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In marine geology, a guyot (), also called a tablemount, is an isolated underwater volcanic mountain (seamount) with a flat top more than 200 m (660 ft) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat summits can exceed 10 km (6.2 mi). Guyots are most commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, but they have been id... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
By varying the propeller blades to the optimal pitch, higher efficiency can be obtained, thus saving fuel. A vessel with a VPP can accelerate faster from a standstill and can decelerate much more effectively, making stopping quicker and safer. A CPP can also improve vessel maneuverability by directing a stronger flow o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Compared to an FPP, a CPP is more efficient in reverse as the blades' leading edges remain as such in reverse also, so that the hydrodynamic cross-sectional shape is optimal for forward propulsion and satisfactory for reverse operations. In the mid-1970s, Uljanik Shipyard in Yugoslavia produced four VLCCs with CPPs – a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In maritime transport terms, and most commonly in sailing, jury-rigged is an adjective, a noun, and a verb. It can describe the actions of temporary makeshift running repairs made with only the tools and materials on board; and the subsequent results thereof. The origin of jury-rigged and jury-rigging lies in such effo... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In marketing and the social sciences, observational research (or field research) is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting. This differentiates it from experimental research in which a quasi-artificial environment is created to control for spurious factors... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In comparison to product bundling, which is a strategy of offering more than one product for promotion as one combined item to create differentiation and greater value, product lining consists of selling different related products individually. The products in the product line can come in various sizes, colours, qualit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In marketing, a blind taste test is often used as a tool for companies to compare their brand to another brand. For example, the Pepsi Challenge is a famous taste test that has been run by Pepsi since 1975. Additionally, taste tests are sometimes used as a tool by companies to develop their brand or new products.
Blin... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Kaplan and Norton note thatStrategy is based on a differentiated customer value proposition. Satisfying customers is the source of sustainable value creation. Developing a value proposition is based on a review and analysis of the benefits, costs, and value that an organization can deliver to its customers, prospective... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
However, often there is a discrepancy between what the company thinks about its value proposition and what the clients think it is.A company's value propositions can evolve, whereby values can add up over time. For example, Apple's value proposition contains a mix of three values.
Originally, in the 1980s, it communic... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
"Only about 4 percent" of coupons received were redeemed. Coupons can be targeted selectively to regional markets in which price competition is great. Most coupons have an expiration date, although American military commissaries overseas honor manufacturers' coupons for up to six months past the expiration date.
In ma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In project management, products are the formal definition of the project deliverables that make up or contribute to delivering the objectives of the project. A related concept is that of a sub-product, a secondary but useful result of a production process. Dangerous products, particularly physical ones, that cause inju... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In marketing, abandonment rate is a term associated with the use of virtual shopping carts. Also known as "shopping cart abandonment". Although shoppers in brick and mortar stores rarely abandon their carts, abandonment of virtual shopping carts is quite common.
Marketers can count how many of the shopping carts used ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Brand implementation is an integrated part of a branding cycle and needs to be initiated during the brand design and development phase. Brand implementation is the continuous and consistent application of the brand's image in all business units, communication channels and media. This refers to marketing and branding as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In marketing, branded content (also known as branded entertainment) is content produced by an advertiser or content whose creation was funded by an advertiser. In contrast to content marketing (in which content is presented first and foremost as a marketing ploy for a brand) and product placement (where advertisers pay... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cycle stock is held based on the re-order point, and defines the inventory that must be held for production, sale or consumption during the time between re-order and delivery. Safety stock is held to account for variability, either upstream in supplier lead time, or downstream in customer demand. Physical stock is held... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Customer lifetime value is an important concept in that it encourages firms to shift their focus from quarterly profits to the long-term health of their customer relationships. Customer lifetime value is an important metric because it represents an upper limit on spending to acquire new customers. For this reason it is... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Geomarketing is applied in the financial sector by identifying ATMs traffic generators and creating hotspot maps based on geographical parameters integrated with customer behavior.Geomarketing has a direct impact on the development of modern trade and the reorganization of retail types. Site selection becomes automated... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In 2018, Chief Marketer found that B2B marketers favored email, live events, and content marketing as their top three. After the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Gartner identified increases in social and search engine optimization for B2B marketers, while B2C marketers favored digital advertising.Lead generation is often pa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
They found that users perceive greater usefulness and enjoyment with a mass customization interface vs. a more typical shopping interface, particularly in a task of moderate complexity. From collaborative engineering perspective, mass customization can be viewed as collaborative efforts between customers and manufactur... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Business-to-business (B2B) sellers might segment the market into different types of businesses or countries, while business-to-consumer (B2C) sellers might segment the market into demographic segments, such as lifestyle, behavior, or socioeconomic status. Market segmentation assumes that different market segments requi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In marketing, product bundling is offering several products or services for sale as one combined product or service package. It is a common feature in many imperfectly competitive product and service markets. Industries engaged in the practice include telecommunications services, financial services, health care, inform... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In marketing, promotion refers to any type of marketing communication used to inform target audiences of the relative merits of a product, service, brand or issue, most of the time persuasive in nature. It helps marketers to create a distinctive place in customers' mind, it can be either a cognitive or emotional route.... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The asymmetrically dominated option is therefore a decoy serving to increase preference for the dominating option. The decoy effect is also an example of the violation of the independence of irrelevant alternatives axiom of decision theory.
