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magnitude of kinetic friction : fk=μkNfk=μkN, whereμkμkis the coefficient of kinetic friction | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-glossary |
magnitude of static friction : fsâ¤Î¼sNfsâ¤Î¼sN, whereμsμsis the coefficient of static friction andNNis the magnitude of the normal force | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-glossary |
shear deformation : deformation perpendicular to the original length of an object | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-glossary |
static friction : a force that opposes the motion of two systems that are in contact and are not moving relative to one another | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-glossary |
Stokesâ law : Fs=6ÏrηvFs=6Ïrηv, whererris the radius of the object,ηηis the viscosity of the fluid, andvvis the objectâs velocity | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-glossary |
strain : ratio of change in length to original length | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-glossary |
stress : ratio of force to area | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-glossary |
tensile strength : the breaking stress that will cause permanent deformation or fraction of a material | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-glossary |
Friction is a contact force between systems that opposes the motion or attempted motion between them. Simple friction is proportional to the normal forceNNpushing the systems together. (A normal force is always perpendicular to the contact surface between systems.) Friction depends on both of the materials involved. Th... | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
The kinetic friction forcefkfkbetween systems moving relative to one another is given byfk=μkN,fk=μkN,whereμkμkis the coefficient of kinetic friction, which also depends on both materials. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
Drag forces acting on an object moving in a fluid oppose the motion. For larger objects (such as a baseball) moving at a velocityvvin air, the drag force is given byFD=12CÏAv2,FD=12CÏAv2,whereCCis the drag coefficient (typical values are given inTable 5.2),AAis the area of the object facing the fluid, andÏÏis the f... | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
For small objects (such as a bacterium) moving in a denser medium (such as water), the drag force is given by Stokesâ law,Fs=6Ïηrv,Fs=6Ïηrv,whererris the radius of the object,ηηis the fluid viscosity, andvvis the objectâs velocity. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
Hookeâs law is given byF=kÎL,F=kÎL,whereÎLÎLis the amount of deformation (the change in length),FFis the applied force, andkkis a proportionality constant that depends on the shape and composition of the object and the direction of the force. The relationship between the deformation and the applied force can also... | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
whereÎLÎLis the amount of deformation (the change in length),FFis the applied force, andkkis a proportionality constant that depends on the shape and composition of the object and the direction of the force. The relationship between the deformation and the applied force can also be written as | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
whereYYisYoungâs modulus, which depends on the substance,AAis the cross-sectional area, andL0L0is the original length. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
The ratio of force to area,FAFA, is defined asstress, measured in N/m2. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
The ratio of the change in length to length,ÎLL0ÎLL0, is defined asstrain(a unitless quantity). In other words,stress=YÃstrain.stress=YÃstrain. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
The expression for shear deformation isÎx=1SFAL0,Îx=1SFAL0,whereSSis the shear modulus andFFis the force applied perpendicular toL0L0and parallel to the cross-sectional areaAA. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
whereSSis the shear modulus andFFis the force applied perpendicular toL0L0and parallel to the cross-sectional areaAA. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
The relationship of the change in volume to other physical quantities is given byÎV=1BFAV0,ÎV=1BFAV0,whereBBis the bulk modulus,V0V0is the original volume, andFAFAis the force per unit area applied uniformly inward on all surfaces. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
whereBBis the bulk modulus,V0V0is the original volume, andFAFAis the force per unit area applied uniformly inward on all surfaces. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/5-section-summary |
angular velocity : ÏÏ, the rate of change of the angle with which an object moves on a circular path | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
arc length : ÎsÎs, the distance traveled by an object along a circular path | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
banked curve : the curve in a road that is sloping in a manner that helps a vehicle negotiate the curve | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
center of mass : the point where the entire mass of an object or of a system of objects can be thought to be concentrated | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
centrifugal force : a fictitious force that tends to throw an object off when the object is rotating in a non-inertial frame of reference | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
centripetal acceleration : the acceleration of an object moving in a circle, directed toward the center | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
centripetal force : any net force causing uniform circular motion | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
Coriolis force : the fictitious force causing the apparent deflection of moving objects when viewed in a rotating frame of reference | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
fictitious force : a force having no physical origin | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
gravitational constant,G : a proportionality factor used in the equation for Newtonâs universal law of gravitation; it is a universal constantâthat is, it is thought to be the same everywhere in the universe | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
ideal angle : the angle at which a car can turn safely on a steep curve, which is in proportion to the ideal speed | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
ideal banking : the sloping of a curve in a road, where the angle of the slope allows the vehicle to negotiate the curve at a certain speed without the aid of friction between the tires and the road; the net external force on the vehicle equals the horizontal centripetal force in the absence of friction | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
ideal speed : the maximum safe speed at which a vehicle can turn on a curve without the aid of friction between the tire and the road | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
microgravity : an environment in which the apparent net acceleration of a body is small compared with that produced by Earth at its surface | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
Newtonâs universal law of gravitation : every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force along a line joining them; the force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
non-inertial frame of reference : an accelerated frame of reference | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
pit : a tiny indentation on the spiral track moulded into the top of the polycarbonate layer of CD | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
radians : a unit of angle measurement | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
radius of curvature : radius of a circular path | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
rotation angle : the ratio of the arc length to the radius of curvature on a circular path:Îθ=ÎsrÎθ=Îsr | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
ultracentrifuge : a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
uniform circular motion : the motion of an object in a circular path at constant speed | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-glossary |
Uniform circular motion is motion in a circle at constant speed. The rotation angleÎθÎθis defined as the ratio of the arc length to the radius of curvature:Îθ=Îsr,Îθ=Îsr,where arc lengthÎsÎsis distance traveled along a circular path andrris the radius of curvature of the circular path. The quantityÎθÎθi... | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
where arc lengthÎsÎsis distance traveled along a circular path andrris the radius of curvature of the circular path. The quantityÎθÎθis measured in units of radians (rad), for which | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
