output stringlengths 13 193 | input stringlengths 129 3.14k | instruction stringclasses 1
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Do electronegativity and elektrodepotential both describe to what extent an atom can attract electrons? | Electronegativity is how strongly the element hogs the election ONCE the covalent bond is made. Electropotential is the tendancy of the element to lose/gain electrons (so I see it close to ionization energy/electron affinity definitions). Nevertheless, they are related. Reactivity is often described by electronegativit... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How lithium behaves as a strong reducing agent? | all the reducing agents undergo oxidation themselves and oxidation is the loss of electrons and that reduction is gain of electrons. Ionistasion potential determines the ease with with an element can lose an electron. Lithium has high ionisation potential ,. i.e it can lose electrons with much ease than any other metal... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How come Li has more reduction potential than Na or K? | Reduction = gain in electrons. K would find it harder to gain electrons than Li because there are more electron shells around K. This means that atomic radius has increased, so the e- are held with less attraction to the nucleus. Increased sheilding also contributes. This is why K is so reactive - it's electrons are he... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does more reactive imply a greater reducing potential? | Reduction = gain in electrons. K would find it harder to gain electrons than Li because there are more electron shells around K. This means that atomic radius has increased, so the e- are held with less attraction to the nucleus. Increased sheilding also contributes. This is why K is so reactive - it's electrons are he... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How come Li has more reduction potential than Na or K? | Lithium is a stronger reducing agent than all other alkali metals. This is because Lithium (do note that all this is happening in water) has a large hydration energy (because of its small size and high charge density), and this favours the formation of the Li+ cation significantly, making Li the best reducing agent in ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does more reactive imply a greater reducing potential? | Lithium is a stronger reducing agent than all other alkali metals. This is because Lithium (do note that all this is happening in water) has a large hydration energy (because of its small size and high charge density), and this favours the formation of the Li+ cation significantly, making Li the best reducing agent in ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why do lone pairs of electrons form hybrid orbitals? | If there was an un-hybridized lone pair, then it would be in a p orbital. This would leave the bonding electrons in sp2 hybrid orbitals, which are involved in the N-H bond. However, according to VSEPR theory, these regions of electron density would like to place them selves as far as they can away from each other, or c... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why Nitrogen needs sp3 Hybridization to form ammonia? | If the 2s orbital bonds with a hydrogen the bond will be shorter than the bonds formed by 3 2p orbitals with hydrogen. If this was the case, ammonia would have 3 long bonds and a short bond. However, when the shape of ammonia was discovered, it was clear that all N-H bond lengths were equal, hence the idea of 2s and 2p... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why lone pairs of electrons have their own hybridized orbitals? | that single electron has greater chance of forming a bond (pi bond) if the orbital he is in isn't hybridized. paired electrons don't have to bond so their orbital gets hybridized (it lowers the total energy of the molecule) single electron orbitals remain unhybridized if they don't participate in bonding Question | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why oxygen atoms in the molecular formula of water has 4 more atoms that can be used for other bonds? | The oxygen have 8 valence electrons in the water molecule. Oxygen started out with 6 valence electrons. By combining with two atoms of hydrogen it shares with each hydrogen one electron of its own and one electron from the hydrogen, so it shares a total of two of its electron with a total of two electrons from the hydr... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does one classify the H2O molecules as solid or liquid? | During the flat bit of the phase transition diagram, where temperature doesn't change despite the addition of more heat, the ice is melting and there is a mixture of ice and liquid water. Only when the last bit of ice has melted, and all the water is liquid, does the temperature start to rise. During 'little period' (o... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does one classify the H2O molecules as solid or liquid? | During the flat bit of the phase transition diagram, where temperature doesn't change despite the addition of more heat, the ice is melting and there is a mixture of ice and liquid water. Only when the last bit of ice has melted, and all the water is liquid, does the temperature start to rise. During heat of vaporizati... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Is there a limit to that the steam will get hotter? | you cannot heat steam 'forever'. Like all molecules, when sufficiently hot it will decompose. There is not a set temperature at which it decomposes, it is more of a gradual process as the temperature increases. You start getting significant quantities of water decomposing at around 2500 K. At about 3000 K you get aroun... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does applying more heat not change the average kinetic energy? | Superfluid means the substance is at the point between liquid and gas ( equilibrium )at very high temperature and pressure. helium becomes a superfluid at extremely low temperatures. superfluid is strange in the way that it seems to have a viscosity of zero, it can flow up the sides of a container, and many other creep... