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116,579 | 1dcf6a | Was the Holodomor of 1932-33 genocide of the Ukrainians or did Stalin not mean to target them especially? | This question was asked twice recently: Here are the links._URL_1__URL_0_ | [
"This question was asked twice recently: Here are the links.\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_"
] | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> number of deaths by starvation in Ukraine may never be precisely known. That said, the most recent demographic studies suggest that over 4 million Ukrainians perished in the first six months of 1933 alone, a figure that increases if population losses from 1931, 1932 and 1934 are also included, along with those from adjacent territories inhabited primarily by Ukrainians (but politically part of the Russian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic), such as the Kuban.
The Soviet Union suppressed information about this genocide, and as late as the 1980s admitted only that there was some hardship because of kulak sabotage and bad weather. <P> of the Ukrainian parliament, especially the Communists. A Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Genrikh Yagoda, Yakov Yakovlev, Stanislav Kosior, Pavel Postyshev, Vlas Chubar and Mendel Khatayevich posthumously guilty of genocide on 13 January 2010. As of 2010, the Russian government's official position was that the famine took place, but was not an ethnic genocide; former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych supported this position. A ruling of 12 January 2010 by Kyiv's Court of Appeal declared the Soviet leaders guilty of "genocide against the Ukrainian national group in 1932–33 through the artificial creation of living conditions intended for <P> of killed range between 30,000 and 60,000. Of the recorded 1,236 pogroms and excesses, 493 were carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers under command of Symon Petliura, 307 by independent Ukrainian warlords, 213 by Denikin's army, 106 by the Red Army and 32 by the Polish Army. Decossackization During the Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks engaged in a genocidal campaign against the Don Cossacks. The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20. Joseph Stalin Multiple documented instances of unnatural mass death occurred in the <P> case was dropped. Unfortunately, he died.”
Vasyl Stus died after he declared hunger strike on September 4, 1985 in a Soviet forced labor camp for political prisoners Perm-36 near the village of Kuchino, Perm Oblast, Russian SFSR, where he had been transferred in November 1980. Danylo Shumuk reported that the commandant, a Major Zhuravkov, committed suicide after the death of Stus. In the Kuchino camp, out of 56 inmates kept there between 1980 and 1987, eight died, including four members of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group.
In August 1990 the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union cancelled Stus' verdict and the case <P> and some other parts of the Soviet Union, leaving the peasants too little to feed themselves. As a result, an estimated ten million died, including three to seven million in Ukraine, one million in the North Caucasus and one million elsewhere.
In addition to the requisitioning of crops and livestock in Ukraine, all food was confiscated by Soviet authorities. Any and all aid and food was prohibited from entering the Ukrainian republic. Ukraine's Yuschenko administration recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide and pushed international governments to acknowledge this. This move was opposed by the Russian government and some members <P> opposed forced collectivisation by slaughtering 18 million horses, 30 million cattle, about 45 per cent of the total, and 100 million sheep and goats, about two thirds of the total. Those who engaged in these behaviours, deemed Kulaks, were dealt with harshly; in December 1929, Stalin issued a call to "liquidate the Kulaks as a class". A distinction was made between the elimination of the Kulaks as a class and the killing of is the individuals themselves; nevertheless, at least 530,000 to 600,000 deaths resulted from dekulakization from 1929 to 1933, and Robert Conquest has estimated that there could have <P> executed in Babyn Yar along with other Ukrainian nationalists, although his wife was left unaware of his death and kept bringing him packages to Kiev prison until summer 1942. <P> Zavod’s confines, but most found it physically arduous and more psychologically unnerving than prison life.
The Siberian population met the Decembrists with great hospitality. Natives played central roles in keeping lines of communication open among Decembrists, friends, and relatives. Most merchants and state employees were also sympathetic. To the masses, the Decembrist exiles were "generals who had refused to take the oath to Nicholas I." They were great figures that had suffered political persecution for their loyalty to the people. On the whole, indigenous Siberian populations greatly respected the Decembrists and were extremely hospitable in their reception of them.
Upon arrival at <P> regarded missing. About 69,000 died of severe famine in the republic. This nation could not restore its population even under 1959 census. The record breaking estimates of 700,000 military casualties out of a total 1,25 million Turkmenian citizens (with slightly less than 60 per cent being Turkmens) are attributed to the late President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov. Historians do not regard them as being trustworthy. OBD Memorial database The names of Soviet war dead are presented at the OBD (Central Data Bank) Memorial database online. Causes The Red Army suffered catastrophic losses of men and equipment during the first months <P> its partial physical destruction." Poles in the Soviet Union Several scholars write that the killing, on the basis of nationality and politics, of more than 120,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet Union from 1937–38 was genocide. An NKVD official remarked that Poles living in the Soviet Union were to be "completely destroyed". Under Stalin the NKVD's Polish operation soon arrested some 144,000, of whom 111,000 were shot and surviving family members deported to Kazakhstan.
In practice abandoning its 'official socialist' ideology of the "fraternity of peoples", the Soviets in the Great Terror of 1937–1938 targeted "a national group as an enemy <P> Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. These include Union-wide famines in the early 1920s and early 1930s and deportations of ethnic minorities. Holodomor During the Soviet famine of 1932–33 that affected Ukraine, Kazakhstan and some densely populated regions of Russia, the highest scale of death was in Ukraine. The events there are referred to as the Holodomor and they are recognized as genocide by the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the US and Hungary. The famine was caused by the confiscation of the whole 1933 harvest in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the Kuban (a densely populated Russian region), <P> deportation of Lithuanians. Crimean Tatars The ethnic cleansing and deportation of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea was ordered by Joseph Stalin as a form of collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the Nazi occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict during 1942–1943. The state-organized removal is known as the Sürgünlik in Crimean Tatar. A total of more than 230,000 people were deported (the entire ethnic Crimean Tatar population), of which more than 100,000 died from starvation or disease.
Some activists, politicians, scholars and historians go even further and consider this deportation a crime of genocide. Professor Lyman H. Legters argued that the Soviet <P> Kiev during the Second World War and later became one of the Righteous among the Nations Last days and death On 20 October 1937, Alexander Glagolev was arrested by NKVD. He was tortured and died in prison on 25 November 1937. <P> services and the Soviet tactics, which throughout the war tended to be expensive in terms of human life"
Russian scholars attribute the high civilian death toll to the Nazi Generalplan Ost which treated the Soviet people as "subhumans", they use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. German occupation policies implemented under the Hunger Plan resulted in the confiscation of food stocks which resulted in famine in the occupied regions. During the Soviet era the partisan campaign behind the lines was portrayed as the struggle of the local population against the German occupation. <P> of 124 Decembrists were convicted of "state-crimes" by the Supreme Criminal Court, and sentenced to "exile-to-settlement." These men were sent directly to isolated locales, such as Berezov, Narym, Surgut, Pelym, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Viliuisk, among others. Few Russians inhabited these places: the populations consisted mainly of Siberian aborigines, Tunguses, Yakuts, Tartars, Ostiaks, Mongols, and Buriats.
Of all those exiled, the largest group of prisoners was sent to Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, to be transferred three years later to Petrovsky Zavod, near Nerchinsk. This group, sentenced to hard labor, included principal leaders of the Decembrist movement as well as Polish revolutionaries. Siberian <P> pogrom was deliberately incited by the Communists to discredit the government in exile (possibly to distract attention from the rigged referendum which had taken place at the end of June 1946). When it became clear following trials that the nationalists could not be blamed, this line of propaganda was swiftly dropped by the government.
Additional investigation into the circumstances of the massacre was opposed by the communist regime until the era of Solidarity, when in December 1981 an article was published in the Solidarity newspaper Tygodnik Solidarność. However, the return of repressive government meant that files could not be accessed for <P> in south Russia organised a squad of six men to assassinate Trepov. They were beaten to it by Vera Zasulich, who shot and wounded him in his office on 24 January 1878. This act was the start of the wave of political violence that culminated in the assassination of the Tsar Alexander II.
Bogolyubov was transferred to Kharkov central prison, then at the end of 1880, to a psychiatric hospital in Kazan. It is not known when he died, but it was "a few years" after being flogged. <P> boys, he was transferred to the village of Poltava, 15 km from Kotlas (not to be confused with the city of Poltava, Ukraine), where he completed his sentence in 1932. He chose to reside in Kirov, Kirov Oblast, where, worn out by the rigours of his imprisonment, he died on 7 March 1935. Legacy On 27 June 2001, Exarch Leonid Feodorov was beatified by Pope John Paul II. He remains deeply venerated among Russian Catholics. <P> their effort and, to compound their sad lot, many would later become victims of the Stalin Purges after their return to the USSR. <P> of his poor health it was commuted to time in prison. The first year of his prison term was spent in St. Petersburg, and in the winter of 1908–1909 Tsereteli was moved to Nikolayev in southern Ukraine; after four years in Nikolayev he was again moved, sent to the Alexandrovsky Central Prison in Irkutsk. In the autumn of 1913 Tsereteli was permitted to move to Usolye, a village about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Irkutsk and easily accessible owing to its location on a branch line of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Tsereteli would later reflect fondly on this period of exile: there were | question: Was the Holodomor of 1932-33 genocide of the Ukrainians or did Stalin not mean to target them especially? context: <P> number of deaths by starvation in Ukraine may never be precisely known. That said, the most recent demographic studies suggest that over 4 million Ukrainians perished in the first six months of 1933 alone, a figure that increases if population losses from 1931, 1932 and 1934 are also included, along with those from adjacent territories inhabited primarily by Ukrainians (but politically part of the Russian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic), such as the Kuban.
The Soviet Union suppressed information about this genocide, and as late as the 1980s admitted only that there was some hardship because of kulak sabotage and bad weather. <P> of the Ukrainian parliament, especially the Communists. A Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Genrikh Yagoda, Yakov Yakovlev, Stanislav Kosior, Pavel Postyshev, Vlas Chubar and Mendel Khatayevich posthumously guilty of genocide on 13 January 2010. As of 2010, the Russian government's official position was that the famine took place, but was not an ethnic genocide; former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych supported this position. A ruling of 12 January 2010 by Kyiv's Court of Appeal declared the Soviet leaders guilty of "genocide against the Ukrainian national group in 1932–33 through the artificial creation of living conditions intended for <P> of killed range between 30,000 and 60,000. Of the recorded 1,236 pogroms and excesses, 493 were carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers under command of Symon Petliura, 307 by independent Ukrainian warlords, 213 by Denikin's army, 106 by the Red Army and 32 by the Polish Army. Decossackization During the Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks engaged in a genocidal campaign against the Don Cossacks. The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20. Joseph Stalin Multiple documented instances of unnatural mass death occurred in the <P> case was dropped. Unfortunately, he died.”
Vasyl Stus died after he declared hunger strike on September 4, 1985 in a Soviet forced labor camp for political prisoners Perm-36 near the village of Kuchino, Perm Oblast, Russian SFSR, where he had been transferred in November 1980. Danylo Shumuk reported that the commandant, a Major Zhuravkov, committed suicide after the death of Stus. In the Kuchino camp, out of 56 inmates kept there between 1980 and 1987, eight died, including four members of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group.
In August 1990 the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union cancelled Stus' verdict and the case <P> and some other parts of the Soviet Union, leaving the peasants too little to feed themselves. As a result, an estimated ten million died, including three to seven million in Ukraine, one million in the North Caucasus and one million elsewhere.
In addition to the requisitioning of crops and livestock in Ukraine, all food was confiscated by Soviet authorities. Any and all aid and food was prohibited from entering the Ukrainian republic. Ukraine's Yuschenko administration recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide and pushed international governments to acknowledge this. This move was opposed by the Russian government and some members <P> opposed forced collectivisation by slaughtering 18 million horses, 30 million cattle, about 45 per cent of the total, and 100 million sheep and goats, about two thirds of the total. Those who engaged in these behaviours, deemed Kulaks, were dealt with harshly; in December 1929, Stalin issued a call to "liquidate the Kulaks as a class". A distinction was made between the elimination of the Kulaks as a class and the killing of is the individuals themselves; nevertheless, at least 530,000 to 600,000 deaths resulted from dekulakization from 1929 to 1933, and Robert Conquest has estimated that there could have <P> executed in Babyn Yar along with other Ukrainian nationalists, although his wife was left unaware of his death and kept bringing him packages to Kiev prison until summer 1942. <P> Zavod’s confines, but most found it physically arduous and more psychologically unnerving than prison life.
The Siberian population met the Decembrists with great hospitality. Natives played central roles in keeping lines of communication open among Decembrists, friends, and relatives. Most merchants and state employees were also sympathetic. To the masses, the Decembrist exiles were "generals who had refused to take the oath to Nicholas I." They were great figures that had suffered political persecution for their loyalty to the people. On the whole, indigenous Siberian populations greatly respected the Decembrists and were extremely hospitable in their reception of them.
Upon arrival at <P> regarded missing. About 69,000 died of severe famine in the republic. This nation could not restore its population even under 1959 census. The record breaking estimates of 700,000 military casualties out of a total 1,25 million Turkmenian citizens (with slightly less than 60 per cent being Turkmens) are attributed to the late President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov. Historians do not regard them as being trustworthy. OBD Memorial database The names of Soviet war dead are presented at the OBD (Central Data Bank) Memorial database online. Causes The Red Army suffered catastrophic losses of men and equipment during the first months <P> its partial physical destruction." Poles in the Soviet Union Several scholars write that the killing, on the basis of nationality and politics, of more than 120,000 ethnic Poles in the Soviet Union from 1937–38 was genocide. An NKVD official remarked that Poles living in the Soviet Union were to be "completely destroyed". Under Stalin the NKVD's Polish operation soon arrested some 144,000, of whom 111,000 were shot and surviving family members deported to Kazakhstan.
In practice abandoning its 'official socialist' ideology of the "fraternity of peoples", the Soviets in the Great Terror of 1937–1938 targeted "a national group as an enemy <P> Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. These include Union-wide famines in the early 1920s and early 1930s and deportations of ethnic minorities. Holodomor During the Soviet famine of 1932–33 that affected Ukraine, Kazakhstan and some densely populated regions of Russia, the highest scale of death was in Ukraine. The events there are referred to as the Holodomor and they are recognized as genocide by the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the US and Hungary. The famine was caused by the confiscation of the whole 1933 harvest in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the Kuban (a densely populated Russian region), <P> deportation of Lithuanians. Crimean Tatars The ethnic cleansing and deportation of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea was ordered by Joseph Stalin as a form of collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the Nazi occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict during 1942–1943. The state-organized removal is known as the Sürgünlik in Crimean Tatar. A total of more than 230,000 people were deported (the entire ethnic Crimean Tatar population), of which more than 100,000 died from starvation or disease.
Some activists, politicians, scholars and historians go even further and consider this deportation a crime of genocide. Professor Lyman H. Legters argued that the Soviet <P> Kiev during the Second World War and later became one of the Righteous among the Nations Last days and death On 20 October 1937, Alexander Glagolev was arrested by NKVD. He was tortured and died in prison on 25 November 1937. <P> services and the Soviet tactics, which throughout the war tended to be expensive in terms of human life"
Russian scholars attribute the high civilian death toll to the Nazi Generalplan Ost which treated the Soviet people as "subhumans", they use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. German occupation policies implemented under the Hunger Plan resulted in the confiscation of food stocks which resulted in famine in the occupied regions. During the Soviet era the partisan campaign behind the lines was portrayed as the struggle of the local population against the German occupation. <P> of 124 Decembrists were convicted of "state-crimes" by the Supreme Criminal Court, and sentenced to "exile-to-settlement." These men were sent directly to isolated locales, such as Berezov, Narym, Surgut, Pelym, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Viliuisk, among others. Few Russians inhabited these places: the populations consisted mainly of Siberian aborigines, Tunguses, Yakuts, Tartars, Ostiaks, Mongols, and Buriats.
Of all those exiled, the largest group of prisoners was sent to Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, to be transferred three years later to Petrovsky Zavod, near Nerchinsk. This group, sentenced to hard labor, included principal leaders of the Decembrist movement as well as Polish revolutionaries. Siberian <P> pogrom was deliberately incited by the Communists to discredit the government in exile (possibly to distract attention from the rigged referendum which had taken place at the end of June 1946). When it became clear following trials that the nationalists could not be blamed, this line of propaganda was swiftly dropped by the government.
Additional investigation into the circumstances of the massacre was opposed by the communist regime until the era of Solidarity, when in December 1981 an article was published in the Solidarity newspaper Tygodnik Solidarność. However, the return of repressive government meant that files could not be accessed for <P> in south Russia organised a squad of six men to assassinate Trepov. They were beaten to it by Vera Zasulich, who shot and wounded him in his office on 24 January 1878. This act was the start of the wave of political violence that culminated in the assassination of the Tsar Alexander II.
