text
stringlengths
2
2.33k
source
stringclasses
826 values
Thedegree of a constantis 0.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Thedegree of a polynomialis the highest degree of all its terms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Exponential Notation
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Properties of ExponentsIfa,ba,bare real numbers andm,nm,nare whole numbers, thenProduct Propertyam·an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am·nProduct to a Power(ab)m=ambmProduct Propertyam·an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am·nProduct to a Power(ab)m=ambm
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifa,ba,bare real numbers andm,nm,nare whole numbers, thenProduct Propertyam·an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am·nProduct to a Power(ab)m=ambmProduct Propertyam·an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am·nProduct to a Power(ab)m=ambm
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
FOIL Method for Multiplying Two Binomials—To multiply two binomials:Step 1.Multiply theFirstterms.Step 2.Multiply theOuterterms.Step 3.Multiply theInnerterms.Step 4.Multiply theLastterms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 1.Multiply theFirstterms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 2.Multiply theOuterterms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 3.Multiply theInnerterms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 4.Multiply theLastterms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Multiplying Two Binomials—To multiply binomials, use the:Distributive Property (Example 6.34)FOIL Method (Example 6.39)Vertical Method (Example 6.44)
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Distributive Property (Example 6.34)
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
FOIL Method (Example 6.39)
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Vertical Method (Example 6.44)
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Multiplying a Trinomial by a Binomial—To multiply a trinomial by a binomial, use the:Distributive Property (Example 6.45)Vertical Method (Example 6.46)
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Distributive Property (Example 6.45)
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Vertical Method (Example 6.46)
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Binomial Squares PatternIfa,ba,bare real numbers,(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2To square a binomial: square the first term, square the last term, double their product.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifa,ba,bare real numbers,
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2(a−b)2=a2−2ab+b2
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
To square a binomial: square the first term, square the last term, double their product.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Product of Conjugates PatternIfa,ba,bare real numbers,(a−b)(a+b)=a2−b2(a−b)(a+b)=a2−b2The product is called a difference of squares.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifa,ba,bare real numbers,
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
(a−b)(a+b)=a2−b2(a−b)(a+b)=a2−b2
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
The product is called a difference of squares.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
To multiply conjugates:square the first term square the last termwrite it as a difference of squares
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
square the first term square the last termwrite it as a difference of squares
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Quotient Property for Exponents:Ifaais a real number,aâ‰0aâ‰0, andm,nm,nare whole numbers, then:aman=am−n,m>nandaman=1am−n,n>maman=am−n,m>nandaman=1am−n,n>m
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifaais a real number,aâ‰0aâ‰0, andm,nm,nare whole numbers, then:aman=am−n,m>nandaman=1am−n,n>maman=am−n,m>nandaman=1am−n,n>m
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Zero ExponentIfaais a non-zero number, thena0=1a0=1.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifaais a non-zero number, thena0=1a0=1.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Quotient to a Power Property for Exponents:Ifaaandbbare real numbers,bâ‰0,bâ‰0,andmmis a counting number, then:(ab)m=ambm(ab)m=ambmTo raise a fraction to a power, raise the numerator and denominator to that power.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifaaandbbare real numbers,bâ‰0,bâ‰0,andmmis a counting number, then:(ab)m=ambm(ab)m=ambm
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
To raise a fraction to a power, raise the numerator and denominator to that power.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Summary of Exponent PropertiesIfa,ba,bare real numbers andm,nm,nare whole numbers, thenProduct Propertyam·an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am·nProduct to a Power(ab)m=ambmQuotient Propertyaman=am−n,aâ‰0,m>naman=1an−m,aâ‰0,n>mZero Exponent Definitionao=1,aâ‰0Quotient to a Power Property(ab)m=ambm,bâ‰0Product PropertyamÂ...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifa,ba,bare real numbers andm,nm,nare whole numbers, thenProduct Propertyam·an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am·nProduct to a Power(ab)m=ambmQuotient Propertyaman=am−n,aâ‰0,m>naman=1an−m,aâ‰0,n>mZero Exponent Definitionao=1,aâ‰0Quotient to a Power Property(ab)m=ambm,bâ‰0Product Propertyam·an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Fraction AdditionIfa,b,andca,b,andcare numbers wherecâ‰0câ‰0, thenac+bc=a+bcanda+bc=ac+bcac+bc=a+bcanda+bc=ac+bc
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifa,b,andca,b,andcare numbers wherecâ‰0câ‰0, thenac+bc=a+bcanda+bc=ac+bcac+bc=a+bcanda+bc=ac+bc
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Division of a Polynomial by a MonomialTo divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
To divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Property of Negative ExponentsIfnnis a positive integer andaâ‰0aâ‰0, then1a−n=an1a−n=an
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifnnis a positive integer andaâ‰0aâ‰0, then1a−n=an1a−n=an
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Quotient to a Negative ExponentIfa,ba,bare real numbers,bâ‰0bâ‰0andnnis an integer , then(ab)−n=(ba)n(ab)−n=(ba)n
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Ifa,ba,bare real numbers,bâ‰0bâ‰0andnnis an integer , then(ab)−n=(ba)n(ab)−n=(ba)n
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
To convert a decimal to scientific notation:Step 1.Move the decimal point so that the first factor is greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10.Step 2.Count the number of decimal places,nn, that the decimal point was moved.Step 3.Write the number as a product with a power of 10. If the original number is:greater than...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 1.Move the decimal point so that the first factor is greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 2.Count the number of decimal places,nn, that the decimal point was moved.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 3.Write the number as a product with a power of 10. If the original number is:greater than 1, the power of 10 will be10n10nbetween 0 and 1, the power of 10 will be10−n10−n
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
greater than 1, the power of 10 will be10n10n
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
between 0 and 1, the power of 10 will be10−n10−n
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 4.Check.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