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Is a non spontaneous reaction always a reverse reaction? | spontaneity of the reaction can be determined from the sign of the gibbs (free) energy. if dG0 reaction is spontaneous in backward direction (from right to left). if reaction is spontaneous in one direction it is non spontaneous in opposite direction. Is a spontaneous reaction always a forward reaction? Question | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What is the meaning of the equilibrium constant? | Equilibrium is when the rate of the forward reaction equals to the rate of the reverse reaction. if the reaction is at equilibrium it doesnt mean that the concentration of products has to be the same as the reactants concentration. if K=0 it means that there is zero concentration of products, thus no reaction at all. I... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why an ether and an alcohol can be considered structural isomers but these molecules cannot? | Structural isomers are those that have atoms binded to different atoms, altogether. In the bromo-chloro-fluoro-methane molecule, the bromine is binded to carbon, the chlorine is binded to the carbon, the fluorine is binded to a carbon and the hydrogen is bonded to carbon. Its enantiomers has the same configuration. Wit... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why is there so much more water on Earth than ammonia even though nitrogen is more abundant? | oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine only bind in the same way in that they form covalent bonds. Otherwise, they are completely different. To name a few: each of them form different number of bonds. Cl bonded with hydrogen is an acid, while N bonded with hydrogen is basic. Also, note that nitrogen is only more abundant in the... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How to calculate the frequency of the fire? | The bonds of the elements in fire have frequencies and the electrons in the atoms are changing orbital levels from high energy to lower energy levels while the matter is being oxidized thus creatinine a electro magnetic fields some of which (frequencies) are falling into the visual frequency range. The frequency range ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How will the viscosity of liquid be affected by increase in temperature? | Take honey for example, it is very viscous, but when it is heated it flows better. it's properties change. The heat from the fire or wherever it was heated from increased it's energy. When it was able to flow better, there is an increase in kinetic energy, making it less viscous than it usually is. Same goes for freezi... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How will the viscosity of liquid be affected by increase in temperature? | With increase of temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecules of liquid increases which can overcome the intermolecular forces. Hence, the liquid starts flowing. In other words the viscosity of a liquid decreases with increase in temperature. Increase in kinetic energy can overcome intermolecular forces Preposition | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What gives an electron a negative charge and what gives a proton a positive charge? | the charge is a natural property of protons and electrons. It does not appear to come from anywhere, it just exists. An electrical charge can be defined as the natural property of certain kinds of matter that cause their paths of motion to be deflected when exposed to a magnetic field. When electrical charges were firs... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What gives an electron a negative charge and what gives a proton a positive charge? | electron is itself a fundamental negative particle while protonic positive charge is due to presence of 3 quarks in it neutron also has 3 quarks but no charge. The electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It has no known substructure and is believed to be a point particle Electrons part... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why do they always say 'atomic weight' on the periodic table? | When seeing 'weight' used like this is chemistry, it is not using the meaning of the word that has to do with force due to gravity. Instead, it is using the mathematical sense of the word for WEIGHTed average. To put it another way: the word weight is there to remind you that this is a weighted average. It has nothing ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why do strong acid and bases give 100% ionization? | strong acid and bases giving 100% ionization in water has to do with equilibrium and reversible reactions. When an acid or base dissociates (or ionizes) in water, there's always the possibility of the reverse reaction, were the ions react to reform the not-dissociated acid or base. The amount an acid or base dissociate... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
what is the difference if atomic weight and atomic mass are not the same thing? | 'Atomic weight' is an older term and should not be used. 'Atomic mass' is the correct term if you are talking about amu/atom. 'Molecular mass' is the correct term if you are talking about amu/molecule. If you are talking about grams of the element or molecules, the term is 'molar mass' (has units of g/mol). Are atomic ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Is surface tension responsible for the pain felt by a person? | The molecules can't get out of the way fast enough when you hit the water from a height without diving into it, so they exert a force that your body perceives as pain. It' not the surface tension as such, but the hydrogen bonds that hold the molecules together in the liquid. If a person falls into water from a height w... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Is surface tension responsible for the pain felt by a person? | When falling into water from a weight without diving into it, the impact suddenly displaces a substantial mass of water as it makes room for your body, and the sudden change in momentum of the water mass delivers an impulse to your body almost as if you had run into something more solid. However, the impulse is pretty ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why didn't only one drop leak out? | One drop began to overflow, it attracted the molecule behind it (cohesion force) causing the hydrogen bond to weaken, that molecule attracted another molecule, also the last drop caused vibrational distubance, in this way the whole surface arrangement got loose and gravity is into act all the time. So suddenly many mol... