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Step 1.Find two factors whose product is the given number, and use these numbers to create two branches.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.If a factor is prime, that branch is complete. Circle the prime, like a bud on the tree.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.If a factor is not prime, write it as the product of two factors and continue the process.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Write the composite number as the product of all the circled primes.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Find the Least Common Multiple by Listing MultiplesStep 1.List several multiples of each number.Step 2.Look for the smallest number that appears on both lists.Step 3.This number is the LCM.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.List several multiples of each number.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Look for the smallest number that appears on both lists.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.This number is the LCM.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Find the Least Common Multiple Using the Prime Factors MethodStep 1.Write each number as a product of primes.Step 2.List the primes of each number. Match primes vertically when possible.Step 3.Bring down the columns.Step 4.Multiply the factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Write each number as a product of primes.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.List the primes of each number. Match primes vertically when possible.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Bring down the columns.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Multiply the factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Notation                      The result is…∘a+bthe sum ofaandb∘a−bthe difference ofaandb∘a·b,ab,(a)(b)(a)b,a(b)the product ofaandb∘a÷b,a/b,ab,bathe quotient ofaandb∘a+bthe sum ofaandb∘a−bthe difference ofaandb∘a·b,ab,(a)(b)(a)b,a(b)the product ofaandbâ...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Inequality∘a<bis read“ais less thanb”ais to the left ofbon the number line∘a>bis read“ais greater thanb”ais to the right ofbon the number line∘a<bis read“ais less thanb”ais to the left ofbon the number line∘a>bis read“ais greater thanb”ais to the right ofbon the number line
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Inequality Symbols                 Words∘aâ‰baisnot equal tob∘a<baisless thanb∘a≤baisless than or equal tob∘a>baisgreater thanb∘a≥baisgreater than or equal tob∘aâ‰baisnot equal tob∘a<baisless thanb∘a≤baisless than or equal tob∘a>baisgreater thanb∘a≥baisgreat...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Grouping SymbolsParentheses()()Brackets[][]Braces{}{}
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Parentheses()()
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Brackets[][]
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Braces{}{}
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Exponential Notationananmeans multiplyaaby itself,nntimes. The expressionananis readaato thenthnthpower.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
ananmeans multiplyaaby itself,nntimes. The expressionananis readaato thenthnthpower.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Order of Operations:When simplifying mathematical expressions perform the operations in the following order:Step 1.Parentheses and other Grouping Symbols: Simplify all expressions inside the parentheses or other grouping symbols, working on the innermost parentheses first.Step 2.Exponents: Simplify all expressions with...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Parentheses and other Grouping Symbols: Simplify all expressions inside the parentheses or other grouping symbols, working on the innermost parentheses first.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Exponents: Simplify all expressions with exponents.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Multiplication and Division: Perform all multiplication and division in order from left to right. These operations have equal priority.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Addition and Subtraction: Perform all addition and subtraction in order from left to right. These operations have equal priority.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Combine Like TermsStep 1.Identify like terms.Step 2.Rearrange the expression so like terms are together.Step 3.Add or subtract the coefficients and keep the same variable for each group of like terms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Identify like terms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Rearrange the expression so like terms are together.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Add or subtract the coefficients and keep the same variable for each group of like terms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Addition of Positive and Negative Integers5+3−5+(−3)8−8both positive,both negative,sum positivesum negative−5+35+(−3)−22different signs,different signs,more negativesmore positivessum negativesum positive5+3−5+(−3)8−8both positive,both negative,sum positivesum negative−5+35+(−3)−22different sign...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Property of Absolute Value:|n|≥0|n|≥0for all numbers. Absolute values are always greater than or equal to zero!
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Subtraction of Integers5−3−5−(−3)2−25positives5negativestake away3positivestake away3negatives2 positives2 negatives−5−35−(−3)−885negatives, want to5positives, want tosubtract3positivessubtract3negativesneed neutral pairsneed neutral pairs5−3−5−(−3)2−25positives5negativestake away3positive...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Subtraction Property:Subtracting a number is the same as adding its opposite.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Multiplication and Division of Two Signed NumbersSame signs—Product is positiveDifferent signs—Product is negative
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Same signs—Product is positive
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Different signs—Product is negative
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Strategy for ApplicationsStep 1.Identify what you are asked to find.Step 2.Write a phrase that gives the information to find it.Step 3.Translate the phrase to an expression.Step 4.Simplify the expression.Step 5.Answer the question with a complete sentence.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Identify what you are asked to find.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Write a phrase that gives the information to find it.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Translate the phrase to an expression.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Simplify the expression.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 5.Answer the question with a complete sentence.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Equivalent Fractions Property:Ifa,b,ca,b,care numbers wherebâ‰0,câ‰0,bâ‰0,câ‰0,thenab=a·cb·cab=a·cb·canda·cb·c=ab.a·cb·c=ab.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Fraction Division:Ifa,b,candda,b,canddare numbers wherebâ‰0,câ‰0,anddâ‰0,bâ‰0,câ‰0,anddâ‰0,thenab÷cd=ab·dc.ab÷cd=ab·dc.To divide fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Fraction Multiplication:Ifa,b,candda,b,canddare numbers wherebâ‰0,anddâ‰0,bâ‰0,anddâ‰0,thenab·cd=acbd.ab·cd=acbd.To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Placement of Negative Sign in a Fraction:For any positive numbersaandb,aandb,−ab=a−b=−ab.−ab=a−b=−ab.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Property of One:aa=1;aa=1;Any number, except zero, divided by itself is one.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Simplify a FractionStep 1.Rewrite the numerator and denominator to show the common factors. If needed, factor the numerator and denominator into prime numbers first.Step 2.Simplify using the equivalent fractions property by dividing out common factors.Step 3.Multiply any remaining factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Rewrite the numerator and denominator to show the common factors. If needed, factor the numerator and denominator into prime numbers first.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Simplify using the equivalent fractions property by dividing out common factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Multiply any remaining factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Simplify an Expression with a Fraction BarStep 1.Simplify the expression in the numerator. Simplify the expression in the denominator.Step 2.Simplify the fraction.