Bogolyubov was transferred to Kharkov central prison, then at the end of 1880, to a psychiatric hospital in Kazan. It is not known when he died, but it was "a few years" after being flogged. <P> boys, he was transferred to the village of Poltava, 15 km from Kotlas (not to be confused with the city of Poltava, Ukraine), where he completed his sentence in 1932. He chose to reside in Kirov, Kirov Oblast, where, worn out by the rigours of his imprisonment, he died on 7 March 1935. Legacy On 27 June 2001, Exarch Leonid Feodorov was beatified by Pope John Paul II. He remains deeply venerated among Russian Catholics. <P> their effort and, to compound their sad lot, many would later become victims of the Stalin Purges after their return to the USSR. <P> of his poor health it was commuted to time in prison. The first year of his prison term was spent in St. Petersburg, and in the winter of 1908–1909 Tsereteli was moved to Nikolayev in southern Ukraine; after four years in Nikolayev he was again moved, sent to the Alexandrovsky Central Prison in Irkutsk. In the autumn of 1913 Tsereteli was permitted to move to Usolye, a village about 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Irkutsk and easily accessible owing to its location on a branch line of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Tsereteli would later reflect fondly on this period of exile: there were | answer: This question was asked twice recently: Here are the links._URL_1__URL_0_ |
140,122 | 1qxxmc | can somebody explain the cloud services such as dropbox? | Dropbox has software that automagically synchronizes those files between all your devices, and lets your share them with other people.So you could configure you cell phone's camera to store files in a Dropbox folder, and they will show up on any computer you have Dropbox installed on, without the bother of having to download them to each location. | [
"Dropbox has software that automagically synchronizes those files between all your devices, and lets your share them with other people.\n\nSo you could configure you cell phone's camera to store files in a Dropbox folder, and they will show up on any computer you have Dropbox installed on, without the bother of hav... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> M. Satyanarayanan, Victor Bahl, Ramón Cáceres, and Nigel Davies, and a prototype implementation is developed by Carnegie Mellon University as a research project. The concept of cloudlet is also known as follow me cloud, and mobile micro-cloud. Motivation Many mobile services split the application into a front-end client program and a back-end server program following the traditional client-server model. The front-end mobile application offloads its functionality to the back-end servers for various reasons such as speeding up processing. With the advent of cloud computing, the back-end server is typically hosted at the cloud datacenter. Though the use of a cloud <P> on-premise, hybrid or multi-cloud.
Jelastic PaaS can be installed and fully configured by Jelastic Ops team, or this can be performed automatically on top of Google Cloud and MS Azure, as well as on top of bare metal using an ISO image.
The platform configuration includes integration with billing systems like WHMCS, Odin System Automation, Cleverbridge or custom billing if required. Pricing Model Jelastic provides pay-as-you-use pricing model within public cloud. Resources are charged on hourly base: RAM and CPU (cloudlet resource unit), Disk space, External traffic, Public IP and SSL. The price for each resource unit depends on the chosen <P> cloud service, nor are users required to provide detailed IT specifications. They are only required to provide business and organization requirements.
To make selection easier and to speed service deployment, service definitions are often standardized in cloud service catalogs. This presents three benefits: improved capacity planning, particularly if standard components are used; quicker service provisioning; and better buying forecasts which helps to lower costs.
Automation is an aspect of cloud service catalog that has been noted. Cloud service catalogs have been described as enabling "cloud on auto-pilot" enabling cloud users to build cloud services based on pre-built templates selected from catalogs. <P> computations, with minimal restrictions on their process structure, programming languages or operating systems. At a cloud datacenter, these requirements are met today using the virtual machine (VM) abstraction. For the same reasons they are used in cloud computing today, VMs are used as an abstraction for cloudlets. Meanwhile, there are a few but important differentiators between cloud and cloudlet. Rapid provisioning Different from cloud data centers that are optimized for launching existing VM images in their storage tier, cloudlets need to be much more agile in their provisioning. Their association with mobile devices is highly dynamic, with considerable churn due <P> CloudKit Services Application developers can utilize CloudKit for integrated access to Apple's iCloud servers into iOS and macOS applications. The framework provides authentication, a private database, a public database and structured asset storage services allowing developers to focus on client-side development. It is the foundation for both iCloud Storage and iCloud Photo Library.
CloudKit also offers several APIs to access the iCloud Storage, where a user can store data and files so that they can be easily accessible from other devices. Reception Developers claim that this framework "replaces back-end web services like old-school databases, file storage and user authentication systems." <P> Cloudlet A cloudlet is a mobility-enhanced small-scale cloud datacenter that is located at the edge of the Internet. The main purpose of the cloudlet is supporting resource-intensive and interactive mobile applications by providing powerful computing resources to mobile devices with lower latency. It is a new architectural element that extends today’s cloud computing infrastructure. It represents the middle tier of a 3-tier hierarchy: mobile device - cloudlet - cloud. A cloudlet can be viewed as a data center in a box whose goal is to bring the cloud closer. The cloudlet term was first coined by <P> developed from Elastic’s acquisition of Swiftype. In late 2017, Elastic formed partnerships with Google to offer Elastic Cloud in GCP, and Alibaba to offer Elasticsearch and Kibana in Alibaba Cloud.
Elasticsearch Service on Elastic Cloud is the official hosted and managed Elasticsearch and Kibana offering from the creators of the project since August 2018 Elasticsearch Service users can create secure deployments with partners, Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and Alibaba Cloud.
AWS offers Elasticsearch as a managed service since 2015. Such managed services provide hosting, deployment, backup and other support. Most managed services also include support for Kibana.
Elasticsearch is the basis of <P> hosting provider and can be estimated on a monthly, daily or hourly base within dev panel. Cloud hosting expenses can be tracked and optimized using built-in billing details for whole account or specific application.
Private cloud installation is charged monthly on a license base per physical server. There are two types of licensing - for installation with further self-administering and for installation with managed services.
Partnership with service providers is built on franchise model with revenue sharing. Customers Jelastic is installed by a wide range of hosting providers and telcos, among them are DataCenter Finland, Telecom Italia, eApps, Locaweb, PrimeTel, Layershift, <P> development and then deploy to popular runtime PaaS offerings, such as Pivotal CF, Google App Engine and Amazon Elastic Beanstalk. The release of CloudBees Jenkins Platform — Private SaaS Edition provides enterprises with self-service access to teams across an entire organization. The software gives enterprises the ability to access the CloudBees Jenkins Platform on their own private cloud or dedicated Amazon Web Services. CloudBees clients include a range of enterprises and Fortune 500 companies. <P> backups to be shipped back to the user faster than an over-the-Internet download.
Data is encrypted, password-protected and stored in a proprietary format. There is also an option for a more secure private key. Corporate users that have CrashPlan PROe back up to private servers instead of Code42's data centers in four out of five cases. The software has an option to create a private on-site backup server.
Code42 used to develop and market a file sharing service called SharePlan, which was released in October 2013. According to the Star Tribune, it competed with DropBox, but SharePlan used a PIN to <P> Global Cloud Storage System integrates with cloud storage platforms, including Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Cleversafe, EMC Atmos, Google, HP Cloud Services, and Nirvanix.
Panzura received three patents on its technology in 2013. Panzura offers proprietary software delivered on hardware appliances or virtual machine licenses, which are installed locally to backup, actively archive, and centralize data at a remote location.
Architectural firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro credited Panzura technology for speeding up the backup and recovery of its data after Hurricane Sandy.California State University, Northridge also used the technology for backing up its data.
In March 2013 Panzura announced it achieved FIPS 140-2 <P> public and private cloud infrastructure to provide cloud services. Other models that mix on-premises cloud with public cloud technologies include Platform as a Service (PaaS), which includes infrastructure services combined with development tools and middleware; and Software as a Service (SaaS), which is used to develop packaged software.
However, moving data in the cloud can be a difficult procedure. In the case of Software as a Service (SaaS), it is difficult particularly if the incumbent cloud provider used proprietary software, or if it altered an open source application.
A way to mitigate cloud migration difficulties is to architect applications for the cloud <P> are able to change the configuration of the technologies used to deliver the services based on cost, performance and technology improvements.
By seeing and understanding the different services available through the cloud users can better appreciate what is available to them, compared to traditional IT whereby one group of users or business unit may be unaware of the technologies available to another unit.
Accessed by self-service portals, service catalogs contain a list of cloud services from which cloud consumers select for self-provisioning of cloud services. This removes the need for users to work through various IT departments in order to provision a <P> basic wiki workspaces or upgrade to a premium plan to access additional features, such as enhanced security features, customization through CSS, and more storage space. Workspaces can be configured as either public or private (only viewable by those who have been invited to join the workspace).
The software is only available in English. Usage A number of businesses and corporations use PBworks to create private wikis for employees; one case study described a legal firm which had transitioned to PBworks as a document management system in order to cut their IT costs. Major companies using PBworks to host internal documents <P> Alibaba Cloud Data Center Regions Alibaba Cloud has 19 regional data centres globally, including China North, China South, China East, US West, US East, Europe, United Kingdom, Middle East, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, India, and Indonesia.
The Data Center in Germany is operated by Vodafone Germany (Frankfurt) and certified with C5. Products Alibaba Cloud provides cloud computing IaaS, PaaS, DBaaS and SaaS, including services such as e-commerce, big data, Database, IoT, Object storage (OOS), Kubernetes and data customization which can be managed from Alibaba web page or using aliyun command line tool. Academic Partner In 2017, Alibaba Cloud <P> to do this when they want to move key workloads to another Infrastructure-as-a-Service supplier. Components HP CloudSystem is a component of HP Cloud. It enables user organizations to burst workloads to external or internal cloud resources in times of increased workloads or when they want additional compute resources. This function is known as cloud bursting. Industry sector packages HP Cloud includes a number of packages for different industry sectors. For instance, HP Cloud Services for Airlines integrates Software as a service (SaaS) and infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) to the airline industry. Applications for that include HP Passenger Service Solution, which integrates travel <P> stations. The individual elements of this offload infrastructure are referred to as cloudlets. Applications Cloudlets aim to support mobile applications that are both resource-intensive and interactive. Augmented reality applications that use head-tracked systems require end-to-end latencies of less than 16 ms. Cloud games with remote rendering also require low latencies and high bandwidth. Wearable cognitive assistance systems combine devices such as Google Glass with cloud-based processing to guide users through complex tasks. This futuristic genre of applications is characterized as “astonishingly transformative” by the report of the 2013 NSF Workshop on Future Directions in Wireless Networking. These applications use cloud <P> firm, the authors state that cloud professional services can help companies map out both a short-term and a long-term strategy for how to use cloud in a way that aids their business goals.
The most common reason businesses engage cloud professional services are for assistance with incorporating cloud technology into existing IT environments, and to plan how to implement cloud, according to a study published in February 2014 by the independent research firm Technology Business Research, Inc. According to published reports, the use of cloud professional services indicates that businesses do not have adequate internal resources that are knowledgeable about implementing <P> Google Cloud Dataflow Google Cloud Dataflow is a fully managed service for executing Apache Beam pipelines within the Google Cloud Platform ecosystem. History Google Cloud Dataflow was announced in June, 2014 and released to the general public as an open beta in April, 2015. In January, 2016 Google donated the underlying SDK, the implementation of a local runner, and a set of IOs (data connectors) to access Google Cloud Platform data services to the Apache Software Foundation. The donated code formed the original basis for the Beam project. <P> Google Data Liberation Front Data Transfer Project On July 20, 2018, Google's Data Liberation Front engineering team announced the Data Transfer Project in partnership with Facebook, Microsoft, and Twitter, an ecosystem which features data portability between multiple online platforms without the need of downloading and re-uploading data. | question: can somebody explain the cloud services such as dropbox? context: <P> M. Satyanarayanan, Victor Bahl, Ramón Cáceres, and Nigel Davies, and a prototype implementation is developed by Carnegie Mellon University as a research project. The concept of cloudlet is also known as follow me cloud, and mobile micro-cloud. Motivation Many mobile services split the application into a front-end client program and a back-end server program following the traditional client-server model. The front-end mobile application offloads its functionality to the back-end servers for various reasons such as speeding up processing. With the advent of cloud computing, the back-end server is typically hosted at the cloud datacenter. Though the use of a cloud <P> on-premise, hybrid or multi-cloud.
Jelastic PaaS can be installed and fully configured by Jelastic Ops team, or this can be performed automatically on top of Google Cloud and MS Azure, as well as on top of bare metal using an ISO image.
The platform configuration includes integration with billing systems like WHMCS, Odin System Automation, Cleverbridge or custom billing if required. Pricing Model Jelastic provides pay-as-you-use pricing model within public cloud. Resources are charged on hourly base: RAM and CPU (cloudlet resource unit), Disk space, External traffic, Public IP and SSL. The price for each resource unit depends on the chosen <P> cloud service, nor are users required to provide detailed IT specifications. They are only required to provide business and organization requirements.
To make selection easier and to speed service deployment, service definitions are often standardized in cloud service catalogs. This presents three benefits: improved capacity planning, particularly if standard components are used; quicker service provisioning; and better buying forecasts which helps to lower costs.
Automation is an aspect of cloud service catalog that has been noted. Cloud service catalogs have been described as enabling "cloud on auto-pilot" enabling cloud users to build cloud services based on pre-built templates selected from catalogs. <P> computations, with minimal restrictions on their process structure, programming languages or operating systems. At a cloud datacenter, these requirements are met today using the virtual machine (VM) abstraction. For the same reasons they are used in cloud computing today, VMs are used as an abstraction for cloudlets. Meanwhile, there are a few but important differentiators between cloud and cloudlet. Rapid provisioning Different from cloud data centers that are optimized for launching existing VM images in their storage tier, cloudlets need to be much more agile in their provisioning. Their association with mobile devices is highly dynamic, with considerable churn due <P> CloudKit Services Application developers can utilize CloudKit for integrated access to Apple's iCloud servers into iOS and macOS applications. The framework provides authentication, a private database, a public database and structured asset storage services allowing developers to focus on client-side development. It is the foundation for both iCloud Storage and iCloud Photo Library.
CloudKit also offers several APIs to access the iCloud Storage, where a user can store data and files so that they can be easily accessible from other devices. Reception Developers claim that this framework "replaces back-end web services like old-school databases, file storage and user authentication systems." <P> Cloudlet A cloudlet is a mobility-enhanced small-scale cloud datacenter that is located at the edge of the Internet. The main purpose of the cloudlet is supporting resource-intensive and interactive mobile applications by providing powerful computing resources to mobile devices with lower latency. It is a new architectural element that extends today’s cloud computing infrastructure. It represents the middle tier of a 3-tier hierarchy: mobile device - cloudlet - cloud. A cloudlet can be viewed as a data center in a box whose goal is to bring the cloud closer. The cloudlet term was first coined by <P> developed from Elastic’s acquisition of Swiftype. In late 2017, Elastic formed partnerships with Google to offer Elastic Cloud in GCP, and Alibaba to offer Elasticsearch and Kibana in Alibaba Cloud.
Elasticsearch Service on Elastic Cloud is the official hosted and managed Elasticsearch and Kibana offering from the creators of the project since August 2018 Elasticsearch Service users can create secure deployments with partners, Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and Alibaba Cloud.
AWS offers Elasticsearch as a managed service since 2015. Such managed services provide hosting, deployment, backup and other support. Most managed services also include support for Kibana.
Elasticsearch is the basis of <P> hosting provider and can be estimated on a monthly, daily or hourly base within dev panel. Cloud hosting expenses can be tracked and optimized using built-in billing details for whole account or specific application.
Private cloud installation is charged monthly on a license base per physical server. There are two types of licensing - for installation with further self-administering and for installation with managed services.
Partnership with service providers is built on franchise model with revenue sharing. Customers Jelastic is installed by a wide range of hosting providers and telcos, among them are DataCenter Finland, Telecom Italia, eApps, Locaweb, PrimeTel, Layershift, <P> development and then deploy to popular runtime PaaS offerings, such as Pivotal CF, Google App Engine and Amazon Elastic Beanstalk. The release of CloudBees Jenkins Platform — Private SaaS Edition provides enterprises with self-service access to teams across an entire organization. The software gives enterprises the ability to access the CloudBees Jenkins Platform on their own private cloud or dedicated Amazon Web Services. CloudBees clients include a range of enterprises and Fortune 500 companies. <P> backups to be shipped back to the user faster than an over-the-Internet download.
Data is encrypted, password-protected and stored in a proprietary format. There is also an option for a more secure private key. Corporate users that have CrashPlan PROe back up to private servers instead of Code42's data centers in four out of five cases. The software has an option to create a private on-site backup server.
Code42 used to develop and market a file sharing service called SharePlan, which was released in October 2013. According to the Star Tribune, it competed with DropBox, but SharePlan used a PIN to <P> Global Cloud Storage System integrates with cloud storage platforms, including Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Cleversafe, EMC Atmos, Google, HP Cloud Services, and Nirvanix.
Panzura received three patents on its technology in 2013. Panzura offers proprietary software delivered on hardware appliances or virtual machine licenses, which are installed locally to backup, actively archive, and centralize data at a remote location.
Architectural firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro credited Panzura technology for speeding up the backup and recovery of its data after Hurricane Sandy.California State University, Northridge also used the technology for backing up its data.
In March 2013 Panzura announced it achieved FIPS 140-2 <P> public and private cloud infrastructure to provide cloud services. Other models that mix on-premises cloud with public cloud technologies include Platform as a Service (PaaS), which includes infrastructure services combined with development tools and middleware; and Software as a Service (SaaS), which is used to develop packaged software.
However, moving data in the cloud can be a difficult procedure. In the case of Software as a Service (SaaS), it is difficult particularly if the incumbent cloud provider used proprietary software, or if it altered an open source application.
A way to mitigate cloud migration difficulties is to architect applications for the cloud <P> are able to change the configuration of the technologies used to deliver the services based on cost, performance and technology improvements.
By seeing and understanding the different services available through the cloud users can better appreciate what is available to them, compared to traditional IT whereby one group of users or business unit may be unaware of the technologies available to another unit.
Accessed by self-service portals, service catalogs contain a list of cloud services from which cloud consumers select for self-provisioning of cloud services. This removes the need for users to work through various IT departments in order to provision a <P> basic wiki workspaces or upgrade to a premium plan to access additional features, such as enhanced security features, customization through CSS, and more storage space. Workspaces can be configured as either public or private (only viewable by those who have been invited to join the workspace).