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What was happening molecularly to the surface of the water? | One drop began to overflow, it attracted the molecule behind it (cohesion force) causing the hydrogen bond to weaken, that molecule attracted another molecule, also the last drop caused vibrational distubance, in this way the whole surface arrangement got loose and gravity is into act all the time. So suddenly many mol... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How surface tension applies to the shape of water droplet? | Water has a high surface tension because the water molecules on the surface are pulled together by strong hydrogen bonds. That means a drop of water will "Want" to have the smallest possible surface area. The shape that has the smallest possible area for a given volume is a *sphere*. Water droplets tend to be somewhat ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why don't the oxygen atoms in the air bond to the water molecules on the surface and pull on water molecules? | Oxygen in the air is usually in the form of O2, which is stable. Oxygen in water is bound to two hydrogens, which makes it stable as well - at least as far as connecting more oxygen to them goes. Oxygen can diffuse into water, but this happens very slowly if the water is still. It doesn't bond, it is a mixture. The oxy... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How does water evaporate? | The molecules in the water have a range of kinetic energies, from low to high. Some of the molecules have sufficient kinetic energy to break out and to enter the air. In coastal areas there are also factors. For example, waves churn up the water and give rise to very fine droplets that can get carried in the wind. Wate... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What happens to the water at the bottom of the container? | the water at the bottom of the container is less dense, the surface of the water is more dense because of surface tension, the water basically compacts on itself because the water molecules would like to take up the least amount of surface area possible. although the water at the surface is more dense, which allows for... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why does a paperclip that is able to sink below the surface, go down to the bottom? | the water at the bottom of the container is less dense, the surface of the water is more dense because of surface tension, the water basically compacts on itself because the water molecules would like to take up the least amount of surface area possible.although the water at the surface is more dense, which allows for ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How does the brain get the oxygen and glucose it needs? | referring to the tight junctions between endothelial cells in the BBB, glucose and O2 get through because they are able to permeate through the endothelial cells. The cells have glucose transporters and co-transporters that use the driving force of sodium (and sometimes other ions) to help bring glucose into the cells ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why is the brain included in central nervous system? | the brain and the spinal chord are the two components of the central nervous system which interpret messages and control the actions of/from the rest of the peripheral nervous system. It's called the central nervous system not because of its position in the human body, but its role in the overall function of our nervou... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Are the cranial nerves part of the CNS and the spinal nerves part of the PNS? | CNS is the brain and spinal cord. PNS includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. We like to categorize and define things, but they are connected. Afferent means sensory information going to the brain, Efferent means motor information from the CNS. Efferent, or motor commands includes somatic n.s., or skeletal muscl... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why the sensory neurons in the ganglia have axons that carry impulses towards the soma instead of dendrites that carry impulses towards the soma? | There are different types of neurones in the body, with different locations of the axons and dendrites. The neurone that you are most familiar with are *multipolar* neurones. They make up 99% of all neurones and has 3 or more processes projecting out of the soma. They are the classic example of neurones, with axons car... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What does surface area have to do with how much energy it takes for these transfers to occur? | As a cell grows in size, the surface area gets bigger, but the volume gets bigger faster. Thinking about this as a ratio (division), the volume is the denominator and the surface area is the numerator. If the volume is getting very big, then the ratio itself will be getting very small. What this translates to is as a c... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How to know it is not there without fulfilling the octet rule? | Oxygen is not one of the atoms that violates the octet rule. In a stable compound, it will have 8 valence electrons. In this compound, it has 2 bonding pairs (4 electrons). There must be 4 unshown electrons, so they will be present as 2 lone pairs. oxygen wants an octet Citation | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How does oxygen get a triple bond with carbon? | There are two double bonds between C and O, and two lone pairs of electrons on each Oxygen. During the formation of CO, what happens is the absence of the second oxygen is solved by the donation of one of those lone pairs of electrons from the oxygen to the carbon. So two of the bonds are simple covalent bonds, in whic... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How does oxygen get a triple bond with carbon? | carbon will almost always follow the octet rule. CO isn't an exception to this. The third bond here comes from a lone pair on O being shared with C. the hybridisation is sp for both O and C. Experimentally we find the bond length in CO is shorter than a C-O double bond and similar to the N-N triple bond length in N2. S... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How would dogs and horses be listed? | The tree of life is a metaphor for the fact that all life on earth is evolutionarily related, somewhat like a huge version of a human family tree. The tree really has nothing to do with physical characteristics such as fur or number of legs. Because evolution allows lineages to change physiologically and anatomically, ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How would dogs and horses be listed? | To show how closely related two organisms are, you need to look at how they are positioned on the phylogenetic tree. I will go through most of them, but I will leave out a few levels which aren't very interesting. We start with three main domains of life: eukaryotes, archaea and bacteria. Animals are a type of eukaryot... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How are they classified on the map? | understand that 'species' is a human construct that doesn't have an exact match in nature. What actual exist are breeding populations in a given area. We may or may not classify them as the same species as some other similar breeding population somewhere else. What we usually, but not always, use as a dividing mark bet... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Are they consider a different species or a subspecies? | understand that 'species' is a human construct that doesn't have an exact match in nature. What actual exist are breeding populations in a given area. We may or may not classify them as the same species as some other similar breeding population somewhere else. What we usually, but not always, use as a dividing mark bet... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Do we also breathe in the nitrogen in the atmosphere and do we take in this nitrogen? | We cannot obtain usable nitrogen through breathing. Nitrogen has to be fixed into a usable form first before it is consumed by heterotrophs. We can't take in nitrogen in the atmosphere because it is N2. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria converts the N2 into ammonium (NH4), which gets converted into nitrates (NO3) and nitrites (... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Would air particles perform a tiny sonic boom? | Particles in air will be able to travel at speeds greater than the speed of sound (300m/s) but I don't think this will cause a sonic boom because think about what sound is: sound is caused by the movement (compression and rarefractions) of molecules in the air. Sonic booms do not exist in space because there is no air ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Would air particles perform a tiny sonic boom? | Sound is a compression, not physical matter or energy (which is why sound needs a medium to travel through). An air particle moving faster than sound would not cause a sonic boom because an air particle is a medium, not an actual sound wave. It's the compression that causes the boom, regardless of how fast the actual p... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Would air particles perform a tiny sonic boom? | an air particle is not able to produce a compression of waves to generate a sonic boom. First of all, they change the direction many times per second... And like Matt B and Quantum Particle explained, an air particle is part of the medium itself. If it was a mental experiment, you could say that a tiny particle with a ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Would air particles perform a tiny sonic boom? | You hear a sonic boom when a shock wave passes by you. Individual air particles moving faster than sound do not create a shock wave that can pass by you, just like individual molecules of water do not make a wake. If some air particles are moving faster than sound Condition | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does it have to consider the direction of the molecules or the absolute value? | Velocity and kinetic energy are not the same thing. Speed is more related to kinetic energy than velocity is because kinetic energy doesn't take direction into account. The temperature (AVERAGE kinetic energy) of the system would then be S. Kinetic energy is energy of movement. if two swings are moving in opposite dire... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why do things burn or explode? | as the molecular speed increases past a certain threshold, the probability that a certain molecule will oxidize spontaneously through a collision with an oxygen molecule increases greatly. This threshold is called the ignition point. In all substances we call 'flammable' this oxidation is exothermic, bringing the neigh... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why is the speed increasing while the temperature is constant? | speed and temperature aren't the same thing. they are related in such way that increase in temperature increases the *average* speed of molecules. real speed can be changed with collisions between two molecules or collisions between molecules and the wall of the container If as long as there aren't too many molecules, ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