More simply, when deciding between two options, an unattractive third option c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Examples include print ads, radio, television, billboard, direct mail, brochures and catalogs, signs, in-store displays, posters, mobile apps, motion pictures, web pages, banner ads, emails. Personal selling is the process of helping and persuading one or more prospects to purchase a good or service or to act on any id... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
It can be accomplished by planting a significant news story indirectly in the media, or presenting it favorably through press releases or corporate anniversary parties. Examples include newspaper and magazine articles, TVs and radio presentations, charitable contributions, speeches, issue advertising, seminars. Word of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In marketing, the unique selling proposition (USP), also called the unique selling point, or the unique value proposition (UVP) in the business model canvas, is the marketing strategy of informing customers about how one's own brand or product is superior to its competitors (in addition to its other values).It was used... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In martial arts, the terms hard and soft technique denote how forcefully a defender martial artist counters the force of an attack in armed and unarmed combat. In the East Asian martial arts, the corresponding hard technique and soft technique terms are 硬 (Japanese: gō, pinyin: yìng) and 柔 (Japanese: jū, pinyin: róu), ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In masonry, mortar joints are the spaces between bricks, concrete blocks, or glass blocks, that are filled with mortar or grout. If the surface of the masonry remains unplastered, the joints contribute significantly to the appearance of the masonry. Mortar joints can be made in a series of different fashions, but the m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In mass communication, media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), digital media, and advert... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In mass spectrometry, a matrix is a compound that promotes the formation of ions. Matrix compounds are used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and fast atom bombardment (FAB).
In mass spectrometry, data-independent acquisition (DIA) is a method of molecular struct... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Generally, there are two approaches: database search and de novo sequencing. Database search is a simple version as the mass spectra data of the unknown peptide is submitted and run to find a match with a known peptide sequence, the peptide with the highest matching score will be selected.
This approach fails to recog... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
This ionization can occur for species desorbed directly from surfaces such as bank notes, tablets, bodily fluids (blood, saliva and urine), polymers, glass, plant leaves, fruits & vegetables, clothing, and living organisms. DART is applied for rapid analysis of a wide variety of samples at atmospheric pressure and in t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
This includes in particular nanospray ion sources where a wire made of stainless steel, gold or other conducting material makes contact with the sample solution inside uncoated spray capillaries. The principle is also applied when a stainless steel union connects a chromatography outlet to a spray capillary. Its use ha... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and carbohydrate... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In mass spectrometry, the quadrupole mass analyzer (or quadrupole mass filter) is a type of mass analyzer originally conceived by Nobel laureate Wolfgang Paul and his student Helmut Steinwedel. As the name implies, it consists of four cylindrical rods, set parallel to each other. In a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS)... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In massively multiplayer online games, an instance is a special area, typically a dungeon, that generates a new copy of the location for each group, or for a certain number of players, that enters the area. Instancing, the general term for the use of this technique, addresses several problems encountered by players in ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Key relevance is the measure of similarity between the key and the optimal size needed to fit the lock, or it is the similarity between a duplicate key and the original it is seeking to replicate. Key relevance cannot be deduced from a key code, since the key code merely refers to a central authoritative source for des... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
It is usually least stiff in the radial direction (between the growth rings), and is intermediate in the circumferential direction. This anisotropy was provided by evolution, as it best enables the tree to remain upright.
