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net ionic equation : chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented (excludes spectator ions) | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
neutralization reaction : reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
oxidation : process in which an elementâs oxidation number is increased by loss of electrons | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
oxidation number : (also, oxidation state) the charge each atom of an element would have in a compound if the compound were ionic | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
oxidation-reduction reaction : (also, redox reaction) reaction involving a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
oxidizing agent : (also, oxidant) substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance, and in the process becomes reduced | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
percent yield : measure of the efficiency of a reaction, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
precipitate : insoluble product that forms from reaction of soluble reactants | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
precipitation reaction : reaction that produces one or more insoluble products; when reactants are ionic compounds, sometimes called double-displacement or metathesis | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
product : substance formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
quantitative analysis : the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
reactant : substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
reducing agent : (also, reductant) substance that brings about the reduction of another substance, and in the process becomes oxidized | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
reduction : process in which an elementâs oxidation number is decreased by gain of electrons | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
salt : ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
single-displacement reaction : (also, replacement) redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
solubility : the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
soluble : of relatively high solubility; dissolving to a relatively large extent | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
spectator ion : ion that does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction, but its presence is required to maintain charge neutrality | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
stoichiometric factor : ratio of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation, used in computations relating amounts of reactants and products | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
stoichiometry : relationships between the amounts of reactants and products of a chemical reaction | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
strong acid : acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
strong base : base that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
theoretical yield : amount of product that may be produced from a given amount of reactant(s) according to the reaction stoichiometry | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
titrant : solution containing a known concentration of substance that will react with the analyte in a titration analysis | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
titration analysis : quantitative chemical analysis method that involves measuring the volume of a reactant solution required to completely react with the analyte in a sample | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
weak acid : acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
weak base : base that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-key-terms |
Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are separated by an arrow and preceded by integer coefficients indicating their relative numbers. Balanced equations are those... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-summary |
Chemical reactions are classified according to similar patterns of behavior. A large number of important reactions are included in three categories: precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction (redox). Precipitation reactions involve the formation of one or more insoluble products. Acid-base reactions involve the... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-summary |
A balanced chemical equation may be used to describe a reactionâs stoichiometry (the relationships between amounts of reactants and products). Coefficients from the equation are used to derive stoichiometric factors that subsequently may be used for computations relating reactant and product masses, molar amounts, an... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-summary |
When reactions are carried out using less-than-stoichiometric quantities of reactants, the amount of product generated will be determined by the limiting reactant. The amount of product generated by a chemical reaction is its actual yield. This yield is often less than the amount of product predicted by the stoichiomet... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-summary |
The stoichiometry of chemical reactions may serve as the basis for quantitative chemical analysis methods. Titrations involve measuring the volume of a titrant solution required to completely react with a sample solution. This volume is then used to calculate the concentration of analyte in the sample using the stoichi... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/7-summary |
P = F A P = F A | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
p = hÏg | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
PV = nRT | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
P Total = P A + P B + P C + ⦠= Ʃ i P i | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
P A = X A P Total | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
X A = n A n T o t a l X A = n A n T o t a l | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
rate of diffusion = amount of gas passing through an area unit of time rate of diffusion = amount of gas passing through an area unit of time | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
rate of effusion of gas A rate of effusion of gas B = m B m A = â³ B â³ A rate of effusion of gas A rate of effusion of gas B = m B m A = â³ B â³ A | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
u r m s = u 2 ¯ = u 1 2 + u 2 2 + u 3 2 + u 4 2 + ⦠n u r m s = u 2 ¯ = u 1 2 + u 2 2 + u 3 2 + u 4 2 + ⦠n | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
KE avg = 3 2 R T KE avg = 3 2 R T | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
u rms = 3 R T M u rms = 3 R T M | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
Z = molar volume of gas at same T and P molar volume of ideal gas at same T and P = ( P Ã V m R Ã T ) measured Z = molar volume of gas at same T and P molar volume of ideal gas at same T and P = ( P Ã V m R Ã T ) measured | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
( P + n 2 a V 2 ) Ã ( V â n b ) = n R T ( P + n 2 a V 2 ) Ã ( V â n b ) = n R T | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-equations |
absolute zero : temperature at which the volume of a gas would be zero according to Charlesâs law. | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
Amontonsâs law : (also, Gay-Lussacâs law) pressure of a given number of moles of gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature when the volume is held constant | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
atmosphere (atm) : unit of pressure; 1 atm = 101,325 Pa | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
Avogadroâs law : volume of a gas at constant temperature and pressure is proportional to the number of gas molecules | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
bar : (bar or b) unit of pressure; 1 bar = 100,000 Pa | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
barometer : device used to measure atmospheric pressure | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
Boyleâs law : volume of a given number of moles of gas held at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure under which it is measured | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
Charlesâs law : volume of a given number of moles of gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature when the pressure is held constant | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
compressibility factor (Z) : ratio of the experimentally measured molar volume for a gas to its molar volume as computed from the ideal gas equation | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
