text
stringlengths
2
2.33k
source
stringclasses
826 values
Fundamental Counting Principle : if one event can occur inmmways and a second event can occur innnways after the first event has occurred, then the two events can occur inm×nm×nways; also known as the Multiplication Principle
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
geometric sequence : a sequence in which the ratio of a term to a previous term is a constant
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
geometric series : the sum of the terms in a geometric sequence
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
index of summation : in summation notation, the variable used in the explicit formula for the terms of a series and written below the sigma with the lower limit of summation
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
infinite sequence : a function whose domain is the set of positive integers
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
infinite series : the sum of the terms in an infinite sequence
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
lower limit of summation : the number used in the explicit formula to find the first term in a series
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
Multiplication Principle : if one event can occur inmmways and a second event can occur innnways after the first event has occurred, then the two events can occur inm×nm×nways; also known as the Fundamental Counting Principle
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
mutually exclusive events : events that have no outcomes in common
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
n factorial : the product of all the positive integers from 1 tonn
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
nth partial sum : the sum of the firstnnterms of a sequence
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
nth term of a sequence : a formula for the general term of a sequence
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
outcomes : the possible results of an experiment
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
permutation : a selection of objects in which order matters
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
probability : a number from 0 to 1 indicating the likelihood of an event
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
probability model : a mathematical description of an experiment listing all possible outcomes and their associated probabilities
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
recursive formula : a formula that defines each term of a sequence using previous term(s)
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
sample space : the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
sequence : a function whose domain is a subset of the positive integers
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
series : the sum of the terms in a sequence
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
summation notation : a notation for series using the Greek letter sigma; it includes an explicit formula and specifies the first and last terms in the series
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
term : a number in a sequence
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
union of two events : the event that occurs if either or both events occur
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
upper limit of summation : the number used in the explicit formula to find the last term in a series
https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/13-key-terms
A function is a mapping from a set of inputs to a set of outputs with exactly one output for each input.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
If no domain is stated for a functiony=f(x),y=f(x),the domain is considered to be the set of all real numbersxxfor which the function is defined.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
When sketching the graph of a functionf,f,each vertical line may intersect the graph, at most, once.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
A function may have any number of zeros, but it has, at most, oney-intercept.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
To define the compositiong∘f,g∘f,the range offfmust be contained in the domain ofg.g.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
Even functions are symmetric about theyy-axis whereas odd functions are symmetric about the origin.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The power functionf(x)=xnf(x)=xnis an even function ifnnis even andnâ‰0,nâ‰0,and it is an odd function ifnnis odd.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The root functionf(x)=x1/nf(x)=x1/nhas the domain[0,∞)[0,∞)ifnnis even and the domain(−∞,∞)(−∞,∞)ifnnis odd. Ifnnis odd, thenf(x)=x1/nf(x)=x1/nis an odd function.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The domain of the rational functionf(x)=p(x)/q(x),f(x)=p(x)/q(x),wherep(x)p(x)andq(x)q(x)are polynomial functions, is the set ofxxsuch thatq(x)â‰0.q(x)â‰0.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
Functions that involve the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and powers are algebraic functions. All other functions are transcendental. Trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions are examples of transcendental functions.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
A polynomial functionffwith degreen≥1n≥1satisfiesf(x)→±∞f(x)→±∞asx→±∞.x→±∞.The sign of the output asx→∞x→∞depends on the sign of the leading coefficient only and on whethernnis even or odd.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
Vertical and horizontal shifts, vertical and horizontal scalings, and reflections about thexx- andyy-axes are examples of transformations of functions.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
Radian measure is defined such that the angle associated with the arc of length 1 on the unit circle has radian measure 1. An angle with a degree measure of180°180°has a radian measure ofππrad.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
For acute anglesθ,θ,the values of the trigonometric functions are defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle in which one of the acute angles isθ.θ.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
For a general angleθ,θ,let(x,y)(x,y)be a point on a circle of radiusrrcorresponding to this angleθ.θ.The trigonometric functions can be written as ratios involvingx,y,x,y,andr.r.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The trigonometric functions are periodic. The sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant functions have period2π.2π.The tangent and cotangent functions have periodπ.π.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
For a function to have an inverse, the function must be one-to-one. Given the graph of a function, we can determine whether the function is one-to-one by using the horizontal line test.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
If a function is not one-to-one, we can restrict the domain to a smaller domain where the function is one-to-one and then define the inverse of the function on the smaller domain.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
For a functionffand its inversef−1,f(f−1(x))=xf−1,f(f−1(x))=xfor allxxin the domain off−1f−1andf−1(f(x))=xf−1(f(x))=xfor allxxin the domain off.f.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
Since the trigonometric functions are periodic, we need to restrict their domains to define the inverse trigonometric functions.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The graph of a functionffand its inversef−1f−1are symmetric about the liney=x.y=x.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The exponential functiony=bxy=bxis increasing ifb>1b>1and decreasing if0<b<1.0<b<1.Its domain is(−∞,∞)(−∞,∞)and its range is(0,∞).(0,∞).
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The logarithmic functiony=logb(x)y=logb(x)is the inverse ofy=bx.y=bx.Its domain is(0,∞)(0,∞)and its range is(−∞,∞).(−∞,∞).