Because the preferred coordinate system is cylindrical-polar, this type of orthotropy is also cal... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
If orthotropic properties vary between points inside an object, it possesses both orthotropy and inhomogeneity. This suggests that orthotropy is the property of a point within an object rather than for the object as a whole (unless the object is homogeneous). The associated planes of symmetry are also defined for a sma... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
One common example of transversely isotropic material with one axis of symmetry is a polymer reinforced by parallel glass or graphite fibers. The strength and stiffness of such a composite material will usually be greater in a direction parallel to the fibers than in the transverse direction, and the thickness directio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically, and release that energy upon unloading. Proof resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without creating a permanent distortion. The modulus of resilience is def... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials chemistry, a binary phase or binary compound is a chemical compound containing two different elements. Some binary phase compounds are molecular, e.g. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). More typically binary phase refers to extended solids. Famous examples zinc sulfide, which contains zinc and sulfur, and tungst... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials engineering, suspension plasma spray (SPS) is a form of plasma spraying where the ceramic feedstock is dispersed in a liquid suspension before being injected into the plasma jet.By suspending powder in a fluid, normal feeding problems are circumvented, allowing the deposition of finer microstructures throu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Because of the high value of these 'A' items, frequent value analysis is required. In addition to that, an organization needs to choose an appropriate order pattern (e.g. 'just-in-time') to avoid excess capacity. 'B' items are important, but of course less important than 'A' items and more important than 'C' items. The... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The nature of the applied driving force curve relative to the material's R-curve determines the stability of a given crack. The usage of R-curves in fracture analysis is a more complex, but more comprehensive failure criteria compared to the common failure criteria that fracture occurs when G ≥ G c {\displaystyle G\geq... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) is the effect that occurs in some materials where an external magnetic field causes a large variation in the electrical impedance of the material. It should not be confused with the separate physical phenomenon of Giant Magnetoresistance.
In materials science and conti... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The yield strength is often used to determine the maximum allowable load in a mechanical component, since it represents the upper limit to forces that can be applied without producing permanent deformation. In some materials, such as aluminium, there is a gradual onset of non-linear behavior, and no precise yield point... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The uranium isotope 235U is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. It is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciable extent that is fissile, that is, fissionable by thermal neutrons. The isotope 238U is also important because it absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotope that subse... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science and molecular biology, thermostability is the ability of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure, often by resisting decomposition or polymerization, at a high relative temperature. Thermostable materials may be used industrially as fire retardants. A thermos... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
For soft materials, such as rubber, where the bulk modulus is much higher than the shear modulus, Poisson's ratio is near 0.5. For open-cell polymer foams, Poisson's ratio is near zero, since the cells tend to collapse in compression. Many typical solids have Poisson's ratios in the range of 0.2–0.3. The ratio is named... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Residual stresses can result from a variety of mechanisms including inelastic (plastic) deformations, temperature gradients (during thermal cycle) or structural changes (phase transformation). Heat from welding may cause localized expansion, which is taken up during welding by either the molten metal or the placement o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In continuum mechanics, the flow stress for a given material will vary with changes in temperature, T {\displaystyle T} , strain, ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } , and strain-rate, ε ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}} ; therefore it can be written as some function of those properties: Y f = f ( ε , ε ˙ , T ) {\disp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, MXenes are a class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds , that consist of atomically thin layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. MXenes accept a variety of hydrophilic terminations. MXenes were first reported in 2012.