The software is only available in English. Usage A number of businesses and corporations use PBworks to create private wikis for employees; one case study described a legal firm which had transitioned to PBworks as a document management system in order to cut their IT costs. Major companies using PBworks to host internal documents <P> Alibaba Cloud Data Center Regions Alibaba Cloud has 19 regional data centres globally, including China North, China South, China East, US West, US East, Europe, United Kingdom, Middle East, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, India, and Indonesia.
The Data Center in Germany is operated by Vodafone Germany (Frankfurt) and certified with C5. Products Alibaba Cloud provides cloud computing IaaS, PaaS, DBaaS and SaaS, including services such as e-commerce, big data, Database, IoT, Object storage (OOS), Kubernetes and data customization which can be managed from Alibaba web page or using aliyun command line tool. Academic Partner In 2017, Alibaba Cloud <P> to do this when they want to move key workloads to another Infrastructure-as-a-Service supplier. Components HP CloudSystem is a component of HP Cloud. It enables user organizations to burst workloads to external or internal cloud resources in times of increased workloads or when they want additional compute resources. This function is known as cloud bursting. Industry sector packages HP Cloud includes a number of packages for different industry sectors. For instance, HP Cloud Services for Airlines integrates Software as a service (SaaS) and infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) to the airline industry. Applications for that include HP Passenger Service Solution, which integrates travel <P> stations. The individual elements of this offload infrastructure are referred to as cloudlets. Applications Cloudlets aim to support mobile applications that are both resource-intensive and interactive. Augmented reality applications that use head-tracked systems require end-to-end latencies of less than 16 ms. Cloud games with remote rendering also require low latencies and high bandwidth. Wearable cognitive assistance systems combine devices such as Google Glass with cloud-based processing to guide users through complex tasks. This futuristic genre of applications is characterized as “astonishingly transformative” by the report of the 2013 NSF Workshop on Future Directions in Wireless Networking. These applications use cloud <P> firm, the authors state that cloud professional services can help companies map out both a short-term and a long-term strategy for how to use cloud in a way that aids their business goals.
The most common reason businesses engage cloud professional services are for assistance with incorporating cloud technology into existing IT environments, and to plan how to implement cloud, according to a study published in February 2014 by the independent research firm Technology Business Research, Inc. According to published reports, the use of cloud professional services indicates that businesses do not have adequate internal resources that are knowledgeable about implementing <P> Google Cloud Dataflow Google Cloud Dataflow is a fully managed service for executing Apache Beam pipelines within the Google Cloud Platform ecosystem. History Google Cloud Dataflow was announced in June, 2014 and released to the general public as an open beta in April, 2015. In January, 2016 Google donated the underlying SDK, the implementation of a local runner, and a set of IOs (data connectors) to access Google Cloud Platform data services to the Apache Software Foundation. The donated code formed the original basis for the Beam project. <P> Google Data Liberation Front Data Transfer Project On July 20, 2018, Google's Data Liberation Front engineering team announced the Data Transfer Project in partnership with Facebook, Microsoft, and Twitter, an ecosystem which features data portability between multiple online platforms without the need of downloading and re-uploading data. | answer: Dropbox has software that automagically synchronizes those files between all your devices, and lets your share them with other people.So you could configure you cell phone's camera to store files in a Dropbox folder, and they will show up on any computer you have Dropbox installed on, without the bother of having to download them to each location. |
77,367 | 3xa17s | why do big corporations ask clients to donate for a certain cause when they already have tons of money to do so? | It's to make people who buy their product know that they are donating money. You would not know that bob's store donates to orphans if he didn't make it a 3 month campaign with logos and made you buy his stuff to match donations. An ad in the local news doesn't do as much as a logo on their product all over the state. | [
"It's to make people who buy their product know that they are donating money. \n\nYou would not know that bob's store donates to orphans if he didn't make it a 3 month campaign with logos and made you buy his stuff to match donations. \n\nAn ad in the local news doesn't do as much as a logo on their product all ove... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> raise proceeds for the cause. <P> Wildlife Fund. Today some charities have modernized, and allow people to donate online, through websites such as JustGiving. Originally charity entailed the benefactor directly giving the goods to the receiver. This practice was continued by some individuals, for example, "CNN Hero" Sal Dimiceli, and service organizations, such as the Jaycees. With the rise of more social peer-to-peer processes, many charities are moving away from the charitable model and starting to adopt this more direct donator to recipient approach. Examples of this include Global Giving (direct funding of community development projects in developing countries), DonorsChoose (for US-based projects), PureCharity, Kiva <P> the support of volunteer initiatives. <P> 100 Neediest Cases The 100 Neediest Cases is an annual charitable campaign jointly sponsored by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the local chapter of the United Way. The campaign selects 100 families and individuals that are profiled in the Post-Dispatch during November and December. Local students participate in contests for the selection of companion illustrations in the profiles. The sponsoring organizations and other charities absorb the administrative cost. Local organizations adopts individual cases, donating food, medications, household necessities, and holiday presents etc. for the 100 beneficiaries of the campaign.
The campaign also facilitates the adoption by local organizations of about 1,200 <P> on the charity's actual position. <P> social investors, the social business maximises sources of funding for projects by allowing cash raised locally to be combined with grant funding streams available for civic projects from government, foundations and businesses. Backers of projects are only charged if the funding target is reached.
Project creators can apply for grants via the platform at the same time as crowdfunding. They can also request in-kind contributions towards the cost of the project.
Each project is verified by partner organisation Locality to ensure its viability before it starts funding. According to the company, the average success rate for fundraising campaigns on Spacehive is 52%, <P> their contribution should be seen as a form of “clinical labor” and therefore participants should also benefit economically. <P> they are doing already," he said.
"For instance, when I worked at Teen Challenge, my job as executive director was to generate money. Every dollar raised was private money," he said. "There is a reason for that. Teen Challenge is totally faith-saturated, which means, in most cases, there is nothing that can be federally funded because the whole system is faith-saturated. There was no way an organization like Teen Challenge could leverage federal or state dollars because those dollars cannot be used for the delivery of service, or for technology, that is faith-centered or spiritual. It <P> campaigns, a sense of being part of something worthwhile. There are two types of campaigns: all-or-nothing and unconditional. All-or-nothing campaigns These are campaigns that must reach their funding goal within the allotted time period. If they do not reach their target before the campaign deadline, the project is not funded, supporters do not get charged and do not receive their rewards. Unconditional campaigns Any and all funding raised towards an unconditional campaign goes to the campaign creator and supporters receive their rewards after the campaign deadline, whether or not the campaign reached its funding target.
The founders cite plans to expand <P> ten "highly impactful" charities to receive matching funds during their 2017 and 2018 campaigns. <P> 16, 2010, UnitedHealthcare and VolunteerMatch released research on the health benefits of volunteering. On June 8, 2010, Ben & Jerry's released two ice cream flavors—Berry Voluntary and Brownie Chew Gooder—to promote Scoop It Forward, a partnership with Target and Ben & Jerry’s aimed at encouraging consumers to volunteer at education-related nonprofits. December 31, 2010 marked the first time that mission-related revenue covered 100 percent of VolunteerMatch’s annual costs. In September 2011, it listed 71,652 active volunteer opportunities from over 79,920 nonprofit organizations.
The organization announced it had generated seven million volunteer connections on July 11, 2013 in a press release announcement <P> For Common Cause History For Common Cause was founded by Karen Snow after she worked with DFID and USAID on poverty reduction, civic participation, and public-private partnerships. Snow founded the charity after working with victims of trauma and torture in apartheid South Africa to launch their own livelihoods. "I saw there was nothing for those at the grassroots to do things for themselves. We have big institutions and governments, but they only offer a partial solution," said Snow in an interview with Calahane in 2013. Structure and management The charity is managed by its governing document, a deed of trust, <P> a similar a community, otherwise it could be rejected."
"There's no greater gesture any of us can give someone than the gift of life and this is what you might be doing by signing up."
"It is not an easy thing to think about sometimes, but if you know the difference your donation could make to someone else's life it can make the decision much easier." <P> Fundraising Regulator Fundraising Charity fundraising is widespread and varied. Professionals and volunteers employ a wide range of techniques to raise funds for charitable causes. Fundraising is a key source of income for many charities; for some, it is their sole income generator. In 2012, it was estimated that there are around 45,000 fundraising charities in the UK. raising more than £11 billion in voluntary income each year. Fundraising regulation The Charities Act 2006 prescribed the establishment of a new self-regulatory framework for charity fundraising.
In February 2007, a new body – the Fundraising Standards Board (FRSB) was launched, tasked with regulating <P> and the Future of Volunteering. On June 27, 2008, Boomer Volunteer Engagement: Collaborate Today, Thrive Tomorrow, a step-by-step guide for nonprofits to engage older adults and skilled volunteers, was co-published with the JFFixler Group.
VolunteerMatch reached one million volunteer connections on January 9, 2003; two million on March 16, 2005; three million on June 5, 2007; and four million on March 13, 2009. On July 31, 2019, VolunteerMatch celebrated its 14 millionth nonprofit-volunteer connection.
In 2009, it helped thousands of Americans participate in the first September 11 National Day of Service and Remembrance. As part of National Volunteer Week on April <P> costs.
For Common Cause had an income of £91,062 and spent £58,172 in 2013. Publicity For Common Cause participated in the first annual Grass Roots Enterprise conference in 2013.
For Common Cause featured in MEP Syed Kamall's series OURCITY London in February 2015.
Karen Snow wrote an article about the responsibility of alleviating poverty that was featured on the University of Westminster Career Development Centre, NCVO, and Positive News.
RBS SE100 Index, an annual data snapshot to measure growth and examine performance of social enterprises, gave For Common Cause an Impact Measurement Score of 7 out of 10. <P> in UMPS CARE charity events. <P> billion. People in different countries and regions will have the opportunity listen to and call into these programs and share their stories and actions.
Playing for Change: The non-profit group the Playing for Change Foundation will partner with 7 Billion Actions to produce an official campaign song. <P> similar type of work and same area.
CharityNavigator.org shows FYE 2016 Revenues of $1,085,468 of which $485,000 comes from government grants. Trina Vargo, President is paid $248,281 as compensation (23.58% of total expenses). https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=5497 retrieved 3/10/2019 <P> who oppose it. In either case, individuals benefit from their group's success, whether or not they contribute to the effort.
A well-known proposition in public finance holds that if all behavior is voluntary, public goods will tend to be underproduced. In politics, this means that the effort groups make to secure political goals will always understate the true value they place on achieving those goals. The reason is that each individual has an incentive to be a free rider, contributing little or no effort while hoping that others will contribute a lot.
The groups that are most successful in overcoming the free | question: why do big corporations ask clients to donate for a certain cause when they already have tons of money to do so? context: <P> raise proceeds for the cause. <P> Wildlife Fund. Today some charities have modernized, and allow people to donate online, through websites such as JustGiving. Originally charity entailed the benefactor directly giving the goods to the receiver. This practice was continued by some individuals, for example, "CNN Hero" Sal Dimiceli, and service organizations, such as the Jaycees. With the rise of more social peer-to-peer processes, many charities are moving away from the charitable model and starting to adopt this more direct donator to recipient approach. Examples of this include Global Giving (direct funding of community development projects in developing countries), DonorsChoose (for US-based projects), PureCharity, Kiva <P> the support of volunteer initiatives. <P> 100 Neediest Cases The 100 Neediest Cases is an annual charitable campaign jointly sponsored by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the local chapter of the United Way. The campaign selects 100 families and individuals that are profiled in the Post-Dispatch during November and December. Local students participate in contests for the selection of companion illustrations in the profiles. The sponsoring organizations and other charities absorb the administrative cost. Local organizations adopts individual cases, donating food, medications, household necessities, and holiday presents etc. for the 100 beneficiaries of the campaign.
The campaign also facilitates the adoption by local organizations of about 1,200 <P> on the charity's actual position. <P> social investors, the social business maximises sources of funding for projects by allowing cash raised locally to be combined with grant funding streams available for civic projects from government, foundations and businesses. Backers of projects are only charged if the funding target is reached.
Project creators can apply for grants via the platform at the same time as crowdfunding. They can also request in-kind contributions towards the cost of the project.
Each project is verified by partner organisation Locality to ensure its viability before it starts funding. According to the company, the average success rate for fundraising campaigns on Spacehive is 52%, <P> their contribution should be seen as a form of “clinical labor” and therefore participants should also benefit economically. <P> they are doing already," he said.
"For instance, when I worked at Teen Challenge, my job as executive director was to generate money. Every dollar raised was private money," he said. "There is a reason for that. Teen Challenge is totally faith-saturated, which means, in most cases, there is nothing that can be federally funded because the whole system is faith-saturated. There was no way an organization like Teen Challenge could leverage federal or state dollars because those dollars cannot be used for the delivery of service, or for technology, that is faith-centered or spiritual. It <P> campaigns, a sense of being part of something worthwhile. There are two types of campaigns: all-or-nothing and unconditional. All-or-nothing campaigns These are campaigns that must reach their funding goal within the allotted time period. If they do not reach their target before the campaign deadline, the project is not funded, supporters do not get charged and do not receive their rewards. Unconditional campaigns Any and all funding raised towards an unconditional campaign goes to the campaign creator and supporters receive their rewards after the campaign deadline, whether or not the campaign reached its funding target.
The founders cite plans to expand <P> ten "highly impactful" charities to receive matching funds during their 2017 and 2018 campaigns. <P> 16, 2010, UnitedHealthcare and VolunteerMatch released research on the health benefits of volunteering. On June 8, 2010, Ben & Jerry's released two ice cream flavors—Berry Voluntary and Brownie Chew Gooder—to promote Scoop It Forward, a partnership with Target and Ben & Jerry’s aimed at encouraging consumers to volunteer at education-related nonprofits. December 31, 2010 marked the first time that mission-related revenue covered 100 percent of VolunteerMatch’s annual costs. In September 2011, it listed 71,652 active volunteer opportunities from over 79,920 nonprofit organizations.
The organization announced it had generated seven million volunteer connections on July 11, 2013 in a press release announcement <P> For Common Cause History For Common Cause was founded by Karen Snow after she worked with DFID and USAID on poverty reduction, civic participation, and public-private partnerships. Snow founded the charity after working with victims of trauma and torture in apartheid South Africa to launch their own livelihoods. "I saw there was nothing for those at the grassroots to do things for themselves. We have big institutions and governments, but they only offer a partial solution," said Snow in an interview with Calahane in 2013. Structure and management The charity is managed by its governing document, a deed of trust, <P> a similar a community, otherwise it could be rejected."
"There's no greater gesture any of us can give someone than the gift of life and this is what you might be doing by signing up."
"It is not an easy thing to think about sometimes, but if you know the difference your donation could make to someone else's life it can make the decision much easier." <P> Fundraising Regulator Fundraising Charity fundraising is widespread and varied. Professionals and volunteers employ a wide range of techniques to raise funds for charitable causes. Fundraising is a key source of income for many charities; for some, it is their sole income generator. In 2012, it was estimated that there are around 45,000 fundraising charities in the UK. raising more than £11 billion in voluntary income each year. Fundraising regulation The Charities Act 2006 prescribed the establishment of a new self-regulatory framework for charity fundraising.
In February 2007, a new body – the Fundraising Standards Board (FRSB) was launched, tasked with regulating <P> and the Future of Volunteering. On June 27, 2008, Boomer Volunteer Engagement: Collaborate Today, Thrive Tomorrow, a step-by-step guide for nonprofits to engage older adults and skilled volunteers, was co-published with the JFFixler Group.
VolunteerMatch reached one million volunteer connections on January 9, 2003; two million on March 16, 2005; three million on June 5, 2007; and four million on March 13, 2009. On July 31, 2019, VolunteerMatch celebrated its 14 millionth nonprofit-volunteer connection.
In 2009, it helped thousands of Americans participate in the first September 11 National Day of Service and Remembrance. As part of National Volunteer Week on April <P> costs.
For Common Cause had an income of £91,062 and spent £58,172 in 2013. Publicity For Common Cause participated in the first annual Grass Roots Enterprise conference in 2013.
For Common Cause featured in MEP Syed Kamall's series OURCITY London in February 2015.
Karen Snow wrote an article about the responsibility of alleviating poverty that was featured on the University of Westminster Career Development Centre, NCVO, and Positive News.
RBS SE100 Index, an annual data snapshot to measure growth and examine performance of social enterprises, gave For Common Cause an Impact Measurement Score of 7 out of 10. <P> in UMPS CARE charity events. <P> billion. People in different countries and regions will have the opportunity listen to and call into these programs and share their stories and actions.
Playing for Change: The non-profit group the Playing for Change Foundation will partner with 7 Billion Actions to produce an official campaign song. <P> similar type of work and same area.
CharityNavigator.org shows FYE 2016 Revenues of $1,085,468 of which $485,000 comes from government grants. Trina Vargo, President is paid $248,281 as compensation (23.58% of total expenses). https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=5497 retrieved 3/10/2019 <P> who oppose it. In either case, individuals benefit from their group's success, whether or not they contribute to the effort.
A well-known proposition in public finance holds that if all behavior is voluntary, public goods will tend to be underproduced. In politics, this means that the effort groups make to secure political goals will always understate the true value they place on achieving those goals. The reason is that each individual has an incentive to be a free rider, contributing little or no effort while hoping that others will contribute a lot.
