text stringlengths 2 2.33k | source stringclasses 826
values |
|---|---|
index of refraction : for a material, the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in a material | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
law of reflection : angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
law of refraction : when a light ray crosses from one medium to another, it changes direction by an amount that depends on the index of refraction of each medium and the sines of the angle of incidence and angle of refraction | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
Malusâs law : whereI0I0is the intensity of the polarized wave before passing through the filter | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
optically active : substances that rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
polarization : attribute that wave oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
polarized : refers to waves having the electric and magnetic field oscillations in a definite direction | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
ray : straight line that originates at some point | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
refraction : changing of a light rayâs direction when it passes through variations in matter | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
total internal reflection : phenomenon at the boundary between two media such that all the light is reflected and no refraction occurs | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
unpolarized : refers to waves that are randomly polarized | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
vertically polarized : oscillations are in a vertical plane | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
wave optics : part of optics dealing with the wave aspect of light | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-key-terms |
The speed of light in a vacuum isc=2.99792458Ã108m/sâ3.00Ã108m/sc=2.99792458Ã108m/sâ3.00Ã108m/s. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The index of refraction of a material isn=c/v,n=c/v,wherevis the speed of light in a material andcis the speed of light in a vacuum. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The ray model of light describes the path of light as straight lines. The part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Light can travel in three ways from a source to another location: (1) directly from the source through empty space; (2) through various media; and (3) after being reflected from a mirror. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
When a light ray strikes a smooth surface, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
A mirror has a smooth surface and reflects light at specific angles. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Light is diffused when it reflects from a rough surface. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The change of a light rayâs direction when it passes through variations in matter is called refraction. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The law of refraction, also called Snellâs law, relates the indices of refraction for two media at an interface to the change in angle of a light ray passing through that interface. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The incident angle that produces an angle of refraction of90°90°is called the critical angle. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that occurs at the boundary between two media, such that if the incident angle in the first medium is greater than the critical angle, then all the light is reflected back into that medium. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Fiber optics involves the transmission of light down fibers of plastic or glass, applying the principle of total internal reflection. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Cladding prevents light from being transmitted between fibers in a bundle. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Diamonds sparkle due to total internal reflection coupled with a large index of refraction. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths is called dispersion. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Rainbows are produced by a combination of refraction and reflection, and involve the dispersion of sunlight into a continuous distribution of colors. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Dispersion produces beautiful rainbows but also causes problems in certain optical systems. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
According to Huygensâs principle, every point on a wave front is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as the wave itself. The new wave front is tangent to all of the wavelets. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
A mirror reflects an incoming wave at an angle equal to the incident angle, verifying the law of reflection. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The law of refraction can be explained by applying Huygensâs principle to a wave front passing from one medium to another. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The bending of a wave around the edges of an opening or an obstacle is called diffraction. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Polarization is the attribute that wave oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave. The direction of polarization is defined to be the direction parallel to the electric field of the EM wave. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Unpolarized light is composed of many rays having random polarization directions. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Unpolarized light can be polarized by passing it through a polarizing filter or other polarizing material. The process of polarizing light decreases its intensity by a factor of 2. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
The intensity,I, of polarized light after passing through a polarizing filter isI=I0cos2θI=I0cos2θ, whereI0I0is the incident intensity andθθis the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of the filter. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Polarization is also produced by reflection. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Brewsterâs law states that reflected light is completely polarized at the angle of reflectionθbθb, known as Brewsterâs angle. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Polarization can also be produced by scattering. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
Several types of optically active substances rotate the direction of polarization of light passing through them. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-summary |
d o = â d i d o = â d i | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
f = R 2 f = R 2 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
1 d o + 1 d i = 1 f 1 d o + 1 d i = 1 f | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
m = h i h o = â d i d o m = h i h o = â d i d o | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
+ for concave mirror â for convex mirror + for concave mirror â for convex mirror | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
+ for real object â for virtual object + for real object â for virtual object | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
+ for real image â for virtual image + for real image â for virtual image | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
+ for upright image â for inverted image + for upright image â for inverted image | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
h i = ( n 2 n 1 ) h o h i = ( n 2 n 1 ) h o | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
n 1 d o + n 2 d i = n 2 â n 1 R n 1 d o + n 2 d i = n 2 â n 1 R | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
1 d o + 1 d i = 1 f 1 d o + 1 d i = 1 f | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
1 f = ( n 2 n 1 â 1 ) ( 1 R 1 â 1 R 2 ) 1 f = ( n 2 n 1 â 1 ) ( 1 R 1 â 1 R 2 ) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