Daltonâs law of partial pressures : total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases. | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
diffusion : movement of an atom or molecule from a region of relatively high concentration to one of relatively low concentration (discussed in this chapter with regard to gaseous species, but applicable to species in any phase) | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
effusion : transfer of gaseous atoms or molecules from a container to a vacuum through very small openings | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
Grahamâs law of effusion : rates of diffusion and effusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molecular masses | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
hydrostatic pressure : pressure exerted by a fluid due to gravity | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
ideal gas : hypothetical gas whose physical properties are perfectly described by the gas laws | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
ideal gas constant (R) : constant derived from the ideal gas equationR= 0.08206 L atm molâ1Kâ1or 8.314 L kPa molâ1Kâ1 | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
ideal gas law : relation between the pressure, volume, amount, and temperature of a gas under conditions derived by combination of the simple gas laws | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
kinetic molecular theory : theory based on simple principles and assumptions that effectively explains ideal gas behavior | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
manometer : device used to measure the pressure of a gas trapped in a container | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
mean free path : average distance a molecule travels between collisions | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
mole fraction (X) : concentration unit defined as the ratio of the molar amount of a mixture component to the total number of moles of all mixture components | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
partial pressure : pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
pascal (Pa) : SI unit of pressure; 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
pounds per square inch (psi) : unit of pressure common in the US | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
pressure : force exerted per unit area | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
rate of diffusion : amount of gas diffusing through a given area over a given time | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
root mean square speed (urms) : measure of average speed for a group of particles calculated as the square root of the average squared speed | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP) : 273.15 K (0 °C) and 1 atm (101.325 kPa) | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
standard molar volume : volume of 1 mole of gas at STP, approximately 22.4 L for gases behaving ideally | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
torr : unit of pressure;1 torr=1760atm1 torr=1760atm | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
van der Waals equation : modified version of the ideal gas equation containing additional terms to account for non-ideal gas behavior | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
vapor pressure of water : pressure exerted by water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water in a closed container at a specific temperature | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-key-terms |
Gases exert pressure, which is force per unit area. The pressure of a gas may be expressed in the SI unit of pascal or kilopascal, as well as in many other units including torr, atmosphere, and bar. Atmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer; other gas pressures can be measured using one of several types of man... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-summary |
The behavior of gases can be described by several laws based on experimental observations of their properties. The pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, provided that the volume does not change (Amontonsâs law). The volume of a given gas sample is directly proportiona... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-summary |
The equations describing these laws are special cases of the ideal gas law,PV=nRT, wherePis the pressure of the gas,Vis its volume,nis the number of moles of the gas,Tis its kelvin temperature, andRis the ideal (universal) gas constant. | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-summary |
The ideal gas law can be used to derive a number of convenient equations relating directly measured quantities to properties of interest for gaseous substances and mixtures. Appropriate rearrangement of the ideal gas equation may be made to permit the calculation of gas densities and molar masses. Daltonâs law of par... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-summary |
Gaseous atoms and molecules move freely and randomly through space. Diffusion is the process whereby gaseous atoms and molecules are transferred from regions of relatively high concentration to regions of relatively low concentration. Effusion is a similar process in which gaseous species pass from a container to a vac... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-summary |
The kinetic molecular theory is a simple but very effective model that effectively explains ideal gas behavior. The theory assumes that gases consist of widely separated molecules of negligible volume that are in constant motion, colliding elastically with one another and the walls of their container with average speed... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-summary |
Gas molecules possess a finite volume and experience forces of attraction for one another. Consequently, gas behavior is not necessarily described well by the ideal gas law. Under conditions of low pressure and high temperature, these factors are negligible, the ideal gas equation is an accurate description of gas beha... | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/8-summary |
q = c à m à ΠT = c à m à ( T final â T initial ) q = c à m à ΠT = c à m à ( T final â T initial ) | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-equations |
Î U = q + w Î U = q + w | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-equations |
Î H reaction ° = â n à ΠH f ° (products) â â n à ΠH f ° ( reactants ) Î H reaction ° = â n à ΠH f ° (products) â â n à ΠH f ° ( reactants ) | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-equations |
Bond energy for a diatomic molecule: XY ( g ) ⶠX ( g ) + Y ( g ) D XâY = Î H ° XY ( g ) ⶠX ( g ) + Y ( g ) D XâY = Î H ° | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-equations |
Enthalpy change: Î H = Æ©D bonds broken â Æ©D bonds formed | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-equations |
Lattice energy for a solid MX: MX ( s ) ⶠM n + ( g ) + X n â ( g ) Î H lattice MX ( s ) ⶠM n + ( g ) + X n â ( g ) Î H lattice | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-equations |
Lattice energy for an ionic crystal: Î H lattice = C ( Z + ) ( Z â ) R o Î H lattice = C ( Z + ) ( Z â ) R o | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-equations |
bomb calorimeter : device designed to measure the energy change for processes occurring under conditions of constant volume; commonly used for reactions involving solid and gaseous reactants or products | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
bond energy : (also, bond dissociation energy) energy required to break a covalent bond in a gaseous substance | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
Born-Haber cycle : thermochemical cycle relating the various energetic steps involved in the formation of an ionic solid from the relevant elements | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
calorie (cal) : unit of heat or other energy; the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius; 1 cal is defined as 4.184 J | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
calorimeter : device used to measure the amount of heat absorbed or released in a chemical or physical process | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
calorimetry : process of measuring the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
chemical thermodynamics : area of science that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and all forms of energy associated with chemical and physical processes | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
endothermic process : chemical reaction or physical change that absorbs heat | https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-key-terms |
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