After a while would the graph for the same system be different? | Some molecules will speed up and some will slow down as they collide with each other or with the container walls. But with such gigantic numbers of molecules (~10^23) everything will average out if temperature stays the same and you won't see any change in the shape of the graph with time. With no change in temperature... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Is there any specific reason mole was defined using the number of elemental entities of carbon-12? | Carbon 12 is stable and is very common, so any lab can get it easily. You would want an element that has an equal number of neutrons and protons. C12 is one of many that fit that requirement. Before they used carbon, they used to use oxygen, until the 1960's not by the isotope of any other element Citation | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How does the body know what to send down the esophagus and what to send down the trachea? | Whenever you swallow something, the muscle contractions pull up on the hyoid bone, which draws the larynx up and tips the epiglottis backwards to cover the opening of the trachea. You can feel part of this process happen if you lightly press on the top of your thyroid cartilage. When you breathe you don't need to swall... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How does the body know what to send down the esophagus and what to send down the trachea? | The brain commands it to move food into esophagus and air into trachea. When you swallow, the muscles pull up on your hyold bone and this makes the larynx up. The epiglottis blocks food from entering your trachea when you are eating. Thats why you shouldnt talk while eating. the body gets mixed up sometimes when inhale... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does some air leak or escape? | The efficiency of the respiratory system is very very efficient. Imagine a system of pipes; one pulls the air, another transfers it. Since pipes are rounded and therefore 'closed' air cannot escape through the piping. Take for example your hand. Curl it, and blow through it. Almost none or if any air escapes, except th... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How efficient is this system? | The efficiency of the respiratory system is very very efficient. Imagine a system of pipes; one pulls the air, another transfers it. Since pipes are rounded and therefore 'closed' air cannot escape through the piping. Take for example your hand. Curl it, and blow through it. Almost none or if any air escapes, except th... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does some air leak or escape? | The pipes of our respiratory system are absolutely leak proof and miraculous. Right from the pharynx to the trachea to the bronchi to bronchioles and so on, all the tubes of our body are interconnected in an efficient manner preventing any leakage whatsoever. think of the entire system like some kind of pipe. if you po... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does our body use the co2 produced by our body? | CO2 is used in our body. It is used in synthesizing Urea (that's the excretory content of urine) from Ammonia. Our body produces a lot of ammonia from protein metabolism. This ammonia is particularly harmful and requires a large amount of water. So, our super intelligent liver converts it Urea, which is less toxic and ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why do we need two lungs? | Like the reason we are made up of many different cells versus one big cell. Absorption by little cells is much more efficient than large cells. So you have the two smaller lungs and they are divided into even smaller bronchioles and they are covered in villi to maximize surface area. One big lung wouldn't be as efficie... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why do we need two lungs? | Two small lungs are simply more effective than one big lung. you can live with one lung but your lifespan will be shortened and your ability to breathe starts weakening. it also weaker than two because the body is then completely dependent on the on lung Can we just have one big lung instead Question | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What becomes of the oxygen that had not been used up? | You inhale much more oxygen than you actually use. Some of it goes to red blood cells swapping it for CO2, but most of the excess O2 is just exhaled. This is what allows CPR to work - there's still a lot of leftover oxygen in the exhaled air. If our system not use up all of the oxygen that we take in Condition | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does oxygen that had not been used up escape? | You inhale much more oxygen than you actually use. Some of it goes to red blood cells swapping it for CO2, but most of the excess O2 is just exhaled. This is what allows CPR to work - there's still a lot of leftover oxygen in the exhaled air. If our system not use up all of the oxygen that we take in Condition | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Are lungs controlled in a voluntary or involuntary manner? | The air is forced in and out of our lungs via the diaphragm. The diaphragm is an involuntary muscle but can be controlled. Lungs are controlled by involuntary muscles, but can also be controlled via voluntary muscles. So under 'normal' conditions they are controlled via the involuntary muscles, i.e subconscious/with-ou... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why do blood go to the heart if they need oxygen? | Human heart is a pumping organ which pumps the blood. Whole of the body. And deoxygenated blood require The pressure. To move into the alveoli. The blood does go to the heart to get oxygenated. From the right ventricle the blood goes to the lungs which uses diffusion to separate CO2 from O2. Then it goes to the left at... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Do blood get filled by the alveoli? | Human heart is a pumping organ which pumps the blood. Whole of the body. And deoxygenated blood require The pressure. To move into the alveoli. The blood does go to the heart to get oxygenated. From the right ventricle the blood goes to the lungs which uses diffusion to separate CO2 from O2. Then it goes to the left at... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why hasn't the body evolved so that 'solid' stuff doesn't travel from the nose to the stomach? | Technically, the mucus has two routes--it can either slide down the throat, or it can be ejected (when we sneeze or blow our nose) out the airway. If it is ejected, then that takes care of that as far as the body is concerned. If it slides down to the stomach, then our stomach acids can (hopefully) kill the germs conta... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why hasn't the body evolved so that 'solid' stuff doesn't travel from the nose to the stomach? | Mucus is traveling down from your nose all the time, not just when you are ill. It is the changed consistency (and sometimes taste and smell) that makes you more aware of it when you are having a cold or similar. In order for the nose to be cleaned - it acts as a filter, you know - this exit route through the back of t... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How much time does the gasses presented in the blood getting exchanged by the alveoli takes? | First, we can calculate the heart rate and location fo the tissue you re interested in (how far is it from the heart). Second, it relies on diffusion which is not that slow either. Two diffusion events - in the lungs and the target tissue. It also happens simultaneously, all the time when your heart is beating and you ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why does the 4s orbital fill in general? | The Aufbau principle states that electrons are allocated to atomic orbitals in order of increasing energetic content. To calculate the order of energy we use the Madelung rule: a) In H atoms, all subshells of same n have the same energy. b) in atoms of 2+ electrons, subshells increase in energy as the value of n+l incr... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How can cadmium, an element that is somewhere around the middle of the periodic table, have an oxidation state of +2? | If you look at the periodic table, you can see Cadmium (Cd) belongs to the 12th group. The periodic table is organized so that the 2 in '12' is equivalent to the amount of electrons the element has in its valence shell. That means Cadmium has 2 electrons in its valence shell. An atom of Cadmium has an oxidation of 2+ b... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Are the anode rays only nuclei? | The rays which came from the positive side are called anode rays (as they were thought to originate from the anode) and were thought to consist of positively charged particles, though it has been proved that the particles are actually those of the ionized gas present in the discharge tube. The cathode ray is due to ele... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How will indicator help? | For a *strong acid-strong base* titration, the equivalence point is at pH 7. The pH range of phenolphthalein is about 8.3 to 10.0, but the titration curve is so steep at the equivalence point that phenolphthalein makes a good indicator. For a *strong base-weak acid* titration, the equivalence point is probably near pH ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does the colour goes away? | Most indicators don't change color significantly after you go out of their useful range. This appears to be also true for Bromothymol Blue, which google image searching suggests just becomes a darker shade of blue as the solution gets more basic at least as far as pH 14 If past the range of the indicator? Condition | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Does the colour goes away? | The range of 6.0-7.6 is the range in which the color switches, but if Bromthymol blue is in a solution more basic than that (ex. pH=10) it'll still be blue. Likewise, if it's in an acidic solution with a lower pH than that range, it'll still be yellow. If past the range of the indicator? Condition | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why doesn't a titration of HCL against Na2CO3 go to completion? | When you titrate HCl against Na2CO3, the reaction proceeds in two steps. The first step involves the production of NaHCO3 and this step has an equivalence point of about pH 8.3, in the range covered by phenolphthalein. Hence, the phenolphthalein changes colour at this first equivalence point. As more acid is dripped in... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How can Osmosis be a form of Passive Transport? | Active transport is a process that uses energy from respiration. Diffusion and osmosis don't require the cell to expend any of its own energy, as they are passive processes. Diffusion is the spreading out of particles in a *gas or solution* resulting in the *net* movement of these particles from an area of *higher* con... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Shouldn't Osmosis technically be classified as a form of active transport? | Active transport is a process that uses energy from respiration. Diffusion and osmosis don't require the cell to expend any of its own energy, as they are passive processes. Diffusion is the spreading out of particles in a *gas or solution* resulting in the *net* movement of these particles from an area of *higher* con... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why would osmosis be a form of Passive Transport? | Passive transport basically does not require any form of energy compared to active transport. In the case of osmosis,the water moves from areas of HIGH WATER concentration to areas of LOW WATER concentration, which makes it a form of passive transport. It uses no energy to move, it just drifts into lower concentrations... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration? | Passive transport basically does not require any form of energy compared to active transport. In the case of osmosis,the water moves from areas of HIGH WATER concentration to areas of LOW WATER concentration, which makes it a form of passive transport. It uses no energy to move, it just drifts into lower concentrations... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Shouldn't osmosis technically be classified as a form of active transport? | Passive transport basically does not require any form of energy compared to active transport. In the case of osmosis,the water moves from areas of HIGH WATER concentration to areas of LOW WATER concentration, which makes it a form of passive transport. It uses no energy to move, it just drifts into lower concentrations... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Is osmosis also passive transport for water? | Passive transport basically does not require any form of energy compared to active transport. In the case of osmosis,the water moves from areas of HIGH WATER concentration to areas of LOW WATER concentration, which makes it a form of passive transport. It uses no energy to move, it just drifts into lower concentrations... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Did RNA exist before cells? | In this theory, RNA came first. RNA can do everything it needs to do: selfreproduce, catalyze reactions, regulate - all of which it still does today to different degrees. Since RNA is chemically relatively simple and doesn't have many different structural elements (only its 4 bases and its repeating backbone), it could... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How would that water continue through the water cycle? | Through transpiration water forms droplets on the surface of the leaves. Those droplets transform into water vapor and leave the plant surface and become part of humidity in the atmosphere. That way water is back to the water cycle. When mentioning how plants transpire Condition | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why are the electrons mapped out in such an orderly way? | The simplicity of Bohr's model is easy to explain to those who start studying chemistry, and while the model itself may not represent the true nature of an atom, it portrays a rather simple picture of orbits and energy levels, making the concept of those easier to understand. When in reality electrons orbit the nucleus... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
According to what definition? | Zinc has completely filled d orbitals, both as the neutral atom and in the ion form. Consequently, it's not a transition metal under the IUPAC definition which requires the atom or its ions to have incompletely filled d orbitals. Nonetheless, you will see sloppy references to zinc being a transition metal purely on the... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Is the theory called a law? | theories always remain theories, whether they are valid or not. A law is just a precise, usually mathematical, description of some observed phenomena. Laws can be proven false, or rather confined to only be valid under specific circumstances, such as Newton's laws of motion. If the theory became true Condition | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Would that salt water need to be heated at a higher temperature before it began to evaporate? | It is just the fact that Earth temperature (the timestamp when life began and persists) is not as high as 100 ^C. Speaking of atmospheric temperature. Also, the atmospheric pressure comes into a place, the temperature itself is not the only variable. If salt water only start to freeze when exposed to colder temperature... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How is salt in the water? | the soil, the atmosphere has salt. Hydro-logical cycle is no difference. It is all harmonised and synchronised so water actually picks up salt form soil as well as atmospheric waters pick up salt nuclei from the atmosphere and bring down to the ocean. How can the lake and ocean have salt in there? Question | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Why wouldn't the males be affected but the females would? | Certain genes responsible for hairiness are present on the X chromosome but are expressed only when that X chromosome is in a male because the activation and expression of these genes require several inputs, like certain hormones at certain specific developmental stages all of which are different for males and females ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What do females get in terms of alleles/genetic traits that males don't? | Males still do get these since they have one X chromosome, having no X chromosome is lethal. On long arm of X chromosomes there are normal genes for example for colorful vision or blood coagulation. The only thing that females get from having 2 of these is lower chance for X-linked diseases. a X chromosome is longer th... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How is a ligament tear different from a sprain and why does it require surgery? | When you sprain your ankle your ligaments (bone to bone connections) get stretched and may get partially torn. This causes the body to respond with inflammation and this response is the normal and a necessary response to tissue damage. Next question may be "What is and how does inflammatory response work?. In short the... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
How is a ligament tear different from a sprain and why does it require surgery? | A ligament can be injured, usually by being over-stretched during a sudden pull. The ligaments at the side of the ankle are the ones most commonly sprained. A damaged ankle ligament causes inflammation, swelling, and bleeding (which shows as bruising) around the affected joint. Moving of the joint is painful. What happ... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
Would the lungs be an Involuntary or Voluntary muscle? | The lungs are functionally like a balloon that fills the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm (which is skeletal muscle) and some other muscles change the volume of the thoracic cavity this changes the pressure and causes inhalation and exhalation. What changes is what it is controlled by for voluntary functions the cerebral... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
What type of muscle is responsible for breathing? | Smooth Muscle Skeletal is voluntary, while cardiac muscle is involuntary (appears striated under the microscope; controls the heart). Smooth Muscle is involuntary as well-smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary movement such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, and blinking. The diaphragm is responsible for breat... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
When the muscle contracts what does it pull on to straighten the leg or to bring the lower leg up? | In the example of the quadriceps, one end is attached to your pelvis whilst the other end attaches to a lower leg bone called the tibia (this is the one you feel at the front of your leg). When the quads contract, they bend the knee - the pelvis stays still and they pull the lower leg towards the pelvis. So they are ac... | Based on the provided input, create a question and answer. |
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