m â¡ h i h o = â d i d o m â¡ h i h o = â d i d o | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
P = 1 f P = 1 f | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
P total = P lens 1 + P lens 2 + P lens 3 + ⯠P total = P lens 1 + P lens 2 + P lens 3 + ⯠| https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
M = θ image θ object M = θ image θ object | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
M = ( 25 cm L ) ( 1 + L â â f ) M = ( 25 cm L ) ( 1 + L â â f ) | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
25 cm f ⤠M ⤠1 + 25 cm f 25 cm f ⤠M ⤠1 + 25 cm f | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
M net = m obj M eye = â d i obj ( f eye + 25 cm ) f obj f eye M net = m obj M eye = â d i obj ( f eye + 25 cm ) f obj f eye | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-equations |
aberration : distortion in an image caused by departures from the small-angle approximation | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
accommodation : use of the ciliary muscles to adjust the shape of the eye lens for focusing on near or far objects | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
angular magnification : ratio of the angle subtended by an object observed with a magnifier to that observed by the naked eye | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
apparent depth : depth at which an object is perceived to be located with respect to an interface between two media | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
Cassegrain design : arrangement of an objective and eyepiece such that the light-gathering concave mirror has a hole in the middle, and light then is incident on an eyepiece lens | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
charge-coupled device (CCD) : semiconductor chip that converts a light image into tiny pixels that can be converted into electronic signals of color and intensity | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
coma : similar to spherical aberration, but arises when the incoming rays are not parallel to the optical axis | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
compound microscope : microscope constructed from two convex lenses, the first serving as the eyepiece and the second serving as the objective lens | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
concave mirror : spherical mirror with its reflecting surface on the inner side of the sphere; the mirror forms a âcaveâ | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
converging (or convex) lens : lens in which light rays that enter it parallel converge into a single point on the opposite side | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
convex mirror : spherical mirror with its reflecting surface on the outer side of the sphere | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
curved mirror : mirror formed by a curved surface, such as spherical, elliptical, or parabolic | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
diverging (or concave) lens : lens that causes light rays to bend away from its optical axis | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
eyepiece : lens or combination of lenses in an optical instrument nearest to the eye of the observer | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
far point : furthest point an eye can see in focus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
farsightedness (or hyperopia) : visual defect in which near objects appear blurred because their images are focused behind the retina rather than on the retina; a farsighted person can see far objects clearly but near objects appear blurred | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
first focus or object focus : object located at this point will result in an image created at infinity on the opposite side of a spherical interface between two media | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
focal length : distance along the optical axis from the focal point to the optical element that focuses the light rays | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
focal plane : plane that contains the focal point and is perpendicular to the optical axis | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
focal point : for a converging lens or mirror, the point at which converging light rays cross; for a diverging lens or mirror, the point from which diverging light rays appear to originate | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
image distance : distance of the image from the central axis of the optical element that produces the image | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
linear magnification : ratio of image height to object height | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
magnification : ratio of image size to object size | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
near point : closest point an eye can see in focus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
nearsightedness (or myopia) : visual defect in which far objects appear blurred because their images are focused in front of the retina rather than on the retina; a nearsighted person can see near objects clearly but far objects appear blurred | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
net magnification : (MnetMnet) of the compound microscope is the product of the linear magnification of the objective and the angular magnification of the eyepiece | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
Newtonian design : arrangement of an objective and eyepiece such that the focused light from the concave mirror was reflected to one side of the tube into an eyepiece | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
object distance : distance of the object from the central axis of the optical element that produces its image | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
objective : lens nearest to the object being examined. | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
optical axis : axis about which the mirror is rotationally symmetric; you can rotate the mirror about this axis without changing anything | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
optical power : (P) inverse of the focal length of a lens, with the focal length expressed in meters. The optical powerPof a lens is expressed in units of diopters D; that is,1D=1/m=1mâ11D=1/m=1mâ1 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
plane mirror : plane (flat) reflecting surface | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
ray tracing : technique that uses geometric constructions to find and characterize the image formed by an optical system | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
real image : image that can be projected onto a screen because the rays physically go through the image | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
second focus or image focus : for a converging interface, the point where a bundle of parallel rays refracting at a spherical interface; for a diverging interface, the point at which the backward continuation of the refracted rays will converge between two media will focus | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
simple magnifier (or magnifying glass) : converging lens that produces a virtual image of an object that is within the focal length of the lens | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
small-angle approximation : approximation that is valid when the size of a spherical mirror is significantly smaller than the mirrorâs radius; in this approximation, spherical aberration is negligible and the mirror has a well-defined focal point | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
spherical aberration : distortion in the image formed by a spherical mirror when rays are not all focused at the same point | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
thin-lens approximation : assumption that the lens is very thin compared to the first image distance | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-key-terms |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.