In materials science, Ostwald's rule or Ostwald's s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
A dramatic example is phosphorus, which upon sublimation first forms the less stable white phosphorus, which only slowly polymerizes to the red allotrope. This is notably the case for the anatase polymorph of titanium dioxide, which having a lower surface energy is commonly the first phase to form by crystallisation fr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, a Frank–Read source is a mechanism explaining the generation of multiple dislocations in specific well-spaced slip planes in crystals when they are deformed. When a crystal is deformed, in order for slip to occur, dislocations must be generated in the material. This implies that, during deformatio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
It is sessile and immobile in the slip plane, acting as a barrier against other dislocations in the plane. The trailing dislocations pile up behind the Lomer–Cottrell dislocation, and an ever greater force is required to push additional dislocations into the pile-up. ex. FCC lattice along {111} slip planes |leading| |t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Layers of different materials may be used, resulting in a hybrid laminate. The individual layers generally are orthotropic (that is, with principal properties in orthogonal directions) or transversely isotropic (with isotropic properties in the transverse plane) with the laminate then exhibiting anisotropic (with varia... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The number and arrangement of dislocations influences many of the properties of materials. The two primary types of dislocations are sessile dislocations which are immobile and glissile dislocations which are mobile. Examples of sessile dislocations are the stair-rod dislocation and the Lomer–Cottrell junction.
The tw... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, a general rule of mixtures is a weighted mean used to predict various properties of a composite material . It provides a theoretical upper- and lower-bound on properties such as the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. In general there are ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Metal foams typically retain some physical properties of their base material. Foam made from non-flammable metal remains non-flammable and can generally be recycled as the base material. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is similar while thermal conductivity is likely reduced.
In materials science, a metal matrix c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, a partial dislocation is a decomposed form of dislocation that occurs within a crystalline material. An extended dislocation is a dislocation that has dissociated into a pair of partial dislocations. The vector sum of the Burgers vectors of the partial dislocations is the Burgers vector of the ext... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, a porous medium or a porous material is a material containing pores (voids). The skeletal portion of the material is often called the "matrix" or "frame". The pores are typically filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). The skeletal material is usually a solid, but structures like foams are often also... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Many of their important properties can only be rationalized by considering them to be porous media. The concept of porous media is used in many areas of applied science and engineering: filtration, mechanics (acoustics, geomechanics, soil mechanics, rock mechanics), engineering (petroleum engineering, bioremediation, c... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack, and retains strength and form at high temperatures. Refractories are polycrystalline, polyphase, inorganic, non-metallic, porous, and heterogeneous. They are typically comp... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals uni... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The starting material for making thermosets is usually malleable or liquid prior to curing, and is often designed to be molded into the final shape. It may also be used as an adhesive. Once hardened, a thermoset cannot be melted for reshaping, in contrast to thermoplastic polymers which are commonly produced and distri... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
These classifications are polymer matrix composites (PMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and metal matrix composites (MMCs). Also, materials within these categories are often called "advanced" if they combine the properties of high (axial, longitudinal) strength values and high (axial, longitudinal) stiffness valu... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough"), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale. They are rough, with sharp, rough or r... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density or volumetric density, is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or par... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
CFM enables the ability to determine the chemical nature of surfaces, irrespective of their specific morphology, and facilitates studies of basic chemical bonding enthalpy and surface energy. Typically, CFM is limited by thermal vibrations within the cantilever holding the probe. This limits force measurement resolutio... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
For example, moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it relieves tensile stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking. Unlike brittle fracture, creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. Instead, strain accumulates as a result of long-term stress. Therefore, creep is a ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, cross slip is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. It allows non-planar movement of screw dislocations. Non-planar movement of edge dislocations is achieved through climb. Since the Burgers vector of a perfect screw dislocation is par... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sufficiently high power of the laser beam can thus result in the removal of material at the interference maximums thanks to ablation phenomenon, leaving the material intact at the minimums. In this way, a repeatable pattern can be permanently fixed on the surface of a given material. DLIP can be applied to almost any m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The drug paroxetine was subject to a lawsuit that hinged on such a pair of polymorphs, and multiple life-saving drugs, such as ritonavir, have been recalled due to unexpected polymorphism. Although it may seem like a so-called disappearing polymorph has disappeared for good, it is believed that it is always possible in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
However, theories have been developed that can produce acceptable approximations which in turn describe useful parameters including the effective permittivity and permeability of the materials as a whole. In this sense, effective medium approximations are descriptions of a medium (composite material) based on the prope... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Plastics and plastic-based composites may suffer swelling, debonding and loss of strength when exposed to organic fluids and other corrosive environments, such as acids and alkalies. Under the influence of stress and environment, many structural materials, particularly the high-specific strength ones become brittle and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need for a liquid or soft membrane separating the electrodes. The phenomenon relies on the hopping of ions through an otherwise rigid crystal structure.