The groups that are most successful in overcoming the free | answer: It's to make people who buy their product know that they are donating money. You would not know that bob's store donates to orphans if he didn't make it a 3 month campaign with logos and made you buy his stuff to match donations. An ad in the local news doesn't do as much as a logo on their product all over the state. |
6,995 | 1kgtrw | how do/did pirate radio stations get shut down? | Probably using a dish antenna, like satellite TV uses, and triangulation. The antenna picks up signal strongest from where it is pointing at, so they take three readings from three different places and trace the lines back to the source. Assuming that the signal is all they have to go on, this might take several tries, as the method is inaccurate from a long way off. But if they have some other clues that they could use to guess the general location of the broadcaster, then the amount of tries drops to as few as one. | [
"Probably using a dish antenna, like satellite TV uses, and triangulation. The antenna picks up signal strongest from where it is pointing at, so they take three readings from three different places and trace the lines back to the source. Assuming that the signal is all they have to go on, this might take several t... | 1 | [
"Probably using a dish antenna, like satellite TV uses, and triangulation. The antenna picks up signal strongest from where it is pointing at, so they take three readings from three different places and trace the lines back to the source. Assuming that the signal is all they have to go on, this might take several t... | 1 | <P> Allston from the descriptive “Pirate Radio” by providing a community service in the form of news programming, senior citizen shows, minority forums, and interviews with local businesses, politicians, artists, and social activists. In addition, a wide range of music programming included, but was not limited to, Hip-Hop, Latin, and all genres of Rock, Roots, and R&B. Day-to-day operations, fund raising, equipment maintenance, and logistics depended on a core of dedicated volunteers. The station was awarded a certificate of merit by the Boston City Council, but was shut down by the FCC a few days before its first 72-hour broadcast featuring <P> Campaign dollars were thought to have subsidized the operations of the radio station, regardless of dollars raised, the executive director and district vice president concluded campaign money was better spent in other areas", says former General Manager, Natalie Hall. "It is a sad day for all who devoted time and effort into making KYMC a great community outlet."
After officially falling silent on January 8, 2007, the station applied to the FCC for special temporary authority to remain silent and authorization was granted on January 9, 2007. This authority was renewed by the FCC on January 30, 2008. This authority <P> old United States Air Force radio beacon to broadcast his station. From Knock John Tower, he ran Radio Essex from 1965 to 1966 and succeeded in becoming the first pirate radio station to provide 24-hour entertainment. The station changed its name in October 1966 to Britain's Better Music Station (BBMS) after Bates had been convicted of violating Section One of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949. Bates was then fined £100 for his continued illegal broadcasting. Due to insufficient funds, BBMS went off the air on Christmas Day in 1966. Formation of Sealand Bates moved his operation to the nearby Roughs <P> did indeed exist, the operators of NCW voluntarily shut down the operation and applied to the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) for a licence to serve the area.
The initial offering from the BCI was a 30-day temporary licence, and following a significant expansion of the team of volunteers and presenters, the station went on air as "West Limerick Community Radio" for the month of June 2004. Broadcasting solely on 102.2FM, the initial pilot covered a range of about 5 miles from studios in the square in Newcastle West.
Following the relative success of the pilot, an application was made to the BCI <P> community powered station which went on-air in December 2016.
The Cave Junction area had a pirate radio station, Hope Mountain Radio. It broadcast out of Takilma until repeated interference from government agents caused them to shut down. The station then began broadcasting legally on the internet at TakilmaFM.com, although this caused their costs to go up and necessitated fundraising activities. As of January 2007, Hope Mountain Radio broadcasts 24 hours a day with an all volunteer staff.
1 Education Cave Junction has three schools: Illinois Valley High School, Lorna Byrne Middle School, and Evergreen Elementary School. These schools <P> was set to expire on July 28, 2008. A grassroots movement to "save" KYMC sprung up but was ultimately unsuccessful. New ownership In July 2008 and with the final remain silent authority about to expire, the YMCA of Greater St. Louis reached an agreement to sell this station to Missouri River Christian Broadcasting, Inc. The deal was approved by the FCC on August 22, 2008, and the transaction was consummated on September 19, 2008. The new owners announced plans to return KYMC to the air with religious programming as a member of "The Good News Voice" network of <P> After resolving issues with the previous licensee, the FCC granted new licensee Bar Broadcasting's application for license renewal on March 23, 2012.
Bar Broadcasting president Pedro Zamora reported to the FCC that his broadcast facility was vandalized on July 15, 2013, and both WJHX and sister station WZGX (1450 AM) were temporarily silent. On November 4, 2013, the FCC granted WJHX special temporary authority to remain silent. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one <P> with a translator of WFCR on 90.5 FM. Finding available frequencies proved difficult, however. In addition to the crowded state of the noncommercial end of the FM dial in the Northeast, there was a considerable glut of 10-watt stations in the state. Ultimately, CPTV bought the 90.5 frequency from the Friends of WFCR, the New Haven group that owned the WFCR translator, and used it as the linchpin for what would become Connecticut Public Radio.
The network's first station, WPBH, signed on in June 1978. The station was licensed to Meriden, halfway between Hartford and New Haven, in order to serve <P> found improperly maintained meters, missing logs, and gates that were not padlocked. At KCKY, the FCC claimed an unlicensed transmitter was in use.
On October 15, 1960, at a hearing in Phoenix, Gila asked the FCC to approve the renewal of the Gila stations' license and their sale to Earl Perrin, Jr., of Chicago. The stations went dark on October 29 despite the FCC denying Gila's request to take them silent, with Gila citing the fact that nervous employees fearing for their futures were already leaving their jobs and the company's financial state for the closures. In denying the request, the <P> KTWY Surrender of license On May 26, 2017 the Federal Communications Commission released an order regarding two Consent Agreements reached with Cochise Broadcasting LLC and Cochise Media Licenses LLC to settle multiple violations at ten stations. Under the agreements nine licenses, including KTWY's, were to be surrendered.
KTWY's license was donated to the University of Wyoming effective December 29, 2017. <P> British RadCom amateur radio magazine in October 2007. <P> of the stations. <P> a similar petition for Cutforth's KJJL was denied in June 2009, the Commission granted KJME special temporary authority to operate on October 6, 2009, and restored the station's call sign to the FCC database. The station's license was issued on January 6, 2012.
On December 11, 2018, KJME posted on its Facebook page that it had ceased broadcasting given its "broadcast towers facility has reached the end of its agreement" and was not renewed, noting the station had "powered off until further notice" on November 24, 2018. <P> community operated radio station to service the areas of Monbulk, Woori Yallock, Gembrook, Pakenham, Berwick, Belgrave, Emerald, Cockatoo and everywhere in between
MDR ran 13 test transmissions on the following dates between 5 August 1985 and 29 October 1989.
3MDR's first temporary broadcast - as part of its demonstration phase intended to generate and display a community need for the service, it broadcast from a small studio in the back of an old bus by the side of a water tower on the ridge above Cockatoo. Licensing 3MDR was the only applicant for a community licence in the outer eastern (mountains) area <P> the single program and monthly fees characteristic of the grapevine systems. Historical background Information about the grapevine installations (also called "speakerline") is limited, because of their brief history and the fact that they do not appear to have been established outside a small region of South Carolina. Unlike radio stations, they did not require government approval to operate. Their existence was also dependent on an unusual and short-lived economic and technical environment, as they required a central distribution site that had access to electricity, plus a surrounding community of prospective subscribers that did not have electric service.
Throughout the 1930s large <P> Mercy Radio filed a Remain Silent Authority application with the FCC, citing major technical issues. At the time the station was expected to remain off the air for 120 days while technicians made repairs. WETC resumed regular operations at 3:55 p.m. EST on February 4, 2019. <P> February 20 at 5:00 PM (PT), giving longtime radio veteran Tom Leykis the final sign-off and the opportunity to "blow up" the station (in reference to a catchphrase used by the show's callers, "Blow me up, Tom!").
"AMP Radio" then launched with Paranoid by Kanye West (which coincidentally was also playing on its new rival KIIS at the same time), beginning a commercial-free block of 10,000 songs, similar to the debuts of the current KDAY in 2004 and, in 1989, KQLZ (Pirate Radio 100.3). (Conway would later reappear on KFI as a weekend afternoon host.) The launch of AMP Radio marked <P> planned to enter the Denver market as a rimshot. KBUD was licensed for the move to Deer Trail on April 14, 2016.
Kona Coast Radio surrendered the station's license to the FCC on April 18, 2016; the FCC cancelled the license on April 19, 2016. <P> Glen Allen, Greg Berg, and most of the DJ staff, with the intention of turning the station back into "kiddy radio camp" for the YMCA. Large protests were organized by Joey Jay and some of the remaining DJs, receiving front page coverage in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Falling silent "Effective Jan. 1, (2007) the station will go dark," said Denise Glass, executive director of the West County Family YMCA, "The YMCA of Greater St. Louis is a not-for-profit charitable organization. During our budget process for 2007, it was determined we would cease operations of the station due to budgetary constraints."
"Annual <P> 7, 2009, the station went silent again, due to financial reasons. Silent broadcast facilities must return to air within one year of going silent, or the license can be revoked, and on December 2, 2010, the station notified the FCC that it had resumed operations as of November 30. When the station once again filed for Silent STA on December 17, 2010, it was discovered that its authorization to broadcast had expired August 18, 2009, and since unauthorized operations did not count, the station was deemed to have not legally broadcast for more than a year, and the FCC revoked | question: how do/did pirate radio stations get shut down? context: <P> Allston from the descriptive “Pirate Radio” by providing a community service in the form of news programming, senior citizen shows, minority forums, and interviews with local businesses, politicians, artists, and social activists. In addition, a wide range of music programming included, but was not limited to, Hip-Hop, Latin, and all genres of Rock, Roots, and R&B. Day-to-day operations, fund raising, equipment maintenance, and logistics depended on a core of dedicated volunteers. The station was awarded a certificate of merit by the Boston City Council, but was shut down by the FCC a few days before its first 72-hour broadcast featuring <P> Campaign dollars were thought to have subsidized the operations of the radio station, regardless of dollars raised, the executive director and district vice president concluded campaign money was better spent in other areas", says former General Manager, Natalie Hall. "It is a sad day for all who devoted time and effort into making KYMC a great community outlet."
After officially falling silent on January 8, 2007, the station applied to the FCC for special temporary authority to remain silent and authorization was granted on January 9, 2007. This authority was renewed by the FCC on January 30, 2008. This authority <P> old United States Air Force radio beacon to broadcast his station. From Knock John Tower, he ran Radio Essex from 1965 to 1966 and succeeded in becoming the first pirate radio station to provide 24-hour entertainment. The station changed its name in October 1966 to Britain's Better Music Station (BBMS) after Bates had been convicted of violating Section One of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949. Bates was then fined £100 for his continued illegal broadcasting. Due to insufficient funds, BBMS went off the air on Christmas Day in 1966. Formation of Sealand Bates moved his operation to the nearby Roughs <P> did indeed exist, the operators of NCW voluntarily shut down the operation and applied to the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) for a licence to serve the area.
The initial offering from the BCI was a 30-day temporary licence, and following a significant expansion of the team of volunteers and presenters, the station went on air as "West Limerick Community Radio" for the month of June 2004. Broadcasting solely on 102.2FM, the initial pilot covered a range of about 5 miles from studios in the square in Newcastle West.
Following the relative success of the pilot, an application was made to the BCI <P> community powered station which went on-air in December 2016.
The Cave Junction area had a pirate radio station, Hope Mountain Radio. It broadcast out of Takilma until repeated interference from government agents caused them to shut down. The station then began broadcasting legally on the internet at TakilmaFM.com, although this caused their costs to go up and necessitated fundraising activities. As of January 2007, Hope Mountain Radio broadcasts 24 hours a day with an all volunteer staff.
1 Education Cave Junction has three schools: Illinois Valley High School, Lorna Byrne Middle School, and Evergreen Elementary School. These schools <P> was set to expire on July 28, 2008. A grassroots movement to "save" KYMC sprung up but was ultimately unsuccessful. New ownership In July 2008 and with the final remain silent authority about to expire, the YMCA of Greater St. Louis reached an agreement to sell this station to Missouri River Christian Broadcasting, Inc. The deal was approved by the FCC on August 22, 2008, and the transaction was consummated on September 19, 2008. The new owners announced plans to return KYMC to the air with religious programming as a member of "The Good News Voice" network of <P> After resolving issues with the previous licensee, the FCC granted new licensee Bar Broadcasting's application for license renewal on March 23, 2012.
Bar Broadcasting president Pedro Zamora reported to the FCC that his broadcast facility was vandalized on July 15, 2013, and both WJHX and sister station WZGX (1450 AM) were temporarily silent. On November 4, 2013, the FCC granted WJHX special temporary authority to remain silent. Under the terms of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as a matter of law a radio station's broadcast license is subject to automatic forfeiture and cancellation if they fail to broadcast for one <P> with a translator of WFCR on 90.5 FM. Finding available frequencies proved difficult, however. In addition to the crowded state of the noncommercial end of the FM dial in the Northeast, there was a considerable glut of 10-watt stations in the state. Ultimately, CPTV bought the 90.5 frequency from the Friends of WFCR, the New Haven group that owned the WFCR translator, and used it as the linchpin for what would become Connecticut Public Radio.
The network's first station, WPBH, signed on in June 1978. The station was licensed to Meriden, halfway between Hartford and New Haven, in order to serve <P> found improperly maintained meters, missing logs, and gates that were not padlocked. At KCKY, the FCC claimed an unlicensed transmitter was in use.
On October 15, 1960, at a hearing in Phoenix, Gila asked the FCC to approve the renewal of the Gila stations' license and their sale to Earl Perrin, Jr., of Chicago. The stations went dark on October 29 despite the FCC denying Gila's request to take them silent, with Gila citing the fact that nervous employees fearing for their futures were already leaving their jobs and the company's financial state for the closures. In denying the request, the <P> KTWY Surrender of license On May 26, 2017 the Federal Communications Commission released an order regarding two Consent Agreements reached with Cochise Broadcasting LLC and Cochise Media Licenses LLC to settle multiple violations at ten stations. Under the agreements nine licenses, including KTWY's, were to be surrendered.
KTWY's license was donated to the University of Wyoming effective December 29, 2017. <P> British RadCom amateur radio magazine in October 2007. <P> of the stations. <P> a similar petition for Cutforth's KJJL was denied in June 2009, the Commission granted KJME special temporary authority to operate on October 6, 2009, and restored the station's call sign to the FCC database. The station's license was issued on January 6, 2012.
On December 11, 2018, KJME posted on its Facebook page that it had ceased broadcasting given its "broadcast towers facility has reached the end of its agreement" and was not renewed, noting the station had "powered off until further notice" on November 24, 2018. <P> community operated radio station to service the areas of Monbulk, Woori Yallock, Gembrook, Pakenham, Berwick, Belgrave, Emerald, Cockatoo and everywhere in between
MDR ran 13 test transmissions on the following dates between 5 August 1985 and 29 October 1989.
3MDR's first temporary broadcast - as part of its demonstration phase intended to generate and display a community need for the service, it broadcast from a small studio in the back of an old bus by the side of a water tower on the ridge above Cockatoo. Licensing 3MDR was the only applicant for a community licence in the outer eastern (mountains) area <P> the single program and monthly fees characteristic of the grapevine systems. Historical background Information about the grapevine installations (also called "speakerline") is limited, because of their brief history and the fact that they do not appear to have been established outside a small region of South Carolina. Unlike radio stations, they did not require government approval to operate. Their existence was also dependent on an unusual and short-lived economic and technical environment, as they required a central distribution site that had access to electricity, plus a surrounding community of prospective subscribers that did not have electric service.
Throughout the 1930s large <P> Mercy Radio filed a Remain Silent Authority application with the FCC, citing major technical issues. At the time the station was expected to remain off the air for 120 days while technicians made repairs. WETC resumed regular operations at 3:55 p.m. EST on February 4, 2019. <P> February 20 at 5:00 PM (PT), giving longtime radio veteran Tom Leykis the final sign-off and the opportunity to "blow up" the station (in reference to a catchphrase used by the show's callers, "Blow me up, Tom!").
"AMP Radio" then launched with Paranoid by Kanye West (which coincidentally was also playing on its new rival KIIS at the same time), beginning a commercial-free block of 10,000 songs, similar to the debuts of the current KDAY in 2004 and, in 1989, KQLZ (Pirate Radio 100.3). (Conway would later reappear on KFI as a weekend afternoon host.) The launch of AMP Radio marked <P> planned to enter the Denver market as a rimshot. KBUD was licensed for the move to Deer Trail on April 14, 2016.
Kona Coast Radio surrendered the station's license to the FCC on April 18, 2016; the FCC cancelled the license on April 19, 2016. <P> Glen Allen, Greg Berg, and most of the DJ staff, with the intention of turning the station back into "kiddy radio camp" for the YMCA. Large protests were organized by Joey Jay and some of the remaining DJs, receiving front page coverage in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Falling silent "Effective Jan. 1, (2007) the station will go dark," said Denise Glass, executive director of the West County Family YMCA, "The YMCA of Greater St. Louis is a not-for-profit charitable organization. During our budget process for 2007, it was determined we would cease operations of the station due to budgetary constraints."
