id int64 1 141k | title stringlengths 15 150 | body stringlengths 45 28.5k | tags stringlengths 1 102 | label int64 1 1 | text stringlengths 128 28.6k | source stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
78,212 | When does Adam update its weights? | <p>I have a dataset with at least 70% of labels incorrect.</p>
<p>I'd expect that incorrect labels would compensate each other while true labels will be taught properly (given a very large dataset).</p>
<p>For example, if I have 300 samples saying <code>a => -1</code> and 300 samples saying <code>a => 1</... | machine learning deep learning keras tensorflow | 1 | When does Adam update its weights? -- (machine learning deep learning keras tensorflow)
<p>I have a dataset with at least 70% of labels incorrect.</p>
<p>I'd expect that incorrect labels would compensate each other while true labels will be taught properly (given a very large dataset).</p>
<p>For example, if I ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,220 | How is this score function estimator derived? | <p>In this <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.03864.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">paper</a> they have this equation, where they use the score function estimator, to estimate the gradient of an expectation. How did they derive this?
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/gham0.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="... | machine learning reinforcement learning policy gradients derivation | 1 | How is this score function estimator derived? -- (machine learning reinforcement learning policy gradients derivation)
<p>In this <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.03864.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">paper</a> they have this equation, where they use the score function estimator, to estimate the gradient of an expect... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,221 | How to grid search feature selection and neural network hyperparameters in the same grid? | <p>I'm using the <code>GridSearchCV ()</code> class from scikit to perform hyperparameter optimization in a sequential neural network. I've built a pipeline to also find the best number of features by putting a feature selector inside the pipeline. The problem is how to define the <code>input_shape</code>, since this d... | machine learning deep learning keras scikit learn | 1 | How to grid search feature selection and neural network hyperparameters in the same grid? -- (machine learning deep learning keras scikit learn)
<p>I'm using the <code>GridSearchCV ()</code> class from scikit to perform hyperparameter optimization in a sequential neural network. I've built a pipeline to also find the b... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,227 | Binary classification using images and an external dataset | <p>I currently have a project in which I must create a binary classifier to detect defective products. I have image data which has already been labeled (each part has been labeled as a pass or fail), as well as an external dataset which has specific measurements for each image (it contains parameters which could not be... | machine learning deep learning | 1 | Binary classification using images and an external dataset -- (machine learning deep learning)
<p>I currently have a project in which I must create a binary classifier to detect defective products. I have image data which has already been labeled (each part has been labeled as a pass or fail), as well as an external da... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,233 | Similarity Measure between two feature vectors | <p>I have face identification system with following details:</p>
<ol>
<li><code>VGG16</code> model for feature extraction</li>
<li><code>512</code> dimensional feature vector (normalized)</li>
</ol>
<p>I need to calculate <code>similarity</code> measure between two feature vectors. So far I have tri... | keras similarity distance features | 1 | Similarity Measure between two feature vectors -- (keras similarity distance features)
<p>I have face identification system with following details:</p>
<ol>
<li><code>VGG16</code> model for feature extraction</li>
<li><code>512</code> dimensional feature vector (normalized)</li>
</ol>
<p>I need to c... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,237 | What is the right way to store datasets for a CNN project | <p>Our image classification project has thousands of raw photos, masks and reshaped images. We store source code in git. But datasets don't belong to source code version control. How should we store thee sets of images?</p>
 | dataset version control | 1 | What is the right way to store datasets for a CNN project -- (dataset version control)
<p>Our image classification project has thousands of raw photos, masks and reshaped images. We store source code in git. But datasets don't belong to source code version control. How should we store thee sets of images?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,246 | what is the difference in terms namely Correlation, correlated and collinearity? | <p>A website says Correlation refers to an increase/decrease in a dependent variable with an increase/decrease in an independent variable. Collinearity refers to two or more independent variables acting in concert to explain the variation in a dependent variable.Could someone clarify the terms ?</p>
 | correlation collinearity pearsons correlation coefficient | 1 | what is the difference in terms namely Correlation, correlated and collinearity? -- (correlation collinearity pearsons correlation coefficient)
<p>A website says Correlation refers to an increase/decrease in a dependent variable with an increase/decrease in an independent variable. Collinearity refers to two or more in... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,254 | Machine learning detect changes in components | <p>I am a student who will finish my studies next year and I want to analyze the job market in advance. I have found an interesting job where it says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The department of assemblies and systems of the X deals with the simulation, testing and evaluation of components, assemblies and complete sy... | machine learning object detection | 1 | Machine learning detect changes in components -- (machine learning object detection)
<p>I am a student who will finish my studies next year and I want to analyze the job market in advance. I have found an interesting job where it says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The department of assemblies and systems of the X deals ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,277 | How can i tell if my model is overfitting from the distribution of predicted probabilities? | <p>all,</p>
<p>i am training light gradient boosting and have used all of the necessary parameters to help in over fitting.i plot the predicted probabilities (i..e probabililty has cancer) distribution from the model (after calibrating using calibrated classifier) i.e. their histogram or kde. as you can see from be... | python classification probability lightgbm probability calibration | 1 | How can i tell if my model is overfitting from the distribution of predicted probabilities? -- (python classification probability lightgbm probability calibration)
<p>all,</p>
<p>i am training light gradient boosting and have used all of the necessary parameters to help in over fitting.i plot the predicted probabil... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,282 | Is always converting a input vector into matrix and apply cnn's good idea? | <p>I know the benefits of using cnns(reduced size weight matrices). Is it a good idea to convert a input vector(which is not a image) into a matrix and apply cnn's. What I understand is that it should not be done because this would enforce some relationship between input vector value which actually doesn't exist.</p>&#... | cnn convolutional neural network | 1 | Is always converting a input vector into matrix and apply cnn's good idea? -- (cnn convolutional neural network)
<p>I know the benefits of using cnns(reduced size weight matrices). Is it a good idea to convert a input vector(which is not a image) into a matrix and apply cnn's. What I understand is that it should not be... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,284 | what make lightGBM run faster than XGBoost? | <p>I am curious on what differences in implementation allow speed up of lightGBM over XGBoost, some times up to magnitude of orders.</p>
 | xgboost | 1 | what make lightGBM run faster than XGBoost? -- (xgboost)
<p>I am curious on what differences in implementation allow speed up of lightGBM over XGBoost, some times up to magnitude of orders.</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,306 | "Change the features of a CNN into a grid to fed into RNN Encoder?" What is meant by that? | <p>So in the paper for OCR pr LaTex formula extraction from image <strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.04938v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">What You Get Is What You See: A Visual Markup Decompiler</a></strong>, they pass the features of the CNN into RNN Encoder. But there is problem that rather than passing th... | machine learning neural network deep learning nlp cnn | 1 | "Change the features of a CNN into a grid to fed into RNN Encoder?" What is meant by that? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning nlp cnn)
<p>So in the paper for OCR pr LaTex formula extraction from image <strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.04938v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">What You Get Is What ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,315 | pytorch convolution with 0-stride along one dimension | <p>For some square images, I'd like to use torch.nn.Conv2d with the kernel as a vertical block. As in, the kernel size is defined as max value of the first dimension by 1. Since the first dimension has no more room, I'd like to have 0 stride along that first dimension. I tried using the following definition:</p>
<p... | pytorch convolutional neural network | 1 | pytorch convolution with 0-stride along one dimension -- (pytorch convolutional neural network)
<p>For some square images, I'd like to use torch.nn.Conv2d with the kernel as a vertical block. As in, the kernel size is defined as max value of the first dimension by 1. Since the first dimension has no more room, I'd like... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,316 | How do we know a neural network test accuracy is good enough when results vary with different runs? | <p>In every paper I read about prediction models, the training accuracy and the test accuracy (sometimes also the validation accuracy) is stated as a discrete number. However, in experience, depending on how the weights are initialized, different training runs result in different testing results.</p>
<p>How does a ... | machine learning neural network deep learning accuracy research | 1 | How do we know a neural network test accuracy is good enough when results vary with different runs? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning accuracy research)
<p>In every paper I read about prediction models, the training accuracy and the test accuracy (sometimes also the validation accuracy) is stated as a d... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,324 | What criteria use in order to select the best internal validation for clustering? | <p>I am doing homework about how to evaluate a clustering algorithm both hierarchical and partitional.</p>
<p>For doing this I have a dataset that I can plot as you can see:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/47n1k.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/47n1k.png" alt="enter i... | clustering k means | 1 | What criteria use in order to select the best internal validation for clustering? -- (clustering k means)
<p>I am doing homework about how to evaluate a clustering algorithm both hierarchical and partitional.</p>
<p>For doing this I have a dataset that I can plot as you can see:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,340 | Why naive bayes is "naive" | <p>Some articles say that naive Bayes is naive because of "independence of attributes". Whereas others say "independence of attributes within a class". Can anybody please clear this confusion?