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The natural exponential function isy=exy=exand the natural logarithmic function isy=lnx=logex.y=lnx=logex.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
Given an exponential function or logarithmic function in basea,a,we can make a change of base to convert this function to any baseb>0,bâ‰1.b>0,bâ‰1.We typically convert to basee.e.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
The hyperbolic functions involve combinations of the exponential functionsexexande−x.e−x.As a result, the inverse hyperbolic functions involve the natural logarithm.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-concepts
( g ∘ f ) ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) ( g ∘ f ) ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-equations
f ( x ) = { − x , x < 0 x , x ≥ 0 f ( x ) = { − x , x < 0 x , x ≥ 0
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-equations
y − y 1 = m ( x − x 1 ) y − y 1 = m ( x − x 1 )
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-equations
y = m x + b y = m x + b
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-equations
a x + b y = c a x + b y = c
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-equations
f ( x ) = a n x n + a n − 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + a 1 x + a 0 f ( x ) = a n x n + a n − 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + a 1 x + a 0
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-equations
f ( x ) = A sin ( B ( x − α ) ) + C f ( x ) = A sin ( B ( x − α ) ) + C
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-equations
f −1 ( f ( x ) ) = x for all x in D , and f ( f −1 ( y ) ) = y for all y in R . f −1 ( f ( x ) ) = x for all x in D , and f ( f −1 ( y ) ) = y for all y in R .
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-equations
absolute value function : f(x)={−x,x<0x,x≥0f(x)={−x,x<0x,x≥0
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
algebraic function : a function involving any combination of only the basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, and roots applied to an input variablexx
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
base : the numberbbin the exponential functionf(x)=bxf(x)=bxand the logarithmic functionf(x)=logbxf(x)=logbx
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
composite function : given two functionsffandg,g,a new function, denotedg∘f,g∘f,such that(g∘f)(x)=g(f(x))(g∘f)(x)=g(f(x))
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
cubic function : a polynomial of degree 3; that is, a function of the formf(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+d,f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+d,whereaâ‰0aâ‰0
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
decreasing on the intervalII : a function decreasing on the intervalIIif, for allx1,x2∈I,f(x1)≥f(x2)x1,x2∈I,f(x1)≥f(x2)ifx1<x2x1<x2
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
degree : for a polynomial function, the value of the largest exponent of any term
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
dependent variable : the output variable for a function
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
domain : the set of inputs for a function
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
even function : a function is even iff(−x)=f(x)f(−x)=f(x)for allxxin the domain offf
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
exponent : the valuexxin the expressionbxbx
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
function : a set of inputs, a set of outputs, and a rule for mapping each input to exactly one output
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
graph of a function : the set of points(x,y)(x,y)such thatxxis in the domain offfandy=f(x)y=f(x)
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
horizontal line test : a functionffis one-to-one if and only if every horizontal line intersects the graph off,f,at most, once
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
hyperbolic functions : the functions denotedsinh,cosh,tanh,csch,sech,sinh,cosh,tanh,csch,sech,andcoth,coth,which involve certain combinations ofexexande−xe−x
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
increasing on the intervalII : a function increasing on the intervalIIif for allx1,x2∈I,f(x1)≤f(x2)x1,x2∈I,f(x1)≤f(x2)ifx1<x2x1<x2
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
independent variable : the input variable for a function
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
inverse function : for a functionf,f,the inverse functionf−1f−1satisfiesf−1(y)=xf−1(y)=xiff(x)=yf(x)=y
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
inverse hyperbolic functions : the inverses of the hyperbolic functions wherecoshcoshandsechsechare restricted to the domain[0,∞);[0,∞);each of these functions can be expressed in terms of a composition of the natural logarithm function and an algebraic function
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
inverse trigonometric functions : the inverses of the trigonometric functions are defined on restricted domains where they are one-to-one functions
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
linear function : a function that can be written in the formf(x)=mx+bf(x)=mx+b
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
logarithmic function : a function of the formf(x)=logb(x)f(x)=logb(x)for some baseb>0,bâ‰1b>0,bâ‰1such thaty=logb(x)y=logb(x)if and only ifby=xby=x
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
mathematical model : A method of simulating real-life situations with mathematical equations
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
natural exponential function : the functionf(x)=exf(x)=ex
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
natural logarithm : the functionlnx=logexlnx=logex
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
number e : asmmgets larger, the quantity(1+(1/m))m(1+(1/m))mgets closer to some real number; we define that real number to bee;e;the value ofeeis approximately2.7182822.718282
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
odd function : a function is odd iff(−x)=−f(x)f(−x)=−f(x)for allxxin the domain offf
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
one-to-one function : a functionffis one-to-one iff(x1)â‰f(x2)f(x1)â‰f(x2)ifx1â‰x2x1â‰x2
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
periodic function : a function is periodic if it has a repeating pattern as the values ofxxmove from left to right
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
piecewise-defined function : a function that is defined differently on different parts of its domain
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
point-slope equation : equation of a linear function indicating its slope and a point on the graph of the function
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
polynomial function : a function of the formf(x)=anxn+an−1xn−1+…+a1x+a0f(x)=anxn+an−1xn−1+…+a1x+a0
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
power function : a function of the formf(x)=xnf(x)=xnfor any positive integern≥1n≥1
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
quadratic function : a polynomial of degree 2; that is, a function of the formf(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x)=ax2+bx+cwhereaâ‰0aâ‰0
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
radians : for a circular arc of lengthsson a circle of radius 1, the radian measure of the associated angleθθisss
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
range : the set of outputs for a function
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
rational function : a function of the formf(x)=p(x)/q(x),f(x)=p(x)/q(x),wherep(x)p(x)andq(x)q(x)are polynomials
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
restricted domain : a subset of the domain of a functionff
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
root function : a function of the formf(x)=x1/nf(x)=x1/nfor any integern≥2n≥2
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
slope : the change inyfor each unit change inx
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
slope-intercept form : equation of a linear function indicating its slope andy-intercept
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms
symmetry about the origin : the graph of a functionffis symmetric about the origin if(−x,−y)(−x,−y)is on the graph offfwhenever(x,y)(x,y)is on the graph
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/1-key-terms