"Annual <P> 7, 2009, the station went silent again, due to financial reasons. Silent broadcast facilities must return to air within one year of going silent, or the license can be revoked, and on December 2, 2010, the station notified the FCC that it had resumed operations as of November 30. When the station once again filed for Silent STA on December 17, 2010, it was discovered that its authorization to broadcast had expired August 18, 2009, and since unauthorized operations did not count, the station was deemed to have not legally broadcast for more than a year, and the FCC revoked | answer: Probably using a dish antenna, like satellite TV uses, and triangulation. The antenna picks up signal strongest from where it is pointing at, so they take three readings from three different places and trace the lines back to the source. Assuming that the signal is all they have to go on, this might take several tries, as the method is inaccurate from a long way off. But if they have some other clues that they could use to guess the general location of the broadcaster, then the amount of tries drops to as few as one. |
223,936 | 6hj84s | When did China start having conceptions of race? What is the history of race in China? | This doesn't answer your historical question, but it might be worth clearing up what people mean today by saying that race is a social construct.There are different ethnicities in the world, but our decision to group different ethnicities together into large umbrellas of "race" is the social construct that most people are talking about.We put Ashkenazi Jews, Greeks, Germans, Basques, and Slavs in the same "white" category. Are they so similar to each other, and so different from Arabs, Persians, and Kurds, that the categorization makes sense? Or does it all descend from somewhat arbitrary line drawing?Does the U.S. Census Bureau's categorization of South Asians, East Asians, and Pacific Islanders as a single category of "Asian/Pacific Islander" follow some kind of principled system, or is it an arbitrary categorization that makes sense only in the context of American society?It's also worth noting that we tend to account for shared culture and language when drawing the lines of ethnicity in the first place. So meaningfully separating culture from race is difficult to begin with, and I'm not sure what you'd be able to do with the isolated variables. | [
"This doesn't answer your historical question, but it might be worth clearing up what people mean today by saying that race is a social construct.\n\nThere are different ethnicities in the world, but our decision to group different ethnicities together into large umbrellas of \"race\" is the social construct that m... | 1 | [] | 0 | <P> with women from plains aboriginal groups. The human leukocyte antigen typing study and mitochondrial DNA analysis performed in recent years show that more than 88% of the Taiwanese population have some degree of aboriginal origin (Sim 2003).
A 2009 doctoral dissertation questions such findings and claims that "the great number of Han immigrants after the 18th century is the main reason to consider that the early genetic contribution from Plains Indigenes to Taiwanese Han has been largely diluted and no longer exists in any meaningful way." The lack of a totally complete and definite set of genetic record of plains Aborigines, <P> or 2nd century AD in Vagnari, Italy, had East Asian ancestry on his mother's side.
A 2016 analysis of archaeological finds from Southwark in London, the site of the ancient Roman city Londinium in Roman Britain, suggests that two or three skeletons from a sample of twenty-two dating to the 2nd to the 4th centuries AD are of Asian ancestry, and possibly of Chinese descent. The assertion is based on forensics and the analysis of skeletal facial features. The discovery has been presented by Dr Rebecca Redfern, curator of human osteology at the Museum of London. No DNA analysis has yet <P> Y chromosomes of Asian or sub-Saharan origins may be held by European looking people as it does not show physical looks, but the origin of the patrilineage. Demographic characteristics According to surveys undertaken by Chinese associations, Chinese residents of Portugal have a very young average age, with 29.6% younger than 30, and 38.5% between 31 and 40 years old. Over three-quarters live in Lisbon, Porto, or Faro. Migration waves and communities Despite early arrivals of Chinese slaves, servants and traders to Portugal since the latter half of the 16th century, a visible Chinese community did not begin to form until <P> Zhelaizhai Lost Romans myth Zhelaizhai received much attention from international media and researchers due to a hypothesis which states that its inhabitants may have descended from the Romans. The area of the former Liqian County is known for the distinctive physical appearance of its inhabitants. The population has higher frequencies of traits prevalent in Europe, such as aquiline noses, blonde or light-colored hair, blue or green eyes, and relatively fair skin tones. In the 1940s, Homer H. Dubs, a professor of Chinese history at the University of Oxford, suggested that the people of Liqian were descended from Roman legionaries taken <P> overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European. These studies also showed that light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo-European Neolithic Europeans (in both farmers and hunter-gatherers), so long-standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo-Europeans from the steppes were misguided.
Autosomal DNA tests also indicate that the Yamna migration from the steppes introduced a component of ancestry referred to as "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. "Ancient North Eurasian" is the name given in genetic literature to a component that represents <P> dwelling-places were transitory, but the territories were not. Physical anthropology Skeletal remains are relatively meagre. They have been studied and described in great detail from an anthropometric, or "man-measuring", point of view. Without resorting to this specialised language, the main conclusions are as follows. The Ertebølle and preceding Kongemose populations were of mixed race. On the one hand they did not differ from the current inhabitants of Denmark in skeleton. Soft tissue features, being known through reconstruction only, leave some room for variation.
On the other hand, many skulls evidence facial features or dimensions of Cro-magnon man. The latter type prevailed <P> the ancestral population shared by East Asians and Native Americans.
A 2016 study presented an analysis of the population genetics of the Ainu people of northern Japan as key to the reconstruction of the early peopling of East Asia. The Ainu were found to represent a more basal branch than the modern farming populations of East Asia, suggesting an ancient (pre-Neolithic) connection with northeast Siberians. A 2013 study associated several phenotypical traits associated with Mongoloids with a single mutation of the EDAR gene, dated to c. 35,000 years ago.
Mitochondrial haplogroups A, B and G originated about 50,000 years ago, and bearers <P> the ancient DNA of Tianyuan Man found that the individual is related to modern Asian and Native American populations. A 2013 study found Neanderthal introgression of 18 genes within the chromosome 3p21.31 region (HYAL region) of East Asians. The introgressive haplotypes were positively selected in only East Asian populations, rising steadily from 45,000 years ago until a sudden increase of growth rate around 5,000 to 3,500 years ago. They occur at very high frequencies among East Asian populations in contrast to other Eurasian populations (e.g. European and South Asian populations). The findings also suggests that this Neanderthal introgression occurred within <P> Europe before the arrival of Aryan Celts from the direction of central Europe. Origin Among the earliest anatomically modern human settlements established in Europe were Kostenki-Borshchevo, Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia. DNA sequencing of a 37,000-year-old male skeleton from the area, Kostenki XIV or Markina Gora, indicates that these early settlers possessed a similar genetic makeup as modern Europeans, but had dark skin and dark eyes. They also possessed slightly more Neanderthal genes than modern populations in Europe and Asia due to interbreeding with Neanderthals over 45,000 years ago. In a study of Cro-Magnon crania, Jantz and Owsley (2003) have <P> was highly advanced. Andronovo people were of European descent and are the most ancient genetic ancestors of the Kazakh people. DNA tests have revealed that 60% of the tested remains had light hair and blue or green eyes.
During the late Bronze Age (13th–9th centuries BC), successors of the Andronovo people created the Begazy-dandybai culture. In the Kent Mountains, 12 settlements and 10 cemeteries have been uncovered. The ancient city of Kent was also uncovered. Kent is the biggest settlement from the Bronze Age known in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The settlement was 30 hectares large and was <P> M12 shows a direct correlation of Japanese haplotypes with Tibetans. Other haplotypes that early descents of Japanese people were thought to be carried into include C-M8, which is another Y-chromosome haplotype. Also going back to the Jōmon, that gene is displayed in high frequencies in people of Japanese descent. The estimated percentage of this type of gene in Japanese Americans is about 34.7%. The highest frequencies occur in Okinawans and Hokkaidos. Overall, the genetic makeup of Japanese Americans show very mixed origins of genes, all due to the result of migrations of the Japanese ancestors in the past. Risk for <P> a Singaporean citizen when Singapore gained full independence in 1965. While living in the UK he was conscious of his Chinese identity, but later on he took the view that he might not be fully Chinese since China had been occupied by the Mongols and Manchurians: "I'm not sure if I'm 100% Chinese blood. I'm sure my ancestor has got mixture of Mongolian and even Thai and Miao people [sic]. We are all mixed, and this is true. But I always like to think that there is only one race in the world. We are all one human race." <P> noted that these "Upper Paleolithic crania are, for the most part, larger and more generalized versions of recent Europeans."
William Howells (1997) has argued that Cro-Magnons were Caucasoid based on their cranial traits:
... the Cro-Magnons were already racially European, i.e., Caucasoid. This has always been accepted because of the general appearance of the skulls: straight faces, narrow noses, and so forth. It is also possible to test this arithmetically.... Except for Predmosti 4, which is distant from every present and past population, all of these skulls show themselves to be closer to "Europeans" than to other peoples – Mladec and Abri Pataud comfortably <P> Sino-Roman connection for tourism, but Dubs' synthesis of Roman and Chinese sources has not found acceptance among historians, on the grounds that it is highly speculative and reaches too many conclusions without sufficient hard evidence. DNA testing in 2005 confirmed the Indo-European ancestry of a few inhabitants of modern Liqian; this could be explained by transethnic marriages with Indo-European people known to have lived in Gansu in ancient times, such as the Yuezhi and Wusun. A much more comprehensive DNA analysis of more than two hundred male residents of the village in 2007 showed close genetic relation to the Han <P> and/or who spoke Indo-European languages lived in areas that are now part of Gansu and Xinjiang centuries before the Romans, including the Yuezhi, Wusun, Basmyls, Tocharians, and some prehistoric Siberian populations. One or more of these peoples may have been responsible for the Caucasoid Tarim mummies of Xinjiang. Genetic testing in 2005 revealed that 56% of the DNA of some Zhelaizhai residents could be classified as Caucasoid but did not determine their origins. A subsequent DNA study in 2007 found that "paternal genetic variation" did not support "a Roman mercenary origin" and that the modern population of Liqian was consistent <P> a term that arose during Spanish colonization of the Philippines, where circumstances were different from colonial settlement of the Americas. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas of the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous male Spaniards (conquistadors, explorers, missionaries, and soldiers) settled there. For decades most Spanish men made liaisons and intermarried with indigenous women; their children were considered mixed race and were called mestizo.
Male Chinese traders and workers came during the colonial period, and many intermarried with native women. The Spanish government classified the Chinese immigrants as Sangley if they were pure-blooded Chinese. Their mixed-race descendants with native <P> Asia.
Thus, Melanesians emerge as the most archaic-admixed population, having Denisovan/Neanderthal-related admixture of ~8%.
In a study published in 2013, Jeffrey Wall from University of California studied whole sequence-genome data and found higher rates of introgression in Asians compared to Europeans. Hammer et al. tested the hypothesis that contemporary African genomes have signatures of gene flow with archaic human ancestors and found evidence of archaic admixture in African genomes, suggesting that modest amounts of gene flow were widespread throughout time and space during the evolution of anatomically modern humans. Categorization of the world population New data on human genetic variation has reignited <P> but instances of similar figures have been identified in Pennsylvania and Canada from the Great Lakes east. Because of their rarity, they provide an unusual opportunity to establish prehistoric cultural connections between relatively disparate regions. <P> the chain of transmission of steppe ancestry.
— W. Haak et al., Nature (2015)
Goldberg et al. (2016) found that Neolithic farming migration into Europe "was driven by mass migration of both males and females in roughly equal numbers, perhaps whole families", while Bronze Age Pontic steppe "migration and cultural shift were instead driven by male migration, potentially connected to new technology and conquest." On the other hand, Kristiansen et al. says "We have been able to reconstruct the social processes of cultural integration and hybridisation that followed from (probable) Neolithic women marrying into Yamnaya settlements dominated by males of first-generation migrants."
The <P> Gorontaloan people Origins The origins of the Gorontaloan people is uncertain. Based on the physical attributes of the Gorontaloan people, the Gorontaloan people are categorized as part of the Mongoloid race, with the possibility of mixing with other ethnic groups several centuries ago. As a result the Gorontaloan people currently has diverse physical postures, and different shades of skin color from yellow to dark brown. Variety of hair types also exist among them from straight to wavy and curly hair. There are two Southeast Asian migration theories, with the first theory states that the population of Southeast Asian originally came | question: When did China start having conceptions of race? What is the history of race in China? context: <P> with women from plains aboriginal groups. The human leukocyte antigen typing study and mitochondrial DNA analysis performed in recent years show that more than 88% of the Taiwanese population have some degree of aboriginal origin (Sim 2003).
A 2009 doctoral dissertation questions such findings and claims that "the great number of Han immigrants after the 18th century is the main reason to consider that the early genetic contribution from Plains Indigenes to Taiwanese Han has been largely diluted and no longer exists in any meaningful way." The lack of a totally complete and definite set of genetic record of plains Aborigines, <P> or 2nd century AD in Vagnari, Italy, had East Asian ancestry on his mother's side.
A 2016 analysis of archaeological finds from Southwark in London, the site of the ancient Roman city Londinium in Roman Britain, suggests that two or three skeletons from a sample of twenty-two dating to the 2nd to the 4th centuries AD are of Asian ancestry, and possibly of Chinese descent. The assertion is based on forensics and the analysis of skeletal facial features. The discovery has been presented by Dr Rebecca Redfern, curator of human osteology at the Museum of London. No DNA analysis has yet <P> Y chromosomes of Asian or sub-Saharan origins may be held by European looking people as it does not show physical looks, but the origin of the patrilineage. Demographic characteristics According to surveys undertaken by Chinese associations, Chinese residents of Portugal have a very young average age, with 29.6% younger than 30, and 38.5% between 31 and 40 years old. Over three-quarters live in Lisbon, Porto, or Faro. Migration waves and communities Despite early arrivals of Chinese slaves, servants and traders to Portugal since the latter half of the 16th century, a visible Chinese community did not begin to form until <P> Zhelaizhai Lost Romans myth Zhelaizhai received much attention from international media and researchers due to a hypothesis which states that its inhabitants may have descended from the Romans. The area of the former Liqian County is known for the distinctive physical appearance of its inhabitants. The population has higher frequencies of traits prevalent in Europe, such as aquiline noses, blonde or light-colored hair, blue or green eyes, and relatively fair skin tones. In the 1940s, Homer H. Dubs, a professor of Chinese history at the University of Oxford, suggested that the people of Liqian were descended from Roman legionaries taken <P> overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European. These studies also showed that light pigmentation traits had already existed in pre-Indo-European Neolithic Europeans (in both farmers and hunter-gatherers), so long-standing philological attempts to correlate them with the arrival of Indo-Europeans from the steppes were misguided.
Autosomal DNA tests also indicate that the Yamna migration from the steppes introduced a component of ancestry referred to as "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. "Ancient North Eurasian" is the name given in genetic literature to a component that represents <P> dwelling-places were transitory, but the territories were not. Physical anthropology Skeletal remains are relatively meagre. They have been studied and described in great detail from an anthropometric, or "man-measuring", point of view. Without resorting to this specialised language, the main conclusions are as follows. The Ertebølle and preceding Kongemose populations were of mixed race. On the one hand they did not differ from the current inhabitants of Denmark in skeleton. Soft tissue features, being known through reconstruction only, leave some room for variation.
On the other hand, many skulls evidence facial features or dimensions of Cro-magnon man. The latter type prevailed <P> the ancestral population shared by East Asians and Native Americans.
A 2016 study presented an analysis of the population genetics of the Ainu people of northern Japan as key to the reconstruction of the early peopling of East Asia. The Ainu were found to represent a more basal branch than the modern farming populations of East Asia, suggesting an ancient (pre-Neolithic) connection with northeast Siberians. A 2013 study associated several phenotypical traits associated with Mongoloids with a single mutation of the EDAR gene, dated to c. 35,000 years ago.
Mitochondrial haplogroups A, B and G originated about 50,000 years ago, and bearers <P> the ancient DNA of Tianyuan Man found that the individual is related to modern Asian and Native American populations. A 2013 study found Neanderthal introgression of 18 genes within the chromosome 3p21.31 region (HYAL region) of East Asians. The introgressive haplotypes were positively selected in only East Asian populations, rising steadily from 45,000 years ago until a sudden increase of growth rate around 5,000 to 3,500 years ago. They occur at very high frequencies among East Asian populations in contrast to other Eurasian populations (e.g. European and South Asian populations). The findings also suggests that this Neanderthal introgression occurred within <P> Europe before the arrival of Aryan Celts from the direction of central Europe. Origin Among the earliest anatomically modern human settlements established in Europe were Kostenki-Borshchevo, Voronezh Oblast in southwestern Russia. DNA sequencing of a 37,000-year-old male skeleton from the area, Kostenki XIV or Markina Gora, indicates that these early settlers possessed a similar genetic makeup as modern Europeans, but had dark skin and dark eyes. They also possessed slightly more Neanderthal genes than modern populations in Europe and Asia due to interbreeding with Neanderthals over 45,000 years ago. In a study of Cro-Magnon crania, Jantz and Owsley (2003) have <P> was highly advanced. Andronovo people were of European descent and are the most ancient genetic ancestors of the Kazakh people. DNA tests have revealed that 60% of the tested remains had light hair and blue or green eyes.
During the late Bronze Age (13th–9th centuries BC), successors of the Andronovo people created the Begazy-dandybai culture. In the Kent Mountains, 12 settlements and 10 cemeteries have been uncovered. The ancient city of Kent was also uncovered. Kent is the biggest settlement from the Bronze Age known in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The settlement was 30 hectares large and was <P> M12 shows a direct correlation of Japanese haplotypes with Tibetans. Other haplotypes that early descents of Japanese people were thought to be carried into include C-M8, which is another Y-chromosome haplotype. Also going back to the Jōmon, that gene is displayed in high frequencies in people of Japanese descent. The estimated percentage of this type of gene in Japanese Americans is about 34.7%. The highest frequencies occur in Okinawans and Hokkaidos. Overall, the genetic makeup of Japanese Americans show very mixed origins of genes, all due to the result of migrations of the Japanese ancestors in the past. Risk for <P> a Singaporean citizen when Singapore gained full independence in 1965. While living in the UK he was conscious of his Chinese identity, but later on he took the view that he might not be fully Chinese since China had been occupied by the Mongols and Manchurians: "I'm not sure if I'm 100% Chinese blood. I'm sure my ancestor has got mixture of Mongolian and even Thai and Miao people [sic]. We are all mixed, and this is true. But I always like to think that there is only one race in the world. We are all one human race." <P> noted that these "Upper Paleolithic crania are, for the most part, larger and more generalized versions of recent Europeans."