In materials science, fatigue is t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
However, there are also a number of special cases that need to be considered where the rate of crack growth is significantly different compared to that obtained from constant amplitude testing. Such as the reduced rate of growth that occurs for small loads near the threshold or after the application of an overload; and... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, fragile matter is a granular material that is jammed solid. Everyday examples include beans getting stuck in a hopper in a whole food shop, or milk powder getting jammed in an upside-down bottle. The term was coined by physicist Michael Cates, who asserts that such circumstances warrant a new clas... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Shaving foam is jammed because the bubbles are tightly packed together under the isotropic stress imposed by atmospheric pressure. If it were a fragile solid, it would respond plastically to shear stress, however small. But because bubbles deform, foam actually responds elastically provided that the stress is below a t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, galfenol is the general term for an alloy of iron and gallium. The name was first given to iron-gallium alloys by United States Navy researchers in 1998 when they discovered that adding gallium to iron could amplify iron's magnetostrictive effect up to tenfold. Galfenol is of interest to sonar res... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf. transgranular corrosion.)
In materials science, lamellar structures or microstructures ar... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, paracrystalline materials are defined as having short- and medium-range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction.
In materials science, polymorphism describes the existence of a solid material in more t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil, polymer, air, or other fluids to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring. It does this by reducing the window of t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, recrystallization is a process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of defect-free grains that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed. Recrystallization is usually accompanied by a reduction in the strength and hardness of a material and a simultaneou... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Segregation can occur in various materials classes. In polycrystalline solids, segregation occurs at defects, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, stacking faults, or the interface between two phases. In liquid solutions, chemical gradients exist near second phases and surfaces due to combinations of chemical and el... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, slip is the large displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another part along crystallographic planes and directions. Slip occurs by the passage of dislocations on close/packed planes, which are planes containing the greatest number of atoms per area and in close-packed directions (most a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thus, relaxation has the same effect as cold springing, except it occurs over a longer period of time. The amount of relaxation which takes place is a function of time, temperature and stress level, thus the actual effect it has on the system is not precisely known, but can be bounded. Stress relaxation describes how p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Although the Maxwell model is good at predicting stress relaxation, it is fairly poor at predicting creep. On the other hand, the Voigt model is good at predicting creep but rather poor at predicting stress relaxation (see viscoelasticity). The extracellular matrix and most tissues are stress relaxing, and the kinetics... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, superplasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well beyond its usual breaking point, usually over about 400% during tensile deformation. Such a state is usually achieved at high homologous temperature. Examples of superplastic materials are some fine-grained metals and ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
This dislocation will have the effect of deforming, not only the perfect crystal structure, but the rectangle as well. The said rectangle could have one of its sides disjoined from the perpendicular side, severing the connection of the length and width line segments of the rectangle at one of the rectangle's corners, a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, the Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a measure of the material's notch toughness. It is widely used in industry, since it is easy to pr... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
It is named after Clarence Zener and John Herbert Hollomon, Jr. who established the formula based on the stress-strain behavior in steel.
When plastically deforming a material, the flow stress depends heavily on both the strain-rate and temperature. During forming processes, Z may help determine appropriate changes in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Once the atom has diffused into the dislocation core the atom will stay. Typically only one interstitial atom is required per lattice plane of the dislocation. The collection of solute atoms around the dislocation core due to this process is the Cottrell atmosphere.
In materials science, the sessile drop technique is ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, the term single-layer materials or 2D materials refers to crystalline solids consisting of a single layer of atoms. These materials are promising for some applications but remain the focus of research. Single-layer materials derived from single elements generally carry the -ene suffix in their nam... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In materials science, the threshold displacement energy (Td) is the minimum kinetic energy that an atom in a solid needs to be permanently displaced from its site in the lattice to a defect position. It is also known as "displacement threshold energy" or just "displacement energy". In a crystal, a separate threshold di... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In concert with yield strength or ductility anomalies, some materials demonstrate extrema in other temperature dependent properties, such as a minimum in ultrasonic damping, or a maximum in electrical conductivity.The yield strength anomaly in β-brass was one of the earliest discoveries such a phenomenon, and several o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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