Thanks</p>
 | naive bayes algorithim | 1 | Why naive bayes is "naive" -- (naive bayes algorithim)
<p>Some articles say that naive Bayes is naive because of "independence of attributes". Whereas others say "independence of attributes within a class". Can anybody please clear this confusion?
Thanks</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,345 | Why Davies-Bould chose a number ob cluster higher than Silhouette or Calinsky Harabasz? | <p>I am doing use several metrics in order to know what number of clusters is correct in order to do this I selected 3 clustering algorithms and 3 internal evaluation metrics, Silhouette, Calinsky Harbasz and Davies Bouldin.</p>
<p>The results of this was the following:</p>
<pre><code> S CH DB
Km... | clustering k means evaluation | 1 | Why Davies-Bould chose a number ob cluster higher than Silhouette or Calinsky Harabasz? -- (clustering k means evaluation)
<p>I am doing use several metrics in order to know what number of clusters is correct in order to do this I selected 3 clustering algorithms and 3 internal evaluation metrics, Silhouette, Calinsky ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,349 | Logic behind the Statement on Non-Parametric models | <p>I am currently reading 'Mastering Machine Learning with scikit-learn', 2E, by Packt. In Lazy Learning and Non-Parametric models topic in Chapter 3- Classification and Regression with k-Nearest Neighbors, there is a paragraph stating-</p>
<p><strong>Non-parametric models can be useful when training data is abunda... | machine learning model k nn self study non parametric | 1 | Logic behind the Statement on Non-Parametric models -- (machine learning model k nn self study non parametric)
<p>I am currently reading 'Mastering Machine Learning with scikit-learn', 2E, by Packt. In Lazy Learning and Non-Parametric models topic in Chapter 3- Classification and Regression with k-Nearest Neighbors, th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,374 | Python writing to Excel file: writerow() takes no keyword arguments | <p>I have this script:</p>
<pre><code> import requests
 from requests import get
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 import csv
 import pandas as pd

 f = open('olanda.csv', 'wb')
 writer = csv.writer(f)

 url = ('https://www......')
 response = get(url... | python error handling web scraping | 1 | Python writing to Excel file: writerow() takes no keyword arguments -- (python error handling web scraping)
<p>I have this script:</p>
<pre><code> import requests
 from requests import get
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 import csv
 import pandas as pd

 f = open('olanda.cs... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,376 | Why Adaboost SAMME needs f to be estimable? | <p>I am trying to understand the mathematics behind <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/%7Ehastie/Papers/samme.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SAMME AdaBoost</a>:</p>
<p>At some stage, the paper adds a constraint for <code>f</code> to be estimable:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kxXRW.png" rel="nofollow... | decision trees multiclass classification mathematics adaboost | 1 | Why Adaboost SAMME needs f to be estimable? -- (decision trees multiclass classification mathematics adaboost)
<p>I am trying to understand the mathematics behind <a href="https://web.stanford.edu/%7Ehastie/Papers/samme.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SAMME AdaBoost</a>:</p>
<p>At some stage, the paper adds a constr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,377 | Learn (common) grammar / pattern from set of sample strings? | <p>So I currently have a text pattern detection challenge to solve at work. I am trying to make an outlier detection algorithm for a database, for string columns.</p>
<p>For example let's say I have the following list of strings:</p>
<pre class="lang-py prettyprint-override"><code>["abc123", "jkj... | text mining pattern recognition grammar inference | 1 | Learn (common) grammar / pattern from set of sample strings? -- (text mining pattern recognition grammar inference)
<p>So I currently have a text pattern detection challenge to solve at work. I am trying to make an outlier detection algorithm for a database, for string columns.</p>
<p>For example let's say I have t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,380 | Using word embeddings with additional features | <p>I have the set of queries for classification task using Gradient Boosting Classifier of scikit learn. I want to enrich the model by feeding additional features along with GloVe. How should I approach scaling in this case? GloVe is already well scaled, however, features are not.</p>
<p>I have tried StandardScaler... | machine learning scikit learn nlp feature scaling | 1 | Using word embeddings with additional features -- (machine learning scikit learn nlp feature scaling)
<p>I have the set of queries for classification task using Gradient Boosting Classifier of scikit learn. I want to enrich the model by feeding additional features along with GloVe. How should I approach scaling in this... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,388 | Why does bidirectional LSTM have half the parameter count compared to LSTM in keras? | <p>I want to implement a unidirectional and a bidirectional LSTM in tensorflow keras wrapper with the <strong>same amount of units</strong>. As an example I implement the unidirectional LSTM with 256 units, and the bidirectional LSTM with 128 units (which as I understand gives me 128 for each direction, for a total of ... | keras tensorflow lstm rnn parameter | 1 | Why does bidirectional LSTM have half the parameter count compared to LSTM in keras? -- (keras tensorflow lstm rnn parameter)
<p>I want to implement a unidirectional and a bidirectional LSTM in tensorflow keras wrapper with the <strong>same amount of units</strong>. As an example I implement the unidirectional LSTM wit... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,401 | What is Happening in the training process when we are fitting a model to the data | <p>In any prediction task, the process of “fitting” a model to the data observed in the training process can be best described as...</p>
<ol>
<li>Assessing all observations available and then backsolving for the dimensionality of best fit.</li>
<li>Making use of all observations available to create a model,... | regression linear regression logistic regression overfitting | 1 | What is Happening in the training process when we are fitting a model to the data -- (regression linear regression logistic regression overfitting)
<p>In any prediction task, the process of “fitting” a model to the data observed in the training process can be best described as...</p>
<ol>
<li>Assessing all obse... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,405 | image_dataset_from_directory VS flow_from_directory | <p>What is the main diffrence between flow_from_directory <strong>VS</strong> image_dataset_from_directory in keras?</p>
<p>which one should I use?</p>
 | machine learning deep learning keras tensorflow data science model | 1 | image_dataset_from_directory VS flow_from_directory -- (machine learning deep learning keras tensorflow data science model)
<p>What is the main diffrence between flow_from_directory <strong>VS</strong> image_dataset_from_directory in keras?</p>
<p>which one should I use?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,419 | Wrong result when solving: "chance that two random cards differ in color and value?" | <p>I'm trying to build a simulation for this question:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"There are 50 cards of 5 different colors. Each color has cards
numbered between 1 to 10. You pick 2 cards at random. What is the
probability that they are not of same color and also not of same
number?"</p>
</b... | python probability | 1 | Wrong result when solving: "chance that two random cards differ in color and value?" -- (python probability)
<p>I'm trying to build a simulation for this question:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"There are 50 cards of 5 different colors. Each color has cards
numbered between 1 to 10. You pick 2 cards at random. W... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,429 | Multiple output size in neural network | <p>In the paper <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.07842.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"A NOVEL FOCAL TVERSKY LOSS FUNCTION WITH IMPROVED ATTENTIONU-NETFOR LESION SEGMENTATION"</a> the author use deep supervision by outputing multiple outputmask which have different scale.</p>
<p>I do not understand how... | cnn loss function image segmentation multi output | 1 | Multiple output size in neural network -- (cnn loss function image segmentation multi output)
<p>In the paper <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.07842.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"A NOVEL FOCAL TVERSKY LOSS FUNCTION WITH IMPROVED ATTENTIONU-NETFOR LESION SEGMENTATION"</a> the author use deep supervision b... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,431 | Which deep learning network would be suitable for classifying this kind of text data? | <p>I have some experience with images and have played around with image classification using CNN's but have limited knowledge when it comes to text data.</p>
<p>The input that I currently want to classify is written as:</p>
<pre><code>hjkhghkgfghjkhghkgfghfefdefdcdefghjkjh-hjhgfe
fdcd-dd-fdc-dad-ad-dfe-cde-... | machine learning deep learning classification nlp | 1 | Which deep learning network would be suitable for classifying this kind of text data? -- (machine learning deep learning classification nlp)
<p>I have some experience with images and have played around with image classification using CNN's but have limited knowledge when it comes to text data.</p>
