two reactions will ensure that lactate will be present in concentrations that are orders of magnitude greater than pyruvate: first, the equilibrium constant <P> to several different calcium-modulated proteins such as troponin-C (the first one to be identified) and calmodulin, proteins that are necessary for promoting contraction in muscle.
In the endothelial cells which line the inside of blood vessels, Ca²⁺ ions can regulate several signaling pathways which cause the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels to relax. Some of these Ca²⁺-activated pathways include the stimulation of eNOS to produce nitric oxide, as well as the stimulation of Kca channels to efflux K⁺ and cause hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Both nitric oxide and hyperpolarization cause the smooth muscle to relax in order to <P> Prephenate dehydratase Structural studies As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 2QMX. <P> Monocarboxylate transporter 1 Biochemistry Detailed kinetic analysis of monocarboxylate transport in erythrocytes revealed that MCT1 operates through an ordered mechanism. MCT1 has a substrate binding site open to the extracellular matrix which binds a proton first followed by the lactate anion. The protein then undergoes a conformational change to a new ‘closed’’ conformation that exposes both the proton and lactate to the opposite surface of the membrane where they are released, lactate first and then the proton. For net transport of lactic acid, the rate-limiting step is the return of MCT1 without bound substrate to the open conformation. For this <P> released phosphate group then binds to the pump, causing the pump to change shape. This shape change causes the cytosolic side of the pump to open, allowing the two Ca²⁺ to enter. The cytosolic side of the pump then closes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum side opens, releasing the Ca²⁺ into the SR.
A protein found in cardiac muscle, called phospholamban (PLB) has been shown to prevent SERCA from working. It does this by binding to the SERCA and decreasing its attraction (affinity) to calcium, therefore preventing calcium uptake into the SR. Failure to remove Ca²⁺ from the cytosol, prevents muscle | question: lactic acid myth article. can anyone verify this article and give me a 5 year old explanation? context: <P> with a low glucose concentration, cAMP accumulates and binds to the allosteric site on CRP (cAMP receptor protein), a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to a specific site upstream of the lac promoter, making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the cAMP concentration decreases, and the CRP disengages from the lac operon. Pathology Since cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been <P> in the mitochondria (back to pyruvate for entry into the Krebs’ cycle, generating NADH in the process), or serve as a gluconeogenic precursor, the intracellular lactate shuttle has been proposed to account for the majority of lactate turnover in the human body (as evidenced by the slight increases in arterial lactate concentration). Brooks et al. confirmed this in 1999, when they found that lactate oxidation exceeded that of pyruvate by 10-40% in rat liver, skeletal, and cardiac muscle.
In 1990, Roth and Brooks found evidence for the facilitated transporter of lactate, monocarboxylate transport protein (MCT), in the sarcolemma vesicles of rat <P> Lactate shuttle hypothesis The lactate shuttle hypothesis was proposed by professor George Brooks of the University of California at Berkeley, describing the movement of lactate intracellularly (within a cell) and intercellularly (between cells). The hypothesis is based on the observation that lactate is formed and utilized continuously in diverse cells under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Further, lactate produced at sites with high rates of glycolysis and glycogenolysis can be shuttled to adjacent or remote sites including heart or skeletal muscles where the lactate can be used as a gluconeogenic precursor or substrate for oxidation.
In addition to its role <P> Sarcoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca²⁺). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell. This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger; see calcium in biology for <P> pyruvate to lactate in the cytosol, oxidizing NADH to NAD⁺, regenerating the necessary substrate needed to continue glycolysis. Lactate is then transported from the peripheral tissues to the liver by means of the Cori Cycle where it is reformed into pyruvate through the reverse reaction using lactate dehydrogenase. By this logic, lactate was traditionally considered a toxic metabolic byproduct that could give rise to fatigue and muscle pain during times of anaerobic respiration. Lactate was essentially payment for ‘oxygen debt’ defined by Hill and Lupton as the ‘total amount of oxygen used, after cessation of exercise in <P> of myosin phosphorylation is in turn inhibited by KRP in vitro. As a consequence of this, in vivo KRP might slow down the rate of myosin phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and, therefore, tension development. When the intracellular Ca2+ level is decreasing, the KRP can also accelerate muscle relaxation by lowering the ratio of phosphorylated to phosphorylated myosin. KRP is also an important structural regulator of myosin filaments. Smooth muscle myosin, under physiological conditions in vitro, can adapt two relatively and different stable conformations. When the myosin is in the extended conformation, it is active and able <P> formation, thus looking like light chain phosphorylation. This could be a physiologically significant phenomenon considering the high concentration of ATP always present in smooth muscle cells. Thus, Kinase-related protein may have a very important role in relaxed smooth muscle by keeping dephosphorylated myosin in the filamentous state ready for the next rapid contractile response. Experiments aimed at testing this hypothesis indicated that under appropriate conditions a small excess of KRP is enough to form an equimolar complex with smooth muscle myosin and to cause its complete polymerization in the presence of ATP. Experiments where it has been tested this <P> as a fuel source predominantly in the muscles, heart, brain, and liver, the lactate shuttle hypothesis also relates the role of lactate in redox signalling, gene expression, and lipolytic control. These additional roles of lactate have given rise to the term ‘lactormone’, pertaining to the role of lactate as a signalling hormone. Lactate and the Cori cycle Prior to the formation of the lactate shuttle hypothesis, lactate had long been considered a byproduct resulting from glucose breakdown through glycolysis in times of anaerobic metabolism. As a means of regenerating oxidized NAD⁺, lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of <P> cause collapse in a severely dehydrated horse. The human drug dantrolene is sometimes given to alleviate the muscle spasms and prevent further degeneration of muscle tissue.
Vitamin E is an anti-oxidant, and so may help prevent further cell degeneration in the affected muscles. However, vitamin E products must be used with caution if they also contain selenium.
Bicarbonate will not help offset any lactic acid in the bloodstream, as lactic acid generally only accumulates in the affected muscles.
Except to get a horse to his stall, a horse showing signs of severe ER should not be moved until he is comfortable enough to <P> homology and presumed phylogenetic relationships. Classes A, C and D cleave beta-lactams by a multi-step mechanism analogous to the mechanism of serine proteases. Upon binding, a serine hydroxyl group in the beta-lactamase active site forms a transient covalent bond to the beta-lactam ring carbonyl group, cleaving the beta-lactam ring in the process. In a second step, nucleophilic attack by a water molecule cleaves the covalent bond between the enzyme and the carbonyl group of the erstwhile beta-lactam. This allows the degraded beta-lactam to diffuse away and frees up the enzyme to process additional beta-lactam molecules.
Currently available beta-lactamase inhibitors are effective <P> with the general transcription machinery is referred to as an "activating region". The part of the general transcription machinery that makes protein–protein interactions with the activator is referred to as an "activation target". Example The catabolite activator protein (CAP; also known as cAMP receptor protein, CRP) activates transcription at the lac operon of the bacterium Escherichia coli. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is produced during glucose starvation, binds to CAP, causes a conformational change that allows CAP to bind to a DNA site located adjacent to the lac promoter. CAP then makes a direct protein–protein interaction with RNA polymerase that <P> recovery there from’. Cell-cell role of the lactate shuttle In addition to Cori Cycle, the lactate shuttle hypothesis proposes complementary functions of lactate in multiple tissues. Contrary to the long-held belief that lactate is formed as a result of oxygen-limited metabolism, substantial evidence exists that suggests lactate is formed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, as a result of substrate supply and equilibrium dynamics. Tissue use (brain, heart, muscle) During physical exertion or moderate intensity exercise lactate released from working muscle and other tissue beds is the primary fuel source for the heart, exiting the muscles through monocarboxylate transport protein <P> However, the existence of the peroxisomal lactate shuttle suggests that this redox shuttle could exist for other organelles. Gene expression Increased intracellular levels of lactate can act as a signalling hormone, inducing changes in gene expression that will upregulate genes involved in lactate removal. These genes include MCT1, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and other enzymes involved in the lactate oxidation complex. Additionally, lactate will increase levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α), suggesting that lactate stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. Control of lipolysis In addition to the role of the lactate shuttle in supplying NAD+ substrate for β-oxidation <P> Glycerol dehydratase Structural studies As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1IWP and 1MMF. <P> recruits RNA polymerase to the lac promoter. <P> possibility of a mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex in 2006. This is supported by the observation that the ability of muscle cells to oxidize lactate was related to the density of mitochondria. Furthermore, it was shown that training increases MCT1 protein levels in skeletal muscle mitochondria, and that corresponded with an increase in the ability of muscle to clear lactate from the body during exercise. The affinity of MCT for pyruvate is greater than lactate, however two reactions will ensure that lactate will be present in concentrations that are orders of magnitude greater than pyruvate: first, the equilibrium constant <P> to several different calcium-modulated proteins such as troponin-C (the first one to be identified) and calmodulin, proteins that are necessary for promoting contraction in muscle.
In the endothelial cells which line the inside of blood vessels, Ca²⁺ ions can regulate several signaling pathways which cause the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels to relax. Some of these Ca²⁺-activated pathways include the stimulation of eNOS to produce nitric oxide, as well as the stimulation of Kca channels to efflux K⁺ and cause hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. Both nitric oxide and hyperpolarization cause the smooth muscle to relax in order to <P> Prephenate dehydratase Structural studies As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 2QMX. <P> Monocarboxylate transporter 1 Biochemistry Detailed kinetic analysis of monocarboxylate transport in erythrocytes revealed that MCT1 operates through an ordered mechanism. MCT1 has a substrate binding site open to the extracellular matrix which binds a proton first followed by the lactate anion. The protein then undergoes a conformational change to a new ‘closed’’ conformation that exposes both the proton and lactate to the opposite surface of the membrane where they are released, lactate first and then the proton. For net transport of lactic acid, the rate-limiting step is the return of MCT1 without bound substrate to the open conformation. For this <P> released phosphate group then binds to the pump, causing the pump to change shape. This shape change causes the cytosolic side of the pump to open, allowing the two Ca²⁺ to enter. The cytosolic side of the pump then closes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum side opens, releasing the Ca²⁺ into the SR.
A protein found in cardiac muscle, called phospholamban (PLB) has been shown to prevent SERCA from working. It does this by binding to the SERCA and decreasing its attraction (affinity) to calcium, therefore preventing calcium uptake into the SR. Failure to remove Ca²⁺ from the cytosol, prevents muscle | answer: well back in the day it was thought that when you overexercized your muscles lactic acid, a product of metabolism in poorly oxigenated conditions would be trapped in the muscles, cause pain, and be a sign of novelty in terms of the stimulus given to the muscle.there were many theories surrounding lactic acid and body acidosis, about what you should and should not eat after exercise, how to improve tamponization, but they were mostly moot.it is know today that muscle pain is actually a product of pure outright inflammation, and that inflammation is the driver of muscle growth and recruitment of satellite cells.tl:dr: people thought lactic acid was some sort of measure of amount of exercise and indicator of muscle development, people were wrong. _URL_0_ |
71,235 | z4p9w | What targets were to be destroyed first upon outbreak of nuclear war? Do we know? | Indeed there was. Military bases, major economic centers, trade ports, research facilities, etc., where all potential targets. And if your enemy was another nuclear power, then Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) came into play. MAD means that any attempt to attack another nuclear power would result in a similar response on ones own nation, hence the reason for the name. One of the key aspects of MAD was the concept of a second-strike capability. If a country is attacked by a nuclear power it is important to be able to retaliate against your attacker, this acts as a deterrent for them to attack you in the first place. In order to eliminate the possibility of a second-strike, the attacking nation must eliminate the second-strike capability.As you can see from this [image](_URL_0_), the United States predicted a number of areas that Soviet ICBMs would strike should a nuclear war break out. Some of them, like you said, are major population centers (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago). Washington, DC was also a target for obvious reasons. But there are also a large number of targets located in the Mid-West, Montana and the Dakotas, places were there is no obvious reason to attack. This is because those were locations of nuclear weapon launch facilities, so it would be imperative for the Soviets to destroy those sites in order to eliminate American second-strike capabilities. | [
"Indeed there was. Military bases, major economic centers, trade ports, research facilities, etc., where all potential targets. And if your enemy was another nuclear power, then Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) came into play. MAD means that any attempt to attack another nuclear power would result in a similar re... | 14 | [
"Indeed there was. Military bases, major economic centers, trade ports, research facilities, etc., where all potential targets. And if your enemy was another nuclear power, then Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) came into play. MAD means that any attempt to attack another nuclear power would result in a similar re... | 10 | <P> after the massive and widely publicized Castle Bravo test accident by the United States in 1954, which spread nuclear fallout over a large area and resulted in the death of at least one Japanese fisherman, the idea of a "limited" or "survivable" nuclear war became increasingly replaced by a perception that nuclear war meant the potentially instant end of all civilization: in fact, the explicit strategy of the nuclear powers was called Mutual Assured Destruction. Nuclear weapons became synonymous with apocalypse, and as a symbol this resonated through the culture of nations with freedom of the press. Several popular novels—such <P> weapons were completed as a pilot series by March 1950 with a serial production of the weapon that began in December 1951. Detection by the West Some United States Air Force WB-29 weather reconnaissance aircraft were fitted with special filters to collect atmospheric radioactive debris. On 1 September 1949, the Air Force Office of Atomic Energy had a WB-29 fly from Misawa Air Base in Japan to Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. The plane collected some debris during this flight. These data were then cross-checked with data from later flights, and it was determined that the Soviet Union had <P> not yet have created the massive cloud of dirt, and they would all fall largely unimpeded.
Secondly, there were widespread doubts at the time that the hardened nature of the armored missile silos were as robust as the military claimed. If the silos could not survive a near-miss, then clustering the silos would allow a single warhead to destroy multiple silos, perhaps all of them. If the silos were not as hard as claimed, Dense Pack actually lowered their survival rate.
Finally, Dense Pack was perceived by some to be a provocative, if not overtly hostile measure at a time when nuclear <P> a nuclear bomb under a schoolroom desk, would later become symbols of the seemingly inescapable and common fate created by such weapons. Many Americans—at least among the wealthier classes—built back-yard fallout shelters, which would provide little protection from a direct hit, but would keep out wind-blown fallout, for a few days or weeks (Switzerland, which never acquired nuclear weapons, although it had the technological sophistication to do so long before Pakistan or North Korea, has built nuclear blast shelters that would protect most of its population from a nuclear war.)
After the development of hydrogen bombs in the 1950s, and especially <P> Pile No. 1 went critical in October 1950, but its performance was about 30 per cent below its designed rating. Pile No. 2 went critical in June 1951, and was soon operating at 90 per cent of its designed power. The Piles had been designed to produce 90 kg of plutonium annually. The first irradiated fuel rods were sent for processing in January 1952, and Tom Tuohy retrieved the first sample of British plutonium on 28 March 1952. Enough Windscale plutonium for an atomic bomb was delivered to the weapons division at Aldermaston in August, and Britain's first nuclear device was <P> that was ejected thousands of feet into the sky. When the next warhead arrived it would hit this debris and be destroyed. Even if a warhead was successful in reaching the ground, it would create more dust and then lower the chance of the next one working.
This basic idea had been considered during the Minuteman missile era under the name dust defense. In this case, it was US nuclear bombs buried near the silos that created the cloud of debris. This was abandoned because the "dust" would be extremely radioactive and millions would die when the resulting fallout fell back <P> Sturmbühl. The bombs were intended to destroy the Heuberg Railroad, the former railway line. None hit their intended target, but the harvest was destroyed for several years. The bomb craters were 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) deep and have a diameter of 10–12 metres (33–39 ft). Each bomb ejected and scattered 150–200 cubic metres (5,300–7,100 cu ft) of rock. Even today there are still traces visible. It is believed that three unexploded bombs still remain buried in Wiesental.
After the Second World War numerous ethnic German refugees from Yugoslavia settled to the benefit of what was then small industry, which soon expanded rapidly. From around 1970, <P> disappearance of the Soviet threat, any future support required was to be provided by units at Incirlik alone. During normal operations, each unit boasted 110 military personnel. On the final day, the numbers dwindled to five people at Balikesir and three at Akinci. Since 1996, all other nuclear storage sites have been vacated except the base at Incirlik. <P> a "Gas Alert" was issued. A sentry was posted near every alarm horn or gong, at every dug-out big enough for ten men, each group of smaller dugouts and at signal offices. Gas helmets and alarms were tested every twelve hours and all soldiers wore the helmet outside the greatcoat or rolled up on their heads, with the top greatcoat button undone to tuck the helmet in. Special lubricants were provided for the working parts of weapons in forward positions. Intelligence From 20 to 30 April, the British received indications that a German gas attack was likely. From 21 to <P> accident was reported at the
Command Post of the Sixteenth Air Force, and it was confirmed at 11:22.
The commander of the U.S. Air Force at Torrejón Air Base, Spain, Major General Delmar E. Wilson, immediately traveled to the scene of the accident with a
Disaster Control Team. Further Air Force personnel were dispatched later the same day, including nuclear experts from U.S. government laboratories.
The first weapon to be discovered was found nearly intact. However, the conventional explosives from the other two bombs that fell on land detonated without setting off a nuclear explosion (akin to a dirty bomb explosion). This ignited the <P> the use of the bomb seems certain to continue".
After the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles grew, and nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing and demonstration purposes. Countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and that acknowledge possessing such weapons—are (chronologically): the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the People's Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea.
In the early 1980s, following a revival of the nuclear arms race, a popular nuclear disarmament movement emerged. In October 1981 half a million <P> Dense Pack system was chosen. The new strategy was mentioned in a speech by President Ronald Reagan in 1982.
According to the Dense Pack strategy, a series of ten to twelve hardened silos would be grouped closely together in a line. This line of silos would generally run north-to-south, as the primary flight path for Soviet inbound nuclear missiles would be expected to come from the north over the North Pole. Each "super-hardened" silo would require an almost direct hit ground burst to destroy the missile within. When the first warhead went off, it would create a huge cloud of debris <P> as Alas, Babylon and On the Beach—portrayed the aftermath of nuclear war. Several science-fiction novels, such as A Canticle for Leibowitz, explored the long-term consequences. Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb satirically portrayed the events and the thinking that could begin a nuclear war.
Nuclear weapons are also one of the main targets of peace organizations. The CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) was one of the main organisations campaigning against the 'Bomb'. Its symbol, a combination of the semaphore symbols for "N" (nuclear) and "D" (disarmament), entered modern popular culture as <P> Frozen Flashes Part 1: Target Peenemünde on 5 November 1939, the British consulate in Norway receives the Oslo Report, but the Military Intelligence doubts its veracity. The German research in Peenemünde goes undisturbed from the British. In spite of this, various resistance groups gather information about the site and attempt to hinder the missiles' development, taking great risks. Part 2: Password Paperclip After an Allied bombing wreaks great damage in Peenemünde, the local resistance manages to smuggle V-2 parts to Britain, where they would be analyzed by the Allies' technical intelligence. The Allies decide that the genius of the <P> deep mine entrances were filled in and disguised; the 3rd Division stopped all wiring and working parties to minimise the number of detached parties who might not receive a gas warning. The 24th Division carried on as normal, except for ration parties and runners who might be vulnerable if artillery-fire smothered the sound of gas alarms.
Late on 29 April, two more Germans deserted from the Spanbroekmolen area, to the positions of the 76th Brigade of the 3rd Division. The Germans said that an attack was due that night or in the early morning. The Brigade headquarters (HQ) reported the news <P> for MX was put in the hands of a committee led by the National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft, called the "President's Commission on Strategic Forces". Their 1983 report essentially stated that the issue of ICBM vulnerability was an illusion; they concluded the Soviets could not contemplate any attack that left any significant fraction of the US deterrent force in place, notably the SLBM force, and they could find no scenario under which this could possibly occur. Further, they reported that if even a "totally effective defense" were constructed, there could never be confidence that such a system would not be <P> early opposition, evacuation plans were soon created. One city at the forefront of such efforts was Portland, Oregon. In 1955, their city government completed "Operation Greenlight"—a drill to evacuate the city center. Hospital patients were packed into semi-trucks, pedestrians were picked up by passing motorists, and the city's construction equipment and emergency vehicles were rushed out to "dispersal points." The entire city center was evacuated in 19 minutes. On December 8, 1957, CBS Television aired a dramatization of how a well prepared city might respond to an imminent nuclear attack. The show, A Day Called <P> effectively tested a nuclear weapon. Response in the West The test surprised the Western powers. American intelligence had estimated that the Soviets would not produce an atomic weapon until 1953, while the British did not expect it until 1954. When the nuclear fission products from the test were detected by the U.S. Air Force, the United States began to follow the trail of the nuclear fallout debris. President Harry S. Truman notified the world of the situation on 23 September 1949: "We have evidence that within recent weeks an atomic explosion occurred in the U.S.S.R." Truman's statement likely in turn <P> dust being released into the atmosphere. The initial plan was to use robots to clear the debris off the roof. The Soviets used approximately 60 remote-controlled robots, most of them built in the Soviet Union although many failed due to the effect of high levels of radiation on their electronic controls.
Consequently, the most highly radioactive materials were shoveled by Chernobyl liquidators from the military wearing heavy protective gear (dubbed "bio-robots" by the military); these soldiers could only spend a maximum of 40-90 seconds working on the rooftops of the surrounding buildings because of the extremely high doses of radiation given off <P> same time, for any communications.
The decision not to restart on-alert bomber missions was also a reflection of the strategic decline of manned nuclear weapon delivery in favor of unmanned delivery via ICBMs, which had already eclipsed the number of bombers in the United States by April 1964. Weapon safety Following the Palomares and Thule accidents—the only cases where the conventional explosives of U.S. nuclear bombs accidentally detonated and dispersed nuclear materials—investigators concluded the high explosive (HE) used in nuclear weapons was not chemically stable enough to withstand the forces involved in an aircraft accident. They also determined that the electrical | question: What targets were to be destroyed first upon outbreak of nuclear war? Do we know? context: <P> after the massive and widely publicized Castle Bravo test accident by the United States in 1954, which spread nuclear fallout over a large area and resulted in the death of at least one Japanese fisherman, the idea of a "limited" or "survivable" nuclear war became increasingly replaced by a perception that nuclear war meant the potentially instant end of all civilization: in fact, the explicit strategy of the nuclear powers was called Mutual Assured Destruction. Nuclear weapons became synonymous with apocalypse, and as a symbol this resonated through the culture of nations with freedom of the press. Several popular novels—such <P> weapons were completed as a pilot series by March 1950 with a serial production of the weapon that began in December 1951. Detection by the West Some United States Air Force WB-29 weather reconnaissance aircraft were fitted with special filters to collect atmospheric radioactive debris. On 1 September 1949, the Air Force Office of Atomic Energy had a WB-29 fly from Misawa Air Base in Japan to Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. The plane collected some debris during this flight. These data were then cross-checked with data from later flights, and it was determined that the Soviet Union had <P> not yet have created the massive cloud of dirt, and they would all fall largely unimpeded.
Secondly, there were widespread doubts at the time that the hardened nature of the armored missile silos were as robust as the military claimed. If the silos could not survive a near-miss, then clustering the silos would allow a single warhead to destroy multiple silos, perhaps all of them. If the silos were not as hard as claimed, Dense Pack actually lowered their survival rate.
Finally, Dense Pack was perceived by some to be a provocative, if not overtly hostile measure at a time when nuclear <P> a nuclear bomb under a schoolroom desk, would later become symbols of the seemingly inescapable and common fate created by such weapons. Many Americans—at least among the wealthier classes—built back-yard fallout shelters, which would provide little protection from a direct hit, but would keep out wind-blown fallout, for a few days or weeks (Switzerland, which never acquired nuclear weapons, although it had the technological sophistication to do so long before Pakistan or North Korea, has built nuclear blast shelters that would protect most of its population from a nuclear war.)
After the development of hydrogen bombs in the 1950s, and especially <P> Pile No. 1 went critical in October 1950, but its performance was about 30 per cent below its designed rating. Pile No. 2 went critical in June 1951, and was soon operating at 90 per cent of its designed power. The Piles had been designed to produce 90 kg of plutonium annually. The first irradiated fuel rods were sent for processing in January 1952, and Tom Tuohy retrieved the first sample of British plutonium on 28 March 1952. Enough Windscale plutonium for an atomic bomb was delivered to the weapons division at Aldermaston in August, and Britain's first nuclear device was <P> that was ejected thousands of feet into the sky. When the next warhead arrived it would hit this debris and be destroyed. Even if a warhead was successful in reaching the ground, it would create more dust and then lower the chance of the next one working.
This basic idea had been considered during the Minuteman missile era under the name dust defense. In this case, it was US nuclear bombs buried near the silos that created the cloud of debris. This was abandoned because the "dust" would be extremely radioactive and millions would die when the resulting fallout fell back <P> Sturmbühl. The bombs were intended to destroy the Heuberg Railroad, the former railway line. None hit their intended target, but the harvest was destroyed for several years. The bomb craters were 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) deep and have a diameter of 10–12 metres (33–39 ft). Each bomb ejected and scattered 150–200 cubic metres (5,300–7,100 cu ft) of rock. Even today there are still traces visible. It is believed that three unexploded bombs still remain buried in Wiesental.
After the Second World War numerous ethnic German refugees from Yugoslavia settled to the benefit of what was then small industry, which soon expanded rapidly. From around 1970, <P> disappearance of the Soviet threat, any future support required was to be provided by units at Incirlik alone. During normal operations, each unit boasted 110 military personnel. On the final day, the numbers dwindled to five people at Balikesir and three at Akinci. Since 1996, all other nuclear storage sites have been vacated except the base at Incirlik. <P> a "Gas Alert" was issued. A sentry was posted near every alarm horn or gong, at every dug-out big enough for ten men, each group of smaller dugouts and at signal offices. Gas helmets and alarms were tested every twelve hours and all soldiers wore the helmet outside the greatcoat or rolled up on their heads, with the top greatcoat button undone to tuck the helmet in. Special lubricants were provided for the working parts of weapons in forward positions. Intelligence From 20 to 30 April, the British received indications that a German gas attack was likely. From 21 to <P> accident was reported at the
Command Post of the Sixteenth Air Force, and it was confirmed at 11:22.
The commander of the U.S. Air Force at Torrejón Air Base, Spain, Major General Delmar E. Wilson, immediately traveled to the scene of the accident with a
Disaster Control Team. Further Air Force personnel were dispatched later the same day, including nuclear experts from U.S. government laboratories.
The first weapon to be discovered was found nearly intact. However, the conventional explosives from the other two bombs that fell on land detonated without setting off a nuclear explosion (akin to a dirty bomb explosion). This ignited the <P> the use of the bomb seems certain to continue".
After the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles grew, and nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing and demonstration purposes. Countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and that acknowledge possessing such weapons—are (chronologically): the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the People's Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea.
In the early 1980s, following a revival of the nuclear arms race, a popular nuclear disarmament movement emerged. In October 1981 half a million <P> Dense Pack system was chosen. The new strategy was mentioned in a speech by President Ronald Reagan in 1982.
According to the Dense Pack strategy, a series of ten to twelve hardened silos would be grouped closely together in a line. This line of silos would generally run north-to-south, as the primary flight path for Soviet inbound nuclear missiles would be expected to come from the north over the North Pole. Each "super-hardened" silo would require an almost direct hit ground burst to destroy the missile within. When the first warhead went off, it would create a huge cloud of debris <P> as Alas, Babylon and On the Beach—portrayed the aftermath of nuclear war. Several science-fiction novels, such as A Canticle for Leibowitz, explored the long-term consequences. Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb satirically portrayed the events and the thinking that could begin a nuclear war.
Nuclear weapons are also one of the main targets of peace organizations. The CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) was one of the main organisations campaigning against the 'Bomb'. Its symbol, a combination of the semaphore symbols for "N" (nuclear) and "D" (disarmament), entered modern popular culture as <P> Frozen Flashes Part 1: Target Peenemünde on 5 November 1939, the British consulate in Norway receives the Oslo Report, but the Military Intelligence doubts its veracity. The German research in Peenemünde goes undisturbed from the British. In spite of this, various resistance groups gather information about the site and attempt to hinder the missiles' development, taking great risks. Part 2: Password Paperclip After an Allied bombing wreaks great damage in Peenemünde, the local resistance manages to smuggle V-2 parts to Britain, where they would be analyzed by the Allies' technical intelligence. The Allies decide that the genius of the <P> deep mine entrances were filled in and disguised; the 3rd Division stopped all wiring and working parties to minimise the number of detached parties who might not receive a gas warning. The 24th Division carried on as normal, except for ration parties and runners who might be vulnerable if artillery-fire smothered the sound of gas alarms.
Late on 29 April, two more Germans deserted from the Spanbroekmolen area, to the positions of the 76th Brigade of the 3rd Division. The Germans said that an attack was due that night or in the early morning. The Brigade headquarters (HQ) reported the news <P> for MX was put in the hands of a committee led by the National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft, called the "President's Commission on Strategic Forces". Their 1983 report essentially stated that the issue of ICBM vulnerability was an illusion; they concluded the Soviets could not contemplate any attack that left any significant fraction of the US deterrent force in place, notably the SLBM force, and they could find no scenario under which this could possibly occur. Further, they reported that if even a "totally effective defense" were constructed, there could never be confidence that such a system would not be <P> early opposition, evacuation plans were soon created. One city at the forefront of such efforts was Portland, Oregon. In 1955, their city government completed "Operation Greenlight"—a drill to evacuate the city center. Hospital patients were packed into semi-trucks, pedestrians were picked up by passing motorists, and the city's construction equipment and emergency vehicles were rushed out to "dispersal points." The entire city center was evacuated in 19 minutes. On December 8, 1957, CBS Television aired a dramatization of how a well prepared city might respond to an imminent nuclear attack. The show, A Day Called <P> effectively tested a nuclear weapon. Response in the West The test surprised the Western powers. American intelligence had estimated that the Soviets would not produce an atomic weapon until 1953, while the British did not expect it until 1954. When the nuclear fission products from the test were detected by the U.S. Air Force, the United States began to follow the trail of the nuclear fallout debris. President Harry S. Truman notified the world of the situation on 23 September 1949: "We have evidence that within recent weeks an atomic explosion occurred in the U.S.S.R." Truman's statement likely in turn <P> dust being released into the atmosphere. The initial plan was to use robots to clear the debris off the roof. The Soviets used approximately 60 remote-controlled robots, most of them built in the Soviet Union although many failed due to the effect of high levels of radiation on their electronic controls.
Consequently, the most highly radioactive materials were shoveled by Chernobyl liquidators from the military wearing heavy protective gear (dubbed "bio-robots" by the military); these soldiers could only spend a maximum of 40-90 seconds working on the rooftops of the surrounding buildings because of the extremely high doses of radiation given off <P> same time, for any communications.
The decision not to restart on-alert bomber missions was also a reflection of the strategic decline of manned nuclear weapon delivery in favor of unmanned delivery via ICBMs, which had already eclipsed the number of bombers in the United States by April 1964. Weapon safety Following the Palomares and Thule accidents—the only cases where the conventional explosives of U.S. nuclear bombs accidentally detonated and dispersed nuclear materials—investigators concluded the high explosive (HE) used in nuclear weapons was not chemically stable enough to withstand the forces involved in an aircraft accident. They also determined that the electrical | answer: Indeed there was. Military bases, major economic centers, trade ports, research facilities, etc., where all potential targets. And if your enemy was another nuclear power, then Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) came into play. MAD means that any attempt to attack another nuclear power would result in a similar response on ones own nation, hence the reason for the name. One of the key aspects of MAD was the concept of a second-strike capability. If a country is attacked by a nuclear power it is important to be able to retaliate against your attacker, this acts as a deterrent for them to attack you in the first place. In order to eliminate the possibility of a second-strike, the attacking nation must eliminate the second-strike capability.As you can see from this [image](_URL_0_), the United States predicted a number of areas that Soviet ICBMs would strike should a nuclear war break out. Some of them, like you said, are major population centers (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago). Washington, DC was also a target for obvious reasons. But there are also a large number of targets located in the Mid-West, Montana and the Dakotas, places were there is no obvious reason to attack. This is because those were locations of nuclear weapon launch facilities, so it would be imperative for the Soviets to destroy those sites in order to eliminate American second-strike capabilities. |
26,609 | 1q8paw | how did sites like grooveshark, spotify, and google play get all that music available for free streaming? | Grooveshark is currently in a number of lawsuits over copyright infringement.Spotify has licensing deals with music studios so that they are allowed to stream music on demand. On the free version, they pay for these license fees with ads. In the US, due to streaming music laws, anyone can use music for Internet Radio, assuming that they pay a set royalty fee. This is how Pandora and Spotify Radio work.Google Play All Access is similar to Spotify in that you need to pay $10/month and they use that money to pay for license fees to the recording companies.iTunes Radio is different in that it has worked out license fees with companies for streaming so they can operate in many more countries than something like Pandora. Pandora only works in the US, Australia, and New Zealand. While iTunes Radio is initially only available in the US, many people believe that because Apple's licensing deals span across many countries, it will be able to spread far easier than Pandora. | [
"Grooveshark is currently in a number of lawsuits over copyright infringement.\n\nSpotify has licensing deals with music studios so that they are allowed to stream music on demand. On the free version, they pay for these license fees with ads. In the US, due to streaming music laws, anyone can use music for Inter... | 4 | [
"Grooveshark is currently in a number of lawsuits over copyright infringement.\n\nSpotify has licensing deals with music studios so that they are allowed to stream music on demand. On the free version, they pay for these license fees with ads. In the US, due to streaming music laws, anyone can use music for Inter... | 2 | <P> sold single songs for $0.99 and entire album downloads for $9.99. The company's graphical user interface was attractive enough to garner distribution deals with Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Bertelsmann Music Group and Warner Music Group. These agreements gave the company online digital distribution rights for artists such as U2, Madonna, Britney Spears, Enrique Iglesias and Jay-Z. The company concept had originally been for the consumer to download an MP3 file and "burn" it onto a CD, so that the CD could be listened to on a CD player. However, early MP3 players from companies like Creative Labs began <P> website was launched in July 2010. The new version does not feature Liveplasma technology, and has many fewer features available in the free version of the site.
An iPhone application was launched in September 2010.
In January 2017 Musicovery closed its services to end-users and is now only supplying playlists to other streaming providers.
The Musicovery team is based in Paris, France. International service The music catalogs are specific for each country and the site is translated in local languages (English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, German, and French). The interface is adapted to local specifications where appropriate (for instance, country and folk genres are <P> SingTel. <P> Online music store History The first free, high fidelity online music archive of downloadable songs on the Internet was the Internet Underground Music Archive (IUMA) in 1993. IUMA was started by Rob Lord, Jeff Patterson and Jon Luini from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
In 1998, Miami entrepreneur Ivan J. Parron founded and launched Ritmoteca.com as one of the early online music store business models. It allowed visitors to visually search through a jukebox-style catalog of over 300,000 songs organized by albums, listen to a 30-second music clips (previews) or music video and purchase the MP3 format via downloading. It <P> until 2001, when acquired by Vitaminic. Peoplesound was one of the earliest platforms for digital music in the world.It offered customers two free songs from every band as a taster and then invite customers to create their own compilations in CD Realaudio or MP3 format. It also famously offered artists £100 to join. The business primarily focused on observing user behaviour around their engagement with music to help the music industry better understand and target consumers. Peoplesound raised money based on a valuation of around £70m, from investors including Finnish wireless communications operator Sonera Corporation and venture capital firm Zouk <P> Napster (streaming music service) History In 1999, Tim Bratton, J.P. Lester, Sylvain Rebaud, Alexandre Brouaux, Nick Sincaglia and Dave Lampton were working on a new streaming audio engine. This engine was commercially deployed in the TuneTo.com customized radio service, and was also used in their "celestial jukebox" prototype, called Aladdin.
In April 2001, TuneTo.com was acquired by Listen.com, a startup founded in San Francisco by author and entrepreneur Rob Reid, that had built a large online music directory. Aladdin was transformed into the Rhapsody music service during the summer and fall of 2001 and was launched on December 3, 2001.
Rhapsody was <P> the "rules of engagement" negotiated by the American Association of Independent Music in the wake of the investigation had not been effective in diversifying playlist content or ending payola practices. Artist Revenue Streams In January 2011, FMC announced the Artist Revenue Streams research project, a multi-method research initiative funded by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation to assess how US musicians and composers working in all genres are currently generating income. The project was inspired by the widely distributed article by Kristin Thomson entitled "The 29 Streams", noting the wide variety of ways that musicians and composers can make money from <P> of Sound, Cocoon, Great Stuff, Azuli, Strictly Rhythm, Boys Noize & more.
There are tracks that cannot be purchased by some users due to territorial sale restrictions. This is a result of licensing agreements made between the original copyright owner and one or more record labels who negotiate sub-licenses to sell content in specific territories. UGC feature In 2007 Djtunes became the first online shop in the electronic dance music industry to offer a User generated content feature. Through the UGC feature artists without label contracts have the opportunity to upload and sell their unsigned productions.
The revenue is split <P> YouTube Premium History The service was first unveiled in November 2014 as Music Key, serving as a collaboration between YouTube and Google Play Music, and meant to succeed the former's own subscription service. Music Key offered ad-free playback of music videos from participating labels hosted on YouTube, as well as background and offline playback of music videos on mobile devices from within the YouTube app. The service also included access to Google Play Music All Access, which provides ad-free audio streaming of a library of music. Alongside Music Key, Google also introduced tighter integration between Play Music and YouTube's apps, <P> are offered both in lossy formats as MP3 (320k or V0), AAC and Ogg Vorbis and in lossless formats as FLAC, ALAC, WAV and AIFF. In addition to digital downloads artists may offer the purchase of their music on physical media such as CD or vinyl.
Bandcamp’s website offers users access to an artist’s page featuring information on the artist, social media links, merchandising links and listing their available music. Artists can change the look of their page, and to customize its features. In 2010 the site enabled embedded/shared links in other social media sites. Notable artists and labels Bandcamp <P> service provides some of the best user works alongside new songs from popular artists for players to download. Players can only upload five songs to the service at the start, but players that have highly rated songs gain the ability to upload more. Bright stated that uploaded songs would be actively monitored, and that covers of copyrighted songs would be removed from the service while also taking down any other requests made by copyright owners. The PlayStation 2 version of the game features custom song creation, but does not support the uploading service. Downloadable content In addition <P> Sony Music Entertainment's service did not do as well as was hoped. Many consumers felt the service was difficult to navigate and use. Sony's pricing of US$3.50 per song track also discouraged many early adopters of the service. Furthermore, as MP3 Newswire pointed out in its review of the service, users were actually only renting the tracks for that $3.50, because the patron did not own the audio file. After a certain point the files expired and could not be played again without repurchase. The service quickly failed.
Undaunted, the record industry tried again. Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment <P> Musicovery Announcement January 2. 2017 Musicovery announced on facebook it closed its webradio, and is currently only working as B2B in supplying playlists to other streaming services.
We are sad to announce to our users that Musicovery is closing its smart radio.
Musicovery is now focusing on providing to other music services its recommendation and playlist engine.We thank all listeners for their support. We hope you enjoyed the trip !
The text below has not been edited to show that the service is no longer available to end-users. History Musicovery was founded by Vincent Castaignet and Frédéric Vavrille. They combined their technology in <P> their listeners across its 20 stations to take the online pledge and be part of the change. Photography and short-film contests are also being organized with prizes sponsored by Canon. <P> 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. "The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.
On June 6, 2016, West announced the Yeezy Season 2 Zine. The Adidas Yeezy Boost 750 sneakers were released to retailers the following week, on June 11. They are high-top <P> to be available on the market, which meant that users could listen to MP3 files directly.
The realization of the market for downloadable music grew widespread with the development of Napster, a music and file sharing service created by Shawn Fanning that made a major impact on the Internet scene during the year 2000. Some services have tethered downloads, meaning that playing songs requires an active membership. Napster was founded as a pioneering peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing Internet service that emphasized sharing audio files, typically music, encoded in MP3 format. The original company ran into legal difficulties over copyright infringement, ceased <P> internet streaming music service, was launched in 2008 as IO Business Music (www.iobusinessmusic.com), a wholly owned subsidiary of RadioIO, Inc. It provides in-store music and offers branded as well as non-branded business music channels carrying local and national advertising. It is used by many national chains such as quick service restaurants, spas, hospitals, airports, hotels, casinos, auto dealers, and specialty retailers. History In 1998, Internet broadcaster, Michael R. Roe, launched a single SHOUTcast stream after starting it as a hobby out of a spare bedroom in St. Augustine, Florida. The following year, Roe named it RadioA3 (a radio industry term <P> Rara (service) Features rara had a catalogue of over 22 million tracks licensed. It provided unlimited on-demand music streaming. Web users could create playlists which were synchronised through the cloud with their other rara devices. rara used a team to curate channels and playlists, categorised by mood, genre, era and currently trending. rara created personalised music recommendations that were both algorithmically generated and hand curated by rara's team. Powered by Dolby Pulse, rara streamed audio on web and via apps at a bitrate of 320 kbit/s. Platforms rara was available on web via PC and Mac and also via apps <P> SM Town SuperStar SMTOWN In August 2014, SM Entertainment launched a rhythm game available for Android and iOS called SuperStar SMTOWN, featuring SM Town artists' songs. <P> FanMail Tour Background Most dates of the tour were sold out and the group would perform all the hits from throughout their career. The tightly choreographed concert featured a five-piece band, seven dancers, cybertechnics, and a giant-screen android named "Virtual Vic-E". On September 27, 1999, TLC donated an exclusive track entitled "I Need That" to MP3.com, that the fans could download from the company's website for free. In exchange, MP3.com sponsored the tour and donated ten cents to the Sickle Cell Disease Association each time the song was downloaded.
At the time, TLC had to address the incessant rumors that they | question: how did sites like grooveshark, spotify, and google play get all that music available for free streaming? context: <P> sold single songs for $0.99 and entire album downloads for $9.99. The company's graphical user interface was attractive enough to garner distribution deals with Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Bertelsmann Music Group and Warner Music Group. These agreements gave the company online digital distribution rights for artists such as U2, Madonna, Britney Spears, Enrique Iglesias and Jay-Z. The company concept had originally been for the consumer to download an MP3 file and "burn" it onto a CD, so that the CD could be listened to on a CD player. However, early MP3 players from companies like Creative Labs began <P> website was launched in July 2010. The new version does not feature Liveplasma technology, and has many fewer features available in the free version of the site.
An iPhone application was launched in September 2010.
In January 2017 Musicovery closed its services to end-users and is now only supplying playlists to other streaming providers.
The Musicovery team is based in Paris, France. International service The music catalogs are specific for each country and the site is translated in local languages (English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, German, and French). The interface is adapted to local specifications where appropriate (for instance, country and folk genres are <P> SingTel. <P> Online music store History The first free, high fidelity online music archive of downloadable songs on the Internet was the Internet Underground Music Archive (IUMA) in 1993. IUMA was started by Rob Lord, Jeff Patterson and Jon Luini from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
In 1998, Miami entrepreneur Ivan J. Parron founded and launched Ritmoteca.com as one of the early online music store business models. It allowed visitors to visually search through a jukebox-style catalog of over 300,000 songs organized by albums, listen to a 30-second music clips (previews) or music video and purchase the MP3 format via downloading. It <P> until 2001, when acquired by Vitaminic. Peoplesound was one of the earliest platforms for digital music in the world.It offered customers two free songs from every band as a taster and then invite customers to create their own compilations in CD Realaudio or MP3 format. It also famously offered artists £100 to join. The business primarily focused on observing user behaviour around their engagement with music to help the music industry better understand and target consumers. Peoplesound raised money based on a valuation of around £70m, from investors including Finnish wireless communications operator Sonera Corporation and venture capital firm Zouk <P> Napster (streaming music service) History In 1999, Tim Bratton, J.P. Lester, Sylvain Rebaud, Alexandre Brouaux, Nick Sincaglia and Dave Lampton were working on a new streaming audio engine. This engine was commercially deployed in the TuneTo.com customized radio service, and was also used in their "celestial jukebox" prototype, called Aladdin.
In April 2001, TuneTo.com was acquired by Listen.com, a startup founded in San Francisco by author and entrepreneur Rob Reid, that had built a large online music directory. Aladdin was transformed into the Rhapsody music service during the summer and fall of 2001 and was launched on December 3, 2001.
Rhapsody was <P> the "rules of engagement" negotiated by the American Association of Independent Music in the wake of the investigation had not been effective in diversifying playlist content or ending payola practices. Artist Revenue Streams In January 2011, FMC announced the Artist Revenue Streams research project, a multi-method research initiative funded by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation to assess how US musicians and composers working in all genres are currently generating income. The project was inspired by the widely distributed article by Kristin Thomson entitled "The 29 Streams", noting the wide variety of ways that musicians and composers can make money from <P> of Sound, Cocoon, Great Stuff, Azuli, Strictly Rhythm, Boys Noize & more.
There are tracks that cannot be purchased by some users due to territorial sale restrictions. This is a result of licensing agreements made between the original copyright owner and one or more record labels who negotiate sub-licenses to sell content in specific territories. UGC feature In 2007 Djtunes became the first online shop in the electronic dance music industry to offer a User generated content feature. Through the UGC feature artists without label contracts have the opportunity to upload and sell their unsigned productions.
The revenue is split <P> YouTube Premium History The service was first unveiled in November 2014 as Music Key, serving as a collaboration between YouTube and Google Play Music, and meant to succeed the former's own subscription service. Music Key offered ad-free playback of music videos from participating labels hosted on YouTube, as well as background and offline playback of music videos on mobile devices from within the YouTube app. The service also included access to Google Play Music All Access, which provides ad-free audio streaming of a library of music. Alongside Music Key, Google also introduced tighter integration between Play Music and YouTube's apps, <P> are offered both in lossy formats as MP3 (320k or V0), AAC and Ogg Vorbis and in lossless formats as FLAC, ALAC, WAV and AIFF. In addition to digital downloads artists may offer the purchase of their music on physical media such as CD or vinyl.
Bandcamp’s website offers users access to an artist’s page featuring information on the artist, social media links, merchandising links and listing their available music. Artists can change the look of their page, and to customize its features. In 2010 the site enabled embedded/shared links in other social media sites. Notable artists and labels Bandcamp <P> service provides some of the best user works alongside new songs from popular artists for players to download. Players can only upload five songs to the service at the start, but players that have highly rated songs gain the ability to upload more. Bright stated that uploaded songs would be actively monitored, and that covers of copyrighted songs would be removed from the service while also taking down any other requests made by copyright owners. The PlayStation 2 version of the game features custom song creation, but does not support the uploading service. Downloadable content In addition <P> Sony Music Entertainment's service did not do as well as was hoped. Many consumers felt the service was difficult to navigate and use. Sony's pricing of US$3.50 per song track also discouraged many early adopters of the service. Furthermore, as MP3 Newswire pointed out in its review of the service, users were actually only renting the tracks for that $3.50, because the patron did not own the audio file. After a certain point the files expired and could not be played again without repurchase. The service quickly failed.
Undaunted, the record industry tried again. Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment <P> Musicovery Announcement January 2. 2017 Musicovery announced on facebook it closed its webradio, and is currently only working as B2B in supplying playlists to other streaming services.
We are sad to announce to our users that Musicovery is closing its smart radio.
Musicovery is now focusing on providing to other music services its recommendation and playlist engine.We thank all listeners for their support. We hope you enjoyed the trip !
The text below has not been edited to show that the service is no longer available to end-users. History Musicovery was founded by Vincent Castaignet and Frédéric Vavrille. They combined their technology in <P> their listeners across its 20 stations to take the online pledge and be part of the change. Photography and short-film contests are also being organized with prizes sponsored by Canon. <P> 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. "The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.
On June 6, 2016, West announced the Yeezy Season 2 Zine. The Adidas Yeezy Boost 750 sneakers were released to retailers the following week, on June 11. They are high-top <P> to be available on the market, which meant that users could listen to MP3 files directly.
The realization of the market for downloadable music grew widespread with the development of Napster, a music and file sharing service created by Shawn Fanning that made a major impact on the Internet scene during the year 2000. Some services have tethered downloads, meaning that playing songs requires an active membership. Napster was founded as a pioneering peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing Internet service that emphasized sharing audio files, typically music, encoded in MP3 format. The original company ran into legal difficulties over copyright infringement, ceased <P> internet streaming music service, was launched in 2008 as IO Business Music (www.iobusinessmusic.com), a wholly owned subsidiary of RadioIO, Inc. It provides in-store music and offers branded as well as non-branded business music channels carrying local and national advertising. It is used by many national chains such as quick service restaurants, spas, hospitals, airports, hotels, casinos, auto dealers, and specialty retailers. History In 1998, Internet broadcaster, Michael R. Roe, launched a single SHOUTcast stream after starting it as a hobby out of a spare bedroom in St. Augustine, Florida. The following year, Roe named it RadioA3 (a radio industry term <P> Rara (service) Features rara had a catalogue of over 22 million tracks licensed. It provided unlimited on-demand music streaming. Web users could create playlists which were synchronised through the cloud with their other rara devices. rara used a team to curate channels and playlists, categorised by mood, genre, era and currently trending. rara created personalised music recommendations that were both algorithmically generated and hand curated by rara's team. Powered by Dolby Pulse, rara streamed audio on web and via apps at a bitrate of 320 kbit/s. Platforms rara was available on web via PC and Mac and also via apps <P> SM Town SuperStar SMTOWN In August 2014, SM Entertainment launched a rhythm game available for Android and iOS called SuperStar SMTOWN, featuring SM Town artists' songs. <P> FanMail Tour Background Most dates of the tour were sold out and the group would perform all the hits from throughout their career. The tightly choreographed concert featured a five-piece band, seven dancers, cybertechnics, and a giant-screen android named "Virtual Vic-E". On September 27, 1999, TLC donated an exclusive track entitled "I Need That" to MP3.com, that the fans could download from the company's website for free. In exchange, MP3.com sponsored the tour and donated ten cents to the Sickle Cell Disease Association each time the song was downloaded.
At the time, TLC had to address the incessant rumors that they | answer: Grooveshark is currently in a number of lawsuits over copyright infringement.Spotify has licensing deals with music studios so that they are allowed to stream music on demand. On the free version, they pay for these license fees with ads. In the US, due to streaming music laws, anyone can use music for Internet Radio, assuming that they pay a set royalty fee. This is how Pandora and Spotify Radio work.Google Play All Access is similar to Spotify in that you need to pay $10/month and they use that money to pay for license fees to the recording companies.iTunes Radio is different in that it has worked out license fees with companies for streaming so they can operate in many more countries than something like Pandora. Pandora only works in the US, Australia, and New Zealand. While iTunes Radio is initially only available in the US, many people believe that because Apple's licensing deals span across many countries, it will be able to spread far easier than Pandora. |
24,434 | 4d3lnt | why is netflix throttling such a controversial issue? | It's when the ISP is hand picking what websites are fast or slow that really gets people. It's an incredible amount of power where companies that used to be just neutral pipes to turn into places that hand pick what websites can or can't exist. The fact that many of the largest ISPs are media companies and the sites they most often talk about throttling are media companies makes it even more double sketchy. A cable company would be very interested in making video companies that make it so you don't need cable tv anymore not work anymore. | [
"It's when the ISP is hand picking what websites are fast or slow that really gets people. It's an incredible amount of power where companies that used to be just neutral pipes to turn into places that hand pick what websites can or can't exist. \n\nThe fact that many of the largest ISPs are media companies and the... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> the customer experience. However, likely as a result of negative reviews and reaction by Netflix users, Netflix reversed its decision to remove profiles 11 days after the announcement. In announcing the reinstatement of profiles, Netflix defended its original decision, stating, "Because of an ongoing desire to make our website easier to use, we believed taking a feature away that is only used by a very small minority would help us improve the site for everyone," then explained its reversal: "Listening to our members, we realized that users of this feature often describe it as an essential part of their Netflix <P> the FCC Open Internet Order 2010 for 7 years. They reiterated this commitment after the trial.
On February 10, 2014, Netflix updated its ISP speed rankings with January 2014 data that show the average access speed via Verizon FiOS traffic was dropped down between December 2013 and January 2014. Ars Technica, a technology news and information website, suggested the possibility that the ruling might affect this sudden traffic speed drop. Pointing to Netflix's performance change, several news media pointed out that the battle began shifting from network neutrality frameworks to private peering deals, which had not been covered by the FCC <P> was described by critics as "No Netflix killer" due to "glitches [and] lackluster selection".
CuriosityStream, a premium ad-free, subscription-based service launched in March 2015 similar to Netflix but offering strictly nonfiction content in the areas of science, technology, civilization and the human spirit, has been dubbed the "new Netflix for non-fiction".
Hulu Plus, like Netflix and Amazon Prime Instant Video, "ink[s] their own deals for exclusive and original content", requiring Netflix "not only to continue to attract new subscribers, but also keep existing ones happy".
Netflix largely avoids offering pornography, but several "adult video" subscription services were inspired by Netflix, such as SugarInstant <P> services in the country due to its regulatory climate. Reed Hastings stated that the company was planning to build relationships with local media companies that could serve as partners for distributing its content in the country (with a goal to concentrate primarily on its original content), but stated that they were in no hurry, and could thus take "many years".
Also in January 2016, Netflix announced it would begin blocking virtual private networks, or VPNs. At the same time, Netflix reported 74.8 million subscribers and predicted it would add 6.1 million more by March 2016. Subscription growth has been fueled by its global <P> were renewed, and most are gone now. The total cost of this is somewhere between $300 million and $400 million, which makes Netflix's deal for House of Cards extremely cost effective, according to Spacey. Netflix's subscription fee also eliminates the need for commercials, so they do not need to appease advertisers to fund their original content, a model similar to pay television services such as HBO and Showtime.
The Netflix model has also affected viewers' expectations. According to a 2013 Nielsen survey, more than 60-percent of Americans said that they binge-watch shows, and nearly 8 out of 10 Americans have used technology to <P> April 2014, Netflix announced that it would raise the price of this plan to $9.99 for new subscribers, but that existing customers would be grandfathered under this older price until May 2016, after which they could downgrade to the SD-only tier at the same price, or pay the higher fee for continued high definition access.
In July 2016, a Netflix subscriber sued the company over the price increases, alleging he was told by a Netflix customer support representative in 2011 that they would pay the same price in perpetuity as long as they maintained their subscription continuously.
On November 30, 2016, Netflix <P> year.
Chip.de tested German TV streaming service in the following four categories in June 2017: number of channels, picture quality, type of end-user use and range of functions / service. According to Chip.de Zattoo, the best price performance with additional functions such as the break and restart functions is offered.
As of 28 January 2019, Zattoo takes over the end customer business of Magine TV Germany, which is discontinuing its TV streaming service in Germany. 150,000 affected users will receive a welcome offer from Zattoo to continue watching HD TV on all Internet-enabled devices and to use time-shift TV features. Availability Applications <P> Starz Play Arabia, OSN's Wavo, and iflix Arabia. Also, in Brazil, Netflix competes with Globoplay, a Grupo Globo's streaming service, and PlayPlus, a Grupo Record's streaming service.
In Mexico, Televisa removed its content from Netflix in 2016 and moved it to its own streaming service Blim.
The Walt Disney Company will launch their own streaming service, Disney+, in November 2019. As a result, Disney content currently hosted on Netflix will begin to be phased out over the next couple of years. Incidents In February 2019, police stormed the Netflix headquarters in Hollywood after a man with a gun was reported wandering around <P> was previously not generating money for media companies. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement with Time Warner's Turner Broadcasting System and Warner Bros. Television to distribute Cartoon Network, Warner Bros. Animation, and Adult Swim content, as well as TNT's Dallas, beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs, previously held by Amazon Video, were given to Netflix shortly after their deal with Viacom to stream Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. programs expired. However, Cartoon Network's ratings dropped by 10% in households that had Netflix, and so many of the shows from that channel and Adult Swim were removed <P> month). This change came in a response to the introduction of Hulu and to Apple's new video-rental services. Netflix later split DVD rental subscriptions and streaming subscriptions into separate, standalone services, at which point the monthly caps on Internet streaming were lifted.
Netflix service plans are currently divided into three price tiers; the lowest offers standard definition streaming on a single device, the second allows high definition streaming on two devices simultaneously, and the "Platinum" tier allows simultaneous streaming on up to four devices, and 4K streaming on supported devices and Internet connections. The HD subscription plan historically cost US$7.99; in <P> TV deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Netflix's United States library includes newer releases from Relativity Media and its subsidiary Rogue Pictures, as well as DreamWorks Animation (until May 2018, when the studio signed a new contract with Hulu), Open Road Films (though this deal expired in 2017; Showtime has assumed pay television rights), Universal Animation (for animated films declined by HBO), FilmDistrict, The Weinstein Company (one of whose founders, Harvey Weinstein, has been accused of sexual harassment as of 2017 (see Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations), causing Netflix to <P> watch their favorite shows on their own schedule. Netflix has continued to release its original content by making the whole season available at once, acknowledging changing viewer habits. This allows audiences to watch episodes at a time of their choosing rather than having to watch just one episode a week at a specific scheduled time; this effectively gives its subscribers freedom and control over when to watch the next episode at their own pace.
In June 2016, Russian Minister of Culture Vladimir Medinsky asserted that Netflix is part of a US government plot to influence the world culture, "to enter every <P> Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), has been critical of the streaming model over the "communal", cinema experience, but later clarified his views by arguing that viewers should have access to "great stories", and be able to "find their entertainment in any form or fashion that suits them". In April 2019, AMPAS voted against the possibility of changes to the Academy Awards eligibility criteria to account for streaming services such as Netflix, although AMPAS president John Bailey did state that the organization would "further study the profound changes occurring in our industry".
In 2018, Netflix pulled out of the Cannes Film Festival, <P> launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps on Android or iOS to cache content on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing without an Internet connection. The feature is primarily available on selected series and films, and Netflix stated that more content would be supported by the feature over time. Netflix will partner with airlines to provide them with its mobile streaming technology. This will start in early 2018 as part of an effort to get airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi.
In 2018, Netflix introduced the "Skip Intro" feature which allows customers to <P> that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services. The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price. The announcement led to panned reception amongst Netflix's Facebook followers, who posted negative comments on its wall. Twitter comments spiked a negative "Dear Netflix" trend. The company defended its decision during its initial announcement of the change:
"Given the long life we think DVDs by mail will have, treating DVDs as a $2 add-on to our unlimited streaming plan neither makes <P> in March 2015. However, most of these shows were added to Hulu in May of the same year.
In Canada, Netflix holds pay TV rights to films from Paramount, DreamWorks Animation and 20th Century Fox (shared with The Movie Network), distributing all new content from those studios eight months after initial release. In 2015, the company also bought the Canadian pay TV rights to Disney films.
In 2014, opinion blogger Felix Salmon wrote that Netflix couldn't "afford the content that its subscribers most want to watch". He cited as evidence the company's loss of rights to stream several major movies. According to <P> removed, and a new website UI. The change was controversial; some liked the new minimalist design, whereas others felt more comfortable with the old interface. In July 2014, Netflix surpassed 50 million global subscribers, with 36 million of them being in the United States.
Following the launch of Daredevil in April 2015, Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support for audio description (a narration track that contains aural descriptions of key visual elements for the blind or visually impaired), and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its other original series over <P> service, and in July 2009, Sony announced the addition of the Netflix service. Public Reaction Initial reviews of the BIVL service were mixed. While the BIVL device and service offers an easy way to access video on select Sony TVs, much of the content is already freely available and also available via other devices that had superior UIs and offered better performance. <P> of the board in which it suspended the Willing Willie show, it stated:
The MTRCB as a government regulatory agency, and as a stakeholder in the television industry, realize the value of setting a good example to the viewing public in general, who are composed of all gender[s] and of all ages, and especially to children. We should always promote the good, and not condone what is reckless. There is a very thin line between exposition and exploitation.
When an uneducated impoverished man is in front of us, we are confronted with the question: "What should we do?" To teach by <P> a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement. Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven-day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix released it in June 2017. Ratings Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix | question: why is netflix throttling such a controversial issue? context: <P> the customer experience. However, likely as a result of negative reviews and reaction by Netflix users, Netflix reversed its decision to remove profiles 11 days after the announcement. In announcing the reinstatement of profiles, Netflix defended its original decision, stating, "Because of an ongoing desire to make our website easier to use, we believed taking a feature away that is only used by a very small minority would help us improve the site for everyone," then explained its reversal: "Listening to our members, we realized that users of this feature often describe it as an essential part of their Netflix <P> the FCC Open Internet Order 2010 for 7 years. They reiterated this commitment after the trial.
On February 10, 2014, Netflix updated its ISP speed rankings with January 2014 data that show the average access speed via Verizon FiOS traffic was dropped down between December 2013 and January 2014. Ars Technica, a technology news and information website, suggested the possibility that the ruling might affect this sudden traffic speed drop. Pointing to Netflix's performance change, several news media pointed out that the battle began shifting from network neutrality frameworks to private peering deals, which had not been covered by the FCC <P> was described by critics as "No Netflix killer" due to "glitches [and] lackluster selection".
CuriosityStream, a premium ad-free, subscription-based service launched in March 2015 similar to Netflix but offering strictly nonfiction content in the areas of science, technology, civilization and the human spirit, has been dubbed the "new Netflix for non-fiction".
Hulu Plus, like Netflix and Amazon Prime Instant Video, "ink[s] their own deals for exclusive and original content", requiring Netflix "not only to continue to attract new subscribers, but also keep existing ones happy".
Netflix largely avoids offering pornography, but several "adult video" subscription services were inspired by Netflix, such as SugarInstant <P> services in the country due to its regulatory climate. Reed Hastings stated that the company was planning to build relationships with local media companies that could serve as partners for distributing its content in the country (with a goal to concentrate primarily on its original content), but stated that they were in no hurry, and could thus take "many years".
Also in January 2016, Netflix announced it would begin blocking virtual private networks, or VPNs. At the same time, Netflix reported 74.8 million subscribers and predicted it would add 6.1 million more by March 2016. Subscription growth has been fueled by its global <P> were renewed, and most are gone now. The total cost of this is somewhere between $300 million and $400 million, which makes Netflix's deal for House of Cards extremely cost effective, according to Spacey. Netflix's subscription fee also eliminates the need for commercials, so they do not need to appease advertisers to fund their original content, a model similar to pay television services such as HBO and Showtime.
The Netflix model has also affected viewers' expectations. According to a 2013 Nielsen survey, more than 60-percent of Americans said that they binge-watch shows, and nearly 8 out of 10 Americans have used technology to <P> April 2014, Netflix announced that it would raise the price of this plan to $9.99 for new subscribers, but that existing customers would be grandfathered under this older price until May 2016, after which they could downgrade to the SD-only tier at the same price, or pay the higher fee for continued high definition access.
In July 2016, a Netflix subscriber sued the company over the price increases, alleging he was told by a Netflix customer support representative in 2011 that they would pay the same price in perpetuity as long as they maintained their subscription continuously.
On November 30, 2016, Netflix <P> year.
Chip.de tested German TV streaming service in the following four categories in June 2017: number of channels, picture quality, type of end-user use and range of functions / service. According to Chip.de Zattoo, the best price performance with additional functions such as the break and restart functions is offered.
As of 28 January 2019, Zattoo takes over the end customer business of Magine TV Germany, which is discontinuing its TV streaming service in Germany. 150,000 affected users will receive a welcome offer from Zattoo to continue watching HD TV on all Internet-enabled devices and to use time-shift TV features. Availability Applications <P> Starz Play Arabia, OSN's Wavo, and iflix Arabia. Also, in Brazil, Netflix competes with Globoplay, a Grupo Globo's streaming service, and PlayPlus, a Grupo Record's streaming service.
In Mexico, Televisa removed its content from Netflix in 2016 and moved it to its own streaming service Blim.
The Walt Disney Company will launch their own streaming service, Disney+, in November 2019. As a result, Disney content currently hosted on Netflix will begin to be phased out over the next couple of years. Incidents In February 2019, police stormed the Netflix headquarters in Hollywood after a man with a gun was reported wandering around <P> was previously not generating money for media companies. On January 14, 2013, Netflix signed an agreement with Time Warner's Turner Broadcasting System and Warner Bros. Television to distribute Cartoon Network, Warner Bros. Animation, and Adult Swim content, as well as TNT's Dallas, beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs, previously held by Amazon Video, were given to Netflix shortly after their deal with Viacom to stream Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. programs expired. However, Cartoon Network's ratings dropped by 10% in households that had Netflix, and so many of the shows from that channel and Adult Swim were removed <P> month). This change came in a response to the introduction of Hulu and to Apple's new video-rental services. Netflix later split DVD rental subscriptions and streaming subscriptions into separate, standalone services, at which point the monthly caps on Internet streaming were lifted.
Netflix service plans are currently divided into three price tiers; the lowest offers standard definition streaming on a single device, the second allows high definition streaming on two devices simultaneously, and the "Platinum" tier allows simultaneous streaming on up to four devices, and 4K streaming on supported devices and Internet connections. The HD subscription plan historically cost US$7.99; in <P> TV deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms. Netflix's United States library includes newer releases from Relativity Media and its subsidiary Rogue Pictures, as well as DreamWorks Animation (until May 2018, when the studio signed a new contract with Hulu), Open Road Films (though this deal expired in 2017; Showtime has assumed pay television rights), Universal Animation (for animated films declined by HBO), FilmDistrict, The Weinstein Company (one of whose founders, Harvey Weinstein, has been accused of sexual harassment as of 2017 (see Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations), causing Netflix to <P> watch their favorite shows on their own schedule. Netflix has continued to release its original content by making the whole season available at once, acknowledging changing viewer habits. This allows audiences to watch episodes at a time of their choosing rather than having to watch just one episode a week at a specific scheduled time; this effectively gives its subscribers freedom and control over when to watch the next episode at their own pace.
In June 2016, Russian Minister of Culture Vladimir Medinsky asserted that Netflix is part of a US government plot to influence the world culture, "to enter every <P> Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), has been critical of the streaming model over the "communal", cinema experience, but later clarified his views by arguing that viewers should have access to "great stories", and be able to "find their entertainment in any form or fashion that suits them". In April 2019, AMPAS voted against the possibility of changes to the Academy Awards eligibility criteria to account for streaming services such as Netflix, although AMPAS president John Bailey did state that the organization would "further study the profound changes occurring in our industry".
In 2018, Netflix pulled out of the Cannes Film Festival, <P> launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps on Android or iOS to cache content on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing without an Internet connection. The feature is primarily available on selected series and films, and Netflix stated that more content would be supported by the feature over time. Netflix will partner with airlines to provide them with its mobile streaming technology. This will start in early 2018 as part of an effort to get airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi.
In 2018, Netflix introduced the "Skip Intro" feature which allows customers to <P> that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services. The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price. The announcement led to panned reception amongst Netflix's Facebook followers, who posted negative comments on its wall. Twitter comments spiked a negative "Dear Netflix" trend. The company defended its decision during its initial announcement of the change:
"Given the long life we think DVDs by mail will have, treating DVDs as a $2 add-on to our unlimited streaming plan neither makes <P> in March 2015. However, most of these shows were added to Hulu in May of the same year.
In Canada, Netflix holds pay TV rights to films from Paramount, DreamWorks Animation and 20th Century Fox (shared with The Movie Network), distributing all new content from those studios eight months after initial release. In 2015, the company also bought the Canadian pay TV rights to Disney films.
In 2014, opinion blogger Felix Salmon wrote that Netflix couldn't "afford the content that its subscribers most want to watch". He cited as evidence the company's loss of rights to stream several major movies. According to <P> removed, and a new website UI. The change was controversial; some liked the new minimalist design, whereas others felt more comfortable with the old interface. In July 2014, Netflix surpassed 50 million global subscribers, with 36 million of them being in the United States.
Following the launch of Daredevil in April 2015, Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support for audio description (a narration track that contains aural descriptions of key visual elements for the blind or visually impaired), and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its other original series over <P> service, and in July 2009, Sony announced the addition of the Netflix service. Public Reaction Initial reviews of the BIVL service were mixed. While the BIVL device and service offers an easy way to access video on select Sony TVs, much of the content is already freely available and also available via other devices that had superior UIs and offered better performance. <P> of the board in which it suspended the Willing Willie show, it stated:
The MTRCB as a government regulatory agency, and as a stakeholder in the television industry, realize the value of setting a good example to the viewing public in general, who are composed of all gender[s] and of all ages, and especially to children. We should always promote the good, and not condone what is reckless. There is a very thin line between exposition and exploitation.
When an uneducated impoverished man is in front of us, we are confronted with the question: "What should we do?" To teach by <P> a security breach of a post-production company. Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands, and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online. Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement. Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven-day period following the leak of the episodes. It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix released it in June 2017. Ratings Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other top Netflix | answer: It's when the ISP is hand picking what websites are fast or slow that really gets people. It's an incredible amount of power where companies that used to be just neutral pipes to turn into places that hand pick what websites can or can't exist. The fact that many of the largest ISPs are media companies and the sites they most often talk about throttling are media companies makes it even more double sketchy. A cable company would be very interested in making video companies that make it so you don't need cable tv anymore not work anymore. |
183,735 | 4vh9n2 | how the gambler's ruin effect works | It's a fallacy wherein the belief that something happen a lot at some point means it will not happen a lot at a later point, and visa versa. The most famous example, which resulted in one of the names for Gambler's Ruin (The Monte Carlo Fallacy) is where a number of people playing roulette at the Monte Carlo Casino noticed the roulette wheel coming up black 26 times in a row. They believed that this streak would be followed by a streak of red, so many made bets against the black (for the red). This result in a great deal of money being lost by the gamblers, because the outcome of roulette is random. Therefore the chances of the result being red were no more or less than before, and the 26 blacks were just a horrible coincidence. A way this is observed more often would be a compulsory gambler believing "I've lost so many times, I'm bound to win the next one!" the chances of them winning don't go up just because they play longer, so they're guilty of falling into the trap of Gambler's Ruin. They think their bad luck must be followed by good luck, but this simply isn't so. | [
"It's a fallacy wherein the belief that something happen a lot at some point means it will not happen a lot at a later point, and visa versa. \nThe most famous example, which resulted in one of the names for Gambler's Ruin (The Monte Carlo Fallacy) is where a number of people playing roulette at the Monte Carlo Cas... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> that because a particular outcome has recently occurred, it will be less likely in the immediate future.
As an example, consider a roulette wheel that has landed on red in three consecutive spins. An onlooker might apply the law of averages to conclude that on its next spin it must (or at least is much more likely to) land on black. Of course, the wheel has no memory and its probabilities do not change according to past results. So even if the wheel has landed on red in ten or a hundred consecutive spins, the probability that the next spin will <P> changes included dealers being forced to stay on soft 17, a 20% rebate where casino would refund 20% of his losses (20 cents to every dollar) for losses exceeding $500,000, six decks, re-split aces, and others.
During a 12-hour marathon at the Tropicana, Johnson recalls three consecutive hands where he won $1.2 million, including one hand where he profited $800,000. Johnson bet $100,000 and was dealt two eights, which he split. Surprisingly, another two eights came, and he split again, wagering a total of $400,000. He was then dealt a three, a two, another three, and another two on the four hands, <P> landing in a pond. Porky then chases the squirrel up the tree, but is stopped by a limb placed by the squirrel, who then cuts the pig's suspenders making him fall. Almost immediately after, Porky is on the other side of the tree with a shotgun, and fires. He shoots the branch he's standing on, while the squirrel runs inside and hands him a fruit basket. Porky then falls due to the weight of the basket. The squirrel then runs down with a mattress, but intentionally places it next to where Porky ends up crashing. Porky is disoriented, and the <P> when he ends up saving Ron from a Russian mob wanting money, Ron changes his mind and helps Snake. Once at the casino, Snake comes face to face with Marrs and his men, who arrive at the same time, ending in a high-speed shoot-out. Snake gets away with the car and its actress portraying Jackie Kennedy, leaving Marrs to be caught by the casino owner, who cuts him a deal to bring his car back and live. After some trouble, Snake manages to finally get the car to the buyer's yacht with Ron's boat and is then attacked by Marrs. <P> only the first time), the announcer flips over the card on the side of that link. The suit shown on this sideboard card must move back one space (falter). Thus in an eight-link horserace, there are eight instances of faltering that can totally change the outcome of the game. As a rule, any horse in the gates can not be knocked back any further by faltering. Another variation is Stumble in which all horses except the leader move forward one space if a designated wild card is flipped over, such as the Joker. <P> effect over a period of 30 days. <P> and trained by George Glascock, the solid black 15 hand gelding is the only horse to capture the NCHA World Championship three years in a row. Death Binion died of heart failure at the age of 85 on December 5, 1989 in Las Vegas. Poker great "Amarillo Slim" Preston suggested as an epitaph, "He was either the gentlest bad guy or the baddest good guy you'd ever seen." He was posthumously inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame in 1990. In popular culture Relativity Media bought the screen rights to the book Blood Aces: The Wild Ride Of Benny Binion <P> people who had just finished betting gave an average rating of 4.81 which corresponded to a "good chance of winning". Their hypothesis was confirmed: after making a $2.00 commitment, people became more confident their bet would pay off. Knox and Inkster performed an ancillary test on the patrons of the horses themselves and managed (after normalization) to repeat their finding almost identically. Other researchers have also found evidence of inflated probability estimations. Sense of personal responsibility In a study of 96 business students, Staw and Fox gave the subjects a choice between making an R&D investment either in an underperforming <P> May's money to place a bet. It appears that the horse has lost and Peter tears up his ticket, but the winner is disqualified and he has won. However, Looloo thinks he is being selfish in not sharing his winnings (since she had lent him some money) and leaves him ("You Don't Know Paree").
In another week, Pernasse is preparing a party for Looloo's mother, who plans to match her with a poor but titled Grand Duke ("The Queen of Terre Haute"). Mr. Carroll, distressed at the cost, gets drunk, and Looloo does not attend, as she has no desire to <P> refuel, but as she is taking off again, she clips something and one of the wheels on her landing gear is torn off without her noticing. When Janet flies into a severe electrical storm, her radio is disabled.
Frieda and Janet are neck and neck at the finish in Cleveland. The people on the ground see that Janet's landing gear is damaged, but are unable to notify her. Frieda, hearing the radio message, signals Janet about her danger, forfeiting her own opportunity to win. Janet is able to land safely and win the race. Afterward, she thanks Frieda, who also hands <P> and 69 people were about to place a $2.00 bet in the next 30 seconds. Their hypothesis was that people who had just committed themselves to a course of action (betting $2.00) would reduce post-decision dissonance by believing more strongly than ever that they had picked a winner. Knox and Inkster asked the betters to rate their horse's chances of winning on a 7-point scale. What they found was that people who were about to place a bet rated the chance that their horse would win at an average of 3.48 which corresponded to a "fair chance of winning" whereas <P> night was vulnerable and able to fall to the back and get freight-trained."
Ragan suggested that Robby Gordon had lost focus when he hit him on lap five. "It's just a typical deal here at Daytona and Talladega", he said. "When someone gets checked up usually two or three rows back someone doesn't see it." Logano said of his involvement in the accident, "You start in the back and that's kind of what happens, [I] just saw one [car] get loose, checked up and then saw he was coming down so I floored ahead to the apron and just [got] clipped <P> be in it again, so that he could go through anything and not be hurt. Until he was killed at the Soldiers' Town on White River, he was wounded only twice, once by accident and both times by some one of his own people when he was not expecting trouble and was not thinking; never by an enemy.
Crazy Horse received a black stone from a medicine man named Horn Chips to protect his horse, a black-and-white pinto he named Inyan (rock or stone). He placed the stone behind the horse's ear so that the medicine from his vision quest and <P> change to synthetic fibres, causing the chauffeur to drive into the back of a brewer's dray in the Grassmarket.
Martin watches a Sherlock Holmes film at the cinema and is inspired to kill Mrs Barrows. As he is a non-smoker and a non-drinker, he decides he should mislead any future investigation by smoking and drinking at the scene of the planned crime. He buys a half-bottle of whisky and packet of Capstan cigarettes. In her flat though, after a series of botched attempts his conscience gets the better of him and he cannot kill her. He tries to remove all <P> been able to persuade to train their horse, also knows of the whereabouts of the fifth mineral, for he was the person who found the Salamander originally. After they have the mineral safely in their possession, they are about to go to the race when they find that their bus has been sabotaged by Murk who has sawn the drive shaft through. Race day arrives and Sator is filled with rage to see the Poopmobile flying to the race course, with Victory Stride slung underneath it. Sid Chesney has trained the horse well, and although Alice cannot ride it herself, <P> on December 20, 1908 with Russian concert pianist Ossip Gabrilowitsch who was staying with her father at his residence "Innocence at Home" in Redding, Connecticut. The horse was frightened by a flapping newspaper and it bolted, causing Gabrilowitsch to lose control. The sleigh overturned at the top of a hill near a 50-foot (15 m) drop, throwing Clemens out. Gabrilowitsch saved both her and the horse from plunging over the edge, spraining an ankle in his exertions. He returned Clemens home unharmed except for the shock of the accident. Twain biographer Michael Shelden doubts the truth of this heroic tale and <P> Popeye states, "You'll get hurt travelin' alone," then eats a can of spinach.
Popeye beats the other bandits to the rhythm of music. He sends one bandit crashing into a mirror, one leaning on a handle of a deck, another onto an antler of an animal trophy, another onto a railing, one onto a supporting roof column, one crashing through a window, and the last on another animal trophy. The trophy bites the bandit on the rear end, while the bandit screams in pain. Popeye continues beating bandits. Bluto works his way to Olive's dressing room. Olive, thinking Popeye is at <P> $10,000 bills, embedded in plastic.
After his trial and conviction in 1953, to cover back taxes and legal costs, Binion sold a majority share in the Horseshoe to fellow gambler and New Orleans oilman Joe W. Brown. Binion’s family regained controlling interest in the Horseshoe in 1957, but did not regain full control until 1964. Benny was never allowed to hold a gaming license afterwards. Instead, his son Jack became the licensee, with Benny assuming the title of Director of Public Relations.
Binion styled himself a cowboy throughout his life. He almost never wore a necktie, and used gold coins as buttons <P> from his uncle, informing the boy that he plans to sell Mike to a racing stable for $700. When Jimmy, who has only saved $200, learns of his uncle's intentions, his sympathetic sister Erin suggests he make the horse unappealing to his prospective buyers. The next morning, when the representatives from the stable arrive to inspect Mike, Jimmy coats the horse with mud and instructs him to act lame. The stablemen see through the ruse, however, and while the boy is at school they return to claim the horse. At his new home, Mike refuses to eat or train, and <P> denying he knows anything about the large bet made in Vegas.
Jim then convinces both Lee and Frank to meet him in a neutral gambling den, where he wagers enough money to pay both men off—if he wins—on a single roulette spin. Successful, he leaves the money at the club for Lee and Frank. The payment to Frank is more than he owed; Frank finds Jim and offers to give back the “cream” but, to Frank's amusement, Jim responds “Fuck you”. On an apparent adrenaline rush, Jim runs miles through the city to arrive at Amy's apartment; he is broke, but | question: how the gambler's ruin effect works context: <P> that because a particular outcome has recently occurred, it will be less likely in the immediate future.
As an example, consider a roulette wheel that has landed on red in three consecutive spins. An onlooker might apply the law of averages to conclude that on its next spin it must (or at least is much more likely to) land on black. Of course, the wheel has no memory and its probabilities do not change according to past results. So even if the wheel has landed on red in ten or a hundred consecutive spins, the probability that the next spin will <P> changes included dealers being forced to stay on soft 17, a 20% rebate where casino would refund 20% of his losses (20 cents to every dollar) for losses exceeding $500,000, six decks, re-split aces, and others.
During a 12-hour marathon at the Tropicana, Johnson recalls three consecutive hands where he won $1.2 million, including one hand where he profited $800,000. Johnson bet $100,000 and was dealt two eights, which he split. Surprisingly, another two eights came, and he split again, wagering a total of $400,000. He was then dealt a three, a two, another three, and another two on the four hands, <P> landing in a pond. Porky then chases the squirrel up the tree, but is stopped by a limb placed by the squirrel, who then cuts the pig's suspenders making him fall. Almost immediately after, Porky is on the other side of the tree with a shotgun, and fires. He shoots the branch he's standing on, while the squirrel runs inside and hands him a fruit basket. Porky then falls due to the weight of the basket. The squirrel then runs down with a mattress, but intentionally places it next to where Porky ends up crashing. Porky is disoriented, and the <P> when he ends up saving Ron from a Russian mob wanting money, Ron changes his mind and helps Snake. Once at the casino, Snake comes face to face with Marrs and his men, who arrive at the same time, ending in a high-speed shoot-out. Snake gets away with the car and its actress portraying Jackie Kennedy, leaving Marrs to be caught by the casino owner, who cuts him a deal to bring his car back and live. After some trouble, Snake manages to finally get the car to the buyer's yacht with Ron's boat and is then attacked by Marrs. <P> only the first time), the announcer flips over the card on the side of that link. The suit shown on this sideboard card must move back one space (falter). Thus in an eight-link horserace, there are eight instances of faltering that can totally change the outcome of the game. As a rule, any horse in the gates can not be knocked back any further by faltering. Another variation is Stumble in which all horses except the leader move forward one space if a designated wild card is flipped over, such as the Joker. <P> effect over a period of 30 days. <P> and trained by George Glascock, the solid black 15 hand gelding is the only horse to capture the NCHA World Championship three years in a row. Death Binion died of heart failure at the age of 85 on December 5, 1989 in Las Vegas. Poker great "Amarillo Slim" Preston suggested as an epitaph, "He was either the gentlest bad guy or the baddest good guy you'd ever seen." He was posthumously inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame in 1990. In popular culture Relativity Media bought the screen rights to the book Blood Aces: The Wild Ride Of Benny Binion <P> people who had just finished betting gave an average rating of 4.81 which corresponded to a "good chance of winning". Their hypothesis was confirmed: after making a $2.00 commitment, people became more confident their bet would pay off. Knox and Inkster performed an ancillary test on the patrons of the horses themselves and managed (after normalization) to repeat their finding almost identically. Other researchers have also found evidence of inflated probability estimations. Sense of personal responsibility In a study of 96 business students, Staw and Fox gave the subjects a choice between making an R&D investment either in an underperforming <P> May's money to place a bet. It appears that the horse has lost and Peter tears up his ticket, but the winner is disqualified and he has won. However, Looloo thinks he is being selfish in not sharing his winnings (since she had lent him some money) and leaves him ("You Don't Know Paree").
In another week, Pernasse is preparing a party for Looloo's mother, who plans to match her with a poor but titled Grand Duke ("The Queen of Terre Haute"). Mr. Carroll, distressed at the cost, gets drunk, and Looloo does not attend, as she has no desire to <P> refuel, but as she is taking off again, she clips something and one of the wheels on her landing gear is torn off without her noticing. When Janet flies into a severe electrical storm, her radio is disabled.
Frieda and Janet are neck and neck at the finish in Cleveland. The people on the ground see that Janet's landing gear is damaged, but are unable to notify her. Frieda, hearing the radio message, signals Janet about her danger, forfeiting her own opportunity to win. Janet is able to land safely and win the race. Afterward, she thanks Frieda, who also hands <P> and 69 people were about to place a $2.00 bet in the next 30 seconds. Their hypothesis was that people who had just committed themselves to a course of action (betting $2.00) would reduce post-decision dissonance by believing more strongly than ever that they had picked a winner. Knox and Inkster asked the betters to rate their horse's chances of winning on a 7-point scale. What they found was that people who were about to place a bet rated the chance that their horse would win at an average of 3.48 which corresponded to a "fair chance of winning" whereas <P> night was vulnerable and able to fall to the back and get freight-trained."
Ragan suggested that Robby Gordon had lost focus when he hit him on lap five. "It's just a typical deal here at Daytona and Talladega", he said. "When someone gets checked up usually two or three rows back someone doesn't see it." Logano said of his involvement in the accident, "You start in the back and that's kind of what happens, [I] just saw one [car] get loose, checked up and then saw he was coming down so I floored ahead to the apron and just [got] clipped <P> be in it again, so that he could go through anything and not be hurt. Until he was killed at the Soldiers' Town on White River, he was wounded only twice, once by accident and both times by some one of his own people when he was not expecting trouble and was not thinking; never by an enemy.
Crazy Horse received a black stone from a medicine man named Horn Chips to protect his horse, a black-and-white pinto he named Inyan (rock or stone). He placed the stone behind the horse's ear so that the medicine from his vision quest and <P> change to synthetic fibres, causing the chauffeur to drive into the back of a brewer's dray in the Grassmarket.
Martin watches a Sherlock Holmes film at the cinema and is inspired to kill Mrs Barrows. As he is a non-smoker and a non-drinker, he decides he should mislead any future investigation by smoking and drinking at the scene of the planned crime. He buys a half-bottle of whisky and packet of Capstan cigarettes. In her flat though, after a series of botched attempts his conscience gets the better of him and he cannot kill her. He tries to remove all <P> been able to persuade to train their horse, also knows of the whereabouts of the fifth mineral, for he was the person who found the Salamander originally. After they have the mineral safely in their possession, they are about to go to the race when they find that their bus has been sabotaged by Murk who has sawn the drive shaft through. Race day arrives and Sator is filled with rage to see the Poopmobile flying to the race course, with Victory Stride slung underneath it. Sid Chesney has trained the horse well, and although Alice cannot ride it herself, <P> on December 20, 1908 with Russian concert pianist Ossip Gabrilowitsch who was staying with her father at his residence "Innocence at Home" in Redding, Connecticut. The horse was frightened by a flapping newspaper and it bolted, causing Gabrilowitsch to lose control. The sleigh overturned at the top of a hill near a 50-foot (15 m) drop, throwing Clemens out. Gabrilowitsch saved both her and the horse from plunging over the edge, spraining an ankle in his exertions. He returned Clemens home unharmed except for the shock of the accident. Twain biographer Michael Shelden doubts the truth of this heroic tale and <P> Popeye states, "You'll get hurt travelin' alone," then eats a can of spinach.
Popeye beats the other bandits to the rhythm of music. He sends one bandit crashing into a mirror, one leaning on a handle of a deck, another onto an antler of an animal trophy, another onto a railing, one onto a supporting roof column, one crashing through a window, and the last on another animal trophy. The trophy bites the bandit on the rear end, while the bandit screams in pain. Popeye continues beating bandits. Bluto works his way to Olive's dressing room. Olive, thinking Popeye is at <P> $10,000 bills, embedded in plastic.
After his trial and conviction in 1953, to cover back taxes and legal costs, Binion sold a majority share in the Horseshoe to fellow gambler and New Orleans oilman Joe W. Brown. Binion’s family regained controlling interest in the Horseshoe in 1957, but did not regain full control until 1964. Benny was never allowed to hold a gaming license afterwards. Instead, his son Jack became the licensee, with Benny assuming the title of Director of Public Relations.
Binion styled himself a cowboy throughout his life. He almost never wore a necktie, and used gold coins as buttons <P> from his uncle, informing the boy that he plans to sell Mike to a racing stable for $700. When Jimmy, who has only saved $200, learns of his uncle's intentions, his sympathetic sister Erin suggests he make the horse unappealing to his prospective buyers. The next morning, when the representatives from the stable arrive to inspect Mike, Jimmy coats the horse with mud and instructs him to act lame. The stablemen see through the ruse, however, and while the boy is at school they return to claim the horse. At his new home, Mike refuses to eat or train, and <P> denying he knows anything about the large bet made in Vegas.
Jim then convinces both Lee and Frank to meet him in a neutral gambling den, where he wagers enough money to pay both men off—if he wins—on a single roulette spin. Successful, he leaves the money at the club for Lee and Frank. The payment to Frank is more than he owed; Frank finds Jim and offers to give back the “cream” but, to Frank's amusement, Jim responds “Fuck you”. On an apparent adrenaline rush, Jim runs miles through the city to arrive at Amy's apartment; he is broke, but | answer: It's a fallacy wherein the belief that something happen a lot at some point means it will not happen a lot at a later point, and visa versa. The most famous example, which resulted in one of the names for Gambler's Ruin (The Monte Carlo Fallacy) is where a number of people playing roulette at the Monte Carlo Casino noticed the roulette wheel coming up black 26 times in a row. They believed that this streak would be followed by a streak of red, so many made bets against the black (for the red). This result in a great deal of money being lost by the gamblers, because the outcome of roulette is random. Therefore the chances of the result being red were no more or less than before, and the 26 blacks were just a horrible coincidence. A way this is observed more often would be a compulsory gambler believing "I've lost so many times, I'm bound to win the next one!" the chances of them winning don't go up just because they play longer, so they're guilty of falling into the trap of Gambler's Ruin. They think their bad luck must be followed by good luck, but this simply isn't so. |
66,899 | 1kpo6f | What is a Sumerian? Is it close to Samaritan? | Sumerians were members of a society called Sumer, in modern Iraq. They're a non-Semitic group, wrote in cuneiform (probably the earliest form of writing), and were eventually merged into the Akkadians.The Samaritans are an Israelite group, who had a religious schism of some kind with the Jews, probably as a result of the Babylonian conquest.So they're not really related, other than that they're two groups in the fertile crescent. Different places, time periods, etc. | [
"Sumerians were members of a society called Sumer, in modern Iraq. They're a non-Semitic group, wrote in cuneiform (probably the earliest form of writing), and were eventually merged into the Akkadians.\n\nThe Samaritans are an Israelite group, who had a religious schism of some kind with the Jews, probably as a r... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> Other Sumerian examples include the Debate between Summer and Winter where Winter wins, and disputes between the cattle and grain, the tree and the reed, silver and copper, the pickaxe and the plough, and the millstone and the gul-gul stone.
An Ancient Egyptian version is The Dispute between a man and his Ba, which comes from the Middle Kingdom period. Sofer Sofers (Hebrew: סופר סת”ם) are among the few scribes that still ply their trade by hand, writing on parchment. Renowned calligraphers, they produce the Hebrew Torah scrolls and other holy texts. Accuracy Until 1948, the oldest known manuscripts of the <P> Semitic rulers of Akkad, or Agade, and numerous votive objects of Sargon, Rimush, and Naram-Sin testify to the veneration in which they also held this sanctuary. Naram-Sin rebuilt both the Ekur temple and the city walls, and in the accumulation of debris now marking the ancient site, his remains are found about half way from the top to the bottom. One of the few instances of Nippur being recorded as having its own ruler comes from a tablet depicting a revolt of several Mesopotamian cities against Naram-Sin, including Nippur under Amar-enlila. The tablet goes on to relate that Naram-Sin defeated <P> from these archives lists of goods contained in the temple treasuries and salary lists of temple officials, on tablet forms specially prepared and marked off for periods of a year or less.
The Persian conquest of Mesopotamia in 539 BC resulted in improved irrigation, and thus immigration increased, drawing Lydians, Phrygians, Carians, Cilicians, Egyptians, Jews (many of whom were deported to Babylonia), Persians, Medes, Sacae, etc. to the area. In Nippur, the house of Murashu's surviving documents are reflective of this diverse populace as one third of contracts depict non-Babylonian names, and they evidently intermingled peaceably. Enduring for at least three <P> Sumerians.
It is also known that the Awan kings carried out incursions in Mesopotamia, where they ran up against the most powerful city-states of this period, Kish and Lagash. One such incident is recorded in a tablet addressed to Enetarzi, a minor ruler or governor of Lagash, testifying that a party of 600 Elamites had been intercepted and defeated while attempting to abscond from the port with plunder.
Events become a little clearer at the time of the Akkadian Empire (c. 2300 BC), when historical texts tell of campaigns carried out by the kings of Akkad on the Iranian plateau. <P> Scribe Egyptian and Mesopotamian functions In addition to accountancy and governmental politicking, the scribal professions branched out into literature. The first stories were probably creation stories and religious texts. Other genres evolved, such as wisdom literature, which were collections of the philosophical sayings from wise men. These contain the earliest recordings of societal thought and exploration of ideas in some length and detail.
In Mesopotamia during the middle to late 3rd millennium BCE, the Sumerians originated some of this literature in the form of a series of debates. Among the list of Sumerian disputations is the Debate between bird and fish. <P> (Arabic plural: tikālil) of our teacher and Rabbi, Yihye Bashiri, may his merit rebound into the life of the world to come, are not at all identical, while some of them are found (on the most-part) based after the printed [Spanish] editions; the reason being that he was scribe and would write for everyone according to his preferences.”
As early as 1618, he compiled his Tiklāl Bashiri, the Baladi-rite prayerbook in Babylonian supralinear punctuation, a copy of which was made in 1938 and published in facsimile under the name Tiklāl Qadmonim in 1964. In essence, the rendition used by him in <P> Semitic god Ilu or El from early on. The functions of Anu and Enlil frequently overlapped, especially during later periods as the cult of Anu continued to wane and the cult of Enlil rose to greater prominence. In later times, Anu was fully superseded by Enlil. Eventually, Enlil was, in turn, superseded by Marduk, the national god of ancient Babylon. Nonetheless, references to Anu's power were preserved through archaic phrases used in reference to the ruler of the gods. The highest god in the pantheon was always said to possess the anûtu, which literally means "Heavenly power". In the Babylonian <P> developed from a fusion of their ancestral Natufian and Harifian cultures with Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) farming cultures, practicing the domestication of animals, during the 6200 BC climatic crisis which led to the Neolithic Revolution in the Levant. Byblos is attested as an archaeological site from the Early Bronze Age. The Late Bronze Age state of Ugarit is considered quintessentially Canaanite archaeologically, even though the Ugaritic language does not belong to the Canaanite languages proper. Phoenician alphabet The Canaanite-Phoenician alphabet consists of 22 letters, all consonants. Starting around 1050 BC, this script was used for the writing of Phoenician, a Northern <P> the supreme source of authority among the gods, and among men, upon whom he conferred kingship. As heaven's grand patriarch, he dispensed justice and controlled the laws known as the meh that governed the universe." In inscriptions commemorating his conquest of Sumer, Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the Akkadian Empire, proclaims Anu and Inanna as the sources of his authority. A hymn from the early second millennium BC professes that "his utterance ruleth over the obedient company of the gods".
Anu's original name in Sumerian is An; for which Anu is a Semiticized form. Anu was also identified with the <P> referred to 28 times, with the basic topic of the letter, being Labaya himself, and his relationship with the rebelling, countryside Habiru. It may be identical to the Sakama mentioned in an account dated to the 19th Egyptian dynasty. (See Papyrus Anastasi I). In the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Shechem first appears in the Hebrew Bible in Genesis 12:6–8, which says that Abraham reached the "great tree of Moreh" at Shechem and offered sacrifice nearby. Genesis, Deuteronomy, Joshua and Judges hallow Shechem over all other cities of the land of Israel. According to Genesis (12:6–7) Abram "built an altar to the <P> Hayasum Hayasum is a minor god in Sumerian, Babylonian, and Akkadian mythology. He is known from texts, but his function is uncertain. <P> as the malk olam ("the eternal king") and, like Anu, he is "consistently depicted as old, just, compassionate, and patriarchal". In the same way that Anu was thought to wield the Tablet of Destinies, Canaanite texts mentions decrees issued by El that he alone may alter. In late antiquity, writers such as Philo of Byblos attempted to impose the dynastic succession framework of the Hittite and Hesiodic stories onto Canaanite mythology, but these efforts are forced and contradict what most Canaanites seem to have actually believed. Most Canaanites seem to have regarded El and Baal as ruling concurrently:
"El is king, <P> consisted of six volumes. Only the third and fifth volumes have survived, though the sixth volume has partly been reconstructed based on citations from later works. In the surviving portions of his works, 637 plants are described from the letters sin to ya. He describes the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit.
Many of the Muslim early botanical works are lost, such as that of al-Shaybani (d.820), Ibn al-Arabi (d.844), Al-Bahili (d.845) and Ibn as-Sikkit (d.857), however, their works, are extensively quoted in later books by Abu Hanifa Al-Dinawari. Astronomy and meteorology Parts of al-Dinawari's Book <P> 11th year of Nazi-Maruttaš on the 19th day of the month of ulūlu (around August 1296 BC). Four years later, he again received a crop of dates for sacrificial services rendered. Then, in 1290 BC, he was supplied a mina of tallow for a journey to Babylon. There are a series of tablets recording rations for Rabâ-ša-Marduk excavated at Nippur of uncertain date but possibly up to Nazi-Maruttaš’ 21st year, including one provisioning another journey to Babylon.
A medical tablet originally from Babylon was found in excavations at Assur. It was probably one of the scientific and literary works looted by <P> the Hebrew Bible (Book of Joshua) Hukkok (Hebrew חקק) is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in Joshua 19:34. The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia considers the identification of Hukkok with Yakuk as plausible, although it might be too far from Aznoth-tabor (possibly Khirbet el-Jebeil, c. 3 miles north of Mout Tabor) to fit the description. Bronze Age The village site was inhabited in the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Roman and Byzantine periods The Roman period village was large and prosperous due to the presence of a constant spring. It is apparent from both the synagogue and the absence of pig <P> Rule are now considered separate compositions and appendices. The Community Rules contain dualistic writings with Zoroastrian and Roman influences. They talk of War between Angel of Evil, represented as Darkness or Satan and Son(s) of Israeli God, represented as light. Community There is some debate about the identification of the community described in 1QS. The most significant question that has been asked and debated is the relationship of the scroll to the ruins of the nearby settlement. While the vast majority of scholars would argue that a Jewish religious community in the Second Temple period occupied the site at Qumran <P> second millennium BC was West-Semitic, while the ruling classes were Hurrians. The diplomatic language used in the region was a Hurrianized form of Akkadian as Hurrian traits appear in every Akkadian sentence in tablets written in Nuhašše; the Hurrian elements comprise around fifth of a sentence. The coronation of a king included anointing; a common practic in Bronze Age monarchies of Western Asia. <P> take the title 4-(or 5-)kʼatun lord. In the Postclassic period when the full Long Count gave way to the Short Count, the Maya continued to keep a reckoning of kʼatuns, differentiating them by the Calendar Round date on which they began. Each kʼatun had its own set of prophecies and associations. <P> all these uses and added to them a logographic reading for the native ilum and from that a syllabic reading of /il/. In Hittite orthography, the syllabic value of the sign was again only an.
The concept of "divinity" in Sumerian is closely associated with the heavens, as is evident from the fact that the cuneiform sign doubles as the ideogram for "sky", and that its original shape is the picture of a star. The original association of "divinity" is thus with "bright" or "shining" hierophanies in the sky. Sumerian The Sumerian sign DIĜIR originated as a star-shaped ideogram <P> aspect.
Itzamna was the creator god, but he also embodied the cosmos, and was simultaneously a sun god; Kʼinich Ahau, the day sun, was one of his aspects. Maya kings frequently identified themselves with Kʼinich Ahau. Itzamna also had a night sun aspect, the Night Jaguar, representing the sun in its journey through the underworld. The four Pawatuns supported the corners of the mortal realm; in the heavens, the Bacabs performed the same function. As well as their four main aspects, the Bakabs had dozens of other aspects that are not well understood. The four Chaacs were storm gods, controlling thunder, | question: What is a Sumerian? Is it close to Samaritan? context: <P> Other Sumerian examples include the Debate between Summer and Winter where Winter wins, and disputes between the cattle and grain, the tree and the reed, silver and copper, the pickaxe and the plough, and the millstone and the gul-gul stone.
An Ancient Egyptian version is The Dispute between a man and his Ba, which comes from the Middle Kingdom period. Sofer Sofers (Hebrew: סופר סת”ם) are among the few scribes that still ply their trade by hand, writing on parchment. Renowned calligraphers, they produce the Hebrew Torah scrolls and other holy texts. Accuracy Until 1948, the oldest known manuscripts of the <P> Semitic rulers of Akkad, or Agade, and numerous votive objects of Sargon, Rimush, and Naram-Sin testify to the veneration in which they also held this sanctuary. Naram-Sin rebuilt both the Ekur temple and the city walls, and in the accumulation of debris now marking the ancient site, his remains are found about half way from the top to the bottom. One of the few instances of Nippur being recorded as having its own ruler comes from a tablet depicting a revolt of several Mesopotamian cities against Naram-Sin, including Nippur under Amar-enlila. The tablet goes on to relate that Naram-Sin defeated <P> from these archives lists of goods contained in the temple treasuries and salary lists of temple officials, on tablet forms specially prepared and marked off for periods of a year or less.
The Persian conquest of Mesopotamia in 539 BC resulted in improved irrigation, and thus immigration increased, drawing Lydians, Phrygians, Carians, Cilicians, Egyptians, Jews (many of whom were deported to Babylonia), Persians, Medes, Sacae, etc. to the area. In Nippur, the house of Murashu's surviving documents are reflective of this diverse populace as one third of contracts depict non-Babylonian names, and they evidently intermingled peaceably. Enduring for at least three <P> Sumerians.
It is also known that the Awan kings carried out incursions in Mesopotamia, where they ran up against the most powerful city-states of this period, Kish and Lagash. One such incident is recorded in a tablet addressed to Enetarzi, a minor ruler or governor of Lagash, testifying that a party of 600 Elamites had been intercepted and defeated while attempting to abscond from the port with plunder.
Events become a little clearer at the time of the Akkadian Empire (c. 2300 BC), when historical texts tell of campaigns carried out by the kings of Akkad on the Iranian plateau. <P> Scribe Egyptian and Mesopotamian functions In addition to accountancy and governmental politicking, the scribal professions branched out into literature. The first stories were probably creation stories and religious texts. Other genres evolved, such as wisdom literature, which were collections of the philosophical sayings from wise men. These contain the earliest recordings of societal thought and exploration of ideas in some length and detail.
In Mesopotamia during the middle to late 3rd millennium BCE, the Sumerians originated some of this literature in the form of a series of debates. Among the list of Sumerian disputations is the Debate between bird and fish. <P> (Arabic plural: tikālil) of our teacher and Rabbi, Yihye Bashiri, may his merit rebound into the life of the world to come, are not at all identical, while some of them are found (on the most-part) based after the printed [Spanish] editions; the reason being that he was scribe and would write for everyone according to his preferences.”
As early as 1618, he compiled his Tiklāl Bashiri, the Baladi-rite prayerbook in Babylonian supralinear punctuation, a copy of which was made in 1938 and published in facsimile under the name Tiklāl Qadmonim in 1964. In essence, the rendition used by him in <P> Semitic god Ilu or El from early on. The functions of Anu and Enlil frequently overlapped, especially during later periods as the cult of Anu continued to wane and the cult of Enlil rose to greater prominence. In later times, Anu was fully superseded by Enlil. Eventually, Enlil was, in turn, superseded by Marduk, the national god of ancient Babylon. Nonetheless, references to Anu's power were preserved through archaic phrases used in reference to the ruler of the gods. The highest god in the pantheon was always said to possess the anûtu, which literally means "Heavenly power". In the Babylonian <P> developed from a fusion of their ancestral Natufian and Harifian cultures with Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) farming cultures, practicing the domestication of animals, during the 6200 BC climatic crisis which led to the Neolithic Revolution in the Levant. Byblos is attested as an archaeological site from the Early Bronze Age. The Late Bronze Age state of Ugarit is considered quintessentially Canaanite archaeologically, even though the Ugaritic language does not belong to the Canaanite languages proper. Phoenician alphabet The Canaanite-Phoenician alphabet consists of 22 letters, all consonants. Starting around 1050 BC, this script was used for the writing of Phoenician, a Northern <P> the supreme source of authority among the gods, and among men, upon whom he conferred kingship. As heaven's grand patriarch, he dispensed justice and controlled the laws known as the meh that governed the universe." In inscriptions commemorating his conquest of Sumer, Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the Akkadian Empire, proclaims Anu and Inanna as the sources of his authority. A hymn from the early second millennium BC professes that "his utterance ruleth over the obedient company of the gods".
Anu's original name in Sumerian is An; for which Anu is a Semiticized form. Anu was also identified with the <P> referred to 28 times, with the basic topic of the letter, being Labaya himself, and his relationship with the rebelling, countryside Habiru. It may be identical to the Sakama mentioned in an account dated to the 19th Egyptian dynasty. (See Papyrus Anastasi I). In the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Shechem first appears in the Hebrew Bible in Genesis 12:6–8, which says that Abraham reached the "great tree of Moreh" at Shechem and offered sacrifice nearby. Genesis, Deuteronomy, Joshua and Judges hallow Shechem over all other cities of the land of Israel. According to Genesis (12:6–7) Abram "built an altar to the <P> Hayasum Hayasum is a minor god in Sumerian, Babylonian, and Akkadian mythology. He is known from texts, but his function is uncertain. <P> as the malk olam ("the eternal king") and, like Anu, he is "consistently depicted as old, just, compassionate, and patriarchal". In the same way that Anu was thought to wield the Tablet of Destinies, Canaanite texts mentions decrees issued by El that he alone may alter. In late antiquity, writers such as Philo of Byblos attempted to impose the dynastic succession framework of the Hittite and Hesiodic stories onto Canaanite mythology, but these efforts are forced and contradict what most Canaanites seem to have actually believed. Most Canaanites seem to have regarded El and Baal as ruling concurrently:
"El is king, <P> consisted of six volumes. Only the third and fifth volumes have survived, though the sixth volume has partly been reconstructed based on citations from later works. In the surviving portions of his works, 637 plants are described from the letters sin to ya. He describes the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit.
Many of the Muslim early botanical works are lost, such as that of al-Shaybani (d.820), Ibn al-Arabi (d.844), Al-Bahili (d.845) and Ibn as-Sikkit (d.857), however, their works, are extensively quoted in later books by Abu Hanifa Al-Dinawari. Astronomy and meteorology Parts of al-Dinawari's Book <P> 11th year of Nazi-Maruttaš on the 19th day of the month of ulūlu (around August 1296 BC). Four years later, he again received a crop of dates for sacrificial services rendered. Then, in 1290 BC, he was supplied a mina of tallow for a journey to Babylon. There are a series of tablets recording rations for Rabâ-ša-Marduk excavated at Nippur of uncertain date but possibly up to Nazi-Maruttaš’ 21st year, including one provisioning another journey to Babylon.
A medical tablet originally from Babylon was found in excavations at Assur. It was probably one of the scientific and literary works looted by <P> the Hebrew Bible (Book of Joshua) Hukkok (Hebrew חקק) is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in Joshua 19:34. The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia considers the identification of Hukkok with Yakuk as plausible, although it might be too far from Aznoth-tabor (possibly Khirbet el-Jebeil, c. 3 miles north of Mout Tabor) to fit the description. Bronze Age The village site was inhabited in the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Roman and Byzantine periods The Roman period village was large and prosperous due to the presence of a constant spring. It is apparent from both the synagogue and the absence of pig <P> Rule are now considered separate compositions and appendices. The Community Rules contain dualistic writings with Zoroastrian and Roman influences. They talk of War between Angel of Evil, represented as Darkness or Satan and Son(s) of Israeli God, represented as light. Community There is some debate about the identification of the community described in 1QS. The most significant question that has been asked and debated is the relationship of the scroll to the ruins of the nearby settlement. While the vast majority of scholars would argue that a Jewish religious community in the Second Temple period occupied the site at Qumran <P> second millennium BC was West-Semitic, while the ruling classes were Hurrians. The diplomatic language used in the region was a Hurrianized form of Akkadian as Hurrian traits appear in every Akkadian sentence in tablets written in Nuhašše; the Hurrian elements comprise around fifth of a sentence. The coronation of a king included anointing; a common practic in Bronze Age monarchies of Western Asia. <P> take the title 4-(or 5-)kʼatun lord. In the Postclassic period when the full Long Count gave way to the Short Count, the Maya continued to keep a reckoning of kʼatuns, differentiating them by the Calendar Round date on which they began. Each kʼatun had its own set of prophecies and associations. <P> all these uses and added to them a logographic reading for the native ilum and from that a syllabic reading of /il/. In Hittite orthography, the syllabic value of the sign was again only an.
The concept of "divinity" in Sumerian is closely associated with the heavens, as is evident from the fact that the cuneiform sign doubles as the ideogram for "sky", and that its original shape is the picture of a star. The original association of "divinity" is thus with "bright" or "shining" hierophanies in the sky. Sumerian The Sumerian sign DIĜIR originated as a star-shaped ideogram <P> aspect.
Itzamna was the creator god, but he also embodied the cosmos, and was simultaneously a sun god; Kʼinich Ahau, the day sun, was one of his aspects. Maya kings frequently identified themselves with Kʼinich Ahau. Itzamna also had a night sun aspect, the Night Jaguar, representing the sun in its journey through the underworld. The four Pawatuns supported the corners of the mortal realm; in the heavens, the Bacabs performed the same function. As well as their four main aspects, the Bakabs had dozens of other aspects that are not well understood. The four Chaacs were storm gods, controlling thunder, | answer: Sumerians were members of a society called Sumer, in modern Iraq. They're a non-Semitic group, wrote in cuneiform (probably the earliest form of writing), and were eventually merged into the Akkadians.The Samaritans are an Israelite group, who had a religious schism of some kind with the Jews, probably as a result of the Babylonian conquest.So they're not really related, other than that they're two groups in the fertile crescent. Different places, time periods, etc. |
119,753 | 566ipk | Samurai Sword from WW2 | Lengthly engravings could be [tameshi-mei](_URL_1_), or sword-tester's inscriptions, which were generally marked into the tang. After the sword is forged, it would be given to a professional tester, who would make various test cuts. Sometimes these cuts were made on human bodies (criminals or cadavers). The inscriptions detail the cuts that were made, and acted as a form of certification that the sword was of a certain quality. If authentic, and a known tester, it can establish fairly precisely the origins, age, and even provenance of the sword, and greatly increase its value as a collector's piece. If that's what the inscription is, of course.The scabbard, from what I can see of it, looks like a [shirasaya](_URL_0_), which is a plain wooden "storage" scabbard used for unmounted blades. That suggests it was not a WW2 weapon (*gunto*) but rather a personal heirloom that was surrendered after the war when ownership of swords had been prohibited. The blade looks like it has been neglected, but it does appear to be a traditionally forged blade, not a mass-produced *gunto*. If the *tameshi-mei* theory pans out, I'd definitely consider an appraisal. | [
"Japanese history is not my area, but i can tell you how to post pictures. Simply go to _URL_0_ and select new post, from there follow the onscreen instructions to post digital pictures. \n\nYou would probably have more success if the real experts can see the pictures. ",
"Lengthly engravings could be [tameshi-me... | 2 | [
"Lengthly engravings could be [tameshi-mei](_URL_1_), or sword-tester's inscriptions, which were generally marked into the tang. After the sword is forged, it would be given to a professional tester, who would make various test cuts. Sometimes these cuts were made on human bodies (criminals or cadavers). The inscri... | 1 | <P> Muromachi period, samurai of high standing began to use the uchi-gatana; and as a result, outstanding guards for these weapons came into demand. Possibly the elevation of the status of the silver-smith to a position where he was entitled to use a name like Shoami dates from the time when craftsmen began producing fine sword guards of this kind. Naturally, as the popularity of the uchi-gatana increased, so did orders for them and for their guards. This in turn increased the number of people desiring to master the technique of guard design and production, since this field of endeavor promised <P> or edges and other advantages of such traditional battlefield weapons as spears, polearms (such as the yan yue dao), swords and so forth meant that the triple staff was more likely restricted to personal self-defense.
One significant weakness of chained weapons in general is a lack of control. At long and intermediate ranges, the strike of a one ends not upon impact but on recoil; even the greatest martial arts masters must use valuable time regaining control of their weapon. Due to the length of the staff sections relative to the length of joining chains, the weapon suffers less from a <P> Seven-Branched Sword Appearance The blade of the sword is 65.5 cm and the tang is 9.4 cm long. There is no hole on the tang to fasten the sword with a hilt. The sword is broken at the top of the tang. Analysis of the broken surface shows the material of the sword is forged mild steel. As the ‘branches’ appear to be quite delicate, and their functionality in melee combat doubtful, it is unlikely that the Seven-Branched Sword was used as a military weapon. Instead, it probably had a ceremonial function.
The sword has been stored in the Isonokami Shrine since ancient <P> of the bushi than the straight-bladed kind. Around the curved long sword the bushi built a mystique of fantastic dimensions, one that still influences Japanese culture today. The nature of the bushi's combative deployment, mounted as he was on horseback, required the classical warrior to reach out for his enemy, who might either be similarly mounted or otherwise ground-deployed.
During the Kamakura period (1185-1333) the Japanese sword smiths achieved the highest level of technical excellence and because the war between two influential families, the Minamoto and the Taira, made it possible to test and evaluate swords under the severest of <P> prestige and reward. Apprentices to sword-guard makers must have grown in numbers, and probably feudal lords outside the capital invited these men to work for them.
From the Muromachi period until the nineteenth-century edict prohibiting the carrying of swords, Shoami guards in a wide range of styles were being produced all over Japan. In fact, so numerous are the types of Shoami guards that it is even considered safe by some people to call anything unassignable to another group Shoami. Furthermore, although some Shoami guards produced for specific clients are of high quality, they were made in quantity to be treated <P> Three-section staff History and use Although there is no historical evidence to support it, a popular modern-day legend states the weapon was made famous by Zhao Kuangyin, the first Emperor of the Song Dynasty (960 AD).
Historically made of white oak, waxwood, or Chinese red maple, modern staves are constructed from rattan, bamboo, various hardwoods or aluminum. For optimum fit, each of the three sticks should be about the length of the combatant's arm {usually 60 centimetres (24 in) to 70 centimetres (28 in)} and have a combined diameter that easily fits in the hand {usually about 1.25 inches (32 mm)}. These are connected <P> although he gave that sword to Imagawa Yoshimoto as a gift to secure an alliance. After Yoshimoto's death at the Okehazama, the sword came into possession of Oda Nobunaga. After the Incident of Honnoji, Toyotomi Hideyoshi recovered the sword, which he later gave to Tokugawa Ieyasu as a gift. The sword is currently a Cultural Properties of Japan <P> hung from an L-shaped frame, which was attached to the chest armor dou or dō by a socket machi-uke or uketsubo near the waistline and hinged at shoulder level with a ring gattari or sashimono-gane. While this arrangement was perhaps one of the most common, there were other variations. Silk and leather were the most common materials used. <P> Torimono sandōgu The torimono sandōgu (also torimono hogu or mitsu dogu) were known as the three tools of arresting. The torimono sandōgu were three types of pole weapons used by the samurai class and their retainers in feudal Japan during the Edo period. History In Edo period Japan the samurai were in charge of police operations; various levels of samurai police with help from non-samurai commoners used many types of non lethal weapons in order to capture suspected criminals for trial. The torimono sandōgu was part of the six tools of the police station (bansho rokugin or keigo roku-go), <P> Wodao The wodao (Chinese: 倭刀; literally: "sword/knife of the wo people") is a Chinese sword from the Ming Dynasty. It is typically long and slender, but heavy, with a curved back and sharp blade. It bears a strong resemblance to the Tang sword, zhanmadao, Tachi or Odachi in form. Extant examples show a handle approximately 25.5 cm long, with a gently curved blade 80 cm long. The Japanese samurai warriors were also adept with the wodao.
The Chinese word "wo" literally means "Japanese", so "wodao" literally means Japanese sword. It is commonly believed that the term came into usage in China during the <P> buried on 3 May 1863 in Camarón.
After the battle, a Mexican named Ramirez discovered and took Danjou's wooden hand. Ramirez was soon arrested and the hand retrieved by Lieutenant Karl Grübert of the Austrian army, which replaced the Foreign Legion in this conflict on 17 July 1865. Today, Danjou's wooden hand is paraded annually on April 30, Camerone Day. Prosthetic Hand When the Legion moved to France, Danjou's wooden hand was taken to Aubagne, where it remains in the Legion Museum of Memory. The hand is the most cherished artifact in Legion history, and the prestige and honor granted to <P> is sometimes used as a fancy leather for book bindings, pocketbooks and small cases, as well as its more utilitarian uses in the hilts and scabbards of swords and daggers, where slipperiness is a disadvantage.
In Asia, the Japanese tachi, katana, and wakizashi swords had their hilts almost always covered in undyed rawhide shagreen, while in China, shagreen, whose use dates back to the 2nd century CE, was traditionally used on Qing dynasty composite bows. Typically the ears and the spaces above and beneath the grip were covered by polished shagreen (in which the calcified papillae are reduced to equal <P> shoulders of the vessel. These were used in southern Chinese burial custom to store provisions for the afterlife. Another distinct Longquan style was a dish with two or more fishes in low relief swimming in the centre, either in biscuit or glazed; these sometimes have holes drilled for metal handles, as mentioned in a late 14th-century source.
In general, Longquan decoration tends to project from the body, and the effects that Northern Celadon gets from glaze pooling over shallow carving into the body are less common. Earlier pieces are content with subtle glaze effects, often accentuated by the glaze thinning <P> 1281 changed Japanese weaponry and warfare. The Mongols employed Chinese and Korean footmen wielding long pikes and fought in tight formations. They moved in large units to stave off cavalry. Polearms (including naginata and yari) were of much greater military use than swords, due to their significantly longer reach, lighter weight per unit length (though overall a polearm would be fairly hefty), and their great piercing ability. Swords in a full battle situation were therefore relegated to emergency sidearm status from the Heian through the Muromachi periods. Around the latter half of the 16th century, ashigaru holding pikes (nagae yari) <P> NR-40 The NR-40 (from Russian: нож разведчика, nozh razvedchika meaning 'scout's knife') was a Soviet combat knife introduced in 1940 and used throughout World War II. The NR-40 has a 152 mm blade with a clip point, a large ricasso, a black wooden handle, and an S-shaped guard. The guard is "inverted" (unlike most S-shaped guards, it curves towards the edge) because standard Soviet Army grips called for holding the knife with the edge upwards. History In the beginning of the 20th century, Finnish puukko knives started becoming popular with criminals in most cities of the Russian Empire. Local knife-makers then <P> the blade has a flat grind without a secondary bevel.