The conversion between radians and degrees is1rad=57.3º1rad=57.3º. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Angular velocityÏÏis the rate of change of an angle,Ï=ÎθÎt,Ï=ÎθÎt,where a rotationÎθÎθtakes place in a timeÎtÎt. The units of angular velocity are radians per second (rad/s). Linear velocityvvand angular velocityÏÏare related byv=rÏorÏ=vr.v=rÏorÏ=vr. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
where a rotationÎθÎθtakes place in a timeÎtÎt. The units of angular velocity are radians per second (rad/s). Linear velocityvvand angular velocityÏÏare related by | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Centripetal accelerationacacis the acceleration experienced while in uniform circular motion. It always points toward the center of rotation. It is perpendicular to the linear velocityvvand has the magnitudeac=v2r;ac=rÏ2.ac=v2r;ac=rÏ2. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
The unit of centripetal acceleration ism/s2m/s2. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Centripetal forceFcFcis any force causing uniform circular motion. It is a âcenter-seekingâ force that always points toward the center of rotation. It is perpendicular to linear velocityvvand has magnitudeFc=mac,Fc=mac,which can also be expressed asFc=mv2rorFc=mrÏ2,Fc=mv2rorFc=mrÏ2, | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
which can also be expressed as | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Rotating and accelerated frames of reference are non-inertial. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Fictitious forces, such as the Coriolis force, are needed to explain motion in such frames. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Newtonâs universal law of gravitation: Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force along a line joining them. The force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. In equation form, this isF=GmMr2,F=GmMr2,... | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
where F is the magnitude of the gravitational force.GGis the gravitational constant, given byG=6.674Ã10â11Nâm2/kg2G=6.674Ã10â11Nâm2/kg2. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Newtonâs law of gravitation applies universally. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Keplerâs laws are stated for a small massmmorbiting a larger massMMin near-isolation. Keplerâs laws of planetary motion are then as follows:Keplerâs first lawThe orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus.Keplerâs second lawEach planet moves so that an imaginary line drawn from t... | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Keplerâs first law | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Keplerâs second law | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Each planet moves so that an imaginary line drawn from the Sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
Keplerâs third law | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets about the Sun is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the Sun: | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
whereTTis the period (time for one orbit) andrris the average radius of the orbit. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
The period and radius of a satelliteâs orbit about a larger bodyMMare related byT2=4Ï2GMr3T2=4Ï2GMr3orr3T2=G4Ï2M.r3T2=G4Ï2M. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
or | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-section-summary |
basal metabolic rate : the total energy conversion rate of a person at rest | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
chemical energy : the energy in a substance stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules that can be released in a chemical reaction | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
conservation of mechanical energy : the rule that the sum of the kinetic energies and potential energies remains constant if only conservative forces act on and within a system | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
conservative force : a force that does the same work for any given initial and final configuration, regardless of the path followed | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
efficiency : a measure of the effectiveness of the input of energy to do work; useful energy or work divided by the total input of energy | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
electrical energy : the energy carried by a flow of charge | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
energy : the ability to do work | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
fossil fuels : oil, natural gas, and coal | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
friction : the force between surfaces that opposes one sliding on the other; friction changes mechanical energy into thermal energy | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
gravitational potential energy : the energy an object has due to its position in a gravitational field | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
horsepower : an older non-SI unit of power, with1 hp=746 W1 hp=746 W | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
joule : SI unit of work and energy, equal to one newton-meter | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
kilowatt-hour : (kWâh)(kWâh)unit used primarily for electrical energy provided by electric utility companies | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
kinetic energy : the energy an object has by reason of its motion, equal to12mv212mv2for the translational (i.e., non-rotational) motion of an object of massmmmoving at speedvv | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
law of conservation of energy : the general law that total energy is constant in any process; energy may change in form or be transferred from one system to another, but the total remains the same | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
mechanical energy : the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
metabolic rate : the rate at which the body uses food energy to sustain life and to do different activities | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
net work : work done by the net force, or vector sum of all the forces, acting on an object | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
nonconservative force : a force whose work depends on the path followed between the given initial and final configurations | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
nuclear energy : energy released by changes within atomic nuclei, such as the fusion of two light nuclei or the fission of a heavy nucleus | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
potential energy : energy due to position, shape, or configuration | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
potential energy of a spring : the stored energy of a spring as a function of its displacement; when Hookeâs law applies, it is given by the expression12kx212kx2wherexxis the distance the spring is compressed or extended andkkis the spring constant | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
power : the rate at which work is done | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
radiant energy : the energy carried by electromagnetic waves | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
renewable forms of energy : those sources that cannot be used up, such as water, wind, solar, and biomass | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
thermal energy : the energy within an object due to the random motion of its atoms and molecules that accounts for the object's temperature | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
useful work : work done on an external system | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
watt : (W) SI unit of power, with1 W=1 J/s1 W=1 J/s | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
work : the transfer of energy by a force that causes an object to be displaced; the product of the component of the force in the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of the displacement | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
work-energy theorem : the result, based on Newtonâs laws, that the net work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-glossary |
Work is the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-section-summary |
The workWWthat a forceFFdoes on an object is the product of the magnitudeFFof the force, times the magnitudeddof the displacement, times the cosine of the angleθθbetween them. In symbols,W=Fdcosθ.W=Fdcosθ. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-section-summary |
The SI unit for work and energy is the joule (J), where1J=1Nâm=1 kgâm2/s21J=1Nâm=1 kgâm2/s2. | https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/7-section-summary |
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