<p>The input that... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,450 | In a neural network, is it possible to gradient descent with more than one input? | <p>I went through a few tutorials, examples recently, and all (not sure if just for demonstration purposes) done gradient descent for one input. To get a deep understanding of backpropagation, I wrote a program to do backpropagation just do understand it more deeply. In linear/logistic regression, it makes sense to do ... | neural network gradient descent backpropagation | 1 | In a neural network, is it possible to gradient descent with more than one input? -- (neural network gradient descent backpropagation)
<p>I went through a few tutorials, examples recently, and all (not sure if just for demonstration purposes) done gradient descent for one input. To get a deep understanding of backpropa... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,451 | How to cluster government census data in order to group Metropolitan statistical areas | <p>I have collected a bunch of census data from 2012 - 2018. I wanted to apply some clustering algorithms in order to compare Metropolitan statistical area (MSA's). Ideally once I run the clustering algorithm I would like to see which MSA is comparable to another.</p>
<p>The features that I am choosing to govern th... | machine learning clustering unsupervised learning | 1 | How to cluster government census data in order to group Metropolitan statistical areas -- (machine learning clustering unsupervised learning)
<p>I have collected a bunch of census data from 2012 - 2018. I wanted to apply some clustering algorithms in order to compare Metropolitan statistical area (MSA's). Ideally once ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,458 | How to Make Meaningful Conclusions here? | <p>I recently appeared for an Interview for my college and I was asked the following question. The Interviewer said that this question was a Data Science question.</p>
<p>The question-</p>
<p>Suppose 7.5% of the population has a certain Bone Disease. During COVID pandemic you go to a hospital and see the record... | data | 1 | How to Make Meaningful Conclusions here? -- (data)
<p>I recently appeared for an Interview for my college and I was asked the following question. The Interviewer said that this question was a Data Science question.</p>
<p>The question-</p>
<p>Suppose 7.5% of the population has a certain Bone Disease. During COV... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,460 | Question of pretraining text-generation task, it seems that pretraining is not work for a small model? | <p>My task is to generate keywords from sentences.</p>
<p>I pretrain a text-generation model. I mask the sentences' tokens and predict the whole sentences' tokens.</p>
<p>Pretraining batch_size = 8 and step = 1000000</p>
<p>I haven't observed improvement from pretraining. BLEU score is 10.5 for not pretrain... | transformer machine translation text generation bart pretraining | 1 | Question of pretraining text-generation task, it seems that pretraining is not work for a small model? -- (transformer machine translation text generation bart pretraining)
<p>My task is to generate keywords from sentences.</p>
<p>I pretrain a text-generation model. I mask the sentences' tokens and predict the whol... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,464 | How to encode ordinal data before applying linear regression in STATA? | <p>I have a data set that has student performance marks (continuous and dependent variable), Teacher Qualification (Ordinal and independent variable containing categories: Masters, Bachelors, High School). I want to apply the regression analysis to check the impact of teacher qualification on student's marks.</p>
<... | linear regression encoding stata | 1 | How to encode ordinal data before applying linear regression in STATA? -- (linear regression encoding stata)
<p>I have a data set that has student performance marks (continuous and dependent variable), Teacher Qualification (Ordinal and independent variable containing categories: Masters, Bachelors, High School). I wan... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,499 | Anybody know what this type of visualisation is called? | <p>I think this is a pretty cool way to visualise changes in values but I can’t find any name for this type of visualisation.</p>
<p>I<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0tAnr.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0tAnr.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>Source: <a href="ht... | visualization | 1 | Anybody know what this type of visualisation is called? -- (visualization)
<p>I think this is a pretty cool way to visualise changes in values but I can’t find any name for this type of visualisation.</p>
<p>I<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0tAnr.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0tAnr.jp... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,514 | Consolidating multivariate time-series information from many data sets | <p>I am having trouble setting up a problem with regards to time series analysis. I have 30 data sets, where each set corresponds to a certain project. Each project has 7 features, and each feature has time series information sampled every week from 2018 to today.</p>
<p>One of the features is how much the project ... | machine learning python time series multivariate distribution | 1 | Consolidating multivariate time-series information from many data sets -- (machine learning python time series multivariate distribution)
<p>I am having trouble setting up a problem with regards to time series analysis. I have 30 data sets, where each set corresponds to a certain project. Each project has 7 features, a... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,534 | How is the backbone of two neural networks trained? | <p>Suppose, I have a backbone network(convolutional neural network). After this network ends, the output is fed into two neural networks. Both building on the outputs of the feature extractor(CNN). Now if I want to train this complete network from scratch on two different tasks, the weights of the layers after the back... | neural network | 1 | How is the backbone of two neural networks trained? -- (neural network)
<p>Suppose, I have a backbone network(convolutional neural network). After this network ends, the output is fed into two neural networks. Both building on the outputs of the feature extractor(CNN). Now if I want to train this complete network from ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,542 | How do we decide between XGBoost, RandomForest and Decision tree? | <p>What do we take into consideration while deciding which technique should be used when dealing with a particular dataset? I understand that there isn't any hard and fast rule to this. Do we use XGBoost only when there are a lot of features in the dataset and RandomForest for otherwise cases? Or are we suppose to hit ... | machine learning random forest decision trees xgboost | 1 | How do we decide between XGBoost, RandomForest and Decision tree? -- (machine learning random forest decision trees xgboost)
<p>What do we take into consideration while deciding which technique should be used when dealing with a particular dataset? I understand that there isn't any hard and fast rule to this. Do we use... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,549 | What conclusion can I get when the variable is influenced by other but there isn't any correlation? | <p>I am doing an analytic exploratory analysis.</p>
<p>If the target is a continuous variable and the attributes are all categorical (discrete values), in order to know if exist any influence on the target from the each attribute I am doing the ANOVA-test like this:</p>
<pre><code>fvalue, pvalue = stats.f_onewa... | statistics correlation anova exploratory factor analysis | 1 | What conclusion can I get when the variable is influenced by other but there isn't any correlation? -- (statistics correlation anova exploratory factor analysis)
<p>I am doing an analytic exploratory analysis.</p>
<p>If the target is a continuous variable and the attributes are all categorical (discrete values), in... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
78,551 | How to use historic data (granularity at day level) for ML modeling? | <p>There is a scenario where I have to use historic data which is at the day level for the past 5 years.<br>Actually it is water flow data, what quantity of water was flown on that particular day. I have to use this feature along with a few other features like material, coating, etc,. for EDA and prediction. I tried av... | python statistics data science model data analysis | 1 | How to use historic data (granularity at day level) for ML modeling? -- (python statistics data science model data analysis)
<p>There is a scenario where I have to use historic data which is at the day level for the past 5 years.<br>Actually it is water flow data, what quantity of water was flown on that particular day... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,568 | How do I know what the best number of layers is required to achieve the highest accuracy | <p>I'm learning from Udacity using <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExyFG2MjsKs&feature=emb_logo" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> video.</p>
<p>I saw this piece of code:</p>
<pre><code>model = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(784, 128),
 nn.ReLU(),
 nn.Lin... | machine learning machine learning model data science model model selection | 1 | How do I know what the best number of layers is required to achieve the highest accuracy -- (machine learning machine learning model data science model model selection)