Higonokami refers to "Lord-of-Higo". Higo was an old province in Japan, on the island of Kyūshū, today's Kumamoto Prefecture. "Kami", literally "protector", was used as an honorable title for samurai of very high rank bestowed upon them by the shōgun. History The knife first appeared in 1896 as a result of smiths struggling with the lowering demand for swords with the decline of the samurai under the reforms made by Emperor Meiji in the late 19th century.
The name "Higonokami" was trademarked by a Miki guild, and today only the maker KaneKoma <P> century A.D., describe iron swords and swordsmanship that pre-date recorded history, attributed to the mythological age of the gods (kami).
The development of Japanese swordsmanship as a component system of classical bujutsu created by and for professional warriors (bushi), begins only with the invention and widespread use of the Japanese sword, the curved, single-cutting-edged long sword.
In its curved form, the sword is known to the Japanese as tachi in the eighth century. It evolved from and gained ascendancy over its straight-bladed prototype because years of battlefield experience proved that the curved form of sword was better suited to the needs <P> the handle. The blade was made in trapezoidal or rounded rectangle shape.
In the Goguryeo area, the neck of a homi blade is short and the blade is slightly outward curved. The edges of the blade are rounded. It was excavated mainly with U-shaped ironware. Homi was found not only in the tomb but also in many historical sites such as buildings and castles.
As the region entered the unified Silla period, the blade of homi has changed from wide shape to narrow and sharp shaped as it is today. In Anapji, wide bladed homi assumed as long handle homi was excavated <P> Small-calibre bronze pieces were also used on galleons and river boats; they weighed between 3.7 and 8.6 kg. However, most riverboats had an armoury of cast-iron guns which fired 0.5 kg shots; on average they weighed between 20 and 40 kg. The ‘balyemez’ was a medium-weight, long-range cannon which fired shots weighing 31–74 kg. ‘Şahalaz’ was light cannon, mainly used on riverboats, and was a cast iron cannon firing 0.5 kg shots. ‘Şayha’ was a gun of various sizes used predominantly on riverboats mainly in the Danube. It weighed between 31 and 74 kg. The 16th and 17th centuries gave rise to other types of cannons <P> opposed to long battlefield weapons), polearms and archery lost their practical value. During the peaceful Edo era yari were still produced (sometimes even by renowned sword smiths) although they existed mostly as either a ceremonial weapon or as a police weapon. Description Yari were characterized by a straight blade that could be anywhere from several centimeters to 3 feet or more in length. The blades were made of the same steel (tamahagane) that traditional Japanese swords and arrow heads were forged with, and were very durable. Throughout history many variations of the straight yari blade were produced, often with protrusions | question: Samurai Sword from WW2 context: <P> Muromachi period, samurai of high standing began to use the uchi-gatana; and as a result, outstanding guards for these weapons came into demand. Possibly the elevation of the status of the silver-smith to a position where he was entitled to use a name like Shoami dates from the time when craftsmen began producing fine sword guards of this kind. Naturally, as the popularity of the uchi-gatana increased, so did orders for them and for their guards. This in turn increased the number of people desiring to master the technique of guard design and production, since this field of endeavor promised <P> or edges and other advantages of such traditional battlefield weapons as spears, polearms (such as the yan yue dao), swords and so forth meant that the triple staff was more likely restricted to personal self-defense.
One significant weakness of chained weapons in general is a lack of control. At long and intermediate ranges, the strike of a one ends not upon impact but on recoil; even the greatest martial arts masters must use valuable time regaining control of their weapon. Due to the length of the staff sections relative to the length of joining chains, the weapon suffers less from a <P> Seven-Branched Sword Appearance The blade of the sword is 65.5 cm and the tang is 9.4 cm long. There is no hole on the tang to fasten the sword with a hilt. The sword is broken at the top of the tang. Analysis of the broken surface shows the material of the sword is forged mild steel. As the ‘branches’ appear to be quite delicate, and their functionality in melee combat doubtful, it is unlikely that the Seven-Branched Sword was used as a military weapon. Instead, it probably had a ceremonial function.
The sword has been stored in the Isonokami Shrine since ancient <P> of the bushi than the straight-bladed kind. Around the curved long sword the bushi built a mystique of fantastic dimensions, one that still influences Japanese culture today. The nature of the bushi's combative deployment, mounted as he was on horseback, required the classical warrior to reach out for his enemy, who might either be similarly mounted or otherwise ground-deployed.
During the Kamakura period (1185-1333) the Japanese sword smiths achieved the highest level of technical excellence and because the war between two influential families, the Minamoto and the Taira, made it possible to test and evaluate swords under the severest of <P> prestige and reward. Apprentices to sword-guard makers must have grown in numbers, and probably feudal lords outside the capital invited these men to work for them.
From the Muromachi period until the nineteenth-century edict prohibiting the carrying of swords, Shoami guards in a wide range of styles were being produced all over Japan. In fact, so numerous are the types of Shoami guards that it is even considered safe by some people to call anything unassignable to another group Shoami. Furthermore, although some Shoami guards produced for specific clients are of high quality, they were made in quantity to be treated <P> Three-section staff History and use Although there is no historical evidence to support it, a popular modern-day legend states the weapon was made famous by Zhao Kuangyin, the first Emperor of the Song Dynasty (960 AD).
Historically made of white oak, waxwood, or Chinese red maple, modern staves are constructed from rattan, bamboo, various hardwoods or aluminum. For optimum fit, each of the three sticks should be about the length of the combatant's arm {usually 60 centimetres (24 in) to 70 centimetres (28 in)} and have a combined diameter that easily fits in the hand {usually about 1.25 inches (32 mm)}. These are connected <P> although he gave that sword to Imagawa Yoshimoto as a gift to secure an alliance. After Yoshimoto's death at the Okehazama, the sword came into possession of Oda Nobunaga. After the Incident of Honnoji, Toyotomi Hideyoshi recovered the sword, which he later gave to Tokugawa Ieyasu as a gift. The sword is currently a Cultural Properties of Japan <P> hung from an L-shaped frame, which was attached to the chest armor dou or dō by a socket machi-uke or uketsubo near the waistline and hinged at shoulder level with a ring gattari or sashimono-gane. While this arrangement was perhaps one of the most common, there were other variations. Silk and leather were the most common materials used. <P> Torimono sandōgu The torimono sandōgu (also torimono hogu or mitsu dogu) were known as the three tools of arresting. The torimono sandōgu were three types of pole weapons used by the samurai class and their retainers in feudal Japan during the Edo period. History In Edo period Japan the samurai were in charge of police operations; various levels of samurai police with help from non-samurai commoners used many types of non lethal weapons in order to capture suspected criminals for trial. The torimono sandōgu was part of the six tools of the police station (bansho rokugin or keigo roku-go), <P> Wodao The wodao (Chinese: 倭刀; literally: "sword/knife of the wo people") is a Chinese sword from the Ming Dynasty. It is typically long and slender, but heavy, with a curved back and sharp blade. It bears a strong resemblance to the Tang sword, zhanmadao, Tachi or Odachi in form. Extant examples show a handle approximately 25.5 cm long, with a gently curved blade 80 cm long. The Japanese samurai warriors were also adept with the wodao.
The Chinese word "wo" literally means "Japanese", so "wodao" literally means Japanese sword. It is commonly believed that the term came into usage in China during the <P> buried on 3 May 1863 in Camarón.
After the battle, a Mexican named Ramirez discovered and took Danjou's wooden hand. Ramirez was soon arrested and the hand retrieved by Lieutenant Karl Grübert of the Austrian army, which replaced the Foreign Legion in this conflict on 17 July 1865. Today, Danjou's wooden hand is paraded annually on April 30, Camerone Day. Prosthetic Hand When the Legion moved to France, Danjou's wooden hand was taken to Aubagne, where it remains in the Legion Museum of Memory. The hand is the most cherished artifact in Legion history, and the prestige and honor granted to <P> is sometimes used as a fancy leather for book bindings, pocketbooks and small cases, as well as its more utilitarian uses in the hilts and scabbards of swords and daggers, where slipperiness is a disadvantage.
In Asia, the Japanese tachi, katana, and wakizashi swords had their hilts almost always covered in undyed rawhide shagreen, while in China, shagreen, whose use dates back to the 2nd century CE, was traditionally used on Qing dynasty composite bows. Typically the ears and the spaces above and beneath the grip were covered by polished shagreen (in which the calcified papillae are reduced to equal <P> shoulders of the vessel. These were used in southern Chinese burial custom to store provisions for the afterlife. Another distinct Longquan style was a dish with two or more fishes in low relief swimming in the centre, either in biscuit or glazed; these sometimes have holes drilled for metal handles, as mentioned in a late 14th-century source.
In general, Longquan decoration tends to project from the body, and the effects that Northern Celadon gets from glaze pooling over shallow carving into the body are less common. Earlier pieces are content with subtle glaze effects, often accentuated by the glaze thinning <P> 1281 changed Japanese weaponry and warfare. The Mongols employed Chinese and Korean footmen wielding long pikes and fought in tight formations. They moved in large units to stave off cavalry. Polearms (including naginata and yari) were of much greater military use than swords, due to their significantly longer reach, lighter weight per unit length (though overall a polearm would be fairly hefty), and their great piercing ability. Swords in a full battle situation were therefore relegated to emergency sidearm status from the Heian through the Muromachi periods. Around the latter half of the 16th century, ashigaru holding pikes (nagae yari) <P> NR-40 The NR-40 (from Russian: нож разведчика, nozh razvedchika meaning 'scout's knife') was a Soviet combat knife introduced in 1940 and used throughout World War II. The NR-40 has a 152 mm blade with a clip point, a large ricasso, a black wooden handle, and an S-shaped guard. The guard is "inverted" (unlike most S-shaped guards, it curves towards the edge) because standard Soviet Army grips called for holding the knife with the edge upwards. History In the beginning of the 20th century, Finnish puukko knives started becoming popular with criminals in most cities of the Russian Empire. Local knife-makers then <P> the blade has a flat grind without a secondary bevel.
Higonokami refers to "Lord-of-Higo". Higo was an old province in Japan, on the island of Kyūshū, today's Kumamoto Prefecture. "Kami", literally "protector", was used as an honorable title for samurai of very high rank bestowed upon them by the shōgun. History The knife first appeared in 1896 as a result of smiths struggling with the lowering demand for swords with the decline of the samurai under the reforms made by Emperor Meiji in the late 19th century.
The name "Higonokami" was trademarked by a Miki guild, and today only the maker KaneKoma <P> century A.D., describe iron swords and swordsmanship that pre-date recorded history, attributed to the mythological age of the gods (kami).
The development of Japanese swordsmanship as a component system of classical bujutsu created by and for professional warriors (bushi), begins only with the invention and widespread use of the Japanese sword, the curved, single-cutting-edged long sword.
In its curved form, the sword is known to the Japanese as tachi in the eighth century. It evolved from and gained ascendancy over its straight-bladed prototype because years of battlefield experience proved that the curved form of sword was better suited to the needs <P> the handle. The blade was made in trapezoidal or rounded rectangle shape.
In the Goguryeo area, the neck of a homi blade is short and the blade is slightly outward curved. The edges of the blade are rounded. It was excavated mainly with U-shaped ironware. Homi was found not only in the tomb but also in many historical sites such as buildings and castles.
As the region entered the unified Silla period, the blade of homi has changed from wide shape to narrow and sharp shaped as it is today. In Anapji, wide bladed homi assumed as long handle homi was excavated <P> Small-calibre bronze pieces were also used on galleons and river boats; they weighed between 3.7 and 8.6 kg. However, most riverboats had an armoury of cast-iron guns which fired 0.5 kg shots; on average they weighed between 20 and 40 kg. The ‘balyemez’ was a medium-weight, long-range cannon which fired shots weighing 31–74 kg. ‘Şahalaz’ was light cannon, mainly used on riverboats, and was a cast iron cannon firing 0.5 kg shots. ‘Şayha’ was a gun of various sizes used predominantly on riverboats mainly in the Danube. It weighed between 31 and 74 kg. The 16th and 17th centuries gave rise to other types of cannons <P> opposed to long battlefield weapons), polearms and archery lost their practical value. During the peaceful Edo era yari were still produced (sometimes even by renowned sword smiths) although they existed mostly as either a ceremonial weapon or as a police weapon. Description Yari were characterized by a straight blade that could be anywhere from several centimeters to 3 feet or more in length. The blades were made of the same steel (tamahagane) that traditional Japanese swords and arrow heads were forged with, and were very durable. Throughout history many variations of the straight yari blade were produced, often with protrusions | answer: Lengthly engravings could be [tameshi-mei](_URL_1_), or sword-tester's inscriptions, which were generally marked into the tang. After the sword is forged, it would be given to a professional tester, who would make various test cuts. Sometimes these cuts were made on human bodies (criminals or cadavers). The inscriptions detail the cuts that were made, and acted as a form of certification that the sword was of a certain quality. If authentic, and a known tester, it can establish fairly precisely the origins, age, and even provenance of the sword, and greatly increase its value as a collector's piece. If that's what the inscription is, of course.The scabbard, from what I can see of it, looks like a [shirasaya](_URL_0_), which is a plain wooden "storage" scabbard used for unmounted blades. That suggests it was not a WW2 weapon (*gunto*) but rather a personal heirloom that was surrendered after the war when ownership of swords had been prohibited. The blade looks like it has been neglected, but it does appear to be a traditionally forged blade, not a mass-produced *gunto*. If the *tameshi-mei* theory pans out, I'd definitely consider an appraisal. |
18,336 | 9pbrfp | how does thermogenesis in the body work when eating? | Depends what kind of food. That’s why eating too many eggs won’t cause weight gain as easily as eating too many cookies. | [
"Depends what kind of food. That’s why eating too many eggs won’t cause weight gain as easily as eating too many cookies."
] | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> Sirtuin-mediated mechanism Preliminary research indicates that sirtuins are activated by fasting and serve as "energy sensors" during metabolism. Sirtuins, specifically Sir2 (found in yeast) have been implicated in the aging of yeast, and are a class of highly conserved, NAD⁺-dependent histone deacetylase enzymes. Sir2 homologs have been identified in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to humans. Hormesis Some research has pointed toward hormesis as an explanation for the benefits of caloric restriction, representing beneficial actions linked to a low-intensity biological stressor such as reduced calorie intake. As a potential role for caloric restriction, the diet imposes a low-intensity <P> and induce the SOS response resulting in inhibition of cell division. Nutritional stress Nutritional stress can change bacterial morphology. A common shape alteration is filamentation which can be triggered by a limited availability of one or more substrates, nutrients or electron acceptors. Since the filament can increase a cell's uptake–surface area without significantly changing its volume appreciably. Moreover, the filamentation benefits bacterial cells attaching to a surface because it increases specific surface area in direct contact with the solid medium. In addition, the filamentation may allows bacterial cells to access nutrients by enhancing the possibility that part of <P> nutrition. These enzymes can be surface-bound or secreted into the medium to help the digestion of organic substances. Individual cells use the ectoplasmic net for movement by gliding inside it. They move in all directions, but they tend to go towards the periphery of the ectoplasmic net to enlarge the net and thus increase its surface area. Cell Wall Despite the lack of cell wall of the ectoplasmic net, each individual cell is surrounded by a cell wall located close to the cell membrane and composed of a single layer of Golgi-derived circular scales, which overlap over a few nanometers, <P> mobility of the CMA receptor at the lysosomal membrane. Physiological functions CMA contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by facilitating recycling of amino acids of the degraded proteins (contribution to energetic cellular balance) and by eliminating abnormal or damaged proteins (contribution to cellular quality control).
CMA is active at all times in different tissues (liver, kidney, brain), and almost all cell types in culture studied. However, it is maximally activated in response to stressors and changes in the cellular nutritional status. When nutrient supply is limited, the cells respond by activating autophagy, in order to degrade intracellular components to provide <P> metabolism. Interactions NAD+
Cytochrome c
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS1) <P> provide increased friction against the food particles. Function The function of the omasum is not completely understood. During the second contraction phase of the reticulum, the reticule-omasal sphincter opens for a few seconds allowing a small volume of finely dispersed and well-fermented ingesta enters the omasum.
The omasum has two physiological compartments: omasal canal that transfers food from the reticulum to the omasum, and the inter-laminate recesses between the mucosal laminae which provide the area for absorption. The omasum is where food particles that are small enough get transferred into the abomasum for enzymatic digestion. In ruminants with a more <P> those in the testes, ovaries, and sebaceous glands have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism. In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant), and it serves different functions in each. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also contains the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, a step in gluconeogenesis. It is connected to the nuclear envelope and <P> P2RY1 and the P2Y12 receptors. The P2RY1 receptor is responsible for shape change in platelets, increased intracellular calcium levels and transient platelet aggregation, while the P2Y12 receptor is responsible for sustained platelet aggregation through the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and a corresponding decrease in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. The activation of both purinergic receptors is necessary to achieve sustained hemostasis. Digestive system In the liver, ATP is constantly released during homeostasis and its signalling via P2 receptors influences bile secretion as well as liver metabolism and regeneration. P2Y receptors in the enteric nervous system and at intestinal neuromuscular junctions <P> in the tissues. When tissue metabolism increases, catabolic products accumulate leading to vasodilation. The endothelium begins to control muscle tone and arteriolar blood flow tissue. Endothelial function in the circulation includes the activation and inactivation of circulating hormones and other plasma constituents. There are also synthesis and secretion of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances for modifying the width as necessary. Variations in the flow of blood that circulates by arterioles are capable of responses in endothelium. Capillary exchange The term capillary exchange refers to all exchanges at microcirculatory level, most of which occurs in the capillaries. Sites where material exchange occurs <P> Sterol regulatory element-binding protein Function SREB proteins are indirectly required for cholesterol biosynthesis and for uptake and fatty acid biosynthesis. These proteins work with asymmetric sterol regulatory element (StRE). SREBPs have a structure similar to E-box-binding helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins. However, in contrast to E-box-binding HLH proteins, an arginine residue is replaced with tyrosine making them capable of recognizing StREs and thereby regulating membrane biosynthesis. Mechanism of action Animal cells maintain proper levels of intracellular lipids (fats and oils) under widely varying circumstances (lipid homeostasis). For example, when cellular cholesterol levels fall below the level needed, the cell makes more of <P> Omasum The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. The omasum comes after the rumen and reticulum and before the abomasum. Different ruminants have different omasum structures and function based on the food that they eat and how they developed through evolution. Anatomy The omasum can be found on the right side of the cranial portion of the rumen. The omasum receives food from the reticulum through the reticulo-omasal orifice and provides food to the abomasum through the omaso-abomasal orifice. The omasum is <P> brain, and the presence or absence of food in the gut and types of food present also affect the composition and activity of gut flora.
That said, most of the work that has been done on the role of gut flora in the gut–brain axis has been conducted in animals, including the highly artificial germ-free mice. As of 2016, studies with humans measuring changes to gut flora in response to stress, or measuring effects of various probiotics, have generally been small and cannot be generalized; whether changes to gut flora are a result of disease, a cause of disease, or both <P> the stream (abundance and diversity of organisms ranging from bacteria to fish), light and nutrient availability to fuel primary production, organic matter to fuel respiration, water chemistry and temperature, and natural or human-caused disturbance, such as dams, removal of riparian vegetation, nutrient pollution, wildfire or flooding.
Measuring stream metabolic state is important to understand how disturbance may change the available primary productivity, and whether and how that increase or decrease in NEP influences foodweb dynamics, allochthonous/autochthonous pathways, and trophic interactions. Metabolism (encompassing both ER and GPP) must be measured rather than primary productivity alone, because simply measuring primary productivity does not <P> of feed, rechewing, resalivation, and reswallowing. Rumination reduces particle size, which enhances microbial function and allows the digesta to pass more easily through the digestive tract. Rumen microbiology Vertebrates lack the ability to hydrolyse the beta [1–4] glycosidic bond of plant cellulose due to the lack of the enzyme cellulase. Thus, ruminants must completely depend on the microbial flora, present in the rumen or hindgut, to digest cellulose. Digestion of food in the rumen is primarily carried out by the rumen microflora, which contains dense populations of several species of bacteria, protozoa, sometimes yeasts and other fungi – 1 ml <P> signaling, and is transported into the plasma membrane to facilitate the diffusion of glucose into the cell. Adipose tissue Adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, is a depository for energy in order to conserve metabolic homeostasis. As the body takes in energy in the form of glucose, some is expended, and the rest is stored as glycogen primarily in the liver, muscle cells, or fat.
An imbalance in glucose intake and energy expenditure has been shown to lead to both adipose cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which lead to obesity. In addition, mutations in GLUT4 genes in adipocytes can also lead to increased GLUT4 <P> participants is needed to know if mycoprotein ingest also intervenes in other aspects, such as of glucose in blood reduction or blood pressure. Effects on satiety A study demonstrated that when subjects received meals of similar nutritional values based either on chicken or mycoprotein, those who received mycoprotein felt less hungry in the evening, and when dinner time came, they ate less when compared to those who ate chicken. In another study with the same dynamic, these results were validated, and it was also demonstrated that the next ingest in the sequent day, it was also lower in quantity compared <P> and certain products of metabolism must leave the cell. Such molecules can diffuse passively through protein channels such as aquaporins in facilitated diffusion or are pumped across the membrane by transmembrane transporters. Protein channel proteins, also called permeases, are usually quite specific, and they only recognize and transport a limited variety of chemical substances, often limited to a single substance. Another example of a transmembrane protein is a cell-surface receptor, which allow cell signaling molecules to communicate between cells.
3. Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process in which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. The plasma membrane creates a small deformation <P> satiety; but essentially, it is continuing the satiety that was already started by signals that arose from the stomach and upper intestine. Long-term signals Signals arising from the long-term nutrient reservoir of the body may alter the sensitivity of the brain to hunger signals or short-term satiety signals. A peptide, leptin, has profound effects on metabolism and eating. It is secreted by adipose tissue and it increases metabolic rate while decreasing food intake. Its discovery has stimulated interest in finding ways of treating obesity. Brain mechanisms Neural circuits in the brain stem are able to control acceptance or rejection of <P> and lipoprivation, respectively, stimulate eating. Detectors in the brain are only sensitive to glucoprivation; detectors in the liver are sensitive to both glucoprivation and lipoprivation outside the blood–brain barrier. However, no single set of receptors is solely responsible for the information the brain uses to control eating. Satiety signals There are two primary sources of signals that stop eating: short-term signals come from immediate effects of eating a meal, beginning before food digestion, and long-term signals, that arise in adipose tissue, control the intake of calories by monitoring the sensitivity of brain mechanisms to hunger and satiety signals received. Head <P> digestive enzymes to break down food.
Food moves from the stomach into the small intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. As food moves through the duodenum, it mixes with bile, a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fat. The pancreas releases enzymes that aid in digestion so that nutrients can be broken down and pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and travel to the rest of the body. The pancreas doesn't produce starch processing enzymes because cats don't eat a diet high in carbohydrates. Since the cat digests low amounts of glucose, the | question: how does thermogenesis in the body work when eating? context: <P> Sirtuin-mediated mechanism Preliminary research indicates that sirtuins are activated by fasting and serve as "energy sensors" during metabolism. Sirtuins, specifically Sir2 (found in yeast) have been implicated in the aging of yeast, and are a class of highly conserved, NAD⁺-dependent histone deacetylase enzymes. Sir2 homologs have been identified in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to humans. Hormesis Some research has pointed toward hormesis as an explanation for the benefits of caloric restriction, representing beneficial actions linked to a low-intensity biological stressor such as reduced calorie intake. As a potential role for caloric restriction, the diet imposes a low-intensity <P> and induce the SOS response resulting in inhibition of cell division. Nutritional stress Nutritional stress can change bacterial morphology. A common shape alteration is filamentation which can be triggered by a limited availability of one or more substrates, nutrients or electron acceptors. Since the filament can increase a cell's uptake–surface area without significantly changing its volume appreciably. Moreover, the filamentation benefits bacterial cells attaching to a surface because it increases specific surface area in direct contact with the solid medium. In addition, the filamentation may allows bacterial cells to access nutrients by enhancing the possibility that part of <P> nutrition. These enzymes can be surface-bound or secreted into the medium to help the digestion of organic substances. Individual cells use the ectoplasmic net for movement by gliding inside it. They move in all directions, but they tend to go towards the periphery of the ectoplasmic net to enlarge the net and thus increase its surface area. Cell Wall Despite the lack of cell wall of the ectoplasmic net, each individual cell is surrounded by a cell wall located close to the cell membrane and composed of a single layer of Golgi-derived circular scales, which overlap over a few nanometers, <P> mobility of the CMA receptor at the lysosomal membrane. Physiological functions CMA contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by facilitating recycling of amino acids of the degraded proteins (contribution to energetic cellular balance) and by eliminating abnormal or damaged proteins (contribution to cellular quality control).
CMA is active at all times in different tissues (liver, kidney, brain), and almost all cell types in culture studied. However, it is maximally activated in response to stressors and changes in the cellular nutritional status. When nutrient supply is limited, the cells respond by activating autophagy, in order to degrade intracellular components to provide <P> metabolism. Interactions NAD+
Cytochrome c
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS1) <P> provide increased friction against the food particles. Function The function of the omasum is not completely understood. During the second contraction phase of the reticulum, the reticule-omasal sphincter opens for a few seconds allowing a small volume of finely dispersed and well-fermented ingesta enters the omasum.
The omasum has two physiological compartments: omasal canal that transfers food from the reticulum to the omasum, and the inter-laminate recesses between the mucosal laminae which provide the area for absorption. The omasum is where food particles that are small enough get transferred into the abomasum for enzymatic digestion. In ruminants with a more <P> those in the testes, ovaries, and sebaceous glands have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism. In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant), and it serves different functions in each. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also contains the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, a step in gluconeogenesis. It is connected to the nuclear envelope and <P> P2RY1 and the P2Y12 receptors. The P2RY1 receptor is responsible for shape change in platelets, increased intracellular calcium levels and transient platelet aggregation, while the P2Y12 receptor is responsible for sustained platelet aggregation through the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and a corresponding decrease in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. The activation of both purinergic receptors is necessary to achieve sustained hemostasis. Digestive system In the liver, ATP is constantly released during homeostasis and its signalling via P2 receptors influences bile secretion as well as liver metabolism and regeneration. P2Y receptors in the enteric nervous system and at intestinal neuromuscular junctions <P> in the tissues. When tissue metabolism increases, catabolic products accumulate leading to vasodilation. The endothelium begins to control muscle tone and arteriolar blood flow tissue. Endothelial function in the circulation includes the activation and inactivation of circulating hormones and other plasma constituents. There are also synthesis and secretion of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances for modifying the width as necessary. Variations in the flow of blood that circulates by arterioles are capable of responses in endothelium. Capillary exchange The term capillary exchange refers to all exchanges at microcirculatory level, most of which occurs in the capillaries. Sites where material exchange occurs <P> Sterol regulatory element-binding protein Function SREB proteins are indirectly required for cholesterol biosynthesis and for uptake and fatty acid biosynthesis. These proteins work with asymmetric sterol regulatory element (StRE). SREBPs have a structure similar to E-box-binding helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins. However, in contrast to E-box-binding HLH proteins, an arginine residue is replaced with tyrosine making them capable of recognizing StREs and thereby regulating membrane biosynthesis. Mechanism of action Animal cells maintain proper levels of intracellular lipids (fats and oils) under widely varying circumstances (lipid homeostasis). For example, when cellular cholesterol levels fall below the level needed, the cell makes more of <P> Omasum The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. The omasum comes after the rumen and reticulum and before the abomasum. Different ruminants have different omasum structures and function based on the food that they eat and how they developed through evolution. Anatomy The omasum can be found on the right side of the cranial portion of the rumen. The omasum receives food from the reticulum through the reticulo-omasal orifice and provides food to the abomasum through the omaso-abomasal orifice. The omasum is <P> brain, and the presence or absence of food in the gut and types of food present also affect the composition and activity of gut flora.
That said, most of the work that has been done on the role of gut flora in the gut–brain axis has been conducted in animals, including the highly artificial germ-free mice. As of 2016, studies with humans measuring changes to gut flora in response to stress, or measuring effects of various probiotics, have generally been small and cannot be generalized; whether changes to gut flora are a result of disease, a cause of disease, or both <P> the stream (abundance and diversity of organisms ranging from bacteria to fish), light and nutrient availability to fuel primary production, organic matter to fuel respiration, water chemistry and temperature, and natural or human-caused disturbance, such as dams, removal of riparian vegetation, nutrient pollution, wildfire or flooding.
Measuring stream metabolic state is important to understand how disturbance may change the available primary productivity, and whether and how that increase or decrease in NEP influences foodweb dynamics, allochthonous/autochthonous pathways, and trophic interactions. Metabolism (encompassing both ER and GPP) must be measured rather than primary productivity alone, because simply measuring primary productivity does not <P> of feed, rechewing, resalivation, and reswallowing. Rumination reduces particle size, which enhances microbial function and allows the digesta to pass more easily through the digestive tract. Rumen microbiology Vertebrates lack the ability to hydrolyse the beta [1–4] glycosidic bond of plant cellulose due to the lack of the enzyme cellulase. Thus, ruminants must completely depend on the microbial flora, present in the rumen or hindgut, to digest cellulose. Digestion of food in the rumen is primarily carried out by the rumen microflora, which contains dense populations of several species of bacteria, protozoa, sometimes yeasts and other fungi – 1 ml <P> signaling, and is transported into the plasma membrane to facilitate the diffusion of glucose into the cell. Adipose tissue Adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, is a depository for energy in order to conserve metabolic homeostasis. As the body takes in energy in the form of glucose, some is expended, and the rest is stored as glycogen primarily in the liver, muscle cells, or fat.
An imbalance in glucose intake and energy expenditure has been shown to lead to both adipose cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which lead to obesity. In addition, mutations in GLUT4 genes in adipocytes can also lead to increased GLUT4 <P> participants is needed to know if mycoprotein ingest also intervenes in other aspects, such as of glucose in blood reduction or blood pressure. Effects on satiety A study demonstrated that when subjects received meals of similar nutritional values based either on chicken or mycoprotein, those who received mycoprotein felt less hungry in the evening, and when dinner time came, they ate less when compared to those who ate chicken. In another study with the same dynamic, these results were validated, and it was also demonstrated that the next ingest in the sequent day, it was also lower in quantity compared <P> and certain products of metabolism must leave the cell. Such molecules can diffuse passively through protein channels such as aquaporins in facilitated diffusion or are pumped across the membrane by transmembrane transporters. Protein channel proteins, also called permeases, are usually quite specific, and they only recognize and transport a limited variety of chemical substances, often limited to a single substance. Another example of a transmembrane protein is a cell-surface receptor, which allow cell signaling molecules to communicate between cells.
3. Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process in which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. The plasma membrane creates a small deformation <P> satiety; but essentially, it is continuing the satiety that was already started by signals that arose from the stomach and upper intestine. Long-term signals Signals arising from the long-term nutrient reservoir of the body may alter the sensitivity of the brain to hunger signals or short-term satiety signals. A peptide, leptin, has profound effects on metabolism and eating. It is secreted by adipose tissue and it increases metabolic rate while decreasing food intake. Its discovery has stimulated interest in finding ways of treating obesity. Brain mechanisms Neural circuits in the brain stem are able to control acceptance or rejection of <P> and lipoprivation, respectively, stimulate eating. Detectors in the brain are only sensitive to glucoprivation; detectors in the liver are sensitive to both glucoprivation and lipoprivation outside the blood–brain barrier. However, no single set of receptors is solely responsible for the information the brain uses to control eating. Satiety signals There are two primary sources of signals that stop eating: short-term signals come from immediate effects of eating a meal, beginning before food digestion, and long-term signals, that arise in adipose tissue, control the intake of calories by monitoring the sensitivity of brain mechanisms to hunger and satiety signals received. Head <P> digestive enzymes to break down food.
Food moves from the stomach into the small intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. As food moves through the duodenum, it mixes with bile, a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fat. The pancreas releases enzymes that aid in digestion so that nutrients can be broken down and pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and travel to the rest of the body. The pancreas doesn't produce starch processing enzymes because cats don't eat a diet high in carbohydrates. Since the cat digests low amounts of glucose, the | answer: Depends what kind of food. That’s why eating too many eggs won’t cause weight gain as easily as eating too many cookies. |
32,470 | 6s6i1r | are all otc vitamins and herbs useless to take? | First off, vitamins. If you are healthy and have a decent diet, you're getting all the vitamins you need.There are specific health problems that can, for example, prevent someone from absorbing a vitamin efficiently from food. In that case, the person might take pills with a bunch extra of that vitamin, so that even though they don't absorb it very well, there's so much that they get enough.The big problem with herbs and other plant supplement items is that there's no guarantee of consistency, dosage, purity, etc.Herbs and other parts of plants can absolutely do stuff to your body.A popular Chinese plant supplement is red yeast rice. It's rice that has Monascus purpureus yeast growing in it. Some red yeast rice has a chemical called "monacolin K" in it. You can buy the chemical monacolin K from the pharmacy under the generic name lovastatin. It's a drug that lowers cholesterol. Of course, it does other stuff to your body, too.So people who are scared of things that sound like chemicals and think anything natural is good decide to go buy some red yeast rice to help their cholesterol, instead of buying lovastatin that is synthesized (made from other chemicals) in a lab or factory. Here's the problem: some red yeast rice has a lot of monacolin K in it. Some red yeast rice doesn't have any monacolin K in it. Some has a little bit. There's a huge variation. There is NO WAY for the user to figure out how much of the drug they are getting. How would you feel if you went to the pharmacy to pick up a prescription and the label on the bottle said "take none, or a handful, or whatever you feel like, daily"?So, first off, you have no idea how much of the drug you're getting. And then people are worried about all nasty chemicals that might be left over in the version you get from the pharmacy, because you know, it's made with all kinds of nasty chemicals.Well, it turns out, red yeast rice often contains citrinin, which can cause kidney failure, so you may be getting an unknown dose of poison along with your unknown dose of cholesterol medication.In the United States, herbal and nutritional supplements that do not make specific medical claims are almost completely unregulated and don't have to go through basically any kind of testing. It's a complete crap shoot.This kind of discussion always reminds me of a great little ha-ha-but-seriously joke:"Do you know what they call alternative medicine that works?""No, what?""Medicine." | [
"It is impossible to say. The Herbs have not been tested. No one really knows how many things are essential to the human diet. New things get discovered every few years. Obviously a vitamin formulated to include every thing know until then did not include the new thing.\n\nNutritionists say 5 different fruits and v... | 4 | [
"First off, vitamins. If you are healthy and have a decent diet, you're getting all the vitamins you need.\n\nThere are specific health problems that can, for example, prevent someone from absorbing a vitamin efficiently from food. In that case, the person might take pills with a bunch extra of that vitamin, so tha... | 1 | <P> makes taking oral vitamin D ineffective are able, through exposure to an ultraviolet lamp that emits UV-B radiation, to achieve a 25 (OH) D blood level.
Three benefits of UV exposure are production of vitamin D, improvement in mood, and increased energy.
UVB induces production of vitamin D in the skin at rates of up to 1,000 IUs per minute. This vitamin helps to regulate calcium metabolism (vital for the nervous system and bone health), immunity, cell proliferation, insulin secretion, and blood pressure. In third-world countries, foods fortified with vitamin D are "practically nonexistent." Most people in the world depend on the <P> reporting conflicting results. A 2012 Cochrane review reported no effect of vitamin C supplementation on overall mortality. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as one of the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Scurvy The disease scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency and can be prevented and treated with vitamin C-containing foods or dietary supplements. It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C before symptoms occur. Early symptoms are malaise and lethargy, progressing to shortness of breath, bone pain, bleeding gums, susceptibility to bruising, poor wound <P> which is only a general test of cognition, indicating an overall low quality of research assessing the potential importance of vitamin C on cognition in normal and impaired people. A review of nutrient status in people with Alzheimer's disease reported low plasma vitamin C, but also low blood levels of folate, vitamin B₁₂, and vitamin E. Other diseases Studies examining the effects of vitamin C intake on the risk of Alzheimer's disease have reached conflicting conclusions. Maintaining a healthy dietary intake is probably more important than supplementation for achieving any potential benefit. A 2010 review found no role for vitamin <P> D and vitamin E. Mineral fortification programs include calcium, fluoride, iodine, iron, selenium and zinc. As of December 21, 2018, 81 countries required food fortification with one or more vitamins. The most commonly fortified vitamin – as used in 62 countries – is folate; the most commonly fortified food is wheat flour. Examples of foods and beverages that have been fortified: Iodised salt "Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the single greatest cause of preventable mental retardation. Severe deficiencies cause cretinism, stillbirth and miscarriage. But even mild deficiency can significantly affect the learning ability of populations. […] Today over 1 billion <P> sun to get vitamin D.
There are not many foods that naturally have vitamin D. Examples are cod liver oil and oily fish. If people cannot get sunlight, then they will need 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day to stay healthy. A person would have to eat oily fish three or four times per week in order to get enough vitamin D from that food source alone.
People with higher levels of vitamin D tend to have lower rates of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke and tend to have lower blood pressure. However, it has been found that vitamin D supplementation <P> Adults < 50 years: 5 μg/day
Adults > 50 - < 70 years: 10 μg/day
Adults > 70 years: 15 μg/day Treatment Day to day requirements of vitamin d are set around 800-1000IU to maintain healthy levels which in most cases can be provided by sun exposure. Increased amounts are required for individuals who are previously diagnosed as deficient. For those of moderate deficiencies,oral supplementation can be implemented into the diet at levels of 3000-5000 IU per day for a 6- to 12-week period continued by an ongoing reduced dose of 1000- 2000 IU per day to maintain stores in the body.
Severe deficiency is treated <P> the pre-loading of this group with a 70 mg/day supplement for six weeks before the scorbutic diet was fed. Men in both studies had blood levels of ascorbic acid too low to be accurately measured by the time they developed signs of scurvy. These studies both reported that all obvious symptoms of scurvy could be completely reversed by supplementation of only 10 mg a day. Uses Vitamin C has a definitive role in treating scurvy, which is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Beyond that, a role for vitamin C as prevention or treatment for various diseases is disputed, with reviews <P> D in certain foods like edible oil spreads as indicated in the: Australian Standard 2.4.2. It is mandatory for all food manufacturing companies producing table spreads like butter and margarine to have no less than 55 mg/kg of vitamin D, as a response to a growing public health requirements.
In response to recent advances, public policies are being reconsidered to ensure vitamin D is evidently being measured. With the vitamin D deficiency resurfacing the nutrient reference value guidelines were established, in turn creating the dietary vitamin D recommendations.
The dietary vitamin D guidelines are assuming limited exposure to UVB sunlight are:
Infants, Children and <P> considered safe from a deficiency. Nowadays through technological advancements Vitamin D deficiencies are now identified and thus calculated through the measurement of the serum 25-OH. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics National Health Measures Survey (NHMS), the recommend Vitamin D levels to determine deficiency are categorised as follows:
•Adequate levels: > 50 nmol/L
•Mild deficiency: 30-49 nmol/L
•Moderate deficiency: 13 – 29nmol/L
•Severe deficiency: < 13 nmol/L Health effects This fundamental fat-soluble vitamin has been long known for its important role in calcium absorption in the body, especially in musculoskeletal health. The health impacts commonly caused by deficiency of Vitamin D are rickets <P> cell activities, promotes lymphocyte proliferation, and is consumed quickly during infections, effects indicating a prominent role in immune system regulation. The European Food Safety Authority found a cause and effect relationship exists between the dietary intake of vitamin C and functioning of a normal immune system in adults and in children under three years of age. Cancer There are two approaches to the question of whether vitamin C has an impact on cancer. First, within the normal range of dietary intake without additional dietary supplementation, are people who consume more vitamin C at lower risk for developing cancer, and if <P> of TTTS at delivery (18/52 versus 6/51, P = 0.012) when compared with no supplementation. In the study, nutritional supplementation contained 250kcal, consisting of 6g of lipids, 40g of carbohydrates, 9g of protein, vitamins and minerals, consumed three times per day. Nutritional intervention also significantly prolonged the time between the diagnosis of TTTS and delivery (9.4 ± 3.7 weeks versus 4.6 ± 6.5 weeks; P = 0.014). The earlier nutritional regimen was introduced, the lesser chance of detecting TTTS ( P = 0.001). Although not statistically significant, dietary intervention was also associated with lower Quintero stage, fewer invasive treatments, and <P> many cases, such as with folate, it is an open question of whether or not there are any benefits or risks to consuming folic acid in this form.
In many cases, the micronutrients added to foods in fortification are synthetic.
In some cases, certain forms of micronutrients can be actively toxic in a sufficiently high dose, even if other forms are safe at the same or much higher doses. There are examples of such toxicity in both synthetic and naturally-occurring forms of vitamins. Retinol, the active form of Vitamin A, is toxic in a much lower dose than other forms, such as <P> of choice” for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency by the Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia (Sweetman, 2002) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Drugs. This preference for hydroxocobalamin in many countries is due to its long retention in the body and the need for less-frequent IM injections in restoring vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) serum levels. Furthermore, IM administration of hydroxocobalamin is also the preferred treatment for pediatric patients with intrinsic cobalamin metabolic diseases; vitamin B₁₂-deficient patients with tobacco amblyopia due to cyanide poisoning; and patients with pernicious anemia who have optic neuropathy.
In a newly diagnosed vitamin B₁₂-deficient patient, normally defined as <P> so, does an orally consumed supplement have the same benefit? Second, for people diagnosed with cancer, will large amounts of ascorbic acid administered intravenously treat the cancer, reduce the adverse effects of other treatments, and so prolong survival and improve quality of life? A 2013 Cochrane review found no evidence that vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of lung cancer in healthy people or those at high risk due to smoking or asbestos exposure. A second meta-analysis found no effect on the risk of prostate cancer. Two meta-analyses evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the risk of colorectal <P> C supplementation in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin C supplementation does not prevent or slow the progression of age-related cataract. Side effects Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, with dietary excesses not absorbed, and excesses in the blood rapidly excreted in the urine, so it exhibits remarkably low acute toxicity. More than two to three grams may cause indigestion, particularly when taken on an empty stomach. However, taking vitamin C in the form of sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate may minimize this effect. Other symptoms reported for large doses include nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. These effects are attributed <P> serving. The most commonly used supplement compounds are ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate. Vitamin C molecules can also be bound to the fatty acid palmitate, creating ascorbyl palmitate, or else incorporated into liposomes. Food fortification In 2014, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency evaluated the effect of fortification of foods with ascorbate in the guidance document, Foods to Which Vitamins, Mineral Nutrients and Amino Acids May or Must be Added. Voluntary and mandatory fortification was described for various classes of foods. Among foods classified for mandatory fortification with vitamin C were fruit-flavored drinks, mixes, and concentrates, foods for a <P> and may require a prescription. Characteristics B. breve strains can ferment mannitol and sorbitol, but not arabinose or xylose. <P> fortified products like margarine and milk.
Additionally, if you consume vitamin D through your diet, or make vitamin D in your skin from UVB exposure, it is processed through two organs before it becomes activated. Vitamin D is first processed in the liver, before heading to the kidneys where it becomes activated to the form 1-25 dihydroxy vitamin D or alternatively named chemical calcitriol. Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D deficiency historically used to be identified through counting cases of rickets. The old theory was that if someone had enough vitamin D to prevent rickets and osteomalacia, two skeletal disorders, they were <P> on settlements of Proposition 65 suits described the case as "alarmist", as the levels are well below FDA limits of what is allowed in food products. However, as Soylent is marketed as a complete meal replacement, many customers consume the drinks three times a day, equating to 36 to 75 times the lead and 12 times the level of cadmium without the Prop 65 label. As You Sow believes these levels may be harmful. Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones, and even at low levels is linked to nerve damage, lower IQ, and reproductive problems <P> association between excess ascorbic acid intake and kidney stone formation in apparently healthy individuals", although one large, multi-year trial did report a nearly two-fold increase in kidney stones in men who regularly consumed a vitamin C supplement. Food labeling For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For vitamin C labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 60 mg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 90 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. A table of the old and new adult | question: are all otc vitamins and herbs useless to take? context: <P> makes taking oral vitamin D ineffective are able, through exposure to an ultraviolet lamp that emits UV-B radiation, to achieve a 25 (OH) D blood level.
Three benefits of UV exposure are production of vitamin D, improvement in mood, and increased energy.
UVB induces production of vitamin D in the skin at rates of up to 1,000 IUs per minute. This vitamin helps to regulate calcium metabolism (vital for the nervous system and bone health), immunity, cell proliferation, insulin secretion, and blood pressure. In third-world countries, foods fortified with vitamin D are "practically nonexistent." Most people in the world depend on the <P> reporting conflicting results. A 2012 Cochrane review reported no effect of vitamin C supplementation on overall mortality. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as one of the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Scurvy The disease scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency and can be prevented and treated with vitamin C-containing foods or dietary supplements. It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C before symptoms occur. Early symptoms are malaise and lethargy, progressing to shortness of breath, bone pain, bleeding gums, susceptibility to bruising, poor wound <P> which is only a general test of cognition, indicating an overall low quality of research assessing the potential importance of vitamin C on cognition in normal and impaired people. A review of nutrient status in people with Alzheimer's disease reported low plasma vitamin C, but also low blood levels of folate, vitamin B₁₂, and vitamin E. Other diseases Studies examining the effects of vitamin C intake on the risk of Alzheimer's disease have reached conflicting conclusions. Maintaining a healthy dietary intake is probably more important than supplementation for achieving any potential benefit. A 2010 review found no role for vitamin <P> D and vitamin E. Mineral fortification programs include calcium, fluoride, iodine, iron, selenium and zinc. As of December 21, 2018, 81 countries required food fortification with one or more vitamins. The most commonly fortified vitamin – as used in 62 countries – is folate; the most commonly fortified food is wheat flour. Examples of foods and beverages that have been fortified: Iodised salt "Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the single greatest cause of preventable mental retardation. Severe deficiencies cause cretinism, stillbirth and miscarriage. But even mild deficiency can significantly affect the learning ability of populations. […] Today over 1 billion <P> sun to get vitamin D.
There are not many foods that naturally have vitamin D. Examples are cod liver oil and oily fish. If people cannot get sunlight, then they will need 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day to stay healthy. A person would have to eat oily fish three or four times per week in order to get enough vitamin D from that food source alone.
People with higher levels of vitamin D tend to have lower rates of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke and tend to have lower blood pressure. However, it has been found that vitamin D supplementation <P> Adults < 50 years: 5 μg/day
Adults > 50 - < 70 years: 10 μg/day
Adults > 70 years: 15 μg/day Treatment Day to day requirements of vitamin d are set around 800-1000IU to maintain healthy levels which in most cases can be provided by sun exposure. Increased amounts are required for individuals who are previously diagnosed as deficient. For those of moderate deficiencies,oral supplementation can be implemented into the diet at levels of 3000-5000 IU per day for a 6- to 12-week period continued by an ongoing reduced dose of 1000- 2000 IU per day to maintain stores in the body.
Severe deficiency is treated <P> the pre-loading of this group with a 70 mg/day supplement for six weeks before the scorbutic diet was fed. Men in both studies had blood levels of ascorbic acid too low to be accurately measured by the time they developed signs of scurvy. These studies both reported that all obvious symptoms of scurvy could be completely reversed by supplementation of only 10 mg a day. Uses Vitamin C has a definitive role in treating scurvy, which is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Beyond that, a role for vitamin C as prevention or treatment for various diseases is disputed, with reviews <P> D in certain foods like edible oil spreads as indicated in the: Australian Standard 2.4.2. It is mandatory for all food manufacturing companies producing table spreads like butter and margarine to have no less than 55 mg/kg of vitamin D, as a response to a growing public health requirements.
In response to recent advances, public policies are being reconsidered to ensure vitamin D is evidently being measured. With the vitamin D deficiency resurfacing the nutrient reference value guidelines were established, in turn creating the dietary vitamin D recommendations.
The dietary vitamin D guidelines are assuming limited exposure to UVB sunlight are:
Infants, Children and <P> considered safe from a deficiency. Nowadays through technological advancements Vitamin D deficiencies are now identified and thus calculated through the measurement of the serum 25-OH. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics National Health Measures Survey (NHMS), the recommend Vitamin D levels to determine deficiency are categorised as follows:
•Adequate levels: > 50 nmol/L
•Mild deficiency: 30-49 nmol/L
•Moderate deficiency: 13 – 29nmol/L
•Severe deficiency: < 13 nmol/L Health effects This fundamental fat-soluble vitamin has been long known for its important role in calcium absorption in the body, especially in musculoskeletal health. The health impacts commonly caused by deficiency of Vitamin D are rickets <P> cell activities, promotes lymphocyte proliferation, and is consumed quickly during infections, effects indicating a prominent role in immune system regulation. The European Food Safety Authority found a cause and effect relationship exists between the dietary intake of vitamin C and functioning of a normal immune system in adults and in children under three years of age. Cancer There are two approaches to the question of whether vitamin C has an impact on cancer. First, within the normal range of dietary intake without additional dietary supplementation, are people who consume more vitamin C at lower risk for developing cancer, and if <P> of TTTS at delivery (18/52 versus 6/51, P = 0.012) when compared with no supplementation. In the study, nutritional supplementation contained 250kcal, consisting of 6g of lipids, 40g of carbohydrates, 9g of protein, vitamins and minerals, consumed three times per day. Nutritional intervention also significantly prolonged the time between the diagnosis of TTTS and delivery (9.4 ± 3.7 weeks versus 4.6 ± 6.5 weeks; P = 0.014). The earlier nutritional regimen was introduced, the lesser chance of detecting TTTS ( P = 0.001). Although not statistically significant, dietary intervention was also associated with lower Quintero stage, fewer invasive treatments, and <P> many cases, such as with folate, it is an open question of whether or not there are any benefits or risks to consuming folic acid in this form.
In many cases, the micronutrients added to foods in fortification are synthetic.
In some cases, certain forms of micronutrients can be actively toxic in a sufficiently high dose, even if other forms are safe at the same or much higher doses. There are examples of such toxicity in both synthetic and naturally-occurring forms of vitamins. Retinol, the active form of Vitamin A, is toxic in a much lower dose than other forms, such as <P> of choice” for vitamin B₁₂ deficiency by the Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia (Sweetman, 2002) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Drugs. This preference for hydroxocobalamin in many countries is due to its long retention in the body and the need for less-frequent IM injections in restoring vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) serum levels. Furthermore, IM administration of hydroxocobalamin is also the preferred treatment for pediatric patients with intrinsic cobalamin metabolic diseases; vitamin B₁₂-deficient patients with tobacco amblyopia due to cyanide poisoning; and patients with pernicious anemia who have optic neuropathy.
In a newly diagnosed vitamin B₁₂-deficient patient, normally defined as <P> so, does an orally consumed supplement have the same benefit? Second, for people diagnosed with cancer, will large amounts of ascorbic acid administered intravenously treat the cancer, reduce the adverse effects of other treatments, and so prolong survival and improve quality of life? A 2013 Cochrane review found no evidence that vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of lung cancer in healthy people or those at high risk due to smoking or asbestos exposure. A second meta-analysis found no effect on the risk of prostate cancer. Two meta-analyses evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the risk of colorectal <P> C supplementation in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin C supplementation does not prevent or slow the progression of age-related cataract. Side effects Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, with dietary excesses not absorbed, and excesses in the blood rapidly excreted in the urine, so it exhibits remarkably low acute toxicity. More than two to three grams may cause indigestion, particularly when taken on an empty stomach. However, taking vitamin C in the form of sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate may minimize this effect. Other symptoms reported for large doses include nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. These effects are attributed <P> serving. The most commonly used supplement compounds are ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate. Vitamin C molecules can also be bound to the fatty acid palmitate, creating ascorbyl palmitate, or else incorporated into liposomes. Food fortification In 2014, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency evaluated the effect of fortification of foods with ascorbate in the guidance document, Foods to Which Vitamins, Mineral Nutrients and Amino Acids May or Must be Added. Voluntary and mandatory fortification was described for various classes of foods. Among foods classified for mandatory fortification with vitamin C were fruit-flavored drinks, mixes, and concentrates, foods for a <P> and may require a prescription. Characteristics B. breve strains can ferment mannitol and sorbitol, but not arabinose or xylose. <P> fortified products like margarine and milk.
Additionally, if you consume vitamin D through your diet, or make vitamin D in your skin from UVB exposure, it is processed through two organs before it becomes activated. Vitamin D is first processed in the liver, before heading to the kidneys where it becomes activated to the form 1-25 dihydroxy vitamin D or alternatively named chemical calcitriol. Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D deficiency historically used to be identified through counting cases of rickets. The old theory was that if someone had enough vitamin D to prevent rickets and osteomalacia, two skeletal disorders, they were <P> on settlements of Proposition 65 suits described the case as "alarmist", as the levels are well below FDA limits of what is allowed in food products. However, as Soylent is marketed as a complete meal replacement, many customers consume the drinks three times a day, equating to 36 to 75 times the lead and 12 times the level of cadmium without the Prop 65 label. As You Sow believes these levels may be harmful. Lead is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones, and even at low levels is linked to nerve damage, lower IQ, and reproductive problems <P> association between excess ascorbic acid intake and kidney stone formation in apparently healthy individuals", although one large, multi-year trial did report a nearly two-fold increase in kidney stones in men who regularly consumed a vitamin C supplement. Food labeling For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For vitamin C labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 60 mg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 90 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. A table of the old and new adult | answer: First off, vitamins. If you are healthy and have a decent diet, you're getting all the vitamins you need.There are specific health problems that can, for example, prevent someone from absorbing a vitamin efficiently from food. In that case, the person might take pills with a bunch extra of that vitamin, so that even though they don't absorb it very well, there's so much that they get enough.The big problem with herbs and other plant supplement items is that there's no guarantee of consistency, dosage, purity, etc.Herbs and other parts of plants can absolutely do stuff to your body.A popular Chinese plant supplement is red yeast rice. It's rice that has Monascus purpureus yeast growing in it. Some red yeast rice has a chemical called "monacolin K" in it. You can buy the chemical monacolin K from the pharmacy under the generic name lovastatin. It's a drug that lowers cholesterol. Of course, it does other stuff to your body, too.So people who are scared of things that sound like chemicals and think anything natural is good decide to go buy some red yeast rice to help their cholesterol, instead of buying lovastatin that is synthesized (made from other chemicals) in a lab or factory. Here's the problem: some red yeast rice has a lot of monacolin K in it. Some red yeast rice doesn't have any monacolin K in it. Some has a little bit. There's a huge variation. There is NO WAY for the user to figure out how much of the drug they are getting. How would you feel if you went to the pharmacy to pick up a prescription and the label on the bottle said "take none, or a handful, or whatever you feel like, daily"?So, first off, you have no idea how much of the drug you're getting. And then people are worried about all nasty chemicals that might be left over in the version you get from the pharmacy, because you know, it's made with all kinds of nasty chemicals.Well, it turns out, red yeast rice often contains citrinin, which can cause kidney failure, so you may be getting an unknown dose of poison along with your unknown dose of cholesterol medication.In the United States, herbal and nutritional supplements that do not make specific medical claims are almost completely unregulated and don't have to go through basically any kind of testing. It's a complete crap shoot.This kind of discussion always reminds me of a great little ha-ha-but-seriously joke:"Do you know what they call alternative medicine that works?""No, what?""Medicine." |
108,830 | 3e90vr | why hasn't apple's magsafe connector been adopted for headphone or usb connectors on phones? | > while also allowing for a totally waterproof phoneThat actually wouldn't work. The MagSafe adapter still requires a physical connection of the power pins, the magnet just holds the power connector in place. Using this technology with headphones and the like would still required physical contact between the data pins, which would require them to be exposed. And exposure of these pins to water would cause corrosion.Now, onto the main question: it's likely manufacturers aren't using this for USB connections because of how easily the magnets allow the connection to break away (that's the point, right?). If the power adapter breaks away, unless your battery is completely dead, nothing will happen. You just plug your laptop back in and nothing has been interrupted. However, if your USB connection accidentally disconnects, you may interrupt data transmission or even corrupt data. It would make for a bad user experience.Then of course there is the magnet's impact on the signal being transmitted through the wires. It would likely slow data transmitted via USB, as some bits may be distorted by the magnet, requiring those bits to be re-transmitted. Then, with an analog connection like a headphone connector, the magnetism may impact the audio you hear.Finally, and probably the most important reason, is that headphone connectors and USB are industry-wide standards. There is a spec for them and they are universal connectors because every manufacturer uses the same spec. If you started creating USB and headphone connectors that used the "magsafe" technology, you'd create either widespread incompatibility or just force users to use specific peripherals for certain devices. | [
" > while also allowing for a totally waterproof phone\n\nThat actually wouldn't work. The MagSafe adapter still requires a physical connection of the power pins, the magnet just holds the power connector in place. Using this technology with headphones and the like would still required physical contact between the... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> the mating face of the connector. Thus, the male connector consists of only a body, which is generally crimped onto or screwed over the cable shielding braid, and a captive nut, neither of which require tight tolerances. Push-on versions are also available.
Female connectors are typically used on bulkheads or as couplers, often being secured with the same threads as for the connectors. Thus can be manufactured as a single piece, with center sockets and dielectric, entirely at the factory where tolerances can easily be controlled.
This design is subject to the surface properties of the inner conductor (which must be solid <P> on them to provide charging power to the mobile device because standard HDMI ports do not supply sufficient current. Samsung Micro-USB-to-HDMI adapter and tip (eleven-pin) The Samsung Galaxy S III, and later Galaxy Note II and Galaxy S4, use an 11-pin connector and the six additional connector pins in order to achieve functional improvements over the 5-pin design (like simultaneous USB-OTG use). However, if consumers have a standard MHL-to-HDMI adapter all they need to purchase is a tip. With the launch of the Samsung Galaxy S4, Samsung also released MHL 2.0 smart adapter with a built-in 11-pin connector. The first <P> #18 and #2 American wire gauge (AWG). The copper stranding, insulation, and outer jacket directly influence the physical properties of the cord and its permitted uses. Types A variety of portable cords, differing in styles, lengths, and thicknesses exists in the marketplace. Common types include Type SJT, SVT, SEOW, SJ, SJOW, SJOOW, SO, and SOW, each designed for specific applications.
A portable cord is usually made of thermoset polymer, thermoplastic elastomer, or thermoplastic. Thermoset cords have heavy-duty-grade rubber jackets, are extremely sturdy and oil-resistant, and may remain flexible over a temperature range of −40 to 220 °F (−40 to <P> a Hirose 70-pin DF40 Series “header” connector. (Hirose part number: DF40C-70DP-0.4V(51)). It exports many signals (USB, GPIOs, SPI, I²C, PWM, etc.).
The mating Hirose connector on an expansion board is the “receptacle” connector and is available in three different heights (1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 3.0 mm). Modulowo board In October 2015, Modulowo published information about the development kit Modulowo Explore E for Intel Edison. Development Board allows for quick prototyping and design new solutions and adding sensors, controllers lights, motor drivers, GPS modules, communication modules and more. <P> examples being the MC3 connector and Radox connector. Both designs were essentially weatherproofed versions of small phono jacks, with the connector and sockets surrounded by rubberized material to protect them from water. These had the downside that they could be disconnected by pulling on them, which could occur naturally with snow buildup and similar effects. The code in the NEC required such connectors to lock, leading to a market for new designs.
Most panel connectors are designed to be mounted with one end of the cable permanently and internally connected to the panel, with the other end of the cable equipped <P> wire, not stranded) and is not corrosion resistant. Hence waterproof versions are needed for outside use (for example, on antennas). Corrosion resistance can be improved by coating all bare copper wires with silicone grease. Weatherproofing The F connector is not weatherproof. Neither the threads nor the joint between male connector body and captive nut seal. However, male connectors are commonly enhanced with an o-ring (of about 7 mm) inside the captive nut. This seals between the mating faces of both connectors, providing good waterproofing for the center conductor. Usage The cable and satellite television entities (as a near standard practice) use <P> looking inside the circular connector's shroud. Apple attempted to help by using U-shaped soft plastic grips around the connectors to key both plugs and sockets so the flat side has a specific relation to the shell keyway, but this feature was ignored by some third-party manufacturers. Additionally, there are four ways to orient the receiving socket on a device such as a keyboard; various Apple keyboards use at least three of these possible orientations.
The mini-DIN connector is only rated for 400 insertions and it is easy to bend a pin if not inserted with caution; in addition, the socket can <P> the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up.
Bluetooth connectivity was added to the last model of the iPod Nano, and Wi-Fi to the iPod Touch. Accessories Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. <P> touchpad. Subsequent models use a USB-based trackpad. Physical In keeping with Apple's general philosophy of industrial design, Apple Desktop Bus was intended to be as simple to use as possible, while still being inexpensive to implement. A suitable connector was found in the form of the 4-pin mini-DIN connector, which is also used for S-Video. The connectors are small, widely available, and can only be inserted the "correct way". They do not lock into position, but even with a friction fit they are firm enough for light duties like those intended for Apple Desktop Bus.
Apple Desktop Bus protocol requires only <P> design of the 6151, primarily based on its previous version the Nokia 6080, has conserved a classical appearance. Buttons and connectors are kept flush in order to maintain the phone's smooth appearance. The phone features a unique design which allows the phone an easy handling of the phone with only one hand. It is available in black, grey, lime green, orange and white. Nokia 6216 classic Nokia has announced its third fully integrated Near Field Communication (NFC) device, the Nokia 6216 classic.
The Nokia 6216 classic is expected to start shipping in the third quarter of 2009. Nokia 6230 and <P> to properly install the male connectors to the cable than the Belling-Lee type, with the exception of compression or flex type connections. Flex F connectors Push-on (aka Flex) F connectors provide poorer shielding against microwave signals of high field strength. This leakage problem is more an artifact of bent or partly broken push on connectors, but is mostly not observed with compression connectors. Nearby television, FM radio, mobile & cordless phones, government radiolocation (54–1,002 MHz) transmitters can potentially interfere with a CATV or DTH Satellite reception or operation if the Flex connector poorly installed. <P> Feature connector The feature connector was an internal connector found mostly in some older ISA, VESA Local Bus, and PCI graphics cards, but also on some early AGP ones. It was intended for use by devices which needed to exchange large amounts of data with the graphics card without hogging a computer system's CPU or data bus, such as TV tuner cards, video capture cards, MPEG video decoders (e.g. RealMagic), and first generation 3D graphic accelerator cards. Early examples include the IBM EGA video adapter.
Several standards existed for feature connectors, depending on the bus and graphics card type. Most of <P> QMA and QN connector Applications Common applications for the QMA and QN connectors include cellular base stations, antennas, and various defense applications. Since an industry standard for quick-locking SMA and N connectors has yet to be established, varying designs are currently being manufactured. Mini-QMA connector The Mini-QMA is a quick-locking SMA (QMA) replacement that was designed with panel mount and printed circuit board (PCB) applications specifically in mind; the length of the Mini-QMA being the shortest of any QMA connector on the market to date. This miniaturization, in addition to its snap-on coupling mechanism and electronic performance equivalent to SMA <P> not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack <P> Portable cord Description Portable cords may be used in commercial, industrial and residential applications. Some are used on job sites where resistance to oil, chemicals, and abrasion is essential in extreme environments – both the heat and the cold, outside or inside. Additionally, some portable cords can be water-resistant or water-submersible. Portable cords are commonly used in a range of facilities, such as construction sites, mills, mines, sports complexes, or even marinas.
Although the construction of a portable cord varies depending on the type, a standard cord has at least two stranded copper conductors sized between <P> or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable.
The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.
Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of <P> Samsung Galaxy TabPro S Release The TabPro S was unveiled at Consumer Electronics Show 2016 on Press Day at the Samsung Press Conference. It was released on March 18, 2016. Features The tablet has a first-party keyboard attachment included. It is a folio keyboard, which means it can be in two different positions depending how the stand is set up. When closed, it has a leather-like texture to protect from normal wear and tear when traveling.
The USB Type-C Multi-port Adapter now integrates with USB-A 3.1 Port, HDMI Port and USB-C Port. It has a 128GB solid-state drive (256GB in the <P> F connector Description The F connector is an inexpensive, gendered, threaded, compression connector for radio frequency signals. It has good 75 Ω impedance match for frequencies well over 1 GHz and has usable bandwidth up to several GHz.
Connectors mate using a ³⁄₈ in-32 unified extra fine (UNEF) thread. The female connector has a socket for the center conductor and external threads. The male connector has a center pin, and a captive nut with internal threads.
The design allows for low-cost construction, where cables are terminated almost exclusively with male connectors. The coaxial cable center conductor forms the pin, and cable dielectric extends up to <P> given distance. The BNC connectors are also very important as are the crimping and cable stripping tools used to install them. Trompeter, Cannon, Amphenol, Kings, and Canare make some of the most reliable 75 ohm connectors known. RG-6 or even inexpensive RG-59 cable may work temporarily when properly terminated, though it does not meet telephony technical standards. Type 735 26 AWG is used for interconnects up to 225 feet, and Type 734 20 AWG is used for interconnects up to 450 feet. DS3 pricing DS3 service is provided to businesses in the United States through <P> allowed more extensive service features. Autovon originally used a four-wire version of 5XB, with a more complex marker to implement its nonhierarchical polygrid routing system. Trunk circuits had additional logic and data storage built in, to implement multilevel precedence and preemption.
Picturephone arrived in the early 1970s. 1ESS switch was already going into service and provided a more sophisticated basis for advanced services, but was not yet as widely available, so 5XB was designated as the switching vehicle. Every Picturephone line has six wires: the old talking pair plus a video transmission pair and a video receiving pair. A new wideband | question: why hasn't apple's magsafe connector been adopted for headphone or usb connectors on phones? context: <P> the mating face of the connector. Thus, the male connector consists of only a body, which is generally crimped onto or screwed over the cable shielding braid, and a captive nut, neither of which require tight tolerances. Push-on versions are also available.
Female connectors are typically used on bulkheads or as couplers, often being secured with the same threads as for the connectors. Thus can be manufactured as a single piece, with center sockets and dielectric, entirely at the factory where tolerances can easily be controlled.
This design is subject to the surface properties of the inner conductor (which must be solid <P> on them to provide charging power to the mobile device because standard HDMI ports do not supply sufficient current. Samsung Micro-USB-to-HDMI adapter and tip (eleven-pin) The Samsung Galaxy S III, and later Galaxy Note II and Galaxy S4, use an 11-pin connector and the six additional connector pins in order to achieve functional improvements over the 5-pin design (like simultaneous USB-OTG use). However, if consumers have a standard MHL-to-HDMI adapter all they need to purchase is a tip. With the launch of the Samsung Galaxy S4, Samsung also released MHL 2.0 smart adapter with a built-in 11-pin connector. The first <P> #18 and #2 American wire gauge (AWG). The copper stranding, insulation, and outer jacket directly influence the physical properties of the cord and its permitted uses. Types A variety of portable cords, differing in styles, lengths, and thicknesses exists in the marketplace. Common types include Type SJT, SVT, SEOW, SJ, SJOW, SJOOW, SO, and SOW, each designed for specific applications.
A portable cord is usually made of thermoset polymer, thermoplastic elastomer, or thermoplastic. Thermoset cords have heavy-duty-grade rubber jackets, are extremely sturdy and oil-resistant, and may remain flexible over a temperature range of −40 to 220 °F (−40 to <P> a Hirose 70-pin DF40 Series “header” connector. (Hirose part number: DF40C-70DP-0.4V(51)). It exports many signals (USB, GPIOs, SPI, I²C, PWM, etc.).
The mating Hirose connector on an expansion board is the “receptacle” connector and is available in three different heights (1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 3.0 mm). Modulowo board In October 2015, Modulowo published information about the development kit Modulowo Explore E for Intel Edison. Development Board allows for quick prototyping and design new solutions and adding sensors, controllers lights, motor drivers, GPS modules, communication modules and more. <P> examples being the MC3 connector and Radox connector. Both designs were essentially weatherproofed versions of small phono jacks, with the connector and sockets surrounded by rubberized material to protect them from water. These had the downside that they could be disconnected by pulling on them, which could occur naturally with snow buildup and similar effects. The code in the NEC required such connectors to lock, leading to a market for new designs.
Most panel connectors are designed to be mounted with one end of the cable permanently and internally connected to the panel, with the other end of the cable equipped <P> wire, not stranded) and is not corrosion resistant. Hence waterproof versions are needed for outside use (for example, on antennas). Corrosion resistance can be improved by coating all bare copper wires with silicone grease. Weatherproofing The F connector is not weatherproof. Neither the threads nor the joint between male connector body and captive nut seal. However, male connectors are commonly enhanced with an o-ring (of about 7 mm) inside the captive nut. This seals between the mating faces of both connectors, providing good waterproofing for the center conductor. Usage The cable and satellite television entities (as a near standard practice) use <P> looking inside the circular connector's shroud. Apple attempted to help by using U-shaped soft plastic grips around the connectors to key both plugs and sockets so the flat side has a specific relation to the shell keyway, but this feature was ignored by some third-party manufacturers. Additionally, there are four ways to orient the receiving socket on a device such as a keyboard; various Apple keyboards use at least three of these possible orientations.
The mini-DIN connector is only rated for 400 insertions and it is easy to bend a pin if not inserted with caution; in addition, the socket can <P> the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, and the seventh-generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up.
Bluetooth connectivity was added to the last model of the iPod Nano, and Wi-Fi to the iPod Touch. Accessories Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. <P> touchpad. Subsequent models use a USB-based trackpad. Physical In keeping with Apple's general philosophy of industrial design, Apple Desktop Bus was intended to be as simple to use as possible, while still being inexpensive to implement. A suitable connector was found in the form of the 4-pin mini-DIN connector, which is also used for S-Video. The connectors are small, widely available, and can only be inserted the "correct way". They do not lock into position, but even with a friction fit they are firm enough for light duties like those intended for Apple Desktop Bus.
Apple Desktop Bus protocol requires only <P> design of the 6151, primarily based on its previous version the Nokia 6080, has conserved a classical appearance. Buttons and connectors are kept flush in order to maintain the phone's smooth appearance. The phone features a unique design which allows the phone an easy handling of the phone with only one hand. It is available in black, grey, lime green, orange and white. Nokia 6216 classic Nokia has announced its third fully integrated Near Field Communication (NFC) device, the Nokia 6216 classic.
The Nokia 6216 classic is expected to start shipping in the third quarter of 2009. Nokia 6230 and <P> to properly install the male connectors to the cable than the Belling-Lee type, with the exception of compression or flex type connections. Flex F connectors Push-on (aka Flex) F connectors provide poorer shielding against microwave signals of high field strength. This leakage problem is more an artifact of bent or partly broken push on connectors, but is mostly not observed with compression connectors. Nearby television, FM radio, mobile & cordless phones, government radiolocation (54–1,002 MHz) transmitters can potentially interfere with a CATV or DTH Satellite reception or operation if the Flex connector poorly installed. <P> Feature connector The feature connector was an internal connector found mostly in some older ISA, VESA Local Bus, and PCI graphics cards, but also on some early AGP ones. It was intended for use by devices which needed to exchange large amounts of data with the graphics card without hogging a computer system's CPU or data bus, such as TV tuner cards, video capture cards, MPEG video decoders (e.g. RealMagic), and first generation 3D graphic accelerator cards. Early examples include the IBM EGA video adapter.
Several standards existed for feature connectors, depending on the bus and graphics card type. Most of <P> QMA and QN connector Applications Common applications for the QMA and QN connectors include cellular base stations, antennas, and various defense applications. Since an industry standard for quick-locking SMA and N connectors has yet to be established, varying designs are currently being manufactured. Mini-QMA connector The Mini-QMA is a quick-locking SMA (QMA) replacement that was designed with panel mount and printed circuit board (PCB) applications specifically in mind; the length of the Mini-QMA being the shortest of any QMA connector on the market to date. This miniaturization, in addition to its snap-on coupling mechanism and electronic performance equivalent to SMA <P> not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack <P> Portable cord Description Portable cords may be used in commercial, industrial and residential applications. Some are used on job sites where resistance to oil, chemicals, and abrasion is essential in extreme environments – both the heat and the cold, outside or inside. Additionally, some portable cords can be water-resistant or water-submersible. Portable cords are commonly used in a range of facilities, such as construction sites, mills, mines, sports complexes, or even marinas.
Although the construction of a portable cord varies depending on the type, a standard cord has at least two stranded copper conductors sized between <P> or a USB data and charging port for the dock/cable.
The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.
Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of <P> Samsung Galaxy TabPro S Release The TabPro S was unveiled at Consumer Electronics Show 2016 on Press Day at the Samsung Press Conference. It was released on March 18, 2016. Features The tablet has a first-party keyboard attachment included. It is a folio keyboard, which means it can be in two different positions depending how the stand is set up. When closed, it has a leather-like texture to protect from normal wear and tear when traveling.
The USB Type-C Multi-port Adapter now integrates with USB-A 3.1 Port, HDMI Port and USB-C Port. It has a 128GB solid-state drive (256GB in the <P> F connector Description The F connector is an inexpensive, gendered, threaded, compression connector for radio frequency signals. It has good 75 Ω impedance match for frequencies well over 1 GHz and has usable bandwidth up to several GHz.
Connectors mate using a ³⁄₈ in-32 unified extra fine (UNEF) thread. The female connector has a socket for the center conductor and external threads. The male connector has a center pin, and a captive nut with internal threads.
The design allows for low-cost construction, where cables are terminated almost exclusively with male connectors. The coaxial cable center conductor forms the pin, and cable dielectric extends up to <P> given distance. The BNC connectors are also very important as are the crimping and cable stripping tools used to install them. Trompeter, Cannon, Amphenol, Kings, and Canare make some of the most reliable 75 ohm connectors known. RG-6 or even inexpensive RG-59 cable may work temporarily when properly terminated, though it does not meet telephony technical standards. Type 735 26 AWG is used for interconnects up to 225 feet, and Type 734 20 AWG is used for interconnects up to 450 feet. DS3 pricing DS3 service is provided to businesses in the United States through <P> allowed more extensive service features. Autovon originally used a four-wire version of 5XB, with a more complex marker to implement its nonhierarchical polygrid routing system. Trunk circuits had additional logic and data storage built in, to implement multilevel precedence and preemption.
Picturephone arrived in the early 1970s. 1ESS switch was already going into service and provided a more sophisticated basis for advanced services, but was not yet as widely available, so 5XB was designated as the switching vehicle. Every Picturephone line has six wires: the old talking pair plus a video transmission pair and a video receiving pair. A new wideband | answer: > while also allowing for a totally waterproof phoneThat actually wouldn't work. The MagSafe adapter still requires a physical connection of the power pins, the magnet just holds the power connector in place. Using this technology with headphones and the like would still required physical contact between the data pins, which would require them to be exposed. And exposure of these pins to water would cause corrosion.Now, onto the main question: it's likely manufacturers aren't using this for USB connections because of how easily the magnets allow the connection to break away (that's the point, right?). If the power adapter breaks away, unless your battery is completely dead, nothing will happen. You just plug your laptop back in and nothing has been interrupted. However, if your USB connection accidentally disconnects, you may interrupt data transmission or even corrupt data. It would make for a bad user experience.Then of course there is the magnet's impact on the signal being transmitted through the wires. It would likely slow data transmitted via USB, as some bits may be distorted by the magnet, requiring those bits to be re-transmitted. Then, with an analog connection like a headphone connector, the magnetism may impact the audio you hear.Finally, and probably the most important reason, is that headphone connectors and USB are industry-wide standards. There is a spec for them and they are universal connectors because every manufacturer uses the same spec. If you started creating USB and headphone connectors that used the "magsafe" technology, you'd create either widespread incompatibility or just force users to use specific peripherals for certain devices. |
110,722 | 3p9zou | why is the honey mustard i eat at restaurants and sandwich places so much better than anything i buy at a store? | Most higher end chain restaurants on up tend to make their own. Usually its cut with about 40-50% mayonnaise too. | [
"Most higher end chain restaurants on up tend to make their own. Usually its cut with about 40-50% mayonnaise too. ",
"Buy a honey mustard DRESSING (I recommend Ken's) opposed to honey mustard dipping sauce. The dressing is going to have the flavor you might be looking for and not that yellow goup that should be... | 2 | [
"Most higher end chain restaurants on up tend to make their own. Usually its cut with about 40-50% mayonnaise too. "
] | 1 | <P> ingredients; superior blending in feed mixtures, and reduced handing costs. It has been widely used in feed formulations for most species, including chickens, turkeys, pigs, beef and dairy cattle, horses, pets, aquaculture and exotic zoo animals. <P> kalabasa).
The seeds, toasted and seasoned, known as pepitas, are a common snack. <P> sometimes used by campers. These meals contain precooked foods in retort pouches. A retort pouch is a plastic and metal foil laminate pouch that is used as an alternative to traditional industrial canning methods. Common ingredients The final type of ingredients available to campers are those that are typically found in the grocery store. Some examples of these types of food are polenta, grits, quick-cooking pasta (such as angel hair pasta), ramen, instant potatoes, dried soups, jerky and pouch meats such as tuna, SPAM or salmon.
When using these common ingredients, campers often repackage them to reduce packaging or combine them <P> The Provençal herbs and spices used to flavour Noilly Prat seem to add flavour to the reduction." Visits The Noilly Prat cellars are open to the public from March to November, for a small charge. Tour guides explain the whole process, and finish by giving visitors a taste of each of the three varieties of Noilly Prat produced. A major draw for visitors to the area, Noilly Prat attracts more than 80,000 tourists every year. <P> prevent diseases. Another peculiarity is that it requires a dry environment and it is said in Empordà, "Two days of Tramontana (wind) are better than fertilizing". Gastronomy A feature that improves its taste, is to eat it raw (such as in a salad) but to not cut the onion with a knife and only use other elements of the dish to break it into pieces. The smooth, crisp flavor makes it popular to prepare fried or eaten directly and uncooked.
It is used in 'Beet Ravioli with raw cheese'. <P> whether on the stove or in a glass dish in the oven. Drying in the basement for a few months reduces the moisture content, and also brings out a fuller flavor. Properties When crushed and then analyzed using a DART ion source, elephant garlic has been shown to produce both allicin, found in garlic, and syn-propanethial-S-oxide (onion lachrymatory factor), found in onion and leek, but absent in garlic, consistent with the classification of elephant garlic as a closer relative of leek than of garlic. Cultivation Elephant garlic can be planted at two different times of the year: spring and autumn. <P> antipasto, tapas, pasta dishes and salads, becoming a trend before losing popularity from overuse by the end of the 1990s. <P> in appetizers, main courses, soups and desserts. It is often added to ciorbă and other soups, and is used as a condiment for mămăligă and dumplings like sarmale. <P> sweet soy sauce and sambal chili paste might be added as condiments. History This type of porridge comes from the Malays on Sambas in West Kalimantan and later adapted as the food for the Sarawak Malays. <P> Quaker Instant Oatmeal Preparation Quaker Instant Oatmeal comes in 1.5 oz (43 g) single-serving packets and is usually flavored. Flavorings include cinnamon and apple, honey, and other "sweet" styles. The oatmeal is prepared by mixing with boiling water and stirring, hence being referred to as "instant"; once mixed, the oatmeal is ready within a minute. It can also be prepared by adding up to 2/3 cup of water and microwaving for 30–60 seconds. Milk may also be used. Taste Although said to be quick and easy to make, the resulting oatmeal is not the same as traditional oatmeal. Quaker Instant <P> honey. <P> for its soap. <P> pounded until thin, flour, egg, breadcrumbs, fried). Admittedly, it is not as popular in the country as it is in South America, and it is served mainly in people's homes, not in restaurants. The families that do eat it usually serve milanesa/carne frita with white rice, a bean stew of some sort (for instance, white beans with a dark leafy green; also fabada), sometimes an American-style potato salad with cut green beans added, and often, chili ketchup and/or a mayo-ketchup mixed sauce not unlike the South American salsa golf. It is virtually never served as a sandwich. <P> with a difference. In addition to the fish sauce, lime juice, chillies, and shallots or onions, a phla style salad will also always contain large amounts of thinly sliced lemongrass and mint. Additional fresh herbs, such as coriander leaves, can also be added to the mix. Some versions are made with grilled pork or beef, other versions will also have nam phrik phao, a sweet roasted chilli paste, mixed in with the dressing. This last version is popular with squid (phla pla muek) and with prawns. <P> produced under the Nestlé brand. <P> rice slightly salty. This fried rice is not only has salty taste, but it is also sweet, sour, spicy, also it smells pungent. This dish is surrounded by shredded sour green mango, sliced chilies, cucumbers, shredded omelet, fried dried shrimps and sliced shallots. The side dish to eat with this dish is sweet pork or chicken. Each ingredient that is put into the dish has a unique taste and each contrasts with the flavour of shrimp paste. This dish is suitable to eat for lunch. <P> Honey Butter Chips Honey Butter Chips (허니버터칩) (also known as 허니버터칩 in Korea, ポテトチップスしあわせバター, Happiness Butter Potato Chips in Japan) is a brand of fried potato chips manufactured by Haitai Calbee and sold in South Korea. The chips were first available in August 2014, and they are renowned for their rise to popularity through SNS viral marketing from late 2014 to early 2015. The company behind this creation was Korean Haitai in a joint effort with Japanese snack manufacturer Calbee. This snack was so popular that it created a trend called the Honey-Butter Craze among South Koreans. Haitai-Calbee Joint <P> banks and roadsides. Midin is usually served in two equally delicious ways - fried with either garlic or belacan (shrimp paste). Most popular dish that uses midin is Midin goreng belacan. Buah dabai or Canarium odontophyllum in the family Burseraceae is a native fruit of Sarawak that uses in cooking. Dabai is grown exclusively on the island of Borneo, in the Rajang River basin of central Sarawak, from the interior areas of Kapit all the way out to Sibu and Sarikei on the coast. It's one of the unique foods of Sarawak. The dabai fruit is slightly bigger than <P> Honey in Horilka. <P> of overwhelming demand.
"Honey Butter Chip may be one of the most difficult products to buy these days,” said a Korean convenience store owner. Many convenience stores put up paper signs with “Honey Butter Chip, sold out”. Some stores made ‘Honey Butter Chip waiting list’ for customers and limited the selling quantity as one bag for a person.
In January 2015, a so-called “Honey Butter Chip-Hunting” smartphone app was launched. The app tells the availability of the product at near convenience stores. More than 10,000 people had downloaded the app.
Due to the scarcity, in December 2014, Honey Butter Chips were traded back | question: why is the honey mustard i eat at restaurants and sandwich places so much better than anything i buy at a store? context: <P> ingredients; superior blending in feed mixtures, and reduced handing costs. It has been widely used in feed formulations for most species, including chickens, turkeys, pigs, beef and dairy cattle, horses, pets, aquaculture and exotic zoo animals. <P> kalabasa).
The seeds, toasted and seasoned, known as pepitas, are a common snack. <P> sometimes used by campers. These meals contain precooked foods in retort pouches. A retort pouch is a plastic and metal foil laminate pouch that is used as an alternative to traditional industrial canning methods. Common ingredients The final type of ingredients available to campers are those that are typically found in the grocery store. Some examples of these types of food are polenta, grits, quick-cooking pasta (such as angel hair pasta), ramen, instant potatoes, dried soups, jerky and pouch meats such as tuna, SPAM or salmon.
When using these common ingredients, campers often repackage them to reduce packaging or combine them <P> The Provençal herbs and spices used to flavour Noilly Prat seem to add flavour to the reduction." Visits The Noilly Prat cellars are open to the public from March to November, for a small charge. Tour guides explain the whole process, and finish by giving visitors a taste of each of the three varieties of Noilly Prat produced. A major draw for visitors to the area, Noilly Prat attracts more than 80,000 tourists every year. <P> prevent diseases. Another peculiarity is that it requires a dry environment and it is said in Empordà, "Two days of Tramontana (wind) are better than fertilizing". Gastronomy A feature that improves its taste, is to eat it raw (such as in a salad) but to not cut the onion with a knife and only use other elements of the dish to break it into pieces. The smooth, crisp flavor makes it popular to prepare fried or eaten directly and uncooked.
It is used in 'Beet Ravioli with raw cheese'. <P> whether on the stove or in a glass dish in the oven. Drying in the basement for a few months reduces the moisture content, and also brings out a fuller flavor. Properties When crushed and then analyzed using a DART ion source, elephant garlic has been shown to produce both allicin, found in garlic, and syn-propanethial-S-oxide (onion lachrymatory factor), found in onion and leek, but absent in garlic, consistent with the classification of elephant garlic as a closer relative of leek than of garlic. Cultivation Elephant garlic can be planted at two different times of the year: spring and autumn. <P> antipasto, tapas, pasta dishes and salads, becoming a trend before losing popularity from overuse by the end of the 1990s. <P> in appetizers, main courses, soups and desserts. It is often added to ciorbă and other soups, and is used as a condiment for mămăligă and dumplings like sarmale. <P> sweet soy sauce and sambal chili paste might be added as condiments. History This type of porridge comes from the Malays on Sambas in West Kalimantan and later adapted as the food for the Sarawak Malays. <P> Quaker Instant Oatmeal Preparation Quaker Instant Oatmeal comes in 1.5 oz (43 g) single-serving packets and is usually flavored. Flavorings include cinnamon and apple, honey, and other "sweet" styles. The oatmeal is prepared by mixing with boiling water and stirring, hence being referred to as "instant"; once mixed, the oatmeal is ready within a minute. It can also be prepared by adding up to 2/3 cup of water and microwaving for 30–60 seconds. Milk may also be used. Taste Although said to be quick and easy to make, the resulting oatmeal is not the same as traditional oatmeal. Quaker Instant <P> honey. <P> for its soap. <P> pounded until thin, flour, egg, breadcrumbs, fried). Admittedly, it is not as popular in the country as it is in South America, and it is served mainly in people's homes, not in restaurants. The families that do eat it usually serve milanesa/carne frita with white rice, a bean stew of some sort (for instance, white beans with a dark leafy green; also fabada), sometimes an American-style potato salad with cut green beans added, and often, chili ketchup and/or a mayo-ketchup mixed sauce not unlike the South American salsa golf. It is virtually never served as a sandwich. <P> with a difference. In addition to the fish sauce, lime juice, chillies, and shallots or onions, a phla style salad will also always contain large amounts of thinly sliced lemongrass and mint. Additional fresh herbs, such as coriander leaves, can also be added to the mix. Some versions are made with grilled pork or beef, other versions will also have nam phrik phao, a sweet roasted chilli paste, mixed in with the dressing. This last version is popular with squid (phla pla muek) and with prawns. <P> produced under the Nestlé brand. <P> rice slightly salty. This fried rice is not only has salty taste, but it is also sweet, sour, spicy, also it smells pungent. This dish is surrounded by shredded sour green mango, sliced chilies, cucumbers, shredded omelet, fried dried shrimps and sliced shallots. The side dish to eat with this dish is sweet pork or chicken. Each ingredient that is put into the dish has a unique taste and each contrasts with the flavour of shrimp paste. This dish is suitable to eat for lunch. <P> Honey Butter Chips Honey Butter Chips (허니버터칩) (also known as 허니버터칩 in Korea, ポテトチップスしあわせバター, Happiness Butter Potato Chips in Japan) is a brand of fried potato chips manufactured by Haitai Calbee and sold in South Korea. The chips were first available in August 2014, and they are renowned for their rise to popularity through SNS viral marketing from late 2014 to early 2015. The company behind this creation was Korean Haitai in a joint effort with Japanese snack manufacturer Calbee. This snack was so popular that it created a trend called the Honey-Butter Craze among South Koreans. Haitai-Calbee Joint <P> banks and roadsides. Midin is usually served in two equally delicious ways - fried with either garlic or belacan (shrimp paste). Most popular dish that uses midin is Midin goreng belacan. Buah dabai or Canarium odontophyllum in the family Burseraceae is a native fruit of Sarawak that uses in cooking. Dabai is grown exclusively on the island of Borneo, in the Rajang River basin of central Sarawak, from the interior areas of Kapit all the way out to Sibu and Sarikei on the coast. It's one of the unique foods of Sarawak. The dabai fruit is slightly bigger than <P> Honey in Horilka. <P> of overwhelming demand.
"Honey Butter Chip may be one of the most difficult products to buy these days,” said a Korean convenience store owner. Many convenience stores put up paper signs with “Honey Butter Chip, sold out”. Some stores made ‘Honey Butter Chip waiting list’ for customers and limited the selling quantity as one bag for a person.
In January 2015, a so-called “Honey Butter Chip-Hunting” smartphone app was launched. The app tells the availability of the product at near convenience stores. More than 10,000 people had downloaded the app.
Due to the scarcity, in December 2014, Honey Butter Chips were traded back | answer: Most higher end chain restaurants on up tend to make their own. Usually its cut with about 40-50% mayonnaise too. |
70,287 | 799zzn | how are cars found so quickly for criminals who are on the run, especially in random parking lots or wooded areas? | Well, all police departments are give descriptions, really all enforcements departments are. Even sourrounding states, feds etc. then all of their cops out driving around swing by your usual dumping spots, parking lots, rest stop etc.Criminals aren’t so original as to hide their cars in unique spots. Chances are their brilliant hiding spot has been the hiding spot for others.Anyway the cops drive around, they see the car they call it in. Those days there are a number of call in running VIN and plates to find the car.TL/dr good old fashion man power, observing and criminals aren’t unique | [
"Well, all police departments are give descriptions, really all enforcements departments are. Even sourrounding states, feds etc. then all of their cops out driving around swing by your usual dumping spots, parking lots, rest stop etc.\n\nCriminals aren’t so original as to hide their cars in unique spots. Chance... | 3 | [
"Well, all police departments are give descriptions, really all enforcements departments are. Even sourrounding states, feds etc. then all of their cops out driving around swing by your usual dumping spots, parking lots, rest stop etc.\n\nCriminals aren’t so original as to hide their cars in unique spots. Chance... | 3 | <P> who rob them of all the money and car. <P> The Game Bag Plot In late summer 1991, three Italians reach a hunting reserve in Croatia with a station wagon. They go to deer, but, unaware of what's in store for months, they do not decipher the enigmatic signs that surround them. One of the three is suddenly wounded in the knee by a bullet of unknown provenance, and they end up in a hotel targeted by snipers night and day. <P> rise to powerful ghosts who offer guidance on winning numbers. Newspapers report the license plate numbers of cars involved in gruesome accidents. Lottery aficionados note the highway route numbers where accidents took place, tally the casualties, and play the numbers. Nothing is seen as too macabre to be a source of good luck. <P> However, soon they run into a traffic accident where an overturned truck has spilled its packages on the road. The father is forced to plead to the police on the scene to let them pass in order to get his sick daughter to the hospital.
Needing fuel, they stop at a rural garage where after paying for the gas and some food and beverages, the garage owner/clerk recognizes one of the robbers from a news report on the nearby TV set, resulting in Vincent killing him after he attempts to stop them from leaving.
As it gets dark, they stop off the <P> an office building registry and hires him on retainer so that he will have someone to call when he is arrested. After securing the lawyer's services, Hoke drives to a Sears store to purchase a double-barreled shotgun and some shells on his way to Glendale, where Patsy and Curly Peterson live on Eucalyptus Avenue in the Verdugo Woodlands.
Hoke scopes out the house before having lunch in downtown Glendale and seeing the movie Local Hero at the Rialto Theater. Upon returning to his parking space, he finds that his truck has been stolen from the lot. A policeman <P> Brussels Airport diamond heist Robbery The robbers hid in a construction site outside the airport prior to the robbery. They were armed with Kalashnikov-type assault rifles and dressed as police officers. Entering the airport through a hole they created in the airport security fence, the robbers drove on the property with two vehicles, a Mercedes van and an Audi, both of which were black with flashing blue police lights. They drove straight to the airplane where the gems were being transferred from a Brink's armored van, which had driven from Antwerp, onto the Fokker 100 twin engine jet Swiss <P> the real crooks and the cops are soon after them again. It’s just a matter of who’ll catch up with them first and if they’ll survive long enough for Jimmy to carry Mary over the threshold of their own home. <P> Albuquerque, New Mexico in July 1975, which saw the fatal shooting of Michael Carmen while he was working one night at a local filling station. After two weeks the police had no information about the murder. Out of desperation, Detective Greg MacAleese approached the local television station requesting a reconstruction of the crime. The re-enactment offered $1,000 for information leading to the arrest of the killers.
Within 72 hours, a person called in identifying a car leaving the scene at high speed and he had noted its registration. The person calling said that he did not want to get involved so <P> stoop of a brownstone at No. 923. This was the first time a submachine gun had been used in a gangland killing in New York City. Aftermath The abandoned Buick was later discovered a few blocks away from the murder site. Inside the car police found a .38 caliber revolver, a .45 automatic, a sawn-off pump shotgun, and a Thompson submachine gun. The handguns were eventually traced to Miami, the car itself was traced to Knoxville, Tennessee, and the submachine gun to a Chicago sporting goods dealer named Peter von Frantzius. Police noted that at the time of murder, Yale <P> On the final bank robbery attempt, the threesome, emboldened by the reward on Scurlock, planned on robbing five banks on the same night. According to Steve Meyers, they even had a "mobile base station set up to white out the police frequencies." But after learning that the police had convinced every bank in Seattle to put electronic tracers in with any stolen money, they scaled back the plans and decided to rob just one bank. On a rainy dark Thanksgiving eve, 1996, at around 5:30 pm they hit the Seafirst Bank, which they learned was going to have <P> several display cases at a jewelry store before escaping in a stolen pickup truck. No injuries were reported. <P> Jeff that he is a doctor who takes pottery class to unwind. Jeff believes he's a con-man, a professional who signs up for novice classes to try to attract girls. Determined to prove his point, Jeff approaches Rich in the parking lot after pottery class. Jeff notices his license plate is from New Mexico, where Santa Fe is located. After a night researching Santa Fe, Jeff is certain that anyone that lived there would learn to be great at pottery. Jeff thinks he has found the information he needs to expose Rich as a charlatan in class.
In the Greendale parking <P> a spending spree, all the while scouting out where stores kept their money. If a tempting prize was guarded by a watch dog, Doty would feed it poisoned meat. At night he and his associates would break into homes, places of business, and stables using skeleton keys and relocking doors after leaving. He would deposit his loot with a confederate. By the time Doty was ready to leave town, he would have scouted out a fast horse to steal, in order to make his getaway. A favorite tactic was to have an associate show up at the location of the <P> deposit boxes that were stored in the vault. The robbers had rented a leather goods shop named Le Sac two doors down from the bank, and tunnelled a distance of approximately 40 feet (12 metres), passing under the Chicken Inn restaurant that was located between the shop and the bank. The tunnelling took three weeks working on weekends.
Robert Rowlands, a ham radio operator, overheard conversations between the robbers and their rooftop lookout. He contacted police and tape-recorded the conversations, which were subsequently made public. The film includes lines recorded by Rowlands, such as the lookout's comment that "Money may <P> by obstacles and bumps in the road." <P> the Barrow gang, joined by Joe Palmer, and they escaped with $2,800. On May 1, the gang was identified in a bank robbery in Sac City, Iowa, and two days later they took $700 from a bank in Everly. They then traveled south to meet relatives in Dallas on May 6, and then another family meeting with Methvin's father in Louisiana. On May 19, Methvin was sent into a diner to get sandwiches for the gang. While he was still at the counter, a police car passed the diner, and Clyde drove off, leaving Methvin behind. He hitchhiked to Ruston, <P> brought him to the Riker Ave. dumps. There is a house that stands alone, not far from where I took him ... I took the G boy there. Stripped him naked and tied his hands and feet and gagged him with a piece of dirty rag I picked out of the dump. Then I burned his clothes. Threw his shoes in the dump. Then I walked back and took trolley to 59 St. at 2 A.M. and walked home from there. Next day about 2 P.M., I took tools, a good heavy cat-of-nine tails. Home made. Short handle. Cut one <P> ten vehicle hijackings per day, while Kenyan authorities have limited capacity to deter or investigate such acts. Matatus (public transportation) tend to be targeted since they carry up to 14 passengers.
Although these attacks are often violent, victims are generally not injured if they do not resist. However, victims are sometimes tied up and put in the back seat or trunk of their own car. Criminals who commit these crimes will not hesitate to shoot a victim who is the least bit uncooperative or who may appear to hesitate before complying with their assailant. Theft and banditry Pickpockets and thieves carry <P> Railroaded! Plot The innocent owner of a van that is unsuspectingly used in a back-room bookie operation robbery is "railroaded" (informal, refers to the conviction of someone based on false or weak evidence without proper corroboration) for the killing of a cop during the getaway.
Clara Calhoun is a beautician with a shop in New York. Her shop is in fact a front for a bookmaking operation. One evening when she closes up for the night, she gives a silent signal to two masked gunmen lurking outside. These two bandits then burst into the shop and hold up both Clara and <P> several days: someone had fed the cattle, eaten the entire supply of bread from the kitchen, and had recently cut meat from the pantry. It was also possible that the perpetrator remained on site for a few days after the discovery. Neighbours also reported smoke coming from the chimney all weekend. The perpetrator would have easily found the money if robbery had been the intention, but as it was, the money remained untouched.
With no clear motive to be gleaned from the crime scene, the police began to formulate a list of suspects. Despite repeated arrests, no murderer has ever | question: how are cars found so quickly for criminals who are on the run, especially in random parking lots or wooded areas? context: <P> who rob them of all the money and car. <P> The Game Bag Plot In late summer 1991, three Italians reach a hunting reserve in Croatia with a station wagon. They go to deer, but, unaware of what's in store for months, they do not decipher the enigmatic signs that surround them. One of the three is suddenly wounded in the knee by a bullet of unknown provenance, and they end up in a hotel targeted by snipers night and day. <P> rise to powerful ghosts who offer guidance on winning numbers. Newspapers report the license plate numbers of cars involved in gruesome accidents. Lottery aficionados note the highway route numbers where accidents took place, tally the casualties, and play the numbers. Nothing is seen as too macabre to be a source of good luck. <P> However, soon they run into a traffic accident where an overturned truck has spilled its packages on the road. The father is forced to plead to the police on the scene to let them pass in order to get his sick daughter to the hospital.
Needing fuel, they stop at a rural garage where after paying for the gas and some food and beverages, the garage owner/clerk recognizes one of the robbers from a news report on the nearby TV set, resulting in Vincent killing him after he attempts to stop them from leaving.
As it gets dark, they stop off the <P> an office building registry and hires him on retainer so that he will have someone to call when he is arrested. After securing the lawyer's services, Hoke drives to a Sears store to purchase a double-barreled shotgun and some shells on his way to Glendale, where Patsy and Curly Peterson live on Eucalyptus Avenue in the Verdugo Woodlands.
Hoke scopes out the house before having lunch in downtown Glendale and seeing the movie Local Hero at the Rialto Theater. Upon returning to his parking space, he finds that his truck has been stolen from the lot. A policeman <P> Brussels Airport diamond heist Robbery The robbers hid in a construction site outside the airport prior to the robbery. They were armed with Kalashnikov-type assault rifles and dressed as police officers. Entering the airport through a hole they created in the airport security fence, the robbers drove on the property with two vehicles, a Mercedes van and an Audi, both of which were black with flashing blue police lights. They drove straight to the airplane where the gems were being transferred from a Brink's armored van, which had driven from Antwerp, onto the Fokker 100 twin engine jet Swiss <P> the real crooks and the cops are soon after them again. It’s just a matter of who’ll catch up with them first and if they’ll survive long enough for Jimmy to carry Mary over the threshold of their own home. <P> Albuquerque, New Mexico in July 1975, which saw the fatal shooting of Michael Carmen while he was working one night at a local filling station. After two weeks the police had no information about the murder. Out of desperation, Detective Greg MacAleese approached the local television station requesting a reconstruction of the crime. The re-enactment offered $1,000 for information leading to the arrest of the killers.
Within 72 hours, a person called in identifying a car leaving the scene at high speed and he had noted its registration. The person calling said that he did not want to get involved so <P> stoop of a brownstone at No. 923. This was the first time a submachine gun had been used in a gangland killing in New York City. Aftermath The abandoned Buick was later discovered a few blocks away from the murder site. Inside the car police found a .38 caliber revolver, a .45 automatic, a sawn-off pump shotgun, and a Thompson submachine gun. The handguns were eventually traced to Miami, the car itself was traced to Knoxville, Tennessee, and the submachine gun to a Chicago sporting goods dealer named Peter von Frantzius. Police noted that at the time of murder, Yale <P> On the final bank robbery attempt, the threesome, emboldened by the reward on Scurlock, planned on robbing five banks on the same night. According to Steve Meyers, they even had a "mobile base station set up to white out the police frequencies." But after learning that the police had convinced every bank in Seattle to put electronic tracers in with any stolen money, they scaled back the plans and decided to rob just one bank. On a rainy dark Thanksgiving eve, 1996, at around 5:30 pm they hit the Seafirst Bank, which they learned was going to have <P> several display cases at a jewelry store before escaping in a stolen pickup truck. No injuries were reported. <P> Jeff that he is a doctor who takes pottery class to unwind. Jeff believes he's a con-man, a professional who signs up for novice classes to try to attract girls. Determined to prove his point, Jeff approaches Rich in the parking lot after pottery class. Jeff notices his license plate is from New Mexico, where Santa Fe is located. After a night researching Santa Fe, Jeff is certain that anyone that lived there would learn to be great at pottery. Jeff thinks he has found the information he needs to expose Rich as a charlatan in class.
In the Greendale parking <P> a spending spree, all the while scouting out where stores kept their money. If a tempting prize was guarded by a watch dog, Doty would feed it poisoned meat. At night he and his associates would break into homes, places of business, and stables using skeleton keys and relocking doors after leaving. He would deposit his loot with a confederate. By the time Doty was ready to leave town, he would have scouted out a fast horse to steal, in order to make his getaway. A favorite tactic was to have an associate show up at the location of the <P> deposit boxes that were stored in the vault. The robbers had rented a leather goods shop named Le Sac two doors down from the bank, and tunnelled a distance of approximately 40 feet (12 metres), passing under the Chicken Inn restaurant that was located between the shop and the bank. The tunnelling took three weeks working on weekends.
Robert Rowlands, a ham radio operator, overheard conversations between the robbers and their rooftop lookout. He contacted police and tape-recorded the conversations, which were subsequently made public. The film includes lines recorded by Rowlands, such as the lookout's comment that "Money may <P> by obstacles and bumps in the road." <P> the Barrow gang, joined by Joe Palmer, and they escaped with $2,800. On May 1, the gang was identified in a bank robbery in Sac City, Iowa, and two days later they took $700 from a bank in Everly. They then traveled south to meet relatives in Dallas on May 6, and then another family meeting with Methvin's father in Louisiana. On May 19, Methvin was sent into a diner to get sandwiches for the gang. While he was still at the counter, a police car passed the diner, and Clyde drove off, leaving Methvin behind. He hitchhiked to Ruston, <P> brought him to the Riker Ave. dumps. There is a house that stands alone, not far from where I took him ... I took the G boy there. Stripped him naked and tied his hands and feet and gagged him with a piece of dirty rag I picked out of the dump. Then I burned his clothes. Threw his shoes in the dump. Then I walked back and took trolley to 59 St. at 2 A.M. and walked home from there. Next day about 2 P.M., I took tools, a good heavy cat-of-nine tails. Home made. Short handle. Cut one <P> ten vehicle hijackings per day, while Kenyan authorities have limited capacity to deter or investigate such acts. Matatus (public transportation) tend to be targeted since they carry up to 14 passengers.
Although these attacks are often violent, victims are generally not injured if they do not resist. However, victims are sometimes tied up and put in the back seat or trunk of their own car. Criminals who commit these crimes will not hesitate to shoot a victim who is the least bit uncooperative or who may appear to hesitate before complying with their assailant. Theft and banditry Pickpockets and thieves carry <P> Railroaded! Plot The innocent owner of a van that is unsuspectingly used in a back-room bookie operation robbery is "railroaded" (informal, refers to the conviction of someone based on false or weak evidence without proper corroboration) for the killing of a cop during the getaway.
Clara Calhoun is a beautician with a shop in New York. Her shop is in fact a front for a bookmaking operation. One evening when she closes up for the night, she gives a silent signal to two masked gunmen lurking outside. These two bandits then burst into the shop and hold up both Clara and <P> several days: someone had fed the cattle, eaten the entire supply of bread from the kitchen, and had recently cut meat from the pantry. It was also possible that the perpetrator remained on site for a few days after the discovery. Neighbours also reported smoke coming from the chimney all weekend. The perpetrator would have easily found the money if robbery had been the intention, but as it was, the money remained untouched.
With no clear motive to be gleaned from the crime scene, the police began to formulate a list of suspects. Despite repeated arrests, no murderer has ever | answer: Well, all police departments are give descriptions, really all enforcements departments are. Even sourrounding states, feds etc. then all of their cops out driving around swing by your usual dumping spots, parking lots, rest stop etc.Criminals aren’t so original as to hide their cars in unique spots. Chances are their brilliant hiding spot has been the hiding spot for others.Anyway the cops drive around, they see the car they call it in. Those days there are a number of call in running VIN and plates to find the car.TL/dr good old fashion man power, observing and criminals aren’t unique |
163,494 | v4t2u | Why do we use the same... organ for both reproduction and urination? | Evolution doesn't have a plan. Whatever works best is kept, even if it doesn't seem optimal. We breathe and eat along the same pathway, which makes us susceptible to choking to death, which is a bigger "design flaw" than using a penis for two tasks. I say design flaw in quotes to point out that there is no "design," just the traits that work being passed on, even if they are flawed or seem silly. | [
"Evolution doesn't have a plan. Whatever works best is kept, even if it doesn't seem optimal. We breathe and eat along the same pathway, which makes us susceptible to choking to death, which is a bigger \"design flaw\" than using a penis for two tasks. \n\nI say design flaw in quotes to point out that there is no ... | 2 | [
"Evolution doesn't have a plan. Whatever works best is kept, even if it doesn't seem optimal. We breathe and eat along the same pathway, which makes us susceptible to choking to death, which is a bigger \"design flaw\" than using a penis for two tasks. \n\nI say design flaw in quotes to point out that there is no ... | 1 | <P> Fallopian tube Structure Its different segments are (lateral near the ovaries to medial near the uterus): the infundibulum with its associated fimbriae near the ovary, the ampullary region that represents the major portion of the lateral tube, the isthmus the visible medial third segment which is the narrower part of the tube that links to the uterus, and the interstitial (also known as intramural) part that transverses the uterine musculature. The ostium is the point where the tubal canal meets the peritoneal cavity, while the uterine opening of the fallopian tube is the entrance into the uterine cavity, the <P> Labia The labia are part of the female genitalia; they are the major externally visible portions of the vulva. In humans, there are two pairs of labia: the labia majora (or the outer labia) are larger and fattier, while the labia minora are folds of skin between the outer labia. The labia surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Etymology Labium (plural labia) is a Latin-derived term meaning "lip". Labium and its derivatives (including labial, labrum) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers <P> Internal iliac artery Structure The internal iliac artery supplies the walls and viscera of the pelvis, the buttock, the reproductive organs, and the medial compartment of the thigh. The vesicular branches of the internal iliac arteries supply the bladder
It is a short, thick vessel, smaller than the external iliac artery, and about 3 to 4 cm in length. Course It arises at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery, opposite the lumbosacral articulation, and, passing downward to the upper margin of the greater sciatic foramen, divides into two large trunks, an anterior and a posterior.
The following are relations of the <P> is closed against the mandibles in part by two muscles arising in the head and inserted on the posterior lateral margins on two small sclerites, the tormae, and, at least in some insects, by a resilin spring in the cuticle at the junction of the labrum with the clypeus. Until recently, the labrum generally was considered to be associated with first head segment. However, recent studies of the embryology, gene expression, and nerve supply to the labrum show it is innervated by the tritocerebrum of the brain, which is the fused ganglia of the third head segment. This is <P> to those in zoology, referring to the covering of an organ. When the context indicates nothing to the contrary, the word commonly refers to an envelope covering the ovule. The integument may consist of one layer (or unitegmic) or two layers (or bitegmic), each of which consisting of two or more layers of cells. The integument is perforated by a pore, the micropyle, through which the pollen tube can enter. It may develop into the testa, or seed coat. Zoological usage The integument of an organ in zoology typically would comprise membranes of connective tissue such as those around a <P> in turn, divides into the superficial definitive urogenital sinus and the deeper anterior vesico-urethral portion. Definitive urogenital sinus The definitive urogenital sinus consists of a caudal cephalic portion and an intermediate narrow channel, the pelvic portion. Vesico-urethral portion The vesico-urethral portion is the deepest portion, continuous with the allantois. It absorbs the ends of the mesonephric ducts and the associated ends of the renal diverticula, and these give rise to the trigone of urinary bladder and part of the prostatic urethra. The remainder of the vesico-urethral portion forms the body of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra; its <P> use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes.
In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might reasonably be described as a penis, it has no major function other than intromission, or at least conveying the sperm to the female, but in the placental mammals the penis bears the distal part of the urethra, which discharges both urine during urination and semen during copulation. Birds Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with <P> other opening to the palatovaginal canal is located inferiorly and posteriorly in the pterygopalatine fossa. <P> necessary for normal formation of the mandible in vertebrates. <P> variation in histological features of tube, the isthmus has thick muscular coat and simple mucosal folds; whereas ampulla has complex mucosal folds. Development Embryos have two pairs of ducts to let gametes out of the body; one pair (the Müllerian ducts) develops in females into the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, while the other pair (the Wolffian ducts) develops in males into the epididymis and vas deferens.
Normally, only one of the pairs of tubes will develop while the other regresses and disappears in utero.
The homologous organ in the male is the rudimentary appendix testis. Fertilization The tube allows passage of <P> Major duodenal papilla Structure The major duodenal papilla is situated in the second part of the duodenum, 7–10 cm from the pylorus, at the level of the second or third lumbar vertebrae. It is surrounded by the sphincter of Oddi, and receives a mixture of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the Ampulla of Vater, which drains both the pancreatic duct and biliary system. The junction between the foregut and midgut occurs directly below the major duodenal papilla.
The major duodenal papilla is seen from the duodenum as lying within a mucosal fold. The minor duodenal papilla is situated 2 cm proximal. <P> in shape to the mitre. Andreas Vesalius, the father of anatomy, noted the striking similarity between the two while performing anatomic dissections in the sixteenth century. <P> Triradiate pelvic girdle The Triradiate pelvic girdle is a shared feature common to archosaurs. The pelvis has three prongs, with an elongate pubis and ischium. This feature first appeared in the Erythrosuchidae, large basal archosaurian predators of the early Triassic period. <P> gill it innervated has become the larynx and the gill arch has become the dorsal aorta in mammals. Route of the vas deferens Similar to the laryngeal nerve in giraffes, the vas deferens is part of the male anatomy of many vertebrates; it transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation. In humans, the vas deferens routes up from the testicle, looping over the ureter, and back down to the urethra and penis. It has been suggested that this is due to the descent of the testicles during the course of human evolution—likely associated with temperature. As the testicles <P> caudally orientated coccygeal pits are not associated with intradural pathology and do not need to be excised, unlike the cephalically oriented tracts of the congenital dermal sinus which confer great intradural pathology and require surgical intervention. While coccygeal pits occur in 4% of neonate population, congenital dermal sinus is only found in 1 in 2500 live births. <P> Pons Structure The pons is in the brainstem situated between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata, and in front of the cerebellum. A separating groove between the pons and the medulla is the inferior pontine sulcus. The superior pontine sulcus separates the pons from the midbrain. The pons can be broadly divided into two parts: the basilar part of the pons (ventral pons), and the pontine tegmentum (dorsal pons). Running down the midline of the ventral surface is the basilar sulcus, a groove for the basilar artery. Most of the pons is supplied by the pontine arteries, which arise from <P> Stichosome Stichosome (from Greek stichos (στίχος) = row; soma (σῶµα) = body) is a multicellular organ that is very prominent in some stages of nematodes and consists of a longitudinal series of glandular unicellular cells (stichocytes) arranged in a row along the oesophagus that form the posterior esophageal glands. It opens into the esophageal lumen and apparently functions as a secretory gland and storage organ. <P> horseshoe-shaped groove on the back of the head, ending at the posterior of each mandible. The postoccipital suture is a landmark on the posterior surface of the head, and is typically near the occipital foremen. In pterygotes, the postocciput forms the extreme posterior, often U-shaped, which forms the rim of the head extending to the postoccipital suture. In pterygotes, such as those of Orthoptera, the occipital foramen and the mouth are not separated. The three types of occipital closures, or points under the occipital foramen that separate the two lower halves of the postgena, are: the hypostomal bridge, the postgenal <P> immediately behind the genital pore and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; the left branch extends into the haptor further backward than the right one. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium , armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single ovary shaped like an interrogation mark and 13-18 testes occupying the whole postovarian intercoecal field. The eggs are fusiform, thick-shelled and tapering into a short blunt-pointed process at one end and a longer pointed process at the other. Hosts and localities <P> Omasum The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. The omasum comes after the rumen and reticulum and before the abomasum. Different ruminants have different omasum structures and function based on the food that they eat and how they developed through evolution. Anatomy The omasum can be found on the right side of the cranial portion of the rumen. The omasum receives food from the reticulum through the reticulo-omasal orifice and provides food to the abomasum through the omaso-abomasal orifice. The omasum is | question: Why do we use the same... organ for both reproduction and urination? context: <P> Fallopian tube Structure Its different segments are (lateral near the ovaries to medial near the uterus): the infundibulum with its associated fimbriae near the ovary, the ampullary region that represents the major portion of the lateral tube, the isthmus the visible medial third segment which is the narrower part of the tube that links to the uterus, and the interstitial (also known as intramural) part that transverses the uterine musculature. The ostium is the point where the tubal canal meets the peritoneal cavity, while the uterine opening of the fallopian tube is the entrance into the uterine cavity, the <P> Labia The labia are part of the female genitalia; they are the major externally visible portions of the vulva. In humans, there are two pairs of labia: the labia majora (or the outer labia) are larger and fattier, while the labia minora are folds of skin between the outer labia. The labia surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and the urethra. Etymology Labium (plural labia) is a Latin-derived term meaning "lip". Labium and its derivatives (including labial, labrum) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers <P> Internal iliac artery Structure The internal iliac artery supplies the walls and viscera of the pelvis, the buttock, the reproductive organs, and the medial compartment of the thigh. The vesicular branches of the internal iliac arteries supply the bladder
It is a short, thick vessel, smaller than the external iliac artery, and about 3 to 4 cm in length. Course It arises at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery, opposite the lumbosacral articulation, and, passing downward to the upper margin of the greater sciatic foramen, divides into two large trunks, an anterior and a posterior.
The following are relations of the <P> is closed against the mandibles in part by two muscles arising in the head and inserted on the posterior lateral margins on two small sclerites, the tormae, and, at least in some insects, by a resilin spring in the cuticle at the junction of the labrum with the clypeus. Until recently, the labrum generally was considered to be associated with first head segment. However, recent studies of the embryology, gene expression, and nerve supply to the labrum show it is innervated by the tritocerebrum of the brain, which is the fused ganglia of the third head segment. This is <P> to those in zoology, referring to the covering of an organ. When the context indicates nothing to the contrary, the word commonly refers to an envelope covering the ovule. The integument may consist of one layer (or unitegmic) or two layers (or bitegmic), each of which consisting of two or more layers of cells. The integument is perforated by a pore, the micropyle, through which the pollen tube can enter. It may develop into the testa, or seed coat. Zoological usage The integument of an organ in zoology typically would comprise membranes of connective tissue such as those around a <P> in turn, divides into the superficial definitive urogenital sinus and the deeper anterior vesico-urethral portion. Definitive urogenital sinus The definitive urogenital sinus consists of a caudal cephalic portion and an intermediate narrow channel, the pelvic portion. Vesico-urethral portion The vesico-urethral portion is the deepest portion, continuous with the allantois. It absorbs the ends of the mesonephric ducts and the associated ends of the renal diverticula, and these give rise to the trigone of urinary bladder and part of the prostatic urethra. The remainder of the vesico-urethral portion forms the body of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra; its <P> use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes.
In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might reasonably be described as a penis, it has no major function other than intromission, or at least conveying the sperm to the female, but in the placental mammals the penis bears the distal part of the urethra, which discharges both urine during urination and semen during copulation. Birds Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with <P> other opening to the palatovaginal canal is located inferiorly and posteriorly in the pterygopalatine fossa. <P> necessary for normal formation of the mandible in vertebrates. <P> variation in histological features of tube, the isthmus has thick muscular coat and simple mucosal folds; whereas ampulla has complex mucosal folds. Development Embryos have two pairs of ducts to let gametes out of the body; one pair (the Müllerian ducts) develops in females into the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, while the other pair (the Wolffian ducts) develops in males into the epididymis and vas deferens.
Normally, only one of the pairs of tubes will develop while the other regresses and disappears in utero.
The homologous organ in the male is the rudimentary appendix testis. Fertilization The tube allows passage of <P> Major duodenal papilla Structure The major duodenal papilla is situated in the second part of the duodenum, 7–10 cm from the pylorus, at the level of the second or third lumbar vertebrae. It is surrounded by the sphincter of Oddi, and receives a mixture of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the Ampulla of Vater, which drains both the pancreatic duct and biliary system. The junction between the foregut and midgut occurs directly below the major duodenal papilla.
