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outliers : data values that are significantly different from the other data values in a dataset
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/9-key-terms
Pareto chart : a type of bar chart where the bars are arranged in order of decreasing height
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/9-key-terms
Poisson distribution : a probability distribution for discrete random variables used to calculate probabilities for a certain number of successes in a specific interval
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/9-key-terms
quartiles : numbers that divide an ordered dataset into quarters; the second quartile is the same as the median
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/9-key-terms
scatterplot (or scatter diagram) : a graphical display that shows the relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/9-key-terms
spatial heatmap : a data visualization method used to represent the density or intensity of data points within a geographical area using coloring and shading to represent densities of various attributes
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/9-key-terms
univariate data : observations recorded for a single characteristic or attribute
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/9-key-terms
actionable advice : recommendations or guidance in a report, particularly in an executive summary, providing practical ways to apply the report's findings or insights
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
alt text : brief descriptions of images that accompany the image or may be embedded within the image data, meant to aid readers who are not able to view the images and graphics due to disability or other limitations
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
assumption : statement that is thought to be true without being verified or proven; foundational hypotheses or beliefs about the structure, relationships, or distribution of data that guide the analytical approach and model selection for a project
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
audience : the person or group that will be reading the report
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
bootstrap samples : multiple samples taken from a dataset with duplicates permitted
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
codebook : data dictionary to detail the variables, their units, values, and labels within the dataset used in the project
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
constraint : limitation or restriction that is imposed on a project or its solution
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
cross-validation : validation method that divides the training set into multiple subsets and iteratively trains and evaluates the model on different combinations of these subsets
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
executive (or data) dashboard : a visual representation tool designed to provide a quick, real-time overview of an organization's key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics to senior management, often updated in real time or at regular intervals
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
executive summary : concise, standalone document that encapsulates the essence of a data science report
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
executives : decision-makers such as managers, CEOs, or others who may not have detailed technical knowledge but need an understanding of the implications of the information for strategic decision-making
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
experts : individuals with an advanced understanding of the subject matter, often with specialized knowledge or education in the topic at hand
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
fold : one of a set of equally sized subsets used in k-fold cross-validation
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
hyperparameter tuning : fine-tuning of certain constants that affect the performance of a model
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
jargon : specialized and/or technical terms in a given field
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
k-fold cross-validation : cross-validation strategy that works by dividing the dataset intokkequally sized subsets or folds, where the model is trained onk−1k−1of the folds and tested on the remaining fold, a process that is repeatedkktimes with each fold serving as the test set once
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
key performance indicators (KPIs) : quantifiable metrics used to evaluate the success of an organization, employee, or process in achieving specific objectives and goals
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
layered approach : writing strategy in which a report is organized into sections or appendices that provide different levels of detail and complexity for different audiences
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) : special case of k-fold cross-validation wherekkis set to the number of data points in the dataset so that the model is trained on all data points except one, which is used as the validation set, and this process is repeated for each data point in the dataset
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
mean percentage error (MPE) : average of the percentage errors between predicted(y^i)(y^i)and actual(yi)(yi)value:MPE=1n∑i=1nyi−y^iyiMPE=1n∑i=1nyi−y^iyi
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
Monte Carlo simulation : random sampling and statistical modeling to estimate the probability of different outcomes under uncertainty
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
multi-way sensitivity analysis : explores the effects of simultaneous changes in multiple input parameters on the outcome
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
neurodiversity : normal variation of individual cognitive abilities, especially in realms of communication and processing in formation
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
nonspecialists : nonexpert audience without specialized knowledge of the subject but with some need to understand the basics of a data science report for a particular reason
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
one-way sensitivity analysis : examines how changes in one input parameter at a time affect the outcome of a model
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
scenario analysis : evaluates the outcomes under different predefined sets of input parameters, representing possible future states or scenarios
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
sensitivity analysis : technique used to determine how different values of an independent variable affect a particular dependent variable under a given set of assumptions
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
technicians : practical users of information in a data science report who may apply the knowledge in a hands-on manner
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
validation : evaluation of multiple predictive models and/or hyperparameter tuning
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms
version control system : a software tool that helps keep track of changes to files, code, or any type of digital content over time
https://openstax.org/books/principles-data-science/pages/10-key-terms