<p>I'm learning from Udacity using <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExyFG2MjsKs&feature=emb_logo" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> video.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,570 | When to One-Hot encode categorical data when following Crisp-DM | <p>I have a dataset that contains 15 categorical features (2 and 3 level factors which are non-ordinal) and 3 continuous numeric features. Seeing as most machine learning algorithms require numerical data as input features, and actually automatically One-Hot encodes them on the fly (random forest, glmnet etc.), should ... | data mining preprocessing one hot encoding | 1 | When to One-Hot encode categorical data when following Crisp-DM -- (data mining preprocessing one hot encoding)
<p>I have a dataset that contains 15 categorical features (2 and 3 level factors which are non-ordinal) and 3 continuous numeric features. Seeing as most machine learning algorithms require numerical data as ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,572 | BIO tagging software | <p>I would like to label character data with BIO tags as part of an active learning process on unlabelled data. I am assuming there are open source GUI tools available which I can use to make this easier - i.e. present the string to be labeled and some way of tagging characters from a predefined set of tags (and probab... | machine learning active learning | 1 | BIO tagging software -- (machine learning active learning)
<p>I would like to label character data with BIO tags as part of an active learning process on unlabelled data. I am assuming there are open source GUI tools available which I can use to make this easier - i.e. present the string to be labeled and some way of t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,579 | How to extract true positives data (complete row with data) after training and testing from test dataset? | <p>How do you extract true positive data from testing data after training and testing?</p>
<p>For example, in the test data, I have two rows and one row is true positives and the other is false negatives. However, I would like rows which only have true positive values. How do you extract the complete row from the t... | machine learning scikit learn confusion matrix | 1 | How to extract true positives data (complete row with data) after training and testing from test dataset? -- (machine learning scikit learn confusion matrix)
<p>How do you extract true positive data from testing data after training and testing?</p>
<p>For example, in the test data, I have two rows and one row is tr... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,595 | Is CNN permutation equivariant? | <p>If I use stacked CNN layers with 3x3 kernels, zero padding, and with no pooling layers, the output feature map will consist of feature vectors, <strong>each</strong> vector of which is related <strong>directly</strong> to the original 3x3 block of the input image, right?</p>
<p>Therefore, for example, I could se... | machine learning neural network cnn lstm | 1 | Is CNN permutation equivariant? -- (machine learning neural network cnn lstm)
<p>If I use stacked CNN layers with 3x3 kernels, zero padding, and with no pooling layers, the output feature map will consist of feature vectors, <strong>each</strong> vector of which is related <strong>directly</strong> to the original 3x3 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,601 | Comparing multi-class vs. binary classifiers in predicting a single class | <p>I've pretty much read the majority of similar questions, but I haven't yet found the answer to my question.</p>
<p>Let's say we have <code>n</code> samples of four different labels/classes namely <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, <code>C</code>, and <code>D</code>. We train two classifiers:</p>
<ul>
<li><c... | machine learning classification multiclass classification | 1 | Comparing multi-class vs. binary classifiers in predicting a single class -- (machine learning classification multiclass classification)
<p>I've pretty much read the majority of similar questions, but I haven't yet found the answer to my question.</p>
<p>Let's say we have <code>n</code> samples of four different la... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,602 | What is lagrangian? | <p>I'm watching an <a href="https://pythonprogramming.net/support-vector-machine-fundamentals-machine-learning-tutorial/?completed=/support-vector-assertions-machine-learning-tutorial/b" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SVM tutorial</a>.</p>
<p>At 6:38 he mentions <code>lagrangian</code>, which is a term I'm not familiar ... | svm mathematics | 1 | What is lagrangian? -- (svm mathematics)
<p>I'm watching an <a href="https://pythonprogramming.net/support-vector-machine-fundamentals-machine-learning-tutorial/?completed=/support-vector-assertions-machine-learning-tutorial/b" rel="nofollow noreferrer">SVM tutorial</a>.</p>
<p>At 6:38 he mentions <code>lagrangian<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,607 | Why my weights are being the same? | <p>To understand how neural networks, and backpropagation are actually working, I've built a small program to do the calculations, but something is definitely wrong, as my weights are the same after gradient descent. In this example the inputs will have two neurons, the outputs will also have two neurons, there will be... | neural network backpropagation | 1 | Why my weights are being the same? -- (neural network backpropagation)
<p>To understand how neural networks, and backpropagation are actually working, I've built a small program to do the calculations, but something is definitely wrong, as my weights are the same after gradient descent. In this example the inputs will ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,612 | Creating a valid dataset for obtaining results | <p>I have created a domain-specific dataset, lets say it is relating to python programming topic posts. I have taken data from various places specific to this topic to create positive examples in my dataset. For example, python related subreddits, stack exchange posts tagged with python, twitter posts hashtagged with p... | dataset text mining nlp text classification | 1 | Creating a valid dataset for obtaining results -- (dataset text mining nlp text classification)
<p>I have created a domain-specific dataset, lets say it is relating to python programming topic posts. I have taken data from various places specific to this topic to create positive examples in my dataset. For example, pyt... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,623 | Normal equation for linear regression is illogical | <p>Currently I'm taking Andrew Ng's course. He gives a following formula to find solution for linear regression analytically:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$θ = (X^T * X)^{-1} * X^T * у$</span></p>
<p>He doesn't explain it so I searched for it and found that <span class="math-container">$(X^T * X)^{-1} * ... | linear regression linear algebra normal equation | 1 | Normal equation for linear regression is illogical -- (linear regression linear algebra normal equation)
<p>Currently I'm taking Andrew Ng's course. He gives a following formula to find solution for linear regression analytically:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$θ = (X^T * X)^{-1} * X^T * у$</span></p>
<p>... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,627 | What are the true error and the sample error? | <p>I am a student and I am studying machine learning. I am focusing on the concept of evaluation of an hypotesis.</p>
<p>What I have seen is that there are two types of error: <strong>true error</strong> and <strong>sample error</strong>.</p>
<p>The <strong>true error</strong> of an hypotesis <span class="math-... | machine learning | 1 | What are the true error and the sample error? -- (machine learning)
<p>I am a student and I am studying machine learning. I am focusing on the concept of evaluation of an hypotesis.</p>
<p>What I have seen is that there are two types of error: <strong>true error</strong> and <strong>sample error</strong>.</p>
<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,640 | Preparing Dataset Minority Class vs Majority Class | <p>I'm currently doing a binary classification for sentiment prediction. Currently I have the majority class (~90% of the data) as my positive class (labelled 1) and the minority class (~10% of the data) as my negative class (labeled 0). What I'd like to maximize in this experiment is the detection of negative sentimen... | machine learning classification class imbalance binary | 1 | Preparing Dataset Minority Class vs Majority Class -- (machine learning classification class imbalance binary)
<p>I'm currently doing a binary classification for sentiment prediction. Currently I have the majority class (~90% of the data) as my positive class (labelled 1) and the minority class (~10% of the data) as my... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,649 | Why I am having odd results with this neural network model | <p>I am kind of new to neural networks, so I was doing some practice with iris data set. But the results are weird. Because I am running the network with the same data (not randomly chosen) and huge number of epochs (500 times), but results are sometimes 0,25 sometimes 1,0 or 0,95. The only thing that random is biases ... | neural network tensorflow python 3.x | 1 | Why I am having odd results with this neural network model -- (neural network tensorflow python 3.x)
<p>I am kind of new to neural networks, so I was doing some practice with iris data set. But the results are weird. Because I am running the network with the same data (not randomly chosen) and huge number of epochs (50... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,653 | Which GUI library to use with Deep Learning | <p>I have completed basics Deep Learning course from coursera using Tensorflow and Keras.