The major duodenal papilla is seen from the duodenum as lying within a mucosal fold. The minor duodenal papilla is situated 2 cm proximal. <P> in shape to the mitre. Andreas Vesalius, the father of anatomy, noted the striking similarity between the two while performing anatomic dissections in the sixteenth century. <P> Triradiate pelvic girdle The Triradiate pelvic girdle is a shared feature common to archosaurs. The pelvis has three prongs, with an elongate pubis and ischium. This feature first appeared in the Erythrosuchidae, large basal archosaurian predators of the early Triassic period. <P> gill it innervated has become the larynx and the gill arch has become the dorsal aorta in mammals. Route of the vas deferens Similar to the laryngeal nerve in giraffes, the vas deferens is part of the male anatomy of many vertebrates; it transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation. In humans, the vas deferens routes up from the testicle, looping over the ureter, and back down to the urethra and penis. It has been suggested that this is due to the descent of the testicles during the course of human evolution—likely associated with temperature. As the testicles <P> caudally orientated coccygeal pits are not associated with intradural pathology and do not need to be excised, unlike the cephalically oriented tracts of the congenital dermal sinus which confer great intradural pathology and require surgical intervention. While coccygeal pits occur in 4% of neonate population, congenital dermal sinus is only found in 1 in 2500 live births. <P> Pons Structure The pons is in the brainstem situated between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata, and in front of the cerebellum. A separating groove between the pons and the medulla is the inferior pontine sulcus. The superior pontine sulcus separates the pons from the midbrain. The pons can be broadly divided into two parts: the basilar part of the pons (ventral pons), and the pontine tegmentum (dorsal pons). Running down the midline of the ventral surface is the basilar sulcus, a groove for the basilar artery. Most of the pons is supplied by the pontine arteries, which arise from <P> Stichosome Stichosome (from Greek stichos (στίχος) = row; soma (σῶµα) = body) is a multicellular organ that is very prominent in some stages of nematodes and consists of a longitudinal series of glandular unicellular cells (stichocytes) arranged in a row along the oesophagus that form the posterior esophageal glands. It opens into the esophageal lumen and apparently functions as a secretory gland and storage organ. <P> horseshoe-shaped groove on the back of the head, ending at the posterior of each mandible. The postoccipital suture is a landmark on the posterior surface of the head, and is typically near the occipital foremen. In pterygotes, the postocciput forms the extreme posterior, often U-shaped, which forms the rim of the head extending to the postoccipital suture. In pterygotes, such as those of Orthoptera, the occipital foramen and the mouth are not separated. The three types of occipital closures, or points under the occipital foramen that separate the two lower halves of the postgena, are: the hypostomal bridge, the postgenal <P> immediately behind the genital pore and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches; the left branch extends into the haptor further backward than the right one. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium , armed with numerous very spines, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single ovary shaped like an interrogation mark and 13-18 testes occupying the whole postovarian intercoecal field. The eggs are fusiform, thick-shelled and tapering into a short blunt-pointed process at one end and a longer pointed process at the other. Hosts and localities <P> Omasum The omasum, also known as the bible, the fardel, the manyplies and the psalterium, is the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants. The omasum comes after the rumen and reticulum and before the abomasum. Different ruminants have different omasum structures and function based on the food that they eat and how they developed through evolution. Anatomy The omasum can be found on the right side of the cranial portion of the rumen. The omasum receives food from the reticulum through the reticulo-omasal orifice and provides food to the abomasum through the omaso-abomasal orifice. The omasum is | answer: Evolution doesn't have a plan. Whatever works best is kept, even if it doesn't seem optimal. We breathe and eat along the same pathway, which makes us susceptible to choking to death, which is a bigger "design flaw" than using a penis for two tasks. I say design flaw in quotes to point out that there is no "design," just the traits that work being passed on, even if they are flawed or seem silly. |
45,009 | 2wxqe6 | Can anybody help me find a Primary source for Julius Cesar crossing of the Rubicon? | When you say "primary sources" do you mean texts from our corpus of Latin and Greek or do you mean people who were contemporary with it? Classicists rarely use the term at all because of the fact that although most historians writing of various periods in antiquity are so far removed from us that they might be considered primary sources they are not actually contemporaries. We tend to just say texts. Anyway, the most detailed accounts of Caesar's actual *crossing* are to be found in Plutarch and Suetonius, both of whom related the "alea iacta est" bit. Neither of them are contemporaries of Caesar's, however. Appian also describes the crossing in great detail, and Cassius Dio records it, though without all the nonsense that everyone else says--Cassius just says that Caesar crossed into Italy, without actually mentioning the river at all. Livy's 105th book supposedly detailed the beginning of the civil war, but it's been lost.Of contemporaries we have pretty much nothing that mentions the river specifically. Caesar describes the beginning of the civil war in *de Bello Civili*, but omits any specific mention of the river, just saying that he marched troops into several Italian towns, which we know were on the opposite side of the river, though it is not mentioned. Cicero also does not mention the river specifically--like Caesar he just says that the army marched into Italy and seized Ariminum. The only way to get to Ariminum is either to physically cross the river or tediously go upstream until you're past it, which requires you to march a significantly longer distance and deal with the Apennines. Presumably it was clear to Caesar and Cicero that by marching into Ariminum you had to cross the Rubicon river. However, the importance of the river doesn't seem to have been terribly great during Caesar's lifetime, and certainly a sort of mythology got built up around Caesar's river crossing--to Caesar and Cicero what's important is that Caesar crossed over into Italy, out of his province of Cisalpine Gaul, and that he seized an Italian town (Ariminum). That fact alone is significantly more important than the crossing of a rather arbitrary boundary--indeed, though the Rubicon was legally the boundary of Italy, the enfranchisement of the Cispadanes meant that effectively the boundary was the Po, not the Rubicon, though of course proconsular armies could cross over the Po at will | [
"When you say \"primary sources\" do you mean texts from our corpus of Latin and Greek or do you mean people who were contemporary with it? Classicists rarely use the term at all because of the fact that although most historians writing of various periods in antiquity are so far removed from us that they might be c... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> would choose to cross it unmolested or whether he would allow them to do so unharmed so that the two forces would fight intact, thus giving an accurate test of their valour. Pyrrhus, confident of the strength of his elephants, allowed the Romans to cross the river. However, the Romans deployed their wagons against the elephants, shooting fire and missiles. The Romans gradually forced the Greeks back until Pyrrhus moved the elephants to the other end of the line, away from the wagons. He used them to charge the Roman cavalry, which was routed by the elephants before they even <P> struck at Elaeus in the time of the Roman emperor Commodus, of which a few remain. They depict Protesilaus as a warrior standing on the bow of a ship, ready to be the first to spring onto the enemy shore. Constantine's fleet in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, 323 CE, took up its moorings at Elaeus, while that of Licinius was anchored off the tomb of Ajax, in the Troad. Justinian fortified this important position.
During the First World War, French and British troops temporarily occupied Cape Helles and Morto Bay. French soldiers plundered the region of ancient Elaeus. The French <P> a firm footing because of the trench and were repulsed by the defenders, who were encouraged by the women. In order to circumvent this obstacle. Pyrrhus ordered a 2,000 picked force of Gauls and Chaonians commanded by Ptolemy to attempt to go around the trench. Finding their path blocked by the wagons, they began to pulling them out of the ground. Aware of the danger, Acrotatus used a series of depressions to attack this force from the rear and managed to the push the Epiriote flanking group into the trench after inflicting heavy casualties upon them. Unable to make an <P> managed to request his local following governors to send troops to aid Niger; as Vologases V did not possess a great army. Eventually in 194, Severus won the quest for power in Rome; he invaded Western Mesopotamia in order to retake the lost regions; the accurate details of the invasion is not known, but Osroene and Nusaybin were retaken anyway. Then Severus returned to Rome due to Clodius Albinus's rebellion; during Severus's return from Mesopotamia, the status of the Parthian Empire was very disrupted. In 197, Severus initiated hostilities with the Parthians. Meanwhile, Vologases suppressed a rebellion in east of <P> and dispositions.
Decebalus orders an evacuation of the border province accompanied by delaying operations against the Romans. He sends a symbolic message to Domitian: a caged mouse, frog, bird, a knife and a quiver of arrows. The message is misinterpreted by the Romans as a sign of Dacian submission to Rome (the animals signifying the land, waters and air, all being handed over with the weapons). Severus is deputed to travel to the Dacian capital to receive Decebalus' surrender. When he gets there, Decebalus reveals to him the truth about his father Attius. He also tells him that the true meaning <P> who believed that Decius' death would ruin them. Pyrrhus endeavoured to reassure them and ordered them to seize alive anyone who wore the garments the Decii family used when devoting themselves. He sent a man to tell Publius Decius that he would not succeed in his intent and after being taken alive he would die miserably. The Roman consuls replied that there was no need to resort to a devotio because the Romans would defeat him without it.
In Cassius Dio's version of the battle, the river between the two camps was not easy to ford. The Romans asked whether Pyrrhus <P> and in its modern guise is a major coast road leading north from Naples.
Statius wrote an entire poem on the theme of Via Domitiana. He recalled the progress made by the new road and praised the Emperor. The poem is also an interesting testimony on the construction of roads under the Roman Empire. <P> and fertile area. Mithridates could do nothing to stop the despoiling of his lands for he had to rebuild his army. He eventually assembled 40,000 men (4,000 cavalry) near Cabira and waited for Lucullus. Eventually, Lucullus made his way towards Cabira where, in an initial skirmish against Mithridates's forces, he suffered a setback and had to withdraw. This was followed by several further skirmishes and even an assassination attempt on Lucullus. The Battle Lucullus's supply lines now came north from Cappadocia, a Roman ally to the south of Pontus. A heavily armed supply convoy, escorted by no less then ten <P> they would not get their land. A banishment decree was proposed. On ratification day the urban people carried knives and escorted Metellus to protect him. Metellus decided to leave the city rather than risk a conflict because of him. Apuleius had the decree ratified.
Later in the same year, Saturninus got into political trouble and was lynched by an angry crowd. The senate and the people called for the recall of Metellus. Publius Furius, another plebeian tribune, opposed this. However, he, too, was lynched and Metellus was allowed to return. <P> with the proposal of elevating Bassianus to the rank of caesar and with power over Italy. Licinius refused to acknowledge the appointment; furthermore, he told Senecio to contact his brother and have him kill Constantine, take arms and conquer Italy for Licinius. The conspiracy was discovered and Bassianus arrested and put to death. Constantine asked Licinius to hand him Senecio, but Licinius refused and overthrew his colleague's statues at Emona, on the border between the two spheres of influence; these events led to the outbreak of hostilities between Constantine and Licinius, an episode of civil war known as the bellum <P> the Romans lost 15,000 soldiers and had thousands taken prisoner; Hieronymus states 7,000. Dionysius totalled Pyrrhus' losses at around 11,000 soldiers, 3,000 according to Hieronymus. Either way, this could be considered the earliest of his Pyrrhic victories against Rome. Aftermath After the battle reinforcements from south Italy joined Pyrrhus. The Greeks of Rhegium who wanted to join him were massacred by Roman soldiers under the command of Decius Vibelius, who was proclaimed ruler of the town. Pyrrhus then began to march towards Rome. He captured many small towns in Campania, and his forces plundered Latium. His march was stopped in <P> cohorts of infantry, under the command of the legate Sornatius was attacked by the Pontic cavalry. The Romans held off the attack inflicting terrible losses on the Pontic horsemen. When a second supply convoy, also heavily armed, under the command of Marcus Fabius Hadrianus made for Lucullus's camp Mithridates decided to use a combined arms (infantry and cavalry) force. Some 4,000 cavalry and infantry fell upon the convoy, unfortunately, the Romans realized the narrow valley at the scene limited the effectiveness of their opponents' cavalry, they counter-attacked and wiped out half the attacking force.
This is when Mithridates decided to cut <P> Josephus, it was Antonia, the mother of Livilla, who finally alerted Tiberius to the growing threat Sejanus posed (possibly with information provided by Satrius Secundus), in a letter she dispatched to Capri in the care of her freedman Pallas. According to Juvenal, a letter was sent from Capri with the orders to execute Sejanus without a trial.
Further details concerning Sejanus' fall are provided by Cassius Dio, writing nearly 200 years later in his Roman History. It appears that, when Tiberius heard to what extent Sejanus had already usurped his authority in Rome, he immediately took steps to remove him from <P> as Thessalos's tale: the defeat of Kirrha.
The last major historian to advance a new story of the siege was Pausanias, who was active in the 2nd century. In his version of events, Solon of Athens diverted the course of the River Pleistos to avoid through Kirrha but the enemy was able to get enough water from their wells and rainwater collection. Solon then added a great quantity of hellebore to the water of the Pleistos and let it flow into Kirrha. Outcome of the War The First Sacred War ended with the victory of the allies of the Amphictyony. Kirrha <P> suspension bridges on the British railway system.
In spite of their apparent rivalry, Brunel and Stephenson were great personal friends, to the extent that they supported each other professionally. When Stephenson was under pressure during the enquiry following the collapse of his cast-iron girder bridge over the River Dee killing several people, Brunel did not desert him. In spite of his extreme distrust of the use of cast-iron girders for such purposes, Brunel refused to condemn them when cross-examined as an expert witness. He was also present to provide Stephenson moral support, when the great Britannia box-girders were floated across the <P> stairs, where the crowd tore it to pieces. Riots ensued, in which crowds hunted and killed anyone they could link to Sejanus. The Praetorians also resorted to looting, when they were accused of having conspired with the former prefect. Following the issue of damnatio memoriae by the Senate, his statues were torn down and his name obliterated from all public records. On October 24, Sejanus' eldest son Strabo was arrested and executed. Upon learning of his death, Apicata committed suicide (October 26), after addressing a letter to Tiberius, claiming that Drusus had been poisoned with the complicity of Livilla. The <P> has him making the latter march to Dyrrachium. Sulla could not have made both trips simultaneously, but his army included Greeks from Central Greece, including Macedonians. They might have chosen to use Dyrrachium.
In any case, 1600 ships ferried 46000 men from Patrae to Brindisi, or 1200 ships from Dyrrachium, if you believe Plutarch, or possibly 2800 ships from both places with a round number of 79,000 men, taking control of the heel of Italy. They were welcome at Brindisi. Bilingual text from Delos honoring fleet commander Varro The bilingual text from Delos appears to be the latest known which includes <P> if ships were dragged through parts of it.
A British and Greek collaborative geophysical investigation launched in the 1990s found through the use of seismic survey and sediment analysis that the canal had crossed the whole isthmus. Herodotus' account was vindicated as they also confirmed that the canal was constructed rapidly and that it was only used for a short period of time.
Recent studies suggest the workers were both regular Achaemenid soldiers and recruited local Balkan people (Thracians and Greeks) with the legal status of kurtaš who were paid for and fed from the Persian treasury. <P> accusations were further corroborated by confessions from Livilla's slaves, who, under torture, admitted to having administered the poison to Drusus.
Enraged upon learning the truth, Tiberius soon ordered more killings. Livilla committed suicide or was starved to death by her mother Antonia Minor. The remaining children of Sejanus, Capito Aelianus and Junilla, were executed in December of that year. According to ancient historians, because there was no precedent for the capital punishment of a virgin, Junilla was raped first, with the rope around her neck. Their bodies were thrown down the Gemonian stairs. At the beginning of the following year, damnatio <P> were forced by the local inhabitants to settle on the poorest agricultural land. On the other hand, Myres puts forward the view that the site was chosen by the London authorities "to provide early warning of strange vessels sailing up the river with hostile intent". The discovery of a "Roman style" military buckle in an Anglo-Saxon grave at Mucking has been used to argue for continuity between the Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlement. | question: Can anybody help me find a Primary source for Julius Cesar crossing of the Rubicon? context: <P> would choose to cross it unmolested or whether he would allow them to do so unharmed so that the two forces would fight intact, thus giving an accurate test of their valour. Pyrrhus, confident of the strength of his elephants, allowed the Romans to cross the river. However, the Romans deployed their wagons against the elephants, shooting fire and missiles. The Romans gradually forced the Greeks back until Pyrrhus moved the elephants to the other end of the line, away from the wagons. He used them to charge the Roman cavalry, which was routed by the elephants before they even <P> struck at Elaeus in the time of the Roman emperor Commodus, of which a few remain. They depict Protesilaus as a warrior standing on the bow of a ship, ready to be the first to spring onto the enemy shore. Constantine's fleet in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy, 323 CE, took up its moorings at Elaeus, while that of Licinius was anchored off the tomb of Ajax, in the Troad. Justinian fortified this important position.
During the First World War, French and British troops temporarily occupied Cape Helles and Morto Bay. French soldiers plundered the region of ancient Elaeus. The French <P> a firm footing because of the trench and were repulsed by the defenders, who were encouraged by the women. In order to circumvent this obstacle. Pyrrhus ordered a 2,000 picked force of Gauls and Chaonians commanded by Ptolemy to attempt to go around the trench. Finding their path blocked by the wagons, they began to pulling them out of the ground. Aware of the danger, Acrotatus used a series of depressions to attack this force from the rear and managed to the push the Epiriote flanking group into the trench after inflicting heavy casualties upon them. Unable to make an <P> managed to request his local following governors to send troops to aid Niger; as Vologases V did not possess a great army. Eventually in 194, Severus won the quest for power in Rome; he invaded Western Mesopotamia in order to retake the lost regions; the accurate details of the invasion is not known, but Osroene and Nusaybin were retaken anyway. Then Severus returned to Rome due to Clodius Albinus's rebellion; during Severus's return from Mesopotamia, the status of the Parthian Empire was very disrupted. In 197, Severus initiated hostilities with the Parthians. Meanwhile, Vologases suppressed a rebellion in east of <P> and dispositions.
Decebalus orders an evacuation of the border province accompanied by delaying operations against the Romans. He sends a symbolic message to Domitian: a caged mouse, frog, bird, a knife and a quiver of arrows. The message is misinterpreted by the Romans as a sign of Dacian submission to Rome (the animals signifying the land, waters and air, all being handed over with the weapons). Severus is deputed to travel to the Dacian capital to receive Decebalus' surrender. When he gets there, Decebalus reveals to him the truth about his father Attius. He also tells him that the true meaning <P> who believed that Decius' death would ruin them. Pyrrhus endeavoured to reassure them and ordered them to seize alive anyone who wore the garments the Decii family used when devoting themselves. He sent a man to tell Publius Decius that he would not succeed in his intent and after being taken alive he would die miserably. The Roman consuls replied that there was no need to resort to a devotio because the Romans would defeat him without it.
In Cassius Dio's version of the battle, the river between the two camps was not easy to ford. The Romans asked whether Pyrrhus <P> and in its modern guise is a major coast road leading north from Naples.
Statius wrote an entire poem on the theme of Via Domitiana. He recalled the progress made by the new road and praised the Emperor. The poem is also an interesting testimony on the construction of roads under the Roman Empire. <P> and fertile area. Mithridates could do nothing to stop the despoiling of his lands for he had to rebuild his army. He eventually assembled 40,000 men (4,000 cavalry) near Cabira and waited for Lucullus. Eventually, Lucullus made his way towards Cabira where, in an initial skirmish against Mithridates's forces, he suffered a setback and had to withdraw. This was followed by several further skirmishes and even an assassination attempt on Lucullus. The Battle Lucullus's supply lines now came north from Cappadocia, a Roman ally to the south of Pontus. A heavily armed supply convoy, escorted by no less then ten <P> they would not get their land. A banishment decree was proposed. On ratification day the urban people carried knives and escorted Metellus to protect him. Metellus decided to leave the city rather than risk a conflict because of him. Apuleius had the decree ratified.
Later in the same year, Saturninus got into political trouble and was lynched by an angry crowd. The senate and the people called for the recall of Metellus. Publius Furius, another plebeian tribune, opposed this. However, he, too, was lynched and Metellus was allowed to return. <P> with the proposal of elevating Bassianus to the rank of caesar and with power over Italy. Licinius refused to acknowledge the appointment; furthermore, he told Senecio to contact his brother and have him kill Constantine, take arms and conquer Italy for Licinius. The conspiracy was discovered and Bassianus arrested and put to death. Constantine asked Licinius to hand him Senecio, but Licinius refused and overthrew his colleague's statues at Emona, on the border between the two spheres of influence; these events led to the outbreak of hostilities between Constantine and Licinius, an episode of civil war known as the bellum <P> the Romans lost 15,000 soldiers and had thousands taken prisoner; Hieronymus states 7,000. Dionysius totalled Pyrrhus' losses at around 11,000 soldiers, 3,000 according to Hieronymus. Either way, this could be considered the earliest of his Pyrrhic victories against Rome. Aftermath After the battle reinforcements from south Italy joined Pyrrhus. The Greeks of Rhegium who wanted to join him were massacred by Roman soldiers under the command of Decius Vibelius, who was proclaimed ruler of the town. Pyrrhus then began to march towards Rome. He captured many small towns in Campania, and his forces plundered Latium. His march was stopped in <P> cohorts of infantry, under the command of the legate Sornatius was attacked by the Pontic cavalry. The Romans held off the attack inflicting terrible losses on the Pontic horsemen. When a second supply convoy, also heavily armed, under the command of Marcus Fabius Hadrianus made for Lucullus's camp Mithridates decided to use a combined arms (infantry and cavalry) force. Some 4,000 cavalry and infantry fell upon the convoy, unfortunately, the Romans realized the narrow valley at the scene limited the effectiveness of their opponents' cavalry, they counter-attacked and wiped out half the attacking force.
This is when Mithridates decided to cut <P> Josephus, it was Antonia, the mother of Livilla, who finally alerted Tiberius to the growing threat Sejanus posed (possibly with information provided by Satrius Secundus), in a letter she dispatched to Capri in the care of her freedman Pallas. According to Juvenal, a letter was sent from Capri with the orders to execute Sejanus without a trial.
Further details concerning Sejanus' fall are provided by Cassius Dio, writing nearly 200 years later in his Roman History. It appears that, when Tiberius heard to what extent Sejanus had already usurped his authority in Rome, he immediately took steps to remove him from <P> as Thessalos's tale: the defeat of Kirrha.
The last major historian to advance a new story of the siege was Pausanias, who was active in the 2nd century. In his version of events, Solon of Athens diverted the course of the River Pleistos to avoid through Kirrha but the enemy was able to get enough water from their wells and rainwater collection. Solon then added a great quantity of hellebore to the water of the Pleistos and let it flow into Kirrha. Outcome of the War The First Sacred War ended with the victory of the allies of the Amphictyony. Kirrha <P> suspension bridges on the British railway system.
In spite of their apparent rivalry, Brunel and Stephenson were great personal friends, to the extent that they supported each other professionally. When Stephenson was under pressure during the enquiry following the collapse of his cast-iron girder bridge over the River Dee killing several people, Brunel did not desert him. In spite of his extreme distrust of the use of cast-iron girders for such purposes, Brunel refused to condemn them when cross-examined as an expert witness. He was also present to provide Stephenson moral support, when the great Britannia box-girders were floated across the <P> stairs, where the crowd tore it to pieces. Riots ensued, in which crowds hunted and killed anyone they could link to Sejanus. The Praetorians also resorted to looting, when they were accused of having conspired with the former prefect. Following the issue of damnatio memoriae by the Senate, his statues were torn down and his name obliterated from all public records. On October 24, Sejanus' eldest son Strabo was arrested and executed. Upon learning of his death, Apicata committed suicide (October 26), after addressing a letter to Tiberius, claiming that Drusus had been poisoned with the complicity of Livilla. The <P> has him making the latter march to Dyrrachium. Sulla could not have made both trips simultaneously, but his army included Greeks from Central Greece, including Macedonians. They might have chosen to use Dyrrachium.
In any case, 1600 ships ferried 46000 men from Patrae to Brindisi, or 1200 ships from Dyrrachium, if you believe Plutarch, or possibly 2800 ships from both places with a round number of 79,000 men, taking control of the heel of Italy. They were welcome at Brindisi. Bilingual text from Delos honoring fleet commander Varro The bilingual text from Delos appears to be the latest known which includes <P> if ships were dragged through parts of it.
A British and Greek collaborative geophysical investigation launched in the 1990s found through the use of seismic survey and sediment analysis that the canal had crossed the whole isthmus. Herodotus' account was vindicated as they also confirmed that the canal was constructed rapidly and that it was only used for a short period of time.
Recent studies suggest the workers were both regular Achaemenid soldiers and recruited local Balkan people (Thracians and Greeks) with the legal status of kurtaš who were paid for and fed from the Persian treasury. <P> accusations were further corroborated by confessions from Livilla's slaves, who, under torture, admitted to having administered the poison to Drusus.
Enraged upon learning the truth, Tiberius soon ordered more killings. Livilla committed suicide or was starved to death by her mother Antonia Minor. The remaining children of Sejanus, Capito Aelianus and Junilla, were executed in December of that year. According to ancient historians, because there was no precedent for the capital punishment of a virgin, Junilla was raped first, with the rope around her neck. Their bodies were thrown down the Gemonian stairs. At the beginning of the following year, damnatio <P> were forced by the local inhabitants to settle on the poorest agricultural land. On the other hand, Myres puts forward the view that the site was chosen by the London authorities "to provide early warning of strange vessels sailing up the river with hostile intent". The discovery of a "Roman style" military buckle in an Anglo-Saxon grave at Mucking has been used to argue for continuity between the Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlement. | answer: When you say "primary sources" do you mean texts from our corpus of Latin and Greek or do you mean people who were contemporary with it? Classicists rarely use the term at all because of the fact that although most historians writing of various periods in antiquity are so far removed from us that they might be considered primary sources they are not actually contemporaries. We tend to just say texts. Anyway, the most detailed accounts of Caesar's actual *crossing* are to be found in Plutarch and Suetonius, both of whom related the "alea iacta est" bit. Neither of them are contemporaries of Caesar's, however. Appian also describes the crossing in great detail, and Cassius Dio records it, though without all the nonsense that everyone else says--Cassius just says that Caesar crossed into Italy, without actually mentioning the river at all. Livy's 105th book supposedly detailed the beginning of the civil war, but it's been lost.Of contemporaries we have pretty much nothing that mentions the river specifically. Caesar describes the beginning of the civil war in *de Bello Civili*, but omits any specific mention of the river, just saying that he marched troops into several Italian towns, which we know were on the opposite side of the river, though it is not mentioned. Cicero also does not mention the river specifically--like Caesar he just says that the army marched into Italy and seized Ariminum. The only way to get to Ariminum is either to physically cross the river or tediously go upstream until you're past it, which requires you to march a significantly longer distance and deal with the Apennines. Presumably it was clear to Caesar and Cicero that by marching into Ariminum you had to cross the Rubicon river. However, the importance of the river doesn't seem to have been terribly great during Caesar's lifetime, and certainly a sort of mythology got built up around Caesar's river crossing--to Caesar and Cicero what's important is that Caesar crossed over into Italy, out of his province of Cisalpine Gaul, and that he seized an Italian town (Ariminum). That fact alone is significantly more important than the crossing of a rather arbitrary boundary--indeed, though the Rubicon was legally the boundary of Italy, the enfranchisement of the Cispadanes meant that effectively the boundary was the Po, not the Rubicon, though of course proconsular armies could cross over the Po at will |
112,548 | ej0x2w | why or why can't we use cloud seeding to fight forest fires? | You need clouds to start with. Cloud seeding just gives the moisture in clouds something to form drops around, so it just makes sense in the narrow band of conditions between rain clouds forming and it raining anyway.Seeding the Australian air to make rain works as well as throwing seeds at your blow drier to make crops. | [
"You need clouds to start with. Cloud seeding just gives the moisture in clouds something to form drops around, so it just makes sense in the narrow band of conditions between rain clouds forming and it raining anyway.\n\nSeeding the Australian air to make rain works as well as throwing seeds at your blow drier to ... | 4 | [
"You need clouds to start with. Cloud seeding just gives the moisture in clouds something to form drops around, so it just makes sense in the narrow band of conditions between rain clouds forming and it raining anyway.\n\nSeeding the Australian air to make rain works as well as throwing seeds at your blow drier to ... | 4 | <P> a slow one that takes several weeks to work. Additionally, the local Alexandrina council had beforehand called for short-billed corellas to be culled for damaging crops and chewing on streetlights, damaging built infrastructure such as buildings and sporting equipment, and displacing other native species of birds and bees, possums, and other organisms. <P> requires pruning to enhance flower production. <P> Yield losses due to D. bryoniae exceeding 30% can occur in early season crops facilitated by wet weather conditions. Curcurbits are important commodity crops in many parts of the world. In the United States, cucurbit production accounts for approximately 229,000 hectares with a value of $1.43 billion. <P> 1937 to prevent erosion, but little progress was made, despite strong advocacy by Doug Campbell.
At that time it was illegal to drop anything from an aircraft, which dissuaded several advocates who felt a law change was needed before experiments could begin. Alan Pritchard The idea of spreading seed also occurred to Alan Pritchard, a pilot for the New Zealand Public Works Department, as he was flying E. Madden of the Ministry of Works in a de Havilland Moth, sharing grapes and throwing the seeds out of the open cockpits. A few months later Pritchard was tasked with conducting an aerial <P> also provides nucleation foci for precipitation, which leads to higher efficiency than chemical precipitation. <P> Actual fertilisers (containing NPK) were, on the other hand, found to "cause damage to plants, promote pathogens and have no observable benefits". Hence, the use of chemical fertilisers is usually not advised.
Nepenthes rajah is a slow growing Nepenthes. Under optimal conditions, N. rajah can reach flowering size within 10 years of seed germination. Common misconceptions Nepenthes rajah has been a well known and highly sought after species for over a century and, as a result, there are many stories woven around this plant. One such example is the famous legend that N. rajah grows exclusively in the spray zones of waterfalls, <P> scarify the seed coat. The seed of the mesquite tree, which grows in deserts in the Americas, is hard and fails to sprout even when planted carefully. When it has passed through the gut of a pronghorn it germinates readily, and the little pile of moist dung provides an excellent start to life well away from the parent tree. The stems and leaves of some plants lower the surface velocity of sand-carrying winds and protect the ground from erosion. Even small fungi and microscopic plant organisms found on the soil surface (so-called cryptobiotic soil) can be a vital link <P> forest devoid of the variety of native vegetation normally growing in the area. It has in some areas overtaken even mature beech forest.
Control methods include:
Hand pulling small seedlings,
lopping the base of larger trees that are about one to three metres high,
using chainsaws to chop down big tree above three metres in height,
occasionally aerial spraying by helicopter is used in higher altitude areas that are hard to access by foot. <P> “in good condition” in 1968. Although a scattering of dead trees occurred throughout the region, in no case did mortality destroy a major operating unit or disrupt a long-term management plan. In contrast, mortality exceeded 65% in 2 unsprayed check areas, each 155 km².
If the program of spraying against budworm had not been carried out, forest production in central New Brunswick would have been reduced to 20% of its normal production, leading to a loss of some 2,400 man-years of employment annually. The cost of the program, $11,600,000 for 1952 to 1958 and $10,200,000 for 1960 to 1967, was but a <P> of Amazon deforestation." <P> in the tailings. However, sulphur uptake and visible symptom development did not differ between conifers growing on the 2 substrates.
Acidification of precipitation by anthropogenic, acid-forming emissions has been associated with damage to vegetation and reduced forest productivity, but 2-year-old white spruce that were subjected to simulated acid rain (at pH 4.6, 3.6, and 2.6) applied weekly for 7 weeks incurred no statistically significant (P 0.05) reduction in growth during the experiment compared with the background control (pH 5.6) (Abouguendia and Baschak 1987). However, symptoms of injury were observed in all treatments, the number of plants and the number of needles <P> unintentionally helping the seeds. Their combines loosen ryegrass seeds from their stalks and spread them over the fields. In the mid-1980s, a few farmers hitched covered trailers, called "chaff carts", behind their combines to catch the chaff and weed seeds. The collected material is then burned.
An alternative is to concentrate the seeds into a half-meter-wide strip called a windrow and burn the windrows after the harvest, destroying the seeds. Since 2003, windrow burning has been adopted by about 70% of farmers in Western Australia.
Yet another approach is the Harrington Seed Destructor, which is an adaptation of a coal pulverizing cage <P> the cell walls to rupture, killing the plant. Weed burners heat up soil quickly and destroy superficial parts of the plants. Weed seeds are often heat resistant and even react with an increase of growth on dry heat.
Since the 19th century soil steam sterilization has been used to clean weeds completely from soil. Several research results confirm the high effectiveness of humid heat against weeds and its seeds.
Soil solarization in some circumstances is very effective at eliminating weeds while maintaining grass. Planted grass tends to have a higher heat/humidity tolerance than unwanted weeds. Seed targeting In 1998, the Australian Herbicide <P> mill that uses steel bars whirling at up to 1500 rpm. It keeps all the organic material in the field and does not involve combustion, but kills 95% of seeds. Stale seed bed Another manual technique is the ‘stale seed bed’, which involves cultivating the soil, then leaving it fallow for a week or so. When the initial weeds sprout, the grower lightly hoes them away before planting the desired crop. However, even a freshly cleared bed is susceptible to airborne seed from elsewhere, as well as seed carried by passing animals on their fur, or from imported manure. Buried <P> between 16.8 and 27.5 °C are optimal for the plant growth. For the soil a pH of 4.5 to 8.2 is needed. The plant prefers a fertile, humus-rich, well-drained alluvial soil but also grows well in suboptimal soil conditions. Before sowing, the soil is prepared carefully by plowing and the seeds are broadcast or dribbled behind the plow in the wet season. The seeds must be pre-soaked 24 hours before seeding for ten seconds in hot water (around 93 °C) to overcome dormancy. If the small seeds are mixed with sand, it makes it easier to sow them. And if the soil <P> a wildfire) to stimulate their germination, or until they are no longer viable. Studies of alpine and subalpine heath indicate a minimum average fire-free period greater than 250 years, and it is unlikely that many seeds will persist this long. It appears that plants of O. revolutus maintain themselves predominantly through vegetative propagation during the long disturbance free periods, and the great majority of young plants are the result of underground stems. It is therefore possible that the high levels of parasitism witnessed in the seed pods of O. revolutus represent a negligible impact on recruitment. Indeed, O. revolutus is <P> from 30 to 90 days, most commercial nurseries in the northern United States sow the seeds directly into seed beds in the late fall to allow the seeds to stratify naturally over the winter. This method typically results in a higher percentage of germination than artificially reproduced stratification. Seed scarification After stratification, most seeds need some type of scarification. Scarification is the process that allows the hard shell of the seed to be penetrated by water. This is usually accomplished by soaking the seeds in water for a period of time. In some cases, the seed shell must be scraped <P> lost to the larvae of moths and weevils, which burrow into the cobs to eat the seeds and pupate in the follicles; and further seed losses are caused by granivorous birds such as cockatoos, which break off the cobs to eat both the seeds and the insect larvae.
A small proportion of follicles open and release their seed spontaneously, but most remain closed until stimulated to open by bushfire. Bushfire kills the maternal plant, which has neither thick bark nor lignotubers, but the subsequent shedding of seed allows the population to regenerate. Seed predation continues after its release: in one study, <P> to D. bryoniae. Cultural practices and preventive techniques can be taken to avoid or reduce harm done by D. bryoniae. Purchasing and planting reputable disease-free seeds is necessary for ensuring D. bryoniae will not be present at planting. A rotation (of at least 2 years) of cucurbit and non-cucurbit crops should be performed to greatly reduce the incidence of Gummy Stem Blight. Since Gummy Stem Blight can survive as chlamydospores in dead plant debris, it is recommended to remove or deep-plow dead cucurbit plant debris into the soil so it can fully decompose to lessen the likelihood of the pathogen <P> where seed-bearing plants exist. Young plants tend to grow when forest lands are cut. Growth and management They grow slowly at early stage. Later, they grow 1 m/year and the growth rate declines as they become old. Its lifespan is 10 to 20 years. According to the record, the species is not weedy. Reproduction can be enhanced by disturbing the soil close to seed-bearing plants before the seasonal rain begins. Benefits The role of species is very important in disrupted ground. It colonizes and helps prevent soil from corrosion. It might be practical for site stabilization plantings even | question: why or why can't we use cloud seeding to fight forest fires? context: <P> a slow one that takes several weeks to work. Additionally, the local Alexandrina council had beforehand called for short-billed corellas to be culled for damaging crops and chewing on streetlights, damaging built infrastructure such as buildings and sporting equipment, and displacing other native species of birds and bees, possums, and other organisms. <P> requires pruning to enhance flower production. <P> Yield losses due to D. bryoniae exceeding 30% can occur in early season crops facilitated by wet weather conditions. Curcurbits are important commodity crops in many parts of the world. In the United States, cucurbit production accounts for approximately 229,000 hectares with a value of $1.43 billion. <P> 1937 to prevent erosion, but little progress was made, despite strong advocacy by Doug Campbell.
At that time it was illegal to drop anything from an aircraft, which dissuaded several advocates who felt a law change was needed before experiments could begin. Alan Pritchard The idea of spreading seed also occurred to Alan Pritchard, a pilot for the New Zealand Public Works Department, as he was flying E. Madden of the Ministry of Works in a de Havilland Moth, sharing grapes and throwing the seeds out of the open cockpits. A few months later Pritchard was tasked with conducting an aerial <P> also provides nucleation foci for precipitation, which leads to higher efficiency than chemical precipitation. <P> Actual fertilisers (containing NPK) were, on the other hand, found to "cause damage to plants, promote pathogens and have no observable benefits". Hence, the use of chemical fertilisers is usually not advised.
Nepenthes rajah is a slow growing Nepenthes. Under optimal conditions, N. rajah can reach flowering size within 10 years of seed germination. Common misconceptions Nepenthes rajah has been a well known and highly sought after species for over a century and, as a result, there are many stories woven around this plant. One such example is the famous legend that N. rajah grows exclusively in the spray zones of waterfalls, <P> scarify the seed coat. The seed of the mesquite tree, which grows in deserts in the Americas, is hard and fails to sprout even when planted carefully. When it has passed through the gut of a pronghorn it germinates readily, and the little pile of moist dung provides an excellent start to life well away from the parent tree. The stems and leaves of some plants lower the surface velocity of sand-carrying winds and protect the ground from erosion. Even small fungi and microscopic plant organisms found on the soil surface (so-called cryptobiotic soil) can be a vital link <P> forest devoid of the variety of native vegetation normally growing in the area. It has in some areas overtaken even mature beech forest.
Control methods include:
Hand pulling small seedlings,
lopping the base of larger trees that are about one to three metres high,
using chainsaws to chop down big tree above three metres in height,
occasionally aerial spraying by helicopter is used in higher altitude areas that are hard to access by foot. <P> “in good condition” in 1968. Although a scattering of dead trees occurred throughout the region, in no case did mortality destroy a major operating unit or disrupt a long-term management plan. In contrast, mortality exceeded 65% in 2 unsprayed check areas, each 155 km².
If the program of spraying against budworm had not been carried out, forest production in central New Brunswick would have been reduced to 20% of its normal production, leading to a loss of some 2,400 man-years of employment annually. The cost of the program, $11,600,000 for 1952 to 1958 and $10,200,000 for 1960 to 1967, was but a <P> of Amazon deforestation." <P> in the tailings. However, sulphur uptake and visible symptom development did not differ between conifers growing on the 2 substrates.
Acidification of precipitation by anthropogenic, acid-forming emissions has been associated with damage to vegetation and reduced forest productivity, but 2-year-old white spruce that were subjected to simulated acid rain (at pH 4.6, 3.6, and 2.6) applied weekly for 7 weeks incurred no statistically significant (P 0.05) reduction in growth during the experiment compared with the background control (pH 5.6) (Abouguendia and Baschak 1987). However, symptoms of injury were observed in all treatments, the number of plants and the number of needles <P> unintentionally helping the seeds. Their combines loosen ryegrass seeds from their stalks and spread them over the fields. In the mid-1980s, a few farmers hitched covered trailers, called "chaff carts", behind their combines to catch the chaff and weed seeds. The collected material is then burned.
An alternative is to concentrate the seeds into a half-meter-wide strip called a windrow and burn the windrows after the harvest, destroying the seeds. Since 2003, windrow burning has been adopted by about 70% of farmers in Western Australia.
Yet another approach is the Harrington Seed Destructor, which is an adaptation of a coal pulverizing cage <P> the cell walls to rupture, killing the plant. Weed burners heat up soil quickly and destroy superficial parts of the plants. Weed seeds are often heat resistant and even react with an increase of growth on dry heat.
Since the 19th century soil steam sterilization has been used to clean weeds completely from soil. Several research results confirm the high effectiveness of humid heat against weeds and its seeds.
Soil solarization in some circumstances is very effective at eliminating weeds while maintaining grass. Planted grass tends to have a higher heat/humidity tolerance than unwanted weeds. Seed targeting In 1998, the Australian Herbicide <P> mill that uses steel bars whirling at up to 1500 rpm. It keeps all the organic material in the field and does not involve combustion, but kills 95% of seeds. Stale seed bed Another manual technique is the ‘stale seed bed’, which involves cultivating the soil, then leaving it fallow for a week or so. When the initial weeds sprout, the grower lightly hoes them away before planting the desired crop. However, even a freshly cleared bed is susceptible to airborne seed from elsewhere, as well as seed carried by passing animals on their fur, or from imported manure. Buried <P> between 16.8 and 27.5 °C are optimal for the plant growth. For the soil a pH of 4.5 to 8.2 is needed. The plant prefers a fertile, humus-rich, well-drained alluvial soil but also grows well in suboptimal soil conditions. Before sowing, the soil is prepared carefully by plowing and the seeds are broadcast or dribbled behind the plow in the wet season. The seeds must be pre-soaked 24 hours before seeding for ten seconds in hot water (around 93 °C) to overcome dormancy. If the small seeds are mixed with sand, it makes it easier to sow them. And if the soil <P> a wildfire) to stimulate their germination, or until they are no longer viable. Studies of alpine and subalpine heath indicate a minimum average fire-free period greater than 250 years, and it is unlikely that many seeds will persist this long. It appears that plants of O. revolutus maintain themselves predominantly through vegetative propagation during the long disturbance free periods, and the great majority of young plants are the result of underground stems. It is therefore possible that the high levels of parasitism witnessed in the seed pods of O. revolutus represent a negligible impact on recruitment. Indeed, O. revolutus is <P> from 30 to 90 days, most commercial nurseries in the northern United States sow the seeds directly into seed beds in the late fall to allow the seeds to stratify naturally over the winter. This method typically results in a higher percentage of germination than artificially reproduced stratification. Seed scarification After stratification, most seeds need some type of scarification. Scarification is the process that allows the hard shell of the seed to be penetrated by water. This is usually accomplished by soaking the seeds in water for a period of time. In some cases, the seed shell must be scraped <P> lost to the larvae of moths and weevils, which burrow into the cobs to eat the seeds and pupate in the follicles; and further seed losses are caused by granivorous birds such as cockatoos, which break off the cobs to eat both the seeds and the insect larvae.
A small proportion of follicles open and release their seed spontaneously, but most remain closed until stimulated to open by bushfire. Bushfire kills the maternal plant, which has neither thick bark nor lignotubers, but the subsequent shedding of seed allows the population to regenerate. Seed predation continues after its release: in one study, <P> to D. bryoniae. Cultural practices and preventive techniques can be taken to avoid or reduce harm done by D. bryoniae. Purchasing and planting reputable disease-free seeds is necessary for ensuring D. bryoniae will not be present at planting. A rotation (of at least 2 years) of cucurbit and non-cucurbit crops should be performed to greatly reduce the incidence of Gummy Stem Blight. Since Gummy Stem Blight can survive as chlamydospores in dead plant debris, it is recommended to remove or deep-plow dead cucurbit plant debris into the soil so it can fully decompose to lessen the likelihood of the pathogen <P> where seed-bearing plants exist. Young plants tend to grow when forest lands are cut. Growth and management They grow slowly at early stage. Later, they grow 1 m/year and the growth rate declines as they become old. Its lifespan is 10 to 20 years. According to the record, the species is not weedy. Reproduction can be enhanced by disturbing the soil close to seed-bearing plants before the seasonal rain begins. Benefits The role of species is very important in disrupted ground. It colonizes and helps prevent soil from corrosion. It might be practical for site stabilization plantings even | answer: You need clouds to start with. Cloud seeding just gives the moisture in clouds something to form drops around, so it just makes sense in the narrow band of conditions between rain clouds forming and it raining anyway.Seeding the Australian air to make rain works as well as throwing seeds at your blow drier to make crops. |
54,893 | 15wycg | Why did so many 18th Century Americans join the Society of Freemasons? | Life insurance. The brotherhood took care of the fam after you die.Lots of insurance companies started as fraternal societies (like farmers insurance)well - see ya later | [
"Life insurance. The brotherhood took care of the fam after you die.\n\nLots of insurance companies started as fraternal societies (like farmers insurance)\n\nwell - see ya later",
"Much like you would think of a fraternal society today, it was a good way to meet friends, talk, and establish valuable connections.... | 3 | [
"Life insurance. The brotherhood took care of the fam after you die.\n\nLots of insurance companies started as fraternal societies (like farmers insurance)\n\nwell - see ya later",
"Much like you would think of a fraternal society today, it was a good way to meet friends, talk, and establish valuable connections.... | 3 | <P> of the day and articles appealing to the membership's professional interests. Little attention was paid to labor-management relations, with the B of LF mildly offering the suggestion that "the oldest firemen in service" should be promoted to positions as engineers "when they are competent and worthy, and opportunity offers".
The early B of LF took the form of a secret society, complete with an elaborate initiation ritual, membership oaths, secret signs of recognition, and formulaic protocol for the conduct of lodge meetings. Much of the original inspiration in this regard derived from the quasi-mystic religious tradition of Freemasonry. Meetings formally opened <P> members survived the war. Masonic activity has also been reported in 14 prisoner of war camps. These meetings, composed of "regular" masons, did not feel empowered to initiate or confer degrees without a Grand Lodge warrant, and often took the form of lodges of instruction; time was frequently spent trying to remember ritual. Freemasonry in postwar Germany After the fall of the Nazi regime, the first meetings of Freemasons were probably the Square and Compass clubs of British, American and Canadian servicemen. By the end of the 1940s, some of these were obtaining warrants and operating as lodges, as German <P> 400 years after the death of de Molay and the dissolution of the Knights Templar, the fraternal order of Freemasonry began to emerge in northern Europe. The Masons developed an elaborate mythos about their Order, and some claimed heritage from entities in history, ranging from the mystique of the Templars to the builders of Solomon's Temple. The stories of the Templars' secret initiation ceremonies also proved a tempting source for Masonic writers who were creating new works of pseudohistory. As described by modern historian Malcolm Barber in The New Knighthood: "It was during the 1760s that German masons introduced a <P> joined the Knights of Labor which formed in 1869. <P> into Johnson's system of higher degrees. Hoping that Johnson was his desired link to his own missing superiors, Hund agreed to meet, and Johnson brought his entire entourage, with representatives of his subordinate lodges. However, Johnson's bizarre behaviour, and his failure to produce promised material, convinced both Hund and his own people that he was a fraud. He was later found to be a German confidence trickster called Johann Samuel Lechte. When their discredited mentor left, his lodges turned to Hund as the unexpected hero of the hour, who now found himself at the head of a movement.
The Rite appealed <P> Eugene V. Debs recalled the evening as a watershed in his life:
A new purpose entered my life, a fresh force impelled me as I repeated the obligation to serve the 'brotherhood,' and I left that meeting with a totally different and far loftier ambition than I had ever known before.
Formulaic rituals and organizational secrecy also helped to insure that lodge meetings were orderly, intimate and confidential and contributed to group cohesion among B of LF members. The value of the B of LF's mission was emphasized, allowing serious-minded members a sense of personal fulfillment through participation in an important <P> and Grover. They attended the Temple Emanu-El in San Francisco.
He was a freemason, having joined in London and gone up the ranks in California. Death He died on January 27, 1907 in San Francisco, California. <P> Freemasonry in Germany Origins Even before there were lodges in Germany, Germans were becoming Freemasons in English lodges. One of the earliest was Albert Wolfgang, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe. In 1729 Count Thuanus was appointed Envoy Extraordinary of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Provincial Grand Master of Lower Saxony by the Premier Grand Lodge of England with the aim of establishing lodges in Germany. No activity for this Provincial Grand Master is known. In 1733 'eleven German Gentlemen' in London were admitted to Freemasonry and received permission to found a lodge in Hamburg. There is no evidence that anything came of this, either.
It was <P> members was membership of the same branch of the armed forces, or the same school or university. Thus the growth of clubs provides an indicator as to what was considered a respectable part of the "Establishment" at the time.
By the late 19th century, any man with a credible claim to the status of "gentleman" was eventually able to find a club willing to admit him, unless his character was objectionable in some way or he was "unclubbable" (a word first used by Samuel Johnson). This came to include professionals who had to earn their income, such as doctors and lawyers.
Most <P> days they dismissed the legend of descent from the Knights Templar and the Secret Chiefs. Strict Observance ceased to exist. Foundation of German Grand Lodges After the era of the Strict Observance, set against much stranger forms of Freemasonry, the craft in Germany came to be governed by several strong and durable Grand Lodges. The Grand National Mother Lodge, "The Three Globes" and the Grand Mother Lodge "Zur Sonne" had already been established in 1744. They were followed by the Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany in 1770, the Great Mother Lodge of the Eclectic Masonic Federation 1783, the <P> who also became the Grand Master of the Swedish Order of Freemasons. By 1800 the Swedish rite had fully evolved and has since this primarily had minor changes. In Denmark, the first St. Andrews Lodge started working in 1855 and the first Chapter shortly after in 1858; this effectively marked the beginning of Swedish Rite in Denmark. <P> prominent Freemason. <P> convent in Wilhelmsbad, under Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, that the Freemasons were not descended from the Templars, and reconstituted the order as the Rectified Scottish Rite Hund's Legacy From today's perspective Hund was not a charlatan, like many of his contemporaries. It is clear that Hund had been enthusiastic and relatively easy to influence. Even as a young man he loved the poets of antiquity and all the ideals of the chivalric spirit. He worshiped chivalric ideals, which in other high-level systems of Freemasonry of the 18th Century were strongly expressed. Hund preached with enthusiasm, all his mature life, the mistaken view <P> and child in Universal Freemasonry:
*It was the Sister Diana Vaughan that Albert Pike,--in order to give her the greatest mark of confidence,--charged to carry his luciferian encyclical, to Paris, during the Universal Exposition. <P> Europe is the predominant liberal group in the European Parliament. Freemasons In long-term historical perspective, Norman Davies has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism in Europe and its colonies, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe, as well as the British and Spanish overseas colonies. It was especially attractive to royalty, powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists. Its great enemy was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a <P> two more lodges emerged from it within two years.
By 1754 a total of 19 lodges were founded in Germany. Gradually, provincial, grand and mother lodges emerged, such as the Provincial Grand Lodge of Hamburg in 1740, the Mother Lodge l'Union of Frankfurt in 1741, the Grand Lodge of Upper Saxony in 1741 and the Grand Royal Mother Lodge The Three Globes in 1744. Emergence of the higher degrees in Germany The Rite of Strict Observance arose in Germany in the middle of the 18th century, introducing the concept of Higher degrees in Freemasonry. The founder, Karl Gotthelf von Hund, claimed <P> the Rite of Strict Observance, while referring to the English system of Freemasonry as the Late Observance.
In 1764 Hund's estate had been badly affected by the Seven Years' War, and his confidence was damaged by his inability to contact his Jacobite superiors for certification of his position and ritual. He was contacted by George Frederick Johnson, who had been accepted by the lodge at Jena as their masonic mentor, and now claimed superiority over all other lodges in Germany and Bohemia. Those who accepted his rule had their own charters and papers burned, and their leaders re-initiated (at some expense) <P> Freemasons were reforming their old lodges, and beginning to reconstitute German Grand Lodges. Freemasonry in the Soviet occupied areas of Germany, which later became known as the DDR - Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic) was impossible. Vereinigte Großlogen von Deutschland (VGLvD) Regular masonry (also known as Anglo-American Freemasonry) was not only practiced by occupying forces. Some elements of original German Freemasonry had managed to survive in exile in Jerusalem and Chile. In West Germany, the 174 Lodges of all the previous German Grand Lodges unified on 19 June 1949 to form the United Grand Lodge of Germany - which <P> code of the time was formal, emphasising long skirts and corsets, but most women adapted this for the conditions of the trails. Regardless of experience, women in a party were typically expected to cook for the group. Few mothers brought their children with them to the Klondike, due to the risks of the travel and the remote location.
Once in the Klondike, very few women—less than one percent—actually worked as miners. Many were married to miners; however, their lives as partners on the gold fields were still hard and often lonely. They had extensive domestic duties, including thawing ice and <P> brought to France, claimed that Freemasonry had a secret group known as the Palladium, that God and Lucifer were one and the same, and that Freemasonry was a religion, to which the membership of Freemasonry, under the 30th degree in the Scottish Rite, were kept ignorant of.
After Taxil admitted to the hoax, in April, 1897, Clarin de la Rive recanted what he wrote.
Quoting A. C. de la Rive in Freemasonry Unmasked:
With frightening cynicism, the miserable person we shall not name here, [Taxil], declared before an assembly, especially convened for him, that for twelve years, he had prepared and carried out | question: Why did so many 18th Century Americans join the Society of Freemasons? context: <P> of the day and articles appealing to the membership's professional interests. Little attention was paid to labor-management relations, with the B of LF mildly offering the suggestion that "the oldest firemen in service" should be promoted to positions as engineers "when they are competent and worthy, and opportunity offers".
The early B of LF took the form of a secret society, complete with an elaborate initiation ritual, membership oaths, secret signs of recognition, and formulaic protocol for the conduct of lodge meetings. Much of the original inspiration in this regard derived from the quasi-mystic religious tradition of Freemasonry. Meetings formally opened <P> members survived the war. Masonic activity has also been reported in 14 prisoner of war camps. These meetings, composed of "regular" masons, did not feel empowered to initiate or confer degrees without a Grand Lodge warrant, and often took the form of lodges of instruction; time was frequently spent trying to remember ritual. Freemasonry in postwar Germany After the fall of the Nazi regime, the first meetings of Freemasons were probably the Square and Compass clubs of British, American and Canadian servicemen. By the end of the 1940s, some of these were obtaining warrants and operating as lodges, as German <P> 400 years after the death of de Molay and the dissolution of the Knights Templar, the fraternal order of Freemasonry began to emerge in northern Europe. The Masons developed an elaborate mythos about their Order, and some claimed heritage from entities in history, ranging from the mystique of the Templars to the builders of Solomon's Temple. The stories of the Templars' secret initiation ceremonies also proved a tempting source for Masonic writers who were creating new works of pseudohistory. As described by modern historian Malcolm Barber in The New Knighthood: "It was during the 1760s that German masons introduced a <P> joined the Knights of Labor which formed in 1869. <P> into Johnson's system of higher degrees. Hoping that Johnson was his desired link to his own missing superiors, Hund agreed to meet, and Johnson brought his entire entourage, with representatives of his subordinate lodges. However, Johnson's bizarre behaviour, and his failure to produce promised material, convinced both Hund and his own people that he was a fraud. He was later found to be a German confidence trickster called Johann Samuel Lechte. When their discredited mentor left, his lodges turned to Hund as the unexpected hero of the hour, who now found himself at the head of a movement.
The Rite appealed <P> Eugene V. Debs recalled the evening as a watershed in his life:
A new purpose entered my life, a fresh force impelled me as I repeated the obligation to serve the 'brotherhood,' and I left that meeting with a totally different and far loftier ambition than I had ever known before.
Formulaic rituals and organizational secrecy also helped to insure that lodge meetings were orderly, intimate and confidential and contributed to group cohesion among B of LF members. The value of the B of LF's mission was emphasized, allowing serious-minded members a sense of personal fulfillment through participation in an important <P> and Grover. They attended the Temple Emanu-El in San Francisco.
He was a freemason, having joined in London and gone up the ranks in California. Death He died on January 27, 1907 in San Francisco, California. <P> Freemasonry in Germany Origins Even before there were lodges in Germany, Germans were becoming Freemasons in English lodges. One of the earliest was Albert Wolfgang, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe. In 1729 Count Thuanus was appointed Envoy Extraordinary of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Provincial Grand Master of Lower Saxony by the Premier Grand Lodge of England with the aim of establishing lodges in Germany. No activity for this Provincial Grand Master is known. In 1733 'eleven German Gentlemen' in London were admitted to Freemasonry and received permission to found a lodge in Hamburg. There is no evidence that anything came of this, either.
It was <P> members was membership of the same branch of the armed forces, or the same school or university. Thus the growth of clubs provides an indicator as to what was considered a respectable part of the "Establishment" at the time.
By the late 19th century, any man with a credible claim to the status of "gentleman" was eventually able to find a club willing to admit him, unless his character was objectionable in some way or he was "unclubbable" (a word first used by Samuel Johnson). This came to include professionals who had to earn their income, such as doctors and lawyers.
Most <P> days they dismissed the legend of descent from the Knights Templar and the Secret Chiefs. Strict Observance ceased to exist. Foundation of German Grand Lodges After the era of the Strict Observance, set against much stranger forms of Freemasonry, the craft in Germany came to be governed by several strong and durable Grand Lodges. The Grand National Mother Lodge, "The Three Globes" and the Grand Mother Lodge "Zur Sonne" had already been established in 1744. They were followed by the Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany in 1770, the Great Mother Lodge of the Eclectic Masonic Federation 1783, the <P> who also became the Grand Master of the Swedish Order of Freemasons. By 1800 the Swedish rite had fully evolved and has since this primarily had minor changes. In Denmark, the first St. Andrews Lodge started working in 1855 and the first Chapter shortly after in 1858; this effectively marked the beginning of Swedish Rite in Denmark. <P> prominent Freemason. <P> convent in Wilhelmsbad, under Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, that the Freemasons were not descended from the Templars, and reconstituted the order as the Rectified Scottish Rite Hund's Legacy From today's perspective Hund was not a charlatan, like many of his contemporaries. It is clear that Hund had been enthusiastic and relatively easy to influence. Even as a young man he loved the poets of antiquity and all the ideals of the chivalric spirit. He worshiped chivalric ideals, which in other high-level systems of Freemasonry of the 18th Century were strongly expressed. Hund preached with enthusiasm, all his mature life, the mistaken view <P> and child in Universal Freemasonry:
*It was the Sister Diana Vaughan that Albert Pike,--in order to give her the greatest mark of confidence,--charged to carry his luciferian encyclical, to Paris, during the Universal Exposition. <P> Europe is the predominant liberal group in the European Parliament. Freemasons In long-term historical perspective, Norman Davies has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism in Europe and its colonies, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe, as well as the British and Spanish overseas colonies. It was especially attractive to royalty, powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists. Its great enemy was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a <P> two more lodges emerged from it within two years.
By 1754 a total of 19 lodges were founded in Germany. Gradually, provincial, grand and mother lodges emerged, such as the Provincial Grand Lodge of Hamburg in 1740, the Mother Lodge l'Union of Frankfurt in 1741, the Grand Lodge of Upper Saxony in 1741 and the Grand Royal Mother Lodge The Three Globes in 1744. Emergence of the higher degrees in Germany The Rite of Strict Observance arose in Germany in the middle of the 18th century, introducing the concept of Higher degrees in Freemasonry. The founder, Karl Gotthelf von Hund, claimed <P> the Rite of Strict Observance, while referring to the English system of Freemasonry as the Late Observance.
In 1764 Hund's estate had been badly affected by the Seven Years' War, and his confidence was damaged by his inability to contact his Jacobite superiors for certification of his position and ritual. He was contacted by George Frederick Johnson, who had been accepted by the lodge at Jena as their masonic mentor, and now claimed superiority over all other lodges in Germany and Bohemia. Those who accepted his rule had their own charters and papers burned, and their leaders re-initiated (at some expense) <P> Freemasons were reforming their old lodges, and beginning to reconstitute German Grand Lodges. Freemasonry in the Soviet occupied areas of Germany, which later became known as the DDR - Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic) was impossible. Vereinigte Großlogen von Deutschland (VGLvD) Regular masonry (also known as Anglo-American Freemasonry) was not only practiced by occupying forces. Some elements of original German Freemasonry had managed to survive in exile in Jerusalem and Chile. In West Germany, the 174 Lodges of all the previous German Grand Lodges unified on 19 June 1949 to form the United Grand Lodge of Germany - which <P> code of the time was formal, emphasising long skirts and corsets, but most women adapted this for the conditions of the trails. Regardless of experience, women in a party were typically expected to cook for the group. Few mothers brought their children with them to the Klondike, due to the risks of the travel and the remote location.
Once in the Klondike, very few women—less than one percent—actually worked as miners. Many were married to miners; however, their lives as partners on the gold fields were still hard and often lonely. They had extensive domestic duties, including thawing ice and <P> brought to France, claimed that Freemasonry had a secret group known as the Palladium, that God and Lucifer were one and the same, and that Freemasonry was a religion, to which the membership of Freemasonry, under the 30th degree in the Scottish Rite, were kept ignorant of.
After Taxil admitted to the hoax, in April, 1897, Clarin de la Rive recanted what he wrote.
Quoting A. C. de la Rive in Freemasonry Unmasked:
With frightening cynicism, the miserable person we shall not name here, [Taxil], declared before an assembly, especially convened for him, that for twelve years, he had prepared and carried out | answer: Life insurance. The brotherhood took care of the fam after you die.Lots of insurance companies started as fraternal societies (like farmers insurance)well - see ya later |
221,913 | 14me6u | What knockon effects did Edward VIII's abdication have on the British public's perception of royal duty? | I think if you're looking for a concrete "Edward VIII's abdication resulted in A, B, and C being changed in the monarchical system", you may be out of luck as this sort of symbolic system is very difficult to pin down.In addition to that, George VI who succeeded Edward was extremely popular (obviously not among EVERYONE, but by the general public). Because of this, people could kind of ignore Edward VIII as just a "bad phase" which the monarchy grew out of. For these reasons, it is very difficult to succinctly nail down any sort of immediate impact it had.However, if we look at Edward's abdication as part of a larger trend in the history of "royal duty", it begins to make a clearer picture. In many ways, Edward VIII's abdication was a byproduct of the increasingly public role of the monarch.The 20th century really brought an end to the Monarchy as a strictly aristocratic institution. Before the advent of radio, public newspapers, television, etc., British monarchs were really only visible to a small group of wealthy individuals. They would present themselves at royal balls, banquets, showings of the theatre, etc. These were, for the most part, strictly aristocratic events and most common people would never have seen the monarchs or their families in any real capacity. When radio and newspapers were brought into the mix, this started to change. Common people could now here all the "gossip" about the monarchy. As the private lives of the monarchy became more and more common knowledge, their role in society changed. They had to start "representing the spirit of the nation" (a task which the current monarch Queen Elizabeth II has taken on to heart). However, this role doesn't suit everyone. It is very emotionally demanding and the pressure of this extremely public presence really was too much for Edward VIII. Thus, it wasn't so much that Edward VIII CHANGED the nature of "royal duty", he just didn't FIT IN with the new role of the monarchy that had been blossoming since the turn of the century. He was too "wild" and "emotional" for such a role. George VI fit this role perfectly; he acted as a stoic defender of Britain. During the Blitz he stayed in London with his daughters to show that the monarch was not above other Britons. He was a king who understood and succeeded in the new role of the monarchy. | [
"I think if you're looking for a concrete \"Edward VIII's abdication resulted in A, B, and C being changed in the monarchical system\", you may be out of luck as this sort of symbolic system is very difficult to pin down.\n\nIn addition to that, George VI who succeeded Edward was extremely popular (obviously not am... | 1 | [
"I think if you're looking for a concrete \"Edward VIII's abdication resulted in A, B, and C being changed in the monarchical system\", you may be out of luck as this sort of symbolic system is very difficult to pin down.\n\nIn addition to that, George VI who succeeded Edward was extremely popular (obviously not am... | 1 | <P> costs to the taxpayer; and the Americans suggested that on their leg, the RAF pick them up from Washington DC. Ironically Prince Charles cut the itinerary down to avoid inappropriate and stressful visits and not cost. But the consequences added to the growing disharmony in the royal household, for which Adeane had primary responsibility.
Adeane resigned after disagreements and accusations that he was taking decisions without consulting the prince, and being too much of the 'old school tie' about him. However Adeane found that the prince invariably did the opposite of what he was advised. An almost <P> 1774.
On the accession to power of Chatham and Grafton in 1766, Yorke resigned office, and took little part in the debates in parliament during the next four years. In 1770 he was invited by the Duke of Grafton, when Camden was dismissed from the Chancellorship, to take his seat on the woolsack. He had, however, explicitly pledged himself to Rockingham and his party not to take office with Grafton. The King exerted all his personal influence to overcome Yorke's scruples, warning him finally that the Great Seal if now refused would never again be within his grasp. Yorke yielded to <P> Mansell and Heydon, and the Lord Chief Justice wrote to Sir Robert Cecil, urging him to forestall it since the county was "already too much wrought into faction". But he was too late, and the fight took place outside Norwich: Heydon was badly wounded, and lost a hand (which is now, in a mummified state, on display in Norwich Castle Museum). Both Heydons were followers of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, and took part in his rebellion in the following year. Mansell remained loyal to the Queen, and took an active part in arresting those implicated as accomplices. Political and <P> Duke of Albemarle and another to the Earl of Sunderland, secretary of state, through whose hands the mandate had passed. A second letter from the king dated 24 February was read in the senate on 11 March. The senate, confirmed by the approval of several eminent lawyers, persisted in its refusal to comply with the royal letters. Consequently the vice-chancellor and the senate (by its deputies) were cited to appear before the ecclesiastical commissioners at Whitehall. The lord chancellor (Jeffreys) pronounced the decision of the commissioners on 7 May 1687. Peachell was deprived of the office of vice-chancellor and was <P> year Gaveston was once more in trouble, when he and twenty-one other knights deserted a Scottish campaign to attend a tournament. An arrest order was sent out for the deserters, but, at the insistence of Queen Margaret, they were all pardoned in January 1307. First exile and return Gaveston's return to grace was only temporary. On 26 February 1307, Edward I announced that the prince's favourite had to leave the realm shortly after 30 April that year. This time it seems the punishment was not intended for Gaveston, though, but for the Prince of Wales. According to Walter of Guisborough, <P> his head he had sustained in the action on the Hermione, or because of a degree of insanity aggravated by the hero worship he received, Hamilton soon revealed a ruthless streak. He was brought to court-martial on 22 January 1802 on a charge of having strung his gunner and the gunner's mates in the rigging for a trivial offence, a punishment that was both excessive and illegal. The offence proved, Hamilton was dismissed from the navy. He was restored in June 1802 but never again received employment in an operational role. Admitted as fellow-commoner to Emmanuel College, Cambridge in March <P> was signed by Carlisle and Holland. The king's representative at the actual wedding was the duke of Chevreuse, yet Carlisle and Holland acted as witnesses.
Carlisle became gentleman of the bedchamber to King Charles I after his accession. In 1628, after the failure of the expedition to Rhe, he was sent to make a diversion against Cardinal Richelieu in Lorraine and Piedmont; he counselled peace with Spain and the vigorous prosecution of the war with France, but on his return home found his advice neglected. He took no further part in public life, and died in March 1636.
Carlisle was a man <P> Thomasine Pollard died and he again entered the King's service, taking over the strategically vital fort of Rysbank in the Calais Pale. The fort's previous commander and Carew's kinsman Nicholas Carew had paid with his life for his machinations against the King. George Carew was disgusted with the poor state of readiness and repair in which he found the fort and set about effecting repairs and became involved in the administration of Calais under its Deputy Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle. Government service Carew took pains during this period to distance himself from the Roman Catholic upbringing he had in <P> was High Sheriff of Cumberland for 1473 and invested Knight of the Garter in 1474. He was sent to the Kingdom of Scotland to arrange about the breaches of the truce probably in 1479. He was exempted from the act of apparel in 1482, was chief commissioner for exercising the office of constable of England in 1483, and took part in the funeral of Edward IV.
After the death of Edward IV, Parr was pressured by his mother-in-law, Lady FitzHugh, to accept and follow the rule of the Lord Protector, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, during the minority of the new boy <P> deeply affected, but, strictly observing court protocol, he did not attend her funeral, because she was too far below his rank, and, though mourning, carried on court business as usual. Maneuvering immediately began within the court to replace Madame de Pompadour; a leading candidate was Duchess of Gramont, the sister of Choiseul, but the King showed no interest in a new mistress, and in February 1765 he closed down the Parc-aux-Cerfs, where he had previously met his petites maitresses.
The resistance of the Parlements to the King's authority continued. The Parlements of the provinces began to quarrel with the <P> colors of his mistress Diane de Poitiers, was wounded in the eye by a fragment of the splintered lance of Gabriel Montgomery, captain of the King's Scottish Guard. Despite the efforts of royal surgeon Ambroise Paré, the king died of sepsis on 10 July 1559. He was buried in a cadaver tomb in Saint Denis Basilica. Henry's death played a significant role in the decline of jousting as a sport, particularly in France.
As Henry lay dying, Queen Catherine limited access to his bedside and denied his mistress Diane de Poitiers permission to see him, even though he repeatedly asked <P> 1763, but France's clandestine support for the American colonies increasingly negated one leg of this policy.
Rochford's most difficult domestic duty as southern secretary was to act on behalf of George III in the painful negotiations of May 1773 with his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, who had secretly married Horace Walpole's niece, Maria Waldegrave, in 1766. She was now pregnant, and Gloucester wanted an assurance of financial support for his family. In view of the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, George III regarded this news as a betrayal by his most trusted sibling, and was deeply hurt, refusing at first <P> About an hour after the Duke of Cumberland had formed his men, about 500 of his dragoons dismounted and advanced to the foot of the moor, in front of a ditch at the bottom of one of three small enclosures between the moor and the places where Roy Stuart's men were posted at the village. At this time, Colonel Stuart returned from Penrith, and, after informing Lord George that the prince had resolved to march immediately to Carlisle, and that he had sent forward his cannon, he stated that it was his royal highness's desire that the rearguard should immediately <P> with the fleet under Sir Samuel Hood, and saw action with the fleet at the capture of Sint Eustatius in February 1781, and at the Battle of Fort Royal on 29/30 April 1781. Prince William then left the West Indies at the end of the year, sailing to North America and arriving there in October. She was soon back in the West Indies with Hood, and command passed from Douglas to Captain George Wilkinson. She fought with Hood's fleet at the Battle of Saint Kitts on 25/26 January 1782, where she had three men wounded.
Prince William fought at the brief <P> Lord Lovelace died in May 1709, the lieutenant governor, Richard Ingoldesby, was absent. Under the terms of Lovelace's commission as governor, the executive council's most senior member was next in the line of succession, and Schuyler thus served as acting governor until Ingoldesby's return a few days later. Ingoldesby was again absent later in the month, with Schuyler taking over as governor for another period of less than a week.
In July 1719, when Robert Hunter had his commission as governor revoked, Schuyler was still the most senior member of the executive council, and consequently served a third term as acting <P> to convey Mary, Queen of Scots, from Sheffield to Ashby de la Zouch Castle in Leicestershire, a house of Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon. They were intended to confiscate Mary's papers and send them to London. However, these orders were cancelled and Mary remained in the keeping of the Earl of Shrewsbury at Chatsworth House.
Pelham still retained the office of lieutenant-general of the ordnance, but was deep in debts, and Elizabeth refused either to remit or stall them. She made the payment of his arrears a requirement to permitting him to serve under Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester <P> Court circles, and when Pombal fell from power on the king's death in 1777, he paid court to the new sovereign Maria I of Portugal and soon became her favourite industrialist. Stephens still remained loyal to his friend the Marquis of Pombal in his isolation from power. Maria increased Stephens' privileges and made two royal visits to Marinha Grande, but her mental health was unstable. In 1792, her son Prince John took over the reins of power, confirming the privileges conferred by his mother.
With the clouds of war gathering in 1803 Stephens died at the family house in Lisbon, <P> he visited the court, and witnessed Queen Elizabeth I's last illness, which he described in his memoirs. Anxious to recommend himself to her successor James I, and disobeying the orders of the council, he started on horseback immediately after the Queen's death on the morning of 24 March 1603, in order to be the first to communicate the tidings to James, arrived at Holyrood late on 26 March, and was appointed by the King a Gentleman of the Bedchamber. But his conduct met with general disapproval and merited censure as "contrary to all decency, good manners and respect," and on <P> Circumstances, however, prevented him from taking immediate action against the executioners. During the previous raid on Newcastle, the King and Gaveston had to flee quickly, leaving behind horses and jewels worth a great amount of money. At the same time, the barons' extralegal action had alienated many of their former associates; the Earl of Pembroke in particular became strongly tied to the King's cause after the affront to his honour. Through the arbitration of the Earl of Gloucester and others, a settlement was finally reached on 14 October 1313, whereby the barons were given a pardon and the horses and <P> Protector, invaded Scotland in the summer of 1547 and was absent from court, his brother, Thomas Seymour, fomented opposition to his authority, voicing open disapproval of his brother's administrative skills. Because his activities seemed suspicious, several members of the nobility advised him to be content with his position, but he would not listen. As Lord High Admiral, he was able to control the English navy, and he openly asked for support in case of a rebellion. He entered into relations with pirates on the western coasts, whom it was his duty as Lord High Admiral to suppress, with a view | question: What knockon effects did Edward VIII's abdication have on the British public's perception of royal duty? context: <P> costs to the taxpayer; and the Americans suggested that on their leg, the RAF pick them up from Washington DC. Ironically Prince Charles cut the itinerary down to avoid inappropriate and stressful visits and not cost. But the consequences added to the growing disharmony in the royal household, for which Adeane had primary responsibility.
Adeane resigned after disagreements and accusations that he was taking decisions without consulting the prince, and being too much of the 'old school tie' about him. However Adeane found that the prince invariably did the opposite of what he was advised. An almost <P> 1774.
On the accession to power of Chatham and Grafton in 1766, Yorke resigned office, and took little part in the debates in parliament during the next four years. In 1770 he was invited by the Duke of Grafton, when Camden was dismissed from the Chancellorship, to take his seat on the woolsack. He had, however, explicitly pledged himself to Rockingham and his party not to take office with Grafton. The King exerted all his personal influence to overcome Yorke's scruples, warning him finally that the Great Seal if now refused would never again be within his grasp. Yorke yielded to <P> Mansell and Heydon, and the Lord Chief Justice wrote to Sir Robert Cecil, urging him to forestall it since the county was "already too much wrought into faction". But he was too late, and the fight took place outside Norwich: Heydon was badly wounded, and lost a hand (which is now, in a mummified state, on display in Norwich Castle Museum). Both Heydons were followers of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, and took part in his rebellion in the following year. Mansell remained loyal to the Queen, and took an active part in arresting those implicated as accomplices. Political and <P> Duke of Albemarle and another to the Earl of Sunderland, secretary of state, through whose hands the mandate had passed. A second letter from the king dated 24 February was read in the senate on 11 March. The senate, confirmed by the approval of several eminent lawyers, persisted in its refusal to comply with the royal letters. Consequently the vice-chancellor and the senate (by its deputies) were cited to appear before the ecclesiastical commissioners at Whitehall. The lord chancellor (Jeffreys) pronounced the decision of the commissioners on 7 May 1687. Peachell was deprived of the office of vice-chancellor and was <P> year Gaveston was once more in trouble, when he and twenty-one other knights deserted a Scottish campaign to attend a tournament. An arrest order was sent out for the deserters, but, at the insistence of Queen Margaret, they were all pardoned in January 1307. First exile and return Gaveston's return to grace was only temporary. On 26 February 1307, Edward I announced that the prince's favourite had to leave the realm shortly after 30 April that year. This time it seems the punishment was not intended for Gaveston, though, but for the Prince of Wales. According to Walter of Guisborough, <P> his head he had sustained in the action on the Hermione, or because of a degree of insanity aggravated by the hero worship he received, Hamilton soon revealed a ruthless streak. He was brought to court-martial on 22 January 1802 on a charge of having strung his gunner and the gunner's mates in the rigging for a trivial offence, a punishment that was both excessive and illegal. The offence proved, Hamilton was dismissed from the navy. He was restored in June 1802 but never again received employment in an operational role. Admitted as fellow-commoner to Emmanuel College, Cambridge in March <P> was signed by Carlisle and Holland. The king's representative at the actual wedding was the duke of Chevreuse, yet Carlisle and Holland acted as witnesses.
Carlisle became gentleman of the bedchamber to King Charles I after his accession. In 1628, after the failure of the expedition to Rhe, he was sent to make a diversion against Cardinal Richelieu in Lorraine and Piedmont; he counselled peace with Spain and the vigorous prosecution of the war with France, but on his return home found his advice neglected. He took no further part in public life, and died in March 1636.
Carlisle was a man <P> Thomasine Pollard died and he again entered the King's service, taking over the strategically vital fort of Rysbank in the Calais Pale. The fort's previous commander and Carew's kinsman Nicholas Carew had paid with his life for his machinations against the King. George Carew was disgusted with the poor state of readiness and repair in which he found the fort and set about effecting repairs and became involved in the administration of Calais under its Deputy Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle. Government service Carew took pains during this period to distance himself from the Roman Catholic upbringing he had in <P> was High Sheriff of Cumberland for 1473 and invested Knight of the Garter in 1474. He was sent to the Kingdom of Scotland to arrange about the breaches of the truce probably in 1479. He was exempted from the act of apparel in 1482, was chief commissioner for exercising the office of constable of England in 1483, and took part in the funeral of Edward IV.
After the death of Edward IV, Parr was pressured by his mother-in-law, Lady FitzHugh, to accept and follow the rule of the Lord Protector, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, during the minority of the new boy <P> deeply affected, but, strictly observing court protocol, he did not attend her funeral, because she was too far below his rank, and, though mourning, carried on court business as usual. Maneuvering immediately began within the court to replace Madame de Pompadour; a leading candidate was Duchess of Gramont, the sister of Choiseul, but the King showed no interest in a new mistress, and in February 1765 he closed down the Parc-aux-Cerfs, where he had previously met his petites maitresses.
The resistance of the Parlements to the King's authority continued. The Parlements of the provinces began to quarrel with the <P> colors of his mistress Diane de Poitiers, was wounded in the eye by a fragment of the splintered lance of Gabriel Montgomery, captain of the King's Scottish Guard. Despite the efforts of royal surgeon Ambroise Paré, the king died of sepsis on 10 July 1559. He was buried in a cadaver tomb in Saint Denis Basilica. Henry's death played a significant role in the decline of jousting as a sport, particularly in France.
As Henry lay dying, Queen Catherine limited access to his bedside and denied his mistress Diane de Poitiers permission to see him, even though he repeatedly asked <P> 1763, but France's clandestine support for the American colonies increasingly negated one leg of this policy.
Rochford's most difficult domestic duty as southern secretary was to act on behalf of George III in the painful negotiations of May 1773 with his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, who had secretly married Horace Walpole's niece, Maria Waldegrave, in 1766. She was now pregnant, and Gloucester wanted an assurance of financial support for his family. In view of the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, George III regarded this news as a betrayal by his most trusted sibling, and was deeply hurt, refusing at first <P> About an hour after the Duke of Cumberland had formed his men, about 500 of his dragoons dismounted and advanced to the foot of the moor, in front of a ditch at the bottom of one of three small enclosures between the moor and the places where Roy Stuart's men were posted at the village. At this time, Colonel Stuart returned from Penrith, and, after informing Lord George that the prince had resolved to march immediately to Carlisle, and that he had sent forward his cannon, he stated that it was his royal highness's desire that the rearguard should immediately <P> with the fleet under Sir Samuel Hood, and saw action with the fleet at the capture of Sint Eustatius in February 1781, and at the Battle of Fort Royal on 29/30 April 1781. Prince William then left the West Indies at the end of the year, sailing to North America and arriving there in October. She was soon back in the West Indies with Hood, and command passed from Douglas to Captain George Wilkinson. She fought with Hood's fleet at the Battle of Saint Kitts on 25/26 January 1782, where she had three men wounded.
Prince William fought at the brief <P> Lord Lovelace died in May 1709, the lieutenant governor, Richard Ingoldesby, was absent. Under the terms of Lovelace's commission as governor, the executive council's most senior member was next in the line of succession, and Schuyler thus served as acting governor until Ingoldesby's return a few days later. Ingoldesby was again absent later in the month, with Schuyler taking over as governor for another period of less than a week.
In July 1719, when Robert Hunter had his commission as governor revoked, Schuyler was still the most senior member of the executive council, and consequently served a third term as acting <P> to convey Mary, Queen of Scots, from Sheffield to Ashby de la Zouch Castle in Leicestershire, a house of Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon. They were intended to confiscate Mary's papers and send them to London. However, these orders were cancelled and Mary remained in the keeping of the Earl of Shrewsbury at Chatsworth House.
Pelham still retained the office of lieutenant-general of the ordnance, but was deep in debts, and Elizabeth refused either to remit or stall them. She made the payment of his arrears a requirement to permitting him to serve under Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester <P> Court circles, and when Pombal fell from power on the king's death in 1777, he paid court to the new sovereign Maria I of Portugal and soon became her favourite industrialist. Stephens still remained loyal to his friend the Marquis of Pombal in his isolation from power. Maria increased Stephens' privileges and made two royal visits to Marinha Grande, but her mental health was unstable. In 1792, her son Prince John took over the reins of power, confirming the privileges conferred by his mother.
With the clouds of war gathering in 1803 Stephens died at the family house in Lisbon, <P> he visited the court, and witnessed Queen Elizabeth I's last illness, which he described in his memoirs. Anxious to recommend himself to her successor James I, and disobeying the orders of the council, he started on horseback immediately after the Queen's death on the morning of 24 March 1603, in order to be the first to communicate the tidings to James, arrived at Holyrood late on 26 March, and was appointed by the King a Gentleman of the Bedchamber. But his conduct met with general disapproval and merited censure as "contrary to all decency, good manners and respect," and on <P> Circumstances, however, prevented him from taking immediate action against the executioners. During the previous raid on Newcastle, the King and Gaveston had to flee quickly, leaving behind horses and jewels worth a great amount of money. At the same time, the barons' extralegal action had alienated many of their former associates; the Earl of Pembroke in particular became strongly tied to the King's cause after the affront to his honour. Through the arbitration of the Earl of Gloucester and others, a settlement was finally reached on 14 October 1313, whereby the barons were given a pardon and the horses and <P> Protector, invaded Scotland in the summer of 1547 and was absent from court, his brother, Thomas Seymour, fomented opposition to his authority, voicing open disapproval of his brother's administrative skills. Because his activities seemed suspicious, several members of the nobility advised him to be content with his position, but he would not listen. As Lord High Admiral, he was able to control the English navy, and he openly asked for support in case of a rebellion. He entered into relations with pirates on the western coasts, whom it was his duty as Lord High Admiral to suppress, with a view | answer: I think if you're looking for a concrete "Edward VIII's abdication resulted in A, B, and C being changed in the monarchical system", you may be out of luck as this sort of symbolic system is very difficult to pin down.In addition to that, George VI who succeeded Edward was extremely popular (obviously not among EVERYONE, but by the general public). Because of this, people could kind of ignore Edward VIII as just a "bad phase" which the monarchy grew out of. For these reasons, it is very difficult to succinctly nail down any sort of immediate impact it had.However, if we look at Edward's abdication as part of a larger trend in the history of "royal duty", it begins to make a clearer picture. In many ways, Edward VIII's abdication was a byproduct of the increasingly public role of the monarch.The 20th century really brought an end to the Monarchy as a strictly aristocratic institution. Before the advent of radio, public newspapers, television, etc., British monarchs were really only visible to a small group of wealthy individuals. They would present themselves at royal balls, banquets, showings of the theatre, etc. These were, for the most part, strictly aristocratic events and most common people would never have seen the monarchs or their families in any real capacity. When radio and newspapers were brought into the mix, this started to change. Common people could now here all the "gossip" about the monarchy. As the private lives of the monarchy became more and more common knowledge, their role in society changed. They had to start "representing the spirit of the nation" (a task which the current monarch Queen Elizabeth II has taken on to heart). However, this role doesn't suit everyone. It is very emotionally demanding and the pressure of this extremely public presence really was too much for Edward VIII. Thus, it wasn't so much that Edward VIII CHANGED the nature of "royal duty", he just didn't FIT IN with the new role of the monarchy that had been blossoming since the turn of the century. He was too "wild" and "emotional" for such a role. George VI fit this role perfectly; he acted as a stoic defender of Britain. During the Blitz he stayed in London with his daughters to show that the monarch was not above other Britons. He was a king who understood and succeeded in the new role of the monarchy. |
1,330 | 21tgz2 | israel-palestine war. which country started and why? | well, this could be a brief answer to your question _URL_0_ | [
"well, this could be a brief answer to your question _URL_0_ "
] | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> the mandate into two states, Jewish and Arab, giving about 56% of Mandatory Palestine to the Jewish state. Immediately following the adoption of the Partition Plan by the United Nations General Assembly, the Palestinian Arab leadership rejected the plan to create the as-yet-unnamed Jewish State and launched a guerrilla war.
On 14 May 1948, one day before the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, the leaders of the Jewish community in Palestine led by prime minister David Ben-Gurion, made a declaration of independence, of the State of Israel though without any reference to defined borders. 1948 Arab–Israeli War The armies <P> the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (the Battles of Megiddo). <P> abated for about a year while the British sent the Peel Commission to investigate.
In 1937, the Peel Commission proposed a partition between a small Jewish state, with a proposal to transfer its Arab population to the neighboring Arab state, and an Arab state to be attached to Jordan. The proposal was rejected by the Arabs. The 2 main Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and Ben-Gurion had convinced the Zionist Congress to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation.
In the wake of the Peel Commission recommendation an armed uprising spread through the country. Over the next 18 <P> 2006 in the Palestinian Authority . <P> Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat signed the Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 28 September 1995, in Washington. The agreement allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians promised to abstain from use of terror and changed the Palestinian National Covenant, which had called for the expulsion of all Jews who migrated after 1917 and the elimination of Israel. Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin Tensions in Israel arising from the continuation of terrorism <P> as part of the Mandate of Palestine. The principal Allied Powers recognized the unique spiritual and religious interests in Jerusalem among the world's three great monotheistic religions as "a sacred trust of civilization", and stipulated that the existing rights and claims connected with it be safeguarded in perpetuity, under international guarantee.
However, the Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine were in mortal dispute and Britain sought United Nations assistance in resolving the dispute. In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (Resolution 181), which called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and <P> of Israel.
The Israeli government has often threatened to dismantle outposts. Some have actually been dismantled, occasionally with use of force; this led to settler violence. Palestinian statehood bid of 2011 American refusal to declare the settlements illegal was said to be the determining factor in the 2011 attempt to declare Palestinian statehood at the United Nations, the so-called Palestine 194 initiative.
Israel announced additional settlements in response to the Palestinian diplomatic initiative and Germany responded by moving to stop deliveries to Israel of submarines capable of carrying nuclear weapons.
Finally in 2012, several European states switched to either abstain or vote for <P> Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, "the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet."
After the September 2000 outbreak of the Second Intifada, negotiations continued at the Taba summit in January 2001; this time, Ehud Barak pulled out of the talks to campaign in the Israeli elections. In October and December 2001, suicide bombings by Palestinian militant groups increased and Israeli counter strikes intensified. Following the election of Ariel Sharon in February, the peace process took a steep downfall. Palestinian elections scheduled for January 2002 were postponed—the stated reason was <P> Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181(II)) recommending "to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union." The Resolution contained a plan to partition Palestine into "Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem." Israeli period On May 14, 1948, the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, <P> gave a campaign promise to end Israel's 22-year-long occupation of Southern Lebanon within a year. On 24 May 2000 Israel withdrew from Southern Lebanon. On 7 October, three Israeli soldiers were killed in a border raid by Hezbollah and their bodies were subsequently captured. The bodies of these soldiers, along with the living Elhanan Tenenbaum, were eventually exchanged for Lebanese captives in 2004.
The Barak government resumed peace negotiations with the PLO, stating that "Every attempt [by the State of Israel] to keep hold of this area [the West Bank and Gaza] as one political entity leads, necessarily, to either a <P> former British Mandate territory. However, while they had previously rejected the UN's internationalisation plan, most of the Arab delegations at the Lausanne Conference of 1949 accepted a permanent international regime (called corpus separatum) under United Nations supervision as proposed in Resolutions 181 and 194, and objected to Israel moving to (West) Jerusalem its national institutions, namely the Knesset, the presidential, legislative, judicial and administrative offices.
The Palestinian leadership now claims the "1967 borders" as the borders of the Palestinian territories, and includes East Jerusalem as part of these territories. Despite recognition of Israel, and its support in 1949 of corpus separatum, <P> council, together with Rabbis for Human Rights and an Israeli-Palestinian association Lohamin Leshalom (Fighting for Peace) have been involved in an intense campaign to convince Israeli authorities of the right of Yanun and Aqraba villagers to their lands. They succeeded in obtaining a right to visit their fields for one week, from July 3 to July 10, by which time the wheatcrop had mostly withered.
On Saturday July 7, two military jeeps accompanied the farmers to their fields. According to local farmers, sheep were being beaten by settlers. According to the EAPPI and Amira Hass, dozens of Jewish settlers <P> South Lebanon Army and takeover of Southern Lebanon by Hezbollah. However, despite Israeli withdrawal, clashes between Hezbollah and Israel continued along the border, and UN observers condemned both for their attacks.
The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict was characterized by round-the-clock Katyusha rocket attacks (with a greatly extended range) by Hezbollah on the whole of Galilee, with long-range, ground-launched missiles hitting as far south as the Sharon Plain, Jezreel Valley, and Jordan Valley below the Sea of Galilee. Demography As of 2006, there were 1.2 million residents in Galilee, of which 47% were Jewish. The Jewish Agency has attempted to increase the Jewish population <P> 1996 Israeli general election Peace process On 13 September 1993, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords (a Declaration of Principles) on the South Lawn of the White House. The principles established objectives relating to a transfer of authority from Israel to an interim Palestinian authority, as a prelude to a final treaty establishing a Palestinian state.
On 25 July 1994, Jordan and Israel signed the Washington Declaration, which formally ended the state of war that had existed between them since 1948 and on 26 October the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, witnessed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
Prime <P> of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invaded the territory partitioned for the Arab state, thus starting the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The nascent Israeli Defense Force repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus extending its borders beyond the original UNSCOP partition. By December 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the Jordan River. The remainder of the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the West Bank (controlled by Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 711,000 Palestinians Arabs fled <P> Council for Palestine-Transjordan. <P> transferring the same amount of land in Israel to the Palestinian state. The Clinton administration proposed that Israel keep some settlements in the West Bank, especially those in large blocs near the pre-1967 borders of Israel, with the Palestinians receiving concessions of land in other parts of the country. Both Clinton and Tony Blair pointed out the need for territorial and diplomatic compromise based on the validity of some of the claims of both sides.
Fayed Mustafa, Palestinian ambassador to Russia, called for the return of Palestinian territories to Egypt and Jordan if talks failed.
As Minister of Defense, Ehud Barak approved <P> Gaza and Palestinian rocket attacks into Israel, and encouraging both sides to observe a cease-fire. <P> in a statement of principles last December. A two-state solution with Israel and Palestine side by side in peace and security. A viable state of Palestine in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, on the basis of the 1967 lines. A way must be found to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the future capital of both Israel and Palestine.
— Catherine Ashton, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union Organisation of Islamic Cooperation On 13 December 2017, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), consisting of 57 primarily Muslim countries, declared East Jerusalem <P> Jordan, Dayr Ayyub became a demilitarised zone in the Latrun no man's land. However, the Israeli forces used force to prevent the Palestinian population from re-entering their own homes and claimed the territory following the war. Despite this being a demilitarized zone according to the 1949 agreements, on November 2, 1950, three Palestinian children were shot, two fatally by IDF troops near Dayr Ayyub in the Latrun salient. Ali Muhammad Ali Alyyan (12) his sister Fakhriyeh Muhammad Ali Alyyan (10) and their cousin Khadijeh Abd al Fattah Muhammad Ali (8) all from Yalo village, "The two children [Ali and Fakhriyeh] | question: israel-palestine war. which country started and why? context: <P> the mandate into two states, Jewish and Arab, giving about 56% of Mandatory Palestine to the Jewish state. Immediately following the adoption of the Partition Plan by the United Nations General Assembly, the Palestinian Arab leadership rejected the plan to create the as-yet-unnamed Jewish State and launched a guerrilla war.
On 14 May 1948, one day before the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, the leaders of the Jewish community in Palestine led by prime minister David Ben-Gurion, made a declaration of independence, of the State of Israel though without any reference to defined borders. 1948 Arab–Israeli War The armies <P> the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (the Battles of Megiddo). <P> abated for about a year while the British sent the Peel Commission to investigate.
In 1937, the Peel Commission proposed a partition between a small Jewish state, with a proposal to transfer its Arab population to the neighboring Arab state, and an Arab state to be attached to Jordan. The proposal was rejected by the Arabs. The 2 main Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and Ben-Gurion had convinced the Zionist Congress to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation.
In the wake of the Peel Commission recommendation an armed uprising spread through the country. Over the next 18 <P> 2006 in the Palestinian Authority . <P> Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat signed the Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 28 September 1995, in Washington. The agreement allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians promised to abstain from use of terror and changed the Palestinian National Covenant, which had called for the expulsion of all Jews who migrated after 1917 and the elimination of Israel. Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin Tensions in Israel arising from the continuation of terrorism <P> as part of the Mandate of Palestine. The principal Allied Powers recognized the unique spiritual and religious interests in Jerusalem among the world's three great monotheistic religions as "a sacred trust of civilization", and stipulated that the existing rights and claims connected with it be safeguarded in perpetuity, under international guarantee.
However, the Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine were in mortal dispute and Britain sought United Nations assistance in resolving the dispute. In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (Resolution 181), which called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and <P> of Israel.
The Israeli government has often threatened to dismantle outposts. Some have actually been dismantled, occasionally with use of force; this led to settler violence. Palestinian statehood bid of 2011 American refusal to declare the settlements illegal was said to be the determining factor in the 2011 attempt to declare Palestinian statehood at the United Nations, the so-called Palestine 194 initiative.
Israel announced additional settlements in response to the Palestinian diplomatic initiative and Germany responded by moving to stop deliveries to Israel of submarines capable of carrying nuclear weapons.
Finally in 2012, several European states switched to either abstain or vote for <P> Barak's offer and refused to make an immediate counter-offer. He told President Clinton that, "the Arab leader who would surrender Jerusalem is not born yet."
After the September 2000 outbreak of the Second Intifada, negotiations continued at the Taba summit in January 2001; this time, Ehud Barak pulled out of the talks to campaign in the Israeli elections. In October and December 2001, suicide bombings by Palestinian militant groups increased and Israeli counter strikes intensified. Following the election of Ariel Sharon in February, the peace process took a steep downfall. Palestinian elections scheduled for January 2002 were postponed—the stated reason was <P> Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181(II)) recommending "to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union." The Resolution contained a plan to partition Palestine into "Independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem." Israeli period On May 14, 1948, the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, <P> gave a campaign promise to end Israel's 22-year-long occupation of Southern Lebanon within a year. On 24 May 2000 Israel withdrew from Southern Lebanon. On 7 October, three Israeli soldiers were killed in a border raid by Hezbollah and their bodies were subsequently captured. The bodies of these soldiers, along with the living Elhanan Tenenbaum, were eventually exchanged for Lebanese captives in 2004.
The Barak government resumed peace negotiations with the PLO, stating that "Every attempt [by the State of Israel] to keep hold of this area [the West Bank and Gaza] as one political entity leads, necessarily, to either a <P> former British Mandate territory. However, while they had previously rejected the UN's internationalisation plan, most of the Arab delegations at the Lausanne Conference of 1949 accepted a permanent international regime (called corpus separatum) under United Nations supervision as proposed in Resolutions 181 and 194, and objected to Israel moving to (West) Jerusalem its national institutions, namely the Knesset, the presidential, legislative, judicial and administrative offices.
The Palestinian leadership now claims the "1967 borders" as the borders of the Palestinian territories, and includes East Jerusalem as part of these territories. Despite recognition of Israel, and its support in 1949 of corpus separatum, <P> council, together with Rabbis for Human Rights and an Israeli-Palestinian association Lohamin Leshalom (Fighting for Peace) have been involved in an intense campaign to convince Israeli authorities of the right of Yanun and Aqraba villagers to their lands. They succeeded in obtaining a right to visit their fields for one week, from July 3 to July 10, by which time the wheatcrop had mostly withered.
On Saturday July 7, two military jeeps accompanied the farmers to their fields. According to local farmers, sheep were being beaten by settlers. According to the EAPPI and Amira Hass, dozens of Jewish settlers <P> South Lebanon Army and takeover of Southern Lebanon by Hezbollah. However, despite Israeli withdrawal, clashes between Hezbollah and Israel continued along the border, and UN observers condemned both for their attacks.
The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict was characterized by round-the-clock Katyusha rocket attacks (with a greatly extended range) by Hezbollah on the whole of Galilee, with long-range, ground-launched missiles hitting as far south as the Sharon Plain, Jezreel Valley, and Jordan Valley below the Sea of Galilee. Demography As of 2006, there were 1.2 million residents in Galilee, of which 47% were Jewish. The Jewish Agency has attempted to increase the Jewish population <P> 1996 Israeli general election Peace process On 13 September 1993, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords (a Declaration of Principles) on the South Lawn of the White House. The principles established objectives relating to a transfer of authority from Israel to an interim Palestinian authority, as a prelude to a final treaty establishing a Palestinian state.
On 25 July 1994, Jordan and Israel signed the Washington Declaration, which formally ended the state of war that had existed between them since 1948 and on 26 October the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, witnessed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
Prime <P> of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invaded the territory partitioned for the Arab state, thus starting the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The nascent Israeli Defense Force repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus extending its borders beyond the original UNSCOP partition. By December 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the Jordan River. The remainder of the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the West Bank (controlled by Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 711,000 Palestinians Arabs fled <P> Council for Palestine-Transjordan. <P> transferring the same amount of land in Israel to the Palestinian state. The Clinton administration proposed that Israel keep some settlements in the West Bank, especially those in large blocs near the pre-1967 borders of Israel, with the Palestinians receiving concessions of land in other parts of the country. Both Clinton and Tony Blair pointed out the need for territorial and diplomatic compromise based on the validity of some of the claims of both sides.
Fayed Mustafa, Palestinian ambassador to Russia, called for the return of Palestinian territories to Egypt and Jordan if talks failed.
As Minister of Defense, Ehud Barak approved <P> Gaza and Palestinian rocket attacks into Israel, and encouraging both sides to observe a cease-fire. <P> in a statement of principles last December. A two-state solution with Israel and Palestine side by side in peace and security. A viable state of Palestine in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, on the basis of the 1967 lines. A way must be found to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the future capital of both Israel and Palestine.
— Catherine Ashton, High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union Organisation of Islamic Cooperation On 13 December 2017, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), consisting of 57 primarily Muslim countries, declared East Jerusalem <P> Jordan, Dayr Ayyub became a demilitarised zone in the Latrun no man's land. However, the Israeli forces used force to prevent the Palestinian population from re-entering their own homes and claimed the territory following the war. Despite this being a demilitarized zone according to the 1949 agreements, on November 2, 1950, three Palestinian children were shot, two fatally by IDF troops near Dayr Ayyub in the Latrun salient. Ali Muhammad Ali Alyyan (12) his sister Fakhriyeh Muhammad Ali Alyyan (10) and their cousin Khadijeh Abd al Fattah Muhammad Ali (8) all from Yalo village, "The two children [Ali and Fakhriyeh] | answer: well, this could be a brief answer to your question _URL_0_ |
45,087 | 1oag2l | why are people so fascinated with popping and gore? | WTF is popping and gore?! | [
"WTF is popping and gore?!"
] | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> enjoyment by responsible people aware of safety issues and determined to improve safety wherever possible. <P> a wide enough release."
Peter Debruge of Variety said, "Circle, circle, dot, dot. A schoolyard full of anklebiters develops a genuine taste for flesh in Cooties, an irreverent, off-color zom-com that seizes on the scourge of playgrounds everywhere when a spontaneous outbreak of brain-rotting, cannibalism-inducing germs erupts within a small-town elementary school. Told from the teachers’ p.o.v., this tongue-in-cheek midnight movie feels wrong in so many ways, asking a handful of irresponsible adults to bash and bludgeon their way through foaming packs of infected kids in order to save themselves. Acquired by Lionsgate at Sundance, the franchise-ready offering should benefit enormously <P> caught at its most appealing". <P> boring" many years after its initial release. AllMovie's review of the film was favorable, calling it an "eerie and effective early horror film." <P> with a resurgence of interest in Western performance arts and the release of films such as Devo's "Whip It" video and the motion pictures Raiders of the Lost Ark and its sequels in which the hero, Indiana Jones, uses a bullwhip as both a tool and a weapon, led to an increased interest in whip cracking as a hobby and performance art, as well as a competitive sport. Whip cracking competitions focus on the completion of complex multiple cracking routines and precise target work; although other whips are also used in such competitions.
Whereas, in times past, the bullwhip was designed <P> many well-made aerial fights and stunts but is also filled with all kinds of silly and seemingly unnecessary gaffes. When a dart carrying a warning note is thrown through a window, for example, that same window is shown in the following shot as not only securely closed but covered by an undamaged lace curtain." and ".. (a) supposedly comical craving for jellybeans quickly becomes tiring." <P> you identify with it, without knowing why. In a way, its kind of eerie, because it means you can hear the song, identify with it, and not really know what the circumstances are. And in some ways, that's more satisfying to me." Music video The music video was directed by Nico Beyer. It was added to MTV the week of August 29, 1992. The video was featured on Beavis and Butt-Head. <P> in a 45-minute-long lesson in abject human misery." - Adem Tepedelen for Revolver magazine
"If you can envision a soundtrack befitting a soul’s slow descent into madness, Withered’s Folie Circulaire would be about as close as you can get." - Alxs Ness for Abort Magazine
"In the very capable hands of Withered, the possibilities for sonic destruction seem limitless and ultimately, a formality." - David E. Gehlke for Blistering.com
"9 out of 10 - Folie Circulaire sounds like a blackened cross between My Bloody Valentine and Morbid Angel." - Rod Smith for Decibel magazine
"With Folie Circulaire, black-metal underdogs WITHERED unleashed the bleakest, most <P> results in almost always manneristic excitement" <P> lust for power. Instead, it comes off as a convenient plot device". <P> your energy going full force when there's a more subtle and effective tactic of getting what you want? After all, you rarely need aggression when aiming straight for the jugular." Release and promotion On the day of the 2016 US presidential election – November 8 – Manson released a short teaser video for the song via The Daily Beast. The video was created by Final Girl director Tyler Shields. It featured images of the vocalist tearing pages out of a Bible and brandishing a bloodstained knife whilst standing over a decapitated corpse lying in a pool of blood. Numerous publications <P> Craze. <P> if it makes sense. It's not that they’re embarrassing to me, it's because I wanted them to remain intimate with those people who were there when we slept on their floors. We were putting out 500 seven-inches even though people sell them on eBay for more than I had to put them out with. I still prefer it that way. I like that culture; I’m part of that culture. I didn’t want everything homogenized into one album. I'm not a big [fan] of "greatest hits" or whatever, but I understand that's part of what labels do. I wasn't really a <P> confused for high art but Cannibal Apocalypse offers plenty of bizarre low-budget thrills for the Eurotrash aficionados," and that the highlight of the film was John Saxon, noting that "no matter how bizarre or sleazy the premise becomes, Saxon plays the material straight and delivers a serious, well-crafted performance that makes it possible to stick with the film's strange premise." <P> they're fun. Done as well as Speed, they generate a kind of manic exhilaration". In his review for Rolling Stone magazine, Peter Travers wrote, "Action flicks are usually written off as a debased genre, unless, of course, they work. And Speed works like a charm. It's a reminder of how much movie escapism can still stir us when it's dished out with this kind of dazzle". In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Mr. Hopper finds nice new ways to convey crazy menace with each new role. Certainly he's the most colorful figure in a film <P> Until I Fall Away Critical response Billboard called the single "pure pop joy." <P> of Hot Gun. The "rock 'n' roll re-imagining of the iconic blockbuster Top Gun" was performed live on stage at PDX nightclub Dante's.
In a review from Portland Monthly, their critic admired the multimedia production's deft manipulation of the original film – inserting previously-shot scenes of the stage actors into aerial battles – but found the comedy's "laughs were loudest with the in-crowd. The novelty of seeing friends dressed funny, and/or comically incorporated into video footage, was the bulk of the fun." Willamette Week, however, raved Hot Gun's "summer stock-'n'-roll aesthetic, artfully unchoreographed and shruggably brilliant, resembles an old movie naval <P> genuinely good moments to offer for the audiences. <P> wanted so much for this movie to be good, at least along the lines of a Mario Bava/Lucio Fulci movie, something with some teeth in it that can make it a worthwhile watch for people who want to see good gore. And yeah, I guess, if that's all you're in it for, you can be in for a nice treat. You just have to ignore literally everything else in the movie, and you'll have a good time." <P> the point where the film goes from a well-established character ensemble about people reacting to a family member becoming ill to a predictable gore bloodbath" and that the effects were "impressively gore-drenched but not always the most convincing". The exploitation film database The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre described Sella Turcica as "pretty good horror" with an interesting storyline, passable acting, and impactful gore scenes.
Arrow in the Head had a lukewarm reaction to Sella Turcica, writing "It tries really hard. It does. Unfortunately its dramatic portion is overwrought and its gore freak-out ending feels like a cheat to make the movie more | question: why are people so fascinated with popping and gore? context: <P> enjoyment by responsible people aware of safety issues and determined to improve safety wherever possible. <P> a wide enough release."
Peter Debruge of Variety said, "Circle, circle, dot, dot. A schoolyard full of anklebiters develops a genuine taste for flesh in Cooties, an irreverent, off-color zom-com that seizes on the scourge of playgrounds everywhere when a spontaneous outbreak of brain-rotting, cannibalism-inducing germs erupts within a small-town elementary school. Told from the teachers’ p.o.v., this tongue-in-cheek midnight movie feels wrong in so many ways, asking a handful of irresponsible adults to bash and bludgeon their way through foaming packs of infected kids in order to save themselves. Acquired by Lionsgate at Sundance, the franchise-ready offering should benefit enormously <P> caught at its most appealing". <P> boring" many years after its initial release. AllMovie's review of the film was favorable, calling it an "eerie and effective early horror film." <P> with a resurgence of interest in Western performance arts and the release of films such as Devo's "Whip It" video and the motion pictures Raiders of the Lost Ark and its sequels in which the hero, Indiana Jones, uses a bullwhip as both a tool and a weapon, led to an increased interest in whip cracking as a hobby and performance art, as well as a competitive sport. Whip cracking competitions focus on the completion of complex multiple cracking routines and precise target work; although other whips are also used in such competitions.
Whereas, in times past, the bullwhip was designed <P> many well-made aerial fights and stunts but is also filled with all kinds of silly and seemingly unnecessary gaffes. When a dart carrying a warning note is thrown through a window, for example, that same window is shown in the following shot as not only securely closed but covered by an undamaged lace curtain." and ".. (a) supposedly comical craving for jellybeans quickly becomes tiring." <P> you identify with it, without knowing why. In a way, its kind of eerie, because it means you can hear the song, identify with it, and not really know what the circumstances are. And in some ways, that's more satisfying to me." Music video The music video was directed by Nico Beyer. It was added to MTV the week of August 29, 1992. The video was featured on Beavis and Butt-Head. <P> in a 45-minute-long lesson in abject human misery." - Adem Tepedelen for Revolver magazine
"If you can envision a soundtrack befitting a soul’s slow descent into madness, Withered’s Folie Circulaire would be about as close as you can get." - Alxs Ness for Abort Magazine
"In the very capable hands of Withered, the possibilities for sonic destruction seem limitless and ultimately, a formality." - David E. Gehlke for Blistering.com
"9 out of 10 - Folie Circulaire sounds like a blackened cross between My Bloody Valentine and Morbid Angel." - Rod Smith for Decibel magazine
"With Folie Circulaire, black-metal underdogs WITHERED unleashed the bleakest, most <P> results in almost always manneristic excitement" <P> lust for power. Instead, it comes off as a convenient plot device". <P> your energy going full force when there's a more subtle and effective tactic of getting what you want? After all, you rarely need aggression when aiming straight for the jugular." Release and promotion On the day of the 2016 US presidential election – November 8 – Manson released a short teaser video for the song via The Daily Beast. The video was created by Final Girl director Tyler Shields. It featured images of the vocalist tearing pages out of a Bible and brandishing a bloodstained knife whilst standing over a decapitated corpse lying in a pool of blood. Numerous publications <P> Craze. <P> if it makes sense. It's not that they’re embarrassing to me, it's because I wanted them to remain intimate with those people who were there when we slept on their floors. We were putting out 500 seven-inches even though people sell them on eBay for more than I had to put them out with. I still prefer it that way. I like that culture; I’m part of that culture. I didn’t want everything homogenized into one album. I'm not a big [fan] of "greatest hits" or whatever, but I understand that's part of what labels do. I wasn't really a <P> confused for high art but Cannibal Apocalypse offers plenty of bizarre low-budget thrills for the Eurotrash aficionados," and that the highlight of the film was John Saxon, noting that "no matter how bizarre or sleazy the premise becomes, Saxon plays the material straight and delivers a serious, well-crafted performance that makes it possible to stick with the film's strange premise." <P> they're fun. Done as well as Speed, they generate a kind of manic exhilaration". In his review for Rolling Stone magazine, Peter Travers wrote, "Action flicks are usually written off as a debased genre, unless, of course, they work. And Speed works like a charm. It's a reminder of how much movie escapism can still stir us when it's dished out with this kind of dazzle". In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Mr. Hopper finds nice new ways to convey crazy menace with each new role. Certainly he's the most colorful figure in a film <P> Until I Fall Away Critical response Billboard called the single "pure pop joy." <P> of Hot Gun. The "rock 'n' roll re-imagining of the iconic blockbuster Top Gun" was performed live on stage at PDX nightclub Dante's.
In a review from Portland Monthly, their critic admired the multimedia production's deft manipulation of the original film – inserting previously-shot scenes of the stage actors into aerial battles – but found the comedy's "laughs were loudest with the in-crowd. The novelty of seeing friends dressed funny, and/or comically incorporated into video footage, was the bulk of the fun." Willamette Week, however, raved Hot Gun's "summer stock-'n'-roll aesthetic, artfully unchoreographed and shruggably brilliant, resembles an old movie naval <P> genuinely good moments to offer for the audiences. <P> wanted so much for this movie to be good, at least along the lines of a Mario Bava/Lucio Fulci movie, something with some teeth in it that can make it a worthwhile watch for people who want to see good gore. And yeah, I guess, if that's all you're in it for, you can be in for a nice treat. You just have to ignore literally everything else in the movie, and you'll have a good time." <P> the point where the film goes from a well-established character ensemble about people reacting to a family member becoming ill to a predictable gore bloodbath" and that the effects were "impressively gore-drenched but not always the most convincing". The exploitation film database The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre described Sella Turcica as "pretty good horror" with an interesting storyline, passable acting, and impactful gore scenes.
Arrow in the Head had a lukewarm reaction to Sella Turcica, writing "It tries really hard. It does. Unfortunately its dramatic portion is overwrought and its gore freak-out ending feels like a cheat to make the movie more | answer: WTF is popping and gore?! |
23,475 | 1r0unt | this might be a stupid question, but how can companies make almost exact copies of name brands, (oreo's, cereal brands, etc) and not be infringing copyrights? | Food can't be copyrighted. It can be patented though. You can make a generic oreo, call it a black and white cookie and sell it. The name isn't to close to an oreo, and the cookie itself isn't patented. In order to get any patent, it must be useful, novel, and non-obvious. Putting creme between two chocolate cookies isn't novel, or non-obvious.You can patent processes, for example, the machine that builds the cookie, so all other generic oreo companies have to find their own way. | [
"Food can't be copyrighted. It can be patented though. You can make a generic oreo, call it a black and white cookie and sell it. The name isn't to close to an oreo, and the cookie itself isn't patented. \n\nIn order to get any patent, it must be useful, novel, and non-obvious. Putting creme between two chocolate c... | 1 | [
"Food can't be copyrighted. It can be patented though. You can make a generic oreo, call it a black and white cookie and sell it. The name isn't to close to an oreo, and the cookie itself isn't patented. \n\nIn order to get any patent, it must be useful, novel, and non-obvious. Putting creme between two chocolate c... | 1 | <P> page as "the process of looking up citations" in "a series of books called Shepard's Citations." Such efforts may or may not be successful in preventing genericism in the long run, which depends less on the mark owner's efforts and more on how the public actually perceives and uses the mark. In fact, legally it is more important that the trademark holder visibly and actively seems to attempt to prevent its trademark from becoming generic, regardless of real success. <P> can be inherently distinctive and registrable without proof of acquired distinctiveness.
Although these categories are most easily applied in relation to trademarks comprising words, the same general principles are applied in relation to all kinds of trademarks. For example, a pine tree shape is descriptive when used on pine-scented products. Acquired distinctiveness A trademark with no distinctive character (i.e. a mark which is not inherently distinctive) is prima facie unregistrable. However, most jurisdictions may still allow such marks to be registered if the trademark owner can demonstrate, typically by reference to evidence of use, that consumers in the marketplace exclusively associate <P> as to the source of a manufactured object. To get trademark protection, the trademark owner must show that the mark is not likely to be confused with other trademarks for items in the same general class. The trademarks can last indefinitely as long as they are used in commerce.
Design patents are only granted if the design is novel and not obvious for all items, even those of different utility than the patented object. An actual shield of a given shape, for example, can be cited as prior art against a design patent on a computer icon with a shield shape. <P> Trademark distinctiveness The spectrum of distinctiveness In United States trademark law, Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World 537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976) established the spectrum of trademark distinctiveness in the US, breaking trademarks into classes which are accorded differing degrees of protection. Courts often speak of marks falling along the following "spectrum of distinctiveness," also known within the US as the "Abercrombie classification" or "Abercrombie factors": Fanciful marks A fanciful / inherently distinctive trademark is prima facie registrable, and comprises an entirely invented or "fanciful" sign. For example, "Kodak" had no meaning before it was adopted and used <P> Maintaining distinctiveness If a court rules that a trademark has become "generic" through common use (such that the mark no longer performs the essential trademark function and the average consumer no longer considers that exclusive rights attach to it), the corresponding registration may also be ruled invalid.
For example, the Bayer company's trademark "Aspirin" has been ruled generic in the United States, so other companies may use that name for acetylsalicylic acid as well (although it is still a trademark in Canada). Xerox for photocopiers and Band-Aid for adhesive bandages are both trademarks which are at risk of succumbing to death <P> and examples of promotional material. Consumer surveys may also help establish that consumers chiefly associate an otherwise non-distinctive mark with the trademark owner and its products or services. Generally, evidence of use may only be acceptable or relevant if it covers a certain period of time (e.g. three years prior to the filing date of the trademark application) and originates from within the jurisdiction where registration is sought.
The terminology of acquired distinctiveness is accepted in the European Union and Commonwealth jurisdictions such as Australia, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom, and the common law jurisdiction of the United States (which <P> that occur after the consumer has first encountered the trade-mark in the marketplace, are irrelevant to the determination of confusion under s.6(5) of the Trade-marks Act. The likelihood of confusion analysis under s.6(5) was limited to the consideration of the first impression of the consumer when encountering the trademark: "how a consumer, upon encountering the Alavida mark in the marketplace, with an imperfect recollection of the Masterpiece Inc. mark, would have reacted." 4. Reliance on expert evidence by the Court in the trade-mark confusion analysis Expert evidence that simply assesses resemblance will not usually be necessary where the "casual consumer" <P> The validity of design patents is not affected by whether or not the design is commercialized.
Items can be covered by both trademarks and design patents. The contour bottle of Coca-Cola, for example, was covered by a now expired design patent, U.S. Patent D48,160, but is still however protected by at least a US registered trademark. <P> the trade-marks are actually used in the "same area." 2. Considerations to be applied by the Court in assessing resemblance The Court affirmed that it is use, and not the registration of the trade-mark itself that confers priority of title and the exclusive right to the trade-mark. The granting of rights to the first-user manifested under the Trade-Marks Act in two areas pursuant to s.16: i) first use of the trademark furnishes a priority right to registration; ii) the first user right to oppose the application or, as in the present case, apply to expunge registrations based on prior use. <P> or the shape of its content, geographical indications, sounds, scents, flavors, and slogans if not long enough to be protected by copyright. Requirements for Registration A mark has to be capable of distinguishing the goods and services it is applied to from those made by another establishment. Marks which are incapable of being distinguished will not be registered. If the attribute that makes the mark distinguishable is an attribute derived from the normal formation of the good (such as its smell or taste), that attribute will not be sufficient for satisfying this requirement. However, the court may decide that a <P> mark has acquired a secondary meaning sufficient in making the mark capable of distinguishing the goods or service through the continuous use of that mark in the market. Words which are commonly used by the public to refer to the type of good or service, and words of a technical nature used to describe the good or service, cannot satisfy the requirement for a mark to be capable of distinguishing the good or service from those of another establishment. Duration of Protection Trademark registration lasts for an initial period of 10 years which may be renewed indefinitely. Collective Marks The <P> trademarks were registered at the Russian Federal Service for Intellectual Property, and it issued 236 510 patents. <P> of letters patent, hold the explicit right to print the Authorised Version. <P> to register "Video Pod" as a mark identifying goods associated with a video projector product. Apple argued that the proposed mark was merely "descriptive" and should be denied because the registration would cause a likelihood of confusion with Apple's pre-existing "iPod" marks. In March 2012, the U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) ruled in Apple's favor and denied Sector Labs' registration, finding that the "iPod" mark was "famous" and therefore entitled to broad protection under U.S. trademark law. New York City "GreeNYC" logo In January 2008, Apple filed an opposition with the U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board against <P> existence. Oddly enough, the company apparently did not attempt to trademark the name, although there was a filing for a logo that was never carried through. <P> or describe a product or service, or that are in common use, or that are used as geographical indications, generally cannot be registered as trademarks, and remain in the public domain for use by anyone. For example, a generic term such as "apple", or descriptive terms such as "red" or "juicy" could not be registered in relation to apples.