William Howells (1997) has argued that Cro-Magnons were Caucasoid based on their cranial traits:
... the Cro-Magnons were already racially European, i.e., Caucasoid. This has always been accepted because of the general appearance of the skulls: straight faces, narrow noses, and so forth. It is also possible to test this arithmetically.... Except for Predmosti 4, which is distant from every present and past population, all of these skulls show themselves to be closer to "Europeans" than to other peoples – Mladec and Abri Pataud comfortably <P> Sino-Roman connection for tourism, but Dubs' synthesis of Roman and Chinese sources has not found acceptance among historians, on the grounds that it is highly speculative and reaches too many conclusions without sufficient hard evidence. DNA testing in 2005 confirmed the Indo-European ancestry of a few inhabitants of modern Liqian; this could be explained by transethnic marriages with Indo-European people known to have lived in Gansu in ancient times, such as the Yuezhi and Wusun. A much more comprehensive DNA analysis of more than two hundred male residents of the village in 2007 showed close genetic relation to the Han <P> and/or who spoke Indo-European languages lived in areas that are now part of Gansu and Xinjiang centuries before the Romans, including the Yuezhi, Wusun, Basmyls, Tocharians, and some prehistoric Siberian populations. One or more of these peoples may have been responsible for the Caucasoid Tarim mummies of Xinjiang. Genetic testing in 2005 revealed that 56% of the DNA of some Zhelaizhai residents could be classified as Caucasoid but did not determine their origins. A subsequent DNA study in 2007 found that "paternal genetic variation" did not support "a Roman mercenary origin" and that the modern population of Liqian was consistent <P> a term that arose during Spanish colonization of the Philippines, where circumstances were different from colonial settlement of the Americas. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas of the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous male Spaniards (conquistadors, explorers, missionaries, and soldiers) settled there. For decades most Spanish men made liaisons and intermarried with indigenous women; their children were considered mixed race and were called mestizo.
Male Chinese traders and workers came during the colonial period, and many intermarried with native women. The Spanish government classified the Chinese immigrants as Sangley if they were pure-blooded Chinese. Their mixed-race descendants with native <P> Asia.
Thus, Melanesians emerge as the most archaic-admixed population, having Denisovan/Neanderthal-related admixture of ~8%.
In a study published in 2013, Jeffrey Wall from University of California studied whole sequence-genome data and found higher rates of introgression in Asians compared to Europeans. Hammer et al. tested the hypothesis that contemporary African genomes have signatures of gene flow with archaic human ancestors and found evidence of archaic admixture in African genomes, suggesting that modest amounts of gene flow were widespread throughout time and space during the evolution of anatomically modern humans. Categorization of the world population New data on human genetic variation has reignited <P> but instances of similar figures have been identified in Pennsylvania and Canada from the Great Lakes east. Because of their rarity, they provide an unusual opportunity to establish prehistoric cultural connections between relatively disparate regions. <P> the chain of transmission of steppe ancestry.
— W. Haak et al., Nature (2015)
Goldberg et al. (2016) found that Neolithic farming migration into Europe "was driven by mass migration of both males and females in roughly equal numbers, perhaps whole families", while Bronze Age Pontic steppe "migration and cultural shift were instead driven by male migration, potentially connected to new technology and conquest." On the other hand, Kristiansen et al. says "We have been able to reconstruct the social processes of cultural integration and hybridisation that followed from (probable) Neolithic women marrying into Yamnaya settlements dominated by males of first-generation migrants."
The <P> Gorontaloan people Origins The origins of the Gorontaloan people is uncertain. Based on the physical attributes of the Gorontaloan people, the Gorontaloan people are categorized as part of the Mongoloid race, with the possibility of mixing with other ethnic groups several centuries ago. As a result the Gorontaloan people currently has diverse physical postures, and different shades of skin color from yellow to dark brown. Variety of hair types also exist among them from straight to wavy and curly hair. There are two Southeast Asian migration theories, with the first theory states that the population of Southeast Asian originally came | answer: This doesn't answer your historical question, but it might be worth clearing up what people mean today by saying that race is a social construct.There are different ethnicities in the world, but our decision to group different ethnicities together into large umbrellas of "race" is the social construct that most people are talking about.We put Ashkenazi Jews, Greeks, Germans, Basques, and Slavs in the same "white" category. Are they so similar to each other, and so different from Arabs, Persians, and Kurds, that the categorization makes sense? Or does it all descend from somewhat arbitrary line drawing?Does the U.S. Census Bureau's categorization of South Asians, East Asians, and Pacific Islanders as a single category of "Asian/Pacific Islander" follow some kind of principled system, or is it an arbitrary categorization that makes sense only in the context of American society?It's also worth noting that we tend to account for shared culture and language when drawing the lines of ethnicity in the first place. So meaningfully separating culture from race is difficult to begin with, and I'm not sure what you'd be able to do with the isolated variables. |
27,052 | 4e1t8g | intel turbo boost, why not just keep it at the frequency that it is turbo boost at instead of a lower frequency? i.e 2.4ghz normal 3.2ghz turbo? | There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, most processors don't run at max unless stressed. I will use my own 4790k as a example. This has a max speed of 4GHz and a turbo speed of 4.4GHz.Let's imagine it like a car engine. On normal running, the car engine runs at low speed. The engine does not use much fuel and therefore does not run very hot. This is like a processor which will not normally run at max speed. Instead it runs at a lower speed so that it saves power and therefore produces less heat while still completing all tasks you require. Now consider a engine in 'normal mode' and you flooring the peddle. The engine runs quickly using more fuel but also creates more heat. A processor does this by running the cores at the max speed. However it uses more power and more heat.Finally consider a engine in 'sports mode' and you floor the throttle. The engine runs in a boosted mode but it has restricted performance such as limiting power when it over heats. A processor is similar in the sense that the turbo speed is a speed higher then the max speed but is dependent on conditions. For example on my 4.4GHz turbo processor, not all cores can run at 4.4GHz at the same time. It could be you have four cores running at a faster then max speed or two cores then run at a really fast speed. TL;DR: Processors change clock speed constantly based on the load. This saves power and heat generation. Turbo mode clock speed is different to max. Max clock speed is the speed all cores can run. Turbo is the speed a subset of those cores can run depending on situations. I'm sure someone will expand further. I'm not the most processor minded person here. Edit: I've took a screenshot of my PC running at max speed encoding video. Notice the clock speed is at 4.16GHz, not the 4.4GHz Turbo. Still higher then the max 4.0GHz limit. [Imgur](_URL_1_)Edit2: From the spec sheet, note how it says "up to 4.4GHz"._URL_0_ | [
"At the higher speeds, more heat is generated. This can be dealt with for some period of time, but can't be supported full time. Thus, when the processor is less stressed, it runs at a lower speed to avoid cooking itself.",
"There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, m... | 2 | [
"There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, most processors don't run at max unless stressed. I will use my own 4790k as a example. This has a max speed of 4GHz and a turbo speed of 4.4GHz.\n\nLet's imagine it like a car engine. \n\nOn normal running, the car engine runs... | 1 | <P> like the CFM56 is better suited to higher temperatures encountered supersonically.
The engine is a compromise between a big core for power and a small fan for wave drag, and Mach 1.4 is a compromise between higher speed and enough range.
The high-pressure core is derived from the eight-stage compressor and single-stage turbine of the CFM56, matched to a new low-pressure section optimised for supersonic speed with a 1.33m (52in) diameter fan instead of the 155-173cm (61-68.3in) fan of the 6:1 bypass ratio CFM56.
The twin-shaft, twin-fan engine with FADEC has a service ceiling of 60,000 feet and does without an afterburner, it <P> situation that worsens with higher boost pressures. Occasional events of this type may be only a nuisance, but frequent events can eventually foul the spark plugs and destroy the catalytic converter, as the inefficiently combusted fuel produces soot (excess carbon) and unburned fuel in the exhaust flow can produce soot in the converter and drive the converter beyond its normal operating temperature range.
An alternative method for utilizing both a MAF and a blowoff valve is to have the MAF located down stream between the intercooler and the throttle plate. This is known as Blow-through rather than the traditional Draw-through set <P> "choo-choo" is sometimes used). When the throttle plate on a turbocharged engine closes, with the turbine spinning at high speed, the flow reduces beyond the surge line of the compressor. At this point the delta-P across the compressor reduces leading to a collapse in flow and possibly even flow reversal and a collapse in plenum pressure. As the compressor is still spinning at high speed, once the flow has reduced sufficiently, delta-P across the compressor begins to rise and flow is re-established into the plenum. This continues until once again the plenum is pressurised and flow begins to fall until <P> operate in load-following mode and so participate in the primary and secondary frequency control. Some units follow a variable load program with one or two large power changes per day. Some designs allow for rapid changes of power level around rated power, a capability that is usable for frequency regulation. A more efficient solution is to maintain the primary circuit at full power and to use the excess power for cogeneration. Boiling water reactors Boiling water reactors (BWRs) can vary the speed of recirculation water flow to quickly reduce their power level down to 60% of rated power (up <P> Dalvik Turbo virtual machine Performance Myriad claims applications run in Dalvik Turbo "up to three times" faster, while reducing battery drain and giving developers the power they need to create graphically intense games.
Dalvik Turbo has been shown on video to be 2.8 times faster while running a benchmark test. <P> lacking an external compressive driver such as the Otto cycle's piston, or the Brayton cycle's compression turbine, drives compression with acoustic resonance in a tube. This limits the maximum pre-combustion pressure ratio, to around 1.2 to 1.
The high noise levels usually make them impractical for other than military and other similarly restricted applications. However, pulsejets are used on a large scale as industrial drying systems, and there has been a resurgence in studying these engines for applications such as high-output heating, biomass conversion, and alternative energy systems, as pulsejets can run on almost anything that burns, including particulate fuels such <P> viewed as many low depth (2 state) 'convolutional codes' that are connected via the repeat and distribute operations. The repeat and distribute operations perform the function of the interleaver in the turbo code.
The ability to more precisely manage the connections of the various constituent codes and the level of redundancy for each input bit give more flexibility in the design of LDPC codes, which can lead to better performance than turbo codes in some instances. Turbo codes still seem to perform better than LDPCs at low code rates, or at least the design of well performing low rate codes is <P> intake design. At around 450 km/h (280 mph) most valved engines' valve systems stop fully closing owing to ram air pressure, which results in performance loss.
Variable intake geometry lets the engine produce full power at most speeds by optimizing for whatever speed at which the air enters the pulsejet. Valveless designs are not as negatively affected by ram air pressure as other designs, as they were never intended to stop the flow out of the intake, and can significantly increase in power at speed.
Another feature of pulsejet engines is that their thrust can be increased by a specially shaped duct placed behind <P> implements only the most basic interfacing with the chips, namely, an explicit setting for the duty cycle for each fan control setting, subsequently performing the duty cycle adjustments itself in software, and thus requiring that both the operating system, as well as this third-party software itself to continue running on the main CPU to perform the monitoring loop. This may not be a problem until the system or the utility crashes, at which point the system may overheat due to the failure of the fans to maintain adequate cooling whilst running at reduced voltage and speed. <P> certificates (STCs) to the BE65. It resolves the biggest issue of the Queen Air design, the engines. This is accomplished by replacing the rather cantankerous (if operated incorrectly) six-cylinder Lycoming IGSO-480s and Lycoming IGSO-540s, with the far more robust eight-cylinder Lycoming IO-720. This presents the major advantage of not having a gearbox or superchargers to cause maintenance and reliability problems. However the loss of the supercharger does limit the cruising altitude to below fifteen thousand feet. The other advantages gained are the overall increase in power to 400 hp (300 kW) per engine as well as a gross weight increase in most <P> included only staged VVTL i.e. High-Low. With the introduction of i-VTEC the systems gained infinitely variable valve timing but still only staged lift i.e. High-Low. The "infinitely variable" portion of the A-VTEC is what makes it stand out as a serious evolutionary step in the world of VTEC. Explanation of patent Advanced VTEC has a standard camshaft and rocker arms, attached as they normally are with camshaft overhead, and rocker arms pushing down on the poppet valves. The camshaft is surrounded by a partially open drum which has secondary rocker arms attached to it via a pivoting point. These secondary <P> Air turborocket Benefits The benefit of this setup is increased specific impulse over that of a rocket. For the same carried mass of propellant as a rocket motor, the overall output of the air turborocket is much higher. In addition, it provides thrust throughout a much wider speed range than a ramjet, yet is much cheaper and easier to control than a gas turbine engine. The air turborocket fills a niche (in terms of cost, reliability, ruggedness, and duration of thrust) between the solid-fuel rocket motor and gas turbine engine for missile applications. Turborocket A turborocket is <P> lower supply voltage therefore works against the goal of high clock speed.
Only improvements in photolithography and reduction in threshold voltage allow both to improve at once. On another note, the formula shown above is for long channel MOSFETs. With the area of the MOSFETs halving every 18-24 months (Moore's law) the distance between the two terminals of the MOSFET switch called the channel length is becoming smaller and smaller. This changes the nature of the relationship between terminal voltages and current.
When a processor is overclocked its clock speed is increased at the cost of system stability. To withstand higher <P> the low-voltage 778 (1.60 GHz).
The processor line has models running at clock speeds from 1.0 GHz to 2.26 GHz as of July 2005. The models with lower frequencies were either low voltage or ultra-low voltage CPUs designed for improved battery life and reduced heat output. The 718 (1.3 GHz), 738 (1.4 GHz), and 758 (1.5 GHz) models are low-voltage (1.116 V) with a TDP of 10 W, while the 723 (1.0 GHz), 733 (1.1 GHz), and 753 (1.2 GHz) models are ultra-low voltage (0.940 V) with a TDP of 5 W. Intel A100 Series An ultra low-power microprocessor based on the Dothan built on a 90 nm process with 512 KB L2 cache and 400 <P> the frequency of half-wave rectified output. To reduce ripple to a satisfactory limit with just a single capacitor would often require a capacitor that's infeasibly large. Choke input filter It is also possible to put the rectified waveform into a choke-input filter. The advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother: current is drawn over the entire cycle, instead of being drawn in pulses at the peaks of AC voltage each half-cycle as in a capacitor input filter. The disadvantage is that the voltage output is much lower – the average of an AC <P> the surge line is again crossed and the cycle repeats.
This unstable flow leads to the cyclic noise sometimes heard on high boost engines with no bypass valve.
With a valve fitted, flow is maintained preventing the compressor entering the stall/surge cycle.
The repeated, high speed cycling will cause a cyclic torque on the compressor and may lead to increased stresses on the bearings and compressor impeller. Operation A blowoff valve is connected by a vacuum hose to the intake manifold after the throttle plate. When the throttle is closed, the relative manifold pressure drops below atmospheric pressure and the resulting pressure differential <P> (ups) on its network by July 2008. This is just a single venue – most firms will be taking updates from several venues. Reducing latency in the order chain Reducing latency in the order chain involves attacking the problem from many angles. Amdahl's Law, commonly used to calculate performance gains of throwing more CPUs at a problem, can be applied more generally to improving latency – that is, improving a portion of a system which is already fairly inconsequential (with respect to latency) will result in minimal improvement in the overall performance. Another strategy for reducing latency involves <P> GB/min while still preserve low-power consumption, were reported in the Proceeding of IEEE's TENCON 2014.
The whole architecture of software stack, including the runtime, data integrity verification and data compression, is studied and improved. The work reported in this paper achieved the processing rate at almost 0.9 GB/min, successfully processed the same benchmarks from the previous work by roughly 38 minutes. <P> the compressor before further heating in the combustor, reducing the fuel input required. The larger the temperature difference between turbine out and compressor out, the greater the benefit from the recuperator. Therefore, microturbines (<1 MW), which typically have low pressure ratios, have the most to gain from the use of a recuperator. In practice, a doubling of efficiency is possible through the use of a recuperator. The major practical challenge for a recuperator in microturbine applications is coping with the exhaust gas temperature, which can exceed 750 °C (1,380 °F). <P> head.
Specifically, RLL bounds the length of stretches (runs) of repeated bits during which the signal does not change. If the runs are too long, clock recovery is difficult; if they are too short, the high frequencies might be attenuated by the communications channel. By modulating the data, RLL reduces the timing uncertainty in decoding the stored data, which would lead to the possible erroneous insertion or removal of bits when reading the data back. This mechanism ensures that the boundaries between bits can always be accurately found (preventing bit slip), while efficiently using the media to reliably store | question: intel turbo boost, why not just keep it at the frequency that it is turbo boost at instead of a lower frequency? i.e 2.4ghz normal 3.2ghz turbo? context: <P> like the CFM56 is better suited to higher temperatures encountered supersonically.
The engine is a compromise between a big core for power and a small fan for wave drag, and Mach 1.4 is a compromise between higher speed and enough range.
The high-pressure core is derived from the eight-stage compressor and single-stage turbine of the CFM56, matched to a new low-pressure section optimised for supersonic speed with a 1.33m (52in) diameter fan instead of the 155-173cm (61-68.3in) fan of the 6:1 bypass ratio CFM56.
The twin-shaft, twin-fan engine with FADEC has a service ceiling of 60,000 feet and does without an afterburner, it <P> situation that worsens with higher boost pressures. Occasional events of this type may be only a nuisance, but frequent events can eventually foul the spark plugs and destroy the catalytic converter, as the inefficiently combusted fuel produces soot (excess carbon) and unburned fuel in the exhaust flow can produce soot in the converter and drive the converter beyond its normal operating temperature range.