Now I want to apply GUI to it.<br />
So which library should i learn:<br />
1.PyQt<br />
2.Kivy<br />
3.Tkinter<br />
Are there libraries which can help to easily create deep learning projects.</p>
 | neural network deep learning tensorflow | 1 | Which GUI library to use with Deep Learning -- (neural network deep learning tensorflow)
<p>I have completed basics Deep Learning course from coursera using Tensorflow and Keras.
Now I want to apply GUI to it.<br />
So which library should i learn:<br />
1.PyQt<br />
2.Kivy<br />
3.Tkinter<br />
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,660 | Calculating distance between data points when there are more than 3 features in KNN algorithm | <p>I've been reading about K-nearest neighbors algorithm and want to clarify few things.</p>
<p>If we have 2 features we could simply plot it on 2-d plane and calculate distance by using euclidean distance or Manhattan distance.</p>
<p>When there are more than 3 features, exceeding 3-d going into 4-d and more I... | machine learning pca k nn | 1 | Calculating distance between data points when there are more than 3 features in KNN algorithm -- (machine learning pca k nn)
<p>I've been reading about K-nearest neighbors algorithm and want to clarify few things.</p>
<p>If we have 2 features we could simply plot it on 2-d plane and calculate distance by using eucl... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,661 | Suspiciously good accuracy using neural network | <p>I have a dataset from EEG data that is 24 features (24 electrodes) and 88000 samples with 3 classes, it is normalised and everything and had some noise filtered out via bandpassing.</p>
<p>When I classify with anything but a neural network the accuracy is pretty bad and I am using a 60/40 for training/test set j... | neural network pca | 1 | Suspiciously good accuracy using neural network -- (neural network pca)
<p>I have a dataset from EEG data that is 24 features (24 electrodes) and 88000 samples with 3 classes, it is normalised and everything and had some noise filtered out via bandpassing.</p>
<p>When I classify with anything but a neural network t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,667 | How can I compare the grammatical complexity between two texts using their sentences dependency length? | <p>This is a continuation to the following <a href="https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/36836/how-to-determine-grammatical-complexity-using-quantitative-features/36838?noredirect=1#comment83757_36838">thread</a>.</p>
<p>I have two texts, common English texts such as news articles and informative texts v... | machine learning statistics nlp hypothesis testing | 1 | How can I compare the grammatical complexity between two texts using their sentences dependency length? -- (machine learning statistics nlp hypothesis testing)
<p>This is a continuation to the following <a href="https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/36836/how-to-determine-grammatical-complexity-using-quantita... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,671 | What are "downstream models"? | <p>In the ResNeSt paper they say on page 4:</p>
<p>"despite their great success in image classification, the meta network structures are distinct from each other, which makes it hard for downstream models to build upon."
What are downstream models in this context?</p>
<p>Paper can be found at <a h... | machine learning neural network deep learning | 1 | What are "downstream models"? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning)
<p>In the ResNeSt paper they say on page 4:</p>
<p>"despite their great success in image classification, the meta network structures are distinct from each other, which makes it hard for downstream models to build upon."
... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,676 | My first Neural Network not working | <p>I have just started deep learning and neural networks and when I try the following code, it does not work:</p>
<pre><code>#Import Keras for deep learning
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
#Store the data into a variable
data = keras.datasets.fashion_mnist
#Split the data an... | neural network keras tensorflow | 1 | My first Neural Network not working -- (neural network keras tensorflow)
<p>I have just started deep learning and neural networks and when I try the following code, it does not work:</p>
<pre><code>#Import Keras for deep learning
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
#Store the data into ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,689 | Data visualization on three factors | <p>I have three factors,</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Income(from source A)</strong>，continuous variable</li>
<li><strong>Income(from source B)</strong>, continuous variable</li>
<li><strong>Happiness index</strong>，continuous variable</li>
</ol>
<p>Suppose I have 500 samples. My goal is to show the inf... | visualization matplotlib plotting ggplot2 | 1 | Data visualization on three factors -- (visualization matplotlib plotting ggplot2)
<p>I have three factors,</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Income(from source A)</strong>，continuous variable</li>
<li><strong>Income(from source B)</strong>, continuous variable</li>
<li><strong>Happiness index</strong>，continuous va... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,704 | Why are results without Transfer Learning better than with Transfer Learning? | <p>I developed a neural network for license plate recognition and used the EfficientNet architecture (<a href="https://keras.io/api/applications/efficientnet/#efficientnetb0-function" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://keras.io/api/applications/efficientnet/#efficientnetb0-function</a>) with and without pretrained weigh... | accuracy overfitting transfer learning data augmentation convolutional neural network | 1 | Why are results without Transfer Learning better than with Transfer Learning? -- (accuracy overfitting transfer learning data augmentation convolutional neural network)
<p>I developed a neural network for license plate recognition and used the EfficientNet architecture (<a href="https://keras.io/api/applications/effici... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,707 | Different representations of dendrograms | <p>I have a dendrogram represented in a format I don't understand:</p>
<p>(K_5:1.000030e+00,((K_1:2.000000e-05,(K_2:1.000000e-05,K_3:1.000000e-05):1.000000e-05):1.000000e-05,K_4:3.000000e-05)0.806:1.000000e+00):0.000000e+00;</p>
<p>I am not sure how to interpret the above.