Primary consideration in the selection and use of trademarks should be given to marks which are inherently distinctive, as they possess the strongest distinctive character and do not require evidence of use to establish acquired distinctiveness. A fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive term <P> Office. However, in July 2018, the trademark was determined inadmissible by the Court of Justice of the European Union. <P> possible to take legal action to prevent the use of a mark in relation to products or services outside this range (e.g. for passing off), this does not mean that trademark law prevents the use of that mark by the general public. A common word, phrase, or other sign can only be removed from the public domain to the extent that a trademark owner is able to maintain exclusive rights over that sign in relation to certain products or services, assuming there are no other trademark objections. For a case study in both concepts, see Apple Corps v Apple Computer. <P> services, and 2 trademarks related to FileMaker. Apple claims copyright interests in multiple products and processes and owns and licenses patents of various types as well and, while it states it generally does not license its patent portfolio, it does work with third parties having an interest in product interoperability. Steve Jobs alone was a named inventor on over 300 design and utility patents. Between January 2008 and May 2010, Apple Inc. filed more than 350 cases with the U.S. Patent and Trademark office (USPTO) alone, most in opposition to or taking exception to others' use of the terms "apple", <P> the cereal's shape, the Court decided that the shape was functional and that there was a right to copy it after its patent expired, as the use of unfair competition and trademark laws could otherwise be used to impede the ability of rivals to create any competitive product, even though the patent had expired.
On the picture of the two shredded wheat biscuits in the bowl of milk, the Court noted that "the name Kellogg was so prominent on all of the defendant's cartons as to minimize the possibility of confusion", and hence there was no fraudulent "passing off" of Kellogg's | question: this might be a stupid question, but how can companies make almost exact copies of name brands, (oreo's, cereal brands, etc) and not be infringing copyrights? context: <P> page as "the process of looking up citations" in "a series of books called Shepard's Citations." Such efforts may or may not be successful in preventing genericism in the long run, which depends less on the mark owner's efforts and more on how the public actually perceives and uses the mark. In fact, legally it is more important that the trademark holder visibly and actively seems to attempt to prevent its trademark from becoming generic, regardless of real success. <P> can be inherently distinctive and registrable without proof of acquired distinctiveness.
Although these categories are most easily applied in relation to trademarks comprising words, the same general principles are applied in relation to all kinds of trademarks. For example, a pine tree shape is descriptive when used on pine-scented products. Acquired distinctiveness A trademark with no distinctive character (i.e. a mark which is not inherently distinctive) is prima facie unregistrable. However, most jurisdictions may still allow such marks to be registered if the trademark owner can demonstrate, typically by reference to evidence of use, that consumers in the marketplace exclusively associate <P> as to the source of a manufactured object. To get trademark protection, the trademark owner must show that the mark is not likely to be confused with other trademarks for items in the same general class. The trademarks can last indefinitely as long as they are used in commerce.
Design patents are only granted if the design is novel and not obvious for all items, even those of different utility than the patented object. An actual shield of a given shape, for example, can be cited as prior art against a design patent on a computer icon with a shield shape. <P> Trademark distinctiveness The spectrum of distinctiveness In United States trademark law, Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World 537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976) established the spectrum of trademark distinctiveness in the US, breaking trademarks into classes which are accorded differing degrees of protection. Courts often speak of marks falling along the following "spectrum of distinctiveness," also known within the US as the "Abercrombie classification" or "Abercrombie factors": Fanciful marks A fanciful / inherently distinctive trademark is prima facie registrable, and comprises an entirely invented or "fanciful" sign. For example, "Kodak" had no meaning before it was adopted and used <P> Maintaining distinctiveness If a court rules that a trademark has become "generic" through common use (such that the mark no longer performs the essential trademark function and the average consumer no longer considers that exclusive rights attach to it), the corresponding registration may also be ruled invalid.
For example, the Bayer company's trademark "Aspirin" has been ruled generic in the United States, so other companies may use that name for acetylsalicylic acid as well (although it is still a trademark in Canada). Xerox for photocopiers and Band-Aid for adhesive bandages are both trademarks which are at risk of succumbing to death <P> and examples of promotional material. Consumer surveys may also help establish that consumers chiefly associate an otherwise non-distinctive mark with the trademark owner and its products or services. Generally, evidence of use may only be acceptable or relevant if it covers a certain period of time (e.g. three years prior to the filing date of the trademark application) and originates from within the jurisdiction where registration is sought.
The terminology of acquired distinctiveness is accepted in the European Union and Commonwealth jurisdictions such as Australia, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom, and the common law jurisdiction of the United States (which <P> that occur after the consumer has first encountered the trade-mark in the marketplace, are irrelevant to the determination of confusion under s.6(5) of the Trade-marks Act. The likelihood of confusion analysis under s.6(5) was limited to the consideration of the first impression of the consumer when encountering the trademark: "how a consumer, upon encountering the Alavida mark in the marketplace, with an imperfect recollection of the Masterpiece Inc. mark, would have reacted." 4. Reliance on expert evidence by the Court in the trade-mark confusion analysis Expert evidence that simply assesses resemblance will not usually be necessary where the "casual consumer" <P> The validity of design patents is not affected by whether or not the design is commercialized.
Items can be covered by both trademarks and design patents. The contour bottle of Coca-Cola, for example, was covered by a now expired design patent, U.S. Patent D48,160, but is still however protected by at least a US registered trademark. <P> the trade-marks are actually used in the "same area." 2. Considerations to be applied by the Court in assessing resemblance The Court affirmed that it is use, and not the registration of the trade-mark itself that confers priority of title and the exclusive right to the trade-mark. The granting of rights to the first-user manifested under the Trade-Marks Act in two areas pursuant to s.16: i) first use of the trademark furnishes a priority right to registration; ii) the first user right to oppose the application or, as in the present case, apply to expunge registrations based on prior use. <P> or the shape of its content, geographical indications, sounds, scents, flavors, and slogans if not long enough to be protected by copyright. Requirements for Registration A mark has to be capable of distinguishing the goods and services it is applied to from those made by another establishment. Marks which are incapable of being distinguished will not be registered. If the attribute that makes the mark distinguishable is an attribute derived from the normal formation of the good (such as its smell or taste), that attribute will not be sufficient for satisfying this requirement. However, the court may decide that a <P> mark has acquired a secondary meaning sufficient in making the mark capable of distinguishing the goods or service through the continuous use of that mark in the market. Words which are commonly used by the public to refer to the type of good or service, and words of a technical nature used to describe the good or service, cannot satisfy the requirement for a mark to be capable of distinguishing the good or service from those of another establishment. Duration of Protection Trademark registration lasts for an initial period of 10 years which may be renewed indefinitely. Collective Marks The <P> trademarks were registered at the Russian Federal Service for Intellectual Property, and it issued 236 510 patents. <P> of letters patent, hold the explicit right to print the Authorised Version. <P> to register "Video Pod" as a mark identifying goods associated with a video projector product. Apple argued that the proposed mark was merely "descriptive" and should be denied because the registration would cause a likelihood of confusion with Apple's pre-existing "iPod" marks. In March 2012, the U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) ruled in Apple's favor and denied Sector Labs' registration, finding that the "iPod" mark was "famous" and therefore entitled to broad protection under U.S. trademark law. New York City "GreeNYC" logo In January 2008, Apple filed an opposition with the U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board against <P> existence. Oddly enough, the company apparently did not attempt to trademark the name, although there was a filing for a logo that was never carried through. <P> or describe a product or service, or that are in common use, or that are used as geographical indications, generally cannot be registered as trademarks, and remain in the public domain for use by anyone. For example, a generic term such as "apple", or descriptive terms such as "red" or "juicy" could not be registered in relation to apples.
Primary consideration in the selection and use of trademarks should be given to marks which are inherently distinctive, as they possess the strongest distinctive character and do not require evidence of use to establish acquired distinctiveness. A fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive term <P> Office. However, in July 2018, the trademark was determined inadmissible by the Court of Justice of the European Union. <P> possible to take legal action to prevent the use of a mark in relation to products or services outside this range (e.g. for passing off), this does not mean that trademark law prevents the use of that mark by the general public. A common word, phrase, or other sign can only be removed from the public domain to the extent that a trademark owner is able to maintain exclusive rights over that sign in relation to certain products or services, assuming there are no other trademark objections. For a case study in both concepts, see Apple Corps v Apple Computer. <P> services, and 2 trademarks related to FileMaker. Apple claims copyright interests in multiple products and processes and owns and licenses patents of various types as well and, while it states it generally does not license its patent portfolio, it does work with third parties having an interest in product interoperability. Steve Jobs alone was a named inventor on over 300 design and utility patents. Between January 2008 and May 2010, Apple Inc. filed more than 350 cases with the U.S. Patent and Trademark office (USPTO) alone, most in opposition to or taking exception to others' use of the terms "apple", <P> the cereal's shape, the Court decided that the shape was functional and that there was a right to copy it after its patent expired, as the use of unfair competition and trademark laws could otherwise be used to impede the ability of rivals to create any competitive product, even though the patent had expired.
On the picture of the two shredded wheat biscuits in the bowl of milk, the Court noted that "the name Kellogg was so prominent on all of the defendant's cartons as to minimize the possibility of confusion", and hence there was no fraudulent "passing off" of Kellogg's | answer: Food can't be copyrighted. It can be patented though. You can make a generic oreo, call it a black and white cookie and sell it. The name isn't to close to an oreo, and the cookie itself isn't patented. In order to get any patent, it must be useful, novel, and non-obvious. Putting creme between two chocolate cookies isn't novel, or non-obvious.You can patent processes, for example, the machine that builds the cookie, so all other generic oreo companies have to find their own way. |
54,712 | 9sawi4 | Through the ages and across regions, what did people use to clean their bums after defecating? Also, in what or where did they defecate? | Tiny rocks found in Pompeii were originally thought to be toys, but were actually used for butt cleaning. People would write the names of their enemies on them. Wish I could remember where I know this from. | [
"Tiny rocks found in Pompeii were originally thought to be toys, but were actually used for butt cleaning. People would write the names of their enemies on them. Wish I could remember where I know this from."
] | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> to the pot; similar items were made specifically as a moveable bidet. Developments A nineteenth century development is the thunderbox. Cultural significance The Groom of the Stool was a high-ranking courtier who assisted the monarch with the close stool. <P> women to wash their vulva. 1960s: Early years In the early 1960s the father of Arnold Cohen of Brooklyn, New York, US had a medical condition that caused pain in the rectal area. Arnold designed a toilet seat bidet system, which featured a nozzle that sprayed warm water and blew hot air. In 1964 Arnold patented his design, founded the American Bidet Company, and started marketing the innovative bidet product, dubbed "American Sitzbath", by using large ads and attending trade shows. It was intended for use at hospitals by patients who had difficulty using toilet paper or reaching around to <P> as flexible age polyethism and task fixation, and are common in many Vespinae and Polistinae wasps. The most dominant task witnessed in workers was inactivity, followed by trophallaxis, nursing, thermoregulation then defense and foraging, in that order. Nest sanitation Workers of V. acadica are not known to thoroughly remove feces from below the comb. This behavior is seen in many members of the Vespula rufa group. Workers occasionally will remove both liquid and solid feces, but in many cases the workers will consume the liquid feces but leave behind the solids. Occasionally, workers will feed the liquid to the larvae <P> no doubt, it had been in the good old days of the bishops and the much loved and lamented John Bowland; but harder times had come with Sir Thomas Clarke, when it required the interference of Mr. Coram of Cranbury to secure them even an eatable meal. No doubt such stout English resistance saved the days of compulsory labour from becoming a burden intolerable as in France".
"...upon a haydobyn-day (320 or 340 reapers) the cart brought a-field for them a hogs-head of porridge, which stunk and had worms swimming in it. The reapers refused to work without better provisions. Mr. <P> stayed a dirt farmer all his life." <P> 1610 edition this has six kitchen scenes, including a three-legged pot over an open fire, cordials being distilled, a bread oven, and pots and roasts on a spit over a fire. Medicines Dawson's recipes included medicines, some of which involved sympathetic magic. The Good Huswife's Jewell described "a tart to provoke courage in either man or woman", calling for the brains of male sparrows. Torn sinews are healed by taking "worms while they be nice", crushing them and laying them on to the sore "and it will knit the sinew that be broken in two". Reception The celebrity chef Clarissa <P> skinks (Egernia rugosa) and thorny devils use dedicated defecation sites.
European rabbits may deposit their pellets both randomly over the range and at communal latrine sites. Territoriality Middens and other types of defecation sites may serve as territorial markers. Elaborate "dungpile rituals" are reported for adult stallions, and deer bucks, which are thought to serve for confrontation avoidance. In contrast, female and young animals exhibit no such behavior. Sanitation Dedicated defecation sites are thought to be the result of sanitation-driven behavior. For example, spider mite Stigmaeopsis miscanthi constructs woven nests, and nest members defecate at only one site inside the <P> of pre-Hispanic Mexico (conquered in 1521 by the Spanish): The population placed the sweepings in special boats moored at docks around the city. Mixtures of sweepings and excreta were used to fertilize the chinampas (agricultural fields) or to bolster the banks bordering the lake. Urine was collected in containers in all houses, then mixed with mud and used as a fabric dye. The Aztecs recognized the importance of recycling nutrients and compounds contained in wastewater.
In Peru, the Incas had a high regard for excreta as a fertilizer, which was stored, dried and pulverized to be utilized when planting maize.
In the <P> Middle Ages, the use of excreta and greywater in agricultural production was the norm. European cities were rapidly urbanizing and sanitation was becoming an increasingly serious problem, whilst at the same time the cities themselves were becoming an increasingly important source of agricultural nutrients. The practice of directly using the nutrients in excreta and wastewater for agriculture therefore continued in Europe into the middle of the 19th century. Farmers, recognizing the value of excreta, were eager to get these fertilizers to increase production and urban sanitation benefited. This practice was also called gong farmer in England but carried many health <P> "purging was one of the few procedures that a physician could perform with visible, often impressive results and without immediate or obvious dangers".
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) became the strongest supporter of the idea of colon cleansing; he thought that toxins could shorten the lifespan. Over time, the concept broadened to "auto-intoxication", which supposes that the body cannot fully dispose of its waste products and toxins, which then accumulate in the intestine. In some cases, the concept led to radical surgeries to remove the colon for unrelated symptoms.
Auto-intoxication enjoyed some favor in the medical community in the late 19th and early <P> than any other man during the latter part of the century; and Marryat's doing's and Marryat's sayings will be remembered and repeated wherever the gentle craft is known and practiced in Great Britain, and possibly in many a distant colony besides.
— Major W. G. Turle, "Fishing Gazette", February 26, 1896 <P> Victorian period would be in barns, stables, cattle sheds, pigsties, tents or the roof space of buildings. This led to problems with hygiene and therefore health. An outbreak of cholera killed 43 hop-pickers at East Farleigh in September 1849.
In 1865, the Rev J Y Stratton began a campaign to improve the conditions of the hop-pickers. Also during the 1860s, the Rev J J Kendon, visiting Goudhurst, was appalled at the plight of the hop pickers and began campaigning for improvements. This led to the formation of the Society for Employment and Improved Lodgings for Hop Pickers in 1866. The first <P> it to whiten clothing.
Many traditional agricultural societies recognized the value of human waste for soil fertility and practised the "dry" collection and reuse of excreta. This enabled them to live in communities in which nutrients and organic matter contained in excreta were returned to the soil. Historical descriptions about these practices are sparse, but it is known that excreta reuse was practiced widely in Asia (for example in China, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Korea) but also in Central and South America. However, the most renowned example of the organised collection and use of human excreta to support food production is that <P> district has visited the village thrice and commenced a vigilance session to create awareness about hygiene and sanitation among villagers. In these sessions villagers were taught about different types of waste products and their method of disposal. Sleuths exhorted to villagers to keep this similar momentum for further several rural sanitation programme and thanked villagers for taking participation in this expedition. <P> colon therapy is effective in treating cancer or any other disease". History The concept of "auto-intoxication", the idea that food enters the intestine and rots, provides a rationale for colon cleansing. The ancient Egyptians believed that toxins formed as a result of decomposition within the intestines, and moved from there into the circulatory system, causing fever and the development of pus. The Ancient Greeks adopted and expanded the idea, applying their belief in the four humours. In the 19th century, studies in biochemistry and microbiology seemed to support the autointoxication hypothesis, and mainstream physicians promoted the idea.
Daly notes that, historically, <P> fell off. Joe Johnson arrived and held on to the sack as Mr. Rowland mounted his horse. They witnessed the sack floating away for 20 yards where it settled down at the fence. When the men went to retrieve the sack, a voice was heard, "You won't touch this sack anymore."
A follow up report was published on February 18, 1890 with the title, "A Weird Witch: More Tales of a Mulhattanish Flavor from Adams Station." In the late 19th century, Joseph Mulhattan was a known hoaxer of newspaper articles. The article was republished a few days later with the subtitle <P> that were also recorded by Cowling. <P> while Shoop was the base's commander.
Shoop died of pneumonia in January 1968 at the age of 60. <P> on for imperforate anus and who suffer from fecal incontinence can be divided into two groups that require individualized treatment plans:
Children with constipation (colonic hypomotility): No special diet or medications are necessary for children with colonic hypomotility, a type of constipation. Their tendency towards constipation helps them to remain clean between enemas. The real challenge is to find an enema capable of cleaning the colon completely. Soiling episodes or "accidents" occur when there is an incomplete cleaning of the bowel.
Children with loose stools and diarrhea (colonic hypermotility): This group of children has an overactive colon. Rapid transit of stool results <P> to local rivers and creeks which became open sewers. By the 1880s, many homes in the inner city had privies backing into a rear lane, the Pail closet system where "Night soil" was collected in pans by a "nightman" reaching through a small door in the back of the outdoor toilet. It was carted away to the outer fringes of Melbourne, where it was often used as fertiliser by market gardeners. Because the waste stayed in the pan for up to a week, and some waste still flowed straight into the street, Melbourne was nicknamed "Smellbourne".
By the late 1880s Melbourne's | question: Through the ages and across regions, what did people use to clean their bums after defecating? Also, in what or where did they defecate? context: <P> to the pot; similar items were made specifically as a moveable bidet. Developments A nineteenth century development is the thunderbox. Cultural significance The Groom of the Stool was a high-ranking courtier who assisted the monarch with the close stool. <P> women to wash their vulva. 1960s: Early years In the early 1960s the father of Arnold Cohen of Brooklyn, New York, US had a medical condition that caused pain in the rectal area. Arnold designed a toilet seat bidet system, which featured a nozzle that sprayed warm water and blew hot air. In 1964 Arnold patented his design, founded the American Bidet Company, and started marketing the innovative bidet product, dubbed "American Sitzbath", by using large ads and attending trade shows. It was intended for use at hospitals by patients who had difficulty using toilet paper or reaching around to <P> as flexible age polyethism and task fixation, and are common in many Vespinae and Polistinae wasps. The most dominant task witnessed in workers was inactivity, followed by trophallaxis, nursing, thermoregulation then defense and foraging, in that order. Nest sanitation Workers of V. acadica are not known to thoroughly remove feces from below the comb. This behavior is seen in many members of the Vespula rufa group. Workers occasionally will remove both liquid and solid feces, but in many cases the workers will consume the liquid feces but leave behind the solids. Occasionally, workers will feed the liquid to the larvae <P> no doubt, it had been in the good old days of the bishops and the much loved and lamented John Bowland; but harder times had come with Sir Thomas Clarke, when it required the interference of Mr. Coram of Cranbury to secure them even an eatable meal. No doubt such stout English resistance saved the days of compulsory labour from becoming a burden intolerable as in France".
"...upon a haydobyn-day (320 or 340 reapers) the cart brought a-field for them a hogs-head of porridge, which stunk and had worms swimming in it. The reapers refused to work without better provisions. Mr. <P> stayed a dirt farmer all his life." <P> 1610 edition this has six kitchen scenes, including a three-legged pot over an open fire, cordials being distilled, a bread oven, and pots and roasts on a spit over a fire. Medicines Dawson's recipes included medicines, some of which involved sympathetic magic. The Good Huswife's Jewell described "a tart to provoke courage in either man or woman", calling for the brains of male sparrows. Torn sinews are healed by taking "worms while they be nice", crushing them and laying them on to the sore "and it will knit the sinew that be broken in two". Reception The celebrity chef Clarissa <P> skinks (Egernia rugosa) and thorny devils use dedicated defecation sites.
European rabbits may deposit their pellets both randomly over the range and at communal latrine sites. Territoriality Middens and other types of defecation sites may serve as territorial markers. Elaborate "dungpile rituals" are reported for adult stallions, and deer bucks, which are thought to serve for confrontation avoidance. In contrast, female and young animals exhibit no such behavior. Sanitation Dedicated defecation sites are thought to be the result of sanitation-driven behavior. For example, spider mite Stigmaeopsis miscanthi constructs woven nests, and nest members defecate at only one site inside the <P> of pre-Hispanic Mexico (conquered in 1521 by the Spanish): The population placed the sweepings in special boats moored at docks around the city. Mixtures of sweepings and excreta were used to fertilize the chinampas (agricultural fields) or to bolster the banks bordering the lake. Urine was collected in containers in all houses, then mixed with mud and used as a fabric dye. The Aztecs recognized the importance of recycling nutrients and compounds contained in wastewater.
In Peru, the Incas had a high regard for excreta as a fertilizer, which was stored, dried and pulverized to be utilized when planting maize.
In the <P> Middle Ages, the use of excreta and greywater in agricultural production was the norm. European cities were rapidly urbanizing and sanitation was becoming an increasingly serious problem, whilst at the same time the cities themselves were becoming an increasingly important source of agricultural nutrients. The practice of directly using the nutrients in excreta and wastewater for agriculture therefore continued in Europe into the middle of the 19th century. Farmers, recognizing the value of excreta, were eager to get these fertilizers to increase production and urban sanitation benefited. This practice was also called gong farmer in England but carried many health <P> "purging was one of the few procedures that a physician could perform with visible, often impressive results and without immediate or obvious dangers".
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) became the strongest supporter of the idea of colon cleansing; he thought that toxins could shorten the lifespan. Over time, the concept broadened to "auto-intoxication", which supposes that the body cannot fully dispose of its waste products and toxins, which then accumulate in the intestine. In some cases, the concept led to radical surgeries to remove the colon for unrelated symptoms.
Auto-intoxication enjoyed some favor in the medical community in the late 19th and early <P> than any other man during the latter part of the century; and Marryat's doing's and Marryat's sayings will be remembered and repeated wherever the gentle craft is known and practiced in Great Britain, and possibly in many a distant colony besides.
— Major W. G. Turle, "Fishing Gazette", February 26, 1896 <P> Victorian period would be in barns, stables, cattle sheds, pigsties, tents or the roof space of buildings. This led to problems with hygiene and therefore health. An outbreak of cholera killed 43 hop-pickers at East Farleigh in September 1849.
In 1865, the Rev J Y Stratton began a campaign to improve the conditions of the hop-pickers. Also during the 1860s, the Rev J J Kendon, visiting Goudhurst, was appalled at the plight of the hop pickers and began campaigning for improvements. This led to the formation of the Society for Employment and Improved Lodgings for Hop Pickers in 1866. The first <P> it to whiten clothing.
Many traditional agricultural societies recognized the value of human waste for soil fertility and practised the "dry" collection and reuse of excreta. This enabled them to live in communities in which nutrients and organic matter contained in excreta were returned to the soil. Historical descriptions about these practices are sparse, but it is known that excreta reuse was practiced widely in Asia (for example in China, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Korea) but also in Central and South America. However, the most renowned example of the organised collection and use of human excreta to support food production is that <P> district has visited the village thrice and commenced a vigilance session to create awareness about hygiene and sanitation among villagers. In these sessions villagers were taught about different types of waste products and their method of disposal. Sleuths exhorted to villagers to keep this similar momentum for further several rural sanitation programme and thanked villagers for taking participation in this expedition. <P> colon therapy is effective in treating cancer or any other disease". History The concept of "auto-intoxication", the idea that food enters the intestine and rots, provides a rationale for colon cleansing. The ancient Egyptians believed that toxins formed as a result of decomposition within the intestines, and moved from there into the circulatory system, causing fever and the development of pus. The Ancient Greeks adopted and expanded the idea, applying their belief in the four humours. In the 19th century, studies in biochemistry and microbiology seemed to support the autointoxication hypothesis, and mainstream physicians promoted the idea.
Daly notes that, historically, <P> fell off. Joe Johnson arrived and held on to the sack as Mr. Rowland mounted his horse. They witnessed the sack floating away for 20 yards where it settled down at the fence. When the men went to retrieve the sack, a voice was heard, "You won't touch this sack anymore."
A follow up report was published on February 18, 1890 with the title, "A Weird Witch: More Tales of a Mulhattanish Flavor from Adams Station." In the late 19th century, Joseph Mulhattan was a known hoaxer of newspaper articles. The article was republished a few days later with the subtitle <P> that were also recorded by Cowling. <P> while Shoop was the base's commander.
Shoop died of pneumonia in January 1968 at the age of 60. <P> on for imperforate anus and who suffer from fecal incontinence can be divided into two groups that require individualized treatment plans:
Children with constipation (colonic hypomotility): No special diet or medications are necessary for children with colonic hypomotility, a type of constipation. Their tendency towards constipation helps them to remain clean between enemas. The real challenge is to find an enema capable of cleaning the colon completely. Soiling episodes or "accidents" occur when there is an incomplete cleaning of the bowel.
Children with loose stools and diarrhea (colonic hypermotility): This group of children has an overactive colon. Rapid transit of stool results <P> to local rivers and creeks which became open sewers. By the 1880s, many homes in the inner city had privies backing into a rear lane, the Pail closet system where "Night soil" was collected in pans by a "nightman" reaching through a small door in the back of the outdoor toilet. It was carted away to the outer fringes of Melbourne, where it was often used as fertiliser by market gardeners. Because the waste stayed in the pan for up to a week, and some waste still flowed straight into the street, Melbourne was nicknamed "Smellbourne".
By the late 1880s Melbourne's | answer: Tiny rocks found in Pompeii were originally thought to be toys, but were actually used for butt cleaning. People would write the names of their enemies on them. Wish I could remember where I know this from. |
194,612 | 2cea3h | why does animal abuse get so much more attention (at least here in america) than child abuse? | I have always wondered the answer to this question myself. People go crazy about animals and don't give a shit about people.It boggles my mind that it totally cool for me to kill an animal and eat it, but people go ape shit if it lives in a cage that is to small before I kill it? | [
"Think about this, comedy central runs commercials to donate to African kids so they can eat and commercials to raise money for homeless dogs. This has been going on for years so both must be making money. How can a person donate 15$ to dogs while kids are starving?",
"My guess: If you send 10 bucks to a child ab... | 4 | [
"Think about this, comedy central runs commercials to donate to African kids so they can eat and commercials to raise money for homeless dogs. This has been going on for years so both must be making money. How can a person donate 15$ to dogs while kids are starving?",
"My guess: If you send 10 bucks to a child ab... | 3 | <P> state of a captive or domesticated animal must be taken into account if its behavior and health are to be understood and optimized.
Common causes of disordered behavior in captive or pet animals are lack of stimulation, inappropriate stimulation, or overstimulation. These conditions can lead to disorders, unpredictable and unwanted behavior, and sometimes even physical symptoms and diseases. For example, rats who are exposed to loud music for a long period will ultimately develop unwanted behaviors that have been compared with human psychosis, like biting their owners.
The way dogs behave when understimulated is widely believed to depend on the breed as <P> density caused gorillas to behave in a more relaxed way. Captive animals often cannot escape the attention and disruption caused by the general public, and the stress resulting from this lack of environmental control may lead to an increased rate of self-injurious behaviors.[5]
On top of self-inflicted harm, some animals exhibit harm towards others and internal psychological harm. This can be exhibited in various forms, such as Orca whales, which never have killed a human in the wild, killing two of its own trainers. Psychological tics can also be identified, ranging from swaying to head bobbing to pacing. Continuous inbreeding is <P> in some time. She had developed pressure spots where her head had been resting on her chest for long periods of time. If she had been taken care of, the caregiver would have noticed these wounds. Animal abuse or neglect According to the Humane Society, intentional animal cruelty, or animal abuse, is knowingly depriving an animal of food, water, shelter, socialization, or veterinary care or maliciously torturing, maiming, mutilating, or killing an animal.
Myiasis is the leading entomological evidence used to prove abuse, and neglect in animals. Leading causes of myiasis in animals occur when there is an injury <P> the shackles remain, and sores fester again. Panicker quotes the above from the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) commissioned report on the conditions of the elephants housed at the Punnathur Kotta Elephant "Sanctuary" in Guruvayur. Animal welfare at this elephant sanctuary has come into question due to several videos being posted online of elephants displaying stereotypic behavior, being chained by the ankles with very short chains and one obviously being beaten. Following these allegations in the media and after receiving a lot of complaints, the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) commissioned an inspection of the animals housed <P> to those of humans" (Acampora, p. 153), who are kept in a captive environment for public display and institutional profit. In a 2011 Izilwane interview with Z. Krasney, Bradshaw was asked to comment on captive animal businesses. She stated, "Captivity is institutionalized trauma. Zoos, aquaria, and other places like circuses are exploitative. They are businesses. Visiting zoos is no different from visiting prisons. These places are filled with animals suffering horribly, surviving by living in disturbing mental states and behaviors such as self-mutilation, depression, unhappiness, premature death, elephants living half as long as their free ranging counterparts, mothers killing <P> increase in tiger attacks. In January, 2011 three villagers were attacked outside the sanctuary. As the attacks were outside the sanctuary compensation was not paid. Villagers have been speaking against tigers owing to attacks and cattle kills. Delay or nonpayment of compensation has moved the villagers' attitude against tigers. <P> in the premises and its facilities. The Commission submitted its report in September 2014. In spite of the report highlighting the pathetic conditions in which the elephants were being housed, the violations of in welfare norms including that of feed, water and veterinary care, no action has been taken by the authorities in spite of numerous reminders by the AWBI.
On 15 August 2015, Daily Mail released a report by journalist Liz Jones that detailed the torture and cruelty of elephants at 'training camps' to break their spirit. However, her account is disputed by other eye-witness reports - who claim that, <P> as piglet-focused aggression is more frequent in young animals than sows. Occurrence of savaging demonstrated by sows is greater if the sow has previously savaged her offspring either as a gilt or sow. Savaging behaviour usually occurs during the first two days after parturition. Prevalence of savaging is similar among first and second farrowing cycles. Savaging behaviour has a significant impact on both agricultural economy and animal welfare which is why it is currently a subject of interest in the pig industry. Environmental factors There exist multiple environmental factors that increase the rate of savaging demonstrated by pigs. It has <P> protection from trafficking (Article 11), the right to education (Article 23) and the right to rest (Article 31.1).
The World Health Organization report in 1999 defined child abuses as "all forms of physical and/or emotional ill treatment, sexual abuses, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.”
The most common forms of abuse in youth sport are child trafficking and labour, physical abuse, peer violence, physical violence by adults including physical punishment, violence due to <P> during heavy rains, as before the harvest season, there is not much agricultural work and heavy rainfall obscures human tracks, making it easier for poachers to get away with their crimes.
Poverty seems to be a large impetus to cause people to poach, something that affects both residents in Africa and Asia. For example, in Thailand, there are anecdotal accounts of the desire for a better life for children, which drive rural poachers to take the risk of poaching even though they dislike exploiting the wildlife.
Another major cause of poaching is due to the cultural high demand of wildlife products, such <P> been isolated for six months by placing them with monkeys who had been reared normally. He stated that it produced “severe deficits in virtually every aspect of social behavior” and that it “achieved only limited recovery of simple social responses.” Ethics The ethics of pulling a baby primate away from their mother at young ages isn't morally right. Removing baby primates from their mothers can cause high psychological trauma in these young primates that can inhibit proper growth and social skills. In addition to lasting effects, these animals may live in small, cramped, dirty environments, which can cause health issues <P> start their captive breeding program. In 1997, six Bengal tigers died from Trypanosomiasis at the zoo, and in 2006, four more became victims. In July 2007, two female Bengal tigers, one of which had given the zoo 19 cubs, died from same disease. In early May 2009, a 3-year-old female Bengal tiger died after a cesarean section to take out her dead babies. In April 2009, a Bengal tiger gave birth to four In July 2009, a lion gave birth to two cubs but killed them by eating their heads. Director, Zafar Shah, said that the lion had been killing <P> captures fell dramatically in the 1990s and by 1999, about 40% of the forty-eight animals on display in the world were captive-born.
Organizations such as World Animal Protection and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation campaign against the practice of keeping them in captivity.
In captivity, they often develop pathologies, such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 60–90% of captive males. Captives have reduced life expectancy, on average only living into their 20s, although some live longer, including several over 30 years old and two, Corky II and Lolita, in their mid-40s. In the wild, females who survive infancy live 46 years <P> concerned about the spiralling of violence and pressure over government and public opinion against animal testing; these circumstances led to the closure of "Green Hill", a beagle-breeding facility in Northern Italy in July 2012, after several raids during the previous months by animal-rights activists, one of which including the stealing of some dogs from the facility on 28 April 2012.
On 20 April 2013, another foray to an animal testing facility took place at the University of Milan, which led to the release of mice and rabbits and consistent damage to researches carried out for years). It was made by the <P> status means animals have the right for their welfare to be taken seriously. However, there are many situations that might not follow animals rights because if an animal is dangerous to you, you might endanger the animal's welfare to save your life or others. In this situation, you are not following the animals moral status so, there are still people trying to find out how much rights do animals get compared to humans. To make sure animals have their rights there has been laws made to protect captive animals. The laws are The Animal Welfare Act, The Convention On International <P> parents learning to provide positive reinforcement, such as praise and rewards, for children's appropriate behaviors while setting proper limits, using methods such as removing attention for inappropriate behaviors. Technique Poor parenting, inadequate parental supervision, discipline that is not consistent, and parental mental health status, stress or substance abuse all contribute to early-onset conduct problems; the resulting costs to society are high. In the context of developing countries in particular, family socio-economic disadvantage is a significant predictor of abusive parenting that impacts adolescent's psychological, behavioural and physical health outcomes. Negative parenting practices and negative child behavior contribute to one another in <P> attacks. Typically gentle and peaceful herbivores with complex social structures, tight-knit lifelong familial bonds, sophisticated cognitive capacities, and highly empathic responsiveness, traumatized elephants were displaying behavioral aberrations such as inter- and intra-species aggression, abnormal startle response, depression, and infant neglect. The unprecedented killing and assault of over 100 rhinoceroses by traumatized young bull elephants was documented in South Africa. Bradshaw integrated psychobiological and ethological principles, specifically the understanding that maternal and community loss lead to pathogenic right hemispheric neurological development, which often results in hyperaggression and socioemotional dysfunction. She found that violent human interference was leading to the <P> within baby primates. Health problems can also arise sooner and with more impact on a young primate that has just been removed from the comfort of their mother because their immune system is not fully active as it would be with an older primate. The psychological effects of the physiological suffering of these young primates last a lifetime.
Overall, questions arise about animal experimentation being morally right or wrong. Labs that abuse the ability to conduct animal experimentation are often shut down or lose federal funding, University of Pennsylvania's lab is a good example of this. Some statistics about animal experimentation: <P> abuse, neglect, and dependence and outline the care expected of parents and caregivers. In abuse cases, the most abused children are male aged from several months to 10 to 11 years old. The typical abusers are parents, live-in friends, guardians, or baby sitters, and only rarely by a sibling or other child.
The recognition of abuse is not always beyond doubt. Some usual symptoms of child abuse/neglect include malnutrition, bruises or abrasions, healing fractures, and repetitive or cumulative injuries upon examination of skin, soft tissues, and bones. In proven child and abuse cases, as determined by the aforementioned constraints, forensic entomology <P> The most simple and easiest to implement is handwashing. Food for young children, including formula and baby food can contain pathogens that can make the child very ill and even die. Child abuse It is important that caregivers recognize the potential of the abuse of their infant or toddler. An infant or toddler is potentially vulnerable to physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and neglect and has inability to verbalize the details of the abuse. Child grooming can be a concern and occurs when a perpetrator wins the trust of caregivers for the purpose of creating an opportunity for them | question: why does animal abuse get so much more attention (at least here in america) than child abuse? context: <P> state of a captive or domesticated animal must be taken into account if its behavior and health are to be understood and optimized.
Common causes of disordered behavior in captive or pet animals are lack of stimulation, inappropriate stimulation, or overstimulation. These conditions can lead to disorders, unpredictable and unwanted behavior, and sometimes even physical symptoms and diseases. For example, rats who are exposed to loud music for a long period will ultimately develop unwanted behaviors that have been compared with human psychosis, like biting their owners.
The way dogs behave when understimulated is widely believed to depend on the breed as <P> density caused gorillas to behave in a more relaxed way. Captive animals often cannot escape the attention and disruption caused by the general public, and the stress resulting from this lack of environmental control may lead to an increased rate of self-injurious behaviors.[5]
On top of self-inflicted harm, some animals exhibit harm towards others and internal psychological harm. This can be exhibited in various forms, such as Orca whales, which never have killed a human in the wild, killing two of its own trainers. Psychological tics can also be identified, ranging from swaying to head bobbing to pacing. Continuous inbreeding is <P> in some time. She had developed pressure spots where her head had been resting on her chest for long periods of time. If she had been taken care of, the caregiver would have noticed these wounds. Animal abuse or neglect According to the Humane Society, intentional animal cruelty, or animal abuse, is knowingly depriving an animal of food, water, shelter, socialization, or veterinary care or maliciously torturing, maiming, mutilating, or killing an animal.
Myiasis is the leading entomological evidence used to prove abuse, and neglect in animals. Leading causes of myiasis in animals occur when there is an injury <P> the shackles remain, and sores fester again. Panicker quotes the above from the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) commissioned report on the conditions of the elephants housed at the Punnathur Kotta Elephant "Sanctuary" in Guruvayur. Animal welfare at this elephant sanctuary has come into question due to several videos being posted online of elephants displaying stereotypic behavior, being chained by the ankles with very short chains and one obviously being beaten. Following these allegations in the media and after receiving a lot of complaints, the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) commissioned an inspection of the animals housed <P> to those of humans" (Acampora, p. 153), who are kept in a captive environment for public display and institutional profit. In a 2011 Izilwane interview with Z. Krasney, Bradshaw was asked to comment on captive animal businesses. She stated, "Captivity is institutionalized trauma. Zoos, aquaria, and other places like circuses are exploitative. They are businesses. Visiting zoos is no different from visiting prisons. These places are filled with animals suffering horribly, surviving by living in disturbing mental states and behaviors such as self-mutilation, depression, unhappiness, premature death, elephants living half as long as their free ranging counterparts, mothers killing <P> increase in tiger attacks. In January, 2011 three villagers were attacked outside the sanctuary. As the attacks were outside the sanctuary compensation was not paid. Villagers have been speaking against tigers owing to attacks and cattle kills. Delay or nonpayment of compensation has moved the villagers' attitude against tigers. <P> in the premises and its facilities. The Commission submitted its report in September 2014. In spite of the report highlighting the pathetic conditions in which the elephants were being housed, the violations of in welfare norms including that of feed, water and veterinary care, no action has been taken by the authorities in spite of numerous reminders by the AWBI.
On 15 August 2015, Daily Mail released a report by journalist Liz Jones that detailed the torture and cruelty of elephants at 'training camps' to break their spirit. However, her account is disputed by other eye-witness reports - who claim that, <P> as piglet-focused aggression is more frequent in young animals than sows. Occurrence of savaging demonstrated by sows is greater if the sow has previously savaged her offspring either as a gilt or sow. Savaging behaviour usually occurs during the first two days after parturition. Prevalence of savaging is similar among first and second farrowing cycles. Savaging behaviour has a significant impact on both agricultural economy and animal welfare which is why it is currently a subject of interest in the pig industry. Environmental factors There exist multiple environmental factors that increase the rate of savaging demonstrated by pigs. It has <P> protection from trafficking (Article 11), the right to education (Article 23) and the right to rest (Article 31.1).
The World Health Organization report in 1999 defined child abuses as "all forms of physical and/or emotional ill treatment, sexual abuses, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.”
The most common forms of abuse in youth sport are child trafficking and labour, physical abuse, peer violence, physical violence by adults including physical punishment, violence due to <P> during heavy rains, as before the harvest season, there is not much agricultural work and heavy rainfall obscures human tracks, making it easier for poachers to get away with their crimes.
Poverty seems to be a large impetus to cause people to poach, something that affects both residents in Africa and Asia. For example, in Thailand, there are anecdotal accounts of the desire for a better life for children, which drive rural poachers to take the risk of poaching even though they dislike exploiting the wildlife.
Another major cause of poaching is due to the cultural high demand of wildlife products, such <P> been isolated for six months by placing them with monkeys who had been reared normally. He stated that it produced “severe deficits in virtually every aspect of social behavior” and that it “achieved only limited recovery of simple social responses.” Ethics The ethics of pulling a baby primate away from their mother at young ages isn't morally right. Removing baby primates from their mothers can cause high psychological trauma in these young primates that can inhibit proper growth and social skills. In addition to lasting effects, these animals may live in small, cramped, dirty environments, which can cause health issues <P> start their captive breeding program. In 1997, six Bengal tigers died from Trypanosomiasis at the zoo, and in 2006, four more became victims. In July 2007, two female Bengal tigers, one of which had given the zoo 19 cubs, died from same disease. In early May 2009, a 3-year-old female Bengal tiger died after a cesarean section to take out her dead babies. In April 2009, a Bengal tiger gave birth to four In July 2009, a lion gave birth to two cubs but killed them by eating their heads. Director, Zafar Shah, said that the lion had been killing <P> captures fell dramatically in the 1990s and by 1999, about 40% of the forty-eight animals on display in the world were captive-born.
Organizations such as World Animal Protection and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation campaign against the practice of keeping them in captivity.
In captivity, they often develop pathologies, such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 60–90% of captive males. Captives have reduced life expectancy, on average only living into their 20s, although some live longer, including several over 30 years old and two, Corky II and Lolita, in their mid-40s. In the wild, females who survive infancy live 46 years <P> concerned about the spiralling of violence and pressure over government and public opinion against animal testing; these circumstances led to the closure of "Green Hill", a beagle-breeding facility in Northern Italy in July 2012, after several raids during the previous months by animal-rights activists, one of which including the stealing of some dogs from the facility on 28 April 2012.
On 20 April 2013, another foray to an animal testing facility took place at the University of Milan, which led to the release of mice and rabbits and consistent damage to researches carried out for years). It was made by the <P> status means animals have the right for their welfare to be taken seriously. However, there are many situations that might not follow animals rights because if an animal is dangerous to you, you might endanger the animal's welfare to save your life or others. In this situation, you are not following the animals moral status so, there are still people trying to find out how much rights do animals get compared to humans. To make sure animals have their rights there has been laws made to protect captive animals. The laws are The Animal Welfare Act, The Convention On International <P> parents learning to provide positive reinforcement, such as praise and rewards, for children's appropriate behaviors while setting proper limits, using methods such as removing attention for inappropriate behaviors. Technique Poor parenting, inadequate parental supervision, discipline that is not consistent, and parental mental health status, stress or substance abuse all contribute to early-onset conduct problems; the resulting costs to society are high. In the context of developing countries in particular, family socio-economic disadvantage is a significant predictor of abusive parenting that impacts adolescent's psychological, behavioural and physical health outcomes. Negative parenting practices and negative child behavior contribute to one another in <P> attacks. Typically gentle and peaceful herbivores with complex social structures, tight-knit lifelong familial bonds, sophisticated cognitive capacities, and highly empathic responsiveness, traumatized elephants were displaying behavioral aberrations such as inter- and intra-species aggression, abnormal startle response, depression, and infant neglect. The unprecedented killing and assault of over 100 rhinoceroses by traumatized young bull elephants was documented in South Africa. Bradshaw integrated psychobiological and ethological principles, specifically the understanding that maternal and community loss lead to pathogenic right hemispheric neurological development, which often results in hyperaggression and socioemotional dysfunction. She found that violent human interference was leading to the <P> within baby primates. Health problems can also arise sooner and with more impact on a young primate that has just been removed from the comfort of their mother because their immune system is not fully active as it would be with an older primate. The psychological effects of the physiological suffering of these young primates last a lifetime.
Overall, questions arise about animal experimentation being morally right or wrong. Labs that abuse the ability to conduct animal experimentation are often shut down or lose federal funding, University of Pennsylvania's lab is a good example of this. Some statistics about animal experimentation: <P> abuse, neglect, and dependence and outline the care expected of parents and caregivers. In abuse cases, the most abused children are male aged from several months to 10 to 11 years old. The typical abusers are parents, live-in friends, guardians, or baby sitters, and only rarely by a sibling or other child.
The recognition of abuse is not always beyond doubt. Some usual symptoms of child abuse/neglect include malnutrition, bruises or abrasions, healing fractures, and repetitive or cumulative injuries upon examination of skin, soft tissues, and bones. In proven child and abuse cases, as determined by the aforementioned constraints, forensic entomology <P> The most simple and easiest to implement is handwashing. Food for young children, including formula and baby food can contain pathogens that can make the child very ill and even die. Child abuse It is important that caregivers recognize the potential of the abuse of their infant or toddler. An infant or toddler is potentially vulnerable to physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and neglect and has inability to verbalize the details of the abuse. Child grooming can be a concern and occurs when a perpetrator wins the trust of caregivers for the purpose of creating an opportunity for them | answer: I have always wondered the answer to this question myself. People go crazy about animals and don't give a shit about people.It boggles my mind that it totally cool for me to kill an animal and eat it, but people go ape shit if it lives in a cage that is to small before I kill it? |
92,586 | 2g4igx | why do some chef's knives cost so much? why is japanese steel considered so much better? is it really impossible to "perfect" a knife? | Japanese steel isn't the best. They still make good stuff, but there is not single place that makes the best steel. With the advent of modern metallurgy and the sharing of knowledge, everyone is on an even playing field and the Japanese never were the best in terms of steel quality. The Indians and middle east has that one in regards to steel of antiquity. As for cost, materials and craftsmanship. Its really that simple. In regards to the perfect knife, define what perfect is. There is no single objective best knife because the capabilities will vary form taks to task. Even within the realm of cooking, an 8" Santoku will be great at general food processing, but fall behind something like a paring knife for cutting certain things, or not do as well as a filet knife for fileting fish. And similarly, those two knives wont do as well as the santoku for other things. To summarize, the Japanese make excellent knives with good steel, but aren't necessarily the best because that doesn't exist. Some knives cost what they do because of the materials and craftsmanship that goes into each, just like everything else. The perfect knife does not exist due to the huge number of variables that go into making each one. What is perfect for one person can be totally off for another. | [
"The difficult thing is to have steel that can be honed to a fine edge, and have it able to hold that edge for many cuts of things of varying hardness. \n\nWhen knives are made out of cheap steel and without much care, they aren't balance well either. A good chef's knife will almost float in your hand as you're cho... | 3 | [
"Japanese steel isn't the best. They still make good stuff, but there is not single place that makes the best steel. With the advent of modern metallurgy and the sharing of knowledge, everyone is on an even playing field and the Japanese never were the best in terms of steel quality. The Indians and middle east has... | 1 | <P> Muela (knife manufacturer) History The company was founded by Eladio Muela who celebrated, in 2002, 50 years since he created his first knife, a folding model. Materials Most Muela knives are made of stainless steel alloys with vanadium, chromium and molybdenum content; few luxury items are made of pattern welded steel. <P> between hardness and toughness is fairly complex and great hardness and great toughness are often possible simultaneously.
As a rough guide, Western kitchen knives are generally double-bevelled (about 15° on the first bevel and 20°–22° on the second), whereas East Asian kitchen knives, made of harder steel and being either wedge- (double-ground) or chisel-shaped (single-ground), are ground to 15°–18°. Process A sharp object works by concentrating forces which creates a high pressure due to the very small area of the edge, but high pressures can nick a thin blade or even cause it to roll over into a rounded tube when <P> CQC-6 Specifications The CQC-6 has a 3 5/16" long blade. The handle is 4 5/8" long making the knife close to 8 inches in length when opened. The butt-end of the knife tapers to a point and features a hole for tying a lanyard.
The blade profile of most CQC-6's is a Japanese chisel ground tantō with a single bevel or zero-ground blade sharpened on only one side. Early models have a buffline similar to a hamon found on a Japanese Samurai Sword due to a leather buffing wheel used by Emerson to finish his blades. Unlike the typical <P> went to this charity. This knife featured polished hardware, hand-checkered micarta scales, and an engraved blade reading: "We shall strike a dagger deep into the heart of such evil". CQC-7 In 1994, the president of Benchmade Knives, Les DeAsis, approached Emerson to manufacture the CQC6 on a larger scale as a factory production model. Preferring to keep the CQC6 as a custom-only knife, Emerson instead licensed a similar design of his, the CQC-7. Even though it did not have the craftsmanship of a handmade piece of cutlery, it satisfied customers with their own version of Emerson's work, at an <P> of the CQC7 is not a handmade knife and features no bolsters or micarta in the handle construction. The handle material on the production model is G-10 fiberglass and the edge of the blade has a secondary bevel. There is a larger and smaller version of this knife known as the "Super CQC-7" and "Mini-CQC-7", respectively and a version with a drop-point blade as opposed to a tanto. An "all titanium" handled version with a framelock was made in 2005 known as the HD-7 to commemorate the tenth anniversary of this model. Emerson makes handmade versions of the CQC-7 with <P> would design a folding version for Gerber Legendary Blades, which won the 1996 International Blade Show "American Made Knife of the Year" award.
After Al Mar ceased production of the A–F fighting knife, a number of variations were made by Blackjack Knives, Gerber and Böker Knives, all with limited degrees of success. The US Military Stock Number for the Gerber folding version is NSN: 5110-01-436-1548. <P> months. A cow tail knife sheath completes the ensemble. <P> to accommodate easy disassembly in the field with an improvised tool, if needed. Most models feature traction grooves for a more secure grip in a wet environment and a chamfered lockface. Early knives were made with black linen micarta and later models featured a proprietary green color made exclusively for Emerson. A pocket clip held in place by three screws allows the knife to be clipped to a pocket, web-gear, or MOLLE. History In the mid-1980s, individual Navy SEALs from a West Coast team had been using personally purchased custom fixed-blade knives made by Southern California knifemaker Phill <P> 10-inch (25 cm) double-edged knife the "Applegate-Fairbairn Combat Smatchet"; it was initially offered as a handmade knife by Bill Harsey, Jr., and later by Wells Creek Gun and Knife Works, and after that by Al Mar Knives. Following Mar's death, Boker Knives was licensed to produce it. Applegate later had Harsey design a "Mini-Smatchet" (with a 4.75-inch (12.1 cm) blade) which was produced by Boker.
Applegate was inducted into the Blade Magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 1994 Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia in recognition of the impact his designs have made upon the cutlery industry and for his writings on knife <P> Japanese chisel-grind, Emerson's grind is on the left-side of the blade as opposed to the right-side.
The handle material of the CQC-6 is composed of two titanium liners utilizing a Walker linerlock and a single or double detent as the locking mechanism, although one experimental model exists with a ratchet lock. Titanium bolsters make up the front half of the knife with the back half represented by linen micarta scales. The reasons for using titanium as a linerlock material were due to its memory characteristics and corrosion resistance. The screws in the handle, and pivot are traditional straight-head screws <P> on the tactical models. A few early models featured a titanium backspacer, replaced in later years by a backspacer made of G10 fiberglass. Some early CQC-6's featured cutouts in the micarta handle slabs for a small pair of tweezers as found on the Swiss Army Knife.
At the 2017 G9 USN Gathering knife show in Las Vegas, Emerson made the debut of the most coveted CQC6 to date, a black CQC6 Flipper.
In Japan there are strict laws regarding the manufacture and possession of tantō blades. In response to this, Emerson made a small batch of CQC-6's with a more <P> M3 fighting knife Design and features Designed for rapid production using a minimum of strategic metals and machine processes, the M3 trench knife used a relatively narrow 6.75-inch bayonet-style spear-point blade with a sharpened 3.5-inch secondary edge. The blade was made of carbon steel, and was either blued or parkerized. Production of the grooved leather handle was later simplified by forming the grip of stacked leather washers that were shaped by turning on a lathe, then polished and lacquered. The steel crossguard had an angular bend at one end to facilitate a thumb rest. History The M3 <P> is a groove in it and a chisel grind, while the other side has no groove and is basically a convex edge (meaning it rounds down to the edge, rather than having a straight bevel).
The blade is traditionally forged. from locally sourced iron ore smelted by Yakutian blacksmiths. The knife handle is historically made from birch burl and is thick and egg-shaped in cross-section. It fits the hand and can also be used wearing gloves. The birch also protects the hand from the cold effects of the knife steel in extreme cold, a common condition in Siberia during winter <P> prestige and reward. Apprentices to sword-guard makers must have grown in numbers, and probably feudal lords outside the capital invited these men to work for them.
From the Muromachi period until the nineteenth-century edict prohibiting the carrying of swords, Shoami guards in a wide range of styles were being produced all over Japan. In fact, so numerous are the types of Shoami guards that it is even considered safe by some people to call anything unassignable to another group Shoami. Furthermore, although some Shoami guards produced for specific clients are of high quality, they were made in quantity to be treated <P> be laminated between two layers of softer steel, or a core of soft steel could be wrapped in high carbon steel. The Japanese katana was often found with complex patterns of soft and hard steels; having 5 sections of differing hardness welded together to form the final blade was not uncommon. The end result would be a blade with a very high carbon edge (as much as 1.0%, equal to the highest carbon content found in low alloy steels in use today) and a softer spine. The very hard, but brittle, edge made the swords extremely sharp, while the spine <P> to enhance their cleanability and durability, and to permit their use in induction cooking (this requires a magnetic grade of stainless steel, such as 432). Because stainless steel is a poor conductor of heat, it is often used as a thin surface cladding over a core of copper or aluminium, which conduct heat more readily.
Cutlery is normally stainless steel, for low corrosion, ease of cleaning, negligible toxicity, as well as not flavoring the food by electrolytic activity. Jewelry Stainless steel is used for jewelry and watches, with 316L being the type commonly used for such applications. Oxidizing stainless steel briefly <P> industry. Stainless steels do not affect the taste of the product, they are easily cleaned and sterilized to prevent bacterial contamination of the food, and they are durable.
Stainless steels are used extensively in cookware, commercial food processing, commercial kitchens, brewing beer, wine making, and meat processing.
Acidic foods with high salt additions, such as tomato sauce, and highly salted condiments, such as soya sauce may require higher alloyed stainless steels such as 6% Mo superaustenitics to prevent pitting corrosion by chloride. Medicine Surgical tools and medical equipment are usually made of stainless steel, because of its durability and ability to be <P> hung from kimono sashes, and of which he owned several thousand; he held two in his hands as he spoke. He told the members that a netsuke was at one time carefully carved by the man who wore it, building "something of himself into the design", and although a class of professional netsuke makers arose later, whose work might have been more technically adept, it was, "ordinarily cold, stiff, and without imagination. ... Missing was the element of the amateur carver, which causes these netsuke to be esteemed so much higher by the collector than the commercial product carved for money." <P> utilizing the Walker linerlock.
According to the SEALs' requirements, the knife had to be corrosion resistant, designed for easy cleaning in the field, durable enough to be used on a daily basis as a tool, and capable as a weapon should the need arise. Emerson's folding chisel-ground "tantō" became the sixth model in his Viper series and, while a handful of prototypes were referred to as "Viper 6", the model was soon named the "CQC-6" (CQC refers to "close-quarters combat") and was chosen by the SEALs for use. Writer, David Steele, refers to the CQC-6 as the sixth model after <P> Higonokami A higonokami (肥後守) is a type of folding pocket knife originating in Miki, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan in 1896. The knife has no locking system, but is a friction folder or "penny knife", using the friction of the swivel or the pressure of the user's thumb on its iconic lever or chikiri, to prevent the knife from folding during use. The handle of the Higonokami is made of a folded over sheet of metal. The handle is stamped with the name of the maker of the knife and the steel used in the blade. A distinguishing feature is that | question: why do some chef's knives cost so much? why is japanese steel considered so much better? is it really impossible to "perfect" a knife? context: <P> Muela (knife manufacturer) History The company was founded by Eladio Muela who celebrated, in 2002, 50 years since he created his first knife, a folding model. Materials Most Muela knives are made of stainless steel alloys with vanadium, chromium and molybdenum content; few luxury items are made of pattern welded steel. <P> between hardness and toughness is fairly complex and great hardness and great toughness are often possible simultaneously.
As a rough guide, Western kitchen knives are generally double-bevelled (about 15° on the first bevel and 20°–22° on the second), whereas East Asian kitchen knives, made of harder steel and being either wedge- (double-ground) or chisel-shaped (single-ground), are ground to 15°–18°. Process A sharp object works by concentrating forces which creates a high pressure due to the very small area of the edge, but high pressures can nick a thin blade or even cause it to roll over into a rounded tube when <P> CQC-6 Specifications The CQC-6 has a 3 5/16" long blade. The handle is 4 5/8" long making the knife close to 8 inches in length when opened. The butt-end of the knife tapers to a point and features a hole for tying a lanyard.
The blade profile of most CQC-6's is a Japanese chisel ground tantō with a single bevel or zero-ground blade sharpened on only one side. Early models have a buffline similar to a hamon found on a Japanese Samurai Sword due to a leather buffing wheel used by Emerson to finish his blades. Unlike the typical <P> went to this charity. This knife featured polished hardware, hand-checkered micarta scales, and an engraved blade reading: "We shall strike a dagger deep into the heart of such evil". CQC-7 In 1994, the president of Benchmade Knives, Les DeAsis, approached Emerson to manufacture the CQC6 on a larger scale as a factory production model. Preferring to keep the CQC6 as a custom-only knife, Emerson instead licensed a similar design of his, the CQC-7. Even though it did not have the craftsmanship of a handmade piece of cutlery, it satisfied customers with their own version of Emerson's work, at an <P> of the CQC7 is not a handmade knife and features no bolsters or micarta in the handle construction. The handle material on the production model is G-10 fiberglass and the edge of the blade has a secondary bevel. There is a larger and smaller version of this knife known as the "Super CQC-7" and "Mini-CQC-7", respectively and a version with a drop-point blade as opposed to a tanto. An "all titanium" handled version with a framelock was made in 2005 known as the HD-7 to commemorate the tenth anniversary of this model. Emerson makes handmade versions of the CQC-7 with <P> would design a folding version for Gerber Legendary Blades, which won the 1996 International Blade Show "American Made Knife of the Year" award.
After Al Mar ceased production of the A–F fighting knife, a number of variations were made by Blackjack Knives, Gerber and Böker Knives, all with limited degrees of success. The US Military Stock Number for the Gerber folding version is NSN: 5110-01-436-1548. <P> months. A cow tail knife sheath completes the ensemble. <P> to accommodate easy disassembly in the field with an improvised tool, if needed. Most models feature traction grooves for a more secure grip in a wet environment and a chamfered lockface. Early knives were made with black linen micarta and later models featured a proprietary green color made exclusively for Emerson. A pocket clip held in place by three screws allows the knife to be clipped to a pocket, web-gear, or MOLLE. History In the mid-1980s, individual Navy SEALs from a West Coast team had been using personally purchased custom fixed-blade knives made by Southern California knifemaker Phill <P> 10-inch (25 cm) double-edged knife the "Applegate-Fairbairn Combat Smatchet"; it was initially offered as a handmade knife by Bill Harsey, Jr., and later by Wells Creek Gun and Knife Works, and after that by Al Mar Knives. Following Mar's death, Boker Knives was licensed to produce it. Applegate later had Harsey design a "Mini-Smatchet" (with a 4.75-inch (12.1 cm) blade) which was produced by Boker.
Applegate was inducted into the Blade Magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 1994 Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia in recognition of the impact his designs have made upon the cutlery industry and for his writings on knife <P> Japanese chisel-grind, Emerson's grind is on the left-side of the blade as opposed to the right-side.
The handle material of the CQC-6 is composed of two titanium liners utilizing a Walker linerlock and a single or double detent as the locking mechanism, although one experimental model exists with a ratchet lock. Titanium bolsters make up the front half of the knife with the back half represented by linen micarta scales. The reasons for using titanium as a linerlock material were due to its memory characteristics and corrosion resistance. The screws in the handle, and pivot are traditional straight-head screws <P> on the tactical models. A few early models featured a titanium backspacer, replaced in later years by a backspacer made of G10 fiberglass. Some early CQC-6's featured cutouts in the micarta handle slabs for a small pair of tweezers as found on the Swiss Army Knife.
At the 2017 G9 USN Gathering knife show in Las Vegas, Emerson made the debut of the most coveted CQC6 to date, a black CQC6 Flipper.
In Japan there are strict laws regarding the manufacture and possession of tantō blades. In response to this, Emerson made a small batch of CQC-6's with a more <P> M3 fighting knife Design and features Designed for rapid production using a minimum of strategic metals and machine processes, the M3 trench knife used a relatively narrow 6.75-inch bayonet-style spear-point blade with a sharpened 3.5-inch secondary edge. The blade was made of carbon steel, and was either blued or parkerized. Production of the grooved leather handle was later simplified by forming the grip of stacked leather washers that were shaped by turning on a lathe, then polished and lacquered. The steel crossguard had an angular bend at one end to facilitate a thumb rest. History The M3 <P> is a groove in it and a chisel grind, while the other side has no groove and is basically a convex edge (meaning it rounds down to the edge, rather than having a straight bevel).
The blade is traditionally forged. from locally sourced iron ore smelted by Yakutian blacksmiths. The knife handle is historically made from birch burl and is thick and egg-shaped in cross-section. It fits the hand and can also be used wearing gloves. The birch also protects the hand from the cold effects of the knife steel in extreme cold, a common condition in Siberia during winter <P> prestige and reward. Apprentices to sword-guard makers must have grown in numbers, and probably feudal lords outside the capital invited these men to work for them.
From the Muromachi period until the nineteenth-century edict prohibiting the carrying of swords, Shoami guards in a wide range of styles were being produced all over Japan. In fact, so numerous are the types of Shoami guards that it is even considered safe by some people to call anything unassignable to another group Shoami. Furthermore, although some Shoami guards produced for specific clients are of high quality, they were made in quantity to be treated <P> be laminated between two layers of softer steel, or a core of soft steel could be wrapped in high carbon steel. The Japanese katana was often found with complex patterns of soft and hard steels; having 5 sections of differing hardness welded together to form the final blade was not uncommon. The end result would be a blade with a very high carbon edge (as much as 1.0%, equal to the highest carbon content found in low alloy steels in use today) and a softer spine. The very hard, but brittle, edge made the swords extremely sharp, while the spine <P> to enhance their cleanability and durability, and to permit their use in induction cooking (this requires a magnetic grade of stainless steel, such as 432). Because stainless steel is a poor conductor of heat, it is often used as a thin surface cladding over a core of copper or aluminium, which conduct heat more readily.
Cutlery is normally stainless steel, for low corrosion, ease of cleaning, negligible toxicity, as well as not flavoring the food by electrolytic activity. Jewelry Stainless steel is used for jewelry and watches, with 316L being the type commonly used for such applications. Oxidizing stainless steel briefly <P> industry. Stainless steels do not affect the taste of the product, they are easily cleaned and sterilized to prevent bacterial contamination of the food, and they are durable.
Stainless steels are used extensively in cookware, commercial food processing, commercial kitchens, brewing beer, wine making, and meat processing.
Acidic foods with high salt additions, such as tomato sauce, and highly salted condiments, such as soya sauce may require higher alloyed stainless steels such as 6% Mo superaustenitics to prevent pitting corrosion by chloride. Medicine Surgical tools and medical equipment are usually made of stainless steel, because of its durability and ability to be <P> hung from kimono sashes, and of which he owned several thousand; he held two in his hands as he spoke. He told the members that a netsuke was at one time carefully carved by the man who wore it, building "something of himself into the design", and although a class of professional netsuke makers arose later, whose work might have been more technically adept, it was, "ordinarily cold, stiff, and without imagination. ... Missing was the element of the amateur carver, which causes these netsuke to be esteemed so much higher by the collector than the commercial product carved for money." <P> utilizing the Walker linerlock.
According to the SEALs' requirements, the knife had to be corrosion resistant, designed for easy cleaning in the field, durable enough to be used on a daily basis as a tool, and capable as a weapon should the need arise. Emerson's folding chisel-ground "tantō" became the sixth model in his Viper series and, while a handful of prototypes were referred to as "Viper 6", the model was soon named the "CQC-6" (CQC refers to "close-quarters combat") and was chosen by the SEALs for use. Writer, David Steele, refers to the CQC-6 as the sixth model after <P> Higonokami A higonokami (肥後守) is a type of folding pocket knife originating in Miki, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan in 1896. The knife has no locking system, but is a friction folder or "penny knife", using the friction of the swivel or the pressure of the user's thumb on its iconic lever or chikiri, to prevent the knife from folding during use. The handle of the Higonokami is made of a folded over sheet of metal. The handle is stamped with the name of the maker of the knife and the steel used in the blade. A distinguishing feature is that | answer: Japanese steel isn't the best. They still make good stuff, but there is not single place that makes the best steel. With the advent of modern metallurgy and the sharing of knowledge, everyone is on an even playing field and the Japanese never were the best in terms of steel quality. The Indians and middle east has that one in regards to steel of antiquity. As for cost, materials and craftsmanship. Its really that simple. In regards to the perfect knife, define what perfect is. There is no single objective best knife because the capabilities will vary form taks to task. Even within the realm of cooking, an 8" Santoku will be great at general food processing, but fall behind something like a paring knife for cutting certain things, or not do as well as a filet knife for fileting fish. And similarly, those two knives wont do as well as the santoku for other things. To summarize, the Japanese make excellent knives with good steel, but aren't necessarily the best because that doesn't exist. Some knives cost what they do because of the materials and craftsmanship that goes into each, just like everything else. The perfect knife does not exist due to the huge number of variables that go into making each one. What is perfect for one person can be totally off for another. |
180,914 | 4mau09 | why does grass dominantly cover land on earth? | There are hundreds of species of grasses.They are a very successful family of plants because they can generally grow where larger plants cannot. Allowing them to colonize a lot of marginal land. | [
"There are hundreds of species of grasses.\n\nThey are a very successful family of plants because they can generally grow where larger plants cannot. Allowing them to colonize a lot of marginal land.",
"Grasses are a pretty new ( something like 50 million years old) type of plant, they evolved mechanisms to make ... | 6 | [
"There are hundreds of species of grasses.\n\nThey are a very successful family of plants because they can generally grow where larger plants cannot. Allowing them to colonize a lot of marginal land.",
"Grasses are a pretty new ( something like 50 million years old) type of plant, they evolved mechanisms to make ... | 3 | <P> it has never been ploughed. The dominant grass species are Crested Hair-grass Koeleria cristata, Timothy Grass Phleum pratense and Common Quaking-grass Briza media. Herb species include the locally rare Heath Sedge Carex ericetorum and Bastard Toadflax Comandra umbellata. Scrub has developed along the edge of the ditch where it is sheltered by woodland. <P> a few centimeters long. The racemes are lined with pairs of spikelets, the red-haired fertile spikelets without stalks and the smaller sterile spikelets on stalks.
The rough-haired seeds are dispersed in the fur of animals, on the wind, and on vehicles and machinery such as graders. Ecology In its native range the grass grows in woodlands and seasonally flooded grasslands. It is also tolerant of drought and easily naturalizes in disturbed habitat sites.
Several species of leafcutter ants have been observed foraging on jaragua, including Atta capiguara and A. laevigata.
The grass is susceptible to the plant pathogenic nematodes Helicotylenchus pseudopaxilli, Pratylenchus brachyurus, <P> stems such as couch grass (Agropyron repens) or creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) store reserves of food, and are thus able to persist in drought or through winter. Some perennials such as couch grass exude allelopathic chemicals that inhibit the growth of other nearby plants.
Weeds can also host pests and diseases that can spread to cultivated crops. Charlock and Shepherd's purse may carry clubroot, eelworm can be harboured by chickweed, fat hen and shepherd's purse, while the cucumber mosaic virus, which can devastate the cucurbit family, is carried by a range of different weeds including chickweed and groundsel.
Pests such as cutworms <P> of continuous management in the absence of fertilisers, herbicides and ploughing also occur throughout. These include clustered bellflower Campanula glomerata, frog orchid Coeloglossum viride, chalk milkwort Polygala calcarea and betony Stachys officinalis."
"There is, however, much variety within the vegetation and several species that are generally scattered in the turf such as glaucous sedge Carex flacca, spring-sedge Carex caryophyllea, wild carrot Daucus carota and kidney vetch Anthyllis vulneraria show localised abundance."
"Over quite extensive areas dwarf sedge Carex humilis becomes dominant, a species largely restricted to the downs of south west Wiltshire and Dorset. Two other species with a localised national distribution <P> small beeches and introduced heather.
To the northwest, and around Mount Ruapehu, between an altitude of 1200 and 1500 m, tussock shrubland and tussock grass covers large areas (around 150 km²), consisting mainly of New Zealand red tussock grass (Chionochloa rubra), inaka, curled leaved neinei (Dracophyllum recurvum), wire rush (Empodisma minus), and bog rush (Schoenus pauciflorus), as well as heather and grasses like hard tussock (Festuca novaezelandiae) and bluegrass (Poa colensoi). Above 1500 m, the terrain consists of gravel and stone fields and is accordingly unstable. Nevertheless, some plants occasionally settle there, such as curled leaved neinei, snow totara (Podocarpus nivalis), <P> (Aristida beyrichiana) is the dominant grass.
This system is similar to Florida dry prairie, but has taller and denser shrub cover. <P> grass like a knife at a time. <P> Contour plowing History The Phoenicians first developed the practice of contour farming and spread it throughout the Mediterranean. However, the Romans preferred cultivation in straight furrows and this practice became standard. Modern history This was one of the main procedures promoted by the UK Soil Conservation Service (the current Natural Resources Conservation Service) during the 1930s. The US Department of Agriculture established the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 during the Dust Bowl when it became apparent that soil erosion was a huge problem along with desertification.
The extent of the problem was such that the 1934 "Yearbook of Agriculture" noted that <P> the cows drink and wallow in the ponds, the desert clay becomes an adhesive substance. When kangaroos come to replenish themselves in the ponds they sink into the inescapable goo and die from starvation or heat stroke. Role of fire on lawns In addition to grazing, fires have a significant effect on the health of marsupial lawns. One of the defining characteristics of lawns is a lack of woody plants. As a result, fires play an important role in the creation and maintenance of these habitats because fires curtail woody plants, and return nutrients to the soil <P> in same soil environment.
The correct environment of air, mineral nutrients and water directs plant roots to grow in any direction to meet the plant's needs. Roots will shy or shrink away from dry or other poor soil conditions.
Gravitropism directs roots to grow downward at germination, the growth mechanism of plants that also causes the shoot to grow upward. Shade avoidance response In order to avoid shade, plants utilize a shade avoidance response. When a plant is under dense vegetation, the presence of other vegetation nearby will cause the plant to avoid lateral growth and experience an increase in upward shoot, <P> soil by attracting and feeding earthworms, slaters and many other soil micro-organisms, as well as adding humus. Earthworms "till" the soil, and their worm castings are among the best fertilizers and soil conditioners. Sheet mulching can be used to reduce or eliminate non-desired plants by starving them of light, and can be more advantageous than using herbicide or other methods of control. Grazing Grazing has long been blamed for much of the destruction we see in the environment. However, it has been shown that when grazing is modeled after nature, the opposite effect can be seen. Cell grazing is a <P> caryopses are slightly shorter than the paleas, and are thin, flat, and slightly rolled inwards.
The grass flowers from June to August. Habitat and distribution Bromus japonicus grows in fields, waste places, road verges, sand dunes, and other similar places. It is a troublesome weed in grain fields and is a noxious weed in prairies, as it competes with native perennials for water and nutrients. It is intolerant of alkaline soils.
The grass is native to Eurasia but has been naturalized throughout the United States and southern Canada and is rare in the Yukon. <P> its native range, and Australia. Other uses This tall grass can be used as thatching, as straw, and as pulp for making paper. In East Africa it is planted as a border grass to prevent erosion. <P> have become home for many of Tasmania’s animals, marsupials in particular. The most prevalent of these animals in the lawns are known as the Big Five. They are the forester kangaroo, the Bennett's wallaby, the Tasmanian pademelon, the common wombat, and the Tasmanian devil. Role of grazing Environmental observations and enclosure experiments have been used to test whether vertebrate grazers are a critical element in maintaining marsupial lawns, or if water inundation played a larger role in formation. Results have shown that both woody and non-woody plants became much taller in the lawns when marsupial grazers were excluded, <P> the sheets to be left in place for at least two seasons.
Some plants are said to produce root exudates that suppress herbaceous weeds. Tagetes minuta is claimed to be effective against couch and ground elder, whilst a border of comfrey is also said to act as a barrier against the invasion of some weeds including couch.
A 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) layer of wood chip mulch prevents some weeds from sprouting.
Gravel can serve as an inorganic mulch.
Irrigation is sometimes used as a weed control measure such as in the case of paddy fields to kill any plant other than the water-tolerant rice <P> Professor Important Papers Four Older Papers Each Cited Over 100 Times:
McNaughton, S. J. 1979. Grazing as an optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. Am. Nat. 113: 691-703.
McNaughton, S. J. 1976. Serengeti migratory wildebeest: facilitation of energy flow by grazing. Science191:92-94.
McNaughton, S. J., and L. L. Wolf. 1970. Dominance and the niche in ecological systems. Science 167: 131-139.
McNaughton, S. J. 1966. Ecotype function in the Typha community-type. Ecol. Monogr. 36: 297-325. <P> include Quaking-grass, Crested Dog's-tail, Sheep's- fescue, Downy Oat-grass and Yellow Oat-grass. Amongst these grasses is Mouse-ear Hawkweed, Wild Thyme, Bird's-foot-trefoil, Lady's Bedstraw, Carline Thistle, Mountain Everlasting, Purging Flax and Eyebright.
The orchid flora of the grassland is notably rich, with Twayblade, Frog Orchid, Bee Orchid, Early-purple Orchid and Green-winged Orchid. The west side of site extends downslope to an Ash and Hazel woodland. Recreation It is a scenic walking route called Cullahill mountain is through forests and farm land in partnership with Laois/Offaly Walking Partnership and Cullahill Rural Development Association. The walk begins at Cullahill village, and is a 10 km walk <P> in the vicinity include sea oats (Uniola paniculata), bluestem grass (Andropogon), saltgrass (Distichlis), fringe-rushes (Fimbristylis), sunflowers (Helianthus) and croton (Croton). In sparse mesquite (Prosopis) savannah in Texas it is associated with wiregrasses (Aristida), hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) and hooded windmill grass (Chloris cucullata), as well as prickly pear (Opuntia). Status The population trend of the Gulf Coast kangaroo rat appears to be steady and no particular threats have been identified. In suitable habitat it is quite common and the IUCN has listed it as being of "least concern". <P> less nutritious. Its ability to outcompete native grasses such as Trachypogon plumosus is thought to come from several factors, which may include higher rate of growth, photosynthesis and germination of seeds, more efficient use of water, and more resources channeled into leaf development. It better tolerates loss of foliage to herbivores. It commonly reproduces vegetatively, but it also produces large amounts of highly viable seed.
This grass is a pyrophyte, well adapted to habitat with an annual wildfire cycle. During the dry season it becomes very flammable. Wildfires in stands of native grasses are patchy and relatively limited. H. rufa forms <P> compared to Rye and Fescue. An average of at least 3–4 hours of full sun per day is a good measure for healthy growth. Flooding is tolerated, but constant saturation will eventually weaken the grass. This zoysia has a moderate cold tolerance and can be damaged by hard freezes and is not hardy in transition zones. Emerald Zoysia is a very slow growing lawn grass. Zoysia grasses are generally slower growing than Bermuda and St. Augustine, with Emerald Zoysia being one of the slowest growing Zoysia grasses. The grass exhibits a dense creeping growth, rather than an aggressive upward, or | question: why does grass dominantly cover land on earth? context: <P> it has never been ploughed. The dominant grass species are Crested Hair-grass Koeleria cristata, Timothy Grass Phleum pratense and Common Quaking-grass Briza media. Herb species include the locally rare Heath Sedge Carex ericetorum and Bastard Toadflax Comandra umbellata. Scrub has developed along the edge of the ditch where it is sheltered by woodland. <P> a few centimeters long. The racemes are lined with pairs of spikelets, the red-haired fertile spikelets without stalks and the smaller sterile spikelets on stalks.
The rough-haired seeds are dispersed in the fur of animals, on the wind, and on vehicles and machinery such as graders. Ecology In its native range the grass grows in woodlands and seasonally flooded grasslands. It is also tolerant of drought and easily naturalizes in disturbed habitat sites.
Several species of leafcutter ants have been observed foraging on jaragua, including Atta capiguara and A. laevigata.
The grass is susceptible to the plant pathogenic nematodes Helicotylenchus pseudopaxilli, Pratylenchus brachyurus, <P> stems such as couch grass (Agropyron repens) or creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) store reserves of food, and are thus able to persist in drought or through winter. Some perennials such as couch grass exude allelopathic chemicals that inhibit the growth of other nearby plants.
Weeds can also host pests and diseases that can spread to cultivated crops. Charlock and Shepherd's purse may carry clubroot, eelworm can be harboured by chickweed, fat hen and shepherd's purse, while the cucumber mosaic virus, which can devastate the cucurbit family, is carried by a range of different weeds including chickweed and groundsel.
Pests such as cutworms <P> of continuous management in the absence of fertilisers, herbicides and ploughing also occur throughout. These include clustered bellflower Campanula glomerata, frog orchid Coeloglossum viride, chalk milkwort Polygala calcarea and betony Stachys officinalis."
"There is, however, much variety within the vegetation and several species that are generally scattered in the turf such as glaucous sedge Carex flacca, spring-sedge Carex caryophyllea, wild carrot Daucus carota and kidney vetch Anthyllis vulneraria show localised abundance."
"Over quite extensive areas dwarf sedge Carex humilis becomes dominant, a species largely restricted to the downs of south west Wiltshire and Dorset. Two other species with a localised national distribution <P> small beeches and introduced heather.
To the northwest, and around Mount Ruapehu, between an altitude of 1200 and 1500 m, tussock shrubland and tussock grass covers large areas (around 150 km²), consisting mainly of New Zealand red tussock grass (Chionochloa rubra), inaka, curled leaved neinei (Dracophyllum recurvum), wire rush (Empodisma minus), and bog rush (Schoenus pauciflorus), as well as heather and grasses like hard tussock (Festuca novaezelandiae) and bluegrass (Poa colensoi). Above 1500 m, the terrain consists of gravel and stone fields and is accordingly unstable. Nevertheless, some plants occasionally settle there, such as curled leaved neinei, snow totara (Podocarpus nivalis), <P> (Aristida beyrichiana) is the dominant grass.
This system is similar to Florida dry prairie, but has taller and denser shrub cover. <P> grass like a knife at a time. <P> Contour plowing History The Phoenicians first developed the practice of contour farming and spread it throughout the Mediterranean. However, the Romans preferred cultivation in straight furrows and this practice became standard. Modern history This was one of the main procedures promoted by the UK Soil Conservation Service (the current Natural Resources Conservation Service) during the 1930s. The US Department of Agriculture established the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 during the Dust Bowl when it became apparent that soil erosion was a huge problem along with desertification.
The extent of the problem was such that the 1934 "Yearbook of Agriculture" noted that <P> the cows drink and wallow in the ponds, the desert clay becomes an adhesive substance. When kangaroos come to replenish themselves in the ponds they sink into the inescapable goo and die from starvation or heat stroke. Role of fire on lawns In addition to grazing, fires have a significant effect on the health of marsupial lawns. One of the defining characteristics of lawns is a lack of woody plants. As a result, fires play an important role in the creation and maintenance of these habitats because fires curtail woody plants, and return nutrients to the soil <P> in same soil environment.
The correct environment of air, mineral nutrients and water directs plant roots to grow in any direction to meet the plant's needs. Roots will shy or shrink away from dry or other poor soil conditions.
Gravitropism directs roots to grow downward at germination, the growth mechanism of plants that also causes the shoot to grow upward. Shade avoidance response In order to avoid shade, plants utilize a shade avoidance response. When a plant is under dense vegetation, the presence of other vegetation nearby will cause the plant to avoid lateral growth and experience an increase in upward shoot, <P> soil by attracting and feeding earthworms, slaters and many other soil micro-organisms, as well as adding humus. Earthworms "till" the soil, and their worm castings are among the best fertilizers and soil conditioners. Sheet mulching can be used to reduce or eliminate non-desired plants by starving them of light, and can be more advantageous than using herbicide or other methods of control. Grazing Grazing has long been blamed for much of the destruction we see in the environment. However, it has been shown that when grazing is modeled after nature, the opposite effect can be seen. Cell grazing is a <P> caryopses are slightly shorter than the paleas, and are thin, flat, and slightly rolled inwards.
The grass flowers from June to August. Habitat and distribution Bromus japonicus grows in fields, waste places, road verges, sand dunes, and other similar places. It is a troublesome weed in grain fields and is a noxious weed in prairies, as it competes with native perennials for water and nutrients. It is intolerant of alkaline soils.
The grass is native to Eurasia but has been naturalized throughout the United States and southern Canada and is rare in the Yukon. <P> its native range, and Australia. Other uses This tall grass can be used as thatching, as straw, and as pulp for making paper. In East Africa it is planted as a border grass to prevent erosion. <P> have become home for many of Tasmania’s animals, marsupials in particular. The most prevalent of these animals in the lawns are known as the Big Five. They are the forester kangaroo, the Bennett's wallaby, the Tasmanian pademelon, the common wombat, and the Tasmanian devil. Role of grazing Environmental observations and enclosure experiments have been used to test whether vertebrate grazers are a critical element in maintaining marsupial lawns, or if water inundation played a larger role in formation. Results have shown that both woody and non-woody plants became much taller in the lawns when marsupial grazers were excluded, <P> the sheets to be left in place for at least two seasons.
Some plants are said to produce root exudates that suppress herbaceous weeds. Tagetes minuta is claimed to be effective against couch and ground elder, whilst a border of comfrey is also said to act as a barrier against the invasion of some weeds including couch.
A 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) layer of wood chip mulch prevents some weeds from sprouting.
Gravel can serve as an inorganic mulch.
Irrigation is sometimes used as a weed control measure such as in the case of paddy fields to kill any plant other than the water-tolerant rice <P> Professor Important Papers Four Older Papers Each Cited Over 100 Times:
McNaughton, S. J. 1979. Grazing as an optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. Am. Nat. 113: 691-703.
McNaughton, S. J. 1976. Serengeti migratory wildebeest: facilitation of energy flow by grazing. Science191:92-94.
McNaughton, S. J., and L. L. Wolf. 1970. Dominance and the niche in ecological systems. Science 167: 131-139.
McNaughton, S. J. 1966. Ecotype function in the Typha community-type. Ecol. Monogr. 36: 297-325. <P> include Quaking-grass, Crested Dog's-tail, Sheep's- fescue, Downy Oat-grass and Yellow Oat-grass. Amongst these grasses is Mouse-ear Hawkweed, Wild Thyme, Bird's-foot-trefoil, Lady's Bedstraw, Carline Thistle, Mountain Everlasting, Purging Flax and Eyebright.
The orchid flora of the grassland is notably rich, with Twayblade, Frog Orchid, Bee Orchid, Early-purple Orchid and Green-winged Orchid. The west side of site extends downslope to an Ash and Hazel woodland. Recreation It is a scenic walking route called Cullahill mountain is through forests and farm land in partnership with Laois/Offaly Walking Partnership and Cullahill Rural Development Association. The walk begins at Cullahill village, and is a 10 km walk <P> in the vicinity include sea oats (Uniola paniculata), bluestem grass (Andropogon), saltgrass (Distichlis), fringe-rushes (Fimbristylis), sunflowers (Helianthus) and croton (Croton). In sparse mesquite (Prosopis) savannah in Texas it is associated with wiregrasses (Aristida), hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) and hooded windmill grass (Chloris cucullata), as well as prickly pear (Opuntia). Status The population trend of the Gulf Coast kangaroo rat appears to be steady and no particular threats have been identified. In suitable habitat it is quite common and the IUCN has listed it as being of "least concern". <P> less nutritious. Its ability to outcompete native grasses such as Trachypogon plumosus is thought to come from several factors, which may include higher rate of growth, photosynthesis and germination of seeds, more efficient use of water, and more resources channeled into leaf development. It better tolerates loss of foliage to herbivores. It commonly reproduces vegetatively, but it also produces large amounts of highly viable seed.
This grass is a pyrophyte, well adapted to habitat with an annual wildfire cycle. During the dry season it becomes very flammable. Wildfires in stands of native grasses are patchy and relatively limited. H. rufa forms <P> compared to Rye and Fescue. An average of at least 3–4 hours of full sun per day is a good measure for healthy growth. Flooding is tolerated, but constant saturation will eventually weaken the grass. This zoysia has a moderate cold tolerance and can be damaged by hard freezes and is not hardy in transition zones. Emerald Zoysia is a very slow growing lawn grass. Zoysia grasses are generally slower growing than Bermuda and St. Augustine, with Emerald Zoysia being one of the slowest growing Zoysia grasses. The grass exhibits a dense creeping growth, rather than an aggressive upward, or | answer: There are hundreds of species of grasses.They are a very successful family of plants because they can generally grow where larger plants cannot. Allowing them to colonize a lot of marginal land. |
122,055 | 4ldgmn | Since fruits and vegetables can be grown anytime in a greenhouse, do they taste better when they're in season? | I'd think local would make more difference than "in season." When it comes from far away, it starts it's journey very unripe so that it doesn't rot before arriving at destination and being purchased. When bought locally, it can be picked fully ripened; which would be more natural and might promote flavor as opposed to an artificial process. | [
"I'd think local would make more difference than \"in season.\" When it comes from far away, it starts it's journey very unripe so that it doesn't rot before arriving at destination and being purchased. When bought locally, it can be picked fully ripened; which would be more natural and might promote flavor as oppo... | 1 | [
"I'd think local would make more difference than \"in season.\" When it comes from far away, it starts it's journey very unripe so that it doesn't rot before arriving at destination and being purchased. When bought locally, it can be picked fully ripened; which would be more natural and might promote flavor as oppo... | 1 | <P> plants (with a strong collection of beach grass and reed plants), apple trees, crops, and an extensive collection of wild herbs and weeds from fields and vineyards. The greenhouses contain a collection of tropical crops, tropical weeds, and plants that demonstrate animal-plant interactions, as well as a cold house containing over 460 species, including flora of the Canary Islands, Mediterranean plants, carnivorous plants, and succulents. Garden staff also maintain two nature trails.
Rare species from the Lake Constance region include Armeria purpurea, Blackstonia perfoliata, Deschampsia littoralis, Equisetum variegatum, Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Gentiana utriculosa, Globularia punctata, Gratiola officinalis , Myosotis rehsteineri, Orcis coriophor, <P> The Provençal herbs and spices used to flavour Noilly Prat seem to add flavour to the reduction." Visits The Noilly Prat cellars are open to the public from March to November, for a small charge. Tour guides explain the whole process, and finish by giving visitors a taste of each of the three varieties of Noilly Prat produced. A major draw for visitors to the area, Noilly Prat attracts more than 80,000 tourists every year. <P> plant attractive to bees, butterflies and birds. It is suitable to grow in containers and is suitable for xeriscaping. <P> One of the major differences in organic animal husbandry protocol is the "pasture rule": minimum requirements for time on pasture do vary somewhat by species and between the certifying agencies, but the common theme is to require as much time on pasture as possible and reasonable. Health and safety There is little scientific evidence of benefit or harm to human health from a diet high in organic food, and conducting any sort of rigorous experiment on the subject is very difficult. A 2012 meta-analysis noted that "there have been no long-term studies of health outcomes of populations consuming predominantly organic <P> date back to 1821. Jacques Etienne Berard, a professor at the School of Pharmacy in Montpellier, France, reported delayed ripening of fruit and increased shelf life in low-oxygen storage conditions. Controlled Atmosphere Storage (CAS) was used from the 1930's when ships transporting fresh apples and pears had high levels of CO₂ in their holding rooms in order to increase the shelf life of the product. In the 1970s MA packages reached the stores when bacon and fish were sold in retail packs in Mexico. Since then development has been continuous and interest in MAP has grown due to consumer demand. <P> on a branched inflorescence. Cultivation Odontoglossum crispum requires cool, well watered, humid conditions, with medium to heavy shade to thrive and after growth has slowed in the autumn it needs a slight lessening of water and fertilizer.
Rather shaded conditions are required, in low to moderate light, which should be filtered or diffused; plants should never be exposed to direct midday sun. Strong air movement should be provided at all times.
Plants should be potted in a well drain medium such as medium fir bark. Plants should be watered often while actively growing, but drainage should be excellent, and conditions around the <P> protection from excessive rain and hard freezes. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. <P> cultivation outside of China, grown only in botanical gardens. <P> not known (2012) to be in cultivation beyond the USA. The shrub is reputedly hardy to - 29° C., USDA zone 5 - 10. <P> artist explains, "both laboratories and gardens are artificially created. They are constructed spaces, framed with either pastoral delight in mind, or as a site where nature is scrutinized, expecting to surrender its secrets. [...] These open and closed practices, being in the nature/culture nexus, represent current osmotic flow as each side inches towards the other’s domain. As nature becomes “culturized,” that is, manipulated and transformed, culture absorbs and expands upon these changes. [...] What gardens do in fact have in common with laboratories is the everyday care needed to sustain life. Nature is in continual flux, repositioning its elements constantly".
The <P> open data sets for climate recipes which link the phenotype response of plants (taste, nutrition) to environmental variables, biological, genetic and resource-related necessary for cultivation (input). Plants with the same genetics can naturally vary in color, size, texture growth rate, yield, flavor and nutrient density according to the environmental conditions in which they are produced. <P> other English-speaking countries.
In parts of the world, including the U.S., produce is marked with small stickers bearing price look-up codes. These four- or five-digit codes are a standardized system intended to aid checkout and inventory control at places where produce is sold. Storage Vegetables are optimally stored between 0° and 4.4° Celsius (32° and 40 °F) to reduce respiration. Generally, vegetables should be stored at a high humidity (80 and 95 percent relative humidity), but cucubits (squash family) and onions prefer dry and can mold when moisture is high. Bacterial contamination Raw sprouts are among the produce most at risk of <P> in partnership with Opportunity International Canada to support education in African countries, micro-financing for entrepreneurs in Latin American countries amongst other activities. Environmental commitment In 2010 Decor was awarded the first CLER Program Green Award by M.S.T.W. Planning District in Morden through its program Greencore.
Decor is part of the Environmental Stewardship Program (ESP). The ESP voluntary program gives cabinet manufacturers a way to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability and helps identify products that are better for the environment. Health & Safety In July 2018 Decor Cabinets achieved its SAFE Work Certification by Made Safe. <P> innovative ways in which this is accomplished is through community-supported agriculture (CSA), an agricultural model founded in Japan (teikei) and implemented in the U.S. by Indian Line Farm, in Massachusetts. In this model, local consumers buy a share of the farm's harvest. Produce from the harvest is then distributed at the farm to shareholders up to a defined limit. Selection and volume depends on the time of year, but freshness is frequently unmatched by standard retail vendors because the food can be consumed immediately after harvesting.
The Food Project's 400 member CSA Farm Share program offers fresh vegetables, herbs and flowers <P> due to the (Icehouse-Greenhouse concept). <P> consumed fresh can be refrigerated for one to two weeks in its raw state, but must be brought to a boil before drinking, and drunk while still hot/warm. Vegetables Most mild vegetables are considered sattvic. Pungent vegetables like hot peppers, leek, garlic and onion are excluded, as are gas-forming foods such as mushrooms (tamasic, as are all fungi). Some consider tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants as sattvic, but most consider the Allium family (garlic, onion, leeks, shallots), as well as fungus (yeasts, molds, and mushrooms) as not sattvic. Potatoes and rice are considered highly sattvic. The classification of whether something is <P> and the indoor environment provides a unique exposure situation, concerns about indoor bioaerosols have increased over the last decade. Sources for indoor environments Indoor bioaerosols may originate from outdoor air and indoor reservoirs. Although outdoor bioaerosols cannot easily migrate into large buildings with complex ventilation systems, certain categories of outdoor bioaerosols (i.e., fungal spores) do serve as major sources for indoor bioaerosols in naturally ventilated buildings at specific periods of time (i.e., growing seasons for fungi).
Major indoor sources for bioaerosols at residential homes include human occupants, pets, house dust, organic waste, as well as the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) <P> a long drought. It is not frost hardy, so needs to be grown in a sunny part of the garden. <P>
The garden includes only plants that grow in Japan. For example, it includes the following trees: pine trees, redwood trees, apricot, magnolia, maple and plum trees, California Live Oak trees, pittosporum, and purple beech trees. <P> main products from a forest garden are fruit, nuts and green leafy vegetables.
Robert Hart adapted forest gardening for temperate zones during the early 1960s. Robert Hart began with a conventional smallholding at Wenlock Edge in Shropshire. However, following his adoption of a raw vegan diet for health and personal reasons, Hart replaced his farm animals with plants. He created a model forest garden from a small orchard on his farm and intended naming his gardening method ecological horticulture or ecocultivation. Hart later dropped these terms once he became aware that agroforestry and forest gardens were already being used to describe | question: Since fruits and vegetables can be grown anytime in a greenhouse, do they taste better when they're in season? context: <P> plants (with a strong collection of beach grass and reed plants), apple trees, crops, and an extensive collection of wild herbs and weeds from fields and vineyards. The greenhouses contain a collection of tropical crops, tropical weeds, and plants that demonstrate animal-plant interactions, as well as a cold house containing over 460 species, including flora of the Canary Islands, Mediterranean plants, carnivorous plants, and succulents. Garden staff also maintain two nature trails.
Rare species from the Lake Constance region include Armeria purpurea, Blackstonia perfoliata, Deschampsia littoralis, Equisetum variegatum, Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Gentiana utriculosa, Globularia punctata, Gratiola officinalis , Myosotis rehsteineri, Orcis coriophor, <P> The Provençal herbs and spices used to flavour Noilly Prat seem to add flavour to the reduction." Visits The Noilly Prat cellars are open to the public from March to November, for a small charge. Tour guides explain the whole process, and finish by giving visitors a taste of each of the three varieties of Noilly Prat produced. A major draw for visitors to the area, Noilly Prat attracts more than 80,000 tourists every year. <P> plant attractive to bees, butterflies and birds. It is suitable to grow in containers and is suitable for xeriscaping. <P> One of the major differences in organic animal husbandry protocol is the "pasture rule": minimum requirements for time on pasture do vary somewhat by species and between the certifying agencies, but the common theme is to require as much time on pasture as possible and reasonable. Health and safety There is little scientific evidence of benefit or harm to human health from a diet high in organic food, and conducting any sort of rigorous experiment on the subject is very difficult. A 2012 meta-analysis noted that "there have been no long-term studies of health outcomes of populations consuming predominantly organic <P> date back to 1821. Jacques Etienne Berard, a professor at the School of Pharmacy in Montpellier, France, reported delayed ripening of fruit and increased shelf life in low-oxygen storage conditions. Controlled Atmosphere Storage (CAS) was used from the 1930's when ships transporting fresh apples and pears had high levels of CO₂ in their holding rooms in order to increase the shelf life of the product. In the 1970s MA packages reached the stores when bacon and fish were sold in retail packs in Mexico. Since then development has been continuous and interest in MAP has grown due to consumer demand. <P> on a branched inflorescence. Cultivation Odontoglossum crispum requires cool, well watered, humid conditions, with medium to heavy shade to thrive and after growth has slowed in the autumn it needs a slight lessening of water and fertilizer.
Rather shaded conditions are required, in low to moderate light, which should be filtered or diffused; plants should never be exposed to direct midday sun. Strong air movement should be provided at all times.
Plants should be potted in a well drain medium such as medium fir bark. Plants should be watered often while actively growing, but drainage should be excellent, and conditions around the <P> protection from excessive rain and hard freezes. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. <P> cultivation outside of China, grown only in botanical gardens. <P> not known (2012) to be in cultivation beyond the USA. The shrub is reputedly hardy to - 29° C., USDA zone 5 - 10. <P> artist explains, "both laboratories and gardens are artificially created. They are constructed spaces, framed with either pastoral delight in mind, or as a site where nature is scrutinized, expecting to surrender its secrets. [...] These open and closed practices, being in the nature/culture nexus, represent current osmotic flow as each side inches towards the other’s domain. As nature becomes “culturized,” that is, manipulated and transformed, culture absorbs and expands upon these changes. [...] What gardens do in fact have in common with laboratories is the everyday care needed to sustain life. Nature is in continual flux, repositioning its elements constantly".
The <P> open data sets for climate recipes which link the phenotype response of plants (taste, nutrition) to environmental variables, biological, genetic and resource-related necessary for cultivation (input). Plants with the same genetics can naturally vary in color, size, texture growth rate, yield, flavor and nutrient density according to the environmental conditions in which they are produced. <P> other English-speaking countries.
In parts of the world, including the U.S., produce is marked with small stickers bearing price look-up codes. These four- or five-digit codes are a standardized system intended to aid checkout and inventory control at places where produce is sold. Storage Vegetables are optimally stored between 0° and 4.4° Celsius (32° and 40 °F) to reduce respiration. Generally, vegetables should be stored at a high humidity (80 and 95 percent relative humidity), but cucubits (squash family) and onions prefer dry and can mold when moisture is high. Bacterial contamination Raw sprouts are among the produce most at risk of <P> in partnership with Opportunity International Canada to support education in African countries, micro-financing for entrepreneurs in Latin American countries amongst other activities. Environmental commitment In 2010 Decor was awarded the first CLER Program Green Award by M.S.T.W. Planning District in Morden through its program Greencore.
Decor is part of the Environmental Stewardship Program (ESP). The ESP voluntary program gives cabinet manufacturers a way to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability and helps identify products that are better for the environment. Health & Safety In July 2018 Decor Cabinets achieved its SAFE Work Certification by Made Safe. <P> innovative ways in which this is accomplished is through community-supported agriculture (CSA), an agricultural model founded in Japan (teikei) and implemented in the U.S. by Indian Line Farm, in Massachusetts. In this model, local consumers buy a share of the farm's harvest. Produce from the harvest is then distributed at the farm to shareholders up to a defined limit. Selection and volume depends on the time of year, but freshness is frequently unmatched by standard retail vendors because the food can be consumed immediately after harvesting.
The Food Project's 400 member CSA Farm Share program offers fresh vegetables, herbs and flowers <P> due to the (Icehouse-Greenhouse concept). <P> consumed fresh can be refrigerated for one to two weeks in its raw state, but must be brought to a boil before drinking, and drunk while still hot/warm. Vegetables Most mild vegetables are considered sattvic. Pungent vegetables like hot peppers, leek, garlic and onion are excluded, as are gas-forming foods such as mushrooms (tamasic, as are all fungi). Some consider tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants as sattvic, but most consider the Allium family (garlic, onion, leeks, shallots), as well as fungus (yeasts, molds, and mushrooms) as not sattvic. Potatoes and rice are considered highly sattvic. The classification of whether something is <P> and the indoor environment provides a unique exposure situation, concerns about indoor bioaerosols have increased over the last decade. Sources for indoor environments Indoor bioaerosols may originate from outdoor air and indoor reservoirs. Although outdoor bioaerosols cannot easily migrate into large buildings with complex ventilation systems, certain categories of outdoor bioaerosols (i.e., fungal spores) do serve as major sources for indoor bioaerosols in naturally ventilated buildings at specific periods of time (i.e., growing seasons for fungi).
Major indoor sources for bioaerosols at residential homes include human occupants, pets, house dust, organic waste, as well as the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) <P> a long drought. It is not frost hardy, so needs to be grown in a sunny part of the garden. <P>
The garden includes only plants that grow in Japan. For example, it includes the following trees: pine trees, redwood trees, apricot, magnolia, maple and plum trees, California Live Oak trees, pittosporum, and purple beech trees. <P> main products from a forest garden are fruit, nuts and green leafy vegetables.
Robert Hart adapted forest gardening for temperate zones during the early 1960s. Robert Hart began with a conventional smallholding at Wenlock Edge in Shropshire. However, following his adoption of a raw vegan diet for health and personal reasons, Hart replaced his farm animals with plants. He created a model forest garden from a small orchard on his farm and intended naming his gardening method ecological horticulture or ecocultivation. Hart later dropped these terms once he became aware that agroforestry and forest gardens were already being used to describe | answer: I'd think local would make more difference than "in season." When it comes from far away, it starts it's journey very unripe so that it doesn't rot before arriving at destination and being purchased. When bought locally, it can be picked fully ripened; which would be more natural and might promote flavor as opposed to an artificial process. |
122,611 | ds24bw | why our eyes sense light when we sleep? | Our eyes sense light so our bodies know to wake up to the rising morning sun. Even though our eyelids are closed, the eyelids don't block all light and some gets through. As the light intensity gets brighter, our bodies recognize it is morning and tells us to wake up.The blue light from the sun and sky set our internal clock to be awake or asleep. This is why some people who don't get enough sun (especially in winter) may have issues with calibrating their internal clock. If this is seasonal, this is called seasonal effective disorder.Secondly, all the blue light from computers and phones at night screw up our internal clocks. Our bodies think it is bright outside when we stare at the screens so makes it harder for our bodies to fall asleep at night.Elderly people have a harder time detecting light when they sleep. With age, the clear parts of our eyes lets in less blue light into the eye. This makes it more difficult for the older people to sync up their internal clock to the sun's cycle, causing them to get poor sleep at night and increasing naps during the day. | [
"Our eyes sense light so our bodies know to wake up to the rising morning sun. Even though our eyelids are closed, the eyelids don't block all light and some gets through. As the light intensity gets brighter, our bodies recognize it is morning and tells us to wake up.\n\nThe blue light from the sun and sky set our... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> at night. <P> over the eyelids. The LEDs flash whenever the mask detects that the wearer has entered REM sleep. The stimulus is incorporated into the wearer's dreams and can be recognised as a sign that they are dreaming.
LaBerge currently lectures at universities and other professional institutions, and hosts lucid dreaming sessions at various locations. <P> of Darkness. <P> the network for an impending head turn.
HD cells continue to fire in an organized manner during sleep, as if animals were awake. However, instead of always pointing toward the same direction—the animals are asleep and thus immobile—the neuronal "compass needle" moves constantly. In particular, during rapid eye movement sleep, a brain state rich in dreaming activity in humans and whose electrical activity is virtually indistinguishable from the waking brain, this directional signal moves as if the animal is awake: that is, HD neurons are sequentially activated, and the individual neurons representing a common direction during wake are still active, or <P> blue light CRY pathway and the rhodopsin pathway. Therefore, CRY is involved in light perception and is an input to the circadian clock, however it is not the only input for light information, as a sustained rhythm has been shown in the absence of the CRY pathway, in which it is believed that the rhodopsin pathway is providing some light input. Recently, it has also been shown that there is a CRY-mediated light response that is independent of the classical circadian CRY-TIM interaction. This mechanism is believed to require a flavin redox-based mechanism that is dependent on potassium channel conductance. <P> and eye-opening. <P> Miosis Physiology of the photomotor reflex Light entering the eye strikes three different photoreceptors in the retina: the familiar rods and cones used in image forming and the more newly discovered photosensitive ganglion cells. The ganglion cells give information about ambient light levels, and react sluggishly compared to the rods and cones. Signals from photosensitive ganglion cells have multiple functions including acute suppression of the hormone melatonin, entrainment of the body's circadian rhythms and regulation of the size of the pupil.
The retinal photoceptors convert light stimuli into electric impulses. Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil <P> sensing a stimulus. In dreams, sensation is still involved, but in an altered manner. Aristotle explains that when a person stares at a moving stimulus such as the waves in a body of water, and then look away, the next thing they look at appears to have a wavelike motion. When a person perceives a stimulus and the stimulus is no longer the focus of their attention, it leaves an impression. When the body is awake and the senses are functioning properly, a person constantly encounters new stimuli to sense and so the impressions of previously perceived stimuli are ignored. <P> the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus. Function The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye. The accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye <P> the nerve (neuroprotection) or even regenerate new fibers within the optic nerve. <P> binding causes the channels to open, which allows sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) ions to flow into the cell causing the outer segment of the photoreceptor to depolarize. This depolarizing flow of ions is known as the dark current. When the retina of the eye detects light, a reaction known as a phototransduction cascade occurs. It is a signal transduction pathway that leads to the activation of the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which hydrolyzes cGMP into 5’-GMP, decreasing the concentration of cGMP. In the absence of cGMP, the CNG channels in the photoreceptors close preventing the flow of the aforementioned dark current. <P> eye. <P> melatonin onset in the evening and makes it easier to fall asleep. Bright morning light has been shown to be effective against insomnia, premenstrual syndrome and seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Effects on eyes Prolonged optical exposure to sunlight, especially intense ultraviolet light, may be linked to cortical cataracts, and high levels of visible light may be linked to macular degeneration.
However, significant daily exposure to bright light may be necessary for children to avoid myopia (nearsightedness).
Short-term over-exposure can cause snow blindness, which is analogous to sunburn of the cornea, or can cause solar retinopathy, which is long-lasting retinal damage and <P> perceive.
A dark area has limited light sources, making things hard to see. Exposure to alternating light and darkness (night and day) has caused several evolutionary adaptations to darkness. When a vertebrate, like a human, enters a dark area, its pupils dilate, allowing more light to enter the eye and improving night vision. Also, the light detecting cells in the human eye (rods and cones) will regenerate more unbleached rhodopsin when adapting to darkness.
One scientific measure of darkness is the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, which indicates the night sky's and stars' brightness at a particular location, and the observability of celestial objects <P> of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of retina, they connect to many thousand photoreceptors.
The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion <P> at him you see dark night
opening, giving way to dawn.
Sons of Shem and Ham live harmoniously
in him, and take no care for the words
of would-be troublemakers.
Men's eyes light up when they see
reflected in his beauty
the clear strong black and white
of the eyes of beautiful women. <P> slow-wave sleep), it is unclear how exactly images appear in one's perception during REM sleep. A common explanation is that neuronal ensembles in the posterior cortical hot zone, primed by previous activity or current sensory or subcortical stimulation, activate spontaneously, triggered by the ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves that characterize REM sleep. In the words of Hobson & McCarley, the neocortex is making “the best of a bad job in producing even partially coherent dream imagery from the relatively noisy signals sent up from the brain stem.”
It is also commonly accepted that the intensity of dreams during REM sleep can be dialed <P> the sun, and are brown at night. <P> Parasympathetic nervous system Cranial nerves The oculomotor nerve is responsible for a number of parasympathetic functions related to the eye. The oculomotor PNS fibers originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the central nervous system and travel through the superior orbital fissure to synapse in the ciliary ganglion located just behind the orbit (eye). From the ciliary ganglion the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave via short ciliary nerve fibers, a continuation of the nasociliary nerve (a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V₁)). The short ciliary nerves innervate the orbit to control the ciliary muscle (responsible for accommodation) and <P> during the day and shrink during the night, but occluded eyes are shown to grow both during the day and the night. Because of this, FDM is a result of the lack of growth inhibition at night rather than the expected excessive growth during the day, when the actual light deprivation occurred. Elevated levels of retinal dopamine transporter (which is directly involved in controlling retinal dopamine levels) in the RPE have been shown to be associated with FDM. "Near work" hypothesis The "near work" hypothesis, also referred to as the "use-abuse theory" states that spending time involved in near work | question: why our eyes sense light when we sleep? context: <P> at night. <P> over the eyelids. The LEDs flash whenever the mask detects that the wearer has entered REM sleep. The stimulus is incorporated into the wearer's dreams and can be recognised as a sign that they are dreaming.
LaBerge currently lectures at universities and other professional institutions, and hosts lucid dreaming sessions at various locations. <P> of Darkness. <P> the network for an impending head turn.
HD cells continue to fire in an organized manner during sleep, as if animals were awake. However, instead of always pointing toward the same direction—the animals are asleep and thus immobile—the neuronal "compass needle" moves constantly. In particular, during rapid eye movement sleep, a brain state rich in dreaming activity in humans and whose electrical activity is virtually indistinguishable from the waking brain, this directional signal moves as if the animal is awake: that is, HD neurons are sequentially activated, and the individual neurons representing a common direction during wake are still active, or <P> blue light CRY pathway and the rhodopsin pathway. Therefore, CRY is involved in light perception and is an input to the circadian clock, however it is not the only input for light information, as a sustained rhythm has been shown in the absence of the CRY pathway, in which it is believed that the rhodopsin pathway is providing some light input. Recently, it has also been shown that there is a CRY-mediated light response that is independent of the classical circadian CRY-TIM interaction. This mechanism is believed to require a flavin redox-based mechanism that is dependent on potassium channel conductance. <P> and eye-opening. <P> Miosis Physiology of the photomotor reflex Light entering the eye strikes three different photoreceptors in the retina: the familiar rods and cones used in image forming and the more newly discovered photosensitive ganglion cells. The ganglion cells give information about ambient light levels, and react sluggishly compared to the rods and cones. Signals from photosensitive ganglion cells have multiple functions including acute suppression of the hormone melatonin, entrainment of the body's circadian rhythms and regulation of the size of the pupil.
The retinal photoceptors convert light stimuli into electric impulses. Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil <P> sensing a stimulus. In dreams, sensation is still involved, but in an altered manner. Aristotle explains that when a person stares at a moving stimulus such as the waves in a body of water, and then look away, the next thing they look at appears to have a wavelike motion. When a person perceives a stimulus and the stimulus is no longer the focus of their attention, it leaves an impression. When the body is awake and the senses are functioning properly, a person constantly encounters new stimuli to sense and so the impressions of previously perceived stimuli are ignored. <P> the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus. Function The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye. The accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye <P> the nerve (neuroprotection) or even regenerate new fibers within the optic nerve. <P> binding causes the channels to open, which allows sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) ions to flow into the cell causing the outer segment of the photoreceptor to depolarize. This depolarizing flow of ions is known as the dark current. When the retina of the eye detects light, a reaction known as a phototransduction cascade occurs. It is a signal transduction pathway that leads to the activation of the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which hydrolyzes cGMP into 5’-GMP, decreasing the concentration of cGMP. In the absence of cGMP, the CNG channels in the photoreceptors close preventing the flow of the aforementioned dark current. <P> eye. <P> melatonin onset in the evening and makes it easier to fall asleep. Bright morning light has been shown to be effective against insomnia, premenstrual syndrome and seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Effects on eyes Prolonged optical exposure to sunlight, especially intense ultraviolet light, may be linked to cortical cataracts, and high levels of visible light may be linked to macular degeneration.
However, significant daily exposure to bright light may be necessary for children to avoid myopia (nearsightedness).
Short-term over-exposure can cause snow blindness, which is analogous to sunburn of the cornea, or can cause solar retinopathy, which is long-lasting retinal damage and <P> perceive.
A dark area has limited light sources, making things hard to see. Exposure to alternating light and darkness (night and day) has caused several evolutionary adaptations to darkness. When a vertebrate, like a human, enters a dark area, its pupils dilate, allowing more light to enter the eye and improving night vision. Also, the light detecting cells in the human eye (rods and cones) will regenerate more unbleached rhodopsin when adapting to darkness.
One scientific measure of darkness is the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, which indicates the night sky's and stars' brightness at a particular location, and the observability of celestial objects <P> of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of retina, they connect to many thousand photoreceptors.
The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion <P> at him you see dark night
opening, giving way to dawn.
Sons of Shem and Ham live harmoniously
in him, and take no care for the words
of would-be troublemakers.
Men's eyes light up when they see
reflected in his beauty
the clear strong black and white
of the eyes of beautiful women. <P> slow-wave sleep), it is unclear how exactly images appear in one's perception during REM sleep. A common explanation is that neuronal ensembles in the posterior cortical hot zone, primed by previous activity or current sensory or subcortical stimulation, activate spontaneously, triggered by the ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves that characterize REM sleep. In the words of Hobson & McCarley, the neocortex is making “the best of a bad job in producing even partially coherent dream imagery from the relatively noisy signals sent up from the brain stem.”
It is also commonly accepted that the intensity of dreams during REM sleep can be dialed <P> the sun, and are brown at night. <P> Parasympathetic nervous system Cranial nerves The oculomotor nerve is responsible for a number of parasympathetic functions related to the eye. The oculomotor PNS fibers originate in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the central nervous system and travel through the superior orbital fissure to synapse in the ciliary ganglion located just behind the orbit (eye). From the ciliary ganglion the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave via short ciliary nerve fibers, a continuation of the nasociliary nerve (a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V₁)). The short ciliary nerves innervate the orbit to control the ciliary muscle (responsible for accommodation) and <P> during the day and shrink during the night, but occluded eyes are shown to grow both during the day and the night. Because of this, FDM is a result of the lack of growth inhibition at night rather than the expected excessive growth during the day, when the actual light deprivation occurred. Elevated levels of retinal dopamine transporter (which is directly involved in controlling retinal dopamine levels) in the RPE have been shown to be associated with FDM. "Near work" hypothesis The "near work" hypothesis, also referred to as the "use-abuse theory" states that spending time involved in near work | answer: Our eyes sense light so our bodies know to wake up to the rising morning sun. Even though our eyelids are closed, the eyelids don't block all light and some gets through. As the light intensity gets brighter, our bodies recognize it is morning and tells us to wake up.The blue light from the sun and sky set our internal clock to be awake or asleep. This is why some people who don't get enough sun (especially in winter) may have issues with calibrating their internal clock. If this is seasonal, this is called seasonal effective disorder.Secondly, all the blue light from computers and phones at night screw up our internal clocks. Our bodies think it is bright outside when we stare at the screens so makes it harder for our bodies to fall asleep at night.Elderly people have a harder time detecting light when they sleep. With age, the clear parts of our eyes lets in less blue light into the eye. This makes it more difficult for the older people to sync up their internal clock to the sun's cycle, causing them to get poor sleep at night and increasing naps during the day. |
93,718 | 30fehx | why does my car a/c sometimes smell like ass? | Maybe it's circulating air from the inside of your car. | [
"Maybe it's circulating air from the inside of your car.",
"Could be a couple of reasons\n\n- Stale air in the vent\n\n- Bad filter\n\n- Someone shit in your vent",
"The same reason your neighbor's cat has been missing.",
"I was told by someone that the coolant that the a/c\n molds when you stop the a/c. When... | 8 | [
"Maybe it's circulating air from the inside of your car.",
"Could be a couple of reasons\n\n- Stale air in the vent\n\n- Bad filter\n\n- Someone shit in your vent",
"Air conditioners create water as a byproduct when the hot air goes over the cold coil. This normally isn't a problem as the water is drained out u... | 3 | <P> Metheringham Lass The Metheringham Lass is the name given to an apparition which has been reported at RAF Metheringham.
Reports have stated that the woman, wearing a jacket bearing RAF insignia, approaches cars as they pass the old airfield, sometimes even physically interacting with the car. She begs the driver to help her boyfriend who has been injured in a motorcycle accident. However, when the driver exits the car to help, she vanishes. The apparition is said to be accompanied first by the smell of lavender, followed by the smell of decomposing flesh.
It has been speculated that the reported apparition is <P> and smell similar to natural ones. <P> report said: "It smells to me like a cover-up, of course." <P> also used to appear in certain TV episodes of Corner Gas and on Renegadepress.com site. <P> during the "testing" phase.
Frequently seen on automobile lists spelled as Entyre, the correct spelling is Etnyre. <P> spread over with moist and ash colour Soot, which had penetrated into the Chest-of-drawers, even to foul the Linnens: Nay the Soot was also gone into a neighbouring Kitchen, and hung on the Walls, Movables, aid Utensils of it. From the Pantry a Piece of Bread cover'd with that Soot, and brown black, was given to several Dogs, all which refuse to eat it. In the Room above it was moreover taken notice, that from the lower Part of the Windows trickled down a greasy, loathsome, yellowish Liquor and thereabout they smelled like a Stink, without knowing of what ; and <P> from the vehicle's fuel system. Since 1971, all U.S. vehicles have had fully sealed fuel systems that do not vent directly to the atmosphere; mandates for systems of this type appeared contemporaneously in other jurisdictions. In a typical system, vapors from the fuel tank and carburetor bowl vent (on carbureted vehicles) are ducted to canisters containing activated carbon. The vapors are adsorbed within the canister, and during certain engine operational modes fresh air is drawn through the canister, pulling the vapor into the engine, where it burns. Remote Sensing Emission testing – Field studies Some US states are also using <P> (Myrmotherula minor). <P> and Girling disks at the rear operated by a 3-piston caliper but the disks front and rear were both now 11 inch ventilated pieces.
The seats are upholstered in Connolly leather available in three colours: Marine, Havana, and Champagne. The floor is covered in Shetland wool carpeting. The dashboard is finished in burl elm wood and suede.
The state of the car is monitored by a brace of custom Jaeger instruments all bearing the Monica name. Gauges include a speedometer, tachometer, oil temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge, ammeter, water temperature gauge, fuel gauge, and clock.
The windows are electrically operated. A High-fidelity sound <P> country house on the roadway which reeks of cooking and stable smells. Everywhere people and butter paper, cripples and accordions. No, no, I suggest Lindenberg." <P> be occurring when the exhaust ports are uncovered, causing a significant amount of noise.