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Simplify the expression in the numerator. Simplify the expression in the denominator.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Simplify the fraction.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Fraction Addition and Subtraction:Ifa,b,andca,b,andcare numbers wherecâ‰0,câ‰0,thenac+bc=a+bcac+bc=a+bcandac−bc=a−bc.ac−bc=a−bc.To add or subtract fractions, add or subtract the numerators and place the result over the common denominator.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Strategy for Adding or Subtracting FractionsStep 1.Do they have a common denominator?Yes—go to step 2.No—Rewrite each fraction with the LCD (Least Common Denominator). Find the LCD. Change each fraction into an equivalent fraction with the LCD as its denominator.Step 2.Add or subtract the fractions.Step 3.Simplify,...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Do they have a common denominator?Yes—go to step 2.No—Rewrite each fraction with the LCD (Least Common Denominator). Find the LCD. Change each fraction into an equivalent fraction with the LCD as its denominator.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Add or subtract the fractions.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Simplify, if possible. To multiply or divide fractions, an LCD IS NOT needed. To add or subtract fractions, an LCD IS needed.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Simplify Complex FractionsStep 1.Simplify the numerator.Step 2.Simplify the denominator.Step 3.Divide the numerator by the denominator. Simplify if possible.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Simplify the numerator.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Simplify the denominator.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Divide the numerator by the denominator. Simplify if possible.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Name a DecimalStep 1.Name the number to the left of the decimal point.Step 2.Write ”and” for the decimal point.Step 3.Name the “number” part to the right of the decimal point as if it were a whole number.Step 4.Name the decimal place of the last digit.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Name the number to the left of the decimal point.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Write ”and” for the decimal point.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Name the “number” part to the right of the decimal point as if it were a whole number.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Name the decimal place of the last digit.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Write a DecimalStep 1.Look for the word ‘and’—it locates the decimal point. Place a decimal point under the word ‘and.’ Translate the words before ‘and’ into the whole number and place it to the left of the decimal point. If there is no “and,” write a “0” with a decimal point to its right.Step 2.M...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Look for the word ‘and’—it locates the decimal point. Place a decimal point under the word ‘and.’ Translate the words before ‘and’ into the whole number and place it to the left of the decimal point. If there is no “and,” write a “0” with a decimal point to its right.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Mark the number of decimal places needed to the right of the decimal point by noting the place value indicated by the last word.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Translate the words after ‘and’ into the number to the right of the decimal point. Write the number in the spaces—putting the final digit in the last place.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Fill in zeros for place holders as needed.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Round a DecimalStep 1.Locate the given place value and mark it with an arrow.Step 2.Underline the digit to the right of the place value.Step 3.Is this digit greater than or equal to 5? Yes—add 1 to the digit in the given place value. No—donotchange the digit in the given place value.Step 4.Rewrite the number, delet...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Locate the given place value and mark it with an arrow.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Underline the digit to the right of the place value.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Is this digit greater than or equal to 5? Yes—add 1 to the digit in the given place value. No—donotchange the digit in the given place value.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Rewrite the number, deleting all digits to the right of the rounding digit.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Add or Subtract DecimalsStep 1.Write the numbers so the decimal points line up vertically.Step 2.Use zeros as place holders, as needed.Step 3.Add or subtract the numbers as if they were whole numbers. Then place the decimal in the answer under the decimal points in the given numbers.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Write the numbers so the decimal points line up vertically.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Use zeros as place holders, as needed.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Add or subtract the numbers as if they were whole numbers. Then place the decimal in the answer under the decimal points in the given numbers.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Multiply DecimalsStep 1.Determine the sign of the product.Step 2.Write in vertical format, lining up the numbers on the right. Multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers, temporarily ignoring the decimal points.Step 3.Place the decimal point. The number of decimal places in the product is the sum of the decimal...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Determine the sign of the product.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Write in vertical format, lining up the numbers on the right. Multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers, temporarily ignoring the decimal points.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Place the decimal point. The number of decimal places in the product is the sum of the decimal places in the factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Write the product with the appropriate sign.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Multiply a Decimal by a Power of TenStep 1.Move the decimal point to the right the same number of places as the number of zeros in the power of 10.Step 2.Add zeros at the end of the number as needed.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Move the decimal point to the right the same number of places as the number of zeros in the power of 10.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Add zeros at the end of the number as needed.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Divide DecimalsStep 1.Determine the sign of the quotient.Step 2.Make the divisor a whole number by “moving” the decimal point all the way to the right. “Move” the decimal point in the dividend the same number of places - adding zeros as needed.Step 3.Divide. Place the decimal point in the quotient above the dec...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Determine the sign of the quotient.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Make the divisor a whole number by “moving” the decimal point all the way to the right. “Move” the decimal point in the dividend the same number of places - adding zeros as needed.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 3.Divide. Place the decimal point in the quotient above the decimal point in the dividend.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 4.Write the quotient with the appropriate sign.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Convert a Decimal to a Proper FractionStep 1.Determine the place value of the final digit.Step 2.Write the fraction: numerator—the ‘numbers’ to the right of the decimal point; denominator—the place value corresponding to the final digit.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 1.Determine the place value of the final digit.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts
Step 2.Write the fraction: numerator—the ‘numbers’ to the right of the decimal point; denominator—the place value corresponding to the final digit.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/1-key-concepts