It is an output of hierarchical cl... | clustering hierarchical data format | 1 | Different representations of dendrograms -- (clustering hierarchical data format)
<p>I have a dendrogram represented in a format I don't understand:</p>
<p>(K_5:1.000030e+00,((K_1:2.000000e-05,(K_2:1.000000e-05,K_3:1.000000e-05):1.000000e-05):1.000000e-05,K_4:3.000000e-05)0.806:1.000000e+00):0.000000e+00;</p>
<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,718 | Which colour channel from a TIFF image do I have to use? | <p>I'm going to use the following dataset to do semantic segmentation with U-Net network.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.kaggle.com/mateuszbuda/lgg-mri-segmentation" rel="nofollow noreferrer">LGG Segmentation Dataset</a></p>
<p>This dataset contains brain MR images together with manual FLAIR abnormality segmentati... | dataset computer vision image segmentation | 1 | Which colour channel from a TIFF image do I have to use? -- (dataset computer vision image segmentation)
<p>I'm going to use the following dataset to do semantic segmentation with U-Net network.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.kaggle.com/mateuszbuda/lgg-mri-segmentation" rel="nofollow noreferrer">LGG Segmentation Datas... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,737 | Can someone explain to me the structure of a plain Recurrent Neural Network? | <p>I have seen pictures of RNNs and LTSMs, and they usually look like this:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/tayGU.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/tayGU.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a>
Here the task is to take a sentence and make a prediction of some sort. Wh... | neural network deep learning rnn | 1 | Can someone explain to me the structure of a plain Recurrent Neural Network? -- (neural network deep learning rnn)
<p>I have seen pictures of RNNs and LTSMs, and they usually look like this:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/tayGU.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/tayGU.png" alt="e... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,740 | How would you encode missing pixels in image data? | <p>I am working through an example on the MNIST dataset, and was just curious, if your image input data were missing some pixels, how would you encode it. Since the values are always positive, and normalized between 0 and 1, would it make sense just to encode it as -1 or something.</p>
<p>Thanks</p>
 | neural network dataset data data cleaning feature engineering | 1 | How would you encode missing pixels in image data? -- (neural network dataset data data cleaning feature engineering)
<p>I am working through an example on the MNIST dataset, and was just curious, if your image input data were missing some pixels, how would you encode it. Since the values are always positive, and norm... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,750 | Tensorflow take ages for tf.cond and eval() - python code (sorry but i asked on Stackoverflow but none answer me) | <p>I got a problem with TensorFlow and need your help.</p>
<p>My need is calculating <code>tensordot</code> between a vector: 1x512 named <code>face</code> in my code and a faces data: N x 512 named <code>input_faces_data</code>. The code will return the <code>max_value_index</code> if the <code>max_value</code> &g... | machine learning python tensorflow | 1 | Tensorflow take ages for tf.cond and eval() - python code (sorry but i asked on Stackoverflow but none answer me) -- (machine learning python tensorflow)
<p>I got a problem with TensorFlow and need your help.</p>
<p>My need is calculating <code>tensordot</code> between a vector: 1x512 named <code>face</code> in my ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,758 | Combining Two CSV's in Jupyter Notebook | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/PknIO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/PknIO.png" alt="Table 1" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/xR87l.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/xR87l.png" alt="Table 2" /></a></p>
<p>I want to combi... | dataset data mining data data cleaning data science model | 1 | Combining Two CSV's in Jupyter Notebook -- (dataset data mining data data cleaning data science model)
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/PknIO.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/PknIO.png" alt="Table 1" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/xR87l.png" rel="nofollow nor... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,764 | How to interpret skimage orientation to straighten images? | <p>I have a bunch of images that I am trying to straighten so the images are horizontal (major axis is horizontal) but I don't understand the <code>orientation</code> output from <a href="https://scikit-image.org/docs/stable/api/skimage.measure.html#regionprops" rel="nofollow noreferrer">regionprops method</a> in skima... | python scikit learn computer vision | 1 | How to interpret skimage orientation to straighten images? -- (python scikit learn computer vision)
<p>I have a bunch of images that I am trying to straighten so the images are horizontal (major axis is horizontal) but I don't understand the <code>orientation</code> output from <a href="https://scikit-image.org/docs/st... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,783 | Pandas - Avoid boolean result when using groupby() | <p>I have this script:</p>
<pre><code> sectors = df.groupby(['company_sector']).mean()['investment_in_millions']
</code></pre>
<p>Output:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/s6gLt.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/s6gLt.png" alt="enter image description here" />... | python pandas groupby | 1 | Pandas - Avoid boolean result when using groupby() -- (python pandas groupby)
<p>I have this script:</p>
<pre><code> sectors = df.groupby(['company_sector']).mean()['investment_in_millions']
</code></pre>
<p>Output:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/s6gLt.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,800 | How to best read large dataset from disk | <p>I want to solve a task using a ResNet in keras and tensorflow. My Dataset is big, and right now I'm considering my data loading options and trying to determine which one suits the task best.</p>
<p>About the <strong>Dataset</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>x: arrays of 200x700 cells in range -1.0...1.0, I don't wa... | deep learning keras tensorflow dataset | 1 | How to best read large dataset from disk -- (deep learning keras tensorflow dataset)
<p>I want to solve a task using a ResNet in keras and tensorflow. My Dataset is big, and right now I'm considering my data loading options and trying to determine which one suits the task best.</p>
<p>About the <strong>Dataset</str... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,844 | Why training of a neural network will require multiple iterations? | <p>I can't understand why training of a neural network will require multiple iterations (theoretically)?</p>
<p>Can anyone explain why, please?</p>
 | machine learning neural network deep learning training optimization | 1 | Why training of a neural network will require multiple iterations? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning training optimization)
<p>I can't understand why training of a neural network will require multiple iterations (theoretically)?</p>
<p>Can anyone explain why, please?</p>
 | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,850 | Bidirectional vs. Traditional LSTM | <p>I'm working on image captioning problem, where I need to have an encoder for image and decoder for caption generation. Regarding the decoder, I've found a reference that uses Pytorch LSTM where <code>bidirectional</code> parameter is <code>False</code>. However, I know that bidirectional LSTM is more accurate. So, w... | lstm computer vision pytorch | 1 | Bidirectional vs. Traditional LSTM -- (lstm computer vision pytorch)
<p>I'm working on image captioning problem, where I need to have an encoder for image and decoder for caption generation. Regarding the decoder, I've found a reference that uses Pytorch LSTM where <code>bidirectional</code> parameter is <code>False</c... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,852 | Getting 0 accuracy and NaN mae for all epochs training my NN | <p>Background:
I made a simple game using python library 'Turtle' in which there is a long plank with a ball balanced on top of it. I can press right or left arrow keys to rotate the plank (either clockwise or anticlockwise) which makes the ball roll to the either side.</p>
<p>Issue:
I wanted to train a neu... | machine learning classification keras tensorflow machine learning model | 1 | Getting 0 accuracy and NaN mae for all epochs training my NN -- (machine learning classification keras tensorflow machine learning model)
<p>Background:
I made a simple game using python library 'Turtle' in which there is a long plank with a ball balanced on top of it. I can press right or left arrow keys to rotate... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,871 | Sklearn Random Feature Importances Identical for Predicting Different Response Variables | <p>I have created four random forest models they have the same X data, but their y data are four different response variables. The sklearn random forest feature importance is identical for all four. All four models achieve their purpose and make different predictions, but their random forest feature importance is the s... | scikit learn random forest | 1 | Sklearn Random Feature Importances Identical for Predicting Different Response Variables -- (scikit learn random forest)