Recent developments in model engineering have produced true diesel model engines, with a traditional injector and injector pump, and these engines operate in the same way as a large diesel engine. <P> features a bonus film, On the Road with Pink. <P> Impulse (body mist) History In the early 1980s, six scents were introduced, in the USA, called "Always Alluring", "Delightfully Daring", "Instantly Innocent", "Mysterious Musk", "Possible Playful", and "Suddenly Sassy". In 1986, three scents were introduced called "Elation", "Electric Musk", and "Temptation". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, two scents were introduced called "Tres LA" and "Night Rhythms" that were both merged with Prince Matchabelli. In 1992, the last scent introduced, in the USA, called "Impressions". In 2006 there were eight fragrances with names such as "Thrill", "Goddess", and "Siren". In addition to the bodyspray, the Impulse brand includes antiperspirants <P> a Dior fragrance commercial starring Charlize Theron. <P> outside the station. <P> album Beelzebubba, about two friends hallucinating after sniffing glue. Punk-band-turned-hip-hop group the Beastie Boys penned a song "Hold it Now – Hit It", which includes the line "cause I'm beer drinkin, breath stinkin, sniffing glue." Pop punk band Sum 41 wrote a song, "Fat Lip", which refers to a character who does not "make sense from all the gas you be huffing..." The song Lança-perfume, written and performed by Brazilian popstar Rita Lee, became a national hit in 1980. The song is about chloroethane and its widespread recreational sale and use during the rise of Brazil's carnivals.
Inhalants are referred to <P> outside. <P> and somewhat concolorous with the surrounding cap skin, but always with a distinct yellow tint. The odor is of clean laundry. Habitat A. flavorubens was originally described from the state of Ohio, USA and is also known from forests associated with beech (Fagus grandifolia), oak (Quercus), pine (Pinus), birch (Betula), and also the Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) from the southeastern part of Canada to the state of Alabama in eastern North America, central Mexico, and southeastern Arizona.
Amanita flavorubens is one of the few taxa in North America that are known to have a western population disjunct from an eastern primary <P> John Irving Bentley Discovery of Bentley's remains Bentley was last seen alive 4 December 1966, when friends visiting his home wished him good night at about 9 p.m. The following morning, meter reader Don Gosnell let himself into Bentley's house, as he had permission to do due to Bentley's infirmity, and went to the basement to check the meter. While in the basement, Gosnell noticed a strange smell and a light blue smoke. He explained the smoke to be "somewhat sweet, like starting up a new oil-burning central heating system". On the ground was a neat pile of ash, about <P> rayon balls (similar to cotton balls) which are in contact with the wick. The bottom of this is covered by a piece of felt approximately 1/4 of an inch thick. Printed on the bottom of the felt (in modern Zippos, not on older models) are the words, "LIFT TO FILL," to indicate one must lift the felt away from the "cotton" in order to refuel it. The fuel, light petroleum distillate or synthetic isoparaffinic hydrocarbon (commonly referred to as lighter fluid or naphtha), is poured into the rayon balls (sometimes called the "cotton," or the "batting"), which absorbs it. It | question: why does my car a/c sometimes smell like ass? context: <P> Metheringham Lass The Metheringham Lass is the name given to an apparition which has been reported at RAF Metheringham.
Reports have stated that the woman, wearing a jacket bearing RAF insignia, approaches cars as they pass the old airfield, sometimes even physically interacting with the car. She begs the driver to help her boyfriend who has been injured in a motorcycle accident. However, when the driver exits the car to help, she vanishes. The apparition is said to be accompanied first by the smell of lavender, followed by the smell of decomposing flesh.
It has been speculated that the reported apparition is <P> and smell similar to natural ones. <P> report said: "It smells to me like a cover-up, of course." <P> also used to appear in certain TV episodes of Corner Gas and on Renegadepress.com site. <P> during the "testing" phase.
Frequently seen on automobile lists spelled as Entyre, the correct spelling is Etnyre. <P> spread over with moist and ash colour Soot, which had penetrated into the Chest-of-drawers, even to foul the Linnens: Nay the Soot was also gone into a neighbouring Kitchen, and hung on the Walls, Movables, aid Utensils of it. From the Pantry a Piece of Bread cover'd with that Soot, and brown black, was given to several Dogs, all which refuse to eat it. In the Room above it was moreover taken notice, that from the lower Part of the Windows trickled down a greasy, loathsome, yellowish Liquor and thereabout they smelled like a Stink, without knowing of what ; and <P> from the vehicle's fuel system. Since 1971, all U.S. vehicles have had fully sealed fuel systems that do not vent directly to the atmosphere; mandates for systems of this type appeared contemporaneously in other jurisdictions. In a typical system, vapors from the fuel tank and carburetor bowl vent (on carbureted vehicles) are ducted to canisters containing activated carbon. The vapors are adsorbed within the canister, and during certain engine operational modes fresh air is drawn through the canister, pulling the vapor into the engine, where it burns. Remote Sensing Emission testing – Field studies Some US states are also using <P> (Myrmotherula minor). <P> and Girling disks at the rear operated by a 3-piston caliper but the disks front and rear were both now 11 inch ventilated pieces.
The seats are upholstered in Connolly leather available in three colours: Marine, Havana, and Champagne. The floor is covered in Shetland wool carpeting. The dashboard is finished in burl elm wood and suede.
The state of the car is monitored by a brace of custom Jaeger instruments all bearing the Monica name. Gauges include a speedometer, tachometer, oil temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge, ammeter, water temperature gauge, fuel gauge, and clock.
The windows are electrically operated. A High-fidelity sound <P> country house on the roadway which reeks of cooking and stable smells. Everywhere people and butter paper, cripples and accordions. No, no, I suggest Lindenberg." <P> be occurring when the exhaust ports are uncovered, causing a significant amount of noise.
Recent developments in model engineering have produced true diesel model engines, with a traditional injector and injector pump, and these engines operate in the same way as a large diesel engine. <P> features a bonus film, On the Road with Pink. <P> Impulse (body mist) History In the early 1980s, six scents were introduced, in the USA, called "Always Alluring", "Delightfully Daring", "Instantly Innocent", "Mysterious Musk", "Possible Playful", and "Suddenly Sassy". In 1986, three scents were introduced called "Elation", "Electric Musk", and "Temptation". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, two scents were introduced called "Tres LA" and "Night Rhythms" that were both merged with Prince Matchabelli. In 1992, the last scent introduced, in the USA, called "Impressions". In 2006 there were eight fragrances with names such as "Thrill", "Goddess", and "Siren". In addition to the bodyspray, the Impulse brand includes antiperspirants <P> a Dior fragrance commercial starring Charlize Theron. <P> outside the station. <P> album Beelzebubba, about two friends hallucinating after sniffing glue. Punk-band-turned-hip-hop group the Beastie Boys penned a song "Hold it Now – Hit It", which includes the line "cause I'm beer drinkin, breath stinkin, sniffing glue." Pop punk band Sum 41 wrote a song, "Fat Lip", which refers to a character who does not "make sense from all the gas you be huffing..." The song Lança-perfume, written and performed by Brazilian popstar Rita Lee, became a national hit in 1980. The song is about chloroethane and its widespread recreational sale and use during the rise of Brazil's carnivals.
Inhalants are referred to <P> outside. <P> and somewhat concolorous with the surrounding cap skin, but always with a distinct yellow tint. The odor is of clean laundry. Habitat A. flavorubens was originally described from the state of Ohio, USA and is also known from forests associated with beech (Fagus grandifolia), oak (Quercus), pine (Pinus), birch (Betula), and also the Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) from the southeastern part of Canada to the state of Alabama in eastern North America, central Mexico, and southeastern Arizona.
Amanita flavorubens is one of the few taxa in North America that are known to have a western population disjunct from an eastern primary <P> John Irving Bentley Discovery of Bentley's remains Bentley was last seen alive 4 December 1966, when friends visiting his home wished him good night at about 9 p.m. The following morning, meter reader Don Gosnell let himself into Bentley's house, as he had permission to do due to Bentley's infirmity, and went to the basement to check the meter. While in the basement, Gosnell noticed a strange smell and a light blue smoke. He explained the smoke to be "somewhat sweet, like starting up a new oil-burning central heating system". On the ground was a neat pile of ash, about <P> rayon balls (similar to cotton balls) which are in contact with the wick. The bottom of this is covered by a piece of felt approximately 1/4 of an inch thick. Printed on the bottom of the felt (in modern Zippos, not on older models) are the words, "LIFT TO FILL," to indicate one must lift the felt away from the "cotton" in order to refuel it. The fuel, light petroleum distillate or synthetic isoparaffinic hydrocarbon (commonly referred to as lighter fluid or naphtha), is poured into the rayon balls (sometimes called the "cotton," or the "batting"), which absorbs it. It | answer: Maybe it's circulating air from the inside of your car. |
161,324 | 7tzxe0 | Why is Mongolia free, when it it surrounded by two non free states? | This submission has been removed because it violates our ['20-Year Rule'](_URL_0_). To discourage off-topic discussions of current events, questions, answers and all other comments must be confined to events that happened 20 years ago or more. For further explanation of this rule, feel free to consult [this Rules Roundtable](_URL_1_). | [
"This submission has been removed because it violates our ['20-Year Rule'](_URL_0_). To discourage off-topic discussions of current events, questions, answers and all other comments must be confined to events that happened 20 years ago or more. For further explanation of this rule, feel free to consult [this Rules ... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> Mongolia is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic with a directly elected President. The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the State Great Khural. The president appoints the prime minister, and nominates the cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The constitution of Mongolia guarantees a number of freedoms, including full freedom of expression and religion. Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are the Mongolian People's Party and the Democratic Party. The non-governmental organisation Freedom House considers Mongolia to be free.
The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between 1924 and 2010 <P> May 2002. Natural resources The republic's natural resources include coal, oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds, and timber. Native reindeer are in abundance and have been intentionally bred for human usage by the indigenous population.
Around 32,800 km² of mostly boreal forest (as well as some alpine tundra and meadows) in the Republic's Northern Ural Mountains have been recognized in 1995 as a UNESCO World Heritage site, Virgin Komi Forests. It is the first natural UNESCO World Heritage site in Russia and the largest expanse of virgin forests in Europe. The site includes two pre-existing protected areas: Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (created <P> Lhasa prefecture-level city and Tibet, with a total of 11,931 hectares (29,480 acres) of arable land.
Crops include barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, canola and vegetables such as potato.
Livestock includes yak, sheep, goats and horses.
In 2010 the per capita income of farmers and herdsmen was 4,587 yuan.
The Pengbo valley has a long history of pottery-making. Products include braziers, flower pots, vases and jugs.
Mining is an important source of income.
In 2011 the government has plans to more actively promote tourism.
The Pangduo Hydro Power Station became operational in 2014.
It has been called the "Tibetan Three Gorges".
The county is a center of Tibetan Buddhism. <P> in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and granting it observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Geography and climate At 1,564,116 km² (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the world's 18th-largest country (after Iran). It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. It mostly lies between latitudes 41° and 52°N (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes 87° and 120°E. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Saskatoon <P> Programs include exchange students program and in 2001, the East Kazakhstan State opened its branch in the city (capital of Mongolia). 25 grants were awarded annually to citizens of Mongolia. The Kazakhstan government provided humanitarian aid of US$200,000 to the victims of the mud flow that happened on July 10, 2016. <P> Il Tovchuu. In 2002, the Republic of China (Taiwan) recognized Mongolia's independence, and established informal relations with Mongolia. Various small organizations in Mongolia advocate a Greater Mongolia. <P> fee simply to indigenous minorities. The law does not recognize development rights, some proprietary rights including compensation for damage to the property, and limited exclusionary rights. It is not clear, however, whether protection of nature in the traditional places of inhabitation implies a right to exclude conflicting uses that are destructive to nature or whether they have the right to veto development.
The Russian Federation's Land Code reinforces the rights of numerically small peoples ("indigenous minorities") to use places they inhabit and to continue traditional economic activities without being charged rent. Such lands cannot be allocated for unrelated activities (which might <P> Cannabis in Mongolia Cannabis is illegal in Mongolia. In 2008, most of the cannabis seized in Mongolia was grown locally, though some was produced in Russia. History Cannabis may have been introduced to Mongolia by the Scythians, and historically was used for medical and shamanic purposes. <P> the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland steppe, with forested areas comprising 11.2% of the total land area, a higher percentage than the Republic of Ireland (10%). The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the Mongolian Plateau. The highest point in Mongolia is the Khüiten Peak in the Tavan bogd massif in the far west at 4,374 m (14,350 ft). The basin of the Uvs Lake, shared with Tuva Republic in Russia, is a natural World Heritage Site. Climate Mongolia is known as the "Land of the Eternal Blue Sky" or "Country of Blue Sky" (Mongolian: "Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron") because it has <P> or semi-nomadic pastoralism. Due to the severe 2009–2010 winter, Mongolia lost 9.7 million animals, or 22% of total livestock. This immediately affected meat prices, which increased twofold; the GDP dropped 1.6% in 2009. Environment Environmental issues are desertification, deforestation and pollution due to industrialisation. Communications Postal services are provided by state-owned Mongol Post and 54 other licensed operators. Energy Mongolia's main source of energy is thermal power, which is converted to electricity at the seven power stations currently active in the country. Transportation The Trans-Mongolian Railway is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors. It begins at the Trans-Siberian <P> Berkh, Khentii Berkh (Mongolian: Бэрх) is a town in the Batnorov sum (district) of Khentii Province in eastern Mongolia. Population Berkh population is 3,890 (end of 2006). Economy The fluorspar mine is in the town.
There are 42,000 heads of livestock in Berh, but they don’t have enough pasture land. <P> of the total area of the province are arable lands, out of which 27.3% (951.5 km²) are ploughed. Around 60,000 farms in Gegharkunik are operated by the private sector. The main crops are potato and grains.
Fishing and fish farming is also dominant in the province. Recently, beekeeping has significantly developed. Tourism Tourism services in Gegharkunik are seasonal. The towns of Sevan, Chambarak and Martuni along with their surrounding beaches are a major summer destination for locals and foreigners with many hotels and resorts. The cultural heritage and the natural monuments of the region attract the tourists too.
During the last decade, many <P> west of this plain, but the climate is more severe and the danger of natural disasters even greater. The fertile soils of the northeastern plains have been used to plant corn, spring wheat, and even rice. High-quality soybeans are grown in the northeast and are exported to many Pacific rim countries. Although Inner Mongolia produces some spring wheat and other grain, it is best known as a pastoral area.
Much of China's vast and generally inhospitable northwest and southwest regions is unsuitable for cultivation. Xinjiang in the northwest, like Inner Mongolia, is also best known as a pastoral area. In Tibet <P> Mongolia and the International Monetary Fund Mongolia's relations with the International Monetary Fund became official on February 14, 1991 when Mongolia became a member. Early loans Mongolia's first IMF loan was for $54 million. Six years later, Mongolia received a $45 million three-year loan under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) in 1997.
Through this loan and support from IMF, Mongolia began to make economic reforms, which included liberalization of wages and prices, allowed a larger mining capacity, a reduction in import restriction, privatization of some state enterprises, the establishment of a commercial banking system, easing of capital controls and a <P> its official website and social platforms. Ulaanbaatar Mongolia's capital city Ulaanbaatar has an annual average mean temperature of about 0 °C, making it the world's coldest capital city. About 40% of the population lives in apartments, 80% of which are supplied with central heating systems from 3 combined heat and power plants. In 2007, the power plants consumed almost 3.4 million tons of coal. The pollution control technology is in poor condition.
The other 60% of the population reside in shantytowns (Ger districts), which have developed due to the country's new market economy and the very cold winter seasons. The poor in <P> chaired by the Speaker of the House. Its members are directly elected, every four years, by popular vote. Foreign relations Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, Russia and the People's Republic of China. Mongolia is economically dependent on these countries; China receives 90% of Mongolia's exports by value and accounts for 60% of its foreign trade, while Russia supplies 90% of Mongolia's energy requirements. It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other nations especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouraging foreign investments and trade. Military Mongolia supported the 2003 invasion <P> China, and is also grown for wood production and shelterbelts there, being particularly important around the oases of the Gobi Desert, protecting agricultural land from desert winds. <P> not listed on certain publications, largely due to military secrecy. It will not be used for residential purposes in the near future or in the Land Use Plan 2030. Rather, it will largely retain its agricultural and military value.
Various types of farms such as Vegetable farms, Goat Farms, Crocodile Firms give these city dwellers an insight of nature. It has also been an increasingly popular exploration for tourists in recent years. Its close proximity to the Kranji MRT Station makes it popular as well. Ama Keng Chinese Temple The Ama Keng Chinese Temple in Lim Chu Kang was built in <P> and aboard in Armenia, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, and the United States. <P> site and found some 40 skeletons adorned with jewellery denoting high rank.
There are no kastom villages left in Shefa Province, that is, with people walking around in grass skirts and blowing conch shells on a daily basis; however, many traditional cultural practises are still strong in Shefa. Despite the inward-bound Western influence, people predominantly consume traditional foods, such as coconuts, bananas, and island cabbage, rather than packaged foods. Economy Along with tourism and hospitality, subsistence agriculture and fishing are major economic activities. Hospitality venues include the many and increasing kava bars, or ‘nakamals’, that are dotted around Port Vila and | question: Why is Mongolia free, when it it surrounded by two non free states? context: <P> Mongolia is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic with a directly elected President. The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the State Great Khural. The president appoints the prime minister, and nominates the cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The constitution of Mongolia guarantees a number of freedoms, including full freedom of expression and religion. Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are the Mongolian People's Party and the Democratic Party. The non-governmental organisation Freedom House considers Mongolia to be free.
The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between 1924 and 2010 <P> May 2002. Natural resources The republic's natural resources include coal, oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds, and timber. Native reindeer are in abundance and have been intentionally bred for human usage by the indigenous population.
Around 32,800 km² of mostly boreal forest (as well as some alpine tundra and meadows) in the Republic's Northern Ural Mountains have been recognized in 1995 as a UNESCO World Heritage site, Virgin Komi Forests. It is the first natural UNESCO World Heritage site in Russia and the largest expanse of virgin forests in Europe. The site includes two pre-existing protected areas: Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (created <P> Lhasa prefecture-level city and Tibet, with a total of 11,931 hectares (29,480 acres) of arable land.
Crops include barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, canola and vegetables such as potato.
Livestock includes yak, sheep, goats and horses.
In 2010 the per capita income of farmers and herdsmen was 4,587 yuan.
The Pengbo valley has a long history of pottery-making. Products include braziers, flower pots, vases and jugs.
Mining is an important source of income.
In 2011 the government has plans to more actively promote tourism.
The Pangduo Hydro Power Station became operational in 2014.
It has been called the "Tibetan Three Gorges".
The county is a center of Tibetan Buddhism. <P> in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and granting it observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Geography and climate At 1,564,116 km² (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the world's 18th-largest country (after Iran). It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. It mostly lies between latitudes 41° and 52°N (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes 87° and 120°E. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Saskatoon <P> Programs include exchange students program and in 2001, the East Kazakhstan State opened its branch in the city (capital of Mongolia). 25 grants were awarded annually to citizens of Mongolia. The Kazakhstan government provided humanitarian aid of US$200,000 to the victims of the mud flow that happened on July 10, 2016. <P> Il Tovchuu. In 2002, the Republic of China (Taiwan) recognized Mongolia's independence, and established informal relations with Mongolia. Various small organizations in Mongolia advocate a Greater Mongolia. <P> fee simply to indigenous minorities. The law does not recognize development rights, some proprietary rights including compensation for damage to the property, and limited exclusionary rights. It is not clear, however, whether protection of nature in the traditional places of inhabitation implies a right to exclude conflicting uses that are destructive to nature or whether they have the right to veto development.
The Russian Federation's Land Code reinforces the rights of numerically small peoples ("indigenous minorities") to use places they inhabit and to continue traditional economic activities without being charged rent. Such lands cannot be allocated for unrelated activities (which might <P> Cannabis in Mongolia Cannabis is illegal in Mongolia. In 2008, most of the cannabis seized in Mongolia was grown locally, though some was produced in Russia. History Cannabis may have been introduced to Mongolia by the Scythians, and historically was used for medical and shamanic purposes. <P> the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland steppe, with forested areas comprising 11.2% of the total land area, a higher percentage than the Republic of Ireland (10%). The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the Mongolian Plateau. The highest point in Mongolia is the Khüiten Peak in the Tavan bogd massif in the far west at 4,374 m (14,350 ft). The basin of the Uvs Lake, shared with Tuva Republic in Russia, is a natural World Heritage Site. Climate Mongolia is known as the "Land of the Eternal Blue Sky" or "Country of Blue Sky" (Mongolian: "Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron") because it has <P> or semi-nomadic pastoralism. Due to the severe 2009–2010 winter, Mongolia lost 9.7 million animals, or 22% of total livestock. This immediately affected meat prices, which increased twofold; the GDP dropped 1.6% in 2009. Environment Environmental issues are desertification, deforestation and pollution due to industrialisation. Communications Postal services are provided by state-owned Mongol Post and 54 other licensed operators. Energy Mongolia's main source of energy is thermal power, which is converted to electricity at the seven power stations currently active in the country. Transportation The Trans-Mongolian Railway is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors. It begins at the Trans-Siberian <P> Berkh, Khentii Berkh (Mongolian: Бэрх) is a town in the Batnorov sum (district) of Khentii Province in eastern Mongolia. Population Berkh population is 3,890 (end of 2006). Economy The fluorspar mine is in the town.
There are 42,000 heads of livestock in Berh, but they don’t have enough pasture land. <P> of the total area of the province are arable lands, out of which 27.3% (951.5 km²) are ploughed. Around 60,000 farms in Gegharkunik are operated by the private sector. The main crops are potato and grains.
Fishing and fish farming is also dominant in the province. Recently, beekeeping has significantly developed. Tourism Tourism services in Gegharkunik are seasonal. The towns of Sevan, Chambarak and Martuni along with their surrounding beaches are a major summer destination for locals and foreigners with many hotels and resorts. The cultural heritage and the natural monuments of the region attract the tourists too.
During the last decade, many <P> west of this plain, but the climate is more severe and the danger of natural disasters even greater. The fertile soils of the northeastern plains have been used to plant corn, spring wheat, and even rice. High-quality soybeans are grown in the northeast and are exported to many Pacific rim countries. Although Inner Mongolia produces some spring wheat and other grain, it is best known as a pastoral area.
Much of China's vast and generally inhospitable northwest and southwest regions is unsuitable for cultivation. Xinjiang in the northwest, like Inner Mongolia, is also best known as a pastoral area. In Tibet <P> Mongolia and the International Monetary Fund Mongolia's relations with the International Monetary Fund became official on February 14, 1991 when Mongolia became a member. Early loans Mongolia's first IMF loan was for $54 million. Six years later, Mongolia received a $45 million three-year loan under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) in 1997.
Through this loan and support from IMF, Mongolia began to make economic reforms, which included liberalization of wages and prices, allowed a larger mining capacity, a reduction in import restriction, privatization of some state enterprises, the establishment of a commercial banking system, easing of capital controls and a <P> its official website and social platforms. Ulaanbaatar Mongolia's capital city Ulaanbaatar has an annual average mean temperature of about 0 °C, making it the world's coldest capital city. About 40% of the population lives in apartments, 80% of which are supplied with central heating systems from 3 combined heat and power plants. In 2007, the power plants consumed almost 3.4 million tons of coal. The pollution control technology is in poor condition.
The other 60% of the population reside in shantytowns (Ger districts), which have developed due to the country's new market economy and the very cold winter seasons. The poor in <P> chaired by the Speaker of the House. Its members are directly elected, every four years, by popular vote. Foreign relations Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, Russia and the People's Republic of China. Mongolia is economically dependent on these countries; China receives 90% of Mongolia's exports by value and accounts for 60% of its foreign trade, while Russia supplies 90% of Mongolia's energy requirements. It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other nations especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouraging foreign investments and trade. Military Mongolia supported the 2003 invasion <P> China, and is also grown for wood production and shelterbelts there, being particularly important around the oases of the Gobi Desert, protecting agricultural land from desert winds. <P> not listed on certain publications, largely due to military secrecy. It will not be used for residential purposes in the near future or in the Land Use Plan 2030. Rather, it will largely retain its agricultural and military value.
Various types of farms such as Vegetable farms, Goat Farms, Crocodile Firms give these city dwellers an insight of nature. It has also been an increasingly popular exploration for tourists in recent years. Its close proximity to the Kranji MRT Station makes it popular as well. Ama Keng Chinese Temple The Ama Keng Chinese Temple in Lim Chu Kang was built in <P> and aboard in Armenia, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, and the United States. <P> site and found some 40 skeletons adorned with jewellery denoting high rank.
There are no kastom villages left in Shefa Province, that is, with people walking around in grass skirts and blowing conch shells on a daily basis; however, many traditional cultural practises are still strong in Shefa. Despite the inward-bound Western influence, people predominantly consume traditional foods, such as coconuts, bananas, and island cabbage, rather than packaged foods. Economy Along with tourism and hospitality, subsistence agriculture and fishing are major economic activities. Hospitality venues include the many and increasing kava bars, or ‘nakamals’, that are dotted around Port Vila and | answer: This submission has been removed because it violates our ['20-Year Rule'](_URL_0_). To discourage off-topic discussions of current events, questions, answers and all other comments must be confined to events that happened 20 years ago or more. For further explanation of this rule, feel free to consult [this Rules Roundtable](_URL_1_). |
182,954 | 4iwaik | how does youtube's auto-generated subtitles work? | Google took hundreds of hours of accurately subtitled video and fed it to a machine learning program that linked sound snippets to written words statistically. Then they had it run through YouTube matching sounds in videos to words, creating subtitles. They then flagged incorrect subtitles and fed that information back into the program. They continue to do this, refining and improving the program over time. I didn't actually look any of this up. But I'm familiar with the technology, and it's kind of what Google does. | [
"Google took hundreds of hours of accurately subtitled video and fed it to a machine learning program that linked sound snippets to written words statistically. Then they had it run through YouTube matching sounds in videos to words, creating subtitles. They then flagged incorrect subtitles and fed that information... | 3 | [
"Google took hundreds of hours of accurately subtitled video and fed it to a machine learning program that linked sound snippets to written words statistically. Then they had it run through YouTube matching sounds in videos to words, creating subtitles. They then flagged incorrect subtitles and fed that information... | 1 | <P> event, with continual audio of the language:
Pasola Desa Ratenggaro, Kec. Kodi Bangedo - Sumba Barat Daya <P> also appear, such as {laughter} or {applause}, to denote relevant events.
Occasional mondegreen errors may be seen in closed-captions when the computer software fails to distinguish where a word break occurs in the syllable stream. For example, a news report of a "grand parade" might be captioned as a "grandpa raid". Mondegreens in this context arise from the need for captions to keep up with the fast pace of live television broadcasts. History Many STTRs began their careers as court reporters. In the courts, the system was used to record proceedings and provide transcripts when requested. The skills developed in <P> computer courses which use speech recognition to give feedback on pronunciation. Pimsleur method Pimsleur language learning system is based on the research of and model programs developed by American language teacher Paul Pimsleur. It involves recorded 30-minute lessons to be done daily, with each lesson typically featuring a dialog, revision, and new material. Students are asked to translate phrases into the target language, and occasionally to respond in the target language to lines spoken in the target language. The instruction starts in the student's language but gradually changes to the target language. Several all-audio programs now exist to teach various <P> Availability ROILA is currently only available for the Lego Mindstorms NXT. It uses the CMU Sphinx speech recognition library to interpret spoken commands to the NXT, and transform them into ROILA commands. <P> choose to allow "crude language and humor" but filter out "strong profanity," "graphic vulgarity," "ethnic and social slurs" and "vain reference to deity." In all, filtering options offer up to 16,000 combinations.
The methods of removing content also depends on the scenes and user settings. Users can select which scenes and language to filter filtering. Although, if a user chooses to view a movie with closed-caption enabled, the closed captioning text is not filtered during the audio muting of the language/scene, and the offensive text can still be read. In some cases, the scene might be removed entirely, depending on the <P> Lingvist Education model Lingvist's method includes a memorize section, based on word cards, and the challenges area, which offers numerous reading, listening and speaking exercises with dialogues. It uses statistical analysis and big data to establish frequencies in order to teach the most relevant and useful vocabulary to the user. The company's software analyses various text sources, such as subtitles or articles to determine the frequency of words in a given language. As an adaptive tool, Lingvist uses mathematical optimization to adapt the lessons to its users' level. The user will repeat words he or she has previously forgotten or <P> Acoustic model Background Modern speech recognition systems use both an acoustic model and a language model to represent the statistical properties of speech. The acoustic model models the relationship between the audio signal and the phonetic units in the language. The language model is responsible for modeling the word sequences in the language. These two models are combined to get the top-ranked word sequences corresponding to a given audio segment.
Most modern speech recognition systems operate on the audio in small chunks known as frames with an approximate duration of 10ms per frame. The raw audio signal from each frame can <P> a web designer wants to use a particular face, Sitepal can create one from a photo. Thus, a mascot or a known face can be simulated. Speech Sitepal avatars talk through text-to-speech (tts) software.
A short paragraph can be written (up to 900 characters) and the text-to-speech engine will compile the actual speech, which can be reproduced and edited. The tts engine is not perfect, but it comes close to actual speech and is easy to understand. Tts can be further enhanced by some commands, like /laugh and /loud which make the avatar laugh or talk loud. Even pronunciation is possible.
The <P> Adventureland (video game) Gameplay Adventureland is controlled through the use of written commands. These can consist of single word, such as those used for player character movement, including north, south, east, west, up, and down. They can also take the form of simple, two-word verb/noun phrases, such as "climb tree". Although the game can recognize about 120 words, the parser only takes the first three letters into account. This means not only that the parser occasionally misidentifies words, but also that commands can be truncated: "lig lam" would be interpreted as "light lamp."
In order to complete the game, the player <P> could add "annotations" to their videos—such as pop-up text messages and hyperlinks. These functions were notably used as the basis for interactive videos, which used hyperlinks to other videos to achieve branching elements. In March 2017, it was announced that the annotations editor had been discontinued and the feature would be sunset, because their use had fallen rapidly, users had found them to be an annoyance, and because they were incompatible with mobile versions of the service. Annotations were removed entirely from all videos on January 15, 2019. YouTube had introduced standardized widgets intended to replace annotations in a cross-platform <P> the official Albavisión website. <P> can be viewed for the clip. The audio can be analyzed for common audio problems such as clicks and pops, power line hum and clipped signals, and then any discovered problems can be fixed. Audio can be faded in and out, the amplitude can be altered for a selection, noise can be removed and silence, waveforms and ambient noise can be inserted. There is also a selection history tool that cycles between previous selections. After zooming in on the individual samples in the audio waveform, the pen tool can be used to edit the wave directly. There is a time-stretch <P> a censored version with annotations.
The full version can be viewed on YouTube, either with English subtitles or dubbed into English. <P> Also, because the initial number sign is the character used to introduce comments in the Bourne shell language (and in the languages understood by many other interpreters), the whole shebang line is ignored by the interpreter.
However, it is up to the interpreter to ignore the shebang line; thus, a script consisting of the following two lines simply echos both lines to standard output when run:
#!/bin/cat
Hello world! Strengths When compared to the use of global association lists between file extensions and the interpreting applications, the interpreter directive method allows users to use interpreters not known at a global system level, and <P> loud music is also used to obscure their conversation.
In the original theatrical version of Chan Is Missing, there are no subtitles provided for scenes where characters are either speaking in Mandarin or Cantonese. This is a common technique in Wang's film. As he told an interviewer regarding his 2008 film, A Thousand Years of Good Prayers, "I didn’t want subtitles because the audience should experience what those two are experiencing and not have any more information. Yet you could still understand. Sometimes the specifics of a language are not as important as the music of the language and the body <P> plays displays the lyrics at the bottom of the screen. <P> RETADR RESW 1
LENGTH RESW 1
BUFFER RESB 4096
.
. SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER
.
RDREC LDX ZERO
LDA ZERO
RLOOP TD INPUT
<P> clicks. All subsequent amplification of the signal must be linear to preserve the modulation waveform and ensure minimum occupied bandwidth. In practice, this means limiting the transmit audio volume to below the level where the transmitter generates Automatic Level Control (ALC) feedback and disabling any audio compression or speech processing.
The Varicode is a kind of Fibonacci code where the boundaries between character codes are marked by two or more consecutive zeros. Like all Fibonacci codes, since no character code contains more than one consecutive zero, the software can easily identify the spaces between characters, regardless of the length of <P> Music video The video was officially sponsored by government bodies which include the National Arts Council, Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts and the Sing Singapore project. It was directed by Roslan Ismail who is affiliated to Gravity Films. <P> experience while watching video. In 2018, Mux announced an API for video streaming using per-title encoding, a technique similar to that used by Netflix. | question: how does youtube's auto-generated subtitles work? context: <P> event, with continual audio of the language:
Pasola Desa Ratenggaro, Kec. Kodi Bangedo - Sumba Barat Daya <P> also appear, such as {laughter} or {applause}, to denote relevant events.
Occasional mondegreen errors may be seen in closed-captions when the computer software fails to distinguish where a word break occurs in the syllable stream. For example, a news report of a "grand parade" might be captioned as a "grandpa raid". Mondegreens in this context arise from the need for captions to keep up with the fast pace of live television broadcasts. History Many STTRs began their careers as court reporters. In the courts, the system was used to record proceedings and provide transcripts when requested. The skills developed in <P> computer courses which use speech recognition to give feedback on pronunciation. Pimsleur method Pimsleur language learning system is based on the research of and model programs developed by American language teacher Paul Pimsleur. It involves recorded 30-minute lessons to be done daily, with each lesson typically featuring a dialog, revision, and new material. Students are asked to translate phrases into the target language, and occasionally to respond in the target language to lines spoken in the target language. The instruction starts in the student's language but gradually changes to the target language. Several all-audio programs now exist to teach various <P> Availability ROILA is currently only available for the Lego Mindstorms NXT. It uses the CMU Sphinx speech recognition library to interpret spoken commands to the NXT, and transform them into ROILA commands. <P> choose to allow "crude language and humor" but filter out "strong profanity," "graphic vulgarity," "ethnic and social slurs" and "vain reference to deity." In all, filtering options offer up to 16,000 combinations.
The methods of removing content also depends on the scenes and user settings. Users can select which scenes and language to filter filtering. Although, if a user chooses to view a movie with closed-caption enabled, the closed captioning text is not filtered during the audio muting of the language/scene, and the offensive text can still be read. In some cases, the scene might be removed entirely, depending on the <P> Lingvist Education model Lingvist's method includes a memorize section, based on word cards, and the challenges area, which offers numerous reading, listening and speaking exercises with dialogues. It uses statistical analysis and big data to establish frequencies in order to teach the most relevant and useful vocabulary to the user. The company's software analyses various text sources, such as subtitles or articles to determine the frequency of words in a given language. As an adaptive tool, Lingvist uses mathematical optimization to adapt the lessons to its users' level. The user will repeat words he or she has previously forgotten or <P> Acoustic model Background Modern speech recognition systems use both an acoustic model and a language model to represent the statistical properties of speech. The acoustic model models the relationship between the audio signal and the phonetic units in the language. The language model is responsible for modeling the word sequences in the language. These two models are combined to get the top-ranked word sequences corresponding to a given audio segment.
Most modern speech recognition systems operate on the audio in small chunks known as frames with an approximate duration of 10ms per frame. The raw audio signal from each frame can <P> a web designer wants to use a particular face, Sitepal can create one from a photo. Thus, a mascot or a known face can be simulated. Speech Sitepal avatars talk through text-to-speech (tts) software.
A short paragraph can be written (up to 900 characters) and the text-to-speech engine will compile the actual speech, which can be reproduced and edited. The tts engine is not perfect, but it comes close to actual speech and is easy to understand. Tts can be further enhanced by some commands, like /laugh and /loud which make the avatar laugh or talk loud. Even pronunciation is possible.
The <P> Adventureland (video game) Gameplay Adventureland is controlled through the use of written commands. These can consist of single word, such as those used for player character movement, including north, south, east, west, up, and down. They can also take the form of simple, two-word verb/noun phrases, such as "climb tree". Although the game can recognize about 120 words, the parser only takes the first three letters into account. This means not only that the parser occasionally misidentifies words, but also that commands can be truncated: "lig lam" would be interpreted as "light lamp."
In order to complete the game, the player <P> could add "annotations" to their videos—such as pop-up text messages and hyperlinks. These functions were notably used as the basis for interactive videos, which used hyperlinks to other videos to achieve branching elements. In March 2017, it was announced that the annotations editor had been discontinued and the feature would be sunset, because their use had fallen rapidly, users had found them to be an annoyance, and because they were incompatible with mobile versions of the service. Annotations were removed entirely from all videos on January 15, 2019. YouTube had introduced standardized widgets intended to replace annotations in a cross-platform <P> the official Albavisión website. <P> can be viewed for the clip. The audio can be analyzed for common audio problems such as clicks and pops, power line hum and clipped signals, and then any discovered problems can be fixed. Audio can be faded in and out, the amplitude can be altered for a selection, noise can be removed and silence, waveforms and ambient noise can be inserted. There is also a selection history tool that cycles between previous selections. After zooming in on the individual samples in the audio waveform, the pen tool can be used to edit the wave directly. There is a time-stretch <P> a censored version with annotations.
The full version can be viewed on YouTube, either with English subtitles or dubbed into English. <P> Also, because the initial number sign is the character used to introduce comments in the Bourne shell language (and in the languages understood by many other interpreters), the whole shebang line is ignored by the interpreter.
However, it is up to the interpreter to ignore the shebang line; thus, a script consisting of the following two lines simply echos both lines to standard output when run:
#!/bin/cat
Hello world! Strengths When compared to the use of global association lists between file extensions and the interpreting applications, the interpreter directive method allows users to use interpreters not known at a global system level, and <P> loud music is also used to obscure their conversation.
In the original theatrical version of Chan Is Missing, there are no subtitles provided for scenes where characters are either speaking in Mandarin or Cantonese. This is a common technique in Wang's film. As he told an interviewer regarding his 2008 film, A Thousand Years of Good Prayers, "I didn’t want subtitles because the audience should experience what those two are experiencing and not have any more information. Yet you could still understand. Sometimes the specifics of a language are not as important as the music of the language and the body <P> plays displays the lyrics at the bottom of the screen. <P> RETADR RESW 1
LENGTH RESW 1
BUFFER RESB 4096
.
. SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER
.
RDREC LDX ZERO
LDA ZERO
RLOOP TD INPUT
<P> clicks. All subsequent amplification of the signal must be linear to preserve the modulation waveform and ensure minimum occupied bandwidth. In practice, this means limiting the transmit audio volume to below the level where the transmitter generates Automatic Level Control (ALC) feedback and disabling any audio compression or speech processing.
The Varicode is a kind of Fibonacci code where the boundaries between character codes are marked by two or more consecutive zeros. Like all Fibonacci codes, since no character code contains more than one consecutive zero, the software can easily identify the spaces between characters, regardless of the length of <P> Music video The video was officially sponsored by government bodies which include the National Arts Council, Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts and the Sing Singapore project. It was directed by Roslan Ismail who is affiliated to Gravity Films. <P> experience while watching video. In 2018, Mux announced an API for video streaming using per-title encoding, a technique similar to that used by Netflix. | answer: Google took hundreds of hours of accurately subtitled video and fed it to a machine learning program that linked sound snippets to written words statistically. Then they had it run through YouTube matching sounds in videos to words, creating subtitles. They then flagged incorrect subtitles and fed that information back into the program. They continue to do this, refining and improving the program over time. I didn't actually look any of this up. But I'm familiar with the technology, and it's kind of what Google does. |
61,175 | 1lmik7 | Is it possible that the natives of eastern Britain spoke a Germanic language before the Anglo-Saxons arrived? | Old and Middle Englishes were not siblings, rather one flows into the next. I'll address each bullet with a bullet of my own. Also, the language of England before the Anglo-Saxon invasion was a P-Celtic tongue; the language of England before the Celtic invasion was a Paleo-European tongue.* That would obviously be because Old English is closer to Proto-West Germanic than Middle English. Proto-West Germanic became Old High German which became Modern German; Proto-West Germanic became Old English which became Middle English which became Modern English.* No it isn't and even if it were, that wouldn't be much evidence as languages can change rapidly. Old English was already in a period of change when the Anglo-Saxons left Continental Europe (around 450 CE). After the appearance of writing on the British Isles, we see a gradual decline of cases and the rise of rigid grammatical structure.* If the author really told you that the Norman conquerers did not install a language then s/he is lying: that language was Anglo-Norman. As for the genetic makeup, the genetic makeup is not very "Germanic" either! So there goes your support for an alternate Germanic language. The answer is that the Paleo-Britons (the people of the British Isles prior to the Celtic entry) live on in the modern Brits and make up a majority of their genetic material.* Are you referring to Pictish? We don't know what language was (it was probably Celtic) but it *wasn't* Germanic. As for Cornish, again, it was Celtic. So what?Finally, you haven't seen this hypothesis before because no linguist believes it. Sorry if I came across as harsh. | [
"Old and Middle Englishes were not siblings, rather one flows into the next. I'll address each bullet with a bullet of my own. Also, the language of England before the Anglo-Saxon invasion was a P-Celtic tongue; the language of England before the Celtic invasion was a Paleo-European tongue.\n\n* That would obviousl... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> a largely unrecorded, massive linguistic extinction event, most likely through language shift. Kroonen's 2015 study purports to show that Pre-Indo-European speech contains a clear Neolithic signature emanating from the Aegean language family and thus patterns with the prehistoric migration of Europe’s first farming populations.
Marija Gimbutas, as part of her theory, had already inferred that the Corded Ware culture's intrusion into Scandinavia formed a synthesis with the indigenous people of the Funnelbeaker culture, giving birth to the Proto-Germanic language. According to Edgar Polomé, 30% of the non-Indo-European substratum found in modern German derives from non-Indo-European-speakers of Funnelbeaker culture, indigenous to <P> the indigenous Brittonic people is also subject to question. Heinrich Härke and Richard Coates point out that they are invisible archaeologically and linguistically. But based on a fairly high Anglo-Saxon figure (200,000) and a low Brythonic one (800,000), Brythonic people are likely to have outnumbered Anglo-Saxons by at least four to one. The interpretation of such figures is that while "culturally, the later Anglo-Saxons and English did emerge as remarkably un-British, . . . their genetic, biological make-up is none the less likely to have been substantially, indeed predominantly, British". The development of Anglo-Saxon culture is described by two processes. <P> form of Old English. The speech of an illiterate ceorl, on the other hand, can not be reconstructed. The progressive nature of this language acquisition, and the "retrospective reworking" of kinship ties to the dominant group led, ultimately, to the "myths which tied the entire society to immigration as an explanation of their origins in Britain".
What survives through writing represents primarily the register of Anglo-Saxon, and this is most often in the West Saxon dialect. Little is known about the everyday spoken language of people living in the migration period. Old English is a contact language and it is hard <P> by Anglo-Saxons. <P> One is similar to culture changes observed in Russia, North Africa and parts of the Islamic world, where a powerful minority culture becomes, over a rather short period, adopted by a settled majority.
The second process is explained through incentives. Nick Higham summarized in this way:
As Bede later implied, language was a key indicator of ethnicity in early England. In circumstances where freedom at law, acceptance with the kindred, access to patronage, and the use and possession of weapons were all exclusive to those who could claim Germanic descent, then speaking Old English without Latin or Brittonic inflection had considerable value.
By <P> southern Scandinavia. When Yamna Indo-European speakers came into contact with the indigenous peoples during the 3rd millennium BCE, they came to dominate the local populations yet parts of the indigenous lexicon persisted in the formation of Proto-Germanic, thus giving Proto-Germanic the status of being an "Indo-Europeanized" language. Economy There are very few discovered settlements, which led to the traditional view of this culture as exclusively nomadic pastoralists. However, this view was modified, as some evidence of sedentary farming emerged. Traces of emmer, common wheat and barley were found at a Corded Ware site at Bronocice in south-east Poland. Wheeled vehicles <P> British Latin had already replaced it in this region). Linguists such as Richard Coates have suggested there could not have been meaningful contact between the languages, which is reasonable argued from the small amount of loanwords. Recently a number of linguists have argued that many of the grammar changes observed in English were due to a Brittonic influence (see Brittonicisms in English). John McWhorter suggests that the language changes seen later in English were always there in vernacular speech and this was not written, especially since those who did the writing were educated individuals that most likely spoke a standard <P> but exterminated by the Romans and their land was destroyed. They were replaced by the Tungri, a Germanic tribe that was Celticised but in villages on the other side of the river Meuse the Eburones continued to exist what would explain the fact that the Limburgs language spoken on the west bank of the river Meuse still has some traces of the old Celtic language spoken by the Eburones.
The first written proof of Wessem's existence found, according to Baron Louis de Crassier in his Dictionnaire is in a Charter of 946, when Emperor Otto I confirmed to the abbey of <P> obliterate any meaningful linguistic evidence of a common genetic source.
This general concern is a manifestation of the larger issue of "time depth" in historical linguistics.
For example, the languages of the New World are believed to be descended from a relatively "rapid" peopling of the Americas (relative to the duration of the Upper Paleolithic) within a few millennia (roughly between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago), but their genetic relationship has become completely obscured over the more than ten millennia which have passed between their separation and their first written record in the early modern period. Similarly, the Australian Aboriginal languages <P> in Eastern Europe, from where they radiated westward, but rather that they arose in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) among the Celtiberians and neighboring peoples as a combination of Proto-Indo-European and native non-Indo-European Paleohispanic languages (related to Basque), with some Phoenician influence. From there (in this scenario) they spread east to what was later Gaul (modern France, Germany, and surrounding areas), where early forms of the Italic and Germanic languages already would have been developing independently from Proto-Indo-European. This idea – the subject of three edited volumes in a series by Koch and Barry Cunliffe called Celtic from the West <P> saecla
Schola perduravit ipsa.
Gaudeamus nos alumni.
Floreat! Floreat!
Schola Warwicensis
Floret atque floreat
Schola Warwicensis.
Haec domus duret per aevum
Floreant omnes alumni
Floreant semper magistri.
Gaudeamus nos alumni.
Floreat! Floreat!
Schola Warwicensis
Floret atque floreat
Schola Warwicensis. Notable Old Warwickians Notable Old Warwickians include: <P> of long vowels in the West Germanic languages greatly postdate any possible notion of a proto-language innovation (and cannot readily be regarded as "areal", either, because English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area). In a similar vein, there are many similar innovations in Germanic and Balto-Slavic that are far more likely areal features than traceable to a common proto-language, such as the uniform development of a high vowel (*u in the case of Germanic, *i/u in the case of Baltic and Slavic) before the PIE syllabic resonants *ṛ,* ḷ, *ṃ, *ṇ, unique to these two groups among <P> to reconstruct the pidgin used in this period from the written language found in the West Saxon literature of some 400 years later. Two general theories are proposed regarding why people changed their language to Old English (or an early form of such): either, a person or household changed so as to serve an elite; or, a person or household changed through choice as it provided some advantage economically or legally. Over time, Old English developed into four major dialects: Northumbrian, spoken north of the river Humber; Mercian, spoken in the Midlands; Kentish, spoken in Kent in the far southeastern <P> are divided into some 28 families and isolates for which no genetic relationship can be shown.
The Urheimaten reconstructed using the methods of comparative linguistics typically estimate separation times dating to the Neolithic or later. It is undisputed that fully developed languages were present throughout the Upper Paleolithic, and possibly into the deep Middle Paleolithic (see origin of language, behavioral modernity). These languages would have spread with the early human migrations of the first "peopling of the world", but they are no longer amenable to linguistic reconstruction. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has imposed linguistic separation lasting several millennia on many <P> peoples is found also in Herodotus, who wrote that the Carians, when they were allegedly living amid the Cyclades, were known as Leleges. Language The Carian language belongs to the Luwic group of the Anatolian family of languages. Other Luwic languages besides Luwian proper are Lycian and Milyan (Lycian B). Although the ancestors of Carian and Lycian must have been very close to Luwian, it is probably incorrect to claim that they are linear descendants of Luwian. It is possible that the speakers of Proto-Carian, or the common ancestor of Carian and Lycian, supplied the elites of the Bronze Age <P> and at Mousehole found Pentreath, then a fish seller said to be aged about 82, who "could speak Cornish very fluently." In 1775 he published an account of her in the Society of Antiquaries' journal Archaeologia in an article called "On the Expiration of the Cornish Language." Barrington noted that the "hut in which she lived was in a narrow lane," and that in two rather better cottages just opposite it he had found two other women, some ten or twelve years younger than Pentreath, who could not speak Cornish readily, but who understood it. Five years later, Pentreath was <P> this period are silent, as there are no 6th-century English documents.
The Romano-British may have been disproportionately affected because of trade contacts with Gaul and other factors, such as British settlement patterns being more dispersive than English ones, which "could have served to facilitate plague transmission by the rat". The differential effects may have been exaggerated. British sources were then more likely to report natural disasters than Saxon ones. In addition, "the evidence for artifact trade between the British and the English" implies significant interaction and "just minimal interaction would surely have involved a high risk of plague transmission". However, scholars <P> his brother-in-law Eboric, held out for a year before being captured in 585. This same year a nobleman named Malaric rebelled against the Goths, but he was defeated.
As with the Visigothic language, there are only traces of the Suebi tongue remaining, as they quickly adopted the local vulgar Latin. Some words of plausible Suebi origin are the modern Galician and Portuguese words laverca (lark), meixengra or mejengra (titmouse), lobio (vine), escá (a measure, formerly "cup"), groba (ravine), and others. Much more significant was their contribution to names of the local toponymy and onomastics.
The historiography of the Suebi, and of Galicia <P> had its own dialect, the Vormsi-Noarootsi-Riguldi dialect was spoken on those islands, there was also a Pakri-Vihterpalu variety. The dialect of Hiiumaa is still spoken by a few in Gammalsvenskby (which is called Gammölsvänskbi in the Hiiumaa/Gammmalsvenskby dialect). <P> or 6.0% did not speak German natively. | question: Is it possible that the natives of eastern Britain spoke a Germanic language before the Anglo-Saxons arrived? context: <P> a largely unrecorded, massive linguistic extinction event, most likely through language shift. Kroonen's 2015 study purports to show that Pre-Indo-European speech contains a clear Neolithic signature emanating from the Aegean language family and thus patterns with the prehistoric migration of Europe’s first farming populations.
Marija Gimbutas, as part of her theory, had already inferred that the Corded Ware culture's intrusion into Scandinavia formed a synthesis with the indigenous people of the Funnelbeaker culture, giving birth to the Proto-Germanic language. According to Edgar Polomé, 30% of the non-Indo-European substratum found in modern German derives from non-Indo-European-speakers of Funnelbeaker culture, indigenous to <P> the indigenous Brittonic people is also subject to question. Heinrich Härke and Richard Coates point out that they are invisible archaeologically and linguistically. But based on a fairly high Anglo-Saxon figure (200,000) and a low Brythonic one (800,000), Brythonic people are likely to have outnumbered Anglo-Saxons by at least four to one. The interpretation of such figures is that while "culturally, the later Anglo-Saxons and English did emerge as remarkably un-British, . . . their genetic, biological make-up is none the less likely to have been substantially, indeed predominantly, British". The development of Anglo-Saxon culture is described by two processes. <P> form of Old English. The speech of an illiterate ceorl, on the other hand, can not be reconstructed. The progressive nature of this language acquisition, and the "retrospective reworking" of kinship ties to the dominant group led, ultimately, to the "myths which tied the entire society to immigration as an explanation of their origins in Britain".
What survives through writing represents primarily the register of Anglo-Saxon, and this is most often in the West Saxon dialect. Little is known about the everyday spoken language of people living in the migration period. Old English is a contact language and it is hard <P> by Anglo-Saxons. <P> One is similar to culture changes observed in Russia, North Africa and parts of the Islamic world, where a powerful minority culture becomes, over a rather short period, adopted by a settled majority.
The second process is explained through incentives. Nick Higham summarized in this way:
As Bede later implied, language was a key indicator of ethnicity in early England. In circumstances where freedom at law, acceptance with the kindred, access to patronage, and the use and possession of weapons were all exclusive to those who could claim Germanic descent, then speaking Old English without Latin or Brittonic inflection had considerable value.
By <P> southern Scandinavia. When Yamna Indo-European speakers came into contact with the indigenous peoples during the 3rd millennium BCE, they came to dominate the local populations yet parts of the indigenous lexicon persisted in the formation of Proto-Germanic, thus giving Proto-Germanic the status of being an "Indo-Europeanized" language. Economy There are very few discovered settlements, which led to the traditional view of this culture as exclusively nomadic pastoralists. However, this view was modified, as some evidence of sedentary farming emerged. Traces of emmer, common wheat and barley were found at a Corded Ware site at Bronocice in south-east Poland. Wheeled vehicles <P> British Latin had already replaced it in this region). Linguists such as Richard Coates have suggested there could not have been meaningful contact between the languages, which is reasonable argued from the small amount of loanwords. Recently a number of linguists have argued that many of the grammar changes observed in English were due to a Brittonic influence (see Brittonicisms in English). John McWhorter suggests that the language changes seen later in English were always there in vernacular speech and this was not written, especially since those who did the writing were educated individuals that most likely spoke a standard <P> but exterminated by the Romans and their land was destroyed. They were replaced by the Tungri, a Germanic tribe that was Celticised but in villages on the other side of the river Meuse the Eburones continued to exist what would explain the fact that the Limburgs language spoken on the west bank of the river Meuse still has some traces of the old Celtic language spoken by the Eburones.
The first written proof of Wessem's existence found, according to Baron Louis de Crassier in his Dictionnaire is in a Charter of 946, when Emperor Otto I confirmed to the abbey of <P> obliterate any meaningful linguistic evidence of a common genetic source.
This general concern is a manifestation of the larger issue of "time depth" in historical linguistics.
For example, the languages of the New World are believed to be descended from a relatively "rapid" peopling of the Americas (relative to the duration of the Upper Paleolithic) within a few millennia (roughly between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago), but their genetic relationship has become completely obscured over the more than ten millennia which have passed between their separation and their first written record in the early modern period. Similarly, the Australian Aboriginal languages <P> in Eastern Europe, from where they radiated westward, but rather that they arose in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) among the Celtiberians and neighboring peoples as a combination of Proto-Indo-European and native non-Indo-European Paleohispanic languages (related to Basque), with some Phoenician influence. From there (in this scenario) they spread east to what was later Gaul (modern France, Germany, and surrounding areas), where early forms of the Italic and Germanic languages already would have been developing independently from Proto-Indo-European. This idea – the subject of three edited volumes in a series by Koch and Barry Cunliffe called Celtic from the West <P> saecla
Schola perduravit ipsa.
Gaudeamus nos alumni.
Floreat! Floreat!
Schola Warwicensis
Floret atque floreat
Schola Warwicensis.
Haec domus duret per aevum
Floreant omnes alumni
Floreant semper magistri.
Gaudeamus nos alumni.
Floreat! Floreat!
Schola Warwicensis
Floret atque floreat
Schola Warwicensis. Notable Old Warwickians Notable Old Warwickians include: <P> of long vowels in the West Germanic languages greatly postdate any possible notion of a proto-language innovation (and cannot readily be regarded as "areal", either, because English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area). In a similar vein, there are many similar innovations in Germanic and Balto-Slavic that are far more likely areal features than traceable to a common proto-language, such as the uniform development of a high vowel (*u in the case of Germanic, *i/u in the case of Baltic and Slavic) before the PIE syllabic resonants *ṛ,* ḷ, *ṃ, *ṇ, unique to these two groups among <P> to reconstruct the pidgin used in this period from the written language found in the West Saxon literature of some 400 years later. Two general theories are proposed regarding why people changed their language to Old English (or an early form of such): either, a person or household changed so as to serve an elite; or, a person or household changed through choice as it provided some advantage economically or legally. Over time, Old English developed into four major dialects: Northumbrian, spoken north of the river Humber; Mercian, spoken in the Midlands; Kentish, spoken in Kent in the far southeastern <P> are divided into some 28 families and isolates for which no genetic relationship can be shown.
The Urheimaten reconstructed using the methods of comparative linguistics typically estimate separation times dating to the Neolithic or later. It is undisputed that fully developed languages were present throughout the Upper Paleolithic, and possibly into the deep Middle Paleolithic (see origin of language, behavioral modernity). These languages would have spread with the early human migrations of the first "peopling of the world", but they are no longer amenable to linguistic reconstruction. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has imposed linguistic separation lasting several millennia on many <P> peoples is found also in Herodotus, who wrote that the Carians, when they were allegedly living amid the Cyclades, were known as Leleges. Language The Carian language belongs to the Luwic group of the Anatolian family of languages. Other Luwic languages besides Luwian proper are Lycian and Milyan (Lycian B). Although the ancestors of Carian and Lycian must have been very close to Luwian, it is probably incorrect to claim that they are linear descendants of Luwian. It is possible that the speakers of Proto-Carian, or the common ancestor of Carian and Lycian, supplied the elites of the Bronze Age <P> and at Mousehole found Pentreath, then a fish seller said to be aged about 82, who "could speak Cornish very fluently." In 1775 he published an account of her in the Society of Antiquaries' journal Archaeologia in an article called "On the Expiration of the Cornish Language." Barrington noted that the "hut in which she lived was in a narrow lane," and that in two rather better cottages just opposite it he had found two other women, some ten or twelve years younger than Pentreath, who could not speak Cornish readily, but who understood it. Five years later, Pentreath was <P> this period are silent, as there are no 6th-century English documents.
The Romano-British may have been disproportionately affected because of trade contacts with Gaul and other factors, such as British settlement patterns being more dispersive than English ones, which "could have served to facilitate plague transmission by the rat". The differential effects may have been exaggerated. British sources were then more likely to report natural disasters than Saxon ones. In addition, "the evidence for artifact trade between the British and the English" implies significant interaction and "just minimal interaction would surely have involved a high risk of plague transmission". However, scholars <P> his brother-in-law Eboric, held out for a year before being captured in 585. This same year a nobleman named Malaric rebelled against the Goths, but he was defeated.
As with the Visigothic language, there are only traces of the Suebi tongue remaining, as they quickly adopted the local vulgar Latin. Some words of plausible Suebi origin are the modern Galician and Portuguese words laverca (lark), meixengra or mejengra (titmouse), lobio (vine), escá (a measure, formerly "cup"), groba (ravine), and others. Much more significant was their contribution to names of the local toponymy and onomastics.
The historiography of the Suebi, and of Galicia <P> had its own dialect, the Vormsi-Noarootsi-Riguldi dialect was spoken on those islands, there was also a Pakri-Vihterpalu variety. The dialect of Hiiumaa is still spoken by a few in Gammalsvenskby (which is called Gammölsvänskbi in the Hiiumaa/Gammmalsvenskby dialect). <P> or 6.0% did not speak German natively. | answer: Old and Middle Englishes were not siblings, rather one flows into the next. I'll address each bullet with a bullet of my own. Also, the language of England before the Anglo-Saxon invasion was a P-Celtic tongue; the language of England before the Celtic invasion was a Paleo-European tongue.* That would obviously be because Old English is closer to Proto-West Germanic than Middle English. Proto-West Germanic became Old High German which became Modern German; Proto-West Germanic became Old English which became Middle English which became Modern English.* No it isn't and even if it were, that wouldn't be much evidence as languages can change rapidly. Old English was already in a period of change when the Anglo-Saxons left Continental Europe (around 450 CE). After the appearance of writing on the British Isles, we see a gradual decline of cases and the rise of rigid grammatical structure.* If the author really told you that the Norman conquerers did not install a language then s/he is lying: that language was Anglo-Norman. As for the genetic makeup, the genetic makeup is not very "Germanic" either! So there goes your support for an alternate Germanic language. The answer is that the Paleo-Britons (the people of the British Isles prior to the Celtic entry) live on in the modern Brits and make up a majority of their genetic material.* Are you referring to Pictish? We don't know what language was (it was probably Celtic) but it *wasn't* Germanic. As for Cornish, again, it was Celtic. So what?Finally, you haven't seen this hypothesis before because no linguist believes it. Sorry if I came across as harsh. |
189,017 | x4jjk | how do game bits work? 8-bit, 16bit, 32-bit etc. | The NES comes from the "8-bit era" of consoles, which included the NES and the Sega Master System. These consoles are based around 8-bit processors, which generally store and process data 8 bits at a time.In computer parlance, 8 bits make one byte. Many NES games have a limit of 255 on certain items (such as The Legend of Zelda's Rupee counter) because 255 is the maximum unsigned integer that can be stored in 8 bits of data. In the early days, this was a serious limitation on computer technology, and many workarounds were needed in order to program even moderately complex games like Punch Out! that included large sprites with many frames of animation.As computer technology evolved, so did the processors available for video game consoles. The SNES featured a 16-bit chip, the PlayStation a 32-bit chip, and the Nintendo 64 featured a 64-bit chip.However, the number of bits the processor generally handles at a time is only one measure of the performance of the system; the original Xbox was based around a 32-bit Pentium III chip 5 years after the release of the Nintendo 64. At the same processors were increasing in complexity, their overall computing power increased as well, and the cost of storage (both in terms of memory chips and optical media) declined.The intersection of these technological improvements and the rise in popularity of video games as an entertainment media is what caused the increase in complexity and graphical quality that we see in video games today.The "8-bit" moniker used to describe the NES and its peers is the same distinction we talk about today when we talk about a "64-bit" PC processor or "64-bit Windows" - these architectural terms are ones we use in more areas than just video games. | [
"The NES comes from the \"8-bit era\" of consoles, which included the NES and the Sega Master System. These consoles are based around 8-bit processors, which generally store and process data 8 bits at a time.\n\nIn computer parlance, 8 bits make one byte. Many NES games have a limit of 255 on certain items (such as... | 2 | [
"The NES comes from the \"8-bit era\" of consoles, which included the NES and the Sega Master System. These consoles are based around 8-bit processors, which generally store and process data 8 bits at a time.\n\nIn computer parlance, 8 bits make one byte. Many NES games have a limit of 255 on certain items (such as... | 1 | <P> instructions that fetch a single 8-bit byte. The address is broken into two parts, the 5 most significant bits refer to one of 32 "pages", while the 10 least significant bits are the "displacement" pointing to a single word within the 1,024-word page. With the DMS system in the 21MX series, the upper 5 bits are instead used to select one of 32 registers, each of which holds 12 bits. The least significant 10 bits of the register are then placed in front of the original 10-bit displacement to produce a 20-bit address. The two most significant bits are used <P> series instruction set was a 32-bit instruction set, the Motorola 68000 and Motorola 68010 had 16-bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit, so that a 32-bit add required two cycles.
To gain some of the advantages afforded by both lower and higher bit lengths, many instruction sets have different bit widths for integer and floating-point data, allowing CPUs implementing that instruction set to have different bit widths for different portions of the device. For example, the IBM System/360 instruction set was primarily 32 bit, but supported 64-bit floating point values to facilitate greater accuracy and range in floating point numbers. <P> for stack management) to 16 (fully general), and provides numerous other enhancements. Floating point operations are supported via mandatory SSE2-like instructions, and x87/MMX style registers are generally not used (but still available even in 64-bit mode); instead, a set of 32 vector registers, 128 bits each, is used. (Each can store one or two double-precision numbers or one to four single precision numbers, or various integer formats.) In 64-bit mode, instructions are modified to support 64-bit operands and 64-bit addressing mode. The compatibility mode allows 16- and 32-bit user applications to run unmodified coexisting with 64-bit applications if the 64-bit <P> Half-carry flag Usage Normally, a processor that utilizes binary arithmetic (which includes almost all modern CPUs) will add two 8-bit byte values according to the rules of simple binary addition. For example, adding 25₁₆ and 48₁₆ produces 6D₁₆. However, for binary-coded decimal (BCD) values, where each 4-bit nibble represents a decimal digit, addition is more complicated. For example, adding the decimal value 25 and 48, which are encoded as the BCD values 25₁₆ and 48₁₆, the binary addition of the two values produces 6D₁₆. Since the lower nibble of this value is a non-decimal digit (D), it must be adjusted <P> its narrower 32-bit system bus, the VR4300 retained the computational abilities of the more powerful 64-bit MIPS R4300i, though software rarely took advantage of 64-bit data precision operations. Nintendo 64 games generally used faster and more compact 32-bit data-operations, as these were sufficient to generate 3D-scene data for the console's RSP (Reality Signal Processor) unit. In addition, 32-bit code executes faster and requires less storage space (which is at a premium on the Nintendo 64's cartridges).
In terms of its random-access memory (RAM), the Nintendo 64 is one of the first modern consoles to implement a unified memory subsystem, instead of <P> the 16-bit encoding may be seen referred to as 64 bit and the 12-bit encoding referred to as 48-bit. Alpha is not encoded as above, however. Alpha is instead a linear 0-1 range multiplied by where is 12 or 16. Usage The first implementation of scRGB was the GDI+ API in Windows Vista. At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that Windows 7 would support 48-bit scRGB (which for HDMI can be converted and output as xvYCC). The components in Windows 7 that support 48-bit scRGB are Direct3D, the Windows Imaging Component, and the Windows Color System and they support <P> video game consoles and home computers can directly address only 64 KB. Systems with more memory had to divide the address space into a number of blocks that could be dynamically mapped into parts of a larger address space. Bank switching was used to achieve this larger address space by organizing memory into separate banks of up to 64KB each. Blocks of various sizes were switched in and out via bank select registers or similar mechanisms. Cromemco was the first microcomputer manufacturer to use bank switching, supporting 8 banks of 64KB in its systems.
When using bank switching some caution was <P> The System/360 Model 65 had an 8-bit adder for decimal and fixed-point binary arithmetic and a 60-bit adder for floating-point arithmetic. Many later CPU designs use similar mixed bit width, especially when the processor is meant for general-purpose usage where a reasonable balance of integer and floating point capability is required. Instruction-level parallelism One of the simplest methods used to accomplish increased parallelism is to begin the first steps of instruction fetching and decoding before the prior instruction finishes executing. This is the simplest form of a technique known as instruction pipelining, and is used in almost all modern general-purpose <P> 32, 64, even 128-bit) are available. When higher performance is required, however, the benefits of a larger word size (larger data ranges and address spaces) may outweigh the disadvantages. A CPU can have internal data paths shorter than the word size to reduce size and cost. For example, even though the IBM System/360 instruction set was a 32-bit instruction set, the System/360 Model 30 and Model 40 had 8-bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit, so that a 32-bit add required four cycles, one for each 8 bits of the operands, and, even though the Motorola 68000 <P> accumulator, the results of all operations being written back to main memory. This was desirable at the time, when computer memories were generally comparable in speed to the processors (today memory is much slower than processors). Processor design Florida had previously worked with the team building the Manchester Mark 1, and following their lead he designed the DRTE machine with 40-bit words. An instruction was broken down into four 10-bit parts, the instruction and three 10-bit addresses. Integers used 39 bits and one bit for a sign, while floating point numbers had an 8-bit exponent with one bit for the <P> addressable unit of memory on the NCR 315 series is a "slab", short for "syllable", consisting of 12 data bits and a parity bit. Its size falls between a byte and a typical word (hence the name, 'syllable'). A slab may contain three digits (with at sign, comma, space, ampersand, point, and minus treated as digits) or two alphabetic characters of six bits each. A slab may contain a decimal value from -99 to +999.
A numeric value contains up to eight slabs. If the value is negative then the minus sign is the leftmost digit of this row. There <P> The P register is used as the program counter and automatically incremented with every instruction, but it is also used as the base address for some memory accesses (see below) that are calculated and placed in M. There are also two one-bit registers, Overflow and Extend, in modern terms, these bits would be considered the status register. Additionally, there is the 16-bit S(witch)/D(isplay) register, which is used for input and output from the front panel.
Certain areas of memory are reserved for special purposes, like locations 0 and 1 used by the accumulators. Additional words in the lowest 64-locations in memory <P> Regardless of the frame rate, the luminance sampling frequency is 13.5 MHz. The samples are uniformly quantized using 8 or 10 bit PCM codes in the YCbCr domain.
For each 8 bit luminance sample, the nominal value to represent black is 16 and the value for white is 235. Eight-bit code values from 1 through 15 provide footroom, and can be used to accommodate transient signal content such as filter undershoots. Similarly, code values 236 through 254 provide headroom and can be used to accommodate transient signal content such as filter overshoots. The values 0 and 255 are used to encode the <P> whilst a one bit (1) means that a further bit should be read and the bit length incremented or decremented based on that value.
In the common case a single bit is used per symbol per table and the worst case—going from length 1 to length 20—would require approximately 37 bits. As a result of the earlier MTF encoding, code lengths would start at 2–3 bits long (very frequently used codes) and gradually increase, meaning that the delta format is fairly efficient, requiring around 300 bits (38 bytes) per full Huffman table. Sparse bit array A bitmap is used to show <P> 64. <P> 64. <P> in R’G’B’, reference black is (16, 16, 16) and reference white is (235, 235, 235), and in Y’CBCR, reference black is (16, 128, 128), and reference white is (235, 128, 128). Values outside the nominal ranges are allowed, but typically they would be clamped for broadcast or for display. Values 0 and 255 are reserved as timing references, and may not contain color data. Rec. 709's 10-bit encoding uses nominal values four times those of the 8-bit encoding. Rec. 709's nominal ranges are the same as those defined in ITU Rec. 601. Standards Conversion When converting between the <P> allocation of operands. Otherwise, each instruction would wait a complete drum (or disk) revolution each time a data reference was made. The LGP-30 provided for operand-location optimization by interleaving the logical addresses on the drum so that two adjacent addresses (e.g., 00 and 01) were separated by nine physical locations. These spaces allowed for operands to be located next to the instructions which use them. There were 64 tracks, each with 64 words (sectors). The time between two adjacent physical words was approximately 0.260 millisecond, and the time between two adjacent addresses was 9 x 0.260 <P> shifting right 32 bits. This generator passes BigCrush. and PractRand. This may be the world's fastest PRNG for producing 32-bit floating-point numbers. A free software package is available here. <P> the 640 KB of RAM defined by the original IBM PC architecture, by letting it appear piecewise in a 64 KB "window" located in the Upper Memory Area. The 64 KB is divided into four 16 KB "pages" which can each be independently switched. Some computer games made use of this, and though EMS is obsolete, the feature is nowadays emulated by later Microsoft Windows operating systems to provide backwards compatibility with those programs.
The later eXtended Memory Specification (XMS), also now obsolete, is a standard for, in principle, simulating bank switching for memory above 1 MB (called "extended memory"), which | question: how do game bits work? 8-bit, 16bit, 32-bit etc. context: <P> instructions that fetch a single 8-bit byte. The address is broken into two parts, the 5 most significant bits refer to one of 32 "pages", while the 10 least significant bits are the "displacement" pointing to a single word within the 1,024-word page. With the DMS system in the 21MX series, the upper 5 bits are instead used to select one of 32 registers, each of which holds 12 bits. The least significant 10 bits of the register are then placed in front of the original 10-bit displacement to produce a 20-bit address. The two most significant bits are used <P> series instruction set was a 32-bit instruction set, the Motorola 68000 and Motorola 68010 had 16-bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit, so that a 32-bit add required two cycles.
To gain some of the advantages afforded by both lower and higher bit lengths, many instruction sets have different bit widths for integer and floating-point data, allowing CPUs implementing that instruction set to have different bit widths for different portions of the device. For example, the IBM System/360 instruction set was primarily 32 bit, but supported 64-bit floating point values to facilitate greater accuracy and range in floating point numbers. <P> for stack management) to 16 (fully general), and provides numerous other enhancements. Floating point operations are supported via mandatory SSE2-like instructions, and x87/MMX style registers are generally not used (but still available even in 64-bit mode); instead, a set of 32 vector registers, 128 bits each, is used. (Each can store one or two double-precision numbers or one to four single precision numbers, or various integer formats.) In 64-bit mode, instructions are modified to support 64-bit operands and 64-bit addressing mode. The compatibility mode allows 16- and 32-bit user applications to run unmodified coexisting with 64-bit applications if the 64-bit <P> Half-carry flag Usage Normally, a processor that utilizes binary arithmetic (which includes almost all modern CPUs) will add two 8-bit byte values according to the rules of simple binary addition. For example, adding 25₁₆ and 48₁₆ produces 6D₁₆. However, for binary-coded decimal (BCD) values, where each 4-bit nibble represents a decimal digit, addition is more complicated. For example, adding the decimal value 25 and 48, which are encoded as the BCD values 25₁₆ and 48₁₆, the binary addition of the two values produces 6D₁₆. Since the lower nibble of this value is a non-decimal digit (D), it must be adjusted <P> its narrower 32-bit system bus, the VR4300 retained the computational abilities of the more powerful 64-bit MIPS R4300i, though software rarely took advantage of 64-bit data precision operations. Nintendo 64 games generally used faster and more compact 32-bit data-operations, as these were sufficient to generate 3D-scene data for the console's RSP (Reality Signal Processor) unit. In addition, 32-bit code executes faster and requires less storage space (which is at a premium on the Nintendo 64's cartridges).
In terms of its random-access memory (RAM), the Nintendo 64 is one of the first modern consoles to implement a unified memory subsystem, instead of <P> the 16-bit encoding may be seen referred to as 64 bit and the 12-bit encoding referred to as 48-bit. Alpha is not encoded as above, however. Alpha is instead a linear 0-1 range multiplied by where is 12 or 16. Usage The first implementation of scRGB was the GDI+ API in Windows Vista. At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that Windows 7 would support 48-bit scRGB (which for HDMI can be converted and output as xvYCC). The components in Windows 7 that support 48-bit scRGB are Direct3D, the Windows Imaging Component, and the Windows Color System and they support <P> video game consoles and home computers can directly address only 64 KB. Systems with more memory had to divide the address space into a number of blocks that could be dynamically mapped into parts of a larger address space. Bank switching was used to achieve this larger address space by organizing memory into separate banks of up to 64KB each. Blocks of various sizes were switched in and out via bank select registers or similar mechanisms. Cromemco was the first microcomputer manufacturer to use bank switching, supporting 8 banks of 64KB in its systems.
When using bank switching some caution was <P> The System/360 Model 65 had an 8-bit adder for decimal and fixed-point binary arithmetic and a 60-bit adder for floating-point arithmetic. Many later CPU designs use similar mixed bit width, especially when the processor is meant for general-purpose usage where a reasonable balance of integer and floating point capability is required. Instruction-level parallelism One of the simplest methods used to accomplish increased parallelism is to begin the first steps of instruction fetching and decoding before the prior instruction finishes executing. This is the simplest form of a technique known as instruction pipelining, and is used in almost all modern general-purpose <P> 32, 64, even 128-bit) are available. When higher performance is required, however, the benefits of a larger word size (larger data ranges and address spaces) may outweigh the disadvantages. A CPU can have internal data paths shorter than the word size to reduce size and cost. For example, even though the IBM System/360 instruction set was a 32-bit instruction set, the System/360 Model 30 and Model 40 had 8-bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit, so that a 32-bit add required four cycles, one for each 8 bits of the operands, and, even though the Motorola 68000 <P> accumulator, the results of all operations being written back to main memory. This was desirable at the time, when computer memories were generally comparable in speed to the processors (today memory is much slower than processors). Processor design Florida had previously worked with the team building the Manchester Mark 1, and following their lead he designed the DRTE machine with 40-bit words. An instruction was broken down into four 10-bit parts, the instruction and three 10-bit addresses. Integers used 39 bits and one bit for a sign, while floating point numbers had an 8-bit exponent with one bit for the <P> addressable unit of memory on the NCR 315 series is a "slab", short for "syllable", consisting of 12 data bits and a parity bit. Its size falls between a byte and a typical word (hence the name, 'syllable'). A slab may contain three digits (with at sign, comma, space, ampersand, point, and minus treated as digits) or two alphabetic characters of six bits each. A slab may contain a decimal value from -99 to +999.
A numeric value contains up to eight slabs. If the value is negative then the minus sign is the leftmost digit of this row. There <P> The P register is used as the program counter and automatically incremented with every instruction, but it is also used as the base address for some memory accesses (see below) that are calculated and placed in M. There are also two one-bit registers, Overflow and Extend, in modern terms, these bits would be considered the status register. Additionally, there is the 16-bit S(witch)/D(isplay) register, which is used for input and output from the front panel.
Certain areas of memory are reserved for special purposes, like locations 0 and 1 used by the accumulators. Additional words in the lowest 64-locations in memory <P> Regardless of the frame rate, the luminance sampling frequency is 13.5 MHz. The samples are uniformly quantized using 8 or 10 bit PCM codes in the YCbCr domain.
For each 8 bit luminance sample, the nominal value to represent black is 16 and the value for white is 235. Eight-bit code values from 1 through 15 provide footroom, and can be used to accommodate transient signal content such as filter undershoots. Similarly, code values 236 through 254 provide headroom and can be used to accommodate transient signal content such as filter overshoots. The values 0 and 255 are used to encode the <P> whilst a one bit (1) means that a further bit should be read and the bit length incremented or decremented based on that value.
In the common case a single bit is used per symbol per table and the worst case—going from length 1 to length 20—would require approximately 37 bits. As a result of the earlier MTF encoding, code lengths would start at 2–3 bits long (very frequently used codes) and gradually increase, meaning that the delta format is fairly efficient, requiring around 300 bits (38 bytes) per full Huffman table. Sparse bit array A bitmap is used to show <P> 64. <P> 64. <P> in R’G’B’, reference black is (16, 16, 16) and reference white is (235, 235, 235), and in Y’CBCR, reference black is (16, 128, 128), and reference white is (235, 128, 128). Values outside the nominal ranges are allowed, but typically they would be clamped for broadcast or for display. Values 0 and 255 are reserved as timing references, and may not contain color data. Rec. 709's 10-bit encoding uses nominal values four times those of the 8-bit encoding. Rec. 709's nominal ranges are the same as those defined in ITU Rec. 601. Standards Conversion When converting between the <P> allocation of operands. Otherwise, each instruction would wait a complete drum (or disk) revolution each time a data reference was made. The LGP-30 provided for operand-location optimization by interleaving the logical addresses on the drum so that two adjacent addresses (e.g., 00 and 01) were separated by nine physical locations. These spaces allowed for operands to be located next to the instructions which use them. There were 64 tracks, each with 64 words (sectors). The time between two adjacent physical words was approximately 0.260 millisecond, and the time between two adjacent addresses was 9 x 0.260 <P> shifting right 32 bits. This generator passes BigCrush. and PractRand. This may be the world's fastest PRNG for producing 32-bit floating-point numbers. A free software package is available here. <P> the 640 KB of RAM defined by the original IBM PC architecture, by letting it appear piecewise in a 64 KB "window" located in the Upper Memory Area. The 64 KB is divided into four 16 KB "pages" which can each be independently switched. Some computer games made use of this, and though EMS is obsolete, the feature is nowadays emulated by later Microsoft Windows operating systems to provide backwards compatibility with those programs.
The later eXtended Memory Specification (XMS), also now obsolete, is a standard for, in principle, simulating bank switching for memory above 1 MB (called "extended memory"), which | answer: The NES comes from the "8-bit era" of consoles, which included the NES and the Sega Master System. These consoles are based around 8-bit processors, which generally store and process data 8 bits at a time.In computer parlance, 8 bits make one byte. Many NES games have a limit of 255 on certain items (such as The Legend of Zelda's Rupee counter) because 255 is the maximum unsigned integer that can be stored in 8 bits of data. In the early days, this was a serious limitation on computer technology, and many workarounds were needed in order to program even moderately complex games like Punch Out! that included large sprites with many frames of animation.As computer technology evolved, so did the processors available for video game consoles. The SNES featured a 16-bit chip, the PlayStation a 32-bit chip, and the Nintendo 64 featured a 64-bit chip.However, the number of bits the processor generally handles at a time is only one measure of the performance of the system; the original Xbox was based around a 32-bit Pentium III chip 5 years after the release of the Nintendo 64. At the same processors were increasing in complexity, their overall computing power increased as well, and the cost of storage (both in terms of memory chips and optical media) declined.The intersection of these technological improvements and the rise in popularity of video games as an entertainment media is what caused the increase in complexity and graphical quality that we see in video games today.The "8-bit" moniker used to describe the NES and its peers is the same distinction we talk about today when we talk about a "64-bit" PC processor or "64-bit Windows" - these architectural terms are ones we use in more areas than just video games. |
155,496 | 4pivjt | Did medieval armies look rag tag, or were they smart and regimented? | Partially copied from my answer in another thread: The question of visual appearance of medieval soldiers is an interesting one. Medieval soldiers often equipped themselves personally, so their armor and weaponry would most likely reflect popular regional styles from where they lived. Uniforms were not issues, but there are some examples of early movement towards a uniform appearance for soldiers. English soldiers started using the red cross of St. George on their tunics as something of an "official" emblem in the 13th century (and possibly earlier). Kings and aristocrats, of course, had their own coats of arms: the famous fleur-de-lis on a field of blue for the French monarchs, the French arms quartered with three lions on a red field for the English crown. There are also some indications that particular regions might have had distinct colors for their soldiers. Archers from Cheshire in England are noted to have worn some kind of green and white pattern in at least one sources, but it's hard to definitively say that this was a universal or regular way of attiring soldiers.In general, we can say that there were efforts made to make distinctions between soldiers for purposes of recognition on the battlefield, but given the nature of medieval military equipment, these efforts were never going to be universal or uniform in nature. It can be said with certainty that there would be more colors present on the medieval battlefield than what is usually depicted on television and in movies. Medieval people were not uniformly dressed in the muddy browns associated with them in media.As for the "smartness" of medieval soldiers, the rigors of the campaign trail did not allow for any sort of parade ground pomp for the average warrior. The English archers at Agincourt are referred to in French sources as a rather ragged lot, with their breeches hanging down generally looking a mess. While we might attribute some of that to an understandable bias against them on the part of French writers, they were men who had spent months in a difficult siege and on a hungry, tired march through the French countryside. Replacing worn-out clothes or armor would have been difficult in such circumstances. Other sources also attest to the rigors of campaign life. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales describes the Knight's clothing as having been stained by his armor because he has recently come back to England from a foreign war. As soldiers today could attest, fighting in the field for a long period of time makes it hard to maintain peacetime standards of appearance. | [
"Partially copied from my answer in another thread: \n\nThe question of visual appearance of medieval soldiers is an interesting one. Medieval soldiers often equipped themselves personally, so their armor and weaponry would most likely reflect popular regional styles from where they lived. Uniforms were not issues,... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> They have been likened to the tank of the Ancient World. Their armour enabled them to attack enemy infantry and cavalry with confidence and virtually ignore missile fire. However, the armour was heavy and both soldier and mount could tire quickly in battle, and therefore become vulnerable to counterattack. In particular, horse armour prevented the horse from cooling itself effectively by sweating; therefore heat exhaustion could be a great problem, especially in hot climates. Cataphracts needed to maintain a close and ordered formation to be effective and their flanks were particularly vulnerable to attack. If their formation became broken, individual <P> manoeuvring, the formation was kept dense rather than open, as the cavalrymen were generally also armed and armoured for melee, and hoped to follow the caracole with a charge. The tactic was accompanied by the increasing popularity of the German Reiter in Western armies from about 1540.
The effectiveness of the caracole is debated. This tactic was often successfully implemented, for instance, at the battle of Pinkie Cleugh, where the mounted Spanish herguletier under Dom Pedro de Gamboa successfully harassed Scottish pike columns. Likewise, at the battle of Dreux mercenary German reiters in the Huguenot employ inflicted huge casualties on the <P> the Western Zhou Era, chariots were deployed on wide-open plains abreast of each other in a single line. The accompanying infantry would then be deployed forward of the chariot, a broad formation that denied the enemy the opportunity for pincer attacks. When the two sides clashed, if the chariots remained in strict formation there would be a good opportunity to encircle the enemy. During this period of chariot warfare, the use of orderly team-based combat to some extent determined the difference between victory and defeat, otherwise fighting would have to stop in order to consolidate the formation. In this type <P> The United Kingdom, France and Germany chose three different strategies. A fourth option was chosen by the Soviet Union who, influenced by the mobile warfare experience of the Russian Civil War and the Polish-Soviet War, introduced a mechanized corps and airborne troops. Each strategy closed the gap between the capabilities of cavalry and mechanized infantry.
Another factor prompting motorization was the decline of national horse stocks and the inability to restore them in reasonable time. Of all the major powers, only the United Kingdom, weakened by the loss of Ireland, was in part compelled to motorize for this reason; horse stocks <P> and those of Mazowsze, who, because they faced enemies from the East, like Old Prussians, Lithuanians, and Tatars, partially adopted their fighting manners, and lighter armament as well. Even their horses were smaller and lighter.
Different armament was used by infantry, which marched onto the battlefield in close order formations of shield-bearers covering heavy cavalry detachments, or mobile units of bowmen and cross-bowmen, and sometimes irregulars, who used different weapons specialized to fight both foot soldiers and cavalry: (war hammer, war scythe, glaive, fork, flail, morgenstern, guisarme, halberd, bardiche). Defensive armaments of the infantry consisted of shields (wooden, round or oval, <P> the infantry; the enemy's shorter weaponry could not reach the phalanx because of the sarissae
. Sword As a secondary weapon, hoplites are known to have carried a short sword known as the xiphos which was made from iron or bronze depending on the era. This was used in the event of a broken spear, or if close melee combat was necessary. Hoplites mounted on horseback likely used a heavier, curved sword known as the kopis, meaning "chopper" in the Greek language.
Light infantry known as peltasts would carry a number of javelins used to pepper enemy formations, avoiding close combat <P> the voyage. Venetian usciere built for Louis IX in 1268 were 25.76m long, had a beam of 6.1m, had two decks and two masts. Northern Europe Records of cavalry transportation abound throughout the period, reflecting the changes in warfare. For example, the Scandinavians had adapted the horse-transport technology by the 12th century as part of their move away from the traditional Viking infantry. The first illustration displaying such horse-transport in western Europe can be found in the Bayeux Tapestry's depiction of the Norman conquest of England. This particular military venture required the transfer of over 2,000 horses from Normandy.
The small <P> battle but more vulnerable to ambushes. After the Marian reforms of the late 2nd century BCE, property requirements were dropped and the three-lined maniples were replaced in favor of a single type of heavy infantry, the legionary, all equipped in nearly identical fashion to hastati and principes. Early Imperial East Asia Following the introduction of infantry tactics during the Warring States period, the Qin army developed an infantry force that would help it conquer the other states. Soldiers fulfilling the role of heavy infantry usually wore lacquered leather (and sometimes bronze) coat of plate or lamellar armour, and were equipped <P> ground at their feet, reducing the time it took to nock, draw and loose.
Arrows were not unlimited, so archers and their commanders took every effort to ration their use to the situation at hand. Nonetheless, resupply during battle was available. Young boys were often employed to run additional arrows to longbow archers while in their positions on the battlefield. "The longbow was the machine gun of the Middle Ages: accurate, deadly, possessed of a long range and rapid rate of fire, the flight of its missiles was likened to a storm".
In tests against a moving target simulating a galloping <P> against longbows. However, this did not necessarily make the longbow ineffective; thousands of longbowmen were deployed in the English victory at Agincourt against plate armoured French knights in 1415. Clifford Rogers has argued that while longbows might not have been able to penetrate steel breastplates at Agincourt they could still penetrate the thinner armour on the limbs. Most of the French knights advanced on foot but, exhausted by walking across wet muddy terrain in heavy armour enduring a "terrifying hail of arrow shot", they were overwhelmed in the melee.
Less heavily armoured soldiers were more vulnerable than knights. For example, enemy <P> horse on the battlefield. Horse logistics German and Soviet armies relied heavily on work horses to pull artillery and supplies. Horses seemed to be a cheap and reliable transport especially in the spring and fall mud of the Eastern Front but the associated costs of daily feeding, grooming and handling horses were staggering. In theory horse units could feed off the country, but grazing on grass alone rendered horses unfit for work and the troops had no time to spend searching the villages for fodder. Hard-working horses required up to twelve pounds of grain daily; fodder carried by the troops <P> (cuadro) with swordsmen – typically equipped with a short sword, a buckler, and javelins – inside; as the firearm rose in prominence, the swordsmen declined and were phased out. The arquebusiers (later, musketeers) were usually split up in several mobile groups called sleeves (mangas) and deployed relative to the cuadro, typically with one manga at each corner. By virtue of this combined-arms approach, the formation simultaneously enjoyed the staying power of its pike-armed infantry, the ranged firepower of its arquebusiers, as well as the ability to conduct assaults with sword-and-buckler men. In addition to its inherent ability to repulse cavalry <P> occur.
Only about three meters wide, with infantry riding on both sides, the chariot was highly inflexible as a fighting machine and difficult to turn around. Coupled with this were restrictions on the use of weapons with opponents seizing the momentary opportunity for victory or trapping their opponent with a pincer movement. These tactics required fighting in tight formation with good military discipline and control.
When the spring and autumn period began, more attention was paid to troop formations according to the type of battle. Chariot units were trained to ensure co-ordination with the rest of the army during a military campaign.
During <P> guarded with musket fire, but the line had to be generally aligned and this could be lost over even apparently flat undulating ground as individuals slowed or sped up across uneven ground. The only antidote was slow movement and the column afforded tactical battlefield manoeuvrability and as such a chance to outflank or outmanoeuvre the enemy, or, more importantly, concentrate against weaknesses in the enemy lines.
Napoleon was also an avid user of artillery—he began his career as an artillery officer—and used the artillery to great effect due to his specialist knowledge. The French army after the French Revolution was greatly <P> soldiers, as the cross bow and heavy hurling weapons appeared. The defensive armament did not change a lot, but generally knights wore conical helmets with nasals and full mail armours. Cavalry was the basic element of the army, which improved the speed of the march: in 1103 Wrymouth's army covered a distance of 330 km (from Głogów to Kołobrzeg) in five days, proving its great mobility.
We do not know how big the army was, but it had to be quite big, since it could wage war on two, or even three different fronts. In the time of Mongol's invasion In the <P> within the banner during battle, but their functions are rather poorly understood.
The Polish hussars' primary battle tactic was the charge. They charged at and through the enemy. The charge started at a slow pace and in a relatively loose formation. The formation gradually gathered pace and closed ranks while approaching the enemy, and reached its highest pace and closest formation immediately before engagement. They tended to repeat the charge several times until the enemy formation broke (they had supply wagons with spare lances). The tactic of a charge by heavily armoured hussars and horses was usually decisive for nearly two <P> the use of heavy cavalry, particularly knights. Knights could often easily overrun infantry armed with swords, axes, and clubs. Infantry typically outnumbered knights somewhere between five and ten to one. They supported the knights and defended any loot the formation had. Infantry armed with spears could counter the threat posed by enemy cavalry. At other times pits, caltraps, wagons or sharpened wooden stakes would be used as protection from charging cavalry, while archers brought down the enemy horsemen with arrows; the English used stakes to defend against French knights at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.
Pikemen often became a substitute <P> formation, all facing outwards, was certainly another reason for the victorious resistance, given that it constituted a defensive bulwark that could not be easily overcome Furthermore, the municipal troops, grouped on a territorial basis, were linked by kinship or neighborhood relations, which contributed to further compacting the ranks. In addition to fighting for their fellow soldiers, the municipal soldiers also fought for the freedom of their city and to defend their possessions and this led to a further stimulus to resistance against the enemy.
This battle is one of the first examples in which the medieval infantry could demonstrate its tactical <P> technology allowed Goguryeo armies to remain virtually undefeated during the height of its existence. Middle Ages The medieval period stretched from the fifth to the fifteenth centuries. The Swiss reinvented heavy infantry during the Late Middle Ages to counter heavy cavalry. Swiss pikeman militia formations resembled ancient Greek warfare and hoplite forces. Despite similarities with Greek phalanx formation the Swiss showed more offensive posture during battles. The Swiss soldiers wore only steel caps and breastplates for protection. They were armed with halberds, which allowed footmen to pull cavalry soldiers from their mounts. The Swiss did also use drums to control <P> as sustained shooting was tiring and the rigors of campaigning would sap soldiers' strength. Writing 30 years after the Mary Rose sank, Barnabe Rich estimated that if 1,000 English archers were mustered then after one week only 100 of them would be able to shoot farther than 200 paces, while 200 would not be able to shoot farther than 180 paces. Modern testing In an early modern test by Saxton Pope, a direct hit from a steel bodkin point penetrated Damascus mail armour.
A 2006 test was made by Matheus Bane using a 75 lbf (330 N) draw (at 28") bow, shooting at | question: Did medieval armies look rag tag, or were they smart and regimented? context: <P> They have been likened to the tank of the Ancient World. Their armour enabled them to attack enemy infantry and cavalry with confidence and virtually ignore missile fire. However, the armour was heavy and both soldier and mount could tire quickly in battle, and therefore become vulnerable to counterattack. In particular, horse armour prevented the horse from cooling itself effectively by sweating; therefore heat exhaustion could be a great problem, especially in hot climates. Cataphracts needed to maintain a close and ordered formation to be effective and their flanks were particularly vulnerable to attack. If their formation became broken, individual <P> manoeuvring, the formation was kept dense rather than open, as the cavalrymen were generally also armed and armoured for melee, and hoped to follow the caracole with a charge. The tactic was accompanied by the increasing popularity of the German Reiter in Western armies from about 1540.
The effectiveness of the caracole is debated. This tactic was often successfully implemented, for instance, at the battle of Pinkie Cleugh, where the mounted Spanish herguletier under Dom Pedro de Gamboa successfully harassed Scottish pike columns. Likewise, at the battle of Dreux mercenary German reiters in the Huguenot employ inflicted huge casualties on the <P> the Western Zhou Era, chariots were deployed on wide-open plains abreast of each other in a single line. The accompanying infantry would then be deployed forward of the chariot, a broad formation that denied the enemy the opportunity for pincer attacks. When the two sides clashed, if the chariots remained in strict formation there would be a good opportunity to encircle the enemy. During this period of chariot warfare, the use of orderly team-based combat to some extent determined the difference between victory and defeat, otherwise fighting would have to stop in order to consolidate the formation. In this type <P> The United Kingdom, France and Germany chose three different strategies. A fourth option was chosen by the Soviet Union who, influenced by the mobile warfare experience of the Russian Civil War and the Polish-Soviet War, introduced a mechanized corps and airborne troops. Each strategy closed the gap between the capabilities of cavalry and mechanized infantry.
Another factor prompting motorization was the decline of national horse stocks and the inability to restore them in reasonable time. Of all the major powers, only the United Kingdom, weakened by the loss of Ireland, was in part compelled to motorize for this reason; horse stocks <P> and those of Mazowsze, who, because they faced enemies from the East, like Old Prussians, Lithuanians, and Tatars, partially adopted their fighting manners, and lighter armament as well. Even their horses were smaller and lighter.
Different armament was used by infantry, which marched onto the battlefield in close order formations of shield-bearers covering heavy cavalry detachments, or mobile units of bowmen and cross-bowmen, and sometimes irregulars, who used different weapons specialized to fight both foot soldiers and cavalry: (war hammer, war scythe, glaive, fork, flail, morgenstern, guisarme, halberd, bardiche). Defensive armaments of the infantry consisted of shields (wooden, round or oval, <P> the infantry; the enemy's shorter weaponry could not reach the phalanx because of the sarissae
. Sword As a secondary weapon, hoplites are known to have carried a short sword known as the xiphos which was made from iron or bronze depending on the era. This was used in the event of a broken spear, or if close melee combat was necessary. Hoplites mounted on horseback likely used a heavier, curved sword known as the kopis, meaning "chopper" in the Greek language.
Light infantry known as peltasts would carry a number of javelins used to pepper enemy formations, avoiding close combat <P> the voyage. Venetian usciere built for Louis IX in 1268 were 25.76m long, had a beam of 6.1m, had two decks and two masts. Northern Europe Records of cavalry transportation abound throughout the period, reflecting the changes in warfare. For example, the Scandinavians had adapted the horse-transport technology by the 12th century as part of their move away from the traditional Viking infantry. The first illustration displaying such horse-transport in western Europe can be found in the Bayeux Tapestry's depiction of the Norman conquest of England. This particular military venture required the transfer of over 2,000 horses from Normandy.
The small <P> battle but more vulnerable to ambushes. After the Marian reforms of the late 2nd century BCE, property requirements were dropped and the three-lined maniples were replaced in favor of a single type of heavy infantry, the legionary, all equipped in nearly identical fashion to hastati and principes. Early Imperial East Asia Following the introduction of infantry tactics during the Warring States period, the Qin army developed an infantry force that would help it conquer the other states. Soldiers fulfilling the role of heavy infantry usually wore lacquered leather (and sometimes bronze) coat of plate or lamellar armour, and were equipped <P> ground at their feet, reducing the time it took to nock, draw and loose.
Arrows were not unlimited, so archers and their commanders took every effort to ration their use to the situation at hand. Nonetheless, resupply during battle was available. Young boys were often employed to run additional arrows to longbow archers while in their positions on the battlefield. "The longbow was the machine gun of the Middle Ages: accurate, deadly, possessed of a long range and rapid rate of fire, the flight of its missiles was likened to a storm".
In tests against a moving target simulating a galloping <P> against longbows. However, this did not necessarily make the longbow ineffective; thousands of longbowmen were deployed in the English victory at Agincourt against plate armoured French knights in 1415. Clifford Rogers has argued that while longbows might not have been able to penetrate steel breastplates at Agincourt they could still penetrate the thinner armour on the limbs. Most of the French knights advanced on foot but, exhausted by walking across wet muddy terrain in heavy armour enduring a "terrifying hail of arrow shot", they were overwhelmed in the melee.
Less heavily armoured soldiers were more vulnerable than knights. For example, enemy <P> horse on the battlefield. Horse logistics German and Soviet armies relied heavily on work horses to pull artillery and supplies. Horses seemed to be a cheap and reliable transport especially in the spring and fall mud of the Eastern Front but the associated costs of daily feeding, grooming and handling horses were staggering. In theory horse units could feed off the country, but grazing on grass alone rendered horses unfit for work and the troops had no time to spend searching the villages for fodder. Hard-working horses required up to twelve pounds of grain daily; fodder carried by the troops <P> (cuadro) with swordsmen – typically equipped with a short sword, a buckler, and javelins – inside; as the firearm rose in prominence, the swordsmen declined and were phased out. The arquebusiers (later, musketeers) were usually split up in several mobile groups called sleeves (mangas) and deployed relative to the cuadro, typically with one manga at each corner. By virtue of this combined-arms approach, the formation simultaneously enjoyed the staying power of its pike-armed infantry, the ranged firepower of its arquebusiers, as well as the ability to conduct assaults with sword-and-buckler men. In addition to its inherent ability to repulse cavalry <P> occur.
Only about three meters wide, with infantry riding on both sides, the chariot was highly inflexible as a fighting machine and difficult to turn around. Coupled with this were restrictions on the use of weapons with opponents seizing the momentary opportunity for victory or trapping their opponent with a pincer movement. These tactics required fighting in tight formation with good military discipline and control.
When the spring and autumn period began, more attention was paid to troop formations according to the type of battle. Chariot units were trained to ensure co-ordination with the rest of the army during a military campaign.
During <P> guarded with musket fire, but the line had to be generally aligned and this could be lost over even apparently flat undulating ground as individuals slowed or sped up across uneven ground. The only antidote was slow movement and the column afforded tactical battlefield manoeuvrability and as such a chance to outflank or outmanoeuvre the enemy, or, more importantly, concentrate against weaknesses in the enemy lines.
Napoleon was also an avid user of artillery—he began his career as an artillery officer—and used the artillery to great effect due to his specialist knowledge. The French army after the French Revolution was greatly <P> soldiers, as the cross bow and heavy hurling weapons appeared. The defensive armament did not change a lot, but generally knights wore conical helmets with nasals and full mail armours. Cavalry was the basic element of the army, which improved the speed of the march: in 1103 Wrymouth's army covered a distance of 330 km (from Głogów to Kołobrzeg) in five days, proving its great mobility.
We do not know how big the army was, but it had to be quite big, since it could wage war on two, or even three different fronts. In the time of Mongol's invasion In the <P> within the banner during battle, but their functions are rather poorly understood.
The Polish hussars' primary battle tactic was the charge. They charged at and through the enemy. The charge started at a slow pace and in a relatively loose formation. The formation gradually gathered pace and closed ranks while approaching the enemy, and reached its highest pace and closest formation immediately before engagement. They tended to repeat the charge several times until the enemy formation broke (they had supply wagons with spare lances). The tactic of a charge by heavily armoured hussars and horses was usually decisive for nearly two <P> the use of heavy cavalry, particularly knights. Knights could often easily overrun infantry armed with swords, axes, and clubs. Infantry typically outnumbered knights somewhere between five and ten to one. They supported the knights and defended any loot the formation had. Infantry armed with spears could counter the threat posed by enemy cavalry. At other times pits, caltraps, wagons or sharpened wooden stakes would be used as protection from charging cavalry, while archers brought down the enemy horsemen with arrows; the English used stakes to defend against French knights at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.
Pikemen often became a substitute <P> formation, all facing outwards, was certainly another reason for the victorious resistance, given that it constituted a defensive bulwark that could not be easily overcome Furthermore, the municipal troops, grouped on a territorial basis, were linked by kinship or neighborhood relations, which contributed to further compacting the ranks. In addition to fighting for their fellow soldiers, the municipal soldiers also fought for the freedom of their city and to defend their possessions and this led to a further stimulus to resistance against the enemy.
This battle is one of the first examples in which the medieval infantry could demonstrate its tactical <P> technology allowed Goguryeo armies to remain virtually undefeated during the height of its existence. Middle Ages The medieval period stretched from the fifth to the fifteenth centuries. The Swiss reinvented heavy infantry during the Late Middle Ages to counter heavy cavalry. Swiss pikeman militia formations resembled ancient Greek warfare and hoplite forces. Despite similarities with Greek phalanx formation the Swiss showed more offensive posture during battles. The Swiss soldiers wore only steel caps and breastplates for protection. They were armed with halberds, which allowed footmen to pull cavalry soldiers from their mounts. The Swiss did also use drums to control <P> as sustained shooting was tiring and the rigors of campaigning would sap soldiers' strength. Writing 30 years after the Mary Rose sank, Barnabe Rich estimated that if 1,000 English archers were mustered then after one week only 100 of them would be able to shoot farther than 200 paces, while 200 would not be able to shoot farther than 180 paces. Modern testing In an early modern test by Saxton Pope, a direct hit from a steel bodkin point penetrated Damascus mail armour.
A 2006 test was made by Matheus Bane using a 75 lbf (330 N) draw (at 28") bow, shooting at | answer: Partially copied from my answer in another thread: The question of visual appearance of medieval soldiers is an interesting one. Medieval soldiers often equipped themselves personally, so their armor and weaponry would most likely reflect popular regional styles from where they lived. Uniforms were not issues, but there are some examples of early movement towards a uniform appearance for soldiers. English soldiers started using the red cross of St. George on their tunics as something of an "official" emblem in the 13th century (and possibly earlier). Kings and aristocrats, of course, had their own coats of arms: the famous fleur-de-lis on a field of blue for the French monarchs, the French arms quartered with three lions on a red field for the English crown. There are also some indications that particular regions might have had distinct colors for their soldiers. Archers from Cheshire in England are noted to have worn some kind of green and white pattern in at least one sources, but it's hard to definitively say that this was a universal or regular way of attiring soldiers.In general, we can say that there were efforts made to make distinctions between soldiers for purposes of recognition on the battlefield, but given the nature of medieval military equipment, these efforts were never going to be universal or uniform in nature. It can be said with certainty that there would be more colors present on the medieval battlefield than what is usually depicted on television and in movies. Medieval people were not uniformly dressed in the muddy browns associated with them in media.As for the "smartness" of medieval soldiers, the rigors of the campaign trail did not allow for any sort of parade ground pomp for the average warrior. The English archers at Agincourt are referred to in French sources as a rather ragged lot, with their breeches hanging down generally looking a mess. While we might attribute some of that to an understandable bias against them on the part of French writers, they were men who had spent months in a difficult siege and on a hungry, tired march through the French countryside. Replacing worn-out clothes or armor would have been difficult in such circumstances. Other sources also attest to the rigors of campaign life. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales describes the Knight's clothing as having been stained by his armor because he has recently come back to England from a foreign war. As soldiers today could attest, fighting in the field for a long period of time makes it hard to maintain peacetime standards of appearance. |
71,417 | 2gefzs | why does it seem like so many british people are joining isis? | Media sensationalism. There's no concrete number of British youths joining ISIS but many estimate it as around 500-1000 which isn't many considering there are roughly 1-1.5 million Muslims living in the UK.Now, back to your question. In Islam, it is said that there will be a caliphate near end times. These British youths think this is it and is brainwashed by ISIS leaders into thinking ISIS is the caliphate that Qur'an/Hadith mentioned about. | [
"The north of England has a Huge muslim community. The last decade of Left leaning government has made it impossible to openly combat their redicallisation without fear of being branded Racist and our open door policy to asylum seekers from the middle east has invited radical teachers into our communities. \n\n",
... | 3 | [
"The north of England has a Huge muslim community. The last decade of Left leaning government has made it impossible to openly combat their redicallisation without fear of being branded Racist and our open door policy to asylum seekers from the middle east has invited radical teachers into our communities. \n\n",
... | 2 | <P> militaristic and violent nature of the group, particularly in recruiting and training ex-soldiers, and unlawfully wearing political uniforms. Members of the group, including its founder Jim Dowson, have stated their desire for a religious war in the UK.
A 2014 report on the links between Britain First and terrorist organisations in Northern Ireland said that behind populist Facebook posts "lies a small but dangerous group of religious fundamentalists intent on starting a 'Holy war'".
In 2016, after the group held "Christian patrols" in a primarily Muslim area of Luton, all major Christian denominations and organisations in the UK rejected Britain First and <P> after a report which revealed that over 1,400 children had been sexually abused in Rotherham, mainly by Pakistani men, Britain First protested inside the headquarters of Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council with a banner saying "Justice for victims of Muslim grooming". Claimed defence of Nigel Farage In May 2014, Britain First announced that it would be deploying "hundreds of ex-British Forces" alongside "several armoured ex-army Land Rovers" to protect the UKIP leader Nigel Farage after he had been opposed on the street by supporters of Scottish independence. Whilst acknowledging that UKIP and Britain First were "rival" right-wing organisations, it stated <P> I'm asked about 7/7, I – a Yorkshire lad, born and bred – will respond first by giving an out-clause to being labelled a terrorist lover. I think what happened in London was a sad day and not the way to express your political anger. Then there's the "but." If, as police announced yesterday, four men (at least three from Yorkshire) blew themselves up in the name of Islam, then please let us do ourselves a favour and not act shocked.
Scott Burgess, a conservative American blogger living in London, searched for Aslam's name on the Internet and discovered that he <P> who have come to the UK as adults. <P> for the United Kingdom to accept more refugees from Syria. In March 2013, Samantha Cameron said: "As a mother, it is horrifying to hear the harrowing stories from the children I met today, no child should ever experience what they have. With every day that passes, more children and parents are being killed, more innocent childhoods are being smashed to pieces." Connections with other organisations Save the Children helps to fund, and is aided with funds raised by, the British will-making scheme Will Aid, in which participating solicitors waive their usual fee to write a basic will and in exchange <P> him. In the original image, the veteran was holding a sign reading "Boycott bigotry"; in the version shared by Britain First the sign reads, "Boycott bigotry and kill all non-Muslims". Britain First also received criticism for posing for a photograph with naval cadets in Nottingham, and then adding a caption falsely claiming that their activists were protecting the children.
In addition to this, Britain First publishes media falsely labelling Muslims, who happened to be protesting against Islamophobia and bigotry, celebrating cricket results, or not even there, as "extremists". Merchandise issues In August 2014, the Cabinet Office wrote to Britain First requesting <P> more a part of the community. In the United Kingdom, Muslims also "appreciated the show of solidarity." <P> the intention of evacuating British, Commonwealth and EU citizens. The SAS also played a prominent role when they, along with the Paras, launched the successful Operation Barras to rescue 6 soldiers of the Royal Irish Regiment being held by the rebels. The British force remained and provided the catalyst for the stabilisation of the country.
The early 21st century saw the world descend into a new war after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City by Al Qaida: the War on Terrorism. A US-led invasion of Taliban-ruled Afghanistan followed, with the British contribution led by <P> Generation Identity United Kingdom and Éire History In October 2017, key figures of the Identitarian movement met in London in efforts to target the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom and Ireland branch was launched in late October 2017 after a banner was unfurled on Westminster Bridge reading "Defend London, Stop Islamisation".
On 9 March 2018, Martin Sellner and his fiancée Brittany Pettibone were barred from entering the UK. The reason stated was that their presence was "not conducive to the public good."
Prior to the ban, Martin Sellner intended to deliver a speech to the Young Independence party, though they cancelled the <P> the group is specifically grooming children for the future. A spokesman told VICE News that those under the age of 15 go to sharia camp to learn about religion, while those older than 16 can go to military training camp. Children are also used for propaganda. According to a UN report, "In mid-August, ISIL entered a cancer hospital in Mosul, forced at least two sick children to hold the ISIL flag and posted the pictures on the internet." Misty Buswell, a Save the Children representative working with refugees in Jordan, said, "It's not an exaggeration to say we could lose <P> stated in 2014 that up to 400 UK citizens had joined ISIL. The government instituted a practice where if those who had joined had double citizenships were stripped of their UK citizenship to prevent them from arriving back in the UK. By 2017, 150 individuals had been stripped of citizenship and were thus unable to enter the United Kingdom again. Iraq Sunni Arabs in Iraq have been accused of collaborating with ISIL against Assyrians, and Yazidis, and Shias. ISIL marked Christian homes with the letter nūn for Naṣārā and Shia homes with the letter rāʾ for Rāfiḍa, derogatory terms used <P> Church regret this misconception is also prevalent today.
Daleep Mukarji, Methodist Vice-President in 2013 and former Director of the charity Christian Aid, said economic inequality was more prevalent in 21st century Britain than at any time since World War II. Twenty-five per cent of British residents experience relative poverty, disproportionately many are children.
Working with others, people of faith or no faith, we need to work for justice, inclusion and development that benefits the poor and marginalised here in the UK and across the world. This requires that we be prepared for the education, organisation and equipping of our members so that <P> stay with their children in UK hospitals, or visit whenever they want. <P> left the United Kingdom. <P> of Pakistani origin. In 2009 he accompanied the then Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to meetings with Pakistan's President, Asif Ali Zardari. Allegations of extremism There has been ubiquitous media coverage since the War on Terror, both factual and satirical, focusing on young radical British Pakistanis and the topic of Islamic extremism.
Gareth Price, head of the Asia Program at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London stated that young British Pakistanis are more likely to be radicalised compared with other Muslim communities in Britain. In 2008, the British government launched its Prevent Strategy which aims to combat <P> of British Forces in Operation Granby (the Gulf War) – in effect the second-in-command of the multinational military coalition headed by US General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. His past experience of fighting in the area, knowledge of the people and possession of some fluency in Arabic overrode concerns about his age. In this role he was largely responsible for persuading Schwarzkopf (who was initially sceptical) to allow the use of SAS and other special forces in significant roles in that conflict. The British army contingent expanded 14,000 from early in November 1990 to more than 45,000 through to completion <P> religious doctrines" it opposes. OpenDemocracy has said that Britain First is not fascist, since it does not oppose democratic politics and does not have a direct connection to older fascist groups, but that they are xenophobes and Islamophobes. It has been classified as part of the counter-jihad movement.
Britain First's stated aim is to protect "British and Christian morality", and it is "committed to preserving our ancestral ethnic and cultural heritage" while it also "supports the maintenance of the indigenous British people as the demographic majority within our own homeland", that "Genuine British citizens will be put first in housing, jobs, <P> for Trump to be banned from the UK; Jo Cox's successor in Parliament, Tracy Brabin, said he would not be welcome. A spokesman for the Prime Minister, Theresa May, condemned Trump's retweeting and added that Britain First spread "hateful narratives which peddle lies and stoke tensions". Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, also condemned Trump's retweets, writing on social media that, "Britain First seeks to divide communities and intimidate minorities, especially our Muslim friends and neighbours. Britain First does not share our values of tolerance and solidarity. God calls us as Christians to love our neighbour and seek the flourishing <P> have been supported by editorials in The Independent, The Tablet and The Universe, and advocated in articles published in the Guardian, the Daily Telegraph, The Voice, the Observer, the Spectator, and the Evening Standard. The campaign has been strongly attacked in the Daily Express and the Sun. Rally in Trafalgar Square, May 2007 On 7 May 2007 15,000 people gathered in the rain in Trafalgar Square to call for regularisation. Among those addressing the Strangers into Citizens call were the (Catholic) Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor; the (Anglican) Bishop of Southwark, Tom Butler; Dr Mohammed Bari of the Muslim <P> July bombings, having mistakenly turned up at her house instead of his. District Judge David Woollard fined Golding £325 and a further £100 for wearing a political uniform. Christian patrol In February 2014, Britain First conducted what it called "Christian patrols" in an area of Tower Hamlets, East London, to counter continuing Muslim Patrols which had first come to media attention in 2013. Around a dozen or so Britain First activists recorded themselves holding a banner proclaiming "We Are The British Resistance" and emptying cans of beer outside a mosque to "bait" Islamic extremists operating in the area. A video | question: why does it seem like so many british people are joining isis? context: <P> militaristic and violent nature of the group, particularly in recruiting and training ex-soldiers, and unlawfully wearing political uniforms. Members of the group, including its founder Jim Dowson, have stated their desire for a religious war in the UK.
A 2014 report on the links between Britain First and terrorist organisations in Northern Ireland said that behind populist Facebook posts "lies a small but dangerous group of religious fundamentalists intent on starting a 'Holy war'".
In 2016, after the group held "Christian patrols" in a primarily Muslim area of Luton, all major Christian denominations and organisations in the UK rejected Britain First and <P> after a report which revealed that over 1,400 children had been sexually abused in Rotherham, mainly by Pakistani men, Britain First protested inside the headquarters of Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council with a banner saying "Justice for victims of Muslim grooming". Claimed defence of Nigel Farage In May 2014, Britain First announced that it would be deploying "hundreds of ex-British Forces" alongside "several armoured ex-army Land Rovers" to protect the UKIP leader Nigel Farage after he had been opposed on the street by supporters of Scottish independence. Whilst acknowledging that UKIP and Britain First were "rival" right-wing organisations, it stated <P> I'm asked about 7/7, I – a Yorkshire lad, born and bred – will respond first by giving an out-clause to being labelled a terrorist lover. I think what happened in London was a sad day and not the way to express your political anger. Then there's the "but." If, as police announced yesterday, four men (at least three from Yorkshire) blew themselves up in the name of Islam, then please let us do ourselves a favour and not act shocked.
Scott Burgess, a conservative American blogger living in London, searched for Aslam's name on the Internet and discovered that he <P> who have come to the UK as adults. <P> for the United Kingdom to accept more refugees from Syria. In March 2013, Samantha Cameron said: "As a mother, it is horrifying to hear the harrowing stories from the children I met today, no child should ever experience what they have. With every day that passes, more children and parents are being killed, more innocent childhoods are being smashed to pieces." Connections with other organisations Save the Children helps to fund, and is aided with funds raised by, the British will-making scheme Will Aid, in which participating solicitors waive their usual fee to write a basic will and in exchange <P> him. In the original image, the veteran was holding a sign reading "Boycott bigotry"; in the version shared by Britain First the sign reads, "Boycott bigotry and kill all non-Muslims". Britain First also received criticism for posing for a photograph with naval cadets in Nottingham, and then adding a caption falsely claiming that their activists were protecting the children.
In addition to this, Britain First publishes media falsely labelling Muslims, who happened to be protesting against Islamophobia and bigotry, celebrating cricket results, or not even there, as "extremists". Merchandise issues In August 2014, the Cabinet Office wrote to Britain First requesting <P> more a part of the community. In the United Kingdom, Muslims also "appreciated the show of solidarity." <P> the intention of evacuating British, Commonwealth and EU citizens. The SAS also played a prominent role when they, along with the Paras, launched the successful Operation Barras to rescue 6 soldiers of the Royal Irish Regiment being held by the rebels. The British force remained and provided the catalyst for the stabilisation of the country.
The early 21st century saw the world descend into a new war after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City by Al Qaida: the War on Terrorism. A US-led invasion of Taliban-ruled Afghanistan followed, with the British contribution led by <P> Generation Identity United Kingdom and Éire History In October 2017, key figures of the Identitarian movement met in London in efforts to target the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom and Ireland branch was launched in late October 2017 after a banner was unfurled on Westminster Bridge reading "Defend London, Stop Islamisation".
On 9 March 2018, Martin Sellner and his fiancée Brittany Pettibone were barred from entering the UK. The reason stated was that their presence was "not conducive to the public good."
Prior to the ban, Martin Sellner intended to deliver a speech to the Young Independence party, though they cancelled the <P> the group is specifically grooming children for the future. A spokesman told VICE News that those under the age of 15 go to sharia camp to learn about religion, while those older than 16 can go to military training camp. Children are also used for propaganda. According to a UN report, "In mid-August, ISIL entered a cancer hospital in Mosul, forced at least two sick children to hold the ISIL flag and posted the pictures on the internet." Misty Buswell, a Save the Children representative working with refugees in Jordan, said, "It's not an exaggeration to say we could lose <P> stated in 2014 that up to 400 UK citizens had joined ISIL. The government instituted a practice where if those who had joined had double citizenships were stripped of their UK citizenship to prevent them from arriving back in the UK. By 2017, 150 individuals had been stripped of citizenship and were thus unable to enter the United Kingdom again. Iraq Sunni Arabs in Iraq have been accused of collaborating with ISIL against Assyrians, and Yazidis, and Shias. ISIL marked Christian homes with the letter nūn for Naṣārā and Shia homes with the letter rāʾ for Rāfiḍa, derogatory terms used <P> Church regret this misconception is also prevalent today.
Daleep Mukarji, Methodist Vice-President in 2013 and former Director of the charity Christian Aid, said economic inequality was more prevalent in 21st century Britain than at any time since World War II. Twenty-five per cent of British residents experience relative poverty, disproportionately many are children.