An alternative method for utilizing both a MAF and a blowoff valve is to have the MAF located down stream between the intercooler and the throttle plate. This is known as Blow-through rather than the traditional Draw-through set <P> "choo-choo" is sometimes used). When the throttle plate on a turbocharged engine closes, with the turbine spinning at high speed, the flow reduces beyond the surge line of the compressor. At this point the delta-P across the compressor reduces leading to a collapse in flow and possibly even flow reversal and a collapse in plenum pressure. As the compressor is still spinning at high speed, once the flow has reduced sufficiently, delta-P across the compressor begins to rise and flow is re-established into the plenum. This continues until once again the plenum is pressurised and flow begins to fall until <P> operate in load-following mode and so participate in the primary and secondary frequency control. Some units follow a variable load program with one or two large power changes per day. Some designs allow for rapid changes of power level around rated power, a capability that is usable for frequency regulation. A more efficient solution is to maintain the primary circuit at full power and to use the excess power for cogeneration. Boiling water reactors Boiling water reactors (BWRs) can vary the speed of recirculation water flow to quickly reduce their power level down to 60% of rated power (up <P> Dalvik Turbo virtual machine Performance Myriad claims applications run in Dalvik Turbo "up to three times" faster, while reducing battery drain and giving developers the power they need to create graphically intense games.
Dalvik Turbo has been shown on video to be 2.8 times faster while running a benchmark test. <P> lacking an external compressive driver such as the Otto cycle's piston, or the Brayton cycle's compression turbine, drives compression with acoustic resonance in a tube. This limits the maximum pre-combustion pressure ratio, to around 1.2 to 1.
The high noise levels usually make them impractical for other than military and other similarly restricted applications. However, pulsejets are used on a large scale as industrial drying systems, and there has been a resurgence in studying these engines for applications such as high-output heating, biomass conversion, and alternative energy systems, as pulsejets can run on almost anything that burns, including particulate fuels such <P> viewed as many low depth (2 state) 'convolutional codes' that are connected via the repeat and distribute operations. The repeat and distribute operations perform the function of the interleaver in the turbo code.
The ability to more precisely manage the connections of the various constituent codes and the level of redundancy for each input bit give more flexibility in the design of LDPC codes, which can lead to better performance than turbo codes in some instances. Turbo codes still seem to perform better than LDPCs at low code rates, or at least the design of well performing low rate codes is <P> intake design. At around 450 km/h (280 mph) most valved engines' valve systems stop fully closing owing to ram air pressure, which results in performance loss.
Variable intake geometry lets the engine produce full power at most speeds by optimizing for whatever speed at which the air enters the pulsejet. Valveless designs are not as negatively affected by ram air pressure as other designs, as they were never intended to stop the flow out of the intake, and can significantly increase in power at speed.
Another feature of pulsejet engines is that their thrust can be increased by a specially shaped duct placed behind <P> implements only the most basic interfacing with the chips, namely, an explicit setting for the duty cycle for each fan control setting, subsequently performing the duty cycle adjustments itself in software, and thus requiring that both the operating system, as well as this third-party software itself to continue running on the main CPU to perform the monitoring loop. This may not be a problem until the system or the utility crashes, at which point the system may overheat due to the failure of the fans to maintain adequate cooling whilst running at reduced voltage and speed. <P> certificates (STCs) to the BE65. It resolves the biggest issue of the Queen Air design, the engines. This is accomplished by replacing the rather cantankerous (if operated incorrectly) six-cylinder Lycoming IGSO-480s and Lycoming IGSO-540s, with the far more robust eight-cylinder Lycoming IO-720. This presents the major advantage of not having a gearbox or superchargers to cause maintenance and reliability problems. However the loss of the supercharger does limit the cruising altitude to below fifteen thousand feet. The other advantages gained are the overall increase in power to 400 hp (300 kW) per engine as well as a gross weight increase in most <P> included only staged VVTL i.e. High-Low. With the introduction of i-VTEC the systems gained infinitely variable valve timing but still only staged lift i.e. High-Low. The "infinitely variable" portion of the A-VTEC is what makes it stand out as a serious evolutionary step in the world of VTEC. Explanation of patent Advanced VTEC has a standard camshaft and rocker arms, attached as they normally are with camshaft overhead, and rocker arms pushing down on the poppet valves. The camshaft is surrounded by a partially open drum which has secondary rocker arms attached to it via a pivoting point. These secondary <P> Air turborocket Benefits The benefit of this setup is increased specific impulse over that of a rocket. For the same carried mass of propellant as a rocket motor, the overall output of the air turborocket is much higher. In addition, it provides thrust throughout a much wider speed range than a ramjet, yet is much cheaper and easier to control than a gas turbine engine. The air turborocket fills a niche (in terms of cost, reliability, ruggedness, and duration of thrust) between the solid-fuel rocket motor and gas turbine engine for missile applications. Turborocket A turborocket is <P> lower supply voltage therefore works against the goal of high clock speed.
Only improvements in photolithography and reduction in threshold voltage allow both to improve at once. On another note, the formula shown above is for long channel MOSFETs. With the area of the MOSFETs halving every 18-24 months (Moore's law) the distance between the two terminals of the MOSFET switch called the channel length is becoming smaller and smaller. This changes the nature of the relationship between terminal voltages and current.
When a processor is overclocked its clock speed is increased at the cost of system stability. To withstand higher <P> the low-voltage 778 (1.60 GHz).
The processor line has models running at clock speeds from 1.0 GHz to 2.26 GHz as of July 2005. The models with lower frequencies were either low voltage or ultra-low voltage CPUs designed for improved battery life and reduced heat output. The 718 (1.3 GHz), 738 (1.4 GHz), and 758 (1.5 GHz) models are low-voltage (1.116 V) with a TDP of 10 W, while the 723 (1.0 GHz), 733 (1.1 GHz), and 753 (1.2 GHz) models are ultra-low voltage (0.940 V) with a TDP of 5 W. Intel A100 Series An ultra low-power microprocessor based on the Dothan built on a 90 nm process with 512 KB L2 cache and 400 <P> the frequency of half-wave rectified output. To reduce ripple to a satisfactory limit with just a single capacitor would often require a capacitor that's infeasibly large. Choke input filter It is also possible to put the rectified waveform into a choke-input filter. The advantage of this circuit is that the current waveform is smoother: current is drawn over the entire cycle, instead of being drawn in pulses at the peaks of AC voltage each half-cycle as in a capacitor input filter. The disadvantage is that the voltage output is much lower – the average of an AC <P> the surge line is again crossed and the cycle repeats.
This unstable flow leads to the cyclic noise sometimes heard on high boost engines with no bypass valve.
With a valve fitted, flow is maintained preventing the compressor entering the stall/surge cycle.
The repeated, high speed cycling will cause a cyclic torque on the compressor and may lead to increased stresses on the bearings and compressor impeller. Operation A blowoff valve is connected by a vacuum hose to the intake manifold after the throttle plate. When the throttle is closed, the relative manifold pressure drops below atmospheric pressure and the resulting pressure differential <P> (ups) on its network by July 2008. This is just a single venue – most firms will be taking updates from several venues. Reducing latency in the order chain Reducing latency in the order chain involves attacking the problem from many angles. Amdahl's Law, commonly used to calculate performance gains of throwing more CPUs at a problem, can be applied more generally to improving latency – that is, improving a portion of a system which is already fairly inconsequential (with respect to latency) will result in minimal improvement in the overall performance. Another strategy for reducing latency involves <P> GB/min while still preserve low-power consumption, were reported in the Proceeding of IEEE's TENCON 2014.
The whole architecture of software stack, including the runtime, data integrity verification and data compression, is studied and improved. The work reported in this paper achieved the processing rate at almost 0.9 GB/min, successfully processed the same benchmarks from the previous work by roughly 38 minutes. <P> the compressor before further heating in the combustor, reducing the fuel input required. The larger the temperature difference between turbine out and compressor out, the greater the benefit from the recuperator. Therefore, microturbines (<1 MW), which typically have low pressure ratios, have the most to gain from the use of a recuperator. In practice, a doubling of efficiency is possible through the use of a recuperator. The major practical challenge for a recuperator in microturbine applications is coping with the exhaust gas temperature, which can exceed 750 °C (1,380 °F). <P> head.
Specifically, RLL bounds the length of stretches (runs) of repeated bits during which the signal does not change. If the runs are too long, clock recovery is difficult; if they are too short, the high frequencies might be attenuated by the communications channel. By modulating the data, RLL reduces the timing uncertainty in decoding the stored data, which would lead to the possible erroneous insertion or removal of bits when reading the data back. This mechanism ensures that the boundaries between bits can always be accurately found (preventing bit slip), while efficiently using the media to reliably store | answer: There are multiple reasons for a turbo speed vs what is the nominal max speed. In fact, most processors don't run at max unless stressed. I will use my own 4790k as a example. This has a max speed of 4GHz and a turbo speed of 4.4GHz.Let's imagine it like a car engine. On normal running, the car engine runs at low speed. The engine does not use much fuel and therefore does not run very hot. This is like a processor which will not normally run at max speed. Instead it runs at a lower speed so that it saves power and therefore produces less heat while still completing all tasks you require. Now consider a engine in 'normal mode' and you flooring the peddle. The engine runs quickly using more fuel but also creates more heat. A processor does this by running the cores at the max speed. However it uses more power and more heat.Finally consider a engine in 'sports mode' and you floor the throttle. The engine runs in a boosted mode but it has restricted performance such as limiting power when it over heats. A processor is similar in the sense that the turbo speed is a speed higher then the max speed but is dependent on conditions. For example on my 4.4GHz turbo processor, not all cores can run at 4.4GHz at the same time. It could be you have four cores running at a faster then max speed or two cores then run at a really fast speed. TL;DR: Processors change clock speed constantly based on the load. This saves power and heat generation. Turbo mode clock speed is different to max. Max clock speed is the speed all cores can run. Turbo is the speed a subset of those cores can run depending on situations. I'm sure someone will expand further. I'm not the most processor minded person here. Edit: I've took a screenshot of my PC running at max speed encoding video. Notice the clock speed is at 4.16GHz, not the 4.4GHz Turbo. Still higher then the max 4.0GHz limit. [Imgur](_URL_1_)Edit2: From the spec sheet, note how it says "up to 4.4GHz"._URL_0_ |
60,288 | 7wxe3e | how does gene-editing on a live person work? | Viruses are tiny machines which have evolved up around us to insert themselves into our DNA and start churning out copies of themselves. They are really good at what they do. It's actually believed that around 70% of our DNA is fragments of ancient viruses which got in, didn't kill us, and never left.If viruses are cellular hijackers, then we have figured out how to be virus hijackers. It's surprisingly easy to cut viral DNA at the exact spots we want to keep the part which inserts itself and replaces the part that hijacks the cell with whatever we want. We've been able to do that for decades. The tricky bit has been figuring out how to design a gene which fixes a problem we want to fix without breaking anything else. In addition, you have to do this in ways which dodge a ludicrously paranoid immune system which has spent literally billions of years fighting viruses, bacteria, blood transfusions you need to live, and occasionally itself. We're essentially trying to edit spaghetti code with no annotations, written in a foreign language which doesn't even have normal human conventions, and where literally everything in the entire string has a good chance of affecting literally anything else. It's...hard. | [
"Viruses are tiny machines which have evolved up around us to insert themselves into our DNA and start churning out copies of themselves. They are really good at what they do. It's actually believed that around 70% of our DNA is fragments of ancient viruses which got in, didn't kill us, and never left.\n\nIf viruse... | 2 | [
"Viruses are tiny machines which have evolved up around us to insert themselves into our DNA and start churning out copies of themselves. They are really good at what they do. It's actually believed that around 70% of our DNA is fragments of ancient viruses which got in, didn't kill us, and never left.\n\nIf viruse... | 1 | <P> Lee Prize for Science and Technology Progress.
In 2017, Chen and his collaborator, Deng Hongkui of Peking University, used CRISPR gene editing to transplant human HSCs with the edited CCR5 gene to mice, and conferred HIV resistance to the animals. They subsequently used the technique to treat an AIDS patient who suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It was the first time CRISPR was used on a human HIV patient. 19 months later, the patient's ALL was in complete remission. Their research demonstrated the safety of CRISPR for humans, although the therapy was not effective for curing AIDS as only 5% <P> α and β exons, in the C-terminal region of fsTnT are alternatively spliced in a mutually exclusive manner.
Avian Tnnt3 gene has evolved with additional alternatively spliced exons, w, P1-7(x) and y, encoding the N-terminal variable region (Fig. 3). Reflecting the power of combined alternative splicing of multiple exons to generate fsTnT variants, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis detected more than 40 different fsTnT splice forms in chicken leg muscle. Developmental regulation Through alternative splicing of the fetal exon and other alternative exons in the N-terminal variable region, the expression of fsTnT during mammalian and avian development undergoes a high molecular to low <P> through specific receptors. These might include a 30kDa surface receptor, or macrophage scavenger receptors. The 30kDa surface receptor binds specifically to 4500-bp DNA fragments (which are then internalised) and is found on professional APCs and T-cells. Macrophage scavenger receptors bind to a variety of macromolecules, including polyribonucleotides and are thus candidates for DNA uptake. Receptor-mediated DNA uptake could be facilitated by the presence of polyguanylate sequences. Gene gun delivery systems, cationic liposome packaging, and other delivery methods bypass this entry method, but understanding it may be useful in reducing costs (e.g. by reducing the requirement for cytofectins), which could be <P> procaspase 4 is believed to cause apoptosis by activating downstream caspases.
Although PERK is recognised to produce a translational block, certain genes can bypass this block. An important example is that the proapoptotic protein CHOP (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), is upregulated downstream of the bZIP transcription factor ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and uniquely responsive to ER stress. CHOP causes downregulation of the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial protein Bcl-2, favouring a pro-apoptotic drive at the mitochondria by proteins that cause mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation. <P> include the visualization of specific proteins within living cells, monitoring of the kinetics of the translation of individual proteins in an in vitro translation system, control of the integration of a multi-spanning membrane protein into the endoplasmic reticulum by fusing the SBP-Tag to the N-terminal translocation sequence and then halting integration with streptavidin and restarting integration with biotin. Fluorescent streptavidin reagents (e.g. streptavidin-HRP) can be used to visualize the SBP-tag by immunoblotting of SDS-PAGE. Additionally, antibodies to the SBP-tag are available commercially. Surface plasmon resonance The SBP-Tag has been used to reversibly immobilize recombinant proteins onto streptavidin-functionalized surfaces thereby permitting <P> from Huntington's disease mutation-carriers in 2015 using a novel 'single-molecule counting' immunoassay, providing a direct way to assess whether huntingtin-lowering treatments are achieving the desired effect. Similarly, gene splicing techniques are being looked at to try to repair a genome with the erroneous gene that causes HD, using tools such as CRISPR/Cas9. Improving cell survival Among the approaches aimed at improving cell survival in the presence of mutant huntingtin are correction of transcriptional regulation using histone deacetylase inhibitors, modulating aggregation of huntingtin, improving metabolism and mitochondrial function and restoring function of synapses. Neuronal replacement Stem cell therapy is the replacement <P> to the many different tissues in which this process is observed. Various tissue-specific mechanisms of transcytosis have been identified. Brefeldin A, a commonly used inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi apparatus transport, has been shown to inhibit transcytosis in dog kidney cells, which provided the first clues as to the nature of transcytosis regulation. Transcytosis in dog kidney cells has also been shown be regulated at the apical membrane by Rab17, as well as Rab11a and Rab25. Further work on dog kidney cells has shown that a signaling cascade involving the phosphorylation of EGFR by Yes leading to the activation of Rab11FIP5 by <P> could involve the protein being fused to the M13 minor coat protein pIII, with the gene encoding this protein being held within the phage particle. Large libraries of phages with different proteins on their surfaces can then be screened through automated selection and amplification for a protein that binds tightly to a particular target. <P> of smooth muscle cells from embroyonic stem cell derived cultures, MiR-1 is required; as its loss of function resulted in a reduction in smooth muscle cell biomarkers and a reduction in the derived smooth muscle cell population. There is evidence that the control of smooth muscle cell differentiation by MiR-1 may be mediated by the down regulation of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), since a MiR-1 recognition site is predicted in the 3' UTR of KLF4 and inhibition of MiR-1 results in reversed down-regulation of KLF4 and an inhibition of smooth muscle cell differentiation. A mutation in the 3' UTR of <P> of hPER2 in vitro. The hypophosphorylation of hPER2 disrupts the transcription-translation (negative) feedback loop (TTFL) required for regulating the stable production of hPER2 protein. In a wildtype individual, Per2 mRNA is transcribed and translated to form a PER2 protein. Large concentrations of PER2 protein inhibits further transcription of Per2 mRNA. CK1 regulates PER2 levels by binding to a CK1 binding site on the protein, allowing for phosphorylation which marks the protein for degradation, reducing protein levels. Once proteins become phosphorylated, PER2 levels decrease again, and Per2 mRNA transcription can resume. This negative feedback regulates the levels and expression of these <P> cell fates in the eye, leg, and nervous system of the fly. Dach is a member of the Ski gene family and is involved in eye and organismal development. Dach1 deletion mice exhibit early postnatal death, although no developmental defects were detected in any organ system examined, including kidneys. DACH1 plays an important role on this precursor of cell proliferation in retinal and pituitary.
Restrain of Cancer cell growth. DACH1 protein is able to prevent the proliferation of cancerous cells (lung, breast, prostate) and functions as a repressor of estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer cells.