<p>I have created four random forest models they have the same X data, but their y data are four different response variables. The sklearn random forest feature importance is identical for all four. ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,880 | How to handle unseen labels in test data? | <p>I get something like TF-IDF of training corpus in python with (something like) TfidfVectorizer. In test data some features (here are the words of test corpus, every word is a feature) are not seen in the training data and because of this, the shape of the test and the train matrix are not equal and the program gives... | python tfidf | 1 | How to handle unseen labels in test data? -- (python tfidf)
<p>I get something like TF-IDF of training corpus in python with (something like) TfidfVectorizer. In test data some features (here are the words of test corpus, every word is a feature) are not seen in the training data and because of this, the shape of the t... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,887 | What's Joint Training in Neural Networks? | <p>I'm having a hard time trying to find a good explanation of the process of Joint Training in Neural Networks. I already understand the concepts of Fine Tuning and Feature Extraction, and i know it has to do with the practice of taking a network model that has already been trained for a given task, and make it perfor... | neural network training | 1 | What's Joint Training in Neural Networks? -- (neural network training)
<p>I'm having a hard time trying to find a good explanation of the process of Joint Training in Neural Networks. I already understand the concepts of Fine Tuning and Feature Extraction, and i know it has to do with the practice of taking a network m... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,923 | How can be proved that the softmax output forms a probability distribution and the sigmoid output does not? | <p>I was reading Nielsen's book and in this part of chapter 3 <a href="http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap3.html#softmax" rel="nofollow noreferrer">about the softmax function</a>, he says, just before the following Excercise, that the output of a neural network with a output softmax layers forms a probability... | machine learning neural network deep learning keras tensorflow | 1 | How can be proved that the softmax output forms a probability distribution and the sigmoid output does not? -- (machine learning neural network deep learning keras tensorflow)
<p>I was reading Nielsen's book and in this part of chapter 3 <a href="http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap3.html#softmax" rel="nofollo... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,934 | multiple linear regression with 5 records and 25 features | <pre><code> X1 X2 X[...] X25 Y 

Q1_2019 23 65 18 32 1,6 
Q2_2019 87 32 23 46 1,2 
Q3_2019 34 15 63 78 3,2 
Q4_2019 85 45 43 65 3,9 
Q1_2020 85 43 78 35 1,1 
Q... | regression linear regression | 1 | multiple linear regression with 5 records and 25 features -- (regression linear regression)
<pre><code> X1 X2 X[...] X25 Y 

Q1_2019 23 65 18 32 1,6 
Q2_2019 87 32 23 46 1,2 
Q3_2019 34 15 63 78 3,2 
Q4_2019 ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,937 | Understanding declared parameters in my Conv2d layer of my convolutional neural network | <p>I am trying to understand the architecture of my keras model implemented by the sequential model.</p>
<p>Here is a piece of the code :</p>
<pre><code>model = Sequential([
 #block1
 layers.Conv2D(nfilter,(3,3),padding="same",name="block1_conv1",input_shape=(64,64,3)),
 ... | python neural network keras machine learning model convolutional neural network | 1 | Understanding declared parameters in my Conv2d layer of my convolutional neural network -- (python neural network keras machine learning model convolutional neural network)
<p>I am trying to understand the architecture of my keras model implemented by the sequential model.</p>
<p>Here is a piece of the code :</p>&#... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,941 | How to cluster and visualize 3D data in python | <p>I have a 3D dataset of x,y,z points with 2 categories, category A and B. My end goal is to cluster all points in category B into volumes (spheroids/clouds) and find all points of category A close to edge of those volumes. I assume there won't be any points of category A inside the spheroids. The points of category B... | python clustering visualization | 1 | How to cluster and visualize 3D data in python -- (python clustering visualization)
<p>I have a 3D dataset of x,y,z points with 2 categories, category A and B. My end goal is to cluster all points in category B into volumes (spheroids/clouds) and find all points of category A close to edge of those volumes. I assume th... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,954 | How to create a Document Categorization Classifier for different contexts of Documents | <p>I have a doubt solving a test. The idea here is to demonstrate the <strong>NLP and Machine Translation abilities</strong>.</p>
<p>The Dataset is a multilingual, multi-context set of documents. The dataset is divided on context categories (Wikipedia, conference_papers, Amazon Reviews, etc.,) and on languages.</p>... | python nlp text classification machine translation | 1 | How to create a Document Categorization Classifier for different contexts of Documents -- (python nlp text classification machine translation)
<p>I have a doubt solving a test. The idea here is to demonstrate the <strong>NLP and Machine Translation abilities</strong>.</p>
<p>The Dataset is a multilingual, multi-con... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,985 | NER evaluation metric | <p>I'm trying to compare two NER tools on an annotated corpus and I'm not sure which is the best metric to use, as I haven't worked with NER models before. To be more specific, I'm interested in one class only, so I want to evaluate them on that particular class.</p>
 | evaluation named entity recognition | 1 | NER evaluation metric -- (evaluation named entity recognition)
<p>I'm trying to compare two NER tools on an annotated corpus and I'm not sure which is the best metric to use, as I haven't worked with NER models before. To be more specific, I'm interested in one class only, so I want to evaluate them on that particular ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,991 | Can a linear regression model without polynomial features overfit? | <p>I've read in some articles on the internet that linear regression can overfit. However is that possible when we are not using polynomial features? We are just plotting a line trough the data points when we have one feature or a plane when we have two features.</p>
 | linear regression overfitting | 1 | Can a linear regression model without polynomial features overfit? -- (linear regression overfitting)
<p>I've read in some articles on the internet that linear regression can overfit. However is that possible when we are not using polynomial features? We are just plotting a line trough the data points when we have one ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
79,992 | Does mini-batch gradient descent nullify the effect of stratification on the training data set? | <p>In data pre-processing, <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.model_selection.StratifiedShuffleSplit.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">stratified shuffle</a> is used to ensure that the distribution of the original dataset is reflected in the training, test and validation dataset.</p>
<... | neural network scikit learn data cleaning | 1 | Does mini-batch gradient descent nullify the effect of stratification on the training data set? -- (neural network scikit learn data cleaning)
<p>In data pre-processing, <a href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.model_selection.StratifiedShuffleSplit.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">stratified s... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,000 | How keras.layers.embedding learn word embeddings? | <p>I was trying some tensorflow tutorials and see that in all of them they use layers.embedding to learn these word embeddings, but how are these learned? , with a NN? which arquitecture? , or word2vec?</p>
<p>Thanks</p>
 | tensorflow nlp word embeddings encoding | 1 | How keras.layers.embedding learn word embeddings? -- (tensorflow nlp word embeddings encoding)
<p>I was trying some tensorflow tutorials and see that in all of them they use layers.embedding to learn these word embeddings, but how are these learned? , with a NN? which arquitecture? , or word2vec?</p>
<p>Thanks</p>&... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,014 | NotFittedError says this StandardScaler instance is not fitted yet while using inverse_transform() | <p>I have a dataset and i have used <strong>Support Vector Regression</strong>.So i needed to use <strong>StandardScaler</strong> module from <strong>sklearn.preprocessing</strong> fro Feature Scaling.
After training my model when i came to predict it was giving a prediction which was Feature scaled.That's why i us... | python scikit learn svm feature scaling svr | 1 | NotFittedError says this StandardScaler instance is not fitted yet while using inverse_transform() -- (python scikit learn svm feature scaling svr)
<p>I have a dataset and i have used <strong>Support Vector Regression</strong>.So i needed to use <strong>StandardScaler</strong> module from <strong>sklearn.preprocessing<... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,026 | Sampling in Text Classification: can the results be considered 'reliable'? | <p>I am testing different models (SVM, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Random Forest) for predicting the class of a spam email. My target is a binary variable.
I am analysing only text, no other fields.