Working with others, people of faith or no faith, we need to work for justice, inclusion and development that benefits the poor and marginalised here in the UK and across the world. This requires that we be prepared for the education, organisation and equipping of our members so that <P> stay with their children in UK hospitals, or visit whenever they want. <P> left the United Kingdom. <P> of Pakistani origin. In 2009 he accompanied the then Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to meetings with Pakistan's President, Asif Ali Zardari. Allegations of extremism There has been ubiquitous media coverage since the War on Terror, both factual and satirical, focusing on young radical British Pakistanis and the topic of Islamic extremism.
Gareth Price, head of the Asia Program at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London stated that young British Pakistanis are more likely to be radicalised compared with other Muslim communities in Britain. In 2008, the British government launched its Prevent Strategy which aims to combat <P> of British Forces in Operation Granby (the Gulf War) – in effect the second-in-command of the multinational military coalition headed by US General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. His past experience of fighting in the area, knowledge of the people and possession of some fluency in Arabic overrode concerns about his age. In this role he was largely responsible for persuading Schwarzkopf (who was initially sceptical) to allow the use of SAS and other special forces in significant roles in that conflict. The British army contingent expanded 14,000 from early in November 1990 to more than 45,000 through to completion <P> religious doctrines" it opposes. OpenDemocracy has said that Britain First is not fascist, since it does not oppose democratic politics and does not have a direct connection to older fascist groups, but that they are xenophobes and Islamophobes. It has been classified as part of the counter-jihad movement.
Britain First's stated aim is to protect "British and Christian morality", and it is "committed to preserving our ancestral ethnic and cultural heritage" while it also "supports the maintenance of the indigenous British people as the demographic majority within our own homeland", that "Genuine British citizens will be put first in housing, jobs, <P> for Trump to be banned from the UK; Jo Cox's successor in Parliament, Tracy Brabin, said he would not be welcome. A spokesman for the Prime Minister, Theresa May, condemned Trump's retweeting and added that Britain First spread "hateful narratives which peddle lies and stoke tensions". Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, also condemned Trump's retweets, writing on social media that, "Britain First seeks to divide communities and intimidate minorities, especially our Muslim friends and neighbours. Britain First does not share our values of tolerance and solidarity. God calls us as Christians to love our neighbour and seek the flourishing <P> have been supported by editorials in The Independent, The Tablet and The Universe, and advocated in articles published in the Guardian, the Daily Telegraph, The Voice, the Observer, the Spectator, and the Evening Standard. The campaign has been strongly attacked in the Daily Express and the Sun. Rally in Trafalgar Square, May 2007 On 7 May 2007 15,000 people gathered in the rain in Trafalgar Square to call for regularisation. Among those addressing the Strangers into Citizens call were the (Catholic) Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor; the (Anglican) Bishop of Southwark, Tom Butler; Dr Mohammed Bari of the Muslim <P> July bombings, having mistakenly turned up at her house instead of his. District Judge David Woollard fined Golding £325 and a further £100 for wearing a political uniform. Christian patrol In February 2014, Britain First conducted what it called "Christian patrols" in an area of Tower Hamlets, East London, to counter continuing Muslim Patrols which had first come to media attention in 2013. Around a dozen or so Britain First activists recorded themselves holding a banner proclaiming "We Are The British Resistance" and emptying cans of beer outside a mosque to "bait" Islamic extremists operating in the area. A video | answer: Media sensationalism. There's no concrete number of British youths joining ISIS but many estimate it as around 500-1000 which isn't many considering there are roughly 1-1.5 million Muslims living in the UK.Now, back to your question. In Islam, it is said that there will be a caliphate near end times. These British youths think this is it and is brainwashed by ISIS leaders into thinking ISIS is the caliphate that Qur'an/Hadith mentioned about. |
115,825 | 2kjo5e | why don't market forces and competition drive down the cost of medical procedures? | The medical field is so highly regulated there is little room for competition. Coupled with massive consumer side subsidising, private and public, causing endless demand. Malpractice insurance us a run away giant in this country as well. Then you have the inability for hospitals to turn away patients which creates debt for health care networks that must be distributed across the masses. It skyrockets our health costs | [
"The medical field is so highly regulated there is little room for competition. Coupled with massive consumer side subsidising, private and public, causing endless demand. Malpractice insurance us a run away giant in this country as well. Then you have the inability for hospitals to turn away patients which create... | 3 | [] | 0 | <P> manipulate demand. They may be more enthusiastic about certain procedures they perform because they generate more revenue or because they value the surgical treatment. Overutilization The simple adage, "if you build it they will come," applies to SID and the medical profession. It appears when resources are available, overutilization occurs even when improved quality and outcomes are uncertain. This occurs daily in hospital intensive care units, at primary care physician offices and with overutilization of expensive radiologic technology and laboratory testing. "Research suggests that those who invest in imaging equipment order more CT and MRI tests than doctors who <P> prison, convicted on 51 counts of billing private and government health insurers for unnecessarily implanting cardiac stents, and the hospital he practiced at was forced to pay a $3.8 million settlement to the Department of Justice and $7.4 million class action lawsuit.
Another contributing factor to overutilization is a lack of real time cost available to both the physician and the patient. Physicians are unable to ascertain the true cost of a screening, imaging, or lab test thereby making it difficult for them to determine how much they are charging the system. Effects of overutilization on patients can include <P> haven't made the investment." Analysts report that physicians reflexively respond to receiving positive test results by ordering more tests. Variation in medical practices can result in SID without producing increased quality outcomes. When standardized treatment pathways are unavailable to agents and principals a degree of uncertainty exists resulting in increased requests for unwarranted services. As a result, overutilization of supplies and services may occur without evidence of improved quality.
Due to the number of contributing factors for the consumption of healthcare resources, it is difficult to isolate instances of supplier induced demand. However, there are many reasons for SID in healthcare <P> surgery, radiation therapy, etc.), patients may be influenced by providers to consume more healthcare than they would have otherwise given the asymmetry of information and marketing of treatment options from hospitals, physicians and industry. Externalities which influence supplier induced demand include direct to consumer marketing and patient susceptibility to marketing to the extent that demand induced supply is now being documented in health economics. New technology and overutilization Physicians are by nature and duty patient advocates, guiding the patient through joint decision making. This in part stems from a large knowledge differential between the two, a term <P> varies widely between states; South Dakota and Texas offer the lowest average cost at about $12,000 while the most expensive surgeries are performed in Alaska (average about $58,000).In India, it costs between 4-5000US$ for this procedure, all charges inclusive. In Turkey this operation costs $6,000. In Jordan the total cost is around $4,000, which includes all pre-surgery tests, x-ray and hospital fees. In New Zealand the cost is approximately $20,000. In Egypt this surgery costs about $2000–2500. Superannuation in Australia may be accessed by patients to fund the cost of surgery.
In Europe, gastric sleeve surgery is cheaper than in the <P> reasons, a private health insurer refuses to pay for a particular procedure or has a price-tiered formulary for drugs – e.g., asking the insured to pay a 35 percent coinsurance rate on highly expensive biologic specialty drugs that effectively put that drug out of the patient's reach — the insurer is not rationing health care. Instead, the insurer is merely allowing "consumers" (formerly "patients") to use their discretion on how to use their own money. The insurers are said to be managing prudently and efficiently, forcing patients to trade off the benefits of health care against their other budget priorities."
During <P> that are important to understand including reimbursement rates, competition, physician incentives and practices. Increased levels and costs of technology, as well as changing practices and the lack of evidence-based medicine or defined standards of care allow more room for supplier induced demand. To further elaborate, take the example of PSA (prostate specific antigen) testing and early stage prostate cancer. Published guidelines have varied over the past few decades enough to cause doubt in a true standard of care. With a number of treatment options including minimal to no healthcare interventions (watchful waiting, active surveillance, <P> like Oregon for example, explicitly ration Medicaid resources by using medical priorities.
Polling has discovered that Americans are much more likely than Europeans or Canadians to forgo necessary health care (such not seeking a prescribed medicine) on the grounds of cost. Rationing by pharmaceutical companies Pharmaceutical manufacturers often charge much more for drugs in the United States than they charge for the same drugs in Britain, where they know that a higher price would put the drug outside the cost-effectiveness limits applied by regulators such as NICE. American patients, even if they are covered by Medicare or Medicaid, often cannot afford <P> depending on the county an individual lives in, the number of insurers can vary from two to seven. A 2015 California Healthcare Foundation study found that the number of hospitals in an insurance network did not significantly affect the quality of care patients received. A study in the journal Health Affairs indicated that while hospital networks sold on the marketplace are narrower than their commercial counterparts, geographic access is similar, and the quality of care may even be better. However, a lack of healthcare provider options may weaken the leverage of insurance companies when negotiating prices, leading to higher premiums. <P> to proceed on the basis that we do live in such a world. It is common knowledge that health authorities of all kinds are constantly pressed to make ends meet. They cannot pay their nurses as much as they would like; they cannot provide all the treatments they would like; they cannot purchase all the extremely expensive medical equipment they would like; they cannot carry out all the research they would like; they cannot build all the hospitals and specialist units they would like. Difficult and agonising judgments have to be made as to how a limited budget is best <P> having surgery, undergoing a screening test, or tasking a new medication in the past two years. 54 percent of them have faced two or more of such of medical decisions. Roughly a third of medical decisions are about surgeries, tests, treatments, and procedures that have two or more treatment options. Peer-reviewed research In September 2010, a randomized controlled trial study led by Wennberg entitled "A Randomized Trial of a Telephone Care-Management Strategy" was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. The study followed 174,120 individuals over 12 months and compared the annual medical costs of those who received enhanced <P> contracting for a price that he feels is fair. As a practical effect, fewer attorneys are willing to take medical malpractice cases. Regulation also has emboldened malpractice insurance carriers to take cases all the way to trial, instead of settling the cases, because their potential exposure is capped. This significantly increases the cost of litigation. Those attorneys who do take medical malpractice cases are very careful only to take very large damages cases. The end result has the practical effect to preventing people who have legitimate, but smaller, malpractice complaints from ever finding an attorney - thus effectively <P> United States. In eastern countries like Poland, Lithuania and Estonia this surgery costs about $6,000. In the UK a patient pays about $12,600. The most expensive countries are Germany and Italy. Prices of gastric surgery range between $23,500 - $26,200. In Denmark, the typical price is $9,600 dollars as of February 2018 at a private hospital.
The procedure is covered by several insurance plans if deemed medically necessary. Coverage is required in several states in the United States due to requirements of the Affordable Care Act. <P> and billing for unnecessary medical procedures in patients who have little or no disease. Another ethical concern is the rise in healthcare spending that can be caused by SID. SID may also be influenced by moral hazard where consumption of healthcare services may be increased when an individual's responsibility for the cost of a treatment is low. Economics of healthcare reform The number of physicians entering primary care practice decreases, while the number of specialists increases. Thus, despite the growing number of patients who are demanding access to healthcare, there continues to be a greater supply of specialists, and fewer <P> set up to assess healthcare providers with only governmental objectives in mind - ideally, the functioning and finance of hospital accreditation schemes should be independent of governmental control.
How quality is maintained and improved in hospitals and healthcare services is the subject of much debate. Hospital surveying and accreditation is one recognised means by which this can be achieved.
It is not just an issue of hospital quality. There are financial factors as well. For example, in the USA, up until recently the Joint Commission exercised a de facto veto over whether or not US hospitals and other health <P> primary care physicians. This phenomenon leads to greater costs and strain in the system in terms of unnecessary procedures, less access and consumer apathy on cost of care within an already fragmented healthcare system. Additionally, many economists question whether or not doctors use their relationship with the patient for their own financial advantage by recommending and providing health services that the patient would have refused if well informed. This concept is referred to as supplier induced demand.
Access to care challenges are exacerbated by the introduction of the baby boomers into the healthcare system. The aging boomer population <P> who can afford it. By comparative effectiveness research Several treatment alternatives may be available for a given medical condition, with significantly different costs but no statistical difference in outcome. Such scenarios offer the opportunity to maintain or improve the quality of care while significantly reducing costs through comparative effectiveness research. Writing in the New York Times, David Leonhardt described how the cost of treating the most common form of early-stage, slow-growing prostate cancer ranges from an average of $2,400 (watchful waiting to see if the condition deteriorates) to as high as $100,000 (radiation beam therapy):
Some doctors swear by one <P> patient. The mean weight cost per patient undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention without stent (PTCA) after three years of follow up is $14,277. The expenditure increases significantly when patients require additional revascularization during follow-up.
In South Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, one aspect of healthcare expenditure on angina-affected households is out-of-pocket spending on medicine and primary outpatient care. This would point to greater reliance on trading household assets to finance health services, which have long-term implications on the affected households. <P> or no nonexistent. In the United States, however, research shows that many bankruptcies have a strong medical component, even among the insured. Medical insurance before the Affordable Care Act allowed annual caps or lifetime caps on coverage, and the high cost of care made it common for insured persons to suffer bankruptcy after breaching those limits. By price A July 2009 NPR article quoted various doctors describing how America rations healthcare. Dr. Arthur Kellermann said: "In America, we strictly ration health care. We've done it for years.... But in contrast to other wealthy countries, we don't ration medical care on <P> the basis of need or anticipated benefit. In this country, we mainly ration on the ability to pay. And that is especially evident when you examine the plight of the uninsured in the United States."
Rationing by price means accepting that there is no triage according to need. Thus, in the private sector, it is accepted that some people get expensive surgeries such as liver transplants or non-life-threatening ones such as cosmetic surgery, when others fail to get cheaper and much more cost-effective care such as prenatal care, which could save the lives of many fetuses and newborn children. Some places, | question: why don't market forces and competition drive down the cost of medical procedures? context: <P> manipulate demand. They may be more enthusiastic about certain procedures they perform because they generate more revenue or because they value the surgical treatment. Overutilization The simple adage, "if you build it they will come," applies to SID and the medical profession. It appears when resources are available, overutilization occurs even when improved quality and outcomes are uncertain. This occurs daily in hospital intensive care units, at primary care physician offices and with overutilization of expensive radiologic technology and laboratory testing. "Research suggests that those who invest in imaging equipment order more CT and MRI tests than doctors who <P> prison, convicted on 51 counts of billing private and government health insurers for unnecessarily implanting cardiac stents, and the hospital he practiced at was forced to pay a $3.8 million settlement to the Department of Justice and $7.4 million class action lawsuit.
Another contributing factor to overutilization is a lack of real time cost available to both the physician and the patient. Physicians are unable to ascertain the true cost of a screening, imaging, or lab test thereby making it difficult for them to determine how much they are charging the system. Effects of overutilization on patients can include <P> haven't made the investment." Analysts report that physicians reflexively respond to receiving positive test results by ordering more tests. Variation in medical practices can result in SID without producing increased quality outcomes. When standardized treatment pathways are unavailable to agents and principals a degree of uncertainty exists resulting in increased requests for unwarranted services. As a result, overutilization of supplies and services may occur without evidence of improved quality.
Due to the number of contributing factors for the consumption of healthcare resources, it is difficult to isolate instances of supplier induced demand. However, there are many reasons for SID in healthcare <P> surgery, radiation therapy, etc.), patients may be influenced by providers to consume more healthcare than they would have otherwise given the asymmetry of information and marketing of treatment options from hospitals, physicians and industry. Externalities which influence supplier induced demand include direct to consumer marketing and patient susceptibility to marketing to the extent that demand induced supply is now being documented in health economics. New technology and overutilization Physicians are by nature and duty patient advocates, guiding the patient through joint decision making. This in part stems from a large knowledge differential between the two, a term <P> varies widely between states; South Dakota and Texas offer the lowest average cost at about $12,000 while the most expensive surgeries are performed in Alaska (average about $58,000).In India, it costs between 4-5000US$ for this procedure, all charges inclusive. In Turkey this operation costs $6,000. In Jordan the total cost is around $4,000, which includes all pre-surgery tests, x-ray and hospital fees. In New Zealand the cost is approximately $20,000. In Egypt this surgery costs about $2000–2500. Superannuation in Australia may be accessed by patients to fund the cost of surgery.
In Europe, gastric sleeve surgery is cheaper than in the <P> reasons, a private health insurer refuses to pay for a particular procedure or has a price-tiered formulary for drugs – e.g., asking the insured to pay a 35 percent coinsurance rate on highly expensive biologic specialty drugs that effectively put that drug out of the patient's reach — the insurer is not rationing health care. Instead, the insurer is merely allowing "consumers" (formerly "patients") to use their discretion on how to use their own money. The insurers are said to be managing prudently and efficiently, forcing patients to trade off the benefits of health care against their other budget priorities."
During <P> that are important to understand including reimbursement rates, competition, physician incentives and practices. Increased levels and costs of technology, as well as changing practices and the lack of evidence-based medicine or defined standards of care allow more room for supplier induced demand. To further elaborate, take the example of PSA (prostate specific antigen) testing and early stage prostate cancer. Published guidelines have varied over the past few decades enough to cause doubt in a true standard of care. With a number of treatment options including minimal to no healthcare interventions (watchful waiting, active surveillance, <P> like Oregon for example, explicitly ration Medicaid resources by using medical priorities.
Polling has discovered that Americans are much more likely than Europeans or Canadians to forgo necessary health care (such not seeking a prescribed medicine) on the grounds of cost. Rationing by pharmaceutical companies Pharmaceutical manufacturers often charge much more for drugs in the United States than they charge for the same drugs in Britain, where they know that a higher price would put the drug outside the cost-effectiveness limits applied by regulators such as NICE. American patients, even if they are covered by Medicare or Medicaid, often cannot afford <P> depending on the county an individual lives in, the number of insurers can vary from two to seven. A 2015 California Healthcare Foundation study found that the number of hospitals in an insurance network did not significantly affect the quality of care patients received. A study in the journal Health Affairs indicated that while hospital networks sold on the marketplace are narrower than their commercial counterparts, geographic access is similar, and the quality of care may even be better. However, a lack of healthcare provider options may weaken the leverage of insurance companies when negotiating prices, leading to higher premiums. <P> to proceed on the basis that we do live in such a world. It is common knowledge that health authorities of all kinds are constantly pressed to make ends meet. They cannot pay their nurses as much as they would like; they cannot provide all the treatments they would like; they cannot purchase all the extremely expensive medical equipment they would like; they cannot carry out all the research they would like; they cannot build all the hospitals and specialist units they would like. Difficult and agonising judgments have to be made as to how a limited budget is best <P> having surgery, undergoing a screening test, or tasking a new medication in the past two years. 54 percent of them have faced two or more of such of medical decisions. Roughly a third of medical decisions are about surgeries, tests, treatments, and procedures that have two or more treatment options. Peer-reviewed research In September 2010, a randomized controlled trial study led by Wennberg entitled "A Randomized Trial of a Telephone Care-Management Strategy" was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. The study followed 174,120 individuals over 12 months and compared the annual medical costs of those who received enhanced <P> contracting for a price that he feels is fair. As a practical effect, fewer attorneys are willing to take medical malpractice cases. Regulation also has emboldened malpractice insurance carriers to take cases all the way to trial, instead of settling the cases, because their potential exposure is capped. This significantly increases the cost of litigation. Those attorneys who do take medical malpractice cases are very careful only to take very large damages cases. The end result has the practical effect to preventing people who have legitimate, but smaller, malpractice complaints from ever finding an attorney - thus effectively <P> United States. In eastern countries like Poland, Lithuania and Estonia this surgery costs about $6,000. In the UK a patient pays about $12,600. The most expensive countries are Germany and Italy. Prices of gastric surgery range between $23,500 - $26,200. In Denmark, the typical price is $9,600 dollars as of February 2018 at a private hospital.
The procedure is covered by several insurance plans if deemed medically necessary. Coverage is required in several states in the United States due to requirements of the Affordable Care Act. <P> and billing for unnecessary medical procedures in patients who have little or no disease. Another ethical concern is the rise in healthcare spending that can be caused by SID. SID may also be influenced by moral hazard where consumption of healthcare services may be increased when an individual's responsibility for the cost of a treatment is low. Economics of healthcare reform The number of physicians entering primary care practice decreases, while the number of specialists increases. Thus, despite the growing number of patients who are demanding access to healthcare, there continues to be a greater supply of specialists, and fewer <P> set up to assess healthcare providers with only governmental objectives in mind - ideally, the functioning and finance of hospital accreditation schemes should be independent of governmental control.
How quality is maintained and improved in hospitals and healthcare services is the subject of much debate. Hospital surveying and accreditation is one recognised means by which this can be achieved.
It is not just an issue of hospital quality. There are financial factors as well. For example, in the USA, up until recently the Joint Commission exercised a de facto veto over whether or not US hospitals and other health <P> primary care physicians. This phenomenon leads to greater costs and strain in the system in terms of unnecessary procedures, less access and consumer apathy on cost of care within an already fragmented healthcare system. Additionally, many economists question whether or not doctors use their relationship with the patient for their own financial advantage by recommending and providing health services that the patient would have refused if well informed. This concept is referred to as supplier induced demand.
Access to care challenges are exacerbated by the introduction of the baby boomers into the healthcare system. The aging boomer population <P> who can afford it. By comparative effectiveness research Several treatment alternatives may be available for a given medical condition, with significantly different costs but no statistical difference in outcome. Such scenarios offer the opportunity to maintain or improve the quality of care while significantly reducing costs through comparative effectiveness research. Writing in the New York Times, David Leonhardt described how the cost of treating the most common form of early-stage, slow-growing prostate cancer ranges from an average of $2,400 (watchful waiting to see if the condition deteriorates) to as high as $100,000 (radiation beam therapy):
Some doctors swear by one <P> patient. The mean weight cost per patient undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention without stent (PTCA) after three years of follow up is $14,277. The expenditure increases significantly when patients require additional revascularization during follow-up.
In South Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, one aspect of healthcare expenditure on angina-affected households is out-of-pocket spending on medicine and primary outpatient care. This would point to greater reliance on trading household assets to finance health services, which have long-term implications on the affected households. <P> or no nonexistent. In the United States, however, research shows that many bankruptcies have a strong medical component, even among the insured. Medical insurance before the Affordable Care Act allowed annual caps or lifetime caps on coverage, and the high cost of care made it common for insured persons to suffer bankruptcy after breaching those limits. By price A July 2009 NPR article quoted various doctors describing how America rations healthcare. Dr. Arthur Kellermann said: "In America, we strictly ration health care. We've done it for years.... But in contrast to other wealthy countries, we don't ration medical care on <P> the basis of need or anticipated benefit. In this country, we mainly ration on the ability to pay. And that is especially evident when you examine the plight of the uninsured in the United States."
Rationing by price means accepting that there is no triage according to need. Thus, in the private sector, it is accepted that some people get expensive surgeries such as liver transplants or non-life-threatening ones such as cosmetic surgery, when others fail to get cheaper and much more cost-effective care such as prenatal care, which could save the lives of many fetuses and newborn children. Some places, | answer: The medical field is so highly regulated there is little room for competition. Coupled with massive consumer side subsidising, private and public, causing endless demand. Malpractice insurance us a run away giant in this country as well. Then you have the inability for hospitals to turn away patients which creates debt for health care networks that must be distributed across the masses. It skyrockets our health costs |
147,389 | ckwff9 | Did Lenin wish for Trotsky to be his successor, and if so, how did Stalin take that role as secretary general instead? | The classic academic overview of Lenin's final writings is Moshe Lewin's *Lenin's Last Struggle*, first published in 1968. Here, he points out that it is important to take Lenin's "Testament" in context, and as a series of documents rather than a single text. The "Testament" was written (actually, dictated, since Lenin was unable to write at this point) over several days. The first quote you provide is from the first notes he dictated, on December 23rd-24th: > Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary General, has unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution. Comrade Trotsky, on the other hand, as his struggle with the CC on the question of the People's Commissiariat for Communications has already proved, is distinguished not only by outstanding ability. He is personally perhaps the most capable man in the present CC, but he has displayed excessive self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work.As Lewin notes, this passage doesn't really favor either Stalin *or* Trotsky (or, for that matter, anyone mentioned in the Testament): > If the notes had stopped at this point and then been read out at a Party Congress, they would have appeared to the delegates to be mainly concerned with maintaining a proper balance within the leadership and avoiding a split. In fact, it is perfectly obvious that the equitable distribution of praise and blame in the document was fully intended. In other words: these words were not intended to appoint a "successor" at all, but aimed at maintaining the existing balance of power within the Party leadership with some cautionary remarks on the potential flaws to be watched for in each leader. Your second quote, however, comes from notes dictated much later, around January 4th: > Stalin is too rude, and this defect, though quite tolerable in our midst and in dealings among us Communists, becomes intolerable in a General Secretary. That is why I suggest that the comrades think about a way to remove Stalin from that post and appoint in his place another man who in all respects differs from Comrade Stalin in his superiority, that is, more tolerant, more loyal, more courteous and more considerate of the comrades, less capricious, etc.Although this change of heart is sometimes explained by reference to Stalin's very rude treatment of Lenin's wife on December 22nd, Lewin suggests instead that it was for essentially political reasons. In his notes on the "national question," dictated December 30 and 31, Lenin expresses dissatisfaction with the way in which Stalin, Ordzhonikidze, and Dzerzhinsky are treating minority nations, and "roundly accuses Ordzhonikidze and Stalin of acting like Great Russian bullies[.]" When we consider the text of the Testament in context, therefore, two things are clear. Firstly, Lenin was not interested in appointing Trotsky — or anyone — to be his "successor." The first notes of the Testament are in fact concerned with averting a potential *split* within the Party; such a thing would have been inconceivable if the Party were so monolithic as to simply follow Lenin's preferences blindly. In this sense Trotsky was not Lenin's preferred "successor," and Trotsky himself doesn't come out much better than anyone else in the Testament. Secondly, however, it is also clear that Lenin wants Stalin to be removed from his position following January 4th, which is a quite serious charge that no other member of the leadership is subjected to. The consensus position is that the Testament is in fact genuine, and most people I have seen claim otherwise are into all sorts of Soviet pseudo-history like Grover Furr's writings.---Moshe Lewin, *Lenin's Last Struggle*, chapter six | [
"The classic academic overview of Lenin's final writings is Moshe Lewin's *Lenin's Last Struggle*, first published in 1968. Here, he points out that it is important to take Lenin's \"Testament\" in context, and as a series of documents rather than a single text. \n\nThe \"Testament\" was written (actually, dictated... | 1 | [
"The classic academic overview of Lenin's final writings is Moshe Lewin's *Lenin's Last Struggle*, first published in 1968. Here, he points out that it is important to take Lenin's \"Testament\" in context, and as a series of documents rather than a single text. \n\nThe \"Testament\" was written (actually, dictated... | 1 | <P> stroke in January 1924.
As a result of Lenin's illness, the position of general secretary became more important than had originally been envisioned and Stalin's power grew. Following Lenin's third stroke a troika made up of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev emerged to take day to day leadership of the party and the country and try to block Trotsky from taking power . Lenin, however, had become increasingly uneasy about Stalin and, following his December 1922 stroke dictated a letter to the party criticising him and urging his removal as general secretary. Stalin was aware of Lenin's Testament and acted to keep <P> within the party the power of the Politburo grew. On Lenin's motion, Stalin was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party in April 1922.
The next month Lenin suffered his first stroke and the question of who would be his successor became paramount as his health deteriorated. Lenin's role in government declined. He suffered a second stroke in December 1922 and the Politburo ordered that he be kept in isolation. His third stroke in March 1923 left him bedridden and unable to speak though he was still able to communicate through writing. Lenin finally died as the result of a fourth <P> Politburo upon combining his leadership of the party with that of the Soviet government, a plenum of the Central Committee in October 1964 forbade any single individual from holding both the offices of General Secretary and Premier. This arrangement would persist until the 1970s when Brezhnev consolidated his grip on power to become the dominant figure in the Soviet Union.
Former Chairman of the State Committee for State Security (KGB) Alexander Shelepin disliked the new collective leadership and its reforms. He made a bid for the supreme leadership in 1965 by calling for the restoration of "obedience and order". Shelepin failed <P> frequently absent, Tsereteli served as the de facto Prime Minister, and tried to implement some domestic reforms and restore order throughout the country. Upon his return, Kerenskey was given a mandate to form a new cabinet, though Tsereteli declined a position in it, wanting instead to focus his efforts in the Soviet. He used his influence to force Kerensky to release Leon Trotsky, imprisoned in the aftermath of the July Days; Tsereteli needed Trotsky and the Bolsheviks to support the socialist movement in the Soviet against the Kadets. This had the opposite effect, as Trotsky quickly proceeded to orchestrate a <P> made the Bolshevik Centre unpopular more widely among European social democrat groups. Lenin's desire to distance himself from the legacy of the robbery may have been one of the sources of the rift between him and Bogdanov and Krasin. Stalin distanced himself from Kamo's gang and never publicized his role in the robbery. Later careers After the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917, many of those who had been involved in the robbery became high ranking Soviet officials. Lenin went on to become the first Soviet Premier, the post he held until his death in 1924, followed by Stalin until his <P> by 1968 he was the undisputed leader of both the party and the country. The Brezhnev period ushered in an unparalleled period of stability in the party, a stability that ultimately led to stagnation. Almost half of the members of the 1981 Central Committee had been on the body in 1966 while the average age of Politburo members rose from 55 in 1966 to 68 in 1982. The aging Soviet leadership led to its being described as a gerontocracy. Brezhnev suffered a stroke in 1975 but continued in power despite deteriorating health until his death in November 1982 at the <P> General Secretary. However, Stalin was re-elected into all other positions and remained leader of the party without diminishment.
In the 1950s, Stalin increasingly withdrew from Secretariat business, leaving the supervision of the body to Georgy Malenkov, possibly to test him as a potential successor. In October 1952, at the 19th Party Congress, Stalin restructured the party's leadership. His request, voiced through Malenkov, to be relieved of his duties in the party secretariat due to his age, was rejected by the party congress, as delegates were unsure about Stalin's intentions. In the end, the congress formally abolished Stalin's office of General Secretary, <P> Secretary and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers as related to other offices by enhancing the powers of collective bodies, such as the Politburo.
Lenin was, according to Soviet literature, the perfect example of a leader ruling in favour of the collective. Stalin also embodied this style of ruling, with most major policy decisions involving lengthy discussion and debate in the politburo and/or central committee; after his death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev accused Stalin of one-man dominance, leading to controversy surrounding the period of his rule. At the 20th Party Congress, Stalin's reign was criticized by Khrushchev as a "personality <P> criticized Lenin's revolutionary April Theses as "ravings" and called Lenin himself an "alchemist of revolution" for his seeming willingness to leap over the stage of capitalist development in agrarian Russia in advocating socialist revolution. Plekhanov lent support to the idea that Lenin was a "German agent" and urged the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky to take severe repressive measures against the Bolshevik organization to halt its political machinations. Marriage In 1879, Plekhanov married Rozalia Bograd, who accompanied him into exile in Switzerland in 1880. They had four daughters, two of whom died in childhood. Rozalia was born in 1856 <P> to bring about acts of reform (land reform), while retaining measures favorable to the regime (stepping up the number of executions of revolutionaries). After the revolution subsided, he was able to bring economic growth back to Russia's industries, a period which lasted until 1914. But Stolypin's efforts did nothing to prevent the collapse of the monarchy, nor seemed to satisfy the conservatives. Stolypin died from a bullet wound by a revolutionary, Dmitry Bogrov, on 5 September 1911. Finland In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Social Democrats organised the general strike of 1905 (12–19 November [O.S. 30 October – <P> and his supporters argued that Stalin's new policies would cause a breach with the peasantry. Bukharin also alluded to Lenin's Testament. While Bukharin had support from the party organization in Moscow and the leadership of several commisariats Stalin's control of the secretariat was decisive in that it allowed Stalin to manipulate elections to party posts throughout the country giving him control over a large section of the Central Committee. The right opposition was defeated, Bukharin attempted to form an alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev but it was too late. Purge of the Old Bolsheviks In the 1930s other senior Communists, <P> without telling his colleagues in the Politburo. He deliberately presented a different persona to different people, culminating In the systematic glorification of his own career. The last years of Brezhnev's rule were marked by a growing personality cult. His love of medals (he received over 100) was well known, so in December 1966, on his 60th birthday, he was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union. Brezhnev received the award, which came with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star, three more times in celebration of his birthdays. On his 70th birthday he was awarded the rank of Marshal <P> economic apparatus, marking the beginning of the most notable period of his career in the Party. In 1947, Saburov became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and in 1952 he became a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. He served in the Presidium of this body until 1957, and he left the Committee in 1961. Career in Gosplan Saburov became full Chairman of Gosplan in 1941. Documents from the Russian State Economic Archives note that his responsibilities prior to assuming the chairmanship included personnel matters (he oversaw purges of unreliable employees in 1938) and mobilization <P> Vesenkha was the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense. The authority of the organization was bolstered n the summer of 1919 by the appointment of top-ranking Bolshevik Alexei Rykov as the "extraordinary representative," further accentuating the place of the organization as first among equals in the planning firmament. For the duration of the civil war a large percentage of the output of Soviet industry would be dedicated to the needs of the Red Army, the supply of which was characterized as "the cornerstone of our economic policy" by one leading economic official. The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense was <P> for equal work" was officially legislated. Some changes to the traditional emphasis on family were implemented, including making divorce easily attainable and granting full rights to illegitimate children.
One former revolutionary fighter, Fanni Kaplan, attempted to assassinate Vladimir Lenin in 1918, but was arrested and executed. Lenin never fully recovered his health. Inessa Armand Inessa Armand (1874-1920) was an active revolutionary who was very close to Lenin; she was given major roles after he assumed power. She became head of the Moscow Economic Council and served as an executive member of the Moscow Soviet. She became director of Zhenotdel, an <P> own death in 1953. Maxim Litvinov became a Soviet diplomat, serving as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs (1930–1939). Leonid Krasin initially quit politics after the split from Lenin in 1909, but rejoined the Bolsheviks after the 1917 Revolution and served as the Soviet trade representative in London and as People's Commissar for Foreign Trade until his death in 1926.
After Kamo's release from prison, he worked in the Soviet customs office, by some accounts because he was too unstable to work for the secret police. He died in 1922 when a truck hit him while he was cycling. Although there is <P> presidency, though he remained general secretary.
By the time of the 28th Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, the party was largely regarded as being unable to lead the country and had, in fifteen republics, split into opposing factions favouring either independent republics or the continuation of the Soviet Union. Stripped of its leading role in society, the party lost its authority to lead the nation or the cohesion that kept the party united.
The growing likelihood of the dissolution of the USSR itself led hardline elements in the CPSU to launch the August Coup in 1991 which temporarily removed Gorbachev <P> Lenin insisted that as the years of war had shown, while this alliance carried on propaganda for peace, it did not actually break with the bourgeois partisans of the war. Lenin therefore called for immediate withdrawal from this alliance and on the formation of a new, Communist International. Zinoviev proposed that the Party should have remained within the Zimmerwald alliance. Lenin condemned Zinoviev's proposal and called his tactics 'archopportunist and pernicious.' Work in the Soviets On the basis of the decisions of the April Conference, the Party developed extensive activities in order to win over the masses, and to train <P> Lenin in isolation for health reasons and increase his control over the party apparatus.
Zinoviev and Bukharin became concerned about Stalin's increasing power and proposed that the Orgburo which Stalin, but no other members of the Politburo, be abolished and that Zinoviev and Trotsky be added to the party secretariat thus diminishing Stalin's role as general secretary. Stalin reacted furiously and the Orgburo was retained but Bukharin, Trotsky and Zinoviev were added to the body.
Due to growing political differences with Trotsky and his Left Opposition in the fall of 1923, the troika of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev reunited. At the Twelfth <P> the death of Stalin, by Grigory Kosyachenko for a period of three months; however, many sources, such as Utechin, leave out this brief interlude in favour of Saburov having two terms. Under this short period of time, Saburov was Minister of Machinery.
In 1954 Saburov criticized the high rate of absenteeism in the Soviet Union, saying that labor productivity was "insufficient" and "further tightening" of "labor discipline" was required. He was responsible for helping to plan the Sixth Five-Year Plan, which would last from 1956 to 1961. However, in 1956 - after he had moved from being Chairman of Gosplan - | question: Did Lenin wish for Trotsky to be his successor, and if so, how did Stalin take that role as secretary general instead? context: <P> stroke in January 1924.
As a result of Lenin's illness, the position of general secretary became more important than had originally been envisioned and Stalin's power grew. Following Lenin's third stroke a troika made up of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev emerged to take day to day leadership of the party and the country and try to block Trotsky from taking power . Lenin, however, had become increasingly uneasy about Stalin and, following his December 1922 stroke dictated a letter to the party criticising him and urging his removal as general secretary. Stalin was aware of Lenin's Testament and acted to keep <P> within the party the power of the Politburo grew. On Lenin's motion, Stalin was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party in April 1922.
The next month Lenin suffered his first stroke and the question of who would be his successor became paramount as his health deteriorated. Lenin's role in government declined. He suffered a second stroke in December 1922 and the Politburo ordered that he be kept in isolation. His third stroke in March 1923 left him bedridden and unable to speak though he was still able to communicate through writing. Lenin finally died as the result of a fourth <P> Politburo upon combining his leadership of the party with that of the Soviet government, a plenum of the Central Committee in October 1964 forbade any single individual from holding both the offices of General Secretary and Premier. This arrangement would persist until the 1970s when Brezhnev consolidated his grip on power to become the dominant figure in the Soviet Union.
Former Chairman of the State Committee for State Security (KGB) Alexander Shelepin disliked the new collective leadership and its reforms. He made a bid for the supreme leadership in 1965 by calling for the restoration of "obedience and order". Shelepin failed <P> frequently absent, Tsereteli served as the de facto Prime Minister, and tried to implement some domestic reforms and restore order throughout the country. Upon his return, Kerenskey was given a mandate to form a new cabinet, though Tsereteli declined a position in it, wanting instead to focus his efforts in the Soviet. He used his influence to force Kerensky to release Leon Trotsky, imprisoned in the aftermath of the July Days; Tsereteli needed Trotsky and the Bolsheviks to support the socialist movement in the Soviet against the Kadets. This had the opposite effect, as Trotsky quickly proceeded to orchestrate a <P> made the Bolshevik Centre unpopular more widely among European social democrat groups. Lenin's desire to distance himself from the legacy of the robbery may have been one of the sources of the rift between him and Bogdanov and Krasin. Stalin distanced himself from Kamo's gang and never publicized his role in the robbery. Later careers After the Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917, many of those who had been involved in the robbery became high ranking Soviet officials. Lenin went on to become the first Soviet Premier, the post he held until his death in 1924, followed by Stalin until his <P> by 1968 he was the undisputed leader of both the party and the country. The Brezhnev period ushered in an unparalleled period of stability in the party, a stability that ultimately led to stagnation. Almost half of the members of the 1981 Central Committee had been on the body in 1966 while the average age of Politburo members rose from 55 in 1966 to 68 in 1982. The aging Soviet leadership led to its being described as a gerontocracy. Brezhnev suffered a stroke in 1975 but continued in power despite deteriorating health until his death in November 1982 at the <P> General Secretary. However, Stalin was re-elected into all other positions and remained leader of the party without diminishment.
In the 1950s, Stalin increasingly withdrew from Secretariat business, leaving the supervision of the body to Georgy Malenkov, possibly to test him as a potential successor. In October 1952, at the 19th Party Congress, Stalin restructured the party's leadership. His request, voiced through Malenkov, to be relieved of his duties in the party secretariat due to his age, was rejected by the party congress, as delegates were unsure about Stalin's intentions. In the end, the congress formally abolished Stalin's office of General Secretary, <P> Secretary and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers as related to other offices by enhancing the powers of collective bodies, such as the Politburo.
Lenin was, according to Soviet literature, the perfect example of a leader ruling in favour of the collective. Stalin also embodied this style of ruling, with most major policy decisions involving lengthy discussion and debate in the politburo and/or central committee; after his death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev accused Stalin of one-man dominance, leading to controversy surrounding the period of his rule. At the 20th Party Congress, Stalin's reign was criticized by Khrushchev as a "personality <P> criticized Lenin's revolutionary April Theses as "ravings" and called Lenin himself an "alchemist of revolution" for his seeming willingness to leap over the stage of capitalist development in agrarian Russia in advocating socialist revolution. Plekhanov lent support to the idea that Lenin was a "German agent" and urged the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky to take severe repressive measures against the Bolshevik organization to halt its political machinations. Marriage In 1879, Plekhanov married Rozalia Bograd, who accompanied him into exile in Switzerland in 1880. They had four daughters, two of whom died in childhood. Rozalia was born in 1856 <P> to bring about acts of reform (land reform), while retaining measures favorable to the regime (stepping up the number of executions of revolutionaries). After the revolution subsided, he was able to bring economic growth back to Russia's industries, a period which lasted until 1914. But Stolypin's efforts did nothing to prevent the collapse of the monarchy, nor seemed to satisfy the conservatives. Stolypin died from a bullet wound by a revolutionary, Dmitry Bogrov, on 5 September 1911. Finland In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Social Democrats organised the general strike of 1905 (12–19 November [O.S. 30 October – <P> and his supporters argued that Stalin's new policies would cause a breach with the peasantry. Bukharin also alluded to Lenin's Testament. While Bukharin had support from the party organization in Moscow and the leadership of several commisariats Stalin's control of the secretariat was decisive in that it allowed Stalin to manipulate elections to party posts throughout the country giving him control over a large section of the Central Committee. The right opposition was defeated, Bukharin attempted to form an alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev but it was too late. Purge of the Old Bolsheviks In the 1930s other senior Communists, <P> without telling his colleagues in the Politburo. He deliberately presented a different persona to different people, culminating In the systematic glorification of his own career. The last years of Brezhnev's rule were marked by a growing personality cult. His love of medals (he received over 100) was well known, so in December 1966, on his 60th birthday, he was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union. Brezhnev received the award, which came with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star, three more times in celebration of his birthdays. On his 70th birthday he was awarded the rank of Marshal <P> economic apparatus, marking the beginning of the most notable period of his career in the Party. In 1947, Saburov became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and in 1952 he became a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. He served in the Presidium of this body until 1957, and he left the Committee in 1961. Career in Gosplan Saburov became full Chairman of Gosplan in 1941. Documents from the Russian State Economic Archives note that his responsibilities prior to assuming the chairmanship included personnel matters (he oversaw purges of unreliable employees in 1938) and mobilization <P> Vesenkha was the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense. The authority of the organization was bolstered n the summer of 1919 by the appointment of top-ranking Bolshevik Alexei Rykov as the "extraordinary representative," further accentuating the place of the organization as first among equals in the planning firmament. For the duration of the civil war a large percentage of the output of Soviet industry would be dedicated to the needs of the Red Army, the supply of which was characterized as "the cornerstone of our economic policy" by one leading economic official. The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense was <P> for equal work" was officially legislated. Some changes to the traditional emphasis on family were implemented, including making divorce easily attainable and granting full rights to illegitimate children.
One former revolutionary fighter, Fanni Kaplan, attempted to assassinate Vladimir Lenin in 1918, but was arrested and executed. Lenin never fully recovered his health. Inessa Armand Inessa Armand (1874-1920) was an active revolutionary who was very close to Lenin; she was given major roles after he assumed power. She became head of the Moscow Economic Council and served as an executive member of the Moscow Soviet. She became director of Zhenotdel, an <P> own death in 1953. Maxim Litvinov became a Soviet diplomat, serving as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs (1930–1939). Leonid Krasin initially quit politics after the split from Lenin in 1909, but rejoined the Bolsheviks after the 1917 Revolution and served as the Soviet trade representative in London and as People's Commissar for Foreign Trade until his death in 1926.
After Kamo's release from prison, he worked in the Soviet customs office, by some accounts because he was too unstable to work for the secret police. He died in 1922 when a truck hit him while he was cycling. Although there is <P> presidency, though he remained general secretary.
By the time of the 28th Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, the party was largely regarded as being unable to lead the country and had, in fifteen republics, split into opposing factions favouring either independent republics or the continuation of the Soviet Union. Stripped of its leading role in society, the party lost its authority to lead the nation or the cohesion that kept the party united.
The growing likelihood of the dissolution of the USSR itself led hardline elements in the CPSU to launch the August Coup in 1991 which temporarily removed Gorbachev <P> Lenin insisted that as the years of war had shown, while this alliance carried on propaganda for peace, it did not actually break with the bourgeois partisans of the war. Lenin therefore called for immediate withdrawal from this alliance and on the formation of a new, Communist International. Zinoviev proposed that the Party should have remained within the Zimmerwald alliance. Lenin condemned Zinoviev's proposal and called his tactics 'archopportunist and pernicious.' Work in the Soviets On the basis of the decisions of the April Conference, the Party developed extensive activities in order to win over the masses, and to train <P> Lenin in isolation for health reasons and increase his control over the party apparatus.
Zinoviev and Bukharin became concerned about Stalin's increasing power and proposed that the Orgburo which Stalin, but no other members of the Politburo, be abolished and that Zinoviev and Trotsky be added to the party secretariat thus diminishing Stalin's role as general secretary. Stalin reacted furiously and the Orgburo was retained but Bukharin, Trotsky and Zinoviev were added to the body.
Due to growing political differences with Trotsky and his Left Opposition in the fall of 1923, the troika of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev reunited. At the Twelfth <P> the death of Stalin, by Grigory Kosyachenko for a period of three months; however, many sources, such as Utechin, leave out this brief interlude in favour of Saburov having two terms. Under this short period of time, Saburov was Minister of Machinery.
In 1954 Saburov criticized the high rate of absenteeism in the Soviet Union, saying that labor productivity was "insufficient" and "further tightening" of "labor discipline" was required. He was responsible for helping to plan the Sixth Five-Year Plan, which would last from 1956 to 1961. However, in 1956 - after he had moved from being Chairman of Gosplan - | answer: The classic academic overview of Lenin's final writings is Moshe Lewin's *Lenin's Last Struggle*, first published in 1968. Here, he points out that it is important to take Lenin's "Testament" in context, and as a series of documents rather than a single text. The "Testament" was written (actually, dictated, since Lenin was unable to write at this point) over several days. The first quote you provide is from the first notes he dictated, on December 23rd-24th: > Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary General, has unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution. Comrade Trotsky, on the other hand, as his struggle with the CC on the question of the People's Commissiariat for Communications has already proved, is distinguished not only by outstanding ability. He is personally perhaps the most capable man in the present CC, but he has displayed excessive self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work.As Lewin notes, this passage doesn't really favor either Stalin *or* Trotsky (or, for that matter, anyone mentioned in the Testament): > If the notes had stopped at this point and then been read out at a Party Congress, they would have appeared to the delegates to be mainly concerned with maintaining a proper balance within the leadership and avoiding a split. In fact, it is perfectly obvious that the equitable distribution of praise and blame in the document was fully intended. In other words: these words were not intended to appoint a "successor" at all, but aimed at maintaining the existing balance of power within the Party leadership with some cautionary remarks on the potential flaws to be watched for in each leader. Your second quote, however, comes from notes dictated much later, around January 4th: > Stalin is too rude, and this defect, though quite tolerable in our midst and in dealings among us Communists, becomes intolerable in a General Secretary. That is why I suggest that the comrades think about a way to remove Stalin from that post and appoint in his place another man who in all respects differs from Comrade Stalin in his superiority, that is, more tolerant, more loyal, more courteous and more considerate of the comrades, less capricious, etc.Although this change of heart is sometimes explained by reference to Stalin's very rude treatment of Lenin's wife on December 22nd, Lewin suggests instead that it was for essentially political reasons. In his notes on the "national question," dictated December 30 and 31, Lenin expresses dissatisfaction with the way in which Stalin, Ordzhonikidze, and Dzerzhinsky are treating minority nations, and "roundly accuses Ordzhonikidze and Stalin of acting like Great Russian bullies[.]" When we consider the text of the Testament in context, therefore, two things are clear. Firstly, Lenin was not interested in appointing Trotsky — or anyone — to be his "successor." The first notes of the Testament are in fact concerned with averting a potential *split* within the Party; such a thing would have been inconceivable if the Party were so monolithic as to simply follow Lenin's preferences blindly. In this sense Trotsky was not Lenin's preferred "successor," and Trotsky himself doesn't come out much better than anyone else in the Testament. Secondly, however, it is also clear that Lenin wants Stalin to be removed from his position following January 4th, which is a quite serious charge that no other member of the leadership is subjected to. The consensus position is that the Testament is in fact genuine, and most people I have seen claim otherwise are into all sorts of Soviet pseudo-history like Grover Furr's writings.---Moshe Lewin, *Lenin's Last Struggle*, chapter six |
134,381 | 4ilg2h | Are the minuscule slices of time right after the big bang measured in our reference frame? Or that of the early universe? | As the universe would be homogeneous or nearly homogeneous at this time, everywhere shared the same "cosmic time." This is why the age of the universe should be approximately the same for observers in a distant galaxy as it is to us. (Caveat that we exclude deviant motion away from the Hubble flow)When you ask, 'would the next second be faster or slower than the next?' you are implicitly assuming there is some external shared frame of reference we can compare to. For the early universe this wasn't the case so the question is meaningless.In comparison, you *can* ask if time goes slower near a black hole because you have the distant flat space reference frame away from the black hole to compare things with. | [
"As the universe would be homogeneous or nearly homogeneous at this time, everywhere shared the same \"cosmic time.\" This is why the age of the universe should be approximately the same for observers in a distant galaxy as it is to us. (Caveat that we exclude deviant motion away from the Hubble flow)\n\nWhen you a... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> perspective of the point of origin of the Big Bang, according to Einstein's equations of the 'stretching factor', time dilates by a factor of roughly 1,000,000,000,000, meaning one trillion days on earth would appear to pass as one day from that point, due to the stretching of space. When applied to the estimated age of the universe at 13.8 billion years, from the perspective of the point of origin, the universe today would appear to have just begun its sixth day of existence, or if the universe is 15 billion years old from the perspective of earth, it would appear <P> is based on Einstein's theory of relativity and Minkowski's spacetime, in which rates of time run differently in different inertial frames of reference, and space and time are merged into spacetime. Time may be quantized, with the theoretical smallest time being on the order of the Planck time. Einstein's general relativity as well as the redshift of the light from receding distant galaxies indicate that the entire Universe and possibly space-time itself began about 13.8 billion years ago in the Big Bang. Einstein's theory of special relativity mostly (though not universally) made theories of time where there is something metaphysically <P> Epoch (astronomy) In astronomy, an epoch is a moment in time used as a reference point for some time-varying astronomical quantity, such as the celestial coordinates or elliptical orbital elements of a celestial body, because these are subject to perturbations and vary with time. These time-varying astronomical quantities might include, for example, the mean longitude or mean anomaly of a body, the node of its orbit relative to a reference plane, the direction of the apogee or aphelion of its orbit, or the size of the major axis of its orbit.
The main use of astronomical quantities specified in this way <P> the occurrence of the Big Bang at 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago. <P> may be enunciated as follows:...given the state of the whole universe,...every previous and subsequent event can theoretically be determined." <P> arrives before 2050, regardless of the trajectories used. <P> developed once that moment happened.
We interpret the singularity from the FLRW metric as meaning that current theories are inadequate to describe what actually happened at the start of the Big Bang itself. It is widely believed that a correct theory of quantum gravity may allow a more correct description of that event, but no such theory has yet been developed. After that moment, all distances throughout the universe began to increase from (perhaps) zero because the FLRW metric itself changed over time, affecting distances between all non-bound objects everywhere. For this reason we say that the Big Bang "happened everywhere". <P> on the choice of units; in Planck units, for example, its value is G = 1 by definition. A meaningful test on the time-variation of G is equivalent to the test on the time-variation of the gravitational coupling constant, which is the square of the electron mass in Planck units and, if divided by the fine-structure constant, is the ratio of gravitational attractive force to the electrostatic repulsive force between two electrons. Cosmological constant The cosmological constant is a measure of the energy density of the vacuum. It was first measured, and found to have a positive value, in <P> Very early universe During the very earliest moments of cosmic time, the energies and conditions were so extreme that our current knowledge can only suggest possibilities, so our current knowledge may turn out to be incorrect. To give one example, eternal inflation theories propose that inflation lasts forever throughout most of the universe, making the notion of "N seconds since Big Bang" ill-defined. Therefore the earliest stages are an active area of research and based on ideas which are still speculative and subject to modification as scientific knowledge improves.
Although a specific "inflationary epoch" is highlighted at around 10⁻³² seconds, observations <P> time. <P> time. <P> point in time. <P> the 1990s. It is currently (as of 2015) estimated at 10⁻¹²² in Planck units. Possible variations of the cosmological constant over time or space are not amenable to observation, but it has been noted that, in Planck units, its measured value is suggestively close to the reciprocal of the age of the universe squared, Λ ≈ T⁻².
Barrow and Shaw (2011) proposed a modified theory in which Λ is a field evolving in such a way that its value remains Λ ~ T⁻² throughout the history of the universe. <P> Time'. <P> value in 1983. Thus, it was meaningful to experimentally measure the speed of light in SI units prior to 1983, but it is not so now.
Tests on the immutability of physical constants look at dimensionless quantities, i.e. ratios between quantities of like dimensions, in order to escape this problem. Changes in physical constants are not meaningful if they result in an observationally indistinguishable universe.
For example, a "change" in the speed of light c would be meaningless if accompanied by a corresponding "change" in the elementary charge e so that the ratio e²:c (the fine-structure constant) remained unchanged.
Natural units <P> The Ordinary Time. <P> the distribution of "young galaxies" and quasars throughout the Universe in the 1980s indicate a more consistent age estimate of the universe. Hoyle died in 2001 never accepting the Big Bang theory.
How, in the big-bang cosmology, is the microwave background explained? Despite what supporters of big-bang cosmology claim, it is not explained. The supposed explanation is nothing but an entry in the gardener's catalogue of hypothesis that constitutes the theory. Had observation given 27 Kelvins instead of 2.7 Kelvins for the temperature, then 27 kelvins would have been entered in the catalogue. Or 0.27 Kelvins. Or anything at all.
— Hoyle, 1994 <P> Time-variation of fundamental constants The term physical constant expresses the notion of a physical quantity subject to experimental measurement which is independent of the time or location of the experiment. The constancy (immutability) of any "physical constant" is thus subject to experimental verification.
Paul Dirac in 1937 speculated that physical constants such as the gravitational constant or the fine-structure constant might be subject to change over time in proportion of the age of the universe.
Experiments conducted since then have put upper bounds on their time-dependence. This concerns the fine structure constant, the gravitational constant and the proton-to-electron <P> by the Lorentz signature of Minkowski spacetime and disappear in the non-relativistic limit. <P> of origin (this is a common current way of using an epoch). Alternatively, the time-varying astronomical quantity can be expressed as a constant, equal to the measure that it had at the epoch, leaving its variation over time to be specified in some other way—for example, by a table, as was common during the 17th and 18th centuries.
The word epoch was often used in a different way in older astronomical literature, e.g. during the 18th century, in connection with astronomical tables. At that time, it was customary to denote as "epochs", not the standard date and time of origin | question: Are the minuscule slices of time right after the big bang measured in our reference frame? Or that of the early universe? context: <P> perspective of the point of origin of the Big Bang, according to Einstein's equations of the 'stretching factor', time dilates by a factor of roughly 1,000,000,000,000, meaning one trillion days on earth would appear to pass as one day from that point, due to the stretching of space. When applied to the estimated age of the universe at 13.8 billion years, from the perspective of the point of origin, the universe today would appear to have just begun its sixth day of existence, or if the universe is 15 billion years old from the perspective of earth, it would appear <P> is based on Einstein's theory of relativity and Minkowski's spacetime, in which rates of time run differently in different inertial frames of reference, and space and time are merged into spacetime. Time may be quantized, with the theoretical smallest time being on the order of the Planck time. Einstein's general relativity as well as the redshift of the light from receding distant galaxies indicate that the entire Universe and possibly space-time itself began about 13.8 billion years ago in the Big Bang. Einstein's theory of special relativity mostly (though not universally) made theories of time where there is something metaphysically <P> Epoch (astronomy) In astronomy, an epoch is a moment in time used as a reference point for some time-varying astronomical quantity, such as the celestial coordinates or elliptical orbital elements of a celestial body, because these are subject to perturbations and vary with time. These time-varying astronomical quantities might include, for example, the mean longitude or mean anomaly of a body, the node of its orbit relative to a reference plane, the direction of the apogee or aphelion of its orbit, or the size of the major axis of its orbit.
The main use of astronomical quantities specified in this way <P> the occurrence of the Big Bang at 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago. <P> may be enunciated as follows:...given the state of the whole universe,...every previous and subsequent event can theoretically be determined." <P> arrives before 2050, regardless of the trajectories used. <P> developed once that moment happened.
We interpret the singularity from the FLRW metric as meaning that current theories are inadequate to describe what actually happened at the start of the Big Bang itself. It is widely believed that a correct theory of quantum gravity may allow a more correct description of that event, but no such theory has yet been developed. After that moment, all distances throughout the universe began to increase from (perhaps) zero because the FLRW metric itself changed over time, affecting distances between all non-bound objects everywhere. For this reason we say that the Big Bang "happened everywhere". <P> on the choice of units; in Planck units, for example, its value is G = 1 by definition. A meaningful test on the time-variation of G is equivalent to the test on the time-variation of the gravitational coupling constant, which is the square of the electron mass in Planck units and, if divided by the fine-structure constant, is the ratio of gravitational attractive force to the electrostatic repulsive force between two electrons. Cosmological constant The cosmological constant is a measure of the energy density of the vacuum. It was first measured, and found to have a positive value, in <P> Very early universe During the very earliest moments of cosmic time, the energies and conditions were so extreme that our current knowledge can only suggest possibilities, so our current knowledge may turn out to be incorrect. To give one example, eternal inflation theories propose that inflation lasts forever throughout most of the universe, making the notion of "N seconds since Big Bang" ill-defined. Therefore the earliest stages are an active area of research and based on ideas which are still speculative and subject to modification as scientific knowledge improves.
Although a specific "inflationary epoch" is highlighted at around 10⁻³² seconds, observations <P> time. <P> time. <P> point in time. <P> the 1990s. It is currently (as of 2015) estimated at 10⁻¹²² in Planck units. Possible variations of the cosmological constant over time or space are not amenable to observation, but it has been noted that, in Planck units, its measured value is suggestively close to the reciprocal of the age of the universe squared, Λ ≈ T⁻².
Barrow and Shaw (2011) proposed a modified theory in which Λ is a field evolving in such a way that its value remains Λ ~ T⁻² throughout the history of the universe. <P> Time'. <P> value in 1983. Thus, it was meaningful to experimentally measure the speed of light in SI units prior to 1983, but it is not so now.
Tests on the immutability of physical constants look at dimensionless quantities, i.e. ratios between quantities of like dimensions, in order to escape this problem. Changes in physical constants are not meaningful if they result in an observationally indistinguishable universe.
For example, a "change" in the speed of light c would be meaningless if accompanied by a corresponding "change" in the elementary charge e so that the ratio e²:c (the fine-structure constant) remained unchanged.
Natural units <P> The Ordinary Time. <P> the distribution of "young galaxies" and quasars throughout the Universe in the 1980s indicate a more consistent age estimate of the universe. Hoyle died in 2001 never accepting the Big Bang theory.
How, in the big-bang cosmology, is the microwave background explained? Despite what supporters of big-bang cosmology claim, it is not explained. The supposed explanation is nothing but an entry in the gardener's catalogue of hypothesis that constitutes the theory. Had observation given 27 Kelvins instead of 2.7 Kelvins for the temperature, then 27 kelvins would have been entered in the catalogue. Or 0.27 Kelvins. Or anything at all.
— Hoyle, 1994 <P> Time-variation of fundamental constants The term physical constant expresses the notion of a physical quantity subject to experimental measurement which is independent of the time or location of the experiment. The constancy (immutability) of any "physical constant" is thus subject to experimental verification.
Paul Dirac in 1937 speculated that physical constants such as the gravitational constant or the fine-structure constant might be subject to change over time in proportion of the age of the universe.
Experiments conducted since then have put upper bounds on their time-dependence. This concerns the fine structure constant, the gravitational constant and the proton-to-electron <P> by the Lorentz signature of Minkowski spacetime and disappear in the non-relativistic limit. <P> of origin (this is a common current way of using an epoch). Alternatively, the time-varying astronomical quantity can be expressed as a constant, equal to the measure that it had at the epoch, leaving its variation over time to be specified in some other way—for example, by a table, as was common during the 17th and 18th centuries.
The word epoch was often used in a different way in older astronomical literature, e.g. during the 18th century, in connection with astronomical tables. At that time, it was customary to denote as "epochs", not the standard date and time of origin | answer: As the universe would be homogeneous or nearly homogeneous at this time, everywhere shared the same "cosmic time." This is why the age of the universe should be approximately the same for observers in a distant galaxy as it is to us. (Caveat that we exclude deviant motion away from the Hubble flow)When you ask, 'would the next second be faster or slower than the next?' you are implicitly assuming there is some external shared frame of reference we can compare to. For the early universe this wasn't the case so the question is meaningless.In comparison, you *can* ask if time goes slower near a black hole because you have the distant flat space reference frame away from the black hole to compare things with. |
128,933 | b7libp | Why was clause 23 included in the Magna Carta? | [I remembered an earlier post with similar information in the answer](_URL_0_)! It isn’t exact though, so I’ll be fascinated to see direct answers here!/u/sunagainstgold | [
"[I remembered an earlier post with similar information in the answer](_URL_0_)! It isn’t exact though, so I’ll be fascinated to see direct answers here!\n\n/u/sunagainstgold",
"edit: april fools disclaimer etc\n\nThe Magna Carta's main purpose was to limit the powers of the Crown at a time when it was popularly ... | 2 | [
"[I remembered an earlier post with similar information in the answer](_URL_0_)! It isn’t exact though, so I’ll be fascinated to see direct answers here!\n\n/u/sunagainstgold",
"edit: april fools disclaimer etc\n\nThe Magna Carta's main purpose was to limit the powers of the Crown at a time when it was popularly ... | 2 | <P> that Marius should have authority to make three Roman citizens in every colony.
Another provision required that the senators should take an oath to obey the law within five days and anyone who refused to do so should be expelled from the Senate and pay a fine of twenty talents for the benefit of the people. Political conflict The provision <P> controversy was to be forgotten.
During the proceedings of the Lateran Council of 649 the text of the Type was read out in full and so is preserved in the recorded Acts. The first section expresses concern that some subjects of the empire consider Christ to have had one will, and some that he had two. This is discussed, and concluded with the observation that the debate is dividing society and that Constans intends to put a stop to this.
The Type goes on to deny people "the licence to conduct any dispute, contention or controversy", explaining that whole matter has been <P> was made of the Roman laws in use among Romans in his dominions, and the resulting compilation was approved in 506 at an assembly at Aire, in Gascony, and is known as the Breviary of Alaric, and sometimes as the Liber Aniani, from the fact that the authentic copies bear the signature of the referendarius Anian. organized by chapter headings; about 276 to 336 of these clauses remain today. In 506 CE, Alaric II, son of Euric, assembled the council of Agde to issue the Breviary of Alaric (Lex Romana Visigothorum), applying specifically to Hispano-Roman residents of the Iberian <P> This code applied equally to both Goths and Romans, presenting "a sign of a new society of Hispania developing in the seventh century, distinctly different from Gothic or Roman". The Liber Iudiciorum also marked a shift in the view of the power of law in reference to the king. It stressed that the Liber Iudiciorum alone is law, absent of any relation to any kingly authority, instead of the king being the law and the law merely an expression of his decisions. The lacunae in these fragments have been filled by the aid of the law of the <P> that formerly warranted death. The Lex Saxonum apparently dates from 803, since it contains provisions that are in the Capitulare legi Ribuariae additum of that year. The law established the ancient customs, at the same time eliminating anything that was contrary to the spirit of Christianity; it proclaimed the peace of the churches, whose possessions it guaranteed and whose right of asylum it recognized. <P> of the Rolls gave this short shrift, noting somewhat drily that although clause 29 was considered by many the foundation of the rule of law in England, he did not consider it directly relevant to the case, and the two other surviving clauses actually concerned the rights of the Church and the City of London.
Magna Carta carries little legal weight in modern Britain, as most of its clauses have been repealed and relevant rights ensured by other statutes, but the historian James Holt remarks that the survival of the 1215 charter in national life is a "reflexion of the continuous <P> unfairly discriminatory: for example, the provision of separate toilet facilities. It followed that, even if this rule of succession were prima facie discriminatory on the grounds of sex or gender, and the presumption contained in section 8(4) of the Interim Constitution were to come into operation, this presumption had been refuted by the concomitant duty of support. The rights conferred by this customary rule were not inconsistent with the fundamental rights contained in chapter 3 of the Interim Constitution and the injunction found in section 33(3) could accordingly be implemented: namely, to construe the chapter in such a way as <P> the same was not true of the proposal to amend Article 32. Said article had not been amended in the overhaul of 1868, and its text had remained unchanged since the original constitution of 1848, stating unequivocally that all sovereignty resided in the person of the Grand Duchess. For some, particularly those that resented the close relations between Marie-Adélaïde and the German royalty, the idea of national sovereignty residing in such a person was unacceptable. The Chamber of Deputies voted to review Article 32, but Kauffmann refused to allow it, seeing the redefinition of the source of <P> century, some clauses of Magna Carta rarely appeared in legal cases, either because the issues concerned were no longer relevant, or because Magna Carta had been superseded by more relevant legislation. By 1350 half the clauses of Magna Carta were no longer actively used. 14th–15th centuries During the reign of King Edward III six measures, later known as the Six Statutes, were passed between 1331 and 1369. They sought to clarify certain parts of the Charters. In particular the third statute, in 1354, redefined clause 29, with "free man" becoming "no man, of whatever estate or condition he may be", <P> of Fermo was supplied by their then keeper, Filippo Raffaelle, for a critical edition and English translation in the Black Book of the Admiralty.
The text of the Ordinamenta contains the date anno Domini 1063 and specifies the first indiction. This has been cited as “a strong argument in favour of the authenticity of the ordinances”, since the first indiction only coincides with the sixty-third year of a century every three hundred years, but it did with 1063. The text also refers to ‘‘electi consoli in arte de mare’’, which is translated “Consuls elect of the Guild of Navigators” in the <P> not by a council of fellow bishops as canon law required. So, it is possible that the Bavarian law was compiled earlier, perhaps between 735 (the year of Odilo's succession) and 739. Lex Frisionum The Lex Frisionum of the duchy of Frisia consists of a medley of documents of the most heterogeneous character. Some of its enactments are purely pagan, thus one paragraph allows the mother to kill her new-born child, and another prescribes the immolation to the gods of the defiler of their temple; others are purely Christian, such as those that prohibit incestuous marriages and working on <P> traces of Roman influence. It recognizes the will and attaches great importance to written deeds, but on the other hand sanctions the judicial duel and the cojuratores (sworn witnesses).
The oldest of the 14 surviving manuscripts of the text dates to the 9th century, but the code's institution is ascribed to king Gundobad (died 516), with a possible revision by his successor Sigismund (died 523). The Lex Romana Burgundionum is a separate code, containing various laws taken from Roman sources, probably intended to apply to the Burgundians' Gallo-Roman subjects. The oldest copy of this text dates to the 7th century. Lex <P> clearly had failed to cite the proper constitutional clause. The Court wished to set a precedent, however, demonstrating it would accept petitions under Article 219, even if technically inaccurate. Within a day it ruled that it was obvious to the general public that the nation was in an economic crisis, and that the decrees were designed to assist with national economic security in accordance with Article 218(1). The decrees were later quickly approved by Parliament.
The NAP's last minute motion damaged its credibility, and made it unlikely that Article 219 will be invoked unless there is a credible issue and the <P> Communist doctrine incur the penalty of excommunication as apostates from the Christian faith, with the penalty reserved so that it may only be lifted by the Holy See?
The answers in the decree were negative to the first three questions and affirmative to the fourth. Publication and reception After the document was approved by Pius XII on June 30, the text of the document was delivered to printers to prepare its release. Shortly thereafter it was leaked to the press, and so appeared in public early, with no advance notice to the clergy and no commentary to explain the document.
The decree <P> Illius qui se pro divini Illius qui se pro divini is a papal bull issued by Pope Eugene IV in December 1442. Eugene granted plenary indulgence to the knights and friars of the Order of Christ, and all other Christians, who fought in the crusade against the Saracens under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator. A clause in the bull ensured that the indulgence would be valid even if Henry was not present in the crusade. <P> excommunicated, while public servants or military officers are to lose their office. Private citizens of senatorial rank would have their property confiscated. Finally, if any of the great mass of the citizenry so much as mentioned the topic, they would face corporal punishment and banishment for life. Opposition In Rome and the west, the opposition to Monotheletism was reaching fever pitch, and the Type of Constans did nothing to defuse the situation; indeed it made it worse by implying that either doctrine was as good as the other. Theodore planned the Lateran Council of 649 to condemn the Ecthesis, but <P> country. John had used his royal discretion to extort large sums of money from the barons, effectively taking payment to offer justice in particular cases, and the role of the Crown in delivering justice had become politically sensitive among the barons. Clauses 39 and 40 demanded due process be applied in the royal justice system, while clause 45 required that the King appoint knowledgeable royal officials to the relevant roles. Although these clauses did not have any special significance in the original charter, this part of Magna Carta became singled out as particularly important in later centuries. In the United <P> Kingdom permitted the government to use the royal prerogative to invoke Article 50 (or whether it would need to be authorised by an explicit act of Parliament to do so). Background The headline, written by James Slack and approved by editor Paul Dacre, was in response to the ruling of the High Court of England and Wales in the Miller case that the government would need to gain the consent of Parliament before it could trigger Article 50 and exit the European Union (EU). The government had intended to use the royal prerogative to invoke Article 50, <P> conceded the right of individual resistance to their subjects if the King did not uphold his obligations. Magna Carta was however novel in that it set up a formally recognised means of collectively coercing the King. The historian Wilfred Warren argues that it was almost inevitable that the clause would result in civil war, as it "was crude in its methods and disturbing in its implications". The barons were trying to force John to keep to the charter, but clause 61 was so heavily weighted against the King that this version of the charter could not survive.
John and the rebel <P> development of English law and administration" and symbolic of the many struggles between authority and the law over the centuries. The historian W. L. Warren has observed that "many who knew little and cared less about the content of the Charter have, in nearly all ages, invoked its name, and with good cause, for it meant more than it said".
It also remains a topic of great interest to historians; Natalie Fryde characterised the charter as "one of the holiest of cows in English medieval history", with the debates over its interpretation and meaning unlikely to end. In many ways still | question: Why was clause 23 included in the Magna Carta? context: <P> that Marius should have authority to make three Roman citizens in every colony.
Another provision required that the senators should take an oath to obey the law within five days and anyone who refused to do so should be expelled from the Senate and pay a fine of twenty talents for the benefit of the people. Political conflict The provision <P> controversy was to be forgotten.
During the proceedings of the Lateran Council of 649 the text of the Type was read out in full and so is preserved in the recorded Acts. The first section expresses concern that some subjects of the empire consider Christ to have had one will, and some that he had two. This is discussed, and concluded with the observation that the debate is dividing society and that Constans intends to put a stop to this.
The Type goes on to deny people "the licence to conduct any dispute, contention or controversy", explaining that whole matter has been <P> was made of the Roman laws in use among Romans in his dominions, and the resulting compilation was approved in 506 at an assembly at Aire, in Gascony, and is known as the Breviary of Alaric, and sometimes as the Liber Aniani, from the fact that the authentic copies bear the signature of the referendarius Anian. organized by chapter headings; about 276 to 336 of these clauses remain today. In 506 CE, Alaric II, son of Euric, assembled the council of Agde to issue the Breviary of Alaric (Lex Romana Visigothorum), applying specifically to Hispano-Roman residents of the Iberian <P> This code applied equally to both Goths and Romans, presenting "a sign of a new society of Hispania developing in the seventh century, distinctly different from Gothic or Roman". The Liber Iudiciorum also marked a shift in the view of the power of law in reference to the king. It stressed that the Liber Iudiciorum alone is law, absent of any relation to any kingly authority, instead of the king being the law and the law merely an expression of his decisions. The lacunae in these fragments have been filled by the aid of the law of the <P> that formerly warranted death. The Lex Saxonum apparently dates from 803, since it contains provisions that are in the Capitulare legi Ribuariae additum of that year. The law established the ancient customs, at the same time eliminating anything that was contrary to the spirit of Christianity; it proclaimed the peace of the churches, whose possessions it guaranteed and whose right of asylum it recognized. <P> of the Rolls gave this short shrift, noting somewhat drily that although clause 29 was considered by many the foundation of the rule of law in England, he did not consider it directly relevant to the case, and the two other surviving clauses actually concerned the rights of the Church and the City of London.
Magna Carta carries little legal weight in modern Britain, as most of its clauses have been repealed and relevant rights ensured by other statutes, but the historian James Holt remarks that the survival of the 1215 charter in national life is a "reflexion of the continuous <P> unfairly discriminatory: for example, the provision of separate toilet facilities. It followed that, even if this rule of succession were prima facie discriminatory on the grounds of sex or gender, and the presumption contained in section 8(4) of the Interim Constitution were to come into operation, this presumption had been refuted by the concomitant duty of support. The rights conferred by this customary rule were not inconsistent with the fundamental rights contained in chapter 3 of the Interim Constitution and the injunction found in section 33(3) could accordingly be implemented: namely, to construe the chapter in such a way as <P> the same was not true of the proposal to amend Article 32. Said article had not been amended in the overhaul of 1868, and its text had remained unchanged since the original constitution of 1848, stating unequivocally that all sovereignty resided in the person of the Grand Duchess. For some, particularly those that resented the close relations between Marie-Adélaïde and the German royalty, the idea of national sovereignty residing in such a person was unacceptable. The Chamber of Deputies voted to review Article 32, but Kauffmann refused to allow it, seeing the redefinition of the source of <P> century, some clauses of Magna Carta rarely appeared in legal cases, either because the issues concerned were no longer relevant, or because Magna Carta had been superseded by more relevant legislation. By 1350 half the clauses of Magna Carta were no longer actively used. 14th–15th centuries During the reign of King Edward III six measures, later known as the Six Statutes, were passed between 1331 and 1369. They sought to clarify certain parts of the Charters. In particular the third statute, in 1354, redefined clause 29, with "free man" becoming "no man, of whatever estate or condition he may be", <P> of Fermo was supplied by their then keeper, Filippo Raffaelle, for a critical edition and English translation in the Black Book of the Admiralty.
The text of the Ordinamenta contains the date anno Domini 1063 and specifies the first indiction. This has been cited as “a strong argument in favour of the authenticity of the ordinances”, since the first indiction only coincides with the sixty-third year of a century every three hundred years, but it did with 1063. The text also refers to ‘‘electi consoli in arte de mare’’, which is translated “Consuls elect of the Guild of Navigators” in the <P> not by a council of fellow bishops as canon law required. So, it is possible that the Bavarian law was compiled earlier, perhaps between 735 (the year of Odilo's succession) and 739. Lex Frisionum The Lex Frisionum of the duchy of Frisia consists of a medley of documents of the most heterogeneous character. Some of its enactments are purely pagan, thus one paragraph allows the mother to kill her new-born child, and another prescribes the immolation to the gods of the defiler of their temple; others are purely Christian, such as those that prohibit incestuous marriages and working on <P> traces of Roman influence. It recognizes the will and attaches great importance to written deeds, but on the other hand sanctions the judicial duel and the cojuratores (sworn witnesses).
The oldest of the 14 surviving manuscripts of the text dates to the 9th century, but the code's institution is ascribed to king Gundobad (died 516), with a possible revision by his successor Sigismund (died 523). The Lex Romana Burgundionum is a separate code, containing various laws taken from Roman sources, probably intended to apply to the Burgundians' Gallo-Roman subjects. The oldest copy of this text dates to the 7th century. Lex <P> clearly had failed to cite the proper constitutional clause. The Court wished to set a precedent, however, demonstrating it would accept petitions under Article 219, even if technically inaccurate. Within a day it ruled that it was obvious to the general public that the nation was in an economic crisis, and that the decrees were designed to assist with national economic security in accordance with Article 218(1). The decrees were later quickly approved by Parliament.
The NAP's last minute motion damaged its credibility, and made it unlikely that Article 219 will be invoked unless there is a credible issue and the <P> Communist doctrine incur the penalty of excommunication as apostates from the Christian faith, with the penalty reserved so that it may only be lifted by the Holy See?
The answers in the decree were negative to the first three questions and affirmative to the fourth. Publication and reception After the document was approved by Pius XII on June 30, the text of the document was delivered to printers to prepare its release. Shortly thereafter it was leaked to the press, and so appeared in public early, with no advance notice to the clergy and no commentary to explain the document.
The decree <P> Illius qui se pro divini Illius qui se pro divini is a papal bull issued by Pope Eugene IV in December 1442. Eugene granted plenary indulgence to the knights and friars of the Order of Christ, and all other Christians, who fought in the crusade against the Saracens under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator. A clause in the bull ensured that the indulgence would be valid even if Henry was not present in the crusade. <P> excommunicated, while public servants or military officers are to lose their office. Private citizens of senatorial rank would have their property confiscated. Finally, if any of the great mass of the citizenry so much as mentioned the topic, they would face corporal punishment and banishment for life. Opposition In Rome and the west, the opposition to Monotheletism was reaching fever pitch, and the Type of Constans did nothing to defuse the situation; indeed it made it worse by implying that either doctrine was as good as the other. Theodore planned the Lateran Council of 649 to condemn the Ecthesis, but <P> country. John had used his royal discretion to extort large sums of money from the barons, effectively taking payment to offer justice in particular cases, and the role of the Crown in delivering justice had become politically sensitive among the barons. Clauses 39 and 40 demanded due process be applied in the royal justice system, while clause 45 required that the King appoint knowledgeable royal officials to the relevant roles. Although these clauses did not have any special significance in the original charter, this part of Magna Carta became singled out as particularly important in later centuries. In the United <P> Kingdom permitted the government to use the royal prerogative to invoke Article 50 (or whether it would need to be authorised by an explicit act of Parliament to do so). Background The headline, written by James Slack and approved by editor Paul Dacre, was in response to the ruling of the High Court of England and Wales in the Miller case that the government would need to gain the consent of Parliament before it could trigger Article 50 and exit the European Union (EU). The government had intended to use the royal prerogative to invoke Article 50, <P> conceded the right of individual resistance to their subjects if the King did not uphold his obligations. Magna Carta was however novel in that it set up a formally recognised means of collectively coercing the King. The historian Wilfred Warren argues that it was almost inevitable that the clause would result in civil war, as it "was crude in its methods and disturbing in its implications". The barons were trying to force John to keep to the charter, but clause 61 was so heavily weighted against the King that this version of the charter could not survive.
John and the rebel <P> development of English law and administration" and symbolic of the many struggles between authority and the law over the centuries. The historian W. L. Warren has observed that "many who knew little and cared less about the content of the Charter have, in nearly all ages, invoked its name, and with good cause, for it meant more than it said".
It also remains a topic of great interest to historians; Natalie Fryde characterised the charter as "one of the holiest of cows in English medieval history", with the debates over its interpretation and meaning unlikely to end. In many ways still | answer: [I remembered an earlier post with similar information in the answer](_URL_0_)! It isn’t exact though, so I’ll be fascinated to see direct answers here!/u/sunagainstgold |
122,437 | nhzq8 | If someone was shot in the stomach, could their stomach acid leak out and damage other organs? | Generally speaking a perforation in the lower bowel is a far more serious thing than a perforation to the stomach. This is because the fluid that leaks out of the colon contains bacteria which contaminate the usually sterile abdominal cavity. This causes a condition called faecal peritonitis, and can go on to septic shock, which has a mortality of around 35%. The mortality from a perforated gastric ulcer is far lower, and I am not aware that leaking gastric acid is an important cause of problems in this condition. | [
"Generally speaking a perforation in the lower bowel is a far more serious thing than a perforation to the stomach. This is because the fluid that leaks out of the colon contains bacteria which contaminate the usually sterile abdominal cavity. This causes a condition called faecal peritonitis, and can go on to sept... | 4 | [
"Generally speaking a perforation in the lower bowel is a far more serious thing than a perforation to the stomach. This is because the fluid that leaks out of the colon contains bacteria which contaminate the usually sterile abdominal cavity. This causes a condition called faecal peritonitis, and can go on to sept... | 4 | <P> the risk of fatal poisoning. <P> and resulting electrolyte imbalances. The stomach (gastrotomy) or intestine (enterotomy) can be surgically opened to remove the foreign body. Necrotic intestine can be removed (enterectomy) and repaired with intestinal anastomosis. Foreign bodies can also be removed by endoscopy, which although requires general anesthesia does not require surgery and significantly decreases recovery time. However, endoscopic foreign body retrieval is anatomically limited to objects lodged in the esophagus, the stomach or the colon. The condition in cattle is known as hardware disease. <P> and allowed to heal without surgery. A third alternative is delayed primary closure, which involves bandaging and reevaluation and surgery in three to five days.
Wounds occurring in the udder and teats of cows are more difficult to repair, due to the difficult access and sensitivity of the organ, and because deep anaesthesia may not be applied to bovines. But some practitioners have acquired a great experience in dealing them. Foreign body removal A variety of non-edible objects are commonly swallowed by dogs, cats, and cattle. These foreign bodies can cause obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract causing severe vomiting <P> is also active when taken orally.
Signs of toxicity in calves, sheep, rats and mice, at low doses, included agitation, respiratory difficulty, and loss of motor control; symptoms appeared within 2–3 minutes of injection, and disappeared within 10 minutes. Doses large enough to produce collapse also caused an increase in heart and respiration rates, as well as tremor, with significant convulsions evident in mice and rats, but not in cattle or sheep. In cases where death seemed imminent, the poisoning in sheep could be counteracted by the i.v. administration of neostigmine and atropine, whereas poisoning in calves was reversed by <P> can hold a large volume of blood. If the pancreas is injured, it may be further injured by its own secretions, in a process called autodigestion. Injuries of the liver, common because of the size and location of the organ, present a serious risk for shock because the liver tissue is delicate and has a large blood supply and capacity. The intestines, taking a large part of the lower abdomen, are also at risk of perforation.
People with penetrating abdominal trauma may have signs of hypovolemic shock (insufficient blood in the circulatory system) and peritonitis (an inflammation of the peritoneum, <P> is lethal to the embryo. <P> expressed in brain. Toxicity Chlorotoxin immobilizes the envenomated prey. Duration of paralysis depends on the amount of chlorotoxin injected. In crayfish, chlorotoxin at 1.23-2.23 µg/g body wt produced a loss of motor control beginning about 20 seconds after injection which progressed to a rigid paralysis of the walking and pincer legs that was complete about forty seconds later. Within ±90 s of injection the tail musculature was immobilized. No recovery was noted for 6 hours, at which time the crayfish were destroyed. At 0.5 µg/g, chlorotoxin induced the same progressive paralysis with a slower onset. Recovery of crayfish was noted after 2 <P> is little threat of toxicity to children, pets, livestock or birds—including through secondary poisoning. <P> bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and thrombosis. Portal vein thrombosis and splenic vein thrombosis involve clotting of blood affects the hepatic portal vein or varices associated with splenic vein. This can lead to portal hypertension and reduction in blood flow. When a person with liver cirrhosis is suffering from thrombosis, it is not possible to perform a liver transplant, unless the thrombosis is very minor. In case of minor thrombosis, there are some chances of survival using cadaveric liver transplant. Diagnosis Routine complete blood count (CBC), basic metabolic profile, liver enzymes, and coagulation should be performed. Most experts recommend a diagnostic <P> attacking the duodenal mucosa to induce acute enteritis. Surprisingly, the adult flukes are regarded as commensals and non-pathogenic. However, they do cause the intestinal villi to erode and instil inflammation. Liver tissue are generally damaged extensively, indicated by swelling, haemorrhage, discolouration, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis. Paramphistomiasis is responsible for severe economic losses to milk, meat and wool production since the flukes take nutrients from their hosts, which leads to weight loss and physiological decline. Diagnosis and treatment Symptoms are usually visible on the behaviour of the host. Infected sheep and cattle become severely anorexic or digest food <P> removes the dye from the blood and excretes it into the bile. The iodine is sufficiently concentrated as it is secreted into the bile that it does not need to be further concentrated by the gallbladder to outline the bile ducts and any gallstones that may be there. The gallbladder is not always seen on an IVC, as the iodine-containing bile may bypass the gallbladder entirely and empty directly into the small intestine. Risks Occasional serious allergic reactions can occur to any iodine-containing dye. These reactions can usually be treated and rarely result in death. Indications The IVC is not <P> kidneys attempt to filter out poison, it damages the convoluted tubules and reenters the blood to recirculate and cause more damage. Initial symptoms after ingestion include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea which may last for six to nine hours. Beyond these symptoms, toxins severely affect the liver which results in gastrointestinal bleeding, a coma, kidney failure, or even death, usually within seven days of consumption.
Galerina marginata was shown in various studies to contain the amatoxins α-amanitin and γ-amanitin, first as G. venenata, then as G. marginata and G. autumnalis. The ability of the fungus to produce these toxins was confirmed by growing <P> mobster Santino Di Matteo's son Giuseppe's body was dissolved in acid, in 1996, after 779 days of being held hostage. <P> such as gastroenteritis may present several hours to days after the food was ingested. The contents of the emesis is a valuable clue towards determining the cause. Bits of fecal matter in the emesis indicate obstruction in the distal intestine or the colon. Emesis that is of a bilious nature (greenish in color) localizes the obstruction to a point past the stomach. Emesis of undigested food points to an obstruction prior to the gastric outlet, such as achalasia or Zenker's diverticulum. If patient experiences reduced abdominal pain after vomiting, then obstruction is a likely etiology. However, vomiting does not relieve <P> a sizable meal. Liver Victorian doctors believed that the liver experienced many complications while the body is tightlaced, becoming severed due to the location of the ribs as a result of the tightlacing, and that the liver would become enlarged or displaced. Another possibility was mechanical congestion, the result of the pressure placed on the inferior vena cava, thus obstructing the flow of blood. According to Dr. Tse-Ling Fong, liver cancer is often the result of this vein being blocked. The blocked vein is not able to filter out the bad blood in the liver resulting in a cancerous infection.
However, <P> accumulation within cells, and finally cell death. Examination of mice livers removed at autopsy showed that on intraperitoneal injection of CYN, after 16 hours ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) had detached, and at 24 hours, marked proliferation of the membrane systems of the smooth ER and Golgi apparatus had occurred. At 48 hours, small lipid droplets had accumulated in the cell bodies, and at 100 hours, hepatocytes in the hepatic lobules were destroyed beyond function.
The process of protein synthesis inhibition has been shown to be irreversible, however is not conclusively the method of cytotoxicity of the compound. Froscio <P> Toxicokinetics HCCPD absorption in the body occurs mostly through the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and skin. Overall the levels of HCCPD in blood were lower when administered through food compared to when inhalation was used. This may indicate a poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract due to binding to the gastrointestinal contents. When HCCPD is absorbed, it is distributed to the liver, kidney and lungs. The organ with the highest concentration differs when comparing rats and mice. The highest concentration in rats is found in the kidney versus in the liver of mice. Absorption The relevant absorption studies are done using <P> require a liver transplant. <P> but not by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. However the mechanism of action is not definitely known. Animal experiments revealed a relatively low acute toxicity: intravenous administration of 10-25 mg/kg triethylcholine iodide produced slight to moderate exercise intolerance, while 100 mg/kg caused death in rabbits after continuous exercise. However there was no full paralysis even at fatal doses. <P> (the pericardium) is significantly torn, or it may cause pericardial tamponade if the pericardium is not disrupted. In pericardial tamponade, blood escapes from the heart but is trapped within the pericardium, so pressure builds up between the pericardium and the heart, compressing the latter and interfering with its pumping. Fractures of the ribs commonly produce penetrating chest trauma when sharp bone ends pierce tissues. Abdomen Penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT) typically arises from stabbings, ballistic injuries (shootings), or industrial accidents. PAT can be life-threatening because abdominal organs, especially those in the retroperitoneal space, can bleed profusely, and the space | question: If someone was shot in the stomach, could their stomach acid leak out and damage other organs? context: <P> the risk of fatal poisoning. <P> and resulting electrolyte imbalances. The stomach (gastrotomy) or intestine (enterotomy) can be surgically opened to remove the foreign body. Necrotic intestine can be removed (enterectomy) and repaired with intestinal anastomosis. Foreign bodies can also be removed by endoscopy, which although requires general anesthesia does not require surgery and significantly decreases recovery time. However, endoscopic foreign body retrieval is anatomically limited to objects lodged in the esophagus, the stomach or the colon. The condition in cattle is known as hardware disease. <P> and allowed to heal without surgery. A third alternative is delayed primary closure, which involves bandaging and reevaluation and surgery in three to five days.
Wounds occurring in the udder and teats of cows are more difficult to repair, due to the difficult access and sensitivity of the organ, and because deep anaesthesia may not be applied to bovines. But some practitioners have acquired a great experience in dealing them. Foreign body removal A variety of non-edible objects are commonly swallowed by dogs, cats, and cattle. These foreign bodies can cause obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract causing severe vomiting <P> is also active when taken orally.
Signs of toxicity in calves, sheep, rats and mice, at low doses, included agitation, respiratory difficulty, and loss of motor control; symptoms appeared within 2–3 minutes of injection, and disappeared within 10 minutes. Doses large enough to produce collapse also caused an increase in heart and respiration rates, as well as tremor, with significant convulsions evident in mice and rats, but not in cattle or sheep. In cases where death seemed imminent, the poisoning in sheep could be counteracted by the i.v. administration of neostigmine and atropine, whereas poisoning in calves was reversed by <P> can hold a large volume of blood. If the pancreas is injured, it may be further injured by its own secretions, in a process called autodigestion. Injuries of the liver, common because of the size and location of the organ, present a serious risk for shock because the liver tissue is delicate and has a large blood supply and capacity. The intestines, taking a large part of the lower abdomen, are also at risk of perforation.
People with penetrating abdominal trauma may have signs of hypovolemic shock (insufficient blood in the circulatory system) and peritonitis (an inflammation of the peritoneum, <P> is lethal to the embryo. <P> expressed in brain. Toxicity Chlorotoxin immobilizes the envenomated prey. Duration of paralysis depends on the amount of chlorotoxin injected. In crayfish, chlorotoxin at 1.23-2.23 µg/g body wt produced a loss of motor control beginning about 20 seconds after injection which progressed to a rigid paralysis of the walking and pincer legs that was complete about forty seconds later. Within ±90 s of injection the tail musculature was immobilized. No recovery was noted for 6 hours, at which time the crayfish were destroyed. At 0.5 µg/g, chlorotoxin induced the same progressive paralysis with a slower onset. Recovery of crayfish was noted after 2 <P> is little threat of toxicity to children, pets, livestock or birds—including through secondary poisoning. <P> bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and thrombosis. Portal vein thrombosis and splenic vein thrombosis involve clotting of blood affects the hepatic portal vein or varices associated with splenic vein. This can lead to portal hypertension and reduction in blood flow. When a person with liver cirrhosis is suffering from thrombosis, it is not possible to perform a liver transplant, unless the thrombosis is very minor. In case of minor thrombosis, there are some chances of survival using cadaveric liver transplant. Diagnosis Routine complete blood count (CBC), basic metabolic profile, liver enzymes, and coagulation should be performed. Most experts recommend a diagnostic <P> attacking the duodenal mucosa to induce acute enteritis. Surprisingly, the adult flukes are regarded as commensals and non-pathogenic. However, they do cause the intestinal villi to erode and instil inflammation. Liver tissue are generally damaged extensively, indicated by swelling, haemorrhage, discolouration, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis. Paramphistomiasis is responsible for severe economic losses to milk, meat and wool production since the flukes take nutrients from their hosts, which leads to weight loss and physiological decline. Diagnosis and treatment Symptoms are usually visible on the behaviour of the host. Infected sheep and cattle become severely anorexic or digest food <P> removes the dye from the blood and excretes it into the bile. The iodine is sufficiently concentrated as it is secreted into the bile that it does not need to be further concentrated by the gallbladder to outline the bile ducts and any gallstones that may be there. The gallbladder is not always seen on an IVC, as the iodine-containing bile may bypass the gallbladder entirely and empty directly into the small intestine. Risks Occasional serious allergic reactions can occur to any iodine-containing dye. These reactions can usually be treated and rarely result in death. Indications The IVC is not <P> kidneys attempt to filter out poison, it damages the convoluted tubules and reenters the blood to recirculate and cause more damage. Initial symptoms after ingestion include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea which may last for six to nine hours. Beyond these symptoms, toxins severely affect the liver which results in gastrointestinal bleeding, a coma, kidney failure, or even death, usually within seven days of consumption.
Galerina marginata was shown in various studies to contain the amatoxins α-amanitin and γ-amanitin, first as G. venenata, then as G. marginata and G. autumnalis. The ability of the fungus to produce these toxins was confirmed by growing <P> mobster Santino Di Matteo's son Giuseppe's body was dissolved in acid, in 1996, after 779 days of being held hostage. <P> such as gastroenteritis may present several hours to days after the food was ingested. The contents of the emesis is a valuable clue towards determining the cause. Bits of fecal matter in the emesis indicate obstruction in the distal intestine or the colon. Emesis that is of a bilious nature (greenish in color) localizes the obstruction to a point past the stomach. Emesis of undigested food points to an obstruction prior to the gastric outlet, such as achalasia or Zenker's diverticulum. If patient experiences reduced abdominal pain after vomiting, then obstruction is a likely etiology. However, vomiting does not relieve <P> a sizable meal. Liver Victorian doctors believed that the liver experienced many complications while the body is tightlaced, becoming severed due to the location of the ribs as a result of the tightlacing, and that the liver would become enlarged or displaced. Another possibility was mechanical congestion, the result of the pressure placed on the inferior vena cava, thus obstructing the flow of blood. According to Dr. Tse-Ling Fong, liver cancer is often the result of this vein being blocked. The blocked vein is not able to filter out the bad blood in the liver resulting in a cancerous infection.
However, <P> accumulation within cells, and finally cell death. Examination of mice livers removed at autopsy showed that on intraperitoneal injection of CYN, after 16 hours ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) had detached, and at 24 hours, marked proliferation of the membrane systems of the smooth ER and Golgi apparatus had occurred. At 48 hours, small lipid droplets had accumulated in the cell bodies, and at 100 hours, hepatocytes in the hepatic lobules were destroyed beyond function.
The process of protein synthesis inhibition has been shown to be irreversible, however is not conclusively the method of cytotoxicity of the compound. Froscio <P> Toxicokinetics HCCPD absorption in the body occurs mostly through the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and skin. Overall the levels of HCCPD in blood were lower when administered through food compared to when inhalation was used. This may indicate a poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract due to binding to the gastrointestinal contents. When HCCPD is absorbed, it is distributed to the liver, kidney and lungs. The organ with the highest concentration differs when comparing rats and mice. The highest concentration in rats is found in the kidney versus in the liver of mice. Absorption The relevant absorption studies are done using <P> require a liver transplant. <P> but not by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. However the mechanism of action is not definitely known. Animal experiments revealed a relatively low acute toxicity: intravenous administration of 10-25 mg/kg triethylcholine iodide produced slight to moderate exercise intolerance, while 100 mg/kg caused death in rabbits after continuous exercise. However there was no full paralysis even at fatal doses. <P> (the pericardium) is significantly torn, or it may cause pericardial tamponade if the pericardium is not disrupted. In pericardial tamponade, blood escapes from the heart but is trapped within the pericardium, so pressure builds up between the pericardium and the heart, compressing the latter and interfering with its pumping. Fractures of the ribs commonly produce penetrating chest trauma when sharp bone ends pierce tissues. Abdomen Penetrating abdominal trauma (PAT) typically arises from stabbings, ballistic injuries (shootings), or industrial accidents. PAT can be life-threatening because abdominal organs, especially those in the retroperitoneal space, can bleed profusely, and the space | answer: Generally speaking a perforation in the lower bowel is a far more serious thing than a perforation to the stomach. This is because the fluid that leaks out of the colon contains bacteria which contaminate the usually sterile abdominal cavity. This causes a condition called faecal peritonitis, and can go on to septic shock, which has a mortality of around 35%. The mortality from a perforated gastric ulcer is far lower, and I am not aware that leaking gastric acid is an important cause of problems in this condition. |
83,087 | 1t0cgc | How long can a plant/animal fossil last? More specifically on Mars? | There are [stromatolite](_URL_0_) fossils on earth dating back 3.5 billion years. A stromatolite is basically a rock formed from sedimentation around an accumulating mat of cyanobacteria. Earth is rather more active geologically than Mars, so I think it's safe to say that if stromatolites were present 3 billion years ago on Mars, their fossils could still be there today. | [
"There are [stromatolite](_URL_0_) fossils on earth dating back 3.5 billion years. A stromatolite is basically a rock formed from sedimentation around an accumulating mat of cyanobacteria. Earth is rather more active geologically than Mars, so I think it's safe to say that if stromatolites were present 3 billio... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> biochar. While the pyrogases mostly condense into liquid bio-oil, which may be used as an energy source, biochar has been proposed as a tool for sequestering carbon in soil.
Once mixed into soil, biochar, which is less susceptible to remineralization into CO₂ and CH₄ than non-pyrogenic biomass, fragments into micro- and nano-particles which can be transported to deeper soil horizons, groundwater, or other compartments that further protect it from degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that pyrogenic carbon is stable over centennial timescales. <P> is not a stable constituent of the telomeric chromatin, but not necessarily unstable itself. Instead, the regulated control of TERRA displacement suggests a link between TERRA localization at the telomere and overall genome integrity. For example, in short telomeres with low TERRA expression, UPF1 and other SMG factors may work in concordance with DNA Polymerase δ to remove TERRA from the telomere during replication and alleviate fork stalling to allow for progression of replicative machinery. Additionally, replication fork stalling and SMG factor recruitment may also aid in telomerase localization to the telomeres where de novo repeats may be added to <P> Plastiglomerate could potentially form a marker horizon of human pollution on the geologic record. and may survive as future fossils. Plastiglomerate may also conceivably form in plastic-polluted regions affected by lava flows or forest fires. They have been found on the surface as well as beneath the sand. This suggests that plastiglomerates are being actively deposited into the sedimentary record. Some geophysicists and geologists speculate that plastiglomerates will not persist in the fossil record, however, or that they might "revert back to a source of oil from whence they came, given the right conditions of burial".
"In situ" plastiglomerate forms where <P> the next hundreds or thousands of years.
In billion-year timescales, it is predicted that plant, and therefore animal, life on land will die off altogether, since by that time most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere will be sequestered underground, and natural releases of CO
2 by radioactivity-driven tectonic activity will have continued to slow down. The loss of plant life would also result in the eventual loss of oxygen. Some microbes are capable of photosynthesis at concentrations of CO
2 of a few parts per million and so the last life forms would probably disappear finally due to the rising temperatures <P> rhodophytes and glaucophytes, which use floridean starch, and the green algae and plants (Chloroplastida), which use amylopectin and amylose. There is strong phylogenomic evidence that the Archaeplastida are monophyletic and originate from a single primary endosymbiosis event involving a heterotrophic eukaryote and a photosynthetic cyanobacterium.
Evidence indicates that both ancestors would have had established mechanisms for carbon storage. Based on review of the genetic complement of modern plastid genomes, the last common ancestor of the Archaeplastida is hypothesized to have possessed a cytosolic storage mechanism and to have lost most of the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium's corresponding genes. According to this hypothesis, the <P> have been found, the Clarkia fossil beds site is best known for its fossil leaves. Their preservation is exquisite; fresh leaves are unfossilized, and sometimes retain their fall colors before rapidly oxidizing in air. It has been reported that scientists have managed to isolate small amounts of ancient DNA from fossil leaves from this site. However, other scientists are skeptical of the validity of this reported occurrence of Miocene DNA. They have interpreted the DNA that has been recovered from these leaf fossils as contamination, probably from bacterial sources. <P> Sesbania Fossil record Fossil seed pods from upper Oligocene resembling Sesbania have been found in the Hungarian locality of Eger Wind-brickyard. The fossil species grew in a swampy and riparian environment. <P> Florissantia Fossils The plant is known from compression fossils of its flowers, fruits, and pollen.
Fossilized remains have been found in several localities, including fossil beds in British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, and Colorado. <P> apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals. Plants About 298 million years ago Permian forests started to cover the continent, and tundra vegetation survived as late as 15 million years ago, but the climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, <P> for adding species-dependent tandem repeat sequences (TTAGGG in humans) to the ends of telomeres. These telomeric repeats function to protect the ends of the chromosome from DNA damage or end-to-end fusion with adjacent chromosomes. Since evidence has also shown that TERRA expression is regulated in a telomere-length-dependent manner, it is believed that TERRA may play an important role along with telomerase to modulate the length of telomere repeats on chromosome ends. Generally speaking, cells with long telomeres exhibit greater TERRA expression while short telomeres have relatively lower TERRA expression. At the same time, telomerase activity is known to be at <P> qualitative variation between high productivity/high biomass/high export regimes and low productivity/low biomass/low export regimes.
In addition, a further process that potentially complicates the use of the f-ratio to estimate "new" and "regenerated" production is dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). In low oxygen environments, such as oxygen minimum zones and seafloor sediments, chemoorganoheterotrophic microbes use nitrate as an electron acceptor for respiration, reducing it to nitrite, then to ammonium. Since, like nitrification, DNRA alters the balance in the availability of nitrate and ammonium, it has the potential to introduce inaccuracy to the calculated f-ratio. However, as DNRA's occurrence is limited to <P> and viable seeds. The study demonstrated that tissue can survive ice preservation for tens of thousands of years. A 2016 outbreak of anthrax in the Yamal Peninsula is believed to be due to thawing permafrost. <P> naturally renewed in each generation of plants, rather than being released from fossil stores and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. <P> balance of 120 GtC/yr contracted from the atmosphere by terrestrial plant photosynthesis reduced by 60 GtC/yr of plant respiration. An equivalent 60 GtC/yr is respired from soil, joining the 60G tC/yr plant respiration to return to the atmosphere. Organic carbon Soil organic carbon is divided between living soil biota and dead biotic material derived from biomass. Together these comprise the soil food web, with the living component sustained by the biotic material component. Soil biota includes earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and different arthropods.
Detritus resulting from plant senescence is the major source of soil organic carbon. Plant materials, with <P> extreme climatic requirements, gelisol fossils are confined to the few periods of extensive continental glaciation - the earliest being 900 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic. However, in these periods fossil gelisols are generally abundant, notable finds coming from the Carboniferous in New South Wales.
The earliest land vegetation is found in Early Silurian entisols and inceptisols, and with the growth of land vegetation under a protective ozone layer several new soil orders emerged. The first, histosols, emerged in the Devonian but are rare as fossils because most of their mass consists of organic materials that tend to decay quickly. Alfisols <P> appear in the fossil record as follows: <P> with observed decreases in TERRA expression. Concurrently, epigenetic changes that result in chromatin becoming more euchromatic or "open" in nature correlates with increased TERRA expression. Listed above are factors shown to contribute to modulating TERRA expression, but this is by no means an exhaustive list. Regulation of Telomere Length TERRA has been shown to exist exclusively within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it specifically associates with the ends of chromosomes at the telomere. While TERRA has not been shown to be an essential or permanent component of telomere chromatin, it is believed that TERRA's primary function is to transiently <P> controlled degradation of proteins increase, together with others involved in the formation of cytosolic sequestering vesicles used for degradation and recycling of cellular components.
The machinery of gene expression of chloroplast and mitochondrion is down regulated in Nannochloropsis in response to nitrogen depletion.
Corteggiani Carpinelli and coworkers (2013) report a complete analysis of the gene expression of Nannochloropsis cultures grown in normal conditions and nitrogen deprivation for 3 days and 6 days. Data on similar conditions were also collected by Radakovits et al. (2012) and Vieler et al. (2012). The all of this data show that genes involved in fatty acid and <P> 2011 accident. Evidence exists to suggest that the wild German and Ukrainian boar population are in a unique location were they have subsisted on a diet high in plant or fungi sources that biomagnifies or concentrates radiocaesium, with the most well known food source the consumption of the outer shell or wall of the "deer-truffle" elaphomyces which, along with magnifying radiocaesium, also magnifies or concentrates natural soil concentrations of arsenic.
In 2015, long-term empirical data showed no evidence of a negative influence of radiation on mammal abundance.
When clouds arrive at mountain ranges, the thermal air rises over the hotter land, causing <P> layer and also below overhanging rock. S-4-9, badger and deer skulls in gray ash. Age Rancholabrean (late Pleistocene) and Holocene. One date on sloth dung (Van Devender and Spaulding 1979) of 11,330 ± 370 BP (Before Present). Material has continued to accumulate up to the present. Thompson et al. (1980) list three dates for sloth dung, including that above; the others are 12,330 ± 190 and 12,430 ± 250. They also list dates on desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) scutes and bone (11,280 to 12,520) and dates for middens of packrats in the shelter (11,850 to 31,250). Comments Fosberg (1936) | question: How long can a plant/animal fossil last? More specifically on Mars? context: <P> biochar. While the pyrogases mostly condense into liquid bio-oil, which may be used as an energy source, biochar has been proposed as a tool for sequestering carbon in soil.
Once mixed into soil, biochar, which is less susceptible to remineralization into CO₂ and CH₄ than non-pyrogenic biomass, fragments into micro- and nano-particles which can be transported to deeper soil horizons, groundwater, or other compartments that further protect it from degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that pyrogenic carbon is stable over centennial timescales. <P> is not a stable constituent of the telomeric chromatin, but not necessarily unstable itself. Instead, the regulated control of TERRA displacement suggests a link between TERRA localization at the telomere and overall genome integrity. For example, in short telomeres with low TERRA expression, UPF1 and other SMG factors may work in concordance with DNA Polymerase δ to remove TERRA from the telomere during replication and alleviate fork stalling to allow for progression of replicative machinery. Additionally, replication fork stalling and SMG factor recruitment may also aid in telomerase localization to the telomeres where de novo repeats may be added to <P> Plastiglomerate could potentially form a marker horizon of human pollution on the geologic record. and may survive as future fossils. Plastiglomerate may also conceivably form in plastic-polluted regions affected by lava flows or forest fires. They have been found on the surface as well as beneath the sand. This suggests that plastiglomerates are being actively deposited into the sedimentary record. Some geophysicists and geologists speculate that plastiglomerates will not persist in the fossil record, however, or that they might "revert back to a source of oil from whence they came, given the right conditions of burial".
"In situ" plastiglomerate forms where <P> the next hundreds or thousands of years.
In billion-year timescales, it is predicted that plant, and therefore animal, life on land will die off altogether, since by that time most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere will be sequestered underground, and natural releases of CO
2 by radioactivity-driven tectonic activity will have continued to slow down. The loss of plant life would also result in the eventual loss of oxygen. Some microbes are capable of photosynthesis at concentrations of CO
2 of a few parts per million and so the last life forms would probably disappear finally due to the rising temperatures <P> rhodophytes and glaucophytes, which use floridean starch, and the green algae and plants (Chloroplastida), which use amylopectin and amylose. There is strong phylogenomic evidence that the Archaeplastida are monophyletic and originate from a single primary endosymbiosis event involving a heterotrophic eukaryote and a photosynthetic cyanobacterium.
Evidence indicates that both ancestors would have had established mechanisms for carbon storage. Based on review of the genetic complement of modern plastid genomes, the last common ancestor of the Archaeplastida is hypothesized to have possessed a cytosolic storage mechanism and to have lost most of the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium's corresponding genes. According to this hypothesis, the <P> have been found, the Clarkia fossil beds site is best known for its fossil leaves. Their preservation is exquisite; fresh leaves are unfossilized, and sometimes retain their fall colors before rapidly oxidizing in air. It has been reported that scientists have managed to isolate small amounts of ancient DNA from fossil leaves from this site. However, other scientists are skeptical of the validity of this reported occurrence of Miocene DNA. They have interpreted the DNA that has been recovered from these leaf fossils as contamination, probably from bacterial sources. <P> Sesbania Fossil record Fossil seed pods from upper Oligocene resembling Sesbania have been found in the Hungarian locality of Eger Wind-brickyard. The fossil species grew in a swampy and riparian environment. <P> Florissantia Fossils The plant is known from compression fossils of its flowers, fruits, and pollen.
Fossilized remains have been found in several localities, including fossil beds in British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, and Colorado. <P> apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals. Plants About 298 million years ago Permian forests started to cover the continent, and tundra vegetation survived as late as 15 million years ago, but the climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, <P> for adding species-dependent tandem repeat sequences (TTAGGG in humans) to the ends of telomeres. These telomeric repeats function to protect the ends of the chromosome from DNA damage or end-to-end fusion with adjacent chromosomes. Since evidence has also shown that TERRA expression is regulated in a telomere-length-dependent manner, it is believed that TERRA may play an important role along with telomerase to modulate the length of telomere repeats on chromosome ends. Generally speaking, cells with long telomeres exhibit greater TERRA expression while short telomeres have relatively lower TERRA expression. At the same time, telomerase activity is known to be at <P> qualitative variation between high productivity/high biomass/high export regimes and low productivity/low biomass/low export regimes.
In addition, a further process that potentially complicates the use of the f-ratio to estimate "new" and "regenerated" production is dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). In low oxygen environments, such as oxygen minimum zones and seafloor sediments, chemoorganoheterotrophic microbes use nitrate as an electron acceptor for respiration, reducing it to nitrite, then to ammonium. Since, like nitrification, DNRA alters the balance in the availability of nitrate and ammonium, it has the potential to introduce inaccuracy to the calculated f-ratio. However, as DNRA's occurrence is limited to <P> and viable seeds. The study demonstrated that tissue can survive ice preservation for tens of thousands of years. A 2016 outbreak of anthrax in the Yamal Peninsula is believed to be due to thawing permafrost. <P> naturally renewed in each generation of plants, rather than being released from fossil stores and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. <P> balance of 120 GtC/yr contracted from the atmosphere by terrestrial plant photosynthesis reduced by 60 GtC/yr of plant respiration. An equivalent 60 GtC/yr is respired from soil, joining the 60G tC/yr plant respiration to return to the atmosphere. Organic carbon Soil organic carbon is divided between living soil biota and dead biotic material derived from biomass. Together these comprise the soil food web, with the living component sustained by the biotic material component. Soil biota includes earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and different arthropods.
Detritus resulting from plant senescence is the major source of soil organic carbon. Plant materials, with <P> extreme climatic requirements, gelisol fossils are confined to the few periods of extensive continental glaciation - the earliest being 900 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic. However, in these periods fossil gelisols are generally abundant, notable finds coming from the Carboniferous in New South Wales.
The earliest land vegetation is found in Early Silurian entisols and inceptisols, and with the growth of land vegetation under a protective ozone layer several new soil orders emerged. The first, histosols, emerged in the Devonian but are rare as fossils because most of their mass consists of organic materials that tend to decay quickly. Alfisols <P> appear in the fossil record as follows: <P> with observed decreases in TERRA expression. Concurrently, epigenetic changes that result in chromatin becoming more euchromatic or "open" in nature correlates with increased TERRA expression. Listed above are factors shown to contribute to modulating TERRA expression, but this is by no means an exhaustive list. Regulation of Telomere Length TERRA has been shown to exist exclusively within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it specifically associates with the ends of chromosomes at the telomere. While TERRA has not been shown to be an essential or permanent component of telomere chromatin, it is believed that TERRA's primary function is to transiently <P> controlled degradation of proteins increase, together with others involved in the formation of cytosolic sequestering vesicles used for degradation and recycling of cellular components.
The machinery of gene expression of chloroplast and mitochondrion is down regulated in Nannochloropsis in response to nitrogen depletion.
Corteggiani Carpinelli and coworkers (2013) report a complete analysis of the gene expression of Nannochloropsis cultures grown in normal conditions and nitrogen deprivation for 3 days and 6 days. Data on similar conditions were also collected by Radakovits et al. (2012) and Vieler et al. (2012). The all of this data show that genes involved in fatty acid and <P> 2011 accident. Evidence exists to suggest that the wild German and Ukrainian boar population are in a unique location were they have subsisted on a diet high in plant or fungi sources that biomagnifies or concentrates radiocaesium, with the most well known food source the consumption of the outer shell or wall of the "deer-truffle" elaphomyces which, along with magnifying radiocaesium, also magnifies or concentrates natural soil concentrations of arsenic.
In 2015, long-term empirical data showed no evidence of a negative influence of radiation on mammal abundance.
When clouds arrive at mountain ranges, the thermal air rises over the hotter land, causing <P> layer and also below overhanging rock. S-4-9, badger and deer skulls in gray ash. Age Rancholabrean (late Pleistocene) and Holocene. One date on sloth dung (Van Devender and Spaulding 1979) of 11,330 ± 370 BP (Before Present). Material has continued to accumulate up to the present. Thompson et al. (1980) list three dates for sloth dung, including that above; the others are 12,330 ± 190 and 12,430 ± 250. They also list dates on desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) scutes and bone (11,280 to 12,520) and dates for middens of packrats in the shelter (11,850 to 31,250). Comments Fosberg (1936) | answer: There are [stromatolite](_URL_0_) fossils on earth dating back 3.5 billion years. A stromatolite is basically a rock formed from sedimentation around an accumulating mat of cyanobacteria. Earth is rather more active geologically than Mars, so I think it's safe to say that if stromatolites were present 3 billion years ago on Mars, their fossils could still be there today. |
58,483 | 8zj497 | are arthropods cold-blooded? | Like fish and reptiles, arthropods are unable to regulate their body temperature. However they don't exactly have "blood", so describing them as "cold-blooded" may be a little off. | [
"Arthropods are cold blooded -- which means, their body temperature depends on the temperature of the environment surrounding them. Arthropods are some of the most interesting animals in the world! They fly, they creep, and they crawl.",
"Like fish and reptiles, arthropods are unable to regulate their body temper... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> been useless as thermoregulatory devices. The large sail of Dimetrodon is thought to have developed gradually from these smaller crests, meaning that over most of the sail's evolutionary history, thermoregulation could not have served an important function.
Larger bodied specimens of Dimetrodon have larger sails relative to their size, an example of positive allometry. Positive allometry may benefit thermoregulation because it means that, as individuals get larger, surface area increases faster than mass. Larger-bodied animals generate a great deal of heat through metabolism, and the amount of heat that must be dissipated from the body surface is significantly greater than what <P> must be dissipated by smaller-bodied animals. Effective heat dissipation can be predicted across many different animals with a single relationship between mass and surface area. However, a 2010 study of allometry in Dimetrodon found a different relationship between its sail and body mass: the actual scaling exponent of the sail was much larger than the exponent expected in an animal adapted to heat dissipation. The researchers concluded that the sail of Dimetrodon grew at a much faster rate than was necessary for thermoregulation, and suggested that sexual selection was the primary reason for its evolution. Sexual selection The allometric exponent <P> temperatures and lower latitudes. The optimal temperature range of most species in the family is 28ᵒC(82ᵒF) to 32ᵒC(90ᵒF), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of this optimum range. Increases in temperature outside the optimal range for centrarchids can have negative effects, such as speeding up reproductive maturity or increasing mortality after the first reproductive event. The lethal temperature range varies widely in the family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1.7ᵒC(35ᵒF) or as high as 41ᵒC(106ᵒF). Reproduction Centrarchids generally spawn in the spring, and juveniles emerge in the <P> shape, which would eventually develop into the warm-bloodedness of mammals.
Recent studies on the sail of Dimetrodon and other sphenacodontids support Haack's 1986 contention that the sail was poorly adapted to releasing heat and maintaining a stable body temperature. The presence of sails in small-bodied species of Dimetrodon such as D. milleri and D. teutonis does not fit the idea that the sail's purpose was thermoregulation because smaller sails are less able to transfer heat and because small bodies can absorb and release heat easily on their own. Moreover, close relatives of Dimetrodon such as Sphenacodon have very low crests that would have <P> molts will caterpillars undergo. On the other hand, temperature is demonstrated to affect the development rates of a number of hymenopterans without affecting numbers of instars or larval morphology, as observed in the ensign wasp and in the red imported fire ant. In fact the number of larval instars in ants has been the subject of a number of recent investigations, and no instances of temperature-related variation in numbers of instars have yet been recorded. <P> aquatic phase. Since water has a heat capacity 3500 times greater and a thermal conductance 23 times greater than air, small ectotherms such as the Italian crested newt are likelier to have a more variable body temperature than strictly terrestrial organisms. Many ectotherms possess the ability to reversibly alter their preferred body temperature based upon the seasonal changes the newt experiences, which means that their optimal thermal range is quite wide. They respond to variance in temperature by employing either behavioural or physiological changes. Some changes in body temperature are unavoidable, however, depending on how much solar radiation is <P> and even dominant parts of the planktonic biomass.
The phylum has about 150 known species with a wide range of body forms. Sizes range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). Cydippids are egg-shaped with their cilia arranged in eight radial comb rows, and deploy retractable tentacles for capturing prey. The benthic platyctenids are generally combless and flat. The coastal beroids have gaping mouths and lack tentacles. Most adult ctenophores prey on microscopic larvae and rotifers and small crustaceans but beroids prey on other ctenophores.
Early writers combined ctenophores with cnidarians. Ctenophores resemble cnidarians in relying on water flow <P> sources to regulate their body temperature, and unlike homeotherms do not actively maintain a constant internal body temperature. The main organ involved in amphibians’ heat loss and gain from the environment is their skin (Shoemaker, VH). Newts keep their integument permanently moist, and transitioning between terrestrial and aquatic habitats with such a good conductor of heat allows them to maintain consistent metabolism in a variety of ambient temperatures. In one particular field study, it was found that water at the edge of a pond varied by as much as 6.5 °C in one day. Regulation of metabolism related to temperature regulation <P> however, there is much variation from species to species and is a direct result of each species’ activity patterns and behaviours (Navas et al., 2007). Amphibians have a range of temperatures in which their locomotive performance and metabolism is optimal, as well as an ability to adjust their performance-to-temperature curve in response to a wide variety of atmospheric thermal environments (Navas et al., 2007).