Transcription. DACH1 conducts transcriptional function <P> loops, CK1ε periodically binds to and phosphorylates the PER proteins (PER1, PER2, and PER3), which form heterodimers with each other and interact with CRY1 and CRY2. The effects of phosphorylation are two-fold. It has been shown in Drosophila that phosphorylation of the PER proteins increase their ubiquitination, which leads to degradation. Phosphorylation of the PER proteins also leaves them unable to enter the nucleus, where they suppress transcription of clock genes. The blocking of nuclear translocation occurs via phosphorylation of PER at the nuclear localization signal, which masks the signal and prevents nuclear entry. However, this CK1ε-mediated constraint to the <P> protein and the sgRNA can be directly introduced into fertilized zygotes to achieve the desired gene modifications when creating transgenic models in rodents. This allows bypassing of the usual cell targeting stage in generating transgenic lines, and as a result, it reduces generation time by 90%.
One potential that CRISPR brings with its effectiveness is the application of xenotransplantation. In previous research trials, CRISPR demonstrated the ability to target and eliminate endogenous retroviruses, which reduces the risk of transmitting diseases and reduces immune barriers. Eliminating these problems improves donor organ function, which brings this application closer to a reality.
In plants, genome <P> avoid its activity unless absolutely necessary for survival of the cell. Pol V's strict regulation stems from its poor replication fidelity, Pol V is highly mutagenic and it is used as a last resort in DNA repair mechanisms. As such, the expression of the UmuD'2C complex takes 45–50 minutes after UV radiation exposure. Transcriptional regulation Transcription of the SOS response genes is negatively regulated by the LexA repressor. LexA binds to the promoter of the UmuDC operon and inhibits gene transcription. DNA damage in the cell leads to the formation of RecA*. RecA* interacts with LexA and stimulates its proteolytic <P> to control tissue cell mass influencing both its mitotic and apoptotic (see Apoptosis) activities tissue-specifically. In case if TAS effectors form CURD phase of metabolism stimulation one should expect acceleration of proliferative (see Proliferation) pool cells passage through mitotic cycle (MC). Herewith there will be also an acceleration of cells maturation and ageing. This will provoke an increase of both mitotic and apoptotic activity in tissue. On the contrary, formation of CURD phase of metabolism protective inhibition should result in opposite results – an inhibition of all mentioned processes and, as a result, to inhibition of both mitotic and apoptotic <P> In addition, mice lacking Cry1 or Cry2 genes exhibit differentially altered free running periods, but are still capable of photoentrainment. However, mice that lack both Cry1 and Cry2 are arrhythmic in both LD and DD and always have high Per1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that cryptochromes play a photoreceptive role, as well as acting as negative regulators of Per gene expression in mice. In Drosophila In Drosophila, cryptochrome functions as a blue light photoreceptor. Exposure to blue light induces a conformation similar to that of the always-active CRY mutant with a C-terminal deletion (CRYΔ). The half-life of this conformation <P> by simultaneous accumulation of RNF8 protein and the DNA repair protein NBS1 which bind to MDC1 as MDC1 attaches to γH2AX. RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4 protein, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD. CHD4 accumulation at the site of the double-strand break is rapid, with half-maximum accumulation occurring by 40 seconds after irradiation.
The fast initial chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage (with rapid initiation of DNA repair) is followed by a slow recondensation, with chromatin recovering a compaction state close to its predamage level in ∼ 20 min. Cancer <P> (wild-type) bone marrow into a Hoxb8 mutant mouse results in a reduction of compulsive grooming. <P> Tryptophan repressor Mechanism When the amino acid tryptophan is in plentiful supply in the cell, trpR binds 2 molecules of tryptophan, which alters its structure and dynamics so that it becomes able to bind to operator DNA. When this occurs, transcription of the DNA is prevented, suppressing the products of the gene - proteins which make more tryptophan. When the cellular levels of tryptophan decline, the tryptophan molecules on the repressor fall off, allowing the repressor to return to its inactive form.
trpR also controls the regulation of its own production, through regulation of the trpR gene.
The structure <P> Feline sarcoma oncogene Function This gene encodes the human cellular counterpart of a feline sarcoma retrovirus protein with transforming capabilities. The gene product has tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity and that activity is required for maintenance of cellular transformation. Its chromosomal location has linked it to a specific translocation event identified in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia but it is also involved in normal hematopoiesis. A truncated transcript has been identified that is generated utilizing a start site in one of the far downstream exons but a protein product associated with this transcript has not been identified. Interactions Feline sarcoma oncogene | question: how does gene-editing on a live person work? context: <P> Lee Prize for Science and Technology Progress.
In 2017, Chen and his collaborator, Deng Hongkui of Peking University, used CRISPR gene editing to transplant human HSCs with the edited CCR5 gene to mice, and conferred HIV resistance to the animals. They subsequently used the technique to treat an AIDS patient who suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It was the first time CRISPR was used on a human HIV patient. 19 months later, the patient's ALL was in complete remission. Their research demonstrated the safety of CRISPR for humans, although the therapy was not effective for curing AIDS as only 5% <P> α and β exons, in the C-terminal region of fsTnT are alternatively spliced in a mutually exclusive manner.
Avian Tnnt3 gene has evolved with additional alternatively spliced exons, w, P1-7(x) and y, encoding the N-terminal variable region (Fig. 3). Reflecting the power of combined alternative splicing of multiple exons to generate fsTnT variants, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis detected more than 40 different fsTnT splice forms in chicken leg muscle. Developmental regulation Through alternative splicing of the fetal exon and other alternative exons in the N-terminal variable region, the expression of fsTnT during mammalian and avian development undergoes a high molecular to low <P> through specific receptors. These might include a 30kDa surface receptor, or macrophage scavenger receptors. The 30kDa surface receptor binds specifically to 4500-bp DNA fragments (which are then internalised) and is found on professional APCs and T-cells. Macrophage scavenger receptors bind to a variety of macromolecules, including polyribonucleotides and are thus candidates for DNA uptake. Receptor-mediated DNA uptake could be facilitated by the presence of polyguanylate sequences. Gene gun delivery systems, cationic liposome packaging, and other delivery methods bypass this entry method, but understanding it may be useful in reducing costs (e.g. by reducing the requirement for cytofectins), which could be <P> procaspase 4 is believed to cause apoptosis by activating downstream caspases.
Although PERK is recognised to produce a translational block, certain genes can bypass this block. An important example is that the proapoptotic protein CHOP (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), is upregulated downstream of the bZIP transcription factor ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and uniquely responsive to ER stress. CHOP causes downregulation of the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial protein Bcl-2, favouring a pro-apoptotic drive at the mitochondria by proteins that cause mitochondrial damage, cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation. <P> include the visualization of specific proteins within living cells, monitoring of the kinetics of the translation of individual proteins in an in vitro translation system, control of the integration of a multi-spanning membrane protein into the endoplasmic reticulum by fusing the SBP-Tag to the N-terminal translocation sequence and then halting integration with streptavidin and restarting integration with biotin. Fluorescent streptavidin reagents (e.g. streptavidin-HRP) can be used to visualize the SBP-tag by immunoblotting of SDS-PAGE. Additionally, antibodies to the SBP-tag are available commercially. Surface plasmon resonance The SBP-Tag has been used to reversibly immobilize recombinant proteins onto streptavidin-functionalized surfaces thereby permitting <P> from Huntington's disease mutation-carriers in 2015 using a novel 'single-molecule counting' immunoassay, providing a direct way to assess whether huntingtin-lowering treatments are achieving the desired effect. Similarly, gene splicing techniques are being looked at to try to repair a genome with the erroneous gene that causes HD, using tools such as CRISPR/Cas9. Improving cell survival Among the approaches aimed at improving cell survival in the presence of mutant huntingtin are correction of transcriptional regulation using histone deacetylase inhibitors, modulating aggregation of huntingtin, improving metabolism and mitochondrial function and restoring function of synapses. Neuronal replacement Stem cell therapy is the replacement <P> to the many different tissues in which this process is observed. Various tissue-specific mechanisms of transcytosis have been identified. Brefeldin A, a commonly used inhibitor of ER-to-Golgi apparatus transport, has been shown to inhibit transcytosis in dog kidney cells, which provided the first clues as to the nature of transcytosis regulation. Transcytosis in dog kidney cells has also been shown be regulated at the apical membrane by Rab17, as well as Rab11a and Rab25. Further work on dog kidney cells has shown that a signaling cascade involving the phosphorylation of EGFR by Yes leading to the activation of Rab11FIP5 by <P> could involve the protein being fused to the M13 minor coat protein pIII, with the gene encoding this protein being held within the phage particle. Large libraries of phages with different proteins on their surfaces can then be screened through automated selection and amplification for a protein that binds tightly to a particular target. <P> of smooth muscle cells from embroyonic stem cell derived cultures, MiR-1 is required; as its loss of function resulted in a reduction in smooth muscle cell biomarkers and a reduction in the derived smooth muscle cell population. There is evidence that the control of smooth muscle cell differentiation by MiR-1 may be mediated by the down regulation of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), since a MiR-1 recognition site is predicted in the 3' UTR of KLF4 and inhibition of MiR-1 results in reversed down-regulation of KLF4 and an inhibition of smooth muscle cell differentiation. A mutation in the 3' UTR of <P> of hPER2 in vitro. The hypophosphorylation of hPER2 disrupts the transcription-translation (negative) feedback loop (TTFL) required for regulating the stable production of hPER2 protein. In a wildtype individual, Per2 mRNA is transcribed and translated to form a PER2 protein. Large concentrations of PER2 protein inhibits further transcription of Per2 mRNA. CK1 regulates PER2 levels by binding to a CK1 binding site on the protein, allowing for phosphorylation which marks the protein for degradation, reducing protein levels. Once proteins become phosphorylated, PER2 levels decrease again, and Per2 mRNA transcription can resume. This negative feedback regulates the levels and expression of these <P> cell fates in the eye, leg, and nervous system of the fly. Dach is a member of the Ski gene family and is involved in eye and organismal development. Dach1 deletion mice exhibit early postnatal death, although no developmental defects were detected in any organ system examined, including kidneys. DACH1 plays an important role on this precursor of cell proliferation in retinal and pituitary.
Restrain of Cancer cell growth. DACH1 protein is able to prevent the proliferation of cancerous cells (lung, breast, prostate) and functions as a repressor of estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer cells.
Transcription. DACH1 conducts transcriptional function <P> loops, CK1ε periodically binds to and phosphorylates the PER proteins (PER1, PER2, and PER3), which form heterodimers with each other and interact with CRY1 and CRY2. The effects of phosphorylation are two-fold. It has been shown in Drosophila that phosphorylation of the PER proteins increase their ubiquitination, which leads to degradation. Phosphorylation of the PER proteins also leaves them unable to enter the nucleus, where they suppress transcription of clock genes. The blocking of nuclear translocation occurs via phosphorylation of PER at the nuclear localization signal, which masks the signal and prevents nuclear entry. However, this CK1ε-mediated constraint to the <P> protein and the sgRNA can be directly introduced into fertilized zygotes to achieve the desired gene modifications when creating transgenic models in rodents. This allows bypassing of the usual cell targeting stage in generating transgenic lines, and as a result, it reduces generation time by 90%.
One potential that CRISPR brings with its effectiveness is the application of xenotransplantation. In previous research trials, CRISPR demonstrated the ability to target and eliminate endogenous retroviruses, which reduces the risk of transmitting diseases and reduces immune barriers. Eliminating these problems improves donor organ function, which brings this application closer to a reality.
In plants, genome <P> avoid its activity unless absolutely necessary for survival of the cell. Pol V's strict regulation stems from its poor replication fidelity, Pol V is highly mutagenic and it is used as a last resort in DNA repair mechanisms. As such, the expression of the UmuD'2C complex takes 45–50 minutes after UV radiation exposure. Transcriptional regulation Transcription of the SOS response genes is negatively regulated by the LexA repressor. LexA binds to the promoter of the UmuDC operon and inhibits gene transcription. DNA damage in the cell leads to the formation of RecA*. RecA* interacts with LexA and stimulates its proteolytic <P> to control tissue cell mass influencing both its mitotic and apoptotic (see Apoptosis) activities tissue-specifically. In case if TAS effectors form CURD phase of metabolism stimulation one should expect acceleration of proliferative (see Proliferation) pool cells passage through mitotic cycle (MC). Herewith there will be also an acceleration of cells maturation and ageing. This will provoke an increase of both mitotic and apoptotic activity in tissue. On the contrary, formation of CURD phase of metabolism protective inhibition should result in opposite results – an inhibition of all mentioned processes and, as a result, to inhibition of both mitotic and apoptotic <P> In addition, mice lacking Cry1 or Cry2 genes exhibit differentially altered free running periods, but are still capable of photoentrainment. However, mice that lack both Cry1 and Cry2 are arrhythmic in both LD and DD and always have high Per1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that cryptochromes play a photoreceptive role, as well as acting as negative regulators of Per gene expression in mice. In Drosophila In Drosophila, cryptochrome functions as a blue light photoreceptor. Exposure to blue light induces a conformation similar to that of the always-active CRY mutant with a C-terminal deletion (CRYΔ). The half-life of this conformation <P> by simultaneous accumulation of RNF8 protein and the DNA repair protein NBS1 which bind to MDC1 as MDC1 attaches to γH2AX. RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4 protein, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD. CHD4 accumulation at the site of the double-strand break is rapid, with half-maximum accumulation occurring by 40 seconds after irradiation.
The fast initial chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage (with rapid initiation of DNA repair) is followed by a slow recondensation, with chromatin recovering a compaction state close to its predamage level in ∼ 20 min. Cancer <P> (wild-type) bone marrow into a Hoxb8 mutant mouse results in a reduction of compulsive grooming. <P> Tryptophan repressor Mechanism When the amino acid tryptophan is in plentiful supply in the cell, trpR binds 2 molecules of tryptophan, which alters its structure and dynamics so that it becomes able to bind to operator DNA. When this occurs, transcription of the DNA is prevented, suppressing the products of the gene - proteins which make more tryptophan. When the cellular levels of tryptophan decline, the tryptophan molecules on the repressor fall off, allowing the repressor to return to its inactive form.
trpR also controls the regulation of its own production, through regulation of the trpR gene.
The structure <P> Feline sarcoma oncogene Function This gene encodes the human cellular counterpart of a feline sarcoma retrovirus protein with transforming capabilities. The gene product has tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity and that activity is required for maintenance of cellular transformation. Its chromosomal location has linked it to a specific translocation event identified in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia but it is also involved in normal hematopoiesis. A truncated transcript has been identified that is generated utilizing a start site in one of the far downstream exons but a protein product associated with this transcript has not been identified. Interactions Feline sarcoma oncogene | answer: Viruses are tiny machines which have evolved up around us to insert themselves into our DNA and start churning out copies of themselves. They are really good at what they do. It's actually believed that around 70% of our DNA is fragments of ancient viruses which got in, didn't kill us, and never left.If viruses are cellular hijackers, then we have figured out how to be virus hijackers. It's surprisingly easy to cut viral DNA at the exact spots we want to keep the part which inserts itself and replaces the part that hijacks the cell with whatever we want. We've been able to do that for decades. The tricky bit has been figuring out how to design a gene which fixes a problem we want to fix without breaking anything else. In addition, you have to do this in ways which dodge a ludicrously paranoid immune system which has spent literally billions of years fighting viruses, bacteria, blood transfusions you need to live, and occasionally itself. We're essentially trying to edit spaghetti code with no annotations, written in a foreign language which doesn't even have normal human conventions, and where literally everything in the entire string has a good chance of affecting literally anything else. It's...hard. |
169,599 | 27yv3m | "how can some companies refuse to accept cash? what happened to \"good for all debts public and priv(...TRUNCATED) | "Cash is \" legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and due\" but there are no laws (at l(...TRUNCATED) | ["Cash is \" legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and due\" but there are no laws (at (...TRUNCATED) | 2 | [] | 0 | "<P> at any time to surrender the goods that are subject to the credit agreement, whether or not the(...TRUNCATED) | "question: how can some companies refuse to accept cash? what happened to \"good for all debts publi(...TRUNCATED) | "answer: Cash is \" legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and due\" but there are no la(...TRUNCATED) |
131,904 | y94tj | "I understand the basics of the gyroscopes but how is it they are used in guidance systems, how is i(...TRUNCATED) | "The best way I've seen it explained, is this.Basically, you have a number of different sensors work(...TRUNCATED) | ["The best way I've seen it explained, is this.\n\nBasically, you have a number of different sensors(...TRUNCATED) | 1 | ["The best way I've seen it explained, is this.\n\nBasically, you have a number of different sensors(...TRUNCATED) | 1 | "<P> with. Quaternions offer a decent compromise in that they do not suffer from gimbal lock, and o(...TRUNCATED) | "question: I understand the basics of the gyroscopes but how is it they are used in guidance systems(...TRUNCATED) | "answer: The best way I've seen it explained, is this.Basically, you have a number of different sens(...TRUNCATED) |
98,347 | b406mx | "how does the automatic shutoff/ restart function on many newer cars work? does it provide any actua(...TRUNCATED) | "Fuel savings. The engine is designed to require minimal effort to start, thus shutting off the en(...TRUNCATED) | ["Fuel savings. The engine is designed to require minimal effort to start, thus shutting off the e(...TRUNCATED) | 1 | ["Fuel savings. The engine is designed to require minimal effort to start, thus shutting off the e(...TRUNCATED) | 1 | "<P> Electronic throttle control Failure modes There is no mechanical linkage between the accelerato(...TRUNCATED) | "question: how does the automatic shutoff/ restart function on many newer cars work? does it provide(...TRUNCATED) | "answer: Fuel savings. The engine is designed to require minimal effort to start, thus shutting of(...TRUNCATED) |
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