To convert scientific notation to decimal form:Step 1.Determine the exponent,nn, on the factor 10.Step 2.Move the decimalnnplaces, adding zeros if needed.If the exponent is positive, move the decimal pointnnplaces to the right.If the exponent is negative, move the decimal point|n||n|places to the left.Step 3.Check.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 1.Determine the exponent,nn, on the factor 10.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 2.Move the decimalnnplaces, adding zeros if needed.If the exponent is positive, move the decimal pointnnplaces to the right.If the exponent is negative, move the decimal point|n||n|places to the left.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
If the exponent is positive, move the decimal pointnnplaces to the right.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
If the exponent is negative, move the decimal point|n||n|places to the left.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
Step 3.Check.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-concepts
binomial : A binomial is a polynomial with exactly two terms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
conjugate pair : A conjugate pair is two binomials of the form(a−b),(a+b)(a−b),(a+b); the pair of binomials each have the same first term and the same last term, but one binomial is a sum and the other is a difference.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
degree of a constant : The degree of any constant is 0.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
degree of a polynomial : The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of all its terms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
degree of a term : The degree of a term is the exponent of its variable.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
monomial : A monomial is a term of the formaxmaxm, whereaais a constant andmmis a whole number; a monomial has exactly one term.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
negative exponent : Ifnnis a positive integer andaâ‰0aâ‰0, thena−n=1ana−n=1an.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
polynomial : A polynomial is a monomial, or two or more monomials combined by addition or subtraction.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
scientific notation : A number is expressed in scientific notation when it is of the forma×10na×10nwherea≥1anda<10a≥1anda<10andnnis an integer.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
standard form : A polynomial is in standard form when the terms of a polynomial are written in descending order of degrees.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
trinomial : A trinomial is a polynomial with exactly three terms.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/6-key-terms
Finding the Greatest Common Factor (GCF):To find the GCF of two expressions:Step 1.Factor each coefficient into primes. Write all variables with exponents in expanded form.Step 2.List all factors—matching common factors in a column. In each column, circle the common factors.Step 3.Bring down the common factors that a...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 1.Factor each coefficient into primes. Write all variables with exponents in expanded form.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 2.List all factors—matching common factors in a column. In each column, circle the common factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 3.Bring down the common factors that all expressions share.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 4.Multiply the factors as inExample 7.2.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Factor the Greatest Common Factor from a Polynomial:To factor a greatest common factor from a polynomial:Step 1.Find the GCF of all the terms of the polynomial.Step 2.Rewrite each term as a product using the GCF.Step 3.Use the ‘reverse’ Distributive Property to factor the expression.Step 4.Check by multiplying the ...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 1.Find the GCF of all the terms of the polynomial.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 2.Rewrite each term as a product using the GCF.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 3.Use the ‘reverse’ Distributive Property to factor the expression.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 4.Check by multiplying the factors as inExample 7.5.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Factor by Grouping:To factor a polynomial with 4 four or more termsStep 1.Group terms with common factors.Step 2.Factor out the common factor in each group.Step 3.Factor the common factor from the expression.Step 4.Check by multiplying the factors as inExample 7.15.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 1.Group terms with common factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 2.Factor out the common factor in each group.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 3.Factor the common factor from the expression.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 4.Check by multiplying the factors as inExample 7.15.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Factor trinomials of the formx2+bx+cx2+bx+cStep 1.Write the factors as two binomials with first termsx:(x)(x)(x)(x).Step 2.Find two numbersmandnthatMultiply toc,m·n=cm·n=cAdd tob,m+n=bm+n=bStep 3.Usemandnas the last terms of the factors:(x+m)(x+n)(x+m)(x+n).Step 4.Check by multiplying the factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 1.Write the factors as two binomials with first termsx:(x)(x)(x)(x).
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 2.Find two numbersmandnthatMultiply toc,m·n=cm·n=cAdd tob,m+n=bm+n=b
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 3.Usemandnas the last terms of the factors:(x+m)(x+n)(x+m)(x+n).
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 4.Check by multiplying the factors.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Factor Trinomials of the Formax2+bx+cax2+bx+cusing Trial and Error:SeeExample 7.33.Step 1.Write the trinomial in descending order of degrees.Step 2.Find all the factor pairs of the first term.Step 3.Find all the factor pairs of the third term.Step 4.Test all the possible combinations of the factors until the correct pr...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 1.Write the trinomial in descending order of degrees.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 2.Find all the factor pairs of the first term.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 3.Find all the factor pairs of the third term.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 4.Test all the possible combinations of the factors until the correct product is found.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 5.Check by multiplying.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Factor Trinomials of the Formax2+bx+cax2+bx+cUsing the “ac” Method:SeeExample 7.38.Step 1.Factor any GCF.Step 2.Find the product ac.Step 3.Find two numbersmandnthat:Multiply toacm·n=a·cAdd tobm+n=bMultiply toacm·n=a·cAdd tobm+n=bStep 4.Split the middle term usingmandn:Step 5.Factor by grouping.Step 6.Check by m...
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 1.Factor any GCF.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 2.Find the product ac.
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 3.Find two numbersmandnthat:Multiply toacm·n=a·cAdd tobm+n=bMultiply toacm·n=a·cAdd tobm+n=b
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts
Step 4.Split the middle term usingmandn:
https://openstax.org/books/elementary-algebra-2e/pages/7-key-concepts