Like homeotherms, poikilotherms and ectotherms usually exhibit a thermal preference, although not quite in the same way. Many fundamental aspects of thermal biology in amphibians and anurans are poorly known or biased towards a few species, although <P> T. carnifex, there will be a large variation in the temperature of their surrounding environments. This means that it is necessary to use mainly behavioral mechanisms to survive in the changing temperature of their environments.
The Italian crested newt can be classified as ectotherms due to their inability to internally regulate their temperature. The body temperature of T. carnifex is dependent on the temperature of the external environment. Because of this, they can be said to lack the mechanisms necessary for physiological regulation of temperature, and must instead rely on behavioral thermoregulation. An example of this is the selection of microenvironments <P> Micropterus) generally feed in more open areas known as the limnetic zone. Centrarchids diet consists of macro-invertebrates (e.g. insects, snails and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat. Thermal Tolerance In freshwater systems, water temperature is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors. As in other ectotherms, many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment. All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered warmwater adapted species. In general, warmwater adapted species are characterized as being larger at higher <P> and other organisms. They are primarily omnivorous detritivores, but can adapt to other feeding methods depending on food availability. They are preyed upon by fish, crabs, and several other predators.
C. mutica are generally found in temperate and subarctic regions. They can not tolerate water temperatures higher than 28.3 °C (82.9 °F). They also die within five minutes if exposed to water temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F). On the lower end, they can survive temperatures lower than −1.9 °C (28.6 °F), but are rendered immobile if not altogether in a state of suspended animation. Salinity tolerance of C. mutica does not go below 15 psu, and they are <P> the evolution of warm-bloodedness in mammal ancestors. They thought that the sail of Dimetrodon enabled it to be homeothermic, maintaining a constant, albeit low, body temperature. Mammals are also homeothermic, although they differ from Dimetrodon in being endothermic, controlling their body temperature internally through heightened metabolism. Turner and Tracy noted that early therapsids, a more advanced group of synapsids closely related to mammals, had long limbs which can release heat in a manner similar to that of the sail of Dimetrodon. The homeothermy that developed in animals like Dimetrodon may have carried over to therapsids through a modification of body <P> external protein, known as a lyase. Jellyfish- and coral-derived GFP-like proteins require oxygen and produce a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide upon chromophore formation. smURFP does not require oxygen or produce hydrogen peroxide and uses the chromophore, bliverdin. smURFP has a large extinction coefficient (180,000 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) and has a modest quantum yield (0.20), which makes it comparable biophysical brightness to eGFP and ~2-fold brighter than most red or far-red fluorescent proteins derived from coral. smURFP spectral properties are similar to the organic dye Cy5.
A review of new classes of fluorescent proteins and applications can be found in Trends in <P> high amounts of environmental stress by initiating cryptobiosis. During this state, the internal organic clock of M. tardigradum halts, thus the cryptobiotic state does not contribute to the aging process. Nutrition M. tardigradum is an omnivorous predator. It typically feeds on other small organisms such as algae, rotifers, and nematodes. Cases also have been recorded of M. tardigradum feeding on other smaller tardigrades. Evolution M. tardigradum has been phylogenetically linked to arthropods. Although the extent of the relationship is still debated, evidence suggests that tardigrades and arthropods have a close evolutionary history. Habitat The biogeographical distribution of <P> mating and ultimately death usually does not exceed one year. One adaptation that has allowed F. grandis to survive so efficiently is the versatile nature of their eggs. The eggs not only protect the developing embryo, but also prevents them from drying out and hindering the development of the inlaid fish. The egg's shell is sensitive to dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide present within the water that can initiate hatching. This internal form of evolution is compromised when anthropomorphic effects disrupt the aquatic ecology in which they are laid.
Such biochemical effects may result from the presence of oil or oil <P> can be sustained only by feeding on water-rich xylem sap. At lower temperatures, feeding cicadas would normally need to excrete the excess water. By evaporative cooling, desert cicadas can reduce their bodily temperature by some 5 °C. Some non-desert cicada species such as Magicicada tredecem also cool themselves evaporatively, but less dramatically. Conversely, many other cicadas can voluntarily raise their body temperatures as much as 22 °C (40 °F) above ambient temperature. Lifecycle In some species of cicada, the males remain in one location and call to attract females. Sometimes several males aggregate and call in chorus. In other species, the males move <P> are born. Spleen size can increase as the temperature declines for adults – in larvae, there is no dramatic change in spleen size. This difference is attributed to the improbability of a larvae newt ending up in a hypoxic environment primarily due to gill movement. The spleen plays a large role in this adaptation; 50% of the blood is redirected into the spleen when the conditions in their habitat are well oxygenated. When the large stores of erythrocytes dips below necessary, the spleen of T. carnifex will release red blood cells into the blood stream, which is caused by hypoxia <P> produce esters, and species of Elateridae produce fatty-acid-derived aldehydes and acetates. For means of finding a mate also, fireflies (Lampyridae) utilized modified fat body cells with transparent surfaces backed with reflective uric acid crystals to biosynthetically produce light, or bioluminescence. The light produce is highly efficient, as it is produced by oxidation of luciferin by the enzymes luciferase in the presence of ATP (adenosine triphospate) and oxygen, producing oxyluciferin, carbon dioxide, and light.
A notable number of species have developed special glands that produce chemicals for deterring predators (see Defense and predation). The Ground beetle's (of Carabidae) defensive glands, located at <P> Pliny the Elder in Historia Naturalis (77 AD), using the name "pulmo marinus", and now considered to refer to P. noctiluca. Life cycle and reproduction P. noctiluca is adapted to a pelagic, open-sea mode of life. Whereas most jellyfish, including the other species in the family Pelagiidae, have a life cycle with both the free-swimming stages (planula, ephyra and medusa) and a bottom-living polyp stage, P. noctiluca has adapted in such a way that the polyp stage is absent. P. noctiluca reproduces sexually with the male and female spawning respectively sperm and eggs into the sea during daylight | question: are arthropods cold-blooded? context: <P> been useless as thermoregulatory devices. The large sail of Dimetrodon is thought to have developed gradually from these smaller crests, meaning that over most of the sail's evolutionary history, thermoregulation could not have served an important function.
Larger bodied specimens of Dimetrodon have larger sails relative to their size, an example of positive allometry. Positive allometry may benefit thermoregulation because it means that, as individuals get larger, surface area increases faster than mass. Larger-bodied animals generate a great deal of heat through metabolism, and the amount of heat that must be dissipated from the body surface is significantly greater than what <P> must be dissipated by smaller-bodied animals. Effective heat dissipation can be predicted across many different animals with a single relationship between mass and surface area. However, a 2010 study of allometry in Dimetrodon found a different relationship between its sail and body mass: the actual scaling exponent of the sail was much larger than the exponent expected in an animal adapted to heat dissipation. The researchers concluded that the sail of Dimetrodon grew at a much faster rate than was necessary for thermoregulation, and suggested that sexual selection was the primary reason for its evolution. Sexual selection The allometric exponent <P> temperatures and lower latitudes. The optimal temperature range of most species in the family is 28ᵒC(82ᵒF) to 32ᵒC(90ᵒF), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of this optimum range. Increases in temperature outside the optimal range for centrarchids can have negative effects, such as speeding up reproductive maturity or increasing mortality after the first reproductive event. The lethal temperature range varies widely in the family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1.7ᵒC(35ᵒF) or as high as 41ᵒC(106ᵒF). Reproduction Centrarchids generally spawn in the spring, and juveniles emerge in the <P> shape, which would eventually develop into the warm-bloodedness of mammals.
Recent studies on the sail of Dimetrodon and other sphenacodontids support Haack's 1986 contention that the sail was poorly adapted to releasing heat and maintaining a stable body temperature. The presence of sails in small-bodied species of Dimetrodon such as D. milleri and D. teutonis does not fit the idea that the sail's purpose was thermoregulation because smaller sails are less able to transfer heat and because small bodies can absorb and release heat easily on their own. Moreover, close relatives of Dimetrodon such as Sphenacodon have very low crests that would have <P> molts will caterpillars undergo. On the other hand, temperature is demonstrated to affect the development rates of a number of hymenopterans without affecting numbers of instars or larval morphology, as observed in the ensign wasp and in the red imported fire ant. In fact the number of larval instars in ants has been the subject of a number of recent investigations, and no instances of temperature-related variation in numbers of instars have yet been recorded. <P> aquatic phase. Since water has a heat capacity 3500 times greater and a thermal conductance 23 times greater than air, small ectotherms such as the Italian crested newt are likelier to have a more variable body temperature than strictly terrestrial organisms. Many ectotherms possess the ability to reversibly alter their preferred body temperature based upon the seasonal changes the newt experiences, which means that their optimal thermal range is quite wide. They respond to variance in temperature by employing either behavioural or physiological changes. Some changes in body temperature are unavoidable, however, depending on how much solar radiation is <P> and even dominant parts of the planktonic biomass.
The phylum has about 150 known species with a wide range of body forms. Sizes range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). Cydippids are egg-shaped with their cilia arranged in eight radial comb rows, and deploy retractable tentacles for capturing prey. The benthic platyctenids are generally combless and flat. The coastal beroids have gaping mouths and lack tentacles. Most adult ctenophores prey on microscopic larvae and rotifers and small crustaceans but beroids prey on other ctenophores.
Early writers combined ctenophores with cnidarians. Ctenophores resemble cnidarians in relying on water flow <P> sources to regulate their body temperature, and unlike homeotherms do not actively maintain a constant internal body temperature. The main organ involved in amphibians’ heat loss and gain from the environment is their skin (Shoemaker, VH). Newts keep their integument permanently moist, and transitioning between terrestrial and aquatic habitats with such a good conductor of heat allows them to maintain consistent metabolism in a variety of ambient temperatures. In one particular field study, it was found that water at the edge of a pond varied by as much as 6.5 °C in one day. Regulation of metabolism related to temperature regulation <P> however, there is much variation from species to species and is a direct result of each species’ activity patterns and behaviours (Navas et al., 2007). Amphibians have a range of temperatures in which their locomotive performance and metabolism is optimal, as well as an ability to adjust their performance-to-temperature curve in response to a wide variety of atmospheric thermal environments (Navas et al., 2007).
Like homeotherms, poikilotherms and ectotherms usually exhibit a thermal preference, although not quite in the same way. Many fundamental aspects of thermal biology in amphibians and anurans are poorly known or biased towards a few species, although <P> T. carnifex, there will be a large variation in the temperature of their surrounding environments. This means that it is necessary to use mainly behavioral mechanisms to survive in the changing temperature of their environments.
The Italian crested newt can be classified as ectotherms due to their inability to internally regulate their temperature. The body temperature of T. carnifex is dependent on the temperature of the external environment. Because of this, they can be said to lack the mechanisms necessary for physiological regulation of temperature, and must instead rely on behavioral thermoregulation. An example of this is the selection of microenvironments <P> Micropterus) generally feed in more open areas known as the limnetic zone. Centrarchids diet consists of macro-invertebrates (e.g. insects, snails and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat. Thermal Tolerance In freshwater systems, water temperature is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors. As in other ectotherms, many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment. All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered warmwater adapted species. In general, warmwater adapted species are characterized as being larger at higher <P> and other organisms. They are primarily omnivorous detritivores, but can adapt to other feeding methods depending on food availability. They are preyed upon by fish, crabs, and several other predators.
C. mutica are generally found in temperate and subarctic regions. They can not tolerate water temperatures higher than 28.3 °C (82.9 °F). They also die within five minutes if exposed to water temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F). On the lower end, they can survive temperatures lower than −1.9 °C (28.6 °F), but are rendered immobile if not altogether in a state of suspended animation. Salinity tolerance of C. mutica does not go below 15 psu, and they are <P> the evolution of warm-bloodedness in mammal ancestors. They thought that the sail of Dimetrodon enabled it to be homeothermic, maintaining a constant, albeit low, body temperature. Mammals are also homeothermic, although they differ from Dimetrodon in being endothermic, controlling their body temperature internally through heightened metabolism. Turner and Tracy noted that early therapsids, a more advanced group of synapsids closely related to mammals, had long limbs which can release heat in a manner similar to that of the sail of Dimetrodon. The homeothermy that developed in animals like Dimetrodon may have carried over to therapsids through a modification of body <P> external protein, known as a lyase. Jellyfish- and coral-derived GFP-like proteins require oxygen and produce a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide upon chromophore formation. smURFP does not require oxygen or produce hydrogen peroxide and uses the chromophore, bliverdin. smURFP has a large extinction coefficient (180,000 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) and has a modest quantum yield (0.20), which makes it comparable biophysical brightness to eGFP and ~2-fold brighter than most red or far-red fluorescent proteins derived from coral. smURFP spectral properties are similar to the organic dye Cy5.
A review of new classes of fluorescent proteins and applications can be found in Trends in <P> high amounts of environmental stress by initiating cryptobiosis. During this state, the internal organic clock of M. tardigradum halts, thus the cryptobiotic state does not contribute to the aging process. Nutrition M. tardigradum is an omnivorous predator. It typically feeds on other small organisms such as algae, rotifers, and nematodes. Cases also have been recorded of M. tardigradum feeding on other smaller tardigrades. Evolution M. tardigradum has been phylogenetically linked to arthropods. Although the extent of the relationship is still debated, evidence suggests that tardigrades and arthropods have a close evolutionary history. Habitat The biogeographical distribution of <P> mating and ultimately death usually does not exceed one year. One adaptation that has allowed F. grandis to survive so efficiently is the versatile nature of their eggs. The eggs not only protect the developing embryo, but also prevents them from drying out and hindering the development of the inlaid fish. The egg's shell is sensitive to dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide present within the water that can initiate hatching. This internal form of evolution is compromised when anthropomorphic effects disrupt the aquatic ecology in which they are laid.
Such biochemical effects may result from the presence of oil or oil <P> can be sustained only by feeding on water-rich xylem sap. At lower temperatures, feeding cicadas would normally need to excrete the excess water. By evaporative cooling, desert cicadas can reduce their bodily temperature by some 5 °C. Some non-desert cicada species such as Magicicada tredecem also cool themselves evaporatively, but less dramatically. Conversely, many other cicadas can voluntarily raise their body temperatures as much as 22 °C (40 °F) above ambient temperature. Lifecycle In some species of cicada, the males remain in one location and call to attract females. Sometimes several males aggregate and call in chorus. In other species, the males move <P> are born. Spleen size can increase as the temperature declines for adults – in larvae, there is no dramatic change in spleen size. This difference is attributed to the improbability of a larvae newt ending up in a hypoxic environment primarily due to gill movement. The spleen plays a large role in this adaptation; 50% of the blood is redirected into the spleen when the conditions in their habitat are well oxygenated. When the large stores of erythrocytes dips below necessary, the spleen of T. carnifex will release red blood cells into the blood stream, which is caused by hypoxia <P> produce esters, and species of Elateridae produce fatty-acid-derived aldehydes and acetates. For means of finding a mate also, fireflies (Lampyridae) utilized modified fat body cells with transparent surfaces backed with reflective uric acid crystals to biosynthetically produce light, or bioluminescence. The light produce is highly efficient, as it is produced by oxidation of luciferin by the enzymes luciferase in the presence of ATP (adenosine triphospate) and oxygen, producing oxyluciferin, carbon dioxide, and light.
A notable number of species have developed special glands that produce chemicals for deterring predators (see Defense and predation). The Ground beetle's (of Carabidae) defensive glands, located at <P> Pliny the Elder in Historia Naturalis (77 AD), using the name "pulmo marinus", and now considered to refer to P. noctiluca. Life cycle and reproduction P. noctiluca is adapted to a pelagic, open-sea mode of life. Whereas most jellyfish, including the other species in the family Pelagiidae, have a life cycle with both the free-swimming stages (planula, ephyra and medusa) and a bottom-living polyp stage, P. noctiluca has adapted in such a way that the polyp stage is absent. P. noctiluca reproduces sexually with the male and female spawning respectively sperm and eggs into the sea during daylight | answer: Like fish and reptiles, arthropods are unable to regulate their body temperature. However they don't exactly have "blood", so describing them as "cold-blooded" may be a little off. |
141,149 | 1p4bug | How would you ground electronics in the space station? | There is a defined 'ground' on any spacecraft. Normally you use the main structure, but it can be different. Obviously this ground will not be at 0V compared to the actual ground (which isn't chargeless anyway), but as long as everything is coupled to the same 'ground', it's fine, since voltages are potential *differences* anyway.EDIT: Since this appears to have exploded a little, I thought I would add some detail (though I don't have access to my old textbook at the minute). Each subsystem in the spacecraft will have its own ground plane. These ground planes are in general all tied together, but not necessarily. Excess charge in one system can ruin other systems and often systems are shielded from each other in very complicated ways. This is one reason that space components are so much more expensive than standard electronics - even wires in close proximity to ground planes can cause interference that could completely ruin other systems (CCDs in particular are very sensitive to interference).As others have pointed out, charging effects on spacecraft can be severe. The space environment is *not* nice to electronics (another reason they're so expensive, they need to be radiation hardened). There are all kinds of charging mechanisms, that affect the surface and interior of the spacecraft, sometimes in different ways depending even on its orientation. All this stuff means that designing spacecraft electronics is NOT EASY.More in depth article here: _URL_1_And in depth discussion of s/c electronics design [here](_URL_0_) though unfortunately only a few pages are there. If you're really interested, get the book. It's awesome.EDITEDIT: Since some kind person thought I deserved gold for this, I thought I'd add even more detail now I've found my textbook.There are essentially two grounding scheme for spacecraft, single- and multi-point (or additionally, a hybrid of both). A spacecraft will have many subsystems, which will all produce or require either direct or alternating current at different levels. Simply linking these subsystems by a cable is not a guarantee that they are at the same P.D., since all connections have a finite resistance. In an ideal situation, you separate all different paths for signals (AC) and power (DC) so that there's no interference between the two.In a single point grounding scheme, there is a single defined point (the power bus return) that is bonding electrically to the spacecraft structure (i.e. the reference ground). The physical location of this point makes a large difference to the capability of the grounding. In this case the grounding harness (the thing that connects all the subsystems to the ground point) is going to be quite large and therefore heavy, which is obviously bad in spaceflight terms. If the wires to the ground are long then you get more interference than you would with short wires.In a multipoint scheme there is a physical ground *plane* in the spacecraft, normally a big sheet of conductor (which can be part of the structure itself). As the inductance of this plane is very low, you can connect lots of different subsystems to it without really causing an issue with noise between them. There can be several ground planes in a spacecraft, some inside the subsystems themselves, with some ground planes for different purposes at different levels of potential and current flow.Then you can hybridise by having some subsystems connect to a single point ground that then connects to a multi point ground plane.I think the people that are posting about how similar the grounding scheme on other vehicles are similar are doing a little injustice to spacecraft engineering. Yes, in essence, the grounding scheme is similar to a car in that you a have a reference set to the vehicle chassis, but the actual engineering is a lot more complicated than that. Aircraft are a better comparison, but they (maybe some modern aircraft do) still don't have to deal with a lot of the problems that spacecraft have to be designed around. | [
"There is a defined 'ground' on any spacecraft. Normally you use the main structure, but it can be different. Obviously this ground will not be at 0V compared to the actual ground (which isn't chargeless anyway), but as long as everything is coupled to the same 'ground', it's fine, since voltages are potential *dif... | 21 | [
"There is a defined 'ground' on any spacecraft. Normally you use the main structure, but it can be different. Obviously this ground will not be at 0V compared to the actual ground (which isn't chargeless anyway), but as long as everything is coupled to the same 'ground', it's fine, since voltages are potential *dif... | 11 | <P> formation of bubbles on the surface of the cavity, which would cause mechanical perturbations. An antenna is needed in the setup to couple RF power to the cavity fields and, in turn, any passing particle beam. The cold portions of the setup need to be extremely well insulated, which is best accomplished by a vacuum vessel surrounding the helium vessel and all ancillary cold components. The full SRF cavity containment system, including the vacuum vessel and many details not discussed here, is a cryomodule.
Entry into superconducting RF technology can incur more complexity, expense, and time than normal-conducting <P> bias of 5mV is applied across the probe tips. The measured resistance can range from 1-ohm to one billion ohms. A "log R" amplifier or electrometer is used to measure the resistance. Mechanical The modern SRP has two tungsten carbide probe tips placed about 20 um apart. Each tip is mounted on a kinematic bearing to minimize "scrubbing". The probes are lowered very gently onto a beveled piece of silicon or germanium. Although the loading of the probe tips may be as little as 2 g., the pressure is in excess of one million pounds per sq inch (or ~ 10G <P> antenna elements in the very first prototype were made out of plastic cups from the JPL cafeteria.
The Antenna is fabricated out of 3D Printed FDM Ultem 9085. This makes the COSMIC-2 RO antenna the first 3D printed part on the outside of a Spacecraft to be qualified to NASA Class 2B Spaceflight. <P> high internal resistance due to space charge and therefore high voltage drops, causing high power dissipation and low efficiency. They are rarely able to handle currents exceeding 250 mA owing to the limits of plate power dissipation, and cannot be used for low voltage applications, such as battery chargers. Another limitation of the vacuum tube rectifier is that the heater power supply often requires special arrangements to insulate it from the high voltages of the rectifier circuit. Crystal detector The crystal detector was the earliest type of semiconductor diode. Invented by Jagadish Chandra Bose and developed by G. W. <P> could use in association with the heat protection. They chose the antenna motor reverse driver.
Fortunately, Galileo possessed an additional low-gain antenna that was capable of transmitting information back to Earth, although since it transmitted a signal isotropically, the low-gain antenna's bandwidth was significantly less than what the high-gain antenna's would have been; the high-gain antenna was to have transmitted at 134 kilobits per second, whereas the low-gain antenna was only intended to transmit at about 8 to 16 bits per second. Galileo's low-gain antenna transmitted with a power of about 15 to 20 watts, which, by the time it reached Earth and had <P> flat open-ended box surrounding the other electrodes. Construction The plate must dissipate heat created when the electrons hit it with a high velocity after being accelerated by the voltage between the plate and cathode. Most of the waste power used in a vacuum tube is dissipated as heat by the plate. In low power tubes it is usually given a black coating, and often has "fins" to help it radiate heat. In power vacuum tubes used in radio transmitters, it is often made of a refractory metal like molybdenum. and is part of a large heat <P> generator circuit-breaker, load switches, motor contactors, and reclosers. Special-purpose vacuum interrupters are also manufactured, such as those used in transformer tap changers, or in electrical arc furnace. Structure A vacuum interrupter generally has one fixed and one moving contact, a flexible bellows to allow movement of that contact, and arc shields enclosed in a hermetically-sealed glass, ceramic or metal housing with a high vacuum. The moving contact is connected by a flexible braid to the external circuit, and is moved by a mechanism when the device is required to open or close. Since air pressure tends to close the contacts, <P> small ALP setups is very high at about 5000 s (49 kN·s/kg), and unlike the lightcraft developed by Leik Myrabo which uses air as the propellant, ALP can be used in space.
Material is directly removed from a solid or liquid surface at high velocities by laser ablation by a pulsed laser. Depending on the laser flux and pulse duration, the material can be simply heated and evaporated, or converted to plasma. Ablative propulsion will work in air or vacuum. Specific impulse values from 200 seconds to several thousand seconds are possible by choosing the propellant and laser pulse characteristics. Variations of <P> and gyroscopes (3x Systron Donner QRS14 single-axis rate gyroscopes). Power and actuation SPHERES satellites are powered using two non-rechargeable 12v battery packs. Each battery pack consists of eight 1.5v AA battery cells that are spot-welded in series.
The satellites are able to translate in the micro-gravity environment with 6 degrees-of-freedom, using twelve cold-gas thrusters that use liquid CO2 as propellant. The liquid CO2 are stored in a small on-board container, similar to those that are used in paintball guns. The CO2 is converted to a gaseous state before being ejected through the thrusters for propulsion. Desired thrust is achieved through pulse <P> to be discharged quickly enough and the cost of power switching, which may be by semiconductors or by gas-phase switches (which still often have a niche in extreme pulse power applications). However, energy can be stored inductively in superconducting coils. A 1 km long mass driver made of superconducting coils can accelerate a 20 kg vehicle to 10.5 km/s at a conversion efficiency of 80%, and average acceleration of 5,600 g.
Earth-based mass drivers for propelling vehicles to orbit, such as the StarTram concept, would require considerable capital investment.
The Earth's relatively strong gravity and relatively thick atmosphere make such an installation difficult, thus <P> prolonged. The disadvantage is decrease in the anharmonicity , where is the energy of the state . Reduced anharmonicity complicates the device operation as a two level system, e.g. exciting the device from the ground state to the first excited state by a resonant pulse also populates the second excited state. This complication is overcome by complex microwave pulse design, that takes into account the higher energy levels, and prohibits their excitation by destructive interference.
Measurement, control and coupling of the transmons is performed by means of microwave resonators with techniques of circuit quantum electrodynamics, also applicable to other superconducting <P> Galileo on these trips, which were used instead of air transport to cut costs. The antenna lubricants were not checked or replaced before launch.
To fix this malfunction, engineers tried thermal-cycling the antenna, rotating the spacecraft up to its maximum spin rate of 10.5 rpm, and "hammering" the antenna deployment motor—turning it on and off repeatedly—over 13,000 times, but all attempts failed to open the high-gain antenna.
The associated problem mission managers faced was if one rib popped free, there would be increased pressure on the remaining two, and if one of them popped out the last would be under so much <P> arrays, reflectors, and antenna feeds are mounted to the payload module. Payload The standard 601 platform supports up to 48 transponders and provides up to 4,800 watts of power. The 601HP supports up to 60 transponders and provides up to 10,000 watts. Failures A significant number of Boeing 601s have experienced failures in orbit, some resulting in complete failure of the satellite. Spacecraft Control Processor (SCP) An unconfirmed number of 601s launched prior to August 1997 have a design flaw in their SCPs, where a tin-plated relay forms crystalline "whiskers" under certain specific conditions. These whiskers eventually caused an electrical <P> and military applications in on-board, mobile and stationary powerful radio-electronic equipment, in relay protection and automation systems of electrical networks, in electrophysical installations, in power converter technology, etc. <P> terminal units) and analog and digital I/O modules <P> to the main test chamber, in order to shield it from both external interference and from the radiation within the chamber. Mains power and test signal cabling into the test chamber require high quality filtering.
Fiber optic cables are sometimes used for the signal cabling, as they are immune to ordinary RFI and also cause little reflection inside the chamber. <P> had been done by a disgruntled employee, it was far more probable that someone had done it by accident.
Since no obvious reason for the malfunction could be found in the cameras themselves, investigation next shifted to the electrical umbilical on the payload fairing. This umbilical connector would normally be attached on the ground to permit testing of the Ranger's subsystems and only a thin hinged door covered it during launch. One of the pins on the connector was "hot" and could easily be bridged, transferring a voltage to the adjacent pins and activating the TV camera system during launch. As <P> passes through small excitation anodes. A magnetically shunted transformer of a few hundred VA rating is commonly used to provide this supply.
This excitation or keep-alive circuit was absolutely necessary for single-phase rectifiers such as the excitron and for mercury-arc rectifiers used in the high-voltage supply of radiotelegraphy transmitters, as current flow was regularly interrupted every time the Morse key was released. Grid control Both glass and metal envelope rectifiers may have control grids inserted between the anode and cathode.
Installation of a control grid between the anode and the pool cathode allows control of the conduction of the valve, thereby giving <P> in use since Explorer 1 and the biggest single improvement in signal encoding on western spacecraft. The spacecraft received the uplink carrier at 401.8 MHz and converted it to a 378.2 MHz signal using a 16/17 coherent oscillator circuit. The telemetry system phase modulated a 512 Hz subcarrier, which was in turn amplitude modulated at 64, 8, or 1bit/s. The spacecraft was unable to aim its antennas, and so had no high-gain dish antenna common on later spacecraft. Instead, the system could introduce a 150W amplifier into its normally 5W transmitter circuit. It was powered by a battery of <P> Space tether Space tethers are long cables which can be used for propulsion, momentum exchange, stabilization and attitude control, or maintaining the relative positions of the components of a large dispersed satellite/spacecraft sensor system. Depending on the mission objectives and altitude, spaceflight using this form of spacecraft propulsion is theorized to be significantly less expensive than spaceflight using rocket engines. History Konstantin Tsiolkovsky once proposed a tower so tall that it reached into space, so that it would be held there by the rotation of the Earth. However, at the time, there was no realistic way to build it.
To try | question: How would you ground electronics in the space station? context: <P> formation of bubbles on the surface of the cavity, which would cause mechanical perturbations. An antenna is needed in the setup to couple RF power to the cavity fields and, in turn, any passing particle beam. The cold portions of the setup need to be extremely well insulated, which is best accomplished by a vacuum vessel surrounding the helium vessel and all ancillary cold components. The full SRF cavity containment system, including the vacuum vessel and many details not discussed here, is a cryomodule.
Entry into superconducting RF technology can incur more complexity, expense, and time than normal-conducting <P> bias of 5mV is applied across the probe tips. The measured resistance can range from 1-ohm to one billion ohms. A "log R" amplifier or electrometer is used to measure the resistance. Mechanical The modern SRP has two tungsten carbide probe tips placed about 20 um apart. Each tip is mounted on a kinematic bearing to minimize "scrubbing". The probes are lowered very gently onto a beveled piece of silicon or germanium. Although the loading of the probe tips may be as little as 2 g., the pressure is in excess of one million pounds per sq inch (or ~ 10G <P> antenna elements in the very first prototype were made out of plastic cups from the JPL cafeteria.
The Antenna is fabricated out of 3D Printed FDM Ultem 9085. This makes the COSMIC-2 RO antenna the first 3D printed part on the outside of a Spacecraft to be qualified to NASA Class 2B Spaceflight. <P> high internal resistance due to space charge and therefore high voltage drops, causing high power dissipation and low efficiency. They are rarely able to handle currents exceeding 250 mA owing to the limits of plate power dissipation, and cannot be used for low voltage applications, such as battery chargers. Another limitation of the vacuum tube rectifier is that the heater power supply often requires special arrangements to insulate it from the high voltages of the rectifier circuit. Crystal detector The crystal detector was the earliest type of semiconductor diode. Invented by Jagadish Chandra Bose and developed by G. W. <P> could use in association with the heat protection. They chose the antenna motor reverse driver.
Fortunately, Galileo possessed an additional low-gain antenna that was capable of transmitting information back to Earth, although since it transmitted a signal isotropically, the low-gain antenna's bandwidth was significantly less than what the high-gain antenna's would have been; the high-gain antenna was to have transmitted at 134 kilobits per second, whereas the low-gain antenna was only intended to transmit at about 8 to 16 bits per second. Galileo's low-gain antenna transmitted with a power of about 15 to 20 watts, which, by the time it reached Earth and had <P> flat open-ended box surrounding the other electrodes. Construction The plate must dissipate heat created when the electrons hit it with a high velocity after being accelerated by the voltage between the plate and cathode. Most of the waste power used in a vacuum tube is dissipated as heat by the plate. In low power tubes it is usually given a black coating, and often has "fins" to help it radiate heat. In power vacuum tubes used in radio transmitters, it is often made of a refractory metal like molybdenum. and is part of a large heat <P> generator circuit-breaker, load switches, motor contactors, and reclosers. Special-purpose vacuum interrupters are also manufactured, such as those used in transformer tap changers, or in electrical arc furnace. Structure A vacuum interrupter generally has one fixed and one moving contact, a flexible bellows to allow movement of that contact, and arc shields enclosed in a hermetically-sealed glass, ceramic or metal housing with a high vacuum. The moving contact is connected by a flexible braid to the external circuit, and is moved by a mechanism when the device is required to open or close. Since air pressure tends to close the contacts, <P> small ALP setups is very high at about 5000 s (49 kN·s/kg), and unlike the lightcraft developed by Leik Myrabo which uses air as the propellant, ALP can be used in space.
Material is directly removed from a solid or liquid surface at high velocities by laser ablation by a pulsed laser. Depending on the laser flux and pulse duration, the material can be simply heated and evaporated, or converted to plasma. Ablative propulsion will work in air or vacuum. Specific impulse values from 200 seconds to several thousand seconds are possible by choosing the propellant and laser pulse characteristics. Variations of <P> and gyroscopes (3x Systron Donner QRS14 single-axis rate gyroscopes). Power and actuation SPHERES satellites are powered using two non-rechargeable 12v battery packs. Each battery pack consists of eight 1.5v AA battery cells that are spot-welded in series.
The satellites are able to translate in the micro-gravity environment with 6 degrees-of-freedom, using twelve cold-gas thrusters that use liquid CO2 as propellant. The liquid CO2 are stored in a small on-board container, similar to those that are used in paintball guns. The CO2 is converted to a gaseous state before being ejected through the thrusters for propulsion. Desired thrust is achieved through pulse <P> to be discharged quickly enough and the cost of power switching, which may be by semiconductors or by gas-phase switches (which still often have a niche in extreme pulse power applications). However, energy can be stored inductively in superconducting coils. A 1 km long mass driver made of superconducting coils can accelerate a 20 kg vehicle to 10.5 km/s at a conversion efficiency of 80%, and average acceleration of 5,600 g.
Earth-based mass drivers for propelling vehicles to orbit, such as the StarTram concept, would require considerable capital investment.
The Earth's relatively strong gravity and relatively thick atmosphere make such an installation difficult, thus <P> prolonged. The disadvantage is decrease in the anharmonicity , where is the energy of the state . Reduced anharmonicity complicates the device operation as a two level system, e.g. exciting the device from the ground state to the first excited state by a resonant pulse also populates the second excited state. This complication is overcome by complex microwave pulse design, that takes into account the higher energy levels, and prohibits their excitation by destructive interference.
Measurement, control and coupling of the transmons is performed by means of microwave resonators with techniques of circuit quantum electrodynamics, also applicable to other superconducting <P> Galileo on these trips, which were used instead of air transport to cut costs. The antenna lubricants were not checked or replaced before launch.
To fix this malfunction, engineers tried thermal-cycling the antenna, rotating the spacecraft up to its maximum spin rate of 10.5 rpm, and "hammering" the antenna deployment motor—turning it on and off repeatedly—over 13,000 times, but all attempts failed to open the high-gain antenna.
The associated problem mission managers faced was if one rib popped free, there would be increased pressure on the remaining two, and if one of them popped out the last would be under so much <P> arrays, reflectors, and antenna feeds are mounted to the payload module. Payload The standard 601 platform supports up to 48 transponders and provides up to 4,800 watts of power. The 601HP supports up to 60 transponders and provides up to 10,000 watts. Failures A significant number of Boeing 601s have experienced failures in orbit, some resulting in complete failure of the satellite. Spacecraft Control Processor (SCP) An unconfirmed number of 601s launched prior to August 1997 have a design flaw in their SCPs, where a tin-plated relay forms crystalline "whiskers" under certain specific conditions. These whiskers eventually caused an electrical <P> and military applications in on-board, mobile and stationary powerful radio-electronic equipment, in relay protection and automation systems of electrical networks, in electrophysical installations, in power converter technology, etc. <P> terminal units) and analog and digital I/O modules <P> to the main test chamber, in order to shield it from both external interference and from the radiation within the chamber. Mains power and test signal cabling into the test chamber require high quality filtering.
Fiber optic cables are sometimes used for the signal cabling, as they are immune to ordinary RFI and also cause little reflection inside the chamber. <P> had been done by a disgruntled employee, it was far more probable that someone had done it by accident.
Since no obvious reason for the malfunction could be found in the cameras themselves, investigation next shifted to the electrical umbilical on the payload fairing. This umbilical connector would normally be attached on the ground to permit testing of the Ranger's subsystems and only a thin hinged door covered it during launch. One of the pins on the connector was "hot" and could easily be bridged, transferring a voltage to the adjacent pins and activating the TV camera system during launch. As <P> passes through small excitation anodes. A magnetically shunted transformer of a few hundred VA rating is commonly used to provide this supply.
This excitation or keep-alive circuit was absolutely necessary for single-phase rectifiers such as the excitron and for mercury-arc rectifiers used in the high-voltage supply of radiotelegraphy transmitters, as current flow was regularly interrupted every time the Morse key was released. Grid control Both glass and metal envelope rectifiers may have control grids inserted between the anode and cathode.
Installation of a control grid between the anode and the pool cathode allows control of the conduction of the valve, thereby giving <P> in use since Explorer 1 and the biggest single improvement in signal encoding on western spacecraft. The spacecraft received the uplink carrier at 401.8 MHz and converted it to a 378.2 MHz signal using a 16/17 coherent oscillator circuit. The telemetry system phase modulated a 512 Hz subcarrier, which was in turn amplitude modulated at 64, 8, or 1bit/s. The spacecraft was unable to aim its antennas, and so had no high-gain dish antenna common on later spacecraft. Instead, the system could introduce a 150W amplifier into its normally 5W transmitter circuit. It was powered by a battery of <P> Space tether Space tethers are long cables which can be used for propulsion, momentum exchange, stabilization and attitude control, or maintaining the relative positions of the components of a large dispersed satellite/spacecraft sensor system. Depending on the mission objectives and altitude, spaceflight using this form of spacecraft propulsion is theorized to be significantly less expensive than spaceflight using rocket engines. History Konstantin Tsiolkovsky once proposed a tower so tall that it reached into space, so that it would be held there by the rotation of the Earth. However, at the time, there was no realistic way to build it.
To try | answer: There is a defined 'ground' on any spacecraft. Normally you use the main structure, but it can be different. Obviously this ground will not be at 0V compared to the actual ground (which isn't chargeless anyway), but as long as everything is coupled to the same 'ground', it's fine, since voltages are potential *differences* anyway.EDIT: Since this appears to have exploded a little, I thought I would add some detail (though I don't have access to my old textbook at the minute). Each subsystem in the spacecraft will have its own ground plane. These ground planes are in general all tied together, but not necessarily. Excess charge in one system can ruin other systems and often systems are shielded from each other in very complicated ways. This is one reason that space components are so much more expensive than standard electronics - even wires in close proximity to ground planes can cause interference that could completely ruin other systems (CCDs in particular are very sensitive to interference).As others have pointed out, charging effects on spacecraft can be severe. The space environment is *not* nice to electronics (another reason they're so expensive, they need to be radiation hardened). There are all kinds of charging mechanisms, that affect the surface and interior of the spacecraft, sometimes in different ways depending even on its orientation. All this stuff means that designing spacecraft electronics is NOT EASY.More in depth article here: _URL_1_And in depth discussion of s/c electronics design [here](_URL_0_) though unfortunately only a few pages are there. If you're really interested, get the book. It's awesome.EDITEDIT: Since some kind person thought I deserved gold for this, I thought I'd add even more detail now I've found my textbook.There are essentially two grounding scheme for spacecraft, single- and multi-point (or additionally, a hybrid of both). A spacecraft will have many subsystems, which will all produce or require either direct or alternating current at different levels. Simply linking these subsystems by a cable is not a guarantee that they are at the same P.D., since all connections have a finite resistance. In an ideal situation, you separate all different paths for signals (AC) and power (DC) so that there's no interference between the two.In a single point grounding scheme, there is a single defined point (the power bus return) that is bonding electrically to the spacecraft structure (i.e. the reference ground). The physical location of this point makes a large difference to the capability of the grounding. In this case the grounding harness (the thing that connects all the subsystems to the ground point) is going to be quite large and therefore heavy, which is obviously bad in spaceflight terms. If the wires to the ground are long then you get more interference than you would with short wires.In a multipoint scheme there is a physical ground *plane* in the spacecraft, normally a big sheet of conductor (which can be part of the structure itself). As the inductance of this plane is very low, you can connect lots of different subsystems to it without really causing an issue with noise between them. There can be several ground planes in a spacecraft, some inside the subsystems themselves, with some ground planes for different purposes at different levels of potential and current flow.Then you can hybridise by having some subsystems connect to a single point ground that then connects to a multi point ground plane.I think the people that are posting about how similar the grounding scheme on other vehicles are similar are doing a little injustice to spacecraft engineering. Yes, in essence, the grounding scheme is similar to a car in that you a have a reference set to the vehicle chassis, but the actual engineering is a lot more complicated than that. Aircraft are a better comparison, but they (maybe some modern aircraft do) still don't have to deal with a lot of the problems that spacecraft have to be designed around. |
164,795 | 3muys0 | Was there any "copyright" on coat of arms in feudal Europe? | When Francis Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, he attempted to use the coat of arms of one Sir Bernard Drake. However, Sir Bernard objected to this, claiming that Francis was not related to his branch of the family and therefore not entitled to his arms, a disagreement that apparently came to blows. Queen Elizabeth solved the matter by granting Sir Francis Drake his own coat of arms.[Source](_URL_0_) | [
"When Francis Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, he attempted to use the coat of arms of one Sir Bernard Drake. However, Sir Bernard objected to this, claiming that Francis was not related to his branch of the family and therefore not entitled to his arms, a disagreement that apparently came to blows. Queen Eli... | 1 | [
"When Francis Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, he attempted to use the coat of arms of one Sir Bernard Drake. However, Sir Bernard objected to this, claiming that Francis was not related to his branch of the family and therefore not entitled to his arms, a disagreement that apparently came to blows. Queen Eli... | 1 | <P> of the Statute of Quia Emptores. Alienation by a tenant-in-chief of the crown without licence was a ground of forfeiture until 1327, when a fine was substituted.
The influence of local custom upon the land law must have become weakened after the circuits of the judges of the King's Court were established by Henry II. Jurisdiction over litigation touching the freehold was taken away from the lord's courts in 1392.
The common law as far as it dealt with real estate had in the main assumed its present aspect by the reign of Henry III. The changes which have been made since <P> in. Some heerlijkheid rights were maintained or later restored as property rights and still exist today.
The overwhelming majority of the remaining rights disappeared in Belgium on the introduction of the 1830 constitution and in the Netherlands with the 1848 constitutional amendments. Most of the administrative functions of a heerlijkheid were transferred to the municipality and fell under the new Municipality Act (Gemeentewet). Responsibility for the manor courts and judicial system were taken over by the national government.
After this, the use of the title "Lord of..." is based on the ownership of the remaining non-abolished rights. To this day there are <P> understanding to ancient Scottish law. It is Skene's version that became the legal standard from that time forward. An alternative origin It is not known whether the Regiam Majestatem was immediately put into effect, or whether it had been intended to be put it into effect at a later date. Whichever the case, it did not matter because Scotland would suffer a Second War of Scottish Independence (1332–1371) when it was invaded by Edward III of England, its king David II was captured by the English, and in the ensuing devastation the Regiam Majestatem became lost, not being rediscovered until <P> witness Owain Glyndŵr.
This trial was to settle a dispute between Sir Richard le Scrope of Bolton and Sir Robert Grosvenor of Hulme concerning ownership of a coat of arms. During King Richard II's military campaign in Scotland in 1385 three knights had borne the same coat of arms. Also involved was Carminow of Cornwall.
The Court was presided over by the Duke of Gloucester as Constable of England who also adjudicated on the evidence presented by each party and their many witnesses. The trial was to run for five years.
Glyndŵr gave evidence on behalf of Grosvenor saying he had seen Grosvenor <P> 17th century. The position has since been used as a procedural device to allow resignation from the British House of Commons as a (formerly) remunerated office of the Crown. Wapentake The wapentake was the rough equivalent in the Danelaw of the Anglo-Saxon hundred. The word is possibly derived from a meeting place, usually at a crossroads or by a river, where one's presence or vote was taken by the brandishing of weapons. According to some authorities, weapons were not brandished during a Norse assembly (known as a thing) but were allowed to be taken up again after the assembly had <P> more changed, this time into an absolute primogeniture. Privileges and restrictions Following the transformation of Denmark's monarchy from elective (at least theoretically, although it had generally descended to the eldest son of the House of Oldenburg since 1448) to hereditary in 1660, the so-called Kongelov (Latin: Lex Regia) established the right to rule "by the grace of God" for King Frederick III and his posterity. Out of the articles in this law, all except for Article 21 and Article 25 have since been repealed.
Article 21 states "No Prince of the Blood, who resides here in the Realm and in Our <P> bishop Hugo von Hohenlandenberg quartered his family arms with those of the prince-bishopric of Constance. Heraldic authorities By the middle of the fourteenth century, the principle that only a single individual was entitled to bear a particular coat of arms was generally accepted, and disputes over the ownership of arms seems to have led to gradual establishment of heraldic authorities to regulate their use. The earliest known work of heraldic jurisprudence, De Insigniis et Armis, was written about 1350 by Bartolus de Saxoferrato, a professor of law at the University of Padua. The most celebrated armorial dispute in English heraldry <P> Standard. In 1676, Charles II granted Charles Maitland, Lord Haltoun "the office of bearing our insignia within our said realm of Scotland" by a charter of novodamus. After Lauderdale's death in 1691, the office of Standard-Bearer was not claimed by anyone until 1820, when Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn claimed the right to act as such an officer at the coronation of George IV. The Privy Council did not grant Scrymgeour-Wedderburn the authority to appear at the coronation (which was granted to the 8th Earl of Lauderdale). However, it did confirm his possession of the office of Standard-Bearer (which he exercised at <P> clearly open to abuse and was not infrequently employed by the great magnates to carry on personal feuds or campaigns of self-aggrandisement. In the late 16th century there was something of a power struggle between the privy council and the gentlemen of the king’s chamber for control over the process, resulting in orders by the council in 1587, 1594 and 1598, which cancelled all existing commissions, and in 1608, which cancelled commissions that permitted the bearing of fire-arms. A statute in 1592 also sought to put an end to general commissions (as opposed to particular commissions targeted against specific individuals), <P> Armorial Wijnbergen The Armorial Wijnbergen, also known as the Wijnbergen Roll, is a medieval French roll of arms.
It is divided into two parts; the first, dated c. 1265–1270 has 256 coats of arms of the vassals of Louis IX of France (d. 1270) in the Île-de-France; the second part, dated c. 1280, has 1,056 coats of arms (for a total of 1,312) of the vassals of Philip III of France (r. 1270–1285) in his fiefs in the North of France, the Netherlands and the Rhineland.
The armorial is named for the Wijnbergen family, in whose possession it was acquired by <P> a whole group of families. In one extreme Polish case almost 600 families bear the same symbol - a horse-shoe enclosing a cross.
Even after the introduction of English heraldry into Ireland and the setting up of arrangements for regulating it, the arms registered were undifferentiated, that is, they show no signs of the practice of changing a tincture or adding some symbol to personalize those of a particular individual. Brennan concludes that, rather than being the property of an individual, the arms belonged either to the sept as a whole or to the chief or to all members of the <P> Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis The Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis ("Treaty with the princes of the church") was decreed on 26 April 1220 by Frederick II as a concession to the German bishops in return for their co-operation in the election of his son Henry as King. It was an important source of law of the Holy Roman Empire, and was counted among its constitutional documents by the editors of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica.
In this law Frederick II relinquished a number of important Royal rights (Regalia) to the spiritual princes. Among other things, the bishops received the rights to mint coins <P> century Camden Roll and Segar's Roll. This practice becomes much more common in the late medieval period. For example, the arms of Eric of Pomerania as king of the Kalmar Union (r. 1396–1439) combine five coats of arms, for Denmark, Sweden, the House of Bjelbo, Pomerania and Norway, quartered by a cross gules and with a central inescutcheon. In the later 15th century, holders of ecclesiastical office would quarter their family arms with those of the order or diocese they represented. Thus Pierre d'Aubusson as grand master of the Knights of Malta quartered his family arms with the Maltese cross; <P> no reason to change anything: the act simply declared that henceforth the magistrates, amongst whom the stadtholders, would hold their commissions from the from now on sovereign provincial states (there was no stadtholder on the federal level).
Still, when after the death of William in 1584, and subsequently the end of the search for a new sovereign after the departure of Leicester the States General reluctantly accepted that they had to be sovereign in 1588, the office took on a vestigial character. Had it not been that the stadtholder of Holland was usually also elected to the confederal office of Captain <P> is that of Scrope v Grosvenor (1390), in which two different men claimed the right to bear azure, a bend or. The continued proliferation of arms, and the number of disputes arising from different men assuming the same arms, led Henry V to issue a proclamation in 1419, forbidding all those who had not borne arms at the Battle of Agincourt from assuming arms, except by inheritance or a grant from the crown. Early modern heraldry In 1484, during the reign of Richard III, the various heralds employed by the crown were incorporated into the College of Arms, through which <P> sitting on the ground, in sinister chief an inescutcheon of the fourth charged with a lion's head erased of the fifth crowned of the first.
This scene from Saint Martin's life appears in many German civic coats of arms. Indeed, Meddersheim's arms are not even the only ones in the Bad Kreuznach district to bear this image, with Norheim and Rüdesheim an der Nahe likewise bearing arms depicting Martin cutting off a piece of his cloak for a beggar. In Meddersheim's case, the image goes back to the village's old court seal, which also bore this image. Meddersheim's arms are distinguished, <P> MacTavish arms; and as a grown man, with his duties as the Sheriff Substitute of Kintyre he obviously did not feel inclined to do so, as he was, already, legally known as MacTavish of Dunardry. He died without having re-registered the Arms. Unfortunately, this carried on with his son William MacTavish who had moved to the "wilds" of Canada. William also declined to register the Arms. It is nominally suggested by Lord Lyon that at least every other generation re-register the Chiefly Arms, to avoid dormancy of the Clan. As a result of William not matriculating for the arms, the <P> March 1484, under the Latin name "Le Garter regis armorum Anglicorum, regis armorum partium Australium, regis armorum partium Borealium, regis armorum Wallæ et heraldorum, prosecutorum, sive pursevandorum armorum." Translated as: "the Garter King of Arms of England, the King of Arms of the Southern parts, the King of Arms of the Northern parts, the King of Arms of Wales, and all other heralds and pursuivants of arms". The charter then goes on to state that the heralds "for the time being, shall be in perpetuity a body corporate in fact and name, and shall preserve a succession unbroken." This charter <P> 1599 escutcheon in Weare Giffard Hall (about 8 miles south-west of Tawstock), then a seat of the Fortescue family, displays the arms of William Bourchier, 3rd Earl of Bath, with another two showing the Royal arms and those of Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford, Custos Rotulorum of Devon. <P> to turn over any revenues granted them by Trubleville without royal approval to Hugh. Revoking his predecessor's acts did not make Hugh popular. He removed Richard de Poncellis from his post of bailiff, but Richard refused to return some armour and other things that he held on behalf of the Crown. Only a royal letter of 27 January 1233 induced him to surrender. Randolf de Talemunt, who likewise refused to hand over some arms and armor from the castle of Oléron, only surrendered when Hugh procured a royal letter. In many cases, the constables appointed by Trubleville refused to surrender | question: Was there any "copyright" on coat of arms in feudal Europe? context: <P> of the Statute of Quia Emptores. Alienation by a tenant-in-chief of the crown without licence was a ground of forfeiture until 1327, when a fine was substituted.
The influence of local custom upon the land law must have become weakened after the circuits of the judges of the King's Court were established by Henry II. Jurisdiction over litigation touching the freehold was taken away from the lord's courts in 1392.
The common law as far as it dealt with real estate had in the main assumed its present aspect by the reign of Henry III. The changes which have been made since <P> in. Some heerlijkheid rights were maintained or later restored as property rights and still exist today.
The overwhelming majority of the remaining rights disappeared in Belgium on the introduction of the 1830 constitution and in the Netherlands with the 1848 constitutional amendments. Most of the administrative functions of a heerlijkheid were transferred to the municipality and fell under the new Municipality Act (Gemeentewet). Responsibility for the manor courts and judicial system were taken over by the national government.
After this, the use of the title "Lord of..." is based on the ownership of the remaining non-abolished rights. To this day there are <P> understanding to ancient Scottish law. It is Skene's version that became the legal standard from that time forward. An alternative origin It is not known whether the Regiam Majestatem was immediately put into effect, or whether it had been intended to be put it into effect at a later date. Whichever the case, it did not matter because Scotland would suffer a Second War of Scottish Independence (1332–1371) when it was invaded by Edward III of England, its king David II was captured by the English, and in the ensuing devastation the Regiam Majestatem became lost, not being rediscovered until <P> witness Owain Glyndŵr.
This trial was to settle a dispute between Sir Richard le Scrope of Bolton and Sir Robert Grosvenor of Hulme concerning ownership of a coat of arms. During King Richard II's military campaign in Scotland in 1385 three knights had borne the same coat of arms. Also involved was Carminow of Cornwall.
The Court was presided over by the Duke of Gloucester as Constable of England who also adjudicated on the evidence presented by each party and their many witnesses. The trial was to run for five years.
Glyndŵr gave evidence on behalf of Grosvenor saying he had seen Grosvenor <P> 17th century. The position has since been used as a procedural device to allow resignation from the British House of Commons as a (formerly) remunerated office of the Crown. Wapentake The wapentake was the rough equivalent in the Danelaw of the Anglo-Saxon hundred. The word is possibly derived from a meeting place, usually at a crossroads or by a river, where one's presence or vote was taken by the brandishing of weapons. According to some authorities, weapons were not brandished during a Norse assembly (known as a thing) but were allowed to be taken up again after the assembly had <P> more changed, this time into an absolute primogeniture. Privileges and restrictions Following the transformation of Denmark's monarchy from elective (at least theoretically, although it had generally descended to the eldest son of the House of Oldenburg since 1448) to hereditary in 1660, the so-called Kongelov (Latin: Lex Regia) established the right to rule "by the grace of God" for King Frederick III and his posterity. Out of the articles in this law, all except for Article 21 and Article 25 have since been repealed.
Article 21 states "No Prince of the Blood, who resides here in the Realm and in Our <P> bishop Hugo von Hohenlandenberg quartered his family arms with those of the prince-bishopric of Constance. Heraldic authorities By the middle of the fourteenth century, the principle that only a single individual was entitled to bear a particular coat of arms was generally accepted, and disputes over the ownership of arms seems to have led to gradual establishment of heraldic authorities to regulate their use. The earliest known work of heraldic jurisprudence, De Insigniis et Armis, was written about 1350 by Bartolus de Saxoferrato, a professor of law at the University of Padua. The most celebrated armorial dispute in English heraldry <P> Standard. In 1676, Charles II granted Charles Maitland, Lord Haltoun "the office of bearing our insignia within our said realm of Scotland" by a charter of novodamus. After Lauderdale's death in 1691, the office of Standard-Bearer was not claimed by anyone until 1820, when Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn claimed the right to act as such an officer at the coronation of George IV. The Privy Council did not grant Scrymgeour-Wedderburn the authority to appear at the coronation (which was granted to the 8th Earl of Lauderdale). However, it did confirm his possession of the office of Standard-Bearer (which he exercised at <P> clearly open to abuse and was not infrequently employed by the great magnates to carry on personal feuds or campaigns of self-aggrandisement. In the late 16th century there was something of a power struggle between the privy council and the gentlemen of the king’s chamber for control over the process, resulting in orders by the council in 1587, 1594 and 1598, which cancelled all existing commissions, and in 1608, which cancelled commissions that permitted the bearing of fire-arms. A statute in 1592 also sought to put an end to general commissions (as opposed to particular commissions targeted against specific individuals), <P> Armorial Wijnbergen The Armorial Wijnbergen, also known as the Wijnbergen Roll, is a medieval French roll of arms.
It is divided into two parts; the first, dated c. 1265–1270 has 256 coats of arms of the vassals of Louis IX of France (d. 1270) in the Île-de-France; the second part, dated c. 1280, has 1,056 coats of arms (for a total of 1,312) of the vassals of Philip III of France (r. 1270–1285) in his fiefs in the North of France, the Netherlands and the Rhineland.
The armorial is named for the Wijnbergen family, in whose possession it was acquired by <P> a whole group of families. In one extreme Polish case almost 600 families bear the same symbol - a horse-shoe enclosing a cross.
Even after the introduction of English heraldry into Ireland and the setting up of arrangements for regulating it, the arms registered were undifferentiated, that is, they show no signs of the practice of changing a tincture or adding some symbol to personalize those of a particular individual. Brennan concludes that, rather than being the property of an individual, the arms belonged either to the sept as a whole or to the chief or to all members of the <P> Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis The Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis ("Treaty with the princes of the church") was decreed on 26 April 1220 by Frederick II as a concession to the German bishops in return for their co-operation in the election of his son Henry as King. It was an important source of law of the Holy Roman Empire, and was counted among its constitutional documents by the editors of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica.
In this law Frederick II relinquished a number of important Royal rights (Regalia) to the spiritual princes. Among other things, the bishops received the rights to mint coins <P> century Camden Roll and Segar's Roll. This practice becomes much more common in the late medieval period. For example, the arms of Eric of Pomerania as king of the Kalmar Union (r. 1396–1439) combine five coats of arms, for Denmark, Sweden, the House of Bjelbo, Pomerania and Norway, quartered by a cross gules and with a central inescutcheon. In the later 15th century, holders of ecclesiastical office would quarter their family arms with those of the order or diocese they represented. Thus Pierre d'Aubusson as grand master of the Knights of Malta quartered his family arms with the Maltese cross; <P> no reason to change anything: the act simply declared that henceforth the magistrates, amongst whom the stadtholders, would hold their commissions from the from now on sovereign provincial states (there was no stadtholder on the federal level).
Still, when after the death of William in 1584, and subsequently the end of the search for a new sovereign after the departure of Leicester the States General reluctantly accepted that they had to be sovereign in 1588, the office took on a vestigial character. Had it not been that the stadtholder of Holland was usually also elected to the confederal office of Captain <P> is that of Scrope v Grosvenor (1390), in which two different men claimed the right to bear azure, a bend or. The continued proliferation of arms, and the number of disputes arising from different men assuming the same arms, led Henry V to issue a proclamation in 1419, forbidding all those who had not borne arms at the Battle of Agincourt from assuming arms, except by inheritance or a grant from the crown. Early modern heraldry In 1484, during the reign of Richard III, the various heralds employed by the crown were incorporated into the College of Arms, through which <P> sitting on the ground, in sinister chief an inescutcheon of the fourth charged with a lion's head erased of the fifth crowned of the first.
This scene from Saint Martin's life appears in many German civic coats of arms. Indeed, Meddersheim's arms are not even the only ones in the Bad Kreuznach district to bear this image, with Norheim and Rüdesheim an der Nahe likewise bearing arms depicting Martin cutting off a piece of his cloak for a beggar. In Meddersheim's case, the image goes back to the village's old court seal, which also bore this image. Meddersheim's arms are distinguished, <P> MacTavish arms; and as a grown man, with his duties as the Sheriff Substitute of Kintyre he obviously did not feel inclined to do so, as he was, already, legally known as MacTavish of Dunardry. He died without having re-registered the Arms. Unfortunately, this carried on with his son William MacTavish who had moved to the "wilds" of Canada. William also declined to register the Arms. It is nominally suggested by Lord Lyon that at least every other generation re-register the Chiefly Arms, to avoid dormancy of the Clan. As a result of William not matriculating for the arms, the <P> March 1484, under the Latin name "Le Garter regis armorum Anglicorum, regis armorum partium Australium, regis armorum partium Borealium, regis armorum Wallæ et heraldorum, prosecutorum, sive pursevandorum armorum." Translated as: "the Garter King of Arms of England, the King of Arms of the Southern parts, the King of Arms of the Northern parts, the King of Arms of Wales, and all other heralds and pursuivants of arms". The charter then goes on to state that the heralds "for the time being, shall be in perpetuity a body corporate in fact and name, and shall preserve a succession unbroken." This charter <P> 1599 escutcheon in Weare Giffard Hall (about 8 miles south-west of Tawstock), then a seat of the Fortescue family, displays the arms of William Bourchier, 3rd Earl of Bath, with another two showing the Royal arms and those of Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford, Custos Rotulorum of Devon. <P> to turn over any revenues granted them by Trubleville without royal approval to Hugh. Revoking his predecessor's acts did not make Hugh popular. He removed Richard de Poncellis from his post of bailiff, but Richard refused to return some armour and other things that he held on behalf of the Crown. Only a royal letter of 27 January 1233 induced him to surrender. Randolf de Talemunt, who likewise refused to hand over some arms and armor from the castle of Oléron, only surrendered when Hugh procured a royal letter. In many cases, the constables appointed by Trubleville refused to surrender | answer: When Francis Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, he attempted to use the coat of arms of one Sir Bernard Drake. However, Sir Bernard objected to this, claiming that Francis was not related to his branch of the family and therefore not entitled to his arms, a disagreement that apparently came to blows. Queen Elizabeth solved the matter by granting Sir Francis Drake his own coat of arms.[Source](_URL_0_) |
29,227 | 1isp9r | How old did people get in acient times? (Like the Roman Empire period) | There is evidence of people who made it to at least their 80s, such as Cato the Elder, who apparently lived to be 85 years old. However making it to this age was a LOT less common than it is these days. The average life expectancy in Rome was around 25, however this would have been brought down by a reasonably high infant mortality rate. If you made it to your teenage years, you had a much better chance of surviving to around 40, and in some cases beyond, at least if you were male. Females seemed to have a lower life expectancy on average due mostly to the risk associated with child birth. Based on current evidence it seems less than 20% of the general population would live to see 65 years old. Most of our data for this is based on things like surviving tombstones that give date of birth and death.Source: notes from the Roman Society paper I took at university last semester which contained a couple of lectures on life expectancy | [
"There is evidence of people who made it to at least their 80s, such as Cato the Elder, who apparently lived to be 85 years old. However making it to this age was a LOT less common than it is these days. The average life expectancy in Rome was around 25, however this would have been brought down by a reasonably hig... | 5 | [
"There is evidence of people who made it to at least their 80s, such as Cato the Elder, who apparently lived to be 85 years old. However making it to this age was a LOT less common than it is these days. The average life expectancy in Rome was around 25, however this would have been brought down by a reasonably hig... | 4 | <P> of centenarians, consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging. Change over time In preindustrial times, deaths at young and middle age were more common than they are today. This is not due to genetics, but because of environmental factors such as disease, accidents, and malnutrition, especially since the former were not generally treatable with pre-20th-century medicine. Deaths from childbirth were common for women, and many children did not live past infancy. In addition, most people who did attain old age were likely to die quickly from the above-mentioned untreatable health problems. Despite this, there are many examples of pre-20th-century <P> in Ireland in October 1884, aged 59. <P> of these during the Early Cambrian allowed the number of lifestyles occupied to rise to 30. <P> lived to adulthood, although this claim is heavily disputed. <P> individuals attaining lifespans of 85 years or greater, including Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Cato the Elder, Thomas Hobbes, Eric of Pomerania, Christopher Polhem, and Michelangelo. This was also true for poorer people like peasants or laborers. Genealogists will almost certainly find ancestors living to their 70s, 80s and even 90s several hundred years ago.
For example, an 1871 census in the UK (the first of its kind, but personal data from other censuses dates back to 1841 and numerical data back to 1801) found the average male life expectancy as being 44, but if infant mortality is subtracted, males <P> in Kent in August 1905 aged 66. <P> the deceased was socially prominent. <P> These were mostly cremations, with occasional inhumation. Warrior burials are notable, which often include horse-gear and spurs. Some burials are exceptionally rich, overshadowing the graves of Germanic groups further west, especially after 400 AD. Pottery and metalwork are often rich and show a great variety Decline The culture's decline in the late 5th century coincides with the invasion of the Huns. Other factors may have included the social crisis that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Roman world and the trade contacts it maintained with peoples beyond its borders. In the late 5/6th century, the Prague-Korchak culture <P> from 400 AD. <P> children, dying in 1888 at age 87. <P> if they had died of a plague - the cause of their deaths is a mystery. Decline Approximately 4500 years ago, the region became dry again. The Tenerian culture vanished, with its makers possibly seeking new pasturage elsewhere. <P> from 9,000 to less than 1,000, then further decreased to 700 at the accession of Agis IV in 244 BC. Attempts were made to remedy this by imposing legal penalties upon bachelors, but this could not reverse the trend. Birth and death Sparta was above all a militarist state, and emphasis on military fitness began virtually at birth. Shortly after birth, a mother would bathe her child in wine to see whether the child was strong. If the child survived it was brought before the Gerousia by the child's father. The Gerousia then decided whether it was to be reared <P> time they were quite elderly and numbered fewer than ten. <P> antrustion was always of Frankish descent, and only in certain exceptional cases were Gallo-Romans admitted into the group. These Gallo-Romans then took the name of convivae regis, and the wergeld of 300 solidi was three times that of a homo romanus. The antrustions, belonging as they did to one body, had strictly defined responsibilities towards one another; e.g., one antrustion was forbidden to bear witness against another under penalty of 15 solidi compensation.
The antrustions seem to have played an important part at the time of Clovis. Apparently they formed the army that conquered the land, an army composed chiefly of <P> Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine Valley, a funeral site at Elsbethen and a few other sites with microlithic artifacts which demonstrate the transition from living as hunter-gatherers and sedentary farmers and ranchers. Neolithic During the Neolithic era, most of those areas of Austria that were amenable to agriculture and were sources of raw materials were settled. Remains include those of the Linear pottery culture, one of the first agrarian cultures in Europe. The first recorded rural settlement from this time was at Brunn am Gebirge in Mödling. Austria's first industrial monument, the chert mine at Mauer-Antonshöhe in the Mauer <P> and the Persian Shahnameh) with "longevity in historical times" (common-era cases through twentieth-century news reports) is elaborated in detail in Lucian Boia's 2004 book Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity from Antiquity to the Present and other sources.
After the death of Juan Ponce de León, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés wrote in Historia General y Natural de las Indias (1535) that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of Bimini to cure his aging. Traditions that have been believed to confer greater human longevity also include alchemy, such as that attributed to Nicolas Flamel. In the modern <P> of circa 1510). <P> reluctance did he move from his mother's house on the Caelian to Hadrian's private home.
At some time in 138, Hadrian requested in the senate that Marcus Aurelius be exempt from the law barring him from becoming quaestor before his twenty-fourth birthday. The senate complied, and Marcus Aurelius served under Antoninus, consul for 139. Marcus Aurelius' adoption diverted him from the typical career path of his class. But for his adoption, he probably would have become triumvir monetalis, a highly regarded post involving token administration of the state mint; after that, he could have served as tribune with a legion, becoming <P> the post moved.
In the course of the 4th and 5th centuries Membership in the curial class became financially ruinous to most but the most wealthy among them (who in many cases were able to purchase exemptions from their obligations) especially in the West which was beset by settlements of tribes which disrupted the administration of the Empire and precipitated a decline in living standards by half from 400 to 600 A.D. Many curiales tried to escape by enrolling in the army, the Imperial government, or the Church or gaining senatorial rank which exempted them from service on the councils. the <P> to around 200 AD. | question: How old did people get in acient times? (Like the Roman Empire period) context: <P> of centenarians, consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging. Change over time In preindustrial times, deaths at young and middle age were more common than they are today. This is not due to genetics, but because of environmental factors such as disease, accidents, and malnutrition, especially since the former were not generally treatable with pre-20th-century medicine. Deaths from childbirth were common for women, and many children did not live past infancy. In addition, most people who did attain old age were likely to die quickly from the above-mentioned untreatable health problems. Despite this, there are many examples of pre-20th-century <P> in Ireland in October 1884, aged 59. <P> of these during the Early Cambrian allowed the number of lifestyles occupied to rise to 30. <P> lived to adulthood, although this claim is heavily disputed. <P> individuals attaining lifespans of 85 years or greater, including Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Cato the Elder, Thomas Hobbes, Eric of Pomerania, Christopher Polhem, and Michelangelo. This was also true for poorer people like peasants or laborers. Genealogists will almost certainly find ancestors living to their 70s, 80s and even 90s several hundred years ago.
For example, an 1871 census in the UK (the first of its kind, but personal data from other censuses dates back to 1841 and numerical data back to 1801) found the average male life expectancy as being 44, but if infant mortality is subtracted, males <P> in Kent in August 1905 aged 66. <P> the deceased was socially prominent. <P> These were mostly cremations, with occasional inhumation. Warrior burials are notable, which often include horse-gear and spurs. Some burials are exceptionally rich, overshadowing the graves of Germanic groups further west, especially after 400 AD. Pottery and metalwork are often rich and show a great variety Decline The culture's decline in the late 5th century coincides with the invasion of the Huns. Other factors may have included the social crisis that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Roman world and the trade contacts it maintained with peoples beyond its borders. In the late 5/6th century, the Prague-Korchak culture <P> from 400 AD. <P> children, dying in 1888 at age 87. <P> if they had died of a plague - the cause of their deaths is a mystery. Decline Approximately 4500 years ago, the region became dry again. The Tenerian culture vanished, with its makers possibly seeking new pasturage elsewhere. <P> from 9,000 to less than 1,000, then further decreased to 700 at the accession of Agis IV in 244 BC. Attempts were made to remedy this by imposing legal penalties upon bachelors, but this could not reverse the trend. Birth and death Sparta was above all a militarist state, and emphasis on military fitness began virtually at birth. Shortly after birth, a mother would bathe her child in wine to see whether the child was strong. If the child survived it was brought before the Gerousia by the child's father. The Gerousia then decided whether it was to be reared <P> time they were quite elderly and numbered fewer than ten. <P> antrustion was always of Frankish descent, and only in certain exceptional cases were Gallo-Romans admitted into the group. These Gallo-Romans then took the name of convivae regis, and the wergeld of 300 solidi was three times that of a homo romanus. The antrustions, belonging as they did to one body, had strictly defined responsibilities towards one another; e.g., one antrustion was forbidden to bear witness against another under penalty of 15 solidi compensation.
The antrustions seem to have played an important part at the time of Clovis. Apparently they formed the army that conquered the land, an army composed chiefly of <P> Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine Valley, a funeral site at Elsbethen and a few other sites with microlithic artifacts which demonstrate the transition from living as hunter-gatherers and sedentary farmers and ranchers. Neolithic During the Neolithic era, most of those areas of Austria that were amenable to agriculture and were sources of raw materials were settled. Remains include those of the Linear pottery culture, one of the first agrarian cultures in Europe. The first recorded rural settlement from this time was at Brunn am Gebirge in Mödling. Austria's first industrial monument, the chert mine at Mauer-Antonshöhe in the Mauer <P> and the Persian Shahnameh) with "longevity in historical times" (common-era cases through twentieth-century news reports) is elaborated in detail in Lucian Boia's 2004 book Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity from Antiquity to the Present and other sources.
After the death of Juan Ponce de León, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés wrote in Historia General y Natural de las Indias (1535) that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of Bimini to cure his aging. Traditions that have been believed to confer greater human longevity also include alchemy, such as that attributed to Nicolas Flamel. In the modern <P> of circa 1510). <P> reluctance did he move from his mother's house on the Caelian to Hadrian's private home.
At some time in 138, Hadrian requested in the senate that Marcus Aurelius be exempt from the law barring him from becoming quaestor before his twenty-fourth birthday. The senate complied, and Marcus Aurelius served under Antoninus, consul for 139. Marcus Aurelius' adoption diverted him from the typical career path of his class. But for his adoption, he probably would have become triumvir monetalis, a highly regarded post involving token administration of the state mint; after that, he could have served as tribune with a legion, becoming <P> the post moved.
In the course of the 4th and 5th centuries Membership in the curial class became financially ruinous to most but the most wealthy among them (who in many cases were able to purchase exemptions from their obligations) especially in the West which was beset by settlements of tribes which disrupted the administration of the Empire and precipitated a decline in living standards by half from 400 to 600 A.D. Many curiales tried to escape by enrolling in the army, the Imperial government, or the Church or gaining senatorial rank which exempted them from service on the councils. the <P> to around 200 AD. | answer: There is evidence of people who made it to at least their 80s, such as Cato the Elder, who apparently lived to be 85 years old. However making it to this age was a LOT less common than it is these days. The average life expectancy in Rome was around 25, however this would have been brought down by a reasonably high infant mortality rate. If you made it to your teenage years, you had a much better chance of surviving to around 40, and in some cases beyond, at least if you were male. Females seemed to have a lower life expectancy on average due mostly to the risk associated with child birth. Based on current evidence it seems less than 20% of the general population would live to see 65 years old. Most of our data for this is based on things like surviving tombstones that give date of birth and death.Source: notes from the Roman Society paper I took at university last semester which contained a couple of lectures on life expectancy |
60,612 | fp5310 | Why don't Christmas lights get dimmer as you go down the string? Does each light not suck up some of the energy? | For series lightsThe same amount of current goes through each light, meaning each light uses the same amount of energy.As you go down the strand energy decreases, but at a constant amount for each light (assuming same resistance).For parallel lightsAll the lights are wired independently and there is no first light. | [
"Because that’s not how electric potential works. \n\nThink of the wire like a pipe of water. Each light is a spout along the pipe. The pressure is the same at each spout, rather than one end having all the pressure and the other end having none\n\nEdit: in this analogy the pipe is horizontal. With a vertical pipe,... | 3 | [
"Because that’s not how electric potential works. \n\nThink of the wire like a pipe of water. Each light is a spout along the pipe. The pressure is the same at each spout, rather than one end having all the pressure and the other end having none\n\nEdit: in this analogy the pipe is horizontal. With a vertical pipe,... | 2 | <P> are LEDs, ordinary miniature light bulbs, or the larger C7/C9 type light bulbs. Other factors include the voltage of the set and the size of the wiring in the set. Those with questions should consult the manufacturer's instructions or an electrician.
Most light sets come with built in fuses to help protect against overheating and to prevent household fuses or circuit breakers from being tripped. If a fuse blows, the strand must be unplugged and the number of strands must be reduced. If the strand has nothing attached, or has blown repeatedly, it may contain a short circuit and should <P> on a string to increase the life of the bulbs by reducing the voltage each lamp received (120 volts divided by 9 lamps = 13 volts per bulb) but not significantly reducing the light output of the bulbs.
Large C7½ and C9¼ bulbs typically come in sets of 25, though bubble lights come in sets of seven, and some non-holiday sets come in ten or twelve. Sockets are usually spaced about one foot (30 cm) apart, and are clamped to the wire with an integrated insulation-piercing connector. Some older parallel sets had 15 bulbs, as do some of the newer globe <P> in parallel. LED-based sets use a current-limiting resistor to reduce the current supplied to each LED. Neon-lamp-based sets have lamps connected in parallel, each with its own current-limiting resistor. Battery-powered sets are also wired in parallel.
Some incandescent or LED-based strings use a power supply transformer with lamps connected in parallel. These sets are much safer, but there is a voltage drop at the end of the string causing reduced brightness of the lamps at the end of the set. The reduced brightness is, however, less noticeable with LED-based sets than incandescent sets. Power supplies with integrated plugs may <P> on and two-channel flashing. These lights usually come in sets of 140 or 150. This is because to give the chasing effect, bulbs must be arranged in four circuits of 35 (sets of 140) or three circuits of 50 (sets of 150). These light sets use even less power than a regular set of 150, because the lights are not always on, and therefore the bulbs also do not get as hot.
Usually, computerized sets cannot be connected end-to-end. However, some newer sets contain special miniature plugs – a female jack is located at the end of the set, and a <P> replacing defective lamps.
Many mini sets use standard 3 mm dome-shaped LEDs, and have a plastic cover over them to provide refraction, which is an important step in diffusing the unidirectional light they cast. These covers come in C5, C6, and C7 sizes (⅝, ¾, and ⅞-inch, or 16, 19, and 22 mm diameters, respectively) pointed "strawberries", G12 (12mm or almost ½-inch) globe "raspberries", and "M5" (5mm or ⁷⁄₃₂-inch) pointed cylinders, equivalent to the T1¾ mini lights so common since the 1980s. For blue and green, these covers may have some fluorescence, leading to a lighter color. Other sets have <P> This number is convenient for stars, which have a total of ten points (five outward and five inward), and often have another light in the middle, occasionally on both sides.
Incandescent miniatures now usually come in sets of 50 or 100 (which contains two circuits of 50) 2.5 V 170 mA bulbs, though decorative sets with larger bulbs (C6 or pearl style) typically come in sets of 35 or 70. Several "extra-bright" sets also use 70 or 105 bulbs, keeping the per-bulb voltage at 3.5 instead of 2.5.
LED sets can vary greatly. Common is a set of 60 (2 volts <P> greater degree than can be achieved through resistive heating alone. The superheated filament emits more light without an increase in power consumption. Retrofitment When a halogen headlamp is retrofitted with an HID bulb, light distribution and output are altered. In the United States, vehicle lighting that does not conform to FMVSS 108 is not street legal. Glare will be produced and the headlamp's type approval or certification becomes invalid with the altered light distribution, so the headlamp is no longer street-legal in some locales. In the US, suppliers, importers and vendors that offer non-compliant kits are subject to civil fines. <P> of the lower half of the reflector. This is used to create the upsweep or upstep characteristic of ECE low beam light distributions. The bulb's rotative position within the reflector depends on the type of beam pattern to be produced and the traffic directionality of the market for which the headlamp is intended.
This system was first used with the tungsten incandescent Bilux/Duplo R2 bulb of 1954, and later with the halogen H4 bulb of 1971. In 1992, US regulations were amended to permit the use of H4 bulbs redesignated HB2 and 9003, and with slightly different production tolerances stipulated. These <P> sets manufactured today. Both of these bulbs are designed to run on 120 volts AC and the light sets that use them are wired in parallel.
Miniature lights first came in sets of 35 (3.5 volts per bulb), and sometimes smaller sets of 20 (6 volts per bulb). For a short time, these early miniature lights were manufactured using E5 screw bases, rather than the current wedge base and were called "Italian lights". Sets of ten (12 volts per bulb) were made for very small trees, but are quite hot, and are now usually used for tree toppers only. <P> Shunt (electrical) Defective device bypass One example is in miniature Christmas lights which are wired in series. When the filament burns out in one of the incandescent light bulbs, the full line voltage appears across the burnt out bulb. A shunt across the burnt out filament will then short out to bypass the burnt filament and allow the rest of the string to light. If too many lights burn out however, a shunt will also burn out, requiring the use of a multimeter to find the point of failure. Photovoltaics In photovoltaics, the term is widely used <P> is widened and shifted slightly downward and rightward of the headlamp axis. Transverse-filament bulbs such as the 9004 can only be used with the filaments horizontal, but axial-filament bulbs can be rotated or "clocked" by the headlamp designer to optimize the beam pattern or to effect the traffic-handedness of the low beam. The latter is accomplished by clocking the low-beam filament in an upward-forward-leftward position to produce a right-traffic low beam, or in an upward-forward-rightward position to produce a left-traffic low beam.
The opposite tactic has also been employed in certain two-filament sealed beams. Placing the low beam filament at the <P> LED-based holiday lights can suffer from early failure. This is particularly so with blue ones, which are the newest and most expensive, and therefore prone to cost-cutting. Most LED-based holiday lights use copper wire which connects to the plated, copper-alloy leads of the LEDs. Having dissimilar metals in contact can result in galvanic corrosion inside of the lamps' sockets, causing them to stop working. Some older sets of LED holiday lights have each LED permanently mounted in a non-removable weathertight base to keep out moisture, helping to prevent such corrosion. However, this prevents the user from <P> For these reasons, plain tungsten filaments are all but obsolete in automotive headlamp service. Tungsten-halogen Tungsten-halogen technology (also called "quartz-halogen", "quartz-iodine", "iodine cycle", etc.) increases the effective luminous efficacy of a tungsten filament: when operating at a higher filament temperature which results in more lumens output per watt input, a tungsten-halogen lamp has a much longer brightness lifetime than similar filaments operating without the halogen regeneration cycle. At equal luminosity, the halogen-cycle bulbs also have longer lifetimes. European-designed halogen headlamp light sources are generally configured to provide more light at the same power consumption as their lower-output plain tungsten counterparts. <P> active rectifiers behave as resistances, and can have arbitrarily low voltage drop.
Historically, vibrator driven switches or motor-driven commutators have also been used for mechanical rectifiers and synchronous rectification.
Active rectification has many applications. It is frequently used for arrays of photovoltaic panels to avoid reverse current flow that can cause overheating with partial shading while giving minimum power loss. Current research A major area of research is to develop higher frequency rectifiers, that can rectify into terahertz and light frequencies. These devices are used in optical heterodyne detection, which has myriad applications in optical fiber communication and atomic <P> cannot be easily dimmed, and therefore use pulse-width modulation to create the illusion of dimming, and the frequency used can be perceived as flicker by sensitive users. Lighting Flicker is also important in the field of domestic (alternating current) lighting, where noticeable flicker can be caused by varying electrical loads, and hence can be very disturbing to electric utility customers. Most electricity providers have maximum flicker limits that they try to meet for domestic customers.
Fluorescent lamps using conventional magnetic ballasts flicker at twice the supply frequency. Electronic ballasts do not produce light flicker since the phosphor persistence is longer than <P> low as 1% can create a variance of 25% in lamp life, so in general some lamps will fail well before the rated life expectancy, and some will last much longer. For LEDs, lamp life is defined as the operation time at which 50% of lamps have experienced a 70% decrease in light output.
Some types of lamp are also sensitive to switching cycles. Rooms with frequent switching, such as bathrooms, can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box. Compact fluorescent lamps are particularly sensitive to switching cycles. Public lighting The total amount of artificial light <P> over six lights. <P> the bulb. This design avoids the requirement for a large heat sink. <P> is slightly brighter, at 13.65. <P> the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps, because they require a ballast to regulate the current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost. Compact fluorescent lamps are available in the same popular sizes as incandescent lamps and are used as an energy-saving alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, | question: Why don't Christmas lights get dimmer as you go down the string? Does each light not suck up some of the energy? context: <P> are LEDs, ordinary miniature light bulbs, or the larger C7/C9 type light bulbs. Other factors include the voltage of the set and the size of the wiring in the set. Those with questions should consult the manufacturer's instructions or an electrician.
Most light sets come with built in fuses to help protect against overheating and to prevent household fuses or circuit breakers from being tripped. If a fuse blows, the strand must be unplugged and the number of strands must be reduced. If the strand has nothing attached, or has blown repeatedly, it may contain a short circuit and should <P> on a string to increase the life of the bulbs by reducing the voltage each lamp received (120 volts divided by 9 lamps = 13 volts per bulb) but not significantly reducing the light output of the bulbs.
Large C7½ and C9¼ bulbs typically come in sets of 25, though bubble lights come in sets of seven, and some non-holiday sets come in ten or twelve. Sockets are usually spaced about one foot (30 cm) apart, and are clamped to the wire with an integrated insulation-piercing connector. Some older parallel sets had 15 bulbs, as do some of the newer globe <P> in parallel. LED-based sets use a current-limiting resistor to reduce the current supplied to each LED. Neon-lamp-based sets have lamps connected in parallel, each with its own current-limiting resistor. Battery-powered sets are also wired in parallel.
Some incandescent or LED-based strings use a power supply transformer with lamps connected in parallel. These sets are much safer, but there is a voltage drop at the end of the string causing reduced brightness of the lamps at the end of the set. The reduced brightness is, however, less noticeable with LED-based sets than incandescent sets. Power supplies with integrated plugs may <P> on and two-channel flashing. These lights usually come in sets of 140 or 150. This is because to give the chasing effect, bulbs must be arranged in four circuits of 35 (sets of 140) or three circuits of 50 (sets of 150). These light sets use even less power than a regular set of 150, because the lights are not always on, and therefore the bulbs also do not get as hot.
Usually, computerized sets cannot be connected end-to-end. However, some newer sets contain special miniature plugs – a female jack is located at the end of the set, and a <P> replacing defective lamps.
Many mini sets use standard 3 mm dome-shaped LEDs, and have a plastic cover over them to provide refraction, which is an important step in diffusing the unidirectional light they cast. These covers come in C5, C6, and C7 sizes (⅝, ¾, and ⅞-inch, or 16, 19, and 22 mm diameters, respectively) pointed "strawberries", G12 (12mm or almost ½-inch) globe "raspberries", and "M5" (5mm or ⁷⁄₃₂-inch) pointed cylinders, equivalent to the T1¾ mini lights so common since the 1980s. For blue and green, these covers may have some fluorescence, leading to a lighter color. Other sets have <P> This number is convenient for stars, which have a total of ten points (five outward and five inward), and often have another light in the middle, occasionally on both sides.
Incandescent miniatures now usually come in sets of 50 or 100 (which contains two circuits of 50) 2.5 V 170 mA bulbs, though decorative sets with larger bulbs (C6 or pearl style) typically come in sets of 35 or 70. Several "extra-bright" sets also use 70 or 105 bulbs, keeping the per-bulb voltage at 3.5 instead of 2.5.
LED sets can vary greatly. Common is a set of 60 (2 volts <P> greater degree than can be achieved through resistive heating alone. The superheated filament emits more light without an increase in power consumption. Retrofitment When a halogen headlamp is retrofitted with an HID bulb, light distribution and output are altered. In the United States, vehicle lighting that does not conform to FMVSS 108 is not street legal. Glare will be produced and the headlamp's type approval or certification becomes invalid with the altered light distribution, so the headlamp is no longer street-legal in some locales. In the US, suppliers, importers and vendors that offer non-compliant kits are subject to civil fines. <P> of the lower half of the reflector. This is used to create the upsweep or upstep characteristic of ECE low beam light distributions. The bulb's rotative position within the reflector depends on the type of beam pattern to be produced and the traffic directionality of the market for which the headlamp is intended.
This system was first used with the tungsten incandescent Bilux/Duplo R2 bulb of 1954, and later with the halogen H4 bulb of 1971. In 1992, US regulations were amended to permit the use of H4 bulbs redesignated HB2 and 9003, and with slightly different production tolerances stipulated. These <P> sets manufactured today. Both of these bulbs are designed to run on 120 volts AC and the light sets that use them are wired in parallel.
Miniature lights first came in sets of 35 (3.5 volts per bulb), and sometimes smaller sets of 20 (6 volts per bulb). For a short time, these early miniature lights were manufactured using E5 screw bases, rather than the current wedge base and were called "Italian lights". Sets of ten (12 volts per bulb) were made for very small trees, but are quite hot, and are now usually used for tree toppers only. <P> Shunt (electrical) Defective device bypass One example is in miniature Christmas lights which are wired in series. When the filament burns out in one of the incandescent light bulbs, the full line voltage appears across the burnt out bulb. A shunt across the burnt out filament will then short out to bypass the burnt filament and allow the rest of the string to light. If too many lights burn out however, a shunt will also burn out, requiring the use of a multimeter to find the point of failure. Photovoltaics In photovoltaics, the term is widely used <P> is widened and shifted slightly downward and rightward of the headlamp axis. Transverse-filament bulbs such as the 9004 can only be used with the filaments horizontal, but axial-filament bulbs can be rotated or "clocked" by the headlamp designer to optimize the beam pattern or to effect the traffic-handedness of the low beam. The latter is accomplished by clocking the low-beam filament in an upward-forward-leftward position to produce a right-traffic low beam, or in an upward-forward-rightward position to produce a left-traffic low beam.
The opposite tactic has also been employed in certain two-filament sealed beams. Placing the low beam filament at the <P> LED-based holiday lights can suffer from early failure. This is particularly so with blue ones, which are the newest and most expensive, and therefore prone to cost-cutting. Most LED-based holiday lights use copper wire which connects to the plated, copper-alloy leads of the LEDs. Having dissimilar metals in contact can result in galvanic corrosion inside of the lamps' sockets, causing them to stop working. Some older sets of LED holiday lights have each LED permanently mounted in a non-removable weathertight base to keep out moisture, helping to prevent such corrosion. However, this prevents the user from <P> For these reasons, plain tungsten filaments are all but obsolete in automotive headlamp service. Tungsten-halogen Tungsten-halogen technology (also called "quartz-halogen", "quartz-iodine", "iodine cycle", etc.) increases the effective luminous efficacy of a tungsten filament: when operating at a higher filament temperature which results in more lumens output per watt input, a tungsten-halogen lamp has a much longer brightness lifetime than similar filaments operating without the halogen regeneration cycle. At equal luminosity, the halogen-cycle bulbs also have longer lifetimes. European-designed halogen headlamp light sources are generally configured to provide more light at the same power consumption as their lower-output plain tungsten counterparts. <P> active rectifiers behave as resistances, and can have arbitrarily low voltage drop.
Historically, vibrator driven switches or motor-driven commutators have also been used for mechanical rectifiers and synchronous rectification.
Active rectification has many applications. It is frequently used for arrays of photovoltaic panels to avoid reverse current flow that can cause overheating with partial shading while giving minimum power loss. Current research A major area of research is to develop higher frequency rectifiers, that can rectify into terahertz and light frequencies. These devices are used in optical heterodyne detection, which has myriad applications in optical fiber communication and atomic <P> cannot be easily dimmed, and therefore use pulse-width modulation to create the illusion of dimming, and the frequency used can be perceived as flicker by sensitive users. Lighting Flicker is also important in the field of domestic (alternating current) lighting, where noticeable flicker can be caused by varying electrical loads, and hence can be very disturbing to electric utility customers. Most electricity providers have maximum flicker limits that they try to meet for domestic customers.
Fluorescent lamps using conventional magnetic ballasts flicker at twice the supply frequency. Electronic ballasts do not produce light flicker since the phosphor persistence is longer than <P> low as 1% can create a variance of 25% in lamp life, so in general some lamps will fail well before the rated life expectancy, and some will last much longer. For LEDs, lamp life is defined as the operation time at which 50% of lamps have experienced a 70% decrease in light output.
Some types of lamp are also sensitive to switching cycles. Rooms with frequent switching, such as bathrooms, can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box. Compact fluorescent lamps are particularly sensitive to switching cycles. Public lighting The total amount of artificial light <P> over six lights. <P> the bulb. This design avoids the requirement for a large heat sink. <P> is slightly brighter, at 13.65. <P> the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps, because they require a ballast to regulate the current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost. Compact fluorescent lamps are available in the same popular sizes as incandescent lamps and are used as an energy-saving alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, | answer: For series lightsThe same amount of current goes through each light, meaning each light uses the same amount of energy.As you go down the strand energy decreases, but at a constant amount for each light (assuming same resistance).For parallel lightsAll the lights are wired independently and there is no first light. |
12,944 | 1jqo3p | does rogaine work, and if so, how? | Interesting story. Science isn't perfectly clear on the why/how.Minoxidil (Rogain) is a [edit: *anti*hypertensive] ~~hypetensive~~ (high blood pressure) drug, and they discovered the hair growth as a side effect of prescribing it for high blood pressure. They think that maybe the drug widens blood vessels and opening potassium channels which allows more oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the hair follicles. And, yes it often does work, for Male Pattern Baldness, especially in younger men who have only begun to show the balding pattern. If you've been bald for a long time it doesn't work as well (or maybe not at all).also, as an interesting side fact, in even small quantities, it's FATAL to cats. | [
"Interesting story. Science isn't perfectly clear on the why/how.\n\nMinoxidil (Rogain) is a [edit: *anti*hypertensive] ~~hypetensive~~ (high blood pressure) drug, and they discovered the hair growth as a side effect of prescribing it for high blood pressure. They think that maybe the drug widens blood vessels and ... | 31 | [
"Interesting story. Science isn't perfectly clear on the why/how.\n\nMinoxidil (Rogain) is a [edit: *anti*hypertensive] ~~hypetensive~~ (high blood pressure) drug, and they discovered the hair growth as a side effect of prescribing it for high blood pressure. They think that maybe the drug widens blood vessels and ... | 14 | <P> due to the autoimmune disease, Alopecia areata, or to chemotherapy have been successfully treated with FP agonists in small Translational research studies. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of 16 men with male pattern baldness (also termed androgenetic alopecia) topical application of the FP agonist, latanoprost, for 24 weeks produced a significant increase in scalp hair density. Despite these findings, however, a case report of one woman with female pattern hair loss found that injection of FP agonist bimatoprost failed to influence hair growth. Skin pigmentation In preliminary studies, 3 Korean patients with periorbital vitiligo (i.e. skin blanching) were <P> for cancer therapy. In addition to its role in oncology, FAS inhibition could also represent an attractive therapeutic target in obesity; both systemic and intracerebroventricular treatment of mice with FAS inhibitors led to inhibition of feeding and dramatic weight loss. Moreover, inhibitors of FAS have been reported to reduce the production of sebum in sebocytes; therefore, topical FAS inhibition could be a potential anti-acne approach.
FAS consists of two identical subunits, each comprising an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain and six different catalytic domains. BI 99179 is likely to bind to the ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain (evidence: Boehringer Ingelheim <P> receptor agonists, specifically latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and tafluprost, are currently used as first-line drugs to treat glaucoma and other causes of intra-ocular hypertension (see Glaucoma#Medication). Hair growth The FP receptor agonist, bimatoprost, in the form of an 0.03% ophthalmic solution termed Latisse, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, in particular to darken and lengthen eyelashes for cosmetic purposes. Eyelid hypotrichosis caused by Veterinary uses FP receptor agonists are used as highly effective agents to synchronize the oestrus cycles of farm animals and thereby to facilitate animal husbandry. Hair growth Eyelash hypotricosis <P> the most upregulated genes in androgen-potentiated balding, with DKK-1 messenger RNA upregulated a few hours after DHT treatment of hair follicles at the dermal papilla in vitro. Neutralizing antibody against DKK-1 reversed DHT effects on outer root sheath keratinocytes. DKK-1 expression is attenuated by L-threonate in vitro, with the latter a metabolite of ascorbate. DKK1 and Alzheimer's Alzheimer’s disease commonly occurs in elderly people, usually over the age of 60, and is characterized by the loss of memory and cognitive impairment. This disease occurs due to the overproduction of β-amyloid peptide (βAP) that will cluster together to form plaques between <P> Bald! Spray-on hair The first method shown in the programme was 'Spray-on Hair' which was used by a 28-year-old man called Russell. The product is a coloured hair spray which is applied to existing hair follicles making them appear thicker, covering up thinning and bald patches. Effectively giving the impression of a full head of hair, it was not shown to work successfully on the programme. By the end Russell confirms he has now accepted his hair loss and gives advice and support to other men suffering from it. Lotions and laser treatment The subsequent method featured was <P> skin defects corrected by topical simvastatin, an inhibitor of reductase.
REV-ERBalpha participates in the circadian modulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) activity, and thereby in the daily expression of SREBP target genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. This control is exerted via the cyclic transcription of Insig2, encoding a trans-membrane protein that sequesters SREBP proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and thereby interferes with the proteolytic activation of SREBPs in Golgi membranes. REV-ERBalpha also participates in the cyclic expression of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in converting cholesterol to bile acids. Findings suggest that this control acts via the <P> Dehydroepiandrosterone As an androgen DHEA and other adrenal androgens such as androstenedione, although relatively weak androgens, are responsible for the androgenic effects of adrenarche, such as early pubic and axillary hair growth, adult-type body odor, increased oiliness of hair and skin, and mild acne. DHEA is potentiated locally via conversion into testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the skin and hair follicles. Women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), who have a non-functional androgen receptor (AR) and are immune to the androgenic effects of DHEA and other androgens, have absent or only sparse/scanty pubic and axillary hair and body hair in <P> use a toupée, three should be owned at any one time - one to wear while its counterpart is being cleaned, and a spare. Alternatives Men typically wear toupées after resorting to less extreme methods of coverage. The first tactic is to make remaining hair appear thick and widespread through a combover. Other alternatives include non-surgical hair replacement, which consists of a very thin hairpiece which is put on with a medical adhesive and worn for weeks at a time. Medications and medical procedures Propecia, Rogaine and other pharmaceutical remedies were approved for treatment of Alopecia by the <P> as acne and oily skin, as well as significant hair loss and/or thinning of the hair, which may be prevented with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors ordinarily used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, such as finasteride or dutasteride.
Exogenous testosterone may also cause suppression of spermatogenesis, leading to, in some cases, infertility. Outcomes As of 2015, the evidence is inconclusive as to whether testosterone replacement therapy can help with erectile dysfunction in men with late-onset hypogonadism. It appears that testosterone replacement therapy may benefit men with symptoms of frailty who have late-onset hypogonadism. Epidemiology The epidemiology is not clear; 20% <P> of ampoules containing 20 mg NETA, 5 mg estradiol benzoate, 8 mg estradiol valerate, and 180 mg testosterone enanthate in oil solution under the brand name Ablacton to suppress lactation in postpartum women. Side effects Side effects of NETA include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, increased hair growth, and others. Chemistry NETA, also known as norethinyltestosterone acetate, as well as 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 17β-acetate or 17α-ethynylestra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-acetate, is a progestin, or synthetic progestogen, of the 19-nortestosterone group, and a synthetic estrane steroid. It is the C17β acetate ester of norethisterone. NETA is a derivative of testosterone with an ethynyl group at the <P> Demegestone Medical uses Demegestone has been used to treat luteal insufficiency. It has also been studied in combination with estrogens, such as moxestrol, as an oral contraceptive and treatment for infertility. Pharmacokinetics Demegestone has good bioavailability. The initial volume of distribution of demegestone is 31 L. Demegestone is metabolized by hydroxylation at the C21, C1, C2, and C11 positions, which is eventually followed by A-ring aromatization after 1,2-dehydration. The major metabolite of demegestone is a 21-hydroxy derivative. The metabolic clearance rate of demegestone is 20 L/h. Its biological half-lives are 2.39 and 0.24 hours with intravenous injection. Demegestone and/or its metabolites are excreted, <P> It has proven to promote sexual arousal and has been shown increase testosterone levels. <P> U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the 1990s. These have proven capable of regrowing or sustaining existing hair at least part of the time.
However, hair transplantation, which guarantees at least some immediate results, has often replaced the use of toupées among those who can afford them, particularly onscreen celebrities. Baldness as fashion, acceptance of hair loss Other trends leading to the decline in toupée use include a rise in acceptance of baldness by those men afflicted with it. Short haircuts, in fashion since the 1990s, have tended to minimize the appearance of baldness, and many balding men choose to <P> that spraying dry shampoo every day will lead to a build-up of product that can dull hair color and irritate the scalp, arguing that the scalp needs regular cleansing and exfoliating to get rid of bacteria, remove dead skin cells, and stay healthy.
The powders within dry shampoo are meant to absorb the sebum in hair, which is excreted from sebaceous glands and can give hair a greasy appearance when the oil is overproduced. By absorbing the oils, the greasy appearance of the hair is improved; however, the absorbed oils and powders remain in the scalp, so the hair may appear <P> 1 patient of 19 (5.3%) had adrenal suppression, as did 5 patients of 32 (15.6%) after 4 weeks of treatment. In the latter study, it may be noted that patients used Cal/BD ointment on the body in addition to Cal/BD topical suspension on the scalp.
Potential effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis) function of the foam formulation were evaluated in a clinical trial of adults (N=35) with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis covering a mean of 18% of the body surface area of the trunk and limbs and 50% of the scalp. The foam was applied once daily to all lesions on <P> hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure. In mice, corin deficiency prevents pro-ANP processing and causes salt-sensitive hypertension.
Corin may also function as a pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide convertase.
Corin-mediated ANP production in the pregnant uterus promotes spiral artery remodeling and trophoblast invasion. CORIN mutations have been reported in patients with preeclampsia.
In mice, corin functions in the dermal papilla to regulate coat color in an Agouti-dependent pathway. Variants and mutations Variants encoded by alternative exons were reported in human and mouse corin. A variant allele (T555I/Q568P) was found in African Americans with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. The amino acid <P> general, demonstrating the role of DHEA and other androgens in body hair development at both adrenarche and pubarche. As an estrogen DHEA is a weak estrogen. In addition, it is transformed into potent estrogens such as estradiol in certain tissues such as the vagina, and thereby produces estrogenic effects in such tissues. As a neurosteroid As a neurosteroid and neurotrophin, DHEA has important effects in the central nervous system. Androgen receptor Although it functions as an endogenous precursor to more potent androgens such as testosterone and DHT, DHEA has been found to possess some degree of androgenic activity in its <P> restriction. Furthermore, SIRT1 was shown to de-acetylate and affect the activity of both members of the PGC1-alpha/ERR-alpha complex, which are essential metabolic regulatory transcription factors.
Human aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation level and NF-κB is the main transcriptional regulator of genes related to inflammation. SIRT1 inhibits NF-κB-regulated gene expression by deacetylating the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB at lysine 310.
SIRT1 plays a role in activating T helper 17 cells, which contribute to autoimmune disease; efforts to activate SIRT1 therapeutically may trigger or exacerbate autoimmune disease. Interactions Sirtuin 1 has been shown to interact with HEY2, PGC1-alpha, ERR-alpha, and AIRE. <P> promotes scalp hair growth. These studies have not yet been translated into baldness therapy in humans. Reproduction FP receptor activation contributes to the regression of the corpus luteum and thereby the estrus cycle in many species of farm animals. However, it does not make these contributions in mice and its contribution to these functions in humans is controversial. The receptor has been in use as a target for decades to regulate the estrus cycle as well as to induce labor in pregnant farm animals FP gene knockout in female mice blocks parturition. That is, these FP-/- mice fail to enter <P> Hair". | question: does rogaine work, and if so, how? context: <P> due to the autoimmune disease, Alopecia areata, or to chemotherapy have been successfully treated with FP agonists in small Translational research studies. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of 16 men with male pattern baldness (also termed androgenetic alopecia) topical application of the FP agonist, latanoprost, for 24 weeks produced a significant increase in scalp hair density. Despite these findings, however, a case report of one woman with female pattern hair loss found that injection of FP agonist bimatoprost failed to influence hair growth. Skin pigmentation In preliminary studies, 3 Korean patients with periorbital vitiligo (i.e. skin blanching) were <P> for cancer therapy. In addition to its role in oncology, FAS inhibition could also represent an attractive therapeutic target in obesity; both systemic and intracerebroventricular treatment of mice with FAS inhibitors led to inhibition of feeding and dramatic weight loss. Moreover, inhibitors of FAS have been reported to reduce the production of sebum in sebocytes; therefore, topical FAS inhibition could be a potential anti-acne approach.
FAS consists of two identical subunits, each comprising an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain and six different catalytic domains. BI 99179 is likely to bind to the ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain (evidence: Boehringer Ingelheim <P> receptor agonists, specifically latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and tafluprost, are currently used as first-line drugs to treat glaucoma and other causes of intra-ocular hypertension (see Glaucoma#Medication). Hair growth The FP receptor agonist, bimatoprost, in the form of an 0.03% ophthalmic solution termed Latisse, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat hypotrichosis of the eyelashes, in particular to darken and lengthen eyelashes for cosmetic purposes. Eyelid hypotrichosis caused by Veterinary uses FP receptor agonists are used as highly effective agents to synchronize the oestrus cycles of farm animals and thereby to facilitate animal husbandry. Hair growth Eyelash hypotricosis <P> the most upregulated genes in androgen-potentiated balding, with DKK-1 messenger RNA upregulated a few hours after DHT treatment of hair follicles at the dermal papilla in vitro. Neutralizing antibody against DKK-1 reversed DHT effects on outer root sheath keratinocytes. DKK-1 expression is attenuated by L-threonate in vitro, with the latter a metabolite of ascorbate. DKK1 and Alzheimer's Alzheimer’s disease commonly occurs in elderly people, usually over the age of 60, and is characterized by the loss of memory and cognitive impairment. This disease occurs due to the overproduction of β-amyloid peptide (βAP) that will cluster together to form plaques between <P> Bald! Spray-on hair The first method shown in the programme was 'Spray-on Hair' which was used by a 28-year-old man called Russell. The product is a coloured hair spray which is applied to existing hair follicles making them appear thicker, covering up thinning and bald patches. Effectively giving the impression of a full head of hair, it was not shown to work successfully on the programme. By the end Russell confirms he has now accepted his hair loss and gives advice and support to other men suffering from it. Lotions and laser treatment The subsequent method featured was <P> skin defects corrected by topical simvastatin, an inhibitor of reductase.
REV-ERBalpha participates in the circadian modulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) activity, and thereby in the daily expression of SREBP target genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. This control is exerted via the cyclic transcription of Insig2, encoding a trans-membrane protein that sequesters SREBP proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and thereby interferes with the proteolytic activation of SREBPs in Golgi membranes. REV-ERBalpha also participates in the cyclic expression of cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in converting cholesterol to bile acids. Findings suggest that this control acts via the <P> Dehydroepiandrosterone As an androgen DHEA and other adrenal androgens such as androstenedione, although relatively weak androgens, are responsible for the androgenic effects of adrenarche, such as early pubic and axillary hair growth, adult-type body odor, increased oiliness of hair and skin, and mild acne. DHEA is potentiated locally via conversion into testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the skin and hair follicles. Women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), who have a non-functional androgen receptor (AR) and are immune to the androgenic effects of DHEA and other androgens, have absent or only sparse/scanty pubic and axillary hair and body hair in <P> use a toupée, three should be owned at any one time - one to wear while its counterpart is being cleaned, and a spare. Alternatives Men typically wear toupées after resorting to less extreme methods of coverage. The first tactic is to make remaining hair appear thick and widespread through a combover. Other alternatives include non-surgical hair replacement, which consists of a very thin hairpiece which is put on with a medical adhesive and worn for weeks at a time. Medications and medical procedures Propecia, Rogaine and other pharmaceutical remedies were approved for treatment of Alopecia by the <P> as acne and oily skin, as well as significant hair loss and/or thinning of the hair, which may be prevented with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors ordinarily used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, such as finasteride or dutasteride.
Exogenous testosterone may also cause suppression of spermatogenesis, leading to, in some cases, infertility. Outcomes As of 2015, the evidence is inconclusive as to whether testosterone replacement therapy can help with erectile dysfunction in men with late-onset hypogonadism. It appears that testosterone replacement therapy may benefit men with symptoms of frailty who have late-onset hypogonadism. Epidemiology The epidemiology is not clear; 20% <P> of ampoules containing 20 mg NETA, 5 mg estradiol benzoate, 8 mg estradiol valerate, and 180 mg testosterone enanthate in oil solution under the brand name Ablacton to suppress lactation in postpartum women. Side effects Side effects of NETA include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, increased hair growth, and others. Chemistry NETA, also known as norethinyltestosterone acetate, as well as 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 17β-acetate or 17α-ethynylestra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-acetate, is a progestin, or synthetic progestogen, of the 19-nortestosterone group, and a synthetic estrane steroid. It is the C17β acetate ester of norethisterone. NETA is a derivative of testosterone with an ethynyl group at the <P> Demegestone Medical uses Demegestone has been used to treat luteal insufficiency. It has also been studied in combination with estrogens, such as moxestrol, as an oral contraceptive and treatment for infertility. Pharmacokinetics Demegestone has good bioavailability. The initial volume of distribution of demegestone is 31 L. Demegestone is metabolized by hydroxylation at the C21, C1, C2, and C11 positions, which is eventually followed by A-ring aromatization after 1,2-dehydration. The major metabolite of demegestone is a 21-hydroxy derivative. The metabolic clearance rate of demegestone is 20 L/h. Its biological half-lives are 2.39 and 0.24 hours with intravenous injection. Demegestone and/or its metabolites are excreted, <P> It has proven to promote sexual arousal and has been shown increase testosterone levels. <P> U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the 1990s. These have proven capable of regrowing or sustaining existing hair at least part of the time.
However, hair transplantation, which guarantees at least some immediate results, has often replaced the use of toupées among those who can afford them, particularly onscreen celebrities. Baldness as fashion, acceptance of hair loss Other trends leading to the decline in toupée use include a rise in acceptance of baldness by those men afflicted with it. Short haircuts, in fashion since the 1990s, have tended to minimize the appearance of baldness, and many balding men choose to <P> that spraying dry shampoo every day will lead to a build-up of product that can dull hair color and irritate the scalp, arguing that the scalp needs regular cleansing and exfoliating to get rid of bacteria, remove dead skin cells, and stay healthy.
The powders within dry shampoo are meant to absorb the sebum in hair, which is excreted from sebaceous glands and can give hair a greasy appearance when the oil is overproduced. By absorbing the oils, the greasy appearance of the hair is improved; however, the absorbed oils and powders remain in the scalp, so the hair may appear <P> 1 patient of 19 (5.3%) had adrenal suppression, as did 5 patients of 32 (15.6%) after 4 weeks of treatment. In the latter study, it may be noted that patients used Cal/BD ointment on the body in addition to Cal/BD topical suspension on the scalp.
Potential effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis) function of the foam formulation were evaluated in a clinical trial of adults (N=35) with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis covering a mean of 18% of the body surface area of the trunk and limbs and 50% of the scalp. The foam was applied once daily to all lesions on <P> hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure. In mice, corin deficiency prevents pro-ANP processing and causes salt-sensitive hypertension.
Corin may also function as a pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide convertase.
Corin-mediated ANP production in the pregnant uterus promotes spiral artery remodeling and trophoblast invasion. CORIN mutations have been reported in patients with preeclampsia.
In mice, corin functions in the dermal papilla to regulate coat color in an Agouti-dependent pathway. Variants and mutations Variants encoded by alternative exons were reported in human and mouse corin. A variant allele (T555I/Q568P) was found in African Americans with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. The amino acid <P> general, demonstrating the role of DHEA and other androgens in body hair development at both adrenarche and pubarche. As an estrogen DHEA is a weak estrogen. In addition, it is transformed into potent estrogens such as estradiol in certain tissues such as the vagina, and thereby produces estrogenic effects in such tissues. As a neurosteroid As a neurosteroid and neurotrophin, DHEA has important effects in the central nervous system. Androgen receptor Although it functions as an endogenous precursor to more potent androgens such as testosterone and DHT, DHEA has been found to possess some degree of androgenic activity in its <P> restriction. Furthermore, SIRT1 was shown to de-acetylate and affect the activity of both members of the PGC1-alpha/ERR-alpha complex, which are essential metabolic regulatory transcription factors.
Human aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation level and NF-κB is the main transcriptional regulator of genes related to inflammation. SIRT1 inhibits NF-κB-regulated gene expression by deacetylating the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB at lysine 310.
SIRT1 plays a role in activating T helper 17 cells, which contribute to autoimmune disease; efforts to activate SIRT1 therapeutically may trigger or exacerbate autoimmune disease. Interactions Sirtuin 1 has been shown to interact with HEY2, PGC1-alpha, ERR-alpha, and AIRE. <P> promotes scalp hair growth. These studies have not yet been translated into baldness therapy in humans. Reproduction FP receptor activation contributes to the regression of the corpus luteum and thereby the estrus cycle in many species of farm animals. However, it does not make these contributions in mice and its contribution to these functions in humans is controversial. The receptor has been in use as a target for decades to regulate the estrus cycle as well as to induce labor in pregnant farm animals FP gene knockout in female mice blocks parturition. That is, these FP-/- mice fail to enter <P> Hair". | answer: Interesting story. Science isn't perfectly clear on the why/how.Minoxidil (Rogain) is a [edit: *anti*hypertensive] ~~hypetensive~~ (high blood pressure) drug, and they discovered the hair growth as a side effect of prescribing it for high blood pressure. They think that maybe the drug widens blood vessels and opening potassium channels which allows more oxygen, blood, and nutrients to the hair follicles. And, yes it often does work, for Male Pattern Baldness, especially in younger men who have only begun to show the balding pattern. If you've been bald for a long time it doesn't work as well (or maybe not at all).also, as an interesting side fact, in even small quantities, it's FATAL to cats. |
154,947 | bjbv8g | how does health insurance through your employer work? | What did your HR department say? | [
"What did your HR department say?"
] | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> to alternative ways to finance their healthcare plans. Consumer driven plans have become popular recently as employers look to shift some of the accountability to employees. HSAs (health savings accounts) and HRA (health reimbursement accounts) encourage employees to shop around for the best value when considering elective medical procedures or filling pharmacy prescriptions. Self-funded plans take one step further in that they provide all claims data to employers allowing them to set up an EPO (exclusive provider organization) basically a PPO hand selected by the organization to eliminate high cost providers. Affordable Care Act requirements In the <P> worth the trade-off of incentivizing the maintenance of current employer plans; and note that the employer mandate, unlike the individual mandate, is a non-essential part of the law. Some analysts have suggested that an alternate 'pay or play' version of the employer mandate would partially avoid these problems, by instead taxing business that do not offer insurance by a percentage of their payroll rather than using the 50-employee and 30-hour cut-offs. Furthermore, many healthcare policy analysts think it would be better to transition away from the employer-based system to systems (whether state- or market-based) where insurance is more portable and <P> as onsite health. The employer pays the membership fees on behalf of the employee to the DPC practice directly. This option usually provides the employee same or next business day access to care. This allows workers to address evolving health concerns rapidly in order that the condition can be treated more quickly and the number of sick days or days of decreased productivity from illness might be reduced. Many DPC practices provide phone or email access to providers so that employees or patients may not even need to leave their workplace to seek medical advice.
Because direct primary <P> Self-funded health care Stop loss insurance Many employers seek to mitigate the financial risk of self funding claims under the plan by purchasing stop loss insurance from an insurance carrier. These policies typically provide for risk retention limitations both on a specific claim and aggregate claims basis. An important aspect of self funded group health plans lies in the requirement that the employer remain liable for funding of plan claims regardless of the purchase of stop loss insurance. What this means, in turn, is a fund or company's own bank account creates a pool of their employees and is <P> smaller employers. It is now estimated that the average self-funded plan covers 300-400 employees and that, of private sector employees that have a workplace health plan, 59% were covered by a plan that is at least in part self-insured.
While some large employers self-administer their self funded group health plan, most find it necessary to contract with a third party for assistance in claims adjudication and payment. Third party administrators (TPA's) provide these and other services, such as access to preferred provider networks, prescription drug card programs, utilization review and the stop loss insurance market. Insurance companies offer <P> of Health is the state health insurance marketplace and also determines eligibility for Medicaid and Child Health Plus. <P> for industrial accidents and giving guidance for recurrence prevention
7) Payment of Workers' Accident Compensation Insurance benefits <P> less dependent on payroll contributions. In order to increase revenue, the 2002 Health Insurance Law introduced higher copayments for hospital and specialist services. These services include diagnostic tests and prescription drugs. It also created a voluntary insurance policy that would complement the mandatory coverage each citizen received. After 2002, citizens were no longer allowed to opt out of the public insurance system. <P> Handbook, a printed handbook that contains information on common health topics, which is available in pharmacies and by mail; and the HealthLinkBC Files, a series of one-page health information sheets. Public services Health service representatives provide general health information, health resource referral information, and transfer calls to HealthLink BC’s professionals over the telephone 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Registered nurses are available 24 hours a day to provide general and specific health information and advice including palliative care support over the telephone. Registered dietitians are available Monday to Friday 9 am – 5 pm to assist callers <P> policy, such as premium, any claims and the insurance documents. In this situation, a charge is levied (termed lead office commission). <P> paid by employees, employers, and the self-employed as a percentage of wages after pension contributions. It includes social insurance and a health contribution. Social insurance payments are used to help pay for social welfare payments and pensions. Each week's payment earns the employee a "credit" or "contribution", which credits are used to establish entitlements to non-means-tested welfare payments such as Jobseeker's Benefit and the State Pension (contributory). The health contribution is used to help fund the health services, although paying it does not confer any entitlement to treatment or anything else. For the most part, the two amounts are combined <P> United States, self-funded plans must comply with a number of the provisions in the PPACA including dependent coverage until 26, prohibition on rescission, and prohibition annual or lifetime limits. However, while the ACA required coverage of essential health benefits for fully insured plans, self-funded plans are notably exempt from this requirement. Lawsuits and liability In the United States, self-funded plans regulated under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 are notably exempted from insurance bad faith laws. The law has also affected medical malpractice liability. <P> over a year) the employer has to make reasonable adjustments, which might mean sick pay, redistributing work, giving him a vacancy, being flexible in hours, etc. There is an implied term that the employer must positively discriminate in favour of the disabled, so the disabled employee must be given priority over other better suited applicants if there is a vacancy for a more suitable job to his disability.
In any event, the employer must take care not to unreasonably sabotage the employee's income protection insurance - there is an implied term that the employer will keep a sick employee on the <P> subject to regulatory standards in each state. Benefits are deposited into a FDIC-insured benefit account that follows federal and state banking regulations and is held by a nationally chartered bank and trust company. The benefit payments are then made directly to the health care facility on a monthly basis.
If the insured person dies before the benefit period is over, the remaining benefit account is paid to the family or beneficiary as a final expense payment. When the benefit is spent down, the person is still eligible for Medicaid. All benefit accounts reserve either five percent of the death benefit or <P> managed & distributed to claim payouts. In other words, only the employer has a contractual relationship with plan participants and beneficiaries. The stop loss policy runs solely between the employer and the stop loss carrier and creates no direct liability to those individuals covered under the plan. This feature provides the critical distinction between fully insured plans (subject to State law insurance regulations) and self funded health plans which, under the provisions of Section 514 of ERISA, are exempt from state insurance regulations.
Stop-loss policies are instrumental in establishing a "worst-case scenario", or aggregate for any given year. The aggregate <P> contribute to avoidance of over-, under provision in health care. <P> be restricted by law in certain insurance markets. If allowed, the criteria used should be objective, clearly related to the likely cost of providing coverage, practical to administer, consistent with applicable law, and designed to protect the long-term viability of the insurance system.