My dataset includes</p>
<pre><code>Label 
0.0 3333
1.0 768
</code></pre>
<p>As ... | machine learning supervised learning sampling confusion matrix text classification | 1 | Sampling in Text Classification: can the results be considered 'reliable'? -- (machine learning supervised learning sampling confusion matrix text classification)
<p>I am testing different models (SVM, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Random Forest) for predicting the class of a spam email. My target is a binary varia... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,033 | How does TF-IDF classify a document based on "Score" alloted to each word | <p>I understand how TF-IDF "score" is calculated for each word in a document, but I do not get how can it be used to classify a test document. For example, if the word "Mobile" occurs in two texts, in the training data, one about Business (like the selling of Mobiles) and the other about Tech, then ... | classification nlp tfidf | 1 | How does TF-IDF classify a document based on "Score" alloted to each word -- (classification nlp tfidf)
<p>I understand how TF-IDF "score" is calculated for each word in a document, but I do not get how can it be used to classify a test document. For example, if the word "Mobile" occurs in two texts... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,045 | How to distinguish between different values of a hyperparameter in communication? | <p>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In machine learning, a hyperparameter is a parameter whose value is
used to control the learning process.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>If we go by the definition of ... | machine learning hyperparameter terminology | 1 | How to distinguish between different values of a hyperparameter in communication? -- (machine learning hyperparameter terminology)
<p>From <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In machine learning, a hyperparameter ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,048 | Bootstrap clarification for datasets with multiple columns | <p>How do I bootstrap a Dataset/DataFrame with multiple continuous and categorical columns?</p>
<p>For eg: Say I'm trying to bootstrap the colour distribution of M&M's and I have 50 bags (samples) each with recorded counts of 6 colours, but the samples/bags randomly come from two factories, and have 2 different... | python dataframe sampling | 1 | Bootstrap clarification for datasets with multiple columns -- (python dataframe sampling)
<p>How do I bootstrap a Dataset/DataFrame with multiple continuous and categorical columns?</p>
<p>For eg: Say I'm trying to bootstrap the colour distribution of M&M's and I have 50 bags (samples) each with recorded counts... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,054 | Is it possible to forecast the evolution of cars? | <p>Let's say for example that I have a dataset about the cars that a company (e.g. Toyota) produced, over the course of the years 1990 - 2016.</p>
<p>Considering that I have already completed the feature engineering step, is there an algorithm that can output <strong>predictions</strong> on what attributes future T... | machine learning predictive modeling forecasting | 1 | Is it possible to forecast the evolution of cars? -- (machine learning predictive modeling forecasting)
<p>Let's say for example that I have a dataset about the cars that a company (e.g. Toyota) produced, over the course of the years 1990 - 2016.</p>
<p>Considering that I have already completed the feature engineer... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,056 | Is it possible to reuse my CNN trained model over a new dataset with different number of classes? | <p>I had used a trained CNN model (VGG16) over a large dataset with 6 number of classes in FC layer it gave me a good accuracy ( for example over Testing data: loss=0.59, accuracy=0.829).</p>
<p>When I had applied the same model over a dataset with less samples and labels (4 classes) it reduced the accuracy.</p>&#x... | classification keras tensorflow cnn machine learning model | 1 | Is it possible to reuse my CNN trained model over a new dataset with different number of classes? -- (classification keras tensorflow cnn machine learning model)
<p>I had used a trained CNN model (VGG16) over a large dataset with 6 number of classes in FC layer it gave me a good accuracy ( for example over Testing data... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,064 | Multiple linear regression for multi-dimensional input and output? | <p>Assume that I have <span class="math-container">$N$</span> points <span class="math-container">$x_i,i=1,...,N$</span> in some <span class="math-container">$A>1$</span>-dimensional space <span class="math-container">$\mathbb{R}^A$</span> with pointwise evaluations of some function <span class="math-container">$f:... | python scikit learn regression linear regression | 1 | Multiple linear regression for multi-dimensional input and output? -- (python scikit learn regression linear regression)
<p>Assume that I have <span class="math-container">$N$</span> points <span class="math-container">$x_i,i=1,...,N$</span> in some <span class="math-container">$A>1$</span>-dimensional space <span ... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,069 | Why Does XGBoost Keep One Feature at High Importance? | <p>I am training an XGboost model for binary classification on around 60 sparse numeric features. After training, the feature importance distribution has one feature with importance > 0.6, and all the rest with importance <0.05.</p>
<p>I remove the most important feature, and retrain. The same distribution fo... | python classification xgboost | 1 | Why Does XGBoost Keep One Feature at High Importance? -- (python classification xgboost)
<p>I am training an XGboost model for binary classification on around 60 sparse numeric features. After training, the feature importance distribution has one feature with importance > 0.6, and all the rest with importance <0.... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,072 | Is Flatten() layer in keras necessary? | <p>In CNN transfer learning, after applying convolution and pooling,is Flatten() layer necessary?<br />
I have seen an example where after removing top layer of a <strong>vgg16</strong> ,first applied layer was GlobalAveragePooling2D() and then Dense().<br />
Is this specific to transfer learning?</p>
<p>Th... | neural network keras cnn transfer learning convolutional neural network | 1 | Is Flatten() layer in keras necessary? -- (neural network keras cnn transfer learning convolutional neural network)
<p>In CNN transfer learning, after applying convolution and pooling,is Flatten() layer necessary?<br />
I have seen an example where after removing top layer of a <strong>vgg16</strong> ,first applied... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,093 | When a dataset is huge, what do you do to train with all the images on i t? | <p>I'm using Python 3.7.7.</p>
<p>I'm trying to load a lot of NIFTI images using SimplyITK and Numpy from the [BraTS 2019 dataset][1].</p>
<p>This is the code I use to load the images into a numpy array.</p>
<pre><code>import SimpleITK as sitk


def read_nifti_images(images_full_path):
 &... | dataset cnn training | 1 | When a dataset is huge, what do you do to train with all the images on i t? -- (dataset cnn training)
<p>I'm using Python 3.7.7.</p>
<p>I'm trying to load a lot of NIFTI images using SimplyITK and Numpy from the [BraTS 2019 dataset][1].</p>
<p>This is the code I use to load the images into a numpy array.</p>&#x... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,098 | Predicting financial data (choosing a model) | <p>it is my first time doing something with financial data. I have a dataset with account numbers and some other information about each client (some clients span more than one row since we have info for each month in a different row).
I managed to clean and create some models, here are the confusion matrices, the c... | classification random forest logistic regression finance | 1 | Predicting financial data (choosing a model) -- (classification random forest logistic regression finance)
<p>it is my first time doing something with financial data. I have a dataset with account numbers and some other information about each client (some clients span more than one row since we have info for each month... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,107 | Improving misclassification for one class in a multi-class classification task | <p>Here I am trying to use 3 convolution layer neural network to classify a set of images (train data: (3249) , validation data: (487), test data: (326))</p>
<p>I have one class which is misclassified and I cannot understand what to do next. I have tried to reduce the value of dropout layer, but results got worst.<... | deep learning keras cnn accuracy multilabel classification | 1 | Improving misclassification for one class in a multi-class classification task -- (deep learning keras cnn accuracy multilabel classification)
<p>Here I am trying to use 3 convolution layer neural network to classify a set of images (train data: (3249) , validation data: (487), test data: (326))</p>
<p>I have one c... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,110 | splitting mechanism with one hot encoded variables (tree based/boosting) | <p>I am using xgboost and have a categorical unordered feature with 25 levels. So when i apply one hot encoding i have 25 columns. This introduces alot of sparsity. Even more unusual, my feature importance report shows 5 of these one hot encoded column in top 10, with one of them appearing at the top.</p>
<p>I trie... | decision trees xgboost categorical data boosting one hot encoding | 1 | splitting mechanism with one hot encoded variables (tree based/boosting) -- (decision trees xgboost categorical data boosting one hot encoding)
<p>I am using xgboost and have a categorical unordered feature with 25 levels. So when i apply one hot encoding i have 25 columns. This introduces alot of sparsity. Even more u... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,114 | How to serialize/pickle a spacy ner model? | <p>I have trained a custom SpaCy named entity recognition model. I saved the model to disk using:</p>
<pre><code>nlp.to_disk()
</code></pre>
<p>which results in keeping the model in a folder. Is it possible to make the nlp object to a pickle file?</p>
 | python nlp named entity recognition spacy | 1 | How to serialize/pickle a spacy ner model? -- (python nlp named entity recognition spacy)
<p>I have trained a custom SpaCy named entity recognition model. I saved the model to disk using:</p>
<pre><code>nlp.to_disk()
</code></pre>
<p>which results in keeping the model in a folder. Is it possible to make the... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
80,123 | Isn't (steps_per_epoch = total training data/batch size)? | <p>Suppose i have 1000 dog images and my batch size is 10.
It will take 1000/10=100 steps to complete 1 epoch.<br />
So doesn't it mean steps_per_epoch=100 ?<br />
Then why do we have to specify it separately in keras while applying .fit().</p>
 | neural network deep learning keras | 1 | Isn't (steps_per_epoch = total training data/batch size)? -- (neural network deep learning keras)
<p>Suppose i have 1000 dog images and my batch size is 10.
It will take 1000/10=100 steps to complete 1 epoch.<br />
So doesn't it mean steps_per_epoch=100 ?<br />
Then why do we have to specify it separately i... | habedi/stack-exchange-dataset |
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