It is the process in which an underwriter takes considers the health conditions of the person who is applying for the insurance, keeping in mind certain factors like health condition, age, nature of work, and geographical zone. After looking at all the factors, an underwriter suggests whether a policy should be given to the person and at what <P> their employees' salaries, while the self-employed must arrange payment on their own. Pensioners have contributions deducted from their pensions, as do those receiving unemployment benefits. Those who are not working but have income must pay 5% of their income in health premiums, while those who are not working and have no income must pay NIS 170 a month. Only a select few categories of people are exempt from paying health premiums. Dependent minors are exempt. Housewives who do not work are exempt unless they receive a pension or their spouse receives an increment to a pension. In addition, people who <P> policy is part of a larger law enforcement initiative that includes the creation and maintenance of an Integrated Public Number Database. Energy In 1999, Texas deregulated the energy industry by allowing third-party affiliates to offer electricity services. As a result, a handful of Texas companies are offering the ability to prepay your electricity, with the balance going toward the posted kilowatt hours rate. This system is now common in China and Indonesia, as a way to forestall non-payment of bills. Insurance Insurance premiums are usually paid at or before the start of the insurance period, the period of cover, <P> directly to the insurance company. Persons aged over 50 are entitled to a further tax credit, which is normally paid in full to the insurance company to offset the considerably higher cost incurred by insurers in respect of members over 50. Permanent health insurance A person may deduct from his income for the purposes of tax calculation up to 10% of that income which is spent on permanent health insurance. Relief is therefore given at 40% if the person is paying the higher rate of tax. If the
payment is made by salary deduction the payment is treated as a benefit | question: how does health insurance through your employer work? context: <P> to alternative ways to finance their healthcare plans. Consumer driven plans have become popular recently as employers look to shift some of the accountability to employees. HSAs (health savings accounts) and HRA (health reimbursement accounts) encourage employees to shop around for the best value when considering elective medical procedures or filling pharmacy prescriptions. Self-funded plans take one step further in that they provide all claims data to employers allowing them to set up an EPO (exclusive provider organization) basically a PPO hand selected by the organization to eliminate high cost providers. Affordable Care Act requirements In the <P> worth the trade-off of incentivizing the maintenance of current employer plans; and note that the employer mandate, unlike the individual mandate, is a non-essential part of the law. Some analysts have suggested that an alternate 'pay or play' version of the employer mandate would partially avoid these problems, by instead taxing business that do not offer insurance by a percentage of their payroll rather than using the 50-employee and 30-hour cut-offs. Furthermore, many healthcare policy analysts think it would be better to transition away from the employer-based system to systems (whether state- or market-based) where insurance is more portable and <P> as onsite health. The employer pays the membership fees on behalf of the employee to the DPC practice directly. This option usually provides the employee same or next business day access to care. This allows workers to address evolving health concerns rapidly in order that the condition can be treated more quickly and the number of sick days or days of decreased productivity from illness might be reduced. Many DPC practices provide phone or email access to providers so that employees or patients may not even need to leave their workplace to seek medical advice.
Because direct primary <P> Self-funded health care Stop loss insurance Many employers seek to mitigate the financial risk of self funding claims under the plan by purchasing stop loss insurance from an insurance carrier. These policies typically provide for risk retention limitations both on a specific claim and aggregate claims basis. An important aspect of self funded group health plans lies in the requirement that the employer remain liable for funding of plan claims regardless of the purchase of stop loss insurance. What this means, in turn, is a fund or company's own bank account creates a pool of their employees and is <P> smaller employers. It is now estimated that the average self-funded plan covers 300-400 employees and that, of private sector employees that have a workplace health plan, 59% were covered by a plan that is at least in part self-insured.
While some large employers self-administer their self funded group health plan, most find it necessary to contract with a third party for assistance in claims adjudication and payment. Third party administrators (TPA's) provide these and other services, such as access to preferred provider networks, prescription drug card programs, utilization review and the stop loss insurance market. Insurance companies offer <P> of Health is the state health insurance marketplace and also determines eligibility for Medicaid and Child Health Plus. <P> for industrial accidents and giving guidance for recurrence prevention
7) Payment of Workers' Accident Compensation Insurance benefits <P> less dependent on payroll contributions. In order to increase revenue, the 2002 Health Insurance Law introduced higher copayments for hospital and specialist services. These services include diagnostic tests and prescription drugs. It also created a voluntary insurance policy that would complement the mandatory coverage each citizen received. After 2002, citizens were no longer allowed to opt out of the public insurance system. <P> Handbook, a printed handbook that contains information on common health topics, which is available in pharmacies and by mail; and the HealthLinkBC Files, a series of one-page health information sheets. Public services Health service representatives provide general health information, health resource referral information, and transfer calls to HealthLink BC’s professionals over the telephone 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Registered nurses are available 24 hours a day to provide general and specific health information and advice including palliative care support over the telephone. Registered dietitians are available Monday to Friday 9 am – 5 pm to assist callers <P> policy, such as premium, any claims and the insurance documents. In this situation, a charge is levied (termed lead office commission). <P> paid by employees, employers, and the self-employed as a percentage of wages after pension contributions. It includes social insurance and a health contribution. Social insurance payments are used to help pay for social welfare payments and pensions. Each week's payment earns the employee a "credit" or "contribution", which credits are used to establish entitlements to non-means-tested welfare payments such as Jobseeker's Benefit and the State Pension (contributory). The health contribution is used to help fund the health services, although paying it does not confer any entitlement to treatment or anything else. For the most part, the two amounts are combined <P> United States, self-funded plans must comply with a number of the provisions in the PPACA including dependent coverage until 26, prohibition on rescission, and prohibition annual or lifetime limits. However, while the ACA required coverage of essential health benefits for fully insured plans, self-funded plans are notably exempt from this requirement. Lawsuits and liability In the United States, self-funded plans regulated under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 are notably exempted from insurance bad faith laws. The law has also affected medical malpractice liability. <P> over a year) the employer has to make reasonable adjustments, which might mean sick pay, redistributing work, giving him a vacancy, being flexible in hours, etc. There is an implied term that the employer must positively discriminate in favour of the disabled, so the disabled employee must be given priority over other better suited applicants if there is a vacancy for a more suitable job to his disability.
In any event, the employer must take care not to unreasonably sabotage the employee's income protection insurance - there is an implied term that the employer will keep a sick employee on the <P> subject to regulatory standards in each state. Benefits are deposited into a FDIC-insured benefit account that follows federal and state banking regulations and is held by a nationally chartered bank and trust company. The benefit payments are then made directly to the health care facility on a monthly basis.
If the insured person dies before the benefit period is over, the remaining benefit account is paid to the family or beneficiary as a final expense payment. When the benefit is spent down, the person is still eligible for Medicaid. All benefit accounts reserve either five percent of the death benefit or <P> managed & distributed to claim payouts. In other words, only the employer has a contractual relationship with plan participants and beneficiaries. The stop loss policy runs solely between the employer and the stop loss carrier and creates no direct liability to those individuals covered under the plan. This feature provides the critical distinction between fully insured plans (subject to State law insurance regulations) and self funded health plans which, under the provisions of Section 514 of ERISA, are exempt from state insurance regulations.
Stop-loss policies are instrumental in establishing a "worst-case scenario", or aggregate for any given year. The aggregate <P> contribute to avoidance of over-, under provision in health care. <P> be restricted by law in certain insurance markets. If allowed, the criteria used should be objective, clearly related to the likely cost of providing coverage, practical to administer, consistent with applicable law, and designed to protect the long-term viability of the insurance system.
It is the process in which an underwriter takes considers the health conditions of the person who is applying for the insurance, keeping in mind certain factors like health condition, age, nature of work, and geographical zone. After looking at all the factors, an underwriter suggests whether a policy should be given to the person and at what <P> their employees' salaries, while the self-employed must arrange payment on their own. Pensioners have contributions deducted from their pensions, as do those receiving unemployment benefits. Those who are not working but have income must pay 5% of their income in health premiums, while those who are not working and have no income must pay NIS 170 a month. Only a select few categories of people are exempt from paying health premiums. Dependent minors are exempt. Housewives who do not work are exempt unless they receive a pension or their spouse receives an increment to a pension. In addition, people who <P> policy is part of a larger law enforcement initiative that includes the creation and maintenance of an Integrated Public Number Database. Energy In 1999, Texas deregulated the energy industry by allowing third-party affiliates to offer electricity services. As a result, a handful of Texas companies are offering the ability to prepay your electricity, with the balance going toward the posted kilowatt hours rate. This system is now common in China and Indonesia, as a way to forestall non-payment of bills. Insurance Insurance premiums are usually paid at or before the start of the insurance period, the period of cover, <P> directly to the insurance company. Persons aged over 50 are entitled to a further tax credit, which is normally paid in full to the insurance company to offset the considerably higher cost incurred by insurers in respect of members over 50. Permanent health insurance A person may deduct from his income for the purposes of tax calculation up to 10% of that income which is spent on permanent health insurance. Relief is therefore given at 40% if the person is paying the higher rate of tax. If the
payment is made by salary deduction the payment is treated as a benefit | answer: What did your HR department say? |
110,419 | 2fctyt | how are countries economies affected by war when they are not directly fighting at home? | Scarcity of goods and the need to send goods overseas to soldiers all negatively impact the economy. Soldiers need to eat, be supplied to be effective and need skilled support staff such as doctors and nurses to assist in their efforts. At the same time, those not fighting also need the same goods. Couple that with the added costs of shipping goods across the globe to the theater of war and everything will cost more. The costs associated with shipping and supplying an army are immense. Moving goods takes vast amounts of equipment and fuel. | [
"Scarcity of goods and the need to send goods overseas to soldiers all negatively impact the economy. Soldiers need to eat, be supplied to be effective and need skilled support staff such as doctors and nurses to assist in their efforts. At the same time, those not fighting also need the same goods. Couple that wit... | 2 | [] | 0 | <P> with the Third Reich. In the Case of IBM they developed technologies that were used to count, catalog, and select Jewish people whom could then be targeted for efficient asset confiscation, consolidation in ghettos, deportation, enslaved labor, and, ultimately, annihilation. Commodity dealers War usually leads to a shortage in the supply of commodities, which results in higher prices and higher revenues. When it comes to supply and demand in terms of economics, profit is the most important end. During war time, "war-stuff" is in high demand, and demands must be met. Prior to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, oil <P> allow those countries to reallocate funds from debt service to development activities. Under this IMF program, 22 nations have shown sufficient development progress that they have passed the "completion point" at which lenders have agreed to forgive loans. Military assistance Economic support can include the provision of foreign military financing under security assistance. Providing military equipment, however, must be done in a manner that the insurgents cannot exploit in their propaganda, calling the country or countries supporting the government "merchants of death" or the like. Health All special operations personnel have medical training beyond basic first aid, with the US <P> the player can use sliders to determine domestic policies, which impact the game. Balancing the nation's budget and keeping a lid on inflation is another primary objective. Money is used for multiple things including funding the military, trade, and research. The player can invest funds in their country's stability as well, and stability affects just about every aspect of a nation's performance. Instability is usually the result of in-game actions, such as declaring war on a neighboring country without a casus belli, and it can also be influenced by events. Low stability means land and naval forces stand a greater <P> unit. Public health or construction organizations, however, have limited or no self-defense capability and will need protection in insecure areas. FID models There are multiple models of the strength and stability of nation-states, especially in the context of insurgency where they are detailed. Not all states need assistance to suppress insurgency, while in other cases, no external assistance is available. The latter was often the case when the insurgency was directed, by the native population, at a colonial power.
A key part of a foreign internal defense (FID) mission is that its goal is to enable the nation and its institutions <P> of war. <P> railway car; hardly a yard of cloth or pair of shoes can you make. You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical, and determined people on Earth—right at your doors. You are bound to fail. Only in your spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared, with a bad cause to start with. At first you will make headway, but as your limited resources begin to fail, shut out from the markets of Europe as you will be, your cause will begin to wane. If your people will <P> 90,000 in the region there is a need for a variety of goods and services. As mentioned above, there are a large number of enterprises selling agricultural products or connected to agriculture such as tractor repair or machine repair shops. Construction materials firms are also important. Health and Education In 2005 there were 37 health establishments. These consisted of 18 public clinics and 15 private clinics. There were 03 private hospitals and 01 public hospital. There were 113 hospital beds available to the public. In the educational sector there were 60 public and 10 private <P> The modern private military company is also offered as an example of sanctioned war profiteering. On the opposing side, companies like Huawei Technologies, which upgraded Saddam's air-defense system between the two Gulf Wars, face such accusations. Black marketeers A distinction can be made between war profiteers who gain by sapping military strength and those who gain by contributing to the war. For instance, during and after World War II, enormous profits were available by selling rationed goods like cigarettes, chocolate, coffee and butter on the black market. Dishonest military personnel given oversight over valuable property sometimes diverted rationed goods to <P> Administration gave new flexibility to the funds, permitting the NCR to purchase US-made weapons in Singapore and other regional markets. In 1985, the United States established a separate, overt aid program to the non-communist resistance which came to be known as the Solarz Fund after one of its chief sponsors, Rep. Stephen Solarz. The overt aid program channelled about $5 million per year to the non-communist resistance through USAID.
Meanwhile, a sizeable portion of Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge forces regrouped and received a continuous and abundant supply of military equipment from China, channelled across Thailand with the co-operation of the Royal <P> winds that prevented it from obtaining substantial growth. These head winds include high production cost, low unit production, small domestic market, export ban, limited R&D budget and general pacifist views in Japan. However, with the nation's military resurgence and defense policy change their is potential that the defense industry will become more active and expand. Production Despite producing and supplying arms to one of the most powerful and expensive military force, Japan's defense industry remains to be a small sector in nation's overall manufacturing output. Acquisition of indigenous military products is generally small due to high production costs. The high <P> used in an embargo. In fact, embargoes that do not involve food in their list of restricted items often fail. For example, on August 20, 1914 the Allied Powers began an embargo on important items that were normally shipped to Germany. However, the embargo was not complete nor effective until food was added to the list of restricted materials. Food has the real power. After food was introduced the blockade began to strangle Germany's economy because they were dependent on imports for food. Because the Allied Powers used the power of food in their embargo, Germany was forced to resort <P> an active, healthy life. Food power is related when a government, company, leader, country etc. takes this security away in order to get something in return. Many countries employ the exploit of food power to threaten another country's food security. A country's welfare correlates directly with the welfare of its people therefore each country wants to have an appropriate supply of food for its citizens. This want, however, can easily be used as leverage in the politics of food, demonstrating food power. Food power and embargoes An embargo is not the same as Food Power, however, food power can be <P> of the conflict. Likewise, Portugal helped both countries; it was not unusual to see Iranian and Iraqi flagged ships anchored at Setúbal, waiting their turn to dock.
From 1980 to 1987, Spain sold €458 million in weapons to Iran and €172 million to Iraq. Weapons sold to Iraq included 4x4 vehicles, BO-105 helicopters, explosives, and ammunition. A research party later discovered that an unexploded chemical Iraqi warhead in Iran was manufactured in Spain.
Although neither side acquired any weapons from Turkey, both sides enjoyed Turkish civilian trade during the conflict, although the Turkish government remained neutral and refused to support the U.S.-imposed trade embargo <P> Acceptable loss An acceptable loss, also known as acceptable damage, is a military euphemism used to indicate casualties or destruction inflicted by the enemy that is considered minor or tolerable. In combat situations, leaders have to often choose between options where no one solution is perfect and all choices will lead to casualties or other costs to their own troops.
A small scale practical example might be when the advancement of troops is halted by a minefield. In many military operations, the speed of advancement is more important than the safety of troops. Thus, the minefield must be "breached" even if <P> durable peace and stability." These definitions contain meanings of both domestic security and foreign threats. <P> killed by anti-government forces, accounting for 55% of the 2008 total, while 828 were killed by international-led military forces, accounting for 39% of the 2008 total. The remaining 6% – 130 deaths – could not be attributed to any of the parties since some of them died as a result of crossfire or were killed by unexploded ordnance, for example. Of the civilians killed by anti-government elements, 85% died as a result of suicide or improvised explosive devices. Of the civilians killed by pro-government forces, 64% were killed by U.S./NATO airstrikes.
(Note: UNAMA's report includes in its count of civilian/non-combatant deaths <P> live below the subsistence level. Opportunity Cost of Conflict A report by Strategic Foresight Group, an India-based think tank, calculated the opportunity cost of conflict for the Middle East for 1991—2010 at US$12 trillion in 2006 dollars. Syria's share in this was US$152 billion, more than four times the projected 2010 GDP of US$36 billion.
The Syrian Center for Policy Research stated in March 2015 that, by then, nearly three million Syrians had lost their jobs because of the civil war, causing the loss of the primary source of income of more than 12 million people; unemployment levels "surged" from 14.9 <P> billion of FDI to support a targeted growth rate in excess of 7%. Despite rising investments, foreign investors still regard Vietnam as a risky destination, as confirmed by recent survey by the Japan External Trade Organization of Japanese companies operating in Vietnam. Many of the respondents complained about high costs of utilities, office rentals and skilled labor. Corruption, bureaucracy, lack of transparent regulations and the failure to enforce investor rights are additional obstacles to investment, according to the U.S. State Department. Vietnam tied with several nations for the 102nd place in Transparencies International's Corruption Perceptions Index in 2004.
The World Bank's <P> According to Kennedy, based on a treasury document from the time of al-Mu'tadid's accession:
out of the total expenditure of 7915 dinars per day, some 5121 are entirely military, 1943 in areas (like riding animals and stables) which served both military and non-military and only 851 in areas like the bureaucracy and the harem which can be described as truly civilian (though even in this case, the bureaucrats’ main purpose seems to have been to arrange the payment of the army). It seems reasonable to conclude that something over 80 per cent of recorded government expenditure was devoted to maintaining <P> War. | question: how are countries economies affected by war when they are not directly fighting at home? context: <P> with the Third Reich. In the Case of IBM they developed technologies that were used to count, catalog, and select Jewish people whom could then be targeted for efficient asset confiscation, consolidation in ghettos, deportation, enslaved labor, and, ultimately, annihilation. Commodity dealers War usually leads to a shortage in the supply of commodities, which results in higher prices and higher revenues. When it comes to supply and demand in terms of economics, profit is the most important end. During war time, "war-stuff" is in high demand, and demands must be met. Prior to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, oil <P> allow those countries to reallocate funds from debt service to development activities. Under this IMF program, 22 nations have shown sufficient development progress that they have passed the "completion point" at which lenders have agreed to forgive loans. Military assistance Economic support can include the provision of foreign military financing under security assistance. Providing military equipment, however, must be done in a manner that the insurgents cannot exploit in their propaganda, calling the country or countries supporting the government "merchants of death" or the like. Health All special operations personnel have medical training beyond basic first aid, with the US <P> the player can use sliders to determine domestic policies, which impact the game. Balancing the nation's budget and keeping a lid on inflation is another primary objective. Money is used for multiple things including funding the military, trade, and research. The player can invest funds in their country's stability as well, and stability affects just about every aspect of a nation's performance. Instability is usually the result of in-game actions, such as declaring war on a neighboring country without a casus belli, and it can also be influenced by events. Low stability means land and naval forces stand a greater <P> unit. Public health or construction organizations, however, have limited or no self-defense capability and will need protection in insecure areas. FID models There are multiple models of the strength and stability of nation-states, especially in the context of insurgency where they are detailed. Not all states need assistance to suppress insurgency, while in other cases, no external assistance is available. The latter was often the case when the insurgency was directed, by the native population, at a colonial power.
A key part of a foreign internal defense (FID) mission is that its goal is to enable the nation and its institutions <P> of war. <P> railway car; hardly a yard of cloth or pair of shoes can you make. You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical, and determined people on Earth—right at your doors. You are bound to fail. Only in your spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared, with a bad cause to start with. At first you will make headway, but as your limited resources begin to fail, shut out from the markets of Europe as you will be, your cause will begin to wane. If your people will <P> 90,000 in the region there is a need for a variety of goods and services. As mentioned above, there are a large number of enterprises selling agricultural products or connected to agriculture such as tractor repair or machine repair shops. Construction materials firms are also important. Health and Education In 2005 there were 37 health establishments. These consisted of 18 public clinics and 15 private clinics. There were 03 private hospitals and 01 public hospital. There were 113 hospital beds available to the public. In the educational sector there were 60 public and 10 private <P> The modern private military company is also offered as an example of sanctioned war profiteering. On the opposing side, companies like Huawei Technologies, which upgraded Saddam's air-defense system between the two Gulf Wars, face such accusations. Black marketeers A distinction can be made between war profiteers who gain by sapping military strength and those who gain by contributing to the war. For instance, during and after World War II, enormous profits were available by selling rationed goods like cigarettes, chocolate, coffee and butter on the black market. Dishonest military personnel given oversight over valuable property sometimes diverted rationed goods to <P> Administration gave new flexibility to the funds, permitting the NCR to purchase US-made weapons in Singapore and other regional markets. In 1985, the United States established a separate, overt aid program to the non-communist resistance which came to be known as the Solarz Fund after one of its chief sponsors, Rep. Stephen Solarz. The overt aid program channelled about $5 million per year to the non-communist resistance through USAID.
Meanwhile, a sizeable portion of Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge forces regrouped and received a continuous and abundant supply of military equipment from China, channelled across Thailand with the co-operation of the Royal <P> winds that prevented it from obtaining substantial growth. These head winds include high production cost, low unit production, small domestic market, export ban, limited R&D budget and general pacifist views in Japan. However, with the nation's military resurgence and defense policy change their is potential that the defense industry will become more active and expand. Production Despite producing and supplying arms to one of the most powerful and expensive military force, Japan's defense industry remains to be a small sector in nation's overall manufacturing output. Acquisition of indigenous military products is generally small due to high production costs. The high <P> used in an embargo. In fact, embargoes that do not involve food in their list of restricted items often fail. For example, on August 20, 1914 the Allied Powers began an embargo on important items that were normally shipped to Germany. However, the embargo was not complete nor effective until food was added to the list of restricted materials. Food has the real power. After food was introduced the blockade began to strangle Germany's economy because they were dependent on imports for food. Because the Allied Powers used the power of food in their embargo, Germany was forced to resort <P> an active, healthy life. Food power is related when a government, company, leader, country etc. takes this security away in order to get something in return. Many countries employ the exploit of food power to threaten another country's food security. A country's welfare correlates directly with the welfare of its people therefore each country wants to have an appropriate supply of food for its citizens. This want, however, can easily be used as leverage in the politics of food, demonstrating food power. Food power and embargoes An embargo is not the same as Food Power, however, food power can be <P> of the conflict. Likewise, Portugal helped both countries; it was not unusual to see Iranian and Iraqi flagged ships anchored at Setúbal, waiting their turn to dock.
From 1980 to 1987, Spain sold €458 million in weapons to Iran and €172 million to Iraq. Weapons sold to Iraq included 4x4 vehicles, BO-105 helicopters, explosives, and ammunition. A research party later discovered that an unexploded chemical Iraqi warhead in Iran was manufactured in Spain.
Although neither side acquired any weapons from Turkey, both sides enjoyed Turkish civilian trade during the conflict, although the Turkish government remained neutral and refused to support the U.S.-imposed trade embargo <P> Acceptable loss An acceptable loss, also known as acceptable damage, is a military euphemism used to indicate casualties or destruction inflicted by the enemy that is considered minor or tolerable. In combat situations, leaders have to often choose between options where no one solution is perfect and all choices will lead to casualties or other costs to their own troops.
A small scale practical example might be when the advancement of troops is halted by a minefield. In many military operations, the speed of advancement is more important than the safety of troops. Thus, the minefield must be "breached" even if <P> durable peace and stability." These definitions contain meanings of both domestic security and foreign threats. <P> killed by anti-government forces, accounting for 55% of the 2008 total, while 828 were killed by international-led military forces, accounting for 39% of the 2008 total. The remaining 6% – 130 deaths – could not be attributed to any of the parties since some of them died as a result of crossfire or were killed by unexploded ordnance, for example. Of the civilians killed by anti-government elements, 85% died as a result of suicide or improvised explosive devices. Of the civilians killed by pro-government forces, 64% were killed by U.S./NATO airstrikes.
(Note: UNAMA's report includes in its count of civilian/non-combatant deaths <P> live below the subsistence level. Opportunity Cost of Conflict A report by Strategic Foresight Group, an India-based think tank, calculated the opportunity cost of conflict for the Middle East for 1991—2010 at US$12 trillion in 2006 dollars. Syria's share in this was US$152 billion, more than four times the projected 2010 GDP of US$36 billion.
The Syrian Center for Policy Research stated in March 2015 that, by then, nearly three million Syrians had lost their jobs because of the civil war, causing the loss of the primary source of income of more than 12 million people; unemployment levels "surged" from 14.9 <P> billion of FDI to support a targeted growth rate in excess of 7%. Despite rising investments, foreign investors still regard Vietnam as a risky destination, as confirmed by recent survey by the Japan External Trade Organization of Japanese companies operating in Vietnam. Many of the respondents complained about high costs of utilities, office rentals and skilled labor. Corruption, bureaucracy, lack of transparent regulations and the failure to enforce investor rights are additional obstacles to investment, according to the U.S. State Department. Vietnam tied with several nations for the 102nd place in Transparencies International's Corruption Perceptions Index in 2004.
The World Bank's <P> According to Kennedy, based on a treasury document from the time of al-Mu'tadid's accession:
out of the total expenditure of 7915 dinars per day, some 5121 are entirely military, 1943 in areas (like riding animals and stables) which served both military and non-military and only 851 in areas like the bureaucracy and the harem which can be described as truly civilian (though even in this case, the bureaucrats’ main purpose seems to have been to arrange the payment of the army). It seems reasonable to conclude that something over 80 per cent of recorded government expenditure was devoted to maintaining <P> War. | answer: Scarcity of goods and the need to send goods overseas to soldiers all negatively impact the economy. Soldiers need to eat, be supplied to be effective and need skilled support staff such as doctors and nurses to assist in their efforts. At the same time, those not fighting also need the same goods. Couple that with the added costs of shipping goods across the globe to the theater of war and everything will cost more. The costs associated with shipping and supplying an army are immense. Moving goods takes vast amounts of equipment and fuel. |
1,350 | 3dbqk5 | When doing statistics, is too large of a sample size ever a bad thing? | The only way I can think of would be if your sample size is larger than your population of interest. For example, if you want to figure something out about a population of 10,000 people and you poll 20,000 people, you've clearly polled at least 10,000 people that are not part of your population of interest. | [
"The only way I can think of would be if your sample size is larger than your population of interest. For example, if you want to figure something out about a population of 10,000 people and you poll 20,000 people, you've clearly polled at least 10,000 people that are not part of your population of interest.",
"Y... | 11 | [
"The only way I can think of would be if your sample size is larger than your population of interest. For example, if you want to figure something out about a population of 10,000 people and you poll 20,000 people, you've clearly polled at least 10,000 people that are not part of your population of interest.",
"Y... | 8 | <P> sample brings bias into question, which limits the types of statistical analyzes you may reasonably perform, and there are considerable limits to an experts ability to choose a good sample. <P> study staff are present and by maintaining data confidentiality after surveys are complete. Including assurances of data confidentiality in surveys has a mixed effect on sensitive question response; it may either increase response due to increased trust, or decrease response by increasing suspicion and concern. Specialized questioning techniques Several techniques have been established to reduce bias when asking questions sensitive to social desirability. Complex question techniques may reduce social desirability bias, but may also be confusing or misunderstood by respondents.
Beyond specific techniques, social desirability bias may be reduced by neutral question and prompt wording. Randomized response techniques The randomized <P> Abuses of National Income Measurements":
The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. [...]
All these qualifications <P> divided by , where is the sample size. <P> Judgment sample Judgment sample, or Expert sample, is a type of random sample that is selected based on the opinion of an expert. Results obtained from a judgment sample are subject to some degree of bias, due to the frame and population not being identical. The frame is a list of all the units, items, people, etc., that define the population to be studied.
Judgement sampling is noble to provide detailed information about the difficulties in obtaining the distinction. A random sample would provide less bias, but potentially less raw information.
The downfalls of this system are significant as any non-random <P> "what many of us dispute is the validity of a single score computed by using "data points" to which weights are arbitrarily ascribed (why should retention count for 20% instead of 30%; why is peer assessment 25% instead of 10%; and who decides?). How can a single measure be valid when, in some cases, values are made up when they are not provided (the case of the missing SATs at Sarah Lawrence — the point of my Washington Post Op-Ed)? However, that's exactly what U.S. News does each year. Professional statisticians have reported that the methodology used by the magazine <P> 1000 words per article, with a standard deviation of 200 words. We can then infer that the probability that it has between 600 and 1400 words (i.e. within k = 2 standard deviations of the mean) must be at least 75%, because there is no more than ¹⁄ₖ²
= chance to be outside that range, by Chebyshev's inequality. But if we additionally know that the distribution is normal, we can say there is a 75% chance the word count is between 770 and 1230 (which is an even tighter bound). Extensions Several extensions of Chebyshev's inequality have been developed. Dependence on <P> but the proponent asserts his or her own judgement suffices to rationalize the estimate; and it may, in time, be viable to produce a rigorous forecast of increased precision.
Various other backronyms of SWAG have been published, including "sophisticated wild-ass guess", "Silly Wild-Ass Guess", "Semi-Wild-Ass Guess", "Stupid Wild-Ass Guess", and "Scientific Wildly Aimed Guess". "Scientific" implies that the "guess" can be justified if necessary or cost-effective. A guess of lesser worth may be called the "Wild-Ass Guess" or "WAG". A slightly better estimate may be called "Back of the Envelope" (BOTE). <P> can be expensive, time-consuming to conduct, difficult to replicate, and plagued with ethical pitfalls. Subjects or populations might undermine the implementation process if there is a perception of unfairness in treatment selection(e.g. in 'negative income tax' experiments communities may lobby for their community to get a cash transfer so the assignment is not purely random). There are limitations to collecting consent forms from all subjects. Comrades administering interventions or collecting data could contaminate the randomization scheme. The resulting data, therefore, could be more varied: larger standard deviation, less precision and accuracy, etc. This leads to the use of larger <P> effect, such as a power outage disrupting communications or hampering the delivery of food supplements may interfere with a nutrition program (Rossi et al., 2004, p273). Maturation Impact evaluation needs to accommodate the fact that natural maturational and developmental processes can produce considerable change independently of the program. Including these changes in the estimates of program effects would result in bias estimates. An example of this form of bias would be a program to improve preventative health practices among adults may seem ineffective because health generally declines with age (Rossi et al., 2004, p273).
"Careful maintenance of comparable circumstances for program <P> time. For most people, income increases over time as they move from their first, low-paying job up the income ladder. Workers may income over time because of business-cycle contractions, demotions, career changes, retirement, etc. Investment income can be highly volatile. The implication is that individual households do not remain in the same income quintiles over time. Thus, comparing quintiles over time is like comparing apples to oranges, because it means comparing incomes of different people at different life stages.
Gary Burtless noted that those who use U.S. census data fail to recognize recent and significant lower- and middle-income gains, primarily because <P> cannot guarantee a threshold less than 0.088 with the same confidence 0.99 when the error is identified with the probability that a 20-year-old man living in New York does not fit the ranges of height, weight and waistline observed on 1,000 Big Apple inhabitants. The accuracy shortage occurs because both the VC dimension and the detail of the class of parallelepipeds, among which the one observed from the 1,000 inhabitants' ranges falls, are equal to 6. Definition For a random variable and a sample drawn from it a compatible distribution is a distribution having the same sampling mechanism of <P> on the primary questionnaires may be statistically adjusted commensurate with their SDR tendencies. For example, this adjustment is performed automatically in the standard scoring of MMPI scales.
The major concern with SDR scales is that they confound style with content. After all, people actually differ in the degree to which they possess desirable traits (e.g. nuns versus criminals). Consequently, measures of social desirability confound true differences with social-desirability bias. Standard measures of individual SDR Until the 1990s, the most commonly used measure of socially desirable responding was the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The original version comprised 33 True-False items. A shortened <P> found that 11% of rapes reported to the police were no-crimed, and rapes reported by vulnerable people, for instance, with mental health issues, are more likely to be no-crimed.
Statistic Accuracy
In 2014, the Office for National Statistics remarked that the reliability of the notifiable offence statistics is questionable. It mentioned that data users might not be aware of the limitations of the statistics. It decided that the notifiable offence statistics did not meet the quality standard required for National Statistics. <P> scales are either under copyright or are completely idiosyncratic to particular labs and yet still not openly published. As a result, there are currently few alternatives for researchers in search of validated, open source measures of cognitive ability. Sample Characteristics As discussed in reviews of web-based research (Fraley, 2004; Gosling et al., 2004; Skitka & Sargis, 2006), the participants in non-directed online surveys are demographically diverse but not a representative sample of anybody other than those who want to take web-based surveys. Samples tend to be about two-thirds female and have a median age of 25. Many techniques are <P> higher than 102.33 (that is, the mean plus 2.33 standard deviations), assuming that the 100th test score comes from the same distribution as the others. Parametric statistical methods are used to compute the 2.33 value above, given 99 independent observations from the same normal distribution.
A non-parametric estimate of the same thing is the maximum of the first 99 scores. We don't need to assume anything about the distribution of test scores to reason that before we gave the test it was equally likely that the highest score would be any of the first 100. Thus there is a 1% <P> up 226% for the top 1%, 79% for the 80-99%, 85% for the lowest quintile, and 47% for the middle three quintiles (21st to 80th percentiles).
Various debates revolve around appropriate measurement, causes, effects and solutions. Measurement is particularly debated, as inequality measures vary significantly, for example, across datasets or whether non-cash compensation is considered, such as employer-paid healthcare, whose costs have increased dramatically.
Income inequality may contribute to slower economic growth, reduced income mobility, higher levels of household debt, and greater risk of financial crises and deflation. 1915-1937 The first measured era lasted roughly from the Gilded Age to sometime <P> evidence that may or may not be included in that assessment. Evidence on how the VI could be contributing to changes in affective experience by outreach workers of homelessness persons risk assessment then needs documentation to verify that experiential profiling isn't leading to self-selection and lack of validity of the tool in its current application framework. <P> – rather than the published 5%, which is the minimum acceptable threshold. <P> 2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums Polling effect The use of polling data had initially been criticized by polling firms such as highly regarded Marist. Prior to the first debate, Marist decided to temporarily suspend its national polling of preferences for the Republican nominee on the basis that using non-scientific polling data to select the bipartisan debate field puts polling firms such as Marist under pressure to produce high-precision results that are inherently impossible to provide at that point in time.
For instance, it would be difficult to determine the margin of error in any statistical sampling process like | question: When doing statistics, is too large of a sample size ever a bad thing? context: <P> sample brings bias into question, which limits the types of statistical analyzes you may reasonably perform, and there are considerable limits to an experts ability to choose a good sample. <P> study staff are present and by maintaining data confidentiality after surveys are complete. Including assurances of data confidentiality in surveys has a mixed effect on sensitive question response; it may either increase response due to increased trust, or decrease response by increasing suspicion and concern. Specialized questioning techniques Several techniques have been established to reduce bias when asking questions sensitive to social desirability. Complex question techniques may reduce social desirability bias, but may also be confusing or misunderstood by respondents.
Beyond specific techniques, social desirability bias may be reduced by neutral question and prompt wording. Randomized response techniques The randomized <P> Abuses of National Income Measurements":
The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. [...]
All these qualifications <P> divided by , where is the sample size. <P> Judgment sample Judgment sample, or Expert sample, is a type of random sample that is selected based on the opinion of an expert. Results obtained from a judgment sample are subject to some degree of bias, due to the frame and population not being identical. The frame is a list of all the units, items, people, etc., that define the population to be studied.
Judgement sampling is noble to provide detailed information about the difficulties in obtaining the distinction. A random sample would provide less bias, but potentially less raw information.
The downfalls of this system are significant as any non-random <P> "what many of us dispute is the validity of a single score computed by using "data points" to which weights are arbitrarily ascribed (why should retention count for 20% instead of 30%; why is peer assessment 25% instead of 10%; and who decides?). How can a single measure be valid when, in some cases, values are made up when they are not provided (the case of the missing SATs at Sarah Lawrence — the point of my Washington Post Op-Ed)? However, that's exactly what U.S. News does each year. Professional statisticians have reported that the methodology used by the magazine <P> 1000 words per article, with a standard deviation of 200 words. We can then infer that the probability that it has between 600 and 1400 words (i.e. within k = 2 standard deviations of the mean) must be at least 75%, because there is no more than ¹⁄ₖ²
= chance to be outside that range, by Chebyshev's inequality. But if we additionally know that the distribution is normal, we can say there is a 75% chance the word count is between 770 and 1230 (which is an even tighter bound). Extensions Several extensions of Chebyshev's inequality have been developed. Dependence on <P> but the proponent asserts his or her own judgement suffices to rationalize the estimate; and it may, in time, be viable to produce a rigorous forecast of increased precision.
Various other backronyms of SWAG have been published, including "sophisticated wild-ass guess", "Silly Wild-Ass Guess", "Semi-Wild-Ass Guess", "Stupid Wild-Ass Guess", and "Scientific Wildly Aimed Guess". "Scientific" implies that the "guess" can be justified if necessary or cost-effective. A guess of lesser worth may be called the "Wild-Ass Guess" or "WAG". A slightly better estimate may be called "Back of the Envelope" (BOTE). <P> can be expensive, time-consuming to conduct, difficult to replicate, and plagued with ethical pitfalls. Subjects or populations might undermine the implementation process if there is a perception of unfairness in treatment selection(e.g. in 'negative income tax' experiments communities may lobby for their community to get a cash transfer so the assignment is not purely random). There are limitations to collecting consent forms from all subjects. Comrades administering interventions or collecting data could contaminate the randomization scheme. The resulting data, therefore, could be more varied: larger standard deviation, less precision and accuracy, etc. This leads to the use of larger <P> effect, such as a power outage disrupting communications or hampering the delivery of food supplements may interfere with a nutrition program (Rossi et al., 2004, p273). Maturation Impact evaluation needs to accommodate the fact that natural maturational and developmental processes can produce considerable change independently of the program. Including these changes in the estimates of program effects would result in bias estimates. An example of this form of bias would be a program to improve preventative health practices among adults may seem ineffective because health generally declines with age (Rossi et al., 2004, p273).
"Careful maintenance of comparable circumstances for program <P> time. For most people, income increases over time as they move from their first, low-paying job up the income ladder. Workers may income over time because of business-cycle contractions, demotions, career changes, retirement, etc. Investment income can be highly volatile. The implication is that individual households do not remain in the same income quintiles over time. Thus, comparing quintiles over time is like comparing apples to oranges, because it means comparing incomes of different people at different life stages.
Gary Burtless noted that those who use U.S. census data fail to recognize recent and significant lower- and middle-income gains, primarily because <P> cannot guarantee a threshold less than 0.088 with the same confidence 0.99 when the error is identified with the probability that a 20-year-old man living in New York does not fit the ranges of height, weight and waistline observed on 1,000 Big Apple inhabitants. The accuracy shortage occurs because both the VC dimension and the detail of the class of parallelepipeds, among which the one observed from the 1,000 inhabitants' ranges falls, are equal to 6. Definition For a random variable and a sample drawn from it a compatible distribution is a distribution having the same sampling mechanism of <P> on the primary questionnaires may be statistically adjusted commensurate with their SDR tendencies. For example, this adjustment is performed automatically in the standard scoring of MMPI scales.
The major concern with SDR scales is that they confound style with content. After all, people actually differ in the degree to which they possess desirable traits (e.g. nuns versus criminals). Consequently, measures of social desirability confound true differences with social-desirability bias. Standard measures of individual SDR Until the 1990s, the most commonly used measure of socially desirable responding was the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The original version comprised 33 True-False items. A shortened <P> found that 11% of rapes reported to the police were no-crimed, and rapes reported by vulnerable people, for instance, with mental health issues, are more likely to be no-crimed.
Statistic Accuracy
In 2014, the Office for National Statistics remarked that the reliability of the notifiable offence statistics is questionable. It mentioned that data users might not be aware of the limitations of the statistics. It decided that the notifiable offence statistics did not meet the quality standard required for National Statistics. <P> scales are either under copyright or are completely idiosyncratic to particular labs and yet still not openly published. As a result, there are currently few alternatives for researchers in search of validated, open source measures of cognitive ability. Sample Characteristics As discussed in reviews of web-based research (Fraley, 2004; Gosling et al., 2004; Skitka & Sargis, 2006), the participants in non-directed online surveys are demographically diverse but not a representative sample of anybody other than those who want to take web-based surveys. Samples tend to be about two-thirds female and have a median age of 25. Many techniques are <P> higher than 102.33 (that is, the mean plus 2.33 standard deviations), assuming that the 100th test score comes from the same distribution as the others. Parametric statistical methods are used to compute the 2.33 value above, given 99 independent observations from the same normal distribution.
A non-parametric estimate of the same thing is the maximum of the first 99 scores. We don't need to assume anything about the distribution of test scores to reason that before we gave the test it was equally likely that the highest score would be any of the first 100. Thus there is a 1% <P> up 226% for the top 1%, 79% for the 80-99%, 85% for the lowest quintile, and 47% for the middle three quintiles (21st to 80th percentiles).
Various debates revolve around appropriate measurement, causes, effects and solutions. Measurement is particularly debated, as inequality measures vary significantly, for example, across datasets or whether non-cash compensation is considered, such as employer-paid healthcare, whose costs have increased dramatically.
Income inequality may contribute to slower economic growth, reduced income mobility, higher levels of household debt, and greater risk of financial crises and deflation. 1915-1937 The first measured era lasted roughly from the Gilded Age to sometime <P> evidence that may or may not be included in that assessment. Evidence on how the VI could be contributing to changes in affective experience by outreach workers of homelessness persons risk assessment then needs documentation to verify that experiential profiling isn't leading to self-selection and lack of validity of the tool in its current application framework. <P> – rather than the published 5%, which is the minimum acceptable threshold. <P> 2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums Polling effect The use of polling data had initially been criticized by polling firms such as highly regarded Marist. Prior to the first debate, Marist decided to temporarily suspend its national polling of preferences for the Republican nominee on the basis that using non-scientific polling data to select the bipartisan debate field puts polling firms such as Marist under pressure to produce high-precision results that are inherently impossible to provide at that point in time.
For instance, it would be difficult to determine the margin of error in any statistical sampling process like | answer: The only way I can think of would be if your sample size is larger than your population of interest. For example, if you want to figure something out about a population of 10,000 people and you poll 20,000 people, you've clearly polled at least 10,000 people that are not part of your population of interest. |
4,741 | 7ey3t3 | why sms messages cannot come in bold/italic/underlined, etc | Technically, they can. But the support for such formatting has to be widespread and unified between phone hardware manufacturers for it to be useful, which is obviously not the case now.Also, the SMS protocol has been designed with a limited message length in mind, adding the formatting would make the message even shorter. | [
"Technically, they can. \nBut the support for such formatting has to be widespread and unified between phone hardware manufacturers for it to be useful, which is obviously not the case now.\nAlso, the SMS protocol has been designed with a limited message length in mind, adding the formatting would make the message... | 1 | [
"Technically, they can. \nBut the support for such formatting has to be widespread and unified between phone hardware manufacturers for it to be useful, which is obviously not the case now.\nAlso, the SMS protocol has been designed with a limited message length in mind, adding the formatting would make the message... | 1 | <P> TON (5) and NPI (0), which yields D0 hex. The complete address in the GSM format is 14 D0 C4 F2 3C 7D 76 03 90 EF 76 19. Message Reference The Message Reference field (TP-MR) is used in all messages on the submission side with exception of the SMS-SUBMIT-REPORT (that is in SMS-SUBMIT, SMS-COMMAND and SMS-STATUS-REPORT). It is a single-octet value which is incremented each time a new message is submitted or a new SMS-COMMAND is sent. If the message submission fails, the mobile phone should repeat the submission with the same TP-MR value and with the TP-RD bit <P> to be sent directly to target handsets under the control of the sending network, not the home network.
This inconsistency arose from the fact that SMS was conceived as a voicemail alert system, not a person-to-person messaging system, and it put SMS out of step with most other forms of communication including voice telephony, email and MMS where the home entity has responsibility for the management of both inbound and outbound traffic.
In 2006 UK mobile operator Vodafone argued before the 3GPP that by effectively putting a large percentage of SMS traffic outside the direct control of the receiving network, the original <P> SMSC.
One of the functions of the SMSC is to store and forward the messages while the ESME doesn't have this function. When a message is sent by an ESME to SMSC towards its destination, this message may stay in a SMSC queue until its destination will become available. During this time the ESME has the options to cancel the message in queue, to replace it or to check its status. ESME can also send a message to multiple destinations which will be handled by SMSC.
ESME are usually termination points of an SMS network while SMSC are the core of it. <P> meaning a message is sent by designating an area where mobile phones within it shall receive the emergency alert. In contrast, the SMS-based emergency alert broadcast system is sent to devices through their mobile phone numbers which meant that the NDDRMC had to send emergency alert messages through telecommunications service providers. The process of the SMS-based system could take hours. <P> ubiquity comes with serious security consequences. The most common attack on SMS OTP has been via SIM swap scam. Because the messages are transported on the global SS7 network which is unencrypted, unauthenticated, and has no integrity protection, some attackers are gaining access to this network to intercept SMS OTP messages
On smartphones, one-time passwords can also be delivered directly through mobile apps, including dedicated authentication apps such as Authy, Duo Mobile, and Google Authenticator, or within a service's existing app, such as in the case of Steam. These systems do not share the same security vulnerabilities as SMS, and <P> compatibility reasons) defines transfer of Short Messages in the GSM 03.40 format embedded in 3GPP 24.011 as Content-Type: application/vnd.3gpp.sms. Message Content The content of the message (its text when the message is not a binary one) is carried in the TP-UD field. Its size may be up to 160 × 7 = 140 × 8 = 1120 bits. Longer messages can be split to multiple parts and sent as a Concatenated SMS. The length of message content is given in the TP-UDL field. When the message encoding is GSM 7-bit default alphabet (depends on TP-DCS field), the TP-UDL gives length <P> User Data Header User Data Header (UDH) is a binary structure which may be present at the start of a short message in the Short Message Service in GSM. It does not contain any text, but it specifies how the message should be formatted and processed.
UDH can be used to form Concatenated SMS, to enrich the content of the message with colors, text formatting, small pictures and animations and simple music which are used in Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS), to convey port numbers which may cause start of an application in the mobile phone, which is used for Multimedia Messaging <P> GSM specification prevented operators from generating new revenue by offering certain types of value-added SMS services. The Home Routing solution Home Routing uses the recipient network Home Location Register (HLR) to change the flow of inbound off-net messages, directing them to an SMS router, rather than straight to target handsets. There, advanced services such as divert, copy, archiving and anti-spam can be applied before messages are delivered.
SMS Home Routing was standardized by the 3GPP in two forms; Non-Transparent Home Routing supporting all types of advanced SMS services and, in response to lobbying from bulk SMS service providers, Transparent Home Routing <P> Short Message Peer-to-Peer History SMPP (Short Message Peer-to-Peer) was originally designed by Aldiscon, a small Irish company that was later acquired by Logica (since 2016, after a number of changes Mavenir). The protocol was originally created by a developer, Ian J Chambers, to test the functionality of the SMSC without using SS7 test equipment to submit messages. In 1999, Logica formally handed over SMPP to the SMPP Developers Forum, later renamed as The SMS Forum and now disbanded. The SMPP protocol specifications are still available through the website which also carries a notice stating that it will be taken <P> Message-ID Message-ID is a unique identifier for a digital message, most commonly a globally unique identifier used in email and Usenet newsgroups.
Message-IDs are required to have a specific format which is a subset of an email address and to be globally unique. That is, no two different messages must ever have the same Message-ID. A common technique used by many message systems is to use a time and date stamp along with the local host's domain name, e.g., 950124.162336@example.com. On the other hand, if two messages have the same Message-ID, they are presumed to be the same one and <P> supporting a limited sub-set of advanced SMS services and the issuance of delivery receipts. <P> often not used by computer users. The font received some criticism for the mapping to the grave accent key, and per being released much ahead of its approval for unicode. The Rupee sign may be made visible on some word-processors also where the font is not installed in the system, by choosing to embed the font in the document in file saving options. However, embedding the Foradian Rupee Font renders the document read-only, i.e., the document cannot be edited on a system where the font is not installed. Recognition For the development and support of Fedena, Foradian won the MIT <P> 4 bit BCD values, and alphanumeric messages are sent as 7-bit ASCII. The 7-bit ASCII is commonly referred to as 'alpha-paging', and 4-bit BCD is commonly referred to as 'numeric-paging'. Text paging Alphanumeric messages are encoded in 7-bit ASCII characters packed into the 20 bit data area of a message codeword (bits 30-11). Since three seven bit characters are 21 rather than 20 bits and the designers of the standard did not want to waste transmission time, they chose to pack the first 20 bits of an ASCII message into the first code word, the next 20 bits of a <P> which don't understand UDH; such mobile phones might display the UDH as a jumble of strange characters; if the first character after UDH was Carriage Return (CR), the mobile phone would rewrite the mess with the rest of the message. Address examples U.S. number +1 555 123 4567 would be encoded as 0B 91 51 55 21 43 65 F7 (the F in upper four bits of the last octet is a filler which is used when the number length is odd).
Alphanumeric address is at first put to the GSM 7-bit default alphabet, then encoded the same way as any <P> e-mail messages, something that prompted Androutsopoulos and his collaborators to publish a version of it in Greeklish. Computer usage In the past there was a variety of mutually incompatible systems for displaying non-ASCII characters (IBM 437, ELOT 928, ISO 8859-7 plus a few company-specific encodings) and no standard method for typing them on a computer keyboard. This situation was resolved with the introduction of Unicode. Before the introduction of Unicode-compatible software (web servers and clients) many Greek personal or informal web sites were written in Greeklish. This is no longer the case and most (if not all) of the sites <P> sultans. The new Turkish lira sign was also criticized for allegedly showing a similarity with an upside-down Armenian dram sign.
In May 2012, the Unicode Technical Committee accepted the encoding of a new character U+20BA ₺ TURKISH LIRA SIGN for the currency sign, which was included in Unicode 6.2 released in September 2012. On Microsoft Windows operating systems, when using Turkish-Q or Turkish-F keyboard layouts, it can be typed with the combination AltGr+T. <P> with Greek content are written in native Greek.
Almost all electronic mail messaging was also using Greeklish, and only recently, with the introduction of full Unicode compatibility in modern e-mail client software and gradual replacement of older programs, that usage of Greek characters became widespread.
Some Internet Service Providers in Greece use both Greek and Greeklish in their emails. For example, the corporate announcements sent to users via email are usually written in English, Greek, and Greeklish. This is done to ensure that the recipient can understand an important service message even if the settings of their computer for non-ASCII characters don't <P> surrogate halves used by UTF-16 (U+D800 through U+DFFF) and code points not encodable by UTF-16 (those after U+10FFFF) are not legal Unicode values, and their UTF-8 encoding must be treated as an invalid byte sequence.
Not decoding unpaired surrogate halves makes it impossible to store invalid UTF-16 (such as Windows filenames or UTF-16 that has been split between the surrogates) as UTF-8. To preserve these invalid UTF-16 sequences, their corresponding UTF-8 encodings are sometimes allowed by implementations despite the above rule. There are attempts to define this behavior formally (see WTF-8 and CESU below). Official name and variants The official Internet <P> characters A number of characters that have the visual appearance of struck-through characters exist in Unicode, including ƀ, Đđ, Ǥǥ, Ħħ, Ɨɨ, Ɉɉ, Łł, Ɵɵ, Ŧ, ʉ, Ƶƶ, ƻ, ʡ, ʢ, Ғғ, Ҟҟ, Ұұ, Ҍҍ. These usually have specific functions (for example, in the Latin Extended-A character set) or representations and are not intended for general use. However, they are not precomposed characters and have neither canonical nor compatibility decompositions. This issue has created security considerations since "precomposed" characters like U+019F and sequences like U+004F U+0335 or U+004F U+0336 often cause visual confusion (compare Ɵ and O̵ and O̶). <P> SMS home routing SMS Home Routing is a modification to the original GSM specifications that changed the way inbound (off-net) SMS messages are treated by mobile telecommunications networks. Adopted by the 3GPP in 2007, Home Routing was devised to enable mobile networks to offer a full range of advanced services on both inbound and outbound SMS, giving more utility to phone users and enabling operators to generate additional revenue The roots of the problem The original GSM specifications provided for all outbound and cross-network messaging to pass through the home network message entity, but inbound messages generated on other networks | question: why sms messages cannot come in bold/italic/underlined, etc context: <P> TON (5) and NPI (0), which yields D0 hex. The complete address in the GSM format is 14 D0 C4 F2 3C 7D 76 03 90 EF 76 19. Message Reference The Message Reference field (TP-MR) is used in all messages on the submission side with exception of the SMS-SUBMIT-REPORT (that is in SMS-SUBMIT, SMS-COMMAND and SMS-STATUS-REPORT). It is a single-octet value which is incremented each time a new message is submitted or a new SMS-COMMAND is sent. If the message submission fails, the mobile phone should repeat the submission with the same TP-MR value and with the TP-RD bit <P> to be sent directly to target handsets under the control of the sending network, not the home network.
This inconsistency arose from the fact that SMS was conceived as a voicemail alert system, not a person-to-person messaging system, and it put SMS out of step with most other forms of communication including voice telephony, email and MMS where the home entity has responsibility for the management of both inbound and outbound traffic.
In 2006 UK mobile operator Vodafone argued before the 3GPP that by effectively putting a large percentage of SMS traffic outside the direct control of the receiving network, the original <P> SMSC.
One of the functions of the SMSC is to store and forward the messages while the ESME doesn't have this function. When a message is sent by an ESME to SMSC towards its destination, this message may stay in a SMSC queue until its destination will become available. During this time the ESME has the options to cancel the message in queue, to replace it or to check its status. ESME can also send a message to multiple destinations which will be handled by SMSC.
ESME are usually termination points of an SMS network while SMSC are the core of it. <P> meaning a message is sent by designating an area where mobile phones within it shall receive the emergency alert. In contrast, the SMS-based emergency alert broadcast system is sent to devices through their mobile phone numbers which meant that the NDDRMC had to send emergency alert messages through telecommunications service providers. The process of the SMS-based system could take hours. <P> ubiquity comes with serious security consequences. The most common attack on SMS OTP has been via SIM swap scam. Because the messages are transported on the global SS7 network which is unencrypted, unauthenticated, and has no integrity protection, some attackers are gaining access to this network to intercept SMS OTP messages
On smartphones, one-time passwords can also be delivered directly through mobile apps, including dedicated authentication apps such as Authy, Duo Mobile, and Google Authenticator, or within a service's existing app, such as in the case of Steam. These systems do not share the same security vulnerabilities as SMS, and <P> compatibility reasons) defines transfer of Short Messages in the GSM 03.40 format embedded in 3GPP 24.011 as Content-Type: application/vnd.3gpp.sms. Message Content The content of the message (its text when the message is not a binary one) is carried in the TP-UD field. Its size may be up to 160 × 7 = 140 × 8 = 1120 bits. Longer messages can be split to multiple parts and sent as a Concatenated SMS. The length of message content is given in the TP-UDL field. When the message encoding is GSM 7-bit default alphabet (depends on TP-DCS field), the TP-UDL gives length <P> User Data Header User Data Header (UDH) is a binary structure which may be present at the start of a short message in the Short Message Service in GSM. It does not contain any text, but it specifies how the message should be formatted and processed.
UDH can be used to form Concatenated SMS, to enrich the content of the message with colors, text formatting, small pictures and animations and simple music which are used in Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS), to convey port numbers which may cause start of an application in the mobile phone, which is used for Multimedia Messaging <P> GSM specification prevented operators from generating new revenue by offering certain types of value-added SMS services. The Home Routing solution Home Routing uses the recipient network Home Location Register (HLR) to change the flow of inbound off-net messages, directing them to an SMS router, rather than straight to target handsets. There, advanced services such as divert, copy, archiving and anti-spam can be applied before messages are delivered.
SMS Home Routing was standardized by the 3GPP in two forms; Non-Transparent Home Routing supporting all types of advanced SMS services and, in response to lobbying from bulk SMS service providers, Transparent Home Routing <P> Short Message Peer-to-Peer History SMPP (Short Message Peer-to-Peer) was originally designed by Aldiscon, a small Irish company that was later acquired by Logica (since 2016, after a number of changes Mavenir). The protocol was originally created by a developer, Ian J Chambers, to test the functionality of the SMSC without using SS7 test equipment to submit messages. In 1999, Logica formally handed over SMPP to the SMPP Developers Forum, later renamed as The SMS Forum and now disbanded. The SMPP protocol specifications are still available through the website which also carries a notice stating that it will be taken <P> Message-ID Message-ID is a unique identifier for a digital message, most commonly a globally unique identifier used in email and Usenet newsgroups.
Message-IDs are required to have a specific format which is a subset of an email address and to be globally unique. That is, no two different messages must ever have the same Message-ID. A common technique used by many message systems is to use a time and date stamp along with the local host's domain name, e.g., 950124.162336@example.com. On the other hand, if two messages have the same Message-ID, they are presumed to be the same one and <P> supporting a limited sub-set of advanced SMS services and the issuance of delivery receipts. <P> often not used by computer users. The font received some criticism for the mapping to the grave accent key, and per being released much ahead of its approval for unicode. The Rupee sign may be made visible on some word-processors also where the font is not installed in the system, by choosing to embed the font in the document in file saving options. However, embedding the Foradian Rupee Font renders the document read-only, i.e., the document cannot be edited on a system where the font is not installed. Recognition For the development and support of Fedena, Foradian won the MIT <P> 4 bit BCD values, and alphanumeric messages are sent as 7-bit ASCII. The 7-bit ASCII is commonly referred to as 'alpha-paging', and 4-bit BCD is commonly referred to as 'numeric-paging'. Text paging Alphanumeric messages are encoded in 7-bit ASCII characters packed into the 20 bit data area of a message codeword (bits 30-11). Since three seven bit characters are 21 rather than 20 bits and the designers of the standard did not want to waste transmission time, they chose to pack the first 20 bits of an ASCII message into the first code word, the next 20 bits of a <P> which don't understand UDH; such mobile phones might display the UDH as a jumble of strange characters; if the first character after UDH was Carriage Return (CR), the mobile phone would rewrite the mess with the rest of the message. Address examples U.S. number +1 555 123 4567 would be encoded as 0B 91 51 55 21 43 65 F7 (the F in upper four bits of the last octet is a filler which is used when the number length is odd).
Alphanumeric address is at first put to the GSM 7-bit default alphabet, then encoded the same way as any <P> e-mail messages, something that prompted Androutsopoulos and his collaborators to publish a version of it in Greeklish. Computer usage In the past there was a variety of mutually incompatible systems for displaying non-ASCII characters (IBM 437, ELOT 928, ISO 8859-7 plus a few company-specific encodings) and no standard method for typing them on a computer keyboard. This situation was resolved with the introduction of Unicode. Before the introduction of Unicode-compatible software (web servers and clients) many Greek personal or informal web sites were written in Greeklish. This is no longer the case and most (if not all) of the sites <P> sultans. The new Turkish lira sign was also criticized for allegedly showing a similarity with an upside-down Armenian dram sign.
In May 2012, the Unicode Technical Committee accepted the encoding of a new character U+20BA ₺ TURKISH LIRA SIGN for the currency sign, which was included in Unicode 6.2 released in September 2012. On Microsoft Windows operating systems, when using Turkish-Q or Turkish-F keyboard layouts, it can be typed with the combination AltGr+T. <P> with Greek content are written in native Greek.
Almost all electronic mail messaging was also using Greeklish, and only recently, with the introduction of full Unicode compatibility in modern e-mail client software and gradual replacement of older programs, that usage of Greek characters became widespread.
Some Internet Service Providers in Greece use both Greek and Greeklish in their emails. For example, the corporate announcements sent to users via email are usually written in English, Greek, and Greeklish. This is done to ensure that the recipient can understand an important service message even if the settings of their computer for non-ASCII characters don't <P> surrogate halves used by UTF-16 (U+D800 through U+DFFF) and code points not encodable by UTF-16 (those after U+10FFFF) are not legal Unicode values, and their UTF-8 encoding must be treated as an invalid byte sequence.
Not decoding unpaired surrogate halves makes it impossible to store invalid UTF-16 (such as Windows filenames or UTF-16 that has been split between the surrogates) as UTF-8. To preserve these invalid UTF-16 sequences, their corresponding UTF-8 encodings are sometimes allowed by implementations despite the above rule. There are attempts to define this behavior formally (see WTF-8 and CESU below). Official name and variants The official Internet <P> characters A number of characters that have the visual appearance of struck-through characters exist in Unicode, including ƀ, Đđ, Ǥǥ, Ħħ, Ɨɨ, Ɉɉ, Łł, Ɵɵ, Ŧ, ʉ, Ƶƶ, ƻ, ʡ, ʢ, Ғғ, Ҟҟ, Ұұ, Ҍҍ. These usually have specific functions (for example, in the Latin Extended-A character set) or representations and are not intended for general use. However, they are not precomposed characters and have neither canonical nor compatibility decompositions. This issue has created security considerations since "precomposed" characters like U+019F and sequences like U+004F U+0335 or U+004F U+0336 often cause visual confusion (compare Ɵ and O̵ and O̶). <P> SMS home routing SMS Home Routing is a modification to the original GSM specifications that changed the way inbound (off-net) SMS messages are treated by mobile telecommunications networks. Adopted by the 3GPP in 2007, Home Routing was devised to enable mobile networks to offer a full range of advanced services on both inbound and outbound SMS, giving more utility to phone users and enabling operators to generate additional revenue The roots of the problem The original GSM specifications provided for all outbound and cross-network messaging to pass through the home network message entity, but inbound messages generated on other networks | answer: Technically, they can. But the support for such formatting has to be widespread and unified between phone hardware manufacturers for it to be useful, which is obviously not the case now.Also, the SMS protocol has been designed with a limited message length in mind, adding the formatting would make the message even shorter. |
73,041 | 3ibtfo | Why is neutral the second and "1." the first gear on a motorcycle? Like (1-N-2-3-4-5-6). | Not exactly a scientific answer/source, but then again, it's not really a scientific question.There are bikes with the shift pattern N-1-2-3..., but 1-N-2-3... is often the design, for convenience and safety. It's easier to get to first gear and harder to accidentally start in neutral (rolling to a stop at a red light that turns green as the rider gets close, for instance). Also, first gear is only needed from a dead stop, so it groups the more-needed gears together.Longer version with some history here:_URL_0_ | [
"Not exactly a scientific answer/source, but then again, it's not really a scientific question.\n\nThere are bikes with the shift pattern N-1-2-3..., but 1-N-2-3... is often the design, for convenience and safety. It's easier to get to first gear and harder to accidentally start in neutral (rolling to a stop at a r... | 2 | [
"Not exactly a scientific answer/source, but then again, it's not really a scientific question.\n\nThere are bikes with the shift pattern N-1-2-3..., but 1-N-2-3... is often the design, for convenience and safety. It's easier to get to first gear and harder to accidentally start in neutral (rolling to a stop at a r... | 2 | <P> diagram, the red and blue gears give the first stage of reduction and the orange and green gears give the second stage of reduction. The total reduction is the product of the first stage of reduction and the second stage of reduction.
It is essential to have two coupled gears, of different sizes, on the intermediate layshaft. If three gears were used, the overall ratio would be simply that between the first and final gears, the intermediate gear would only act as an idler gear: it would reverse the direction of rotation, but not change the ratio. Idler gears In a <P> Gear train Gear trains with two gears The simplest example of a gear train has two gears. The "input gear" (also known as drive gear) transmits power to the "output gear" (also known as driven gear). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output of torque and rotational speed from the output (driven) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears. Double reduction gear A double reduction gear comprises two pairs of gears, as single reductions, in series. In the <P> be geared at 60 gear inches and pedalled similar to an ordinary with a 60-inch wheel. Thus on a bicycle geared at 72 gear inches one revolution of the pedals advances the bicycle the distance that a 72-inch wheel would in one revolution. Relationship to gain ratio Both "gear inches" and "metres of development" are concerned with the distance travelled per turn of the pedals, and are ultimately ways of indicating the mechanical advantage of the drivetrain, but neither of them take into account the length of the crankarm, which can vary from bike to bike. The crankarm is a <P> Gear inches Gear inches is one of several relative measures of bicycle gearing, giving an indication of the mechanical advantage of different gears. Values for 'gear inches' typically range from 20 (very low gearing) via 70 (medium gearing) to 125 (very high gearing); as in a car, low gearing is for going up hills and high gearing is for going fast.
'Gear inches' is actually the diameter in inches of the drive wheel of a penny-farthing bicycle with equivalent gearing. Origin of the term When the high wheeler or penny-farthing was the "ordinary" bicycle form, the comparative diameter in inches of <P> circuits. Gears could be used with the same ratio in any position, to suit both hillclimbing or fast circuits, provided that they remained in a monotonic sequence. Design The shifting mechanism was chosen with the additional input of Richard Ansdale. Space requirements, and the length of the gear cluster, meant that the selection mechanism would have to be mounted inside the gear cluster, rather than the usual motorcycle arrangement of dog clutches between the gears, an external drum to control their engagement and forks to connect the two. The mechanism needed to lock the selected gear onto the shaft, never <P> sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain. However, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear.
An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler. For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission <P> be calculated as if the idler gear was the output gear. Therefore, the gear ratio is driven/drive = 21/13 ≈1.62 or 1.62:1.
At this ratio, it means the drive gear must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the driven gear once. It also means that for every one revolution of the driver, the driven gear has made 1/1.62, or 0.62, revolutions. Essentially, the larger gear turns slower.
The third gear in the picture has 42 teeth. The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42/21, or 2:1, and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62x2≈3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of <P> ratio has its own layshaft and separate plate or hydraulic clutches, rather than dog clutches, are used to select between them.
Where a power take-off is required, usually for industrial vehicles to drive winches, hydraulic pumps etc., this is often driven from one end of the layshaft, as this is more accessible shaft than the main shafts, already in use by the drivetrain. 'All-indirect' gearboxes Some gearboxes do not use a layshaft, but rely on indirect gears throughout.
All-indirect were used for some very early cars, before the advantages of the direct-drive top gear were recognised. They contain no dog clutches; at <P> the time, gear changing was still carried out by sliding the gears in and out of mesh. Once the dog clutch came into use, the further advantage of a direct-drive top gear was immediately recognised.
With the popularity of front-wheel drive from the 1960s, the all-indirect gearbox has become common. These have been used for both transverse engine layouts, where the offset of two shafts is more convenient than the in-line arrangement of a layshaft gearbox, and for longitudinal transaxle designs, such as the VW Beetle or many Renaults, where the requirement was to have both driven and driving shafts at <P> which had separate combustion chambers for the two cylinders, should not be confused with that of a split-single. Another example with a 360° crankshaft is the military edition of the Jawa 350. Engine in line with frame The inline-twin engine design has been used often during the history of motorcycling for both two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Examples include the Dresch 500 cc Monobloc and the Sunbeam S7 and S8.
Although mounting the engine in line with the frame allows for a motorcycle as narrow as a single-cylinder engine, they also create a longer engine. A significant disadvantage for air-cooled engines is that <P> speed. A typical gearbox had 2% losses in each gear set, so 4% for intermediate ranges through their two gears, but approaching 0% for the direct-drive top gear. As the direct top gear is not transmitting torque through the gears, it is also quieter.
In theory, it is also possible to provide an overdrive top gear, another indirect gear, but of a speed-up ratio rather than the reduction ratio of the other gears. The direct-drive ratio then becomes the second-to-top or third gear. This arrangement was used on some early cars, but was uncommon. Where overdrive is provided for a RWD <P> brake or gear ratio system. <P> for riding. <P> the smallest gear, the largest gear turns one revolution, or for every one revolution of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns 0.31 (1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)).
Since the idler gear contacts directly both the smaller and the larger gear, it can be removed from the calculation, also giving a ratio of 42/13≈3.23. The idler gear serves to make both the drive gear and the driven gear rotate in the same direction, but confers no mechanical advantage. Belt drives Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled <P> began appearing in the late 1950s, had four main bearings. Subsequent engines had four or occasionally three main bearings, ball bearings being better than shell bearings for this engine configuration. Terminology In motorcycles, as with cars and other vehicles, the terms "parallel-twin", "vertical-twin" and "inline-twin" are used. Particularly in the UK, the term "parallel-twin" has been used to mean that the crankshaft is transverse across the frame, while "inline-twin" meant that the cylinders are arranged front to rear, in line with the direction of travel. this special meaning for "inline" has been used for motorcycles with a longitudinal crankshaft, such <P> polar moment of inertia. The initial design, the work of Chapman and Harry Mundy, began with the principle of the most compact layout, with the gear cluster arranged in a closely spaced stack, akin to a motorcycle. As the gears shared common axes, and all teeth were cut to the same size, all the pairs of gear had the same number of teeth in total, 44. The stack was only 3 in (92 mm) long overall. This was likely to require sequential shifting, but that was no drawback in a racing car. The gears would also be easily changeable, to suit different <P> in others, the camshaft and crankshaft are coupled directly together through meshed gears. Regardless of which form of drive is employed, the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear ratio is always 2:1 on four-stroke engines, which means that for every two revolutions of the crankshaft the camshaft will rotate once. Automotive applications Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used. Gearing is employed in the transmission, which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and also in the differential, which contains the final drive to provide <P> for both cylinders, with a wasted spark on each cylinder's exhaust stroke. The BMW F800 parallel twin motorcycle is a 360° design. Inherent vibration in the BMW F800 means its engine is limited to 9,000 rpm. BMW reduced the vibration using a third "vestigial" connecting rod to act as a counterbalance. Two-stroke engines In two-stroke engines, the crank angle is generally 180°, which gives two power strokes in each revolution. This configuration vibrates at twice the frequency but half the amplitude of a single-cylinder engine of the same capacity.
An exception is the Yankee, which had a 360° crankshaft. The Yankee's configuration, <P> An early improvement was to use separate dog clutches instead to engage gears, leaving the gears themselves in 'constant mesh'. A later, and more gradual development, was the introduction of synchromesh. This is an all-metal friction clutch in addition to the positive dog clutch, that gradually engages the gears and matches their speed before the dog clutch engages.
The top gear of the gearbox is achieved without these gears, but by coupling the driven shaft directly to the driving shaft through another dog clutch. This gives a 'direct drive' top gear, which has advantages for both efficiency and quietness at cruising <P> engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears.
Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia (moment of inertia) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius. Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance. Example In the photo, assuming the smallest gear is connected to the motor, it is called the | question: Why is neutral the second and "1." the first gear on a motorcycle? Like (1-N-2-3-4-5-6). context: <P> diagram, the red and blue gears give the first stage of reduction and the orange and green gears give the second stage of reduction. The total reduction is the product of the first stage of reduction and the second stage of reduction.
It is essential to have two coupled gears, of different sizes, on the intermediate layshaft. If three gears were used, the overall ratio would be simply that between the first and final gears, the intermediate gear would only act as an idler gear: it would reverse the direction of rotation, but not change the ratio. Idler gears In a <P> Gear train Gear trains with two gears The simplest example of a gear train has two gears. The "input gear" (also known as drive gear) transmits power to the "output gear" (also known as driven gear). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output of torque and rotational speed from the output (driven) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears. Double reduction gear A double reduction gear comprises two pairs of gears, as single reductions, in series. In the <P> be geared at 60 gear inches and pedalled similar to an ordinary with a 60-inch wheel. Thus on a bicycle geared at 72 gear inches one revolution of the pedals advances the bicycle the distance that a 72-inch wheel would in one revolution. Relationship to gain ratio Both "gear inches" and "metres of development" are concerned with the distance travelled per turn of the pedals, and are ultimately ways of indicating the mechanical advantage of the drivetrain, but neither of them take into account the length of the crankarm, which can vary from bike to bike. The crankarm is a <P> Gear inches Gear inches is one of several relative measures of bicycle gearing, giving an indication of the mechanical advantage of different gears. Values for 'gear inches' typically range from 20 (very low gearing) via 70 (medium gearing) to 125 (very high gearing); as in a car, low gearing is for going up hills and high gearing is for going fast.
'Gear inches' is actually the diameter in inches of the drive wheel of a penny-farthing bicycle with equivalent gearing. Origin of the term When the high wheeler or penny-farthing was the "ordinary" bicycle form, the comparative diameter in inches of <P> circuits. Gears could be used with the same ratio in any position, to suit both hillclimbing or fast circuits, provided that they remained in a monotonic sequence. Design The shifting mechanism was chosen with the additional input of Richard Ansdale. Space requirements, and the length of the gear cluster, meant that the selection mechanism would have to be mounted inside the gear cluster, rather than the usual motorcycle arrangement of dog clutches between the gears, an external drum to control their engagement and forks to connect the two. The mechanism needed to lock the selected gear onto the shaft, never <P> sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain. However, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear.
An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler. For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission <P> be calculated as if the idler gear was the output gear. Therefore, the gear ratio is driven/drive = 21/13 ≈1.62 or 1.62:1.
At this ratio, it means the drive gear must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the driven gear once. It also means that for every one revolution of the driver, the driven gear has made 1/1.62, or 0.62, revolutions. Essentially, the larger gear turns slower.
The third gear in the picture has 42 teeth. The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42/21, or 2:1, and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62x2≈3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of <P> ratio has its own layshaft and separate plate or hydraulic clutches, rather than dog clutches, are used to select between them.
Where a power take-off is required, usually for industrial vehicles to drive winches, hydraulic pumps etc., this is often driven from one end of the layshaft, as this is more accessible shaft than the main shafts, already in use by the drivetrain. 'All-indirect' gearboxes Some gearboxes do not use a layshaft, but rely on indirect gears throughout.
All-indirect were used for some very early cars, before the advantages of the direct-drive top gear were recognised. They contain no dog clutches; at <P> the time, gear changing was still carried out by sliding the gears in and out of mesh. Once the dog clutch came into use, the further advantage of a direct-drive top gear was immediately recognised.
With the popularity of front-wheel drive from the 1960s, the all-indirect gearbox has become common. These have been used for both transverse engine layouts, where the offset of two shafts is more convenient than the in-line arrangement of a layshaft gearbox, and for longitudinal transaxle designs, such as the VW Beetle or many Renaults, where the requirement was to have both driven and driving shafts at <P> which had separate combustion chambers for the two cylinders, should not be confused with that of a split-single. Another example with a 360° crankshaft is the military edition of the Jawa 350. Engine in line with frame The inline-twin engine design has been used often during the history of motorcycling for both two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Examples include the Dresch 500 cc Monobloc and the Sunbeam S7 and S8.
Although mounting the engine in line with the frame allows for a motorcycle as narrow as a single-cylinder engine, they also create a longer engine. A significant disadvantage for air-cooled engines is that <P> speed. A typical gearbox had 2% losses in each gear set, so 4% for intermediate ranges through their two gears, but approaching 0% for the direct-drive top gear. As the direct top gear is not transmitting torque through the gears, it is also quieter.
In theory, it is also possible to provide an overdrive top gear, another indirect gear, but of a speed-up ratio rather than the reduction ratio of the other gears. The direct-drive ratio then becomes the second-to-top or third gear. This arrangement was used on some early cars, but was uncommon. Where overdrive is provided for a RWD <P> brake or gear ratio system. <P> for riding. <P> the smallest gear, the largest gear turns one revolution, or for every one revolution of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns 0.31 (1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)).
Since the idler gear contacts directly both the smaller and the larger gear, it can be removed from the calculation, also giving a ratio of 42/13≈3.23. The idler gear serves to make both the drive gear and the driven gear rotate in the same direction, but confers no mechanical advantage. Belt drives Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled <P> began appearing in the late 1950s, had four main bearings. Subsequent engines had four or occasionally three main bearings, ball bearings being better than shell bearings for this engine configuration. Terminology In motorcycles, as with cars and other vehicles, the terms "parallel-twin", "vertical-twin" and "inline-twin" are used. Particularly in the UK, the term "parallel-twin" has been used to mean that the crankshaft is transverse across the frame, while "inline-twin" meant that the cylinders are arranged front to rear, in line with the direction of travel. this special meaning for "inline" has been used for motorcycles with a longitudinal crankshaft, such <P> polar moment of inertia. The initial design, the work of Chapman and Harry Mundy, began with the principle of the most compact layout, with the gear cluster arranged in a closely spaced stack, akin to a motorcycle. As the gears shared common axes, and all teeth were cut to the same size, all the pairs of gear had the same number of teeth in total, 44. The stack was only 3 in (92 mm) long overall. This was likely to require sequential shifting, but that was no drawback in a racing car. The gears would also be easily changeable, to suit different <P> in others, the camshaft and crankshaft are coupled directly together through meshed gears. Regardless of which form of drive is employed, the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear ratio is always 2:1 on four-stroke engines, which means that for every two revolutions of the crankshaft the camshaft will rotate once. Automotive applications Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used. Gearing is employed in the transmission, which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and also in the differential, which contains the final drive to provide <P> for both cylinders, with a wasted spark on each cylinder's exhaust stroke. The BMW F800 parallel twin motorcycle is a 360° design. Inherent vibration in the BMW F800 means its engine is limited to 9,000 rpm. BMW reduced the vibration using a third "vestigial" connecting rod to act as a counterbalance. Two-stroke engines In two-stroke engines, the crank angle is generally 180°, which gives two power strokes in each revolution. This configuration vibrates at twice the frequency but half the amplitude of a single-cylinder engine of the same capacity.
An exception is the Yankee, which had a 360° crankshaft. The Yankee's configuration, <P> An early improvement was to use separate dog clutches instead to engage gears, leaving the gears themselves in 'constant mesh'. A later, and more gradual development, was the introduction of synchromesh. This is an all-metal friction clutch in addition to the positive dog clutch, that gradually engages the gears and matches their speed before the dog clutch engages.
The top gear of the gearbox is achieved without these gears, but by coupling the driven shaft directly to the driving shaft through another dog clutch. This gives a 'direct drive' top gear, which has advantages for both efficiency and quietness at cruising <P> engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears.
Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia (moment of inertia) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius. Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance. Example In the photo, assuming the smallest gear is connected to the motor, it is called the | answer: Not exactly a scientific answer/source, but then again, it's not really a scientific question.There are bikes with the shift pattern N-1-2-3..., but 1-N-2-3... is often the design, for convenience and safety. It's easier to get to first gear and harder to accidentally start in neutral (rolling to a stop at a red light that turns green as the rider gets close, for instance). Also, first gear is only needed from a dead stop, so it groups the more-needed gears together.Longer version with some history here:_URL_0_ |
1,486 | 2s981m | Is there a 4 dimensional analog to a sphere like a tesseract is for a cube? | Yes, the sphere *S*^(3), which is the *three-dimensional* sphere (embedded in Euclidean four-dimensional space), is the set of points (*x**_1_*, *x**_2_*, *x**_3_*, *x**_4_*) such that*x**_1_*^2 + *x**_2_*^2 + *x**_3_*^2 + *x**_4_*^2 = 1Similarly for higher number of dimensions. | [
"Yes, the sphere *S*^(3), which is the *three-dimensional* sphere (embedded in Euclidean four-dimensional space), is the set of points (*x**_1_*, *x**_2_*, *x**_3_*, *x**_4_*) such that\n\n*x**_1_*^2 + *x**_2_*^2 + *x**_3_*^2 + *x**_4_*^2 = 1\n\nSimilarly for higher number of dimensions."
] | 1 | [
"Yes, the sphere *S*^(3), which is the *three-dimensional* sphere (embedded in Euclidean four-dimensional space), is the set of points (*x**_1_*, *x**_2_*, *x**_3_*, *x**_4_*) such that\n\n*x**_1_*^2 + *x**_2_*^2 + *x**_3_*^2 + *x**_4_*^2 = 1\n\nSimilarly for higher number of dimensions."
] | 1 | <P> in three dimensions, and in their original paper Socolar and Taylor suggest a three-dimensional analogue to the monotile. Taylor and Socolar remark that the 3D monotile aperiodically tiles three-dimensional space. However the tile does allow tilings with a period, shifting one (non-periodic) two dimensional layer to the next, and so the tile is only ″weakly aperiodic″.
Physical copies of the three-dimensional tile could not be fitted together without allowing reflections, which would require access to four-dimensional space. <P> stereography. Depth in a third dimension is represented with horizontal relative displacement, depth in a fourth dimension with vertical relative displacement between the left and right images of the stereograph.
The second approach is to embed the higher-dimensional objects in three-dimensional space, using methods analogous to the ways in which three-dimensional objects are drawn on the plane. For example, the fold out nets mentioned in the previous section have higher-dimensional equivalents. One might even imagine building a model of this fold-out net, as one draws a polyhedron's fold-out net on a piece of paper. Sadly, we could never do the necessary <P> could be called a different shape. For instance, a "b" and a "p" have a different shape, at least when they are constrained to move within a two-dimensional space like the page on which they are written. Even though they have the same size, there's no way to perfectly superimpose them by translating and rotating them along the page. Similarly, within a three-dimensional space, a right hand and a left hand have a different shape, even if they are the mirror images of each other. Shapes may change if the object is scaled non-uniformly. For example, a sphere becomes an <P> ideal would be an animated hologram of some sort, however, even a simple animation such as the one shown can already give some limited insight into the structure of the polytope.
Another way a three-dimensional viewer can comprehend the structure of a four-dimensional polytope is through being "immersed" in the object, perhaps via some form of virtual reality technology. To understand how this might work, imagine what one would see if space were filled with cubes. The viewer would be inside one of the cubes, and would be able to see cubes in front of, behind, above, below, to the left <P> F-isocrystal is a sum of isoclinic pieces with slopes s₁ < s₂ < ... and dimensions (as Witt ring modules) d₁, d₂,... then the Newton polygon has vertices (0,0), (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂),... where the nth line segment joining the vertices has slope sₙ = (yₙ−yₙ−1)/(xₙ−xₙ−1) and projection onto the x-axis of length dₙ = xₙ − xₙ−1. The Hodge polygon of an F-crystal The Hodge polygon of an F-crystal M encodes the structure of M/FM considered as a module over the Witt ring. More precisely since the Witt ring is a principal ideal domain, the module M/FM can be written <P> As with any translation, changing the origin corresponds to a rotation in the representation space. As derived from points of the object A blade A representing of one of this class of object may be found as the outer product of linearly independent vectors representing points on the object. In the base space, this linear independence manifests as each point lying outside the object defined by the other points. So, for example, a fourth point lying on the generalized circle defined by three distinct points cannot be used as a fourth point to define a sphere. <P> folding of the 3-dimensional structure to obtain the 4-dimensional polytope because of the constraints of the physical universe. Another way to "draw" the higher-dimensional shapes in 3 dimensions is via some kind of projection, for example, the analogue of either orthographic or perspective projection. Coxeter's famous book on polytopes (Coxeter 1948) has some examples of such orthographic projections. Note that immersing even 4-dimensional polychora directly into two dimensions is quite confusing. Easier to understand are 3-d models of the projections. Such models are occasionally found in science museums or mathematics departments of universities (such as that of the Université Libre <P> 10-10 duoprism Related complex polygons The regular complex polytope ₁₀{4}₂, , in has a real representation as a 10-10 duoprism in 4-dimensional space. ₁₀{4}₂ has 100 vertices, and 20 10-edges. Its symmetry is ₁₀[4]₂, order 200.
It also has a lower symmetry construction, , or ₁₀{}×₁₀{}, with symmetry ₁₀[2]₁₀, order 100. This is the symmetry if the red and blue 10-edges are considered distinct. Related complex polygon The regular complex polygon ₂{4}₁₀ has 20 vertices in with a real representation in matching the same vertex arrangement of the 10-10 duopyramid. It has 100 2-edges corresponding to the <P> is itself distance-regular. And because it contains a hypercube as a spanning subgraph, it inherits from the hypercube all monotone graph properties, such as the property of containing a Hamiltonian cycle.
As with the hypercube graphs, and their isometric (distance-preserving) subgraphs the partial cubes, a halved cube graph may be embedded isometrically into a real vector space with the Manhattan metric (L₁ distance function). The same is true for the isometric subgraphs of halved cube graphs, which may be recognized in polynomial time; this forms a key subroutine for an algorithm which tests whether a given graph may be embedded isometrically <P> these "tessellations", that is, of the 4-dimensional regular polytopes. The mathematics department at UIUC has a number of pictures of what one would see if embedded in a tessellation of hyperbolic space with dodecahedra. Such a tessellation forms an example of an infinite abstract regular polytope.
Normally, for abstract regular polytopes, a mathematician considers that the object is "constructed" if the structure of its symmetry group is known. This is because of an important theorem in the study of abstract regular polytopes, providing a technique that allows the abstract regular polytope to be constructed from its symmetry group in a standard <P> minimal surfaces that divide space into more than two sub-volumes.
Quasiperiodic minimal surfaces have been constructed in ℝ²×S¹. It has been suggested but not been proven that minimal surfaces with a quasicrystalline order in ℝ³ exist. <P> this holds for all hypersurfaces of given degree outside a finite union of lower-dimensional algebraic subsets of the projective space of all such hypersurfaces.) In 2016, Brotbek gave a proof of the Kobayashi conjecture for the hyperbolicity of general hypersurfaces of high degree, based on a use of Wronskian differential equations; explicit degree bounds have then been obtained in arbitrary dimension by Ya Deng and Demailly, e.g. [(en)²ⁿ⁺²/3] by the latter. Better bounds for the degree are known in low dimensions.
McQuillan proved the Green–Griffiths–Lang conjecture for every complex projective surface of general type whose Chern numbers satisfy c₁² > <P> dimension; Maehara & Rödl (1990) show that the dimension necessary to embed a graph in this way may be bounded by twice its maximum degree.
The dimension needed to embed a graph so that all edges have unit distance, and the dimension needed to embed a graph so that the edges are exactly the unit distance pairs, may greatly differ from each other: the 2n-vertex crown graph may be embedded in four dimensions so that all its edges have unit length, but requires at least n − 2 dimensions to be embedded so that the edges are the only unit-distance pairs (Erdős & <P> watch animations of the scales, go to Laban Scales Scales in the icosahedron Laban developed many scales within the Icosahedron, some of them with Transverse Movement, like the Axis and A- and B-Scales, others with Peripheral Movement, like the Girdle and Primary Scales.
In the scales with Transverse Movement, one moves from a Direction in one plane through the second plane towards a Direction in the third plane, following the natural Spatial Pull of the missing Dimension.
E.g.: when one starts a movement scale in the Right High Direction, one is in the Vertical Plane. This plane exists of the combination of <P> the question whether orientation-reversing diffeomorphisms exist. There is an "essentially unique" smooth structure for any topological manifold of dimension smaller than 4. For compact manifolds of dimension greater than 4, there is a finite number of "smooth types", i.e. equivalence classes of pairwise smoothly diffeomorphic smooth structures. In the case of Rⁿ with n ≠ 4, the number of these types is one, whereas for n = 4, there are uncountably many such types. One refers to these by exotic R⁴. Differential structures on topological manifolds As mentioned above, in dimensions smaller than 4, there is only one differential structure <P> empty isothetic rectangles among non-isothetic obstacles was considered. Higher dimensions In 3-dimensional space, algorithms are known for finding a largest maximal empty isothetic cuboid problem, as well as for enumeration of all maximal isothetic empty cuboids. <P> of elements are modular, clearly every modular lattice is M-symmetric. In the lattice N₅ described above, the pair (b, a) is modular, but the pair (a, b) is not. Therefore, N₅ is not M-symmetric. The centred hexagon lattice S₇ is M-symmetric but not modular. Since N₅ is a sublattice of S₇, it follows that the M-symmetric lattices do not form a subvariety of the variety of lattices.
M-symmetry is not a self-dual notion. A dual modular pair is a pair which is modular in the dual lattice, and a lattice is called dually M-symmetric or M*-symmetric if its dual is M-symmetric. It can <P> Hypercube Coordinates A unit hypercube of n dimensions is the convex hull of the points given by all sign permutations of the Cartesian coordinates . It has an edge length of 1 and an n-dimensional volume of 1.
An n-dimensional hypercube is also often regarded as the convex hull of all sign permutations of the coordinates . This form is often chosen due to ease of writing out the coordinates. Its edge length is 2, and its n-dimensional volume is 2ⁿ. Relation to (n−1)-simplices The graph of the n-hypercube's edges is isomorphic to the Hasse diagram of the (n−1)-simplex's face lattice. <P> and right of himself. If one could travel in these directions, one could explore the array of cubes, and gain an understanding of its geometrical structure. An infinite array of cubes is not a polytope in the traditional sense. In fact, it is a tessellation of 3-dimensional (Euclidean) space. However, a 4-polytope can be considered a tessellation of a 3-dimensional non-Euclidean space, namely, a tessellation of the surface of a four-dimensional sphere (a 4-dimensional spherical tiling).
Locally, this space seems like the one we are familiar with, and therefore, a virtual-reality system could, in principle, be programmed to allow exploration of <P> the Archimedean solids), especially if given a little guidance from a knowledgeable adult.
In theory, almost any material may be used to construct regular polyhedra. They may be carved out of wood, modeled out of wire, formed from stained glass. The imagination is the limit. Higher dimensions In higher dimensions, it becomes harder to say what one means by "constructing" the objects. Clearly, in a 3-dimensional universe, it is impossible to build a physical model of an object having 4 or more dimensions. There are several approaches normally taken to overcome this matter.
The first approach, suitable for four dimensions, uses four-dimensional | question: Is there a 4 dimensional analog to a sphere like a tesseract is for a cube? context: <P> in three dimensions, and in their original paper Socolar and Taylor suggest a three-dimensional analogue to the monotile. Taylor and Socolar remark that the 3D monotile aperiodically tiles three-dimensional space. However the tile does allow tilings with a period, shifting one (non-periodic) two dimensional layer to the next, and so the tile is only ″weakly aperiodic″.
Physical copies of the three-dimensional tile could not be fitted together without allowing reflections, which would require access to four-dimensional space. <P> stereography. Depth in a third dimension is represented with horizontal relative displacement, depth in a fourth dimension with vertical relative displacement between the left and right images of the stereograph.
The second approach is to embed the higher-dimensional objects in three-dimensional space, using methods analogous to the ways in which three-dimensional objects are drawn on the plane. For example, the fold out nets mentioned in the previous section have higher-dimensional equivalents. One might even imagine building a model of this fold-out net, as one draws a polyhedron's fold-out net on a piece of paper. Sadly, we could never do the necessary <P> could be called a different shape. For instance, a "b" and a "p" have a different shape, at least when they are constrained to move within a two-dimensional space like the page on which they are written. Even though they have the same size, there's no way to perfectly superimpose them by translating and rotating them along the page. Similarly, within a three-dimensional space, a right hand and a left hand have a different shape, even if they are the mirror images of each other. Shapes may change if the object is scaled non-uniformly. For example, a sphere becomes an <P> ideal would be an animated hologram of some sort, however, even a simple animation such as the one shown can already give some limited insight into the structure of the polytope.
Another way a three-dimensional viewer can comprehend the structure of a four-dimensional polytope is through being "immersed" in the object, perhaps via some form of virtual reality technology. To understand how this might work, imagine what one would see if space were filled with cubes. The viewer would be inside one of the cubes, and would be able to see cubes in front of, behind, above, below, to the left <P> F-isocrystal is a sum of isoclinic pieces with slopes s₁ < s₂ < ... and dimensions (as Witt ring modules) d₁, d₂,... then the Newton polygon has vertices (0,0), (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂),... where the nth line segment joining the vertices has slope sₙ = (yₙ−yₙ−1)/(xₙ−xₙ−1) and projection onto the x-axis of length dₙ = xₙ − xₙ−1. The Hodge polygon of an F-crystal The Hodge polygon of an F-crystal M encodes the structure of M/FM considered as a module over the Witt ring. More precisely since the Witt ring is a principal ideal domain, the module M/FM can be written <P> As with any translation, changing the origin corresponds to a rotation in the representation space. As derived from points of the object A blade A representing of one of this class of object may be found as the outer product of linearly independent vectors representing points on the object. In the base space, this linear independence manifests as each point lying outside the object defined by the other points. So, for example, a fourth point lying on the generalized circle defined by three distinct points cannot be used as a fourth point to define a sphere. <P> folding of the 3-dimensional structure to obtain the 4-dimensional polytope because of the constraints of the physical universe. Another way to "draw" the higher-dimensional shapes in 3 dimensions is via some kind of projection, for example, the analogue of either orthographic or perspective projection. Coxeter's famous book on polytopes (Coxeter 1948) has some examples of such orthographic projections. Note that immersing even 4-dimensional polychora directly into two dimensions is quite confusing. Easier to understand are 3-d models of the projections. Such models are occasionally found in science museums or mathematics departments of universities (such as that of the Université Libre <P> 10-10 duoprism Related complex polygons The regular complex polytope ₁₀{4}₂, , in has a real representation as a 10-10 duoprism in 4-dimensional space. ₁₀{4}₂ has 100 vertices, and 20 10-edges. Its symmetry is ₁₀[4]₂, order 200.
It also has a lower symmetry construction, , or ₁₀{}×₁₀{}, with symmetry ₁₀[2]₁₀, order 100. This is the symmetry if the red and blue 10-edges are considered distinct. Related complex polygon The regular complex polygon ₂{4}₁₀ has 20 vertices in with a real representation in matching the same vertex arrangement of the 10-10 duopyramid. It has 100 2-edges corresponding to the <P> is itself distance-regular. And because it contains a hypercube as a spanning subgraph, it inherits from the hypercube all monotone graph properties, such as the property of containing a Hamiltonian cycle.
As with the hypercube graphs, and their isometric (distance-preserving) subgraphs the partial cubes, a halved cube graph may be embedded isometrically into a real vector space with the Manhattan metric (L₁ distance function). The same is true for the isometric subgraphs of halved cube graphs, which may be recognized in polynomial time; this forms a key subroutine for an algorithm which tests whether a given graph may be embedded isometrically <P> these "tessellations", that is, of the 4-dimensional regular polytopes. The mathematics department at UIUC has a number of pictures of what one would see if embedded in a tessellation of hyperbolic space with dodecahedra. Such a tessellation forms an example of an infinite abstract regular polytope.
Normally, for abstract regular polytopes, a mathematician considers that the object is "constructed" if the structure of its symmetry group is known. This is because of an important theorem in the study of abstract regular polytopes, providing a technique that allows the abstract regular polytope to be constructed from its symmetry group in a standard <P> minimal surfaces that divide space into more than two sub-volumes.
Quasiperiodic minimal surfaces have been constructed in ℝ²×S¹. It has been suggested but not been proven that minimal surfaces with a quasicrystalline order in ℝ³ exist. <P> this holds for all hypersurfaces of given degree outside a finite union of lower-dimensional algebraic subsets of the projective space of all such hypersurfaces.) In 2016, Brotbek gave a proof of the Kobayashi conjecture for the hyperbolicity of general hypersurfaces of high degree, based on a use of Wronskian differential equations; explicit degree bounds have then been obtained in arbitrary dimension by Ya Deng and Demailly, e.g. [(en)²ⁿ⁺²/3] by the latter. Better bounds for the degree are known in low dimensions.
McQuillan proved the Green–Griffiths–Lang conjecture for every complex projective surface of general type whose Chern numbers satisfy c₁² > <P> dimension; Maehara & Rödl (1990) show that the dimension necessary to embed a graph in this way may be bounded by twice its maximum degree.
The dimension needed to embed a graph so that all edges have unit distance, and the dimension needed to embed a graph so that the edges are exactly the unit distance pairs, may greatly differ from each other: the 2n-vertex crown graph may be embedded in four dimensions so that all its edges have unit length, but requires at least n − 2 dimensions to be embedded so that the edges are the only unit-distance pairs (Erdős & <P> watch animations of the scales, go to Laban Scales Scales in the icosahedron Laban developed many scales within the Icosahedron, some of them with Transverse Movement, like the Axis and A- and B-Scales, others with Peripheral Movement, like the Girdle and Primary Scales.
In the scales with Transverse Movement, one moves from a Direction in one plane through the second plane towards a Direction in the third plane, following the natural Spatial Pull of the missing Dimension.
E.g.: when one starts a movement scale in the Right High Direction, one is in the Vertical Plane. This plane exists of the combination of <P> the question whether orientation-reversing diffeomorphisms exist. There is an "essentially unique" smooth structure for any topological manifold of dimension smaller than 4. For compact manifolds of dimension greater than 4, there is a finite number of "smooth types", i.e. equivalence classes of pairwise smoothly diffeomorphic smooth structures. In the case of Rⁿ with n ≠ 4, the number of these types is one, whereas for n = 4, there are uncountably many such types. One refers to these by exotic R⁴. Differential structures on topological manifolds As mentioned above, in dimensions smaller than 4, there is only one differential structure <P> empty isothetic rectangles among non-isothetic obstacles was considered. Higher dimensions In 3-dimensional space, algorithms are known for finding a largest maximal empty isothetic cuboid problem, as well as for enumeration of all maximal isothetic empty cuboids. <P> of elements are modular, clearly every modular lattice is M-symmetric. In the lattice N₅ described above, the pair (b, a) is modular, but the pair (a, b) is not. Therefore, N₅ is not M-symmetric. The centred hexagon lattice S₇ is M-symmetric but not modular. Since N₅ is a sublattice of S₇, it follows that the M-symmetric lattices do not form a subvariety of the variety of lattices.
M-symmetry is not a self-dual notion. A dual modular pair is a pair which is modular in the dual lattice, and a lattice is called dually M-symmetric or M*-symmetric if its dual is M-symmetric. It can <P> Hypercube Coordinates A unit hypercube of n dimensions is the convex hull of the points given by all sign permutations of the Cartesian coordinates . It has an edge length of 1 and an n-dimensional volume of 1.
An n-dimensional hypercube is also often regarded as the convex hull of all sign permutations of the coordinates . This form is often chosen due to ease of writing out the coordinates. Its edge length is 2, and its n-dimensional volume is 2ⁿ. Relation to (n−1)-simplices The graph of the n-hypercube's edges is isomorphic to the Hasse diagram of the (n−1)-simplex's face lattice. <P> and right of himself. If one could travel in these directions, one could explore the array of cubes, and gain an understanding of its geometrical structure. An infinite array of cubes is not a polytope in the traditional sense. In fact, it is a tessellation of 3-dimensional (Euclidean) space. However, a 4-polytope can be considered a tessellation of a 3-dimensional non-Euclidean space, namely, a tessellation of the surface of a four-dimensional sphere (a 4-dimensional spherical tiling).
Locally, this space seems like the one we are familiar with, and therefore, a virtual-reality system could, in principle, be programmed to allow exploration of <P> the Archimedean solids), especially if given a little guidance from a knowledgeable adult.
In theory, almost any material may be used to construct regular polyhedra. They may be carved out of wood, modeled out of wire, formed from stained glass. The imagination is the limit. Higher dimensions In higher dimensions, it becomes harder to say what one means by "constructing" the objects. Clearly, in a 3-dimensional universe, it is impossible to build a physical model of an object having 4 or more dimensions. There are several approaches normally taken to overcome this matter.
The first approach, suitable for four dimensions, uses four-dimensional | answer: Yes, the sphere *S*^(3), which is the *three-dimensional* sphere (embedded in Euclidean four-dimensional space), is the set of points (*x**_1_*, *x**_2_*, *x**_3_*, *x**_4_*) such that*x**_1_*^2 + *x**_2_*^2 + *x**_3_*^2 + *x**_4_*^2 = 1Similarly for higher number of dimensions. |
8,911 | 1rhhgp | Were there really Samurai in Mexico? | I'm going to refer you to another post of this exact same question:_URL_0_ | [
"I'm going to refer you to another post of this exact same question:\n\n_URL_0_"
] | 1 | [
"I'm going to refer you to another post of this exact same question:\n\n_URL_0_"
] | 1 | <P> warfare carried out by an enemy in order to completely eliminate a Maya state, rather than subjugate it. Research at Aguateca indicated that Classic period warriors were primarily members of the elite.
From as early as the Preclassic period, the ruler of a Maya polity was expected to be a distinguished war leader, and was depicted with trophy heads hanging from his belt. In the Classic period, such trophy heads no longer appeared on the king's belt, but Classic period kings are frequently depicted standing over humiliated war captives. Right up to the end of the Postclassic period, Maya kings led <P> obliged to pay tribute to the victor. Warriors During the Contact period, it is known that certain military positions were held by members of the aristocracy, and were passed on by patrilineal succession. It is likely that the specialised knowledge inherent in the particular military role was taught to the successor, including strategy, ritual, and war dances. Maya armies of the Contact period were highly disciplined, and warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills; every able-bodied adult male was available for military service. Maya states did not maintain standing armies; warriors were mustered by local officials who reported back <P> an estimated 500 Seri still live in Mexico, divided into four major clans. They are semi-nomadic, and generally shun agriculture, animal domestication and extended contact with outsiders. They are concentrated on Tiburon Island and towns like Punta Chueca on the mainland. The carvings are probably the best known of the Seri crafts and are still produced by hand and on a small scale. Seri craftsmen prefer to work on wood from trees that are already dead, such as those struck by lightning or dried out for other reasons. They chop off a trunk or branch with an ax, and carve <P> to a different canyon to visit Cona.
"The country was well occupied," said the chroniclers.
The Coronado chroniclers described the Teyas as intelligent and formidable archers. One of them shot an arrow that passed through both shoulders of a bison, "which would be a good shot for a musket." The women were well-dressed and modest, covering their whole bodies by wearing a petticoat beneath a fringed cloak with sleeves. One of the women was "as white as a Castillian lady except that she had her chin painted like a Moorish woman." Coronado commented that they "tattoo their <P> for their ceramic traditions. Nampeyo (c. 1860 – 1942) was a Hopi potter who collaborated with anthropologists to revive traditional pottery forms and designs, and many of her relatives are successful potters today. Maria and Julian Martinez, both San Ildefonso Pueblo revived their tribe's blackware tradition in the early 20th century. Julian invented a gloss-matte blackware style for which his tribe is still known today. Lucy Lewis (1898–1992) of Acoma Pueblo gained recognition for her black-on-white ceramics in the mid-20th century. Cochiti Pueblo was known for its grotesque figurines at the turn-of-the-20th century, and these have been revived by Virgil <P> of native Onaeme/Oinam can practice pottery making and that also restricted to within the Oinam Hill Village only. Women married to outsiders cannot practice the art of pottery. Therefore, pottery making is solely confined within the territory of Oinam Hill/Onaeme village excepting the exhibitions outside.
Onaeme earthen pottery making popularly known as Pouli has close affinity and identity with the history, religion, culture, tradition, economy of this village and many Naga tribes. In the past the many Naga tribes depended on the earthen wares produced by this village for utensils, to perform rites and rituals. In significant social events like 'Feast <P> mounds. In a report from 1697, the Spanish noted 16 houses in the Calusa capital of Calos, which had 1,000 residents. Clothing and personal decoration The Calusa wore little clothing. The men wore a deerskin breechcloth. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. Among most tribes in Florida for which there is documentation, the women wore skirts made of what was later called Spanish moss. The Calusa painted their bodies on a regular basis, but there was no report of tattooing among them. The men wore their hair long. The missionaries recognized that <P> from kilns in the Osaka area, including a strong connection between the ancient nobility in this region with the Kansai region. <P> the remains of a male aclla. Social significance The use of acllas was tied to kinship and the maintenance of hegemony within the empire. The family of a chosen aclla would be raised in social status. The acllas themselves would honour the main Inca gods and be honoured in return. Those not sacrificed at Cuzco might be returned to their own communities and be sacrificed there. This would create a ritual bond between Cuzco and the local region; Cuzco had taken a member of the local community and made them a representative of the central state. The aclla had been <P> an iron axe, a variety of ceramic sherds, and bones from sheep, horses, dogs and mule deer also snipe. The ceramics were mainly of the local Dinetah Gray and Gobernador Polychrome types, along with trade wares from the Rio Grande Pueblo region including Ashiwi, Puname, Tewa, Payupki and Hawikuh polychrome specimens.
Dendrochronological samples from the site indicate dates ranging from 1722 to 1749 C.E. <P> first ceramics appear just before the Hohokam rise in 300 CE.
Some archaeologists interpret the sudden appearance of pottery as new trade or immigration into the Phoenix area, resulting in the rise of the Hohokam. Other archaeologists classify many of the defining, cultural characteristics as already within the indigenous farming communities by Hohokam rise. Hence, pottery helps to fuel the controversy over Hohokam origins.
It was once thought that Hohokam pottery material varied by location, since communities used local resources. Recently, studies on the temper revealed a variety of origins where pottery was manufactured and traded.
Hohokam ceramics are defined by a distinct <P> tops of the drums were removed and replaced by a bronze lid. Saka influences Iaroslav Lebedynsky and Victor H. Mair speculate that some Sakas may also have migrated to the area of Yunnan in southern China following their expulsion by the Yuezhi in the 2nd century BCE. Excavations of the prehistoric art of the Dian civilization of Yunnan have revealed hunting scenes of Caucasoid horsemen in Central Asian clothing. The scenes depicted on these drums sometimes represent these horsemen practicing hunting. Animal scenes of felines attacking oxen are also at times reminiscent of Scythian art both in theme and in <P> those times of occupation. Pacatnamu was unoccupied before the end of Moche IV or the beginning of the Moche V (ca. A.D. 600). During this Moche period some ceremonial architecture was constructed. During this time of occupation ceramics clearly show some Huari influence, but the textiles are clearly Moche. Also the burials from this time simply reflect Moche styles. Near the end of Moche occupation (ca. A.D. 900) a new ceramic for was added and this has clearly signaled the end of the Moche occupation. In approximately A.D. 1050 there is a break between the Moche occupation and Chimu occupation.
This <P> the Lake Patzcuaro area. The quality and variety of the ware suggests that there was a class of full-time potters. Artifacts include bowls, pots and more including miniature versions of these as well as whistles, flutes and figures. Other important pre Hispanic ceramic areas include Zamora, Cojumatlán, Zanapécuaro, Apatzingán, Tecalpatepec, along the Balsas River, Huetamo, Morelia and Cuitzeo.
After the Spanish conquest, new techniques and some new products were introduced to indigenous artisans. However, it was the efforts of Vasco de Quiroga, the first bishop of Michoacán that are responsible for most of the state's modern artisan practices.
When Quiroga arrived to <P> Chichimeca origin and it means "Hill of mild climate". The story of the region can be traced 1,300 years to the arrival of the Purépecha monarchy to the region.
The site had two period of construction. In AD 450-600 ceremonial buildings with Teotihuacan-style taluds were built. In the second stage (AD 600-950) a ball court was also built in the Teotihuacan style. One tomb contains 6 men who provide evidence of dental mutilation. <P> obsidian was also used for agricultural tools of high economic value, weapons and sacrificial knives. Stoneworkers’ graves can be identified by their goods, which included their tools and raw materials.
Two other very important pre Hispanic handcrafts are textiles and ceramics, whose artisans could also be full-time and enjoy fairly high status. Purépecha weavers worked with white and brown cotton, as well as a rougher fiber from the maguey plant called ixtle. According to the Relación de Michoacán, an early colonial period document that describes Purépecha life before the Conquest, textile work was the purview of women, with skills passed down <P> matter of the vessels includes courtly life from the Petén region in the 8th century AD, such as diplomatic meetings, feasting, bloodletting, scenes of warriors and the sacrifice of prisoners of war.
Bone, both human and animal, was also sculpted; human bones may have been trophies, or relics of ancestors. The Maya valued Spondylus shells, and worked them to remove the white exterior and spines, to reveal the fine orange interior. Around the 10th century AD, metallurgy arrived in Mesoamerica from South America, and the Maya began to make small objects in gold, silver and copper. The Maya generally hammered sheet <P> to appointed warleaders. There were also units of full-time mercenaries who followed permanent leaders. Most warriors were not full-time, however, and were primarily farmers; the needs of their crops usually came before warfare. Maya warfare was not so much aimed at destruction of the enemy as the seizure of captives and plunder.
There is some evidence from the Classic period that women provided supporting roles in war, but they did not act as military officers with the exception of those rare ruling queens. By the Postclassic, the native chronicles suggest that women occasionally fought in battle. Weapons The atlatl (spear-thrower) was <P> formative early-, coexistences of populations are distinguished yet of the Archaic Period, with other groups of entail ) northern - Bato tradition -, and others with geographic development more places - Llolleo cultural complex, but located more in the southern part.
Bato Tradition , that is established about them 300 BC and 400, sharing cultural guidelines with the Molle culture which was located more in the northern part. Typical of the above-mentioned culture it was the use of tembetá; in addition they found mortars which are elements of stone used in the grinding of vegetables and minerals. The <P> the collapse of the chiefdoms as aboriginal populations declined following contact with European explorers and colonizers, such as the Hernando de Soto Expedition in 1539. The Fort Walton and later Leon-Jefferson peoples are the direct ancestors of the Apalachee peoples. Archaeology sites The Lake Jackson Mounds site in Leon County is the largest known ceremonial center of the Fort Walton culture, although there are eight other known ceremonial sites in the Apalachee Province. It was occupied during the entire Fort Walton period, but abandoned at about 1500 CE when the capital of the chiefdom was moved to nearby Anhaica, the | question: Were there really Samurai in Mexico? context: <P> warfare carried out by an enemy in order to completely eliminate a Maya state, rather than subjugate it. Research at Aguateca indicated that Classic period warriors were primarily members of the elite.
From as early as the Preclassic period, the ruler of a Maya polity was expected to be a distinguished war leader, and was depicted with trophy heads hanging from his belt. In the Classic period, such trophy heads no longer appeared on the king's belt, but Classic period kings are frequently depicted standing over humiliated war captives. Right up to the end of the Postclassic period, Maya kings led <P> obliged to pay tribute to the victor. Warriors During the Contact period, it is known that certain military positions were held by members of the aristocracy, and were passed on by patrilineal succession. It is likely that the specialised knowledge inherent in the particular military role was taught to the successor, including strategy, ritual, and war dances. Maya armies of the Contact period were highly disciplined, and warriors participated in regular training exercises and drills; every able-bodied adult male was available for military service. Maya states did not maintain standing armies; warriors were mustered by local officials who reported back <P> an estimated 500 Seri still live in Mexico, divided into four major clans. They are semi-nomadic, and generally shun agriculture, animal domestication and extended contact with outsiders. They are concentrated on Tiburon Island and towns like Punta Chueca on the mainland. The carvings are probably the best known of the Seri crafts and are still produced by hand and on a small scale. Seri craftsmen prefer to work on wood from trees that are already dead, such as those struck by lightning or dried out for other reasons. They chop off a trunk or branch with an ax, and carve <P> to a different canyon to visit Cona.
"The country was well occupied," said the chroniclers.
The Coronado chroniclers described the Teyas as intelligent and formidable archers. One of them shot an arrow that passed through both shoulders of a bison, "which would be a good shot for a musket." The women were well-dressed and modest, covering their whole bodies by wearing a petticoat beneath a fringed cloak with sleeves. One of the women was "as white as a Castillian lady except that she had her chin painted like a Moorish woman." Coronado commented that they "tattoo their <P> for their ceramic traditions. Nampeyo (c. 1860 – 1942) was a Hopi potter who collaborated with anthropologists to revive traditional pottery forms and designs, and many of her relatives are successful potters today. Maria and Julian Martinez, both San Ildefonso Pueblo revived their tribe's blackware tradition in the early 20th century. Julian invented a gloss-matte blackware style for which his tribe is still known today. Lucy Lewis (1898–1992) of Acoma Pueblo gained recognition for her black-on-white ceramics in the mid-20th century. Cochiti Pueblo was known for its grotesque figurines at the turn-of-the-20th century, and these have been revived by Virgil <P> of native Onaeme/Oinam can practice pottery making and that also restricted to within the Oinam Hill Village only. Women married to outsiders cannot practice the art of pottery. Therefore, pottery making is solely confined within the territory of Oinam Hill/Onaeme village excepting the exhibitions outside.
Onaeme earthen pottery making popularly known as Pouli has close affinity and identity with the history, religion, culture, tradition, economy of this village and many Naga tribes. In the past the many Naga tribes depended on the earthen wares produced by this village for utensils, to perform rites and rituals. In significant social events like 'Feast <P> mounds. In a report from 1697, the Spanish noted 16 houses in the Calusa capital of Calos, which had 1,000 residents. Clothing and personal decoration The Calusa wore little clothing. The men wore a deerskin breechcloth. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. Among most tribes in Florida for which there is documentation, the women wore skirts made of what was later called Spanish moss. The Calusa painted their bodies on a regular basis, but there was no report of tattooing among them. The men wore their hair long. The missionaries recognized that <P> from kilns in the Osaka area, including a strong connection between the ancient nobility in this region with the Kansai region. <P> the remains of a male aclla. Social significance The use of acllas was tied to kinship and the maintenance of hegemony within the empire. The family of a chosen aclla would be raised in social status. The acllas themselves would honour the main Inca gods and be honoured in return. Those not sacrificed at Cuzco might be returned to their own communities and be sacrificed there. This would create a ritual bond between Cuzco and the local region; Cuzco had taken a member of the local community and made them a representative of the central state. The aclla had been <P> an iron axe, a variety of ceramic sherds, and bones from sheep, horses, dogs and mule deer also snipe. The ceramics were mainly of the local Dinetah Gray and Gobernador Polychrome types, along with trade wares from the Rio Grande Pueblo region including Ashiwi, Puname, Tewa, Payupki and Hawikuh polychrome specimens.
Dendrochronological samples from the site indicate dates ranging from 1722 to 1749 C.E. <P> first ceramics appear just before the Hohokam rise in 300 CE.
Some archaeologists interpret the sudden appearance of pottery as new trade or immigration into the Phoenix area, resulting in the rise of the Hohokam. Other archaeologists classify many of the defining, cultural characteristics as already within the indigenous farming communities by Hohokam rise. Hence, pottery helps to fuel the controversy over Hohokam origins.
It was once thought that Hohokam pottery material varied by location, since communities used local resources. Recently, studies on the temper revealed a variety of origins where pottery was manufactured and traded.
Hohokam ceramics are defined by a distinct <P> tops of the drums were removed and replaced by a bronze lid. Saka influences Iaroslav Lebedynsky and Victor H. Mair speculate that some Sakas may also have migrated to the area of Yunnan in southern China following their expulsion by the Yuezhi in the 2nd century BCE. Excavations of the prehistoric art of the Dian civilization of Yunnan have revealed hunting scenes of Caucasoid horsemen in Central Asian clothing. The scenes depicted on these drums sometimes represent these horsemen practicing hunting. Animal scenes of felines attacking oxen are also at times reminiscent of Scythian art both in theme and in <P> those times of occupation. Pacatnamu was unoccupied before the end of Moche IV or the beginning of the Moche V (ca. A.D. 600). During this Moche period some ceremonial architecture was constructed. During this time of occupation ceramics clearly show some Huari influence, but the textiles are clearly Moche. Also the burials from this time simply reflect Moche styles. Near the end of Moche occupation (ca. A.D. 900) a new ceramic for was added and this has clearly signaled the end of the Moche occupation. In approximately A.D. 1050 there is a break between the Moche occupation and Chimu occupation.
This <P> the Lake Patzcuaro area. The quality and variety of the ware suggests that there was a class of full-time potters. Artifacts include bowls, pots and more including miniature versions of these as well as whistles, flutes and figures. Other important pre Hispanic ceramic areas include Zamora, Cojumatlán, Zanapécuaro, Apatzingán, Tecalpatepec, along the Balsas River, Huetamo, Morelia and Cuitzeo.
After the Spanish conquest, new techniques and some new products were introduced to indigenous artisans. However, it was the efforts of Vasco de Quiroga, the first bishop of Michoacán that are responsible for most of the state's modern artisan practices.
When Quiroga arrived to <P> Chichimeca origin and it means "Hill of mild climate". The story of the region can be traced 1,300 years to the arrival of the Purépecha monarchy to the region.
The site had two period of construction. In AD 450-600 ceremonial buildings with Teotihuacan-style taluds were built. In the second stage (AD 600-950) a ball court was also built in the Teotihuacan style. One tomb contains 6 men who provide evidence of dental mutilation. <P> obsidian was also used for agricultural tools of high economic value, weapons and sacrificial knives. Stoneworkers’ graves can be identified by their goods, which included their tools and raw materials.
Two other very important pre Hispanic handcrafts are textiles and ceramics, whose artisans could also be full-time and enjoy fairly high status. Purépecha weavers worked with white and brown cotton, as well as a rougher fiber from the maguey plant called ixtle. According to the Relación de Michoacán, an early colonial period document that describes Purépecha life before the Conquest, textile work was the purview of women, with skills passed down <P> matter of the vessels includes courtly life from the Petén region in the 8th century AD, such as diplomatic meetings, feasting, bloodletting, scenes of warriors and the sacrifice of prisoners of war.
Bone, both human and animal, was also sculpted; human bones may have been trophies, or relics of ancestors. The Maya valued Spondylus shells, and worked them to remove the white exterior and spines, to reveal the fine orange interior. Around the 10th century AD, metallurgy arrived in Mesoamerica from South America, and the Maya began to make small objects in gold, silver and copper. The Maya generally hammered sheet <P> to appointed warleaders. There were also units of full-time mercenaries who followed permanent leaders. Most warriors were not full-time, however, and were primarily farmers; the needs of their crops usually came before warfare. Maya warfare was not so much aimed at destruction of the enemy as the seizure of captives and plunder.
There is some evidence from the Classic period that women provided supporting roles in war, but they did not act as military officers with the exception of those rare ruling queens. By the Postclassic, the native chronicles suggest that women occasionally fought in battle. Weapons The atlatl (spear-thrower) was <P> formative early-, coexistences of populations are distinguished yet of the Archaic Period, with other groups of entail ) northern - Bato tradition -, and others with geographic development more places - Llolleo cultural complex, but located more in the southern part.
Bato Tradition , that is established about them 300 BC and 400, sharing cultural guidelines with the Molle culture which was located more in the northern part. Typical of the above-mentioned culture it was the use of tembetá; in addition they found mortars which are elements of stone used in the grinding of vegetables and minerals. The <P> the collapse of the chiefdoms as aboriginal populations declined following contact with European explorers and colonizers, such as the Hernando de Soto Expedition in 1539. The Fort Walton and later Leon-Jefferson peoples are the direct ancestors of the Apalachee peoples. Archaeology sites The Lake Jackson Mounds site in Leon County is the largest known ceremonial center of the Fort Walton culture, although there are eight other known ceremonial sites in the Apalachee Province. It was occupied during the entire Fort Walton period, but abandoned at about 1500 CE when the capital of the chiefdom was moved to nearby Anhaica, the | answer: I'm going to refer you to another post of this exact same question:_URL_0_ |
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