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# version: v1.2
# scope: https://www.googleapis.com/auth/prediction
# title: Simple command-line sample for the Google Prediction API
# description: Command-line application that trains on some data. This sample does the same thing as the Hello Prediction! example.
# Name of Google Storage bucket/object that contains the training data
OBJECT_NAME = "apiclient-prediction-sample/prediction_models/languages"
# Start training on a data set
train = service.training()
start = train.insert(data=OBJECT_NAME, body={}).execute()
print 'Started training'
pprint.pprint(start)
import time
# Wait for the training to complete
while True:
status = train.get(data=OBJECT_NAME).execute()
pprint.pprint(status)
if 'RUNNING' != status['trainingStatus']:
break
print 'Waiting for training to complete.'
time.sleep(10)
print 'Training is complete'
# Now make a prediction using that training
body = {'input': {'csvInstance': ["mucho bueno"]}}
prediction = service.predict(body=body, data=OBJECT_NAME).execute()
print 'The prediction is:'
pprint.pprint(prediction)
| Python |
# version: v1
# scope: https://www.googleapis.com/auth/buzz
# title: Simple command-line sample for Buzz.
# description: Command-line application that retrieves the users latest content and then adds a new entry.
activities = service.activities()
# Retrieve the first two activities
activitylist = activities.list(
max_results='2', scope='@self', userId='@me').execute()
print "Retrieved the first two activities"
# Retrieve the next two activities
if activitylist:
activitylist = activities.list_next(activitylist).execute()
print "Retrieved the next two activities"
# Add a new activity
new_activity_body = {
'title': 'Testing insert',
'object': {
'content':
u'Just a short note to show that insert is working. ☄',
'type': 'note'}
}
activity = activities.insert(userId='@me', body=new_activity_body).execute()
print "Added a new activity"
activitylist = activities.list(
max_results='2', scope='@self', userId='@me').execute()
# Add a comment to that activity
comment_body = {
"content": "This is a comment"
}
item = activitylist['items'][0]
comment = service.comments().insert(
userId=item['actor']['id'], postId=item['id'], body=comment_body
).execute()
print 'Added a comment to the new activity'
pprint.pprint(comment)
| Python |
# version: v1
# title: Command-line sample for the Google URL Shortener API.
# scope: https://www.googleapis.com/auth/urlshortener
# description: Simple command-line example for Google URL Shortener API that shortens a URI then expands it.
url = service.url()
# Create a shortened URL by inserting the URL into the url collection.
body = {"longUrl": "http://code.google.com/apis/urlshortener/" }
resp = url.insert(body=body).execute()
pprint.pprint(resp)
short_url = resp['id']
# Convert the shortened URL back into a long URL
resp = url.get(shortUrl=short_url).execute()
pprint.pprint(resp)
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""$title
$description
Usage:
$$ python $name.py
You can also get help on all the command-line flags the program understands
by running:
$$ python $name.py --help
To get detailed log output run:
$$ python $name.py --logging_level=DEBUG
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import gflags
import httplib2
import logging
import pprint
import sys
from apiclient.discovery import build
from oauth2client.file import Storage
from oauth2client.client import AccessTokenRefreshError
from oauth2client.client import OAuth2WebServerFlow
from oauth2client.tools import run
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
# Set up a Flow object to be used if we need to authenticate. This
# sample uses OAuth 2.0, and we set up the OAuth2WebServerFlow with
# the information it needs to authenticate. Note that it is called
# the Web Server Flow, but it can also handle the flow for native
# applications <http://code.google.com/apis/accounts/docs/OAuth2.html#IA>
# The client_id client_secret are copied from the API Access tab on
# the Google APIs Console <http://code.google.com/apis/console>. When
# creating credentials for this application be sure to choose an Application
# type of "Installed application".
FLOW = OAuth2WebServerFlow(
client_id='433807057907.apps.googleusercontent.com',
client_secret='jigtZpMApkRxncxikFpR+SFg',
scope='$scope',
user_agent='$name-cmdline-sample/1.0')
# The gflags module makes defining command-line options easy for
# applications. Run this program with the '--help' argument to see
# all the flags that it understands.
gflags.DEFINE_enum('logging_level', 'ERROR',
['DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR', 'CRITICAL'],
'Set the level of logging detail.')
def main(argv):
# Let the gflags module process the command-line arguments
try:
argv = FLAGS(argv)
except gflags.FlagsError, e:
print '%s\\nUsage: %s ARGS\\n%s' % (e, argv[0], FLAGS)
sys.exit(1)
# Set the logging according to the command-line flag
logging.getLogger().setLevel(getattr(logging, FLAGS.logging_level))
# If the Credentials don't exist or are invalid run through the native client
# flow. The Storage object will ensure that if successful the good
# Credentials will get written back to a file.
storage = Storage('$name.dat')
credentials = storage.get()
if credentials is None or credentials.invalid:
credentials = run(FLOW, storage)
# Create an httplib2.Http object to handle our HTTP requests and authorize it
# with our good Credentials.
http = httplib2.Http()
http = credentials.authorize(http)
service = build("$name", "$version", http=http)
try:
$content
except AccessTokenRefreshError:
print ("The credentials have been revoked or expired, please re-run"
"the application to re-authorize")
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)
| Python |
# version: v1
# scope: https://www.googleapis.com/auth/moderator
# title: Simple command-line example for Moderator.
# description: Command-line application that exercises the Google Moderator API.
# Create a new Moderator series.
series_body = {
"description": "Share and rank tips for eating healthy and cheap!",
"name": "Eating Healthy & Cheap",
"videoSubmissionAllowed": False
}
series = service.series().insert(body=series_body).execute()
print "Created a new series"
# Create a new Moderator topic in that series.
topic_body = {
"description": "Share your ideas on eating healthy!",
"name": "Ideas",
"presenter": "liz"
}
topic = service.topics().insert(seriesId=series['id']['seriesId'],
body=topic_body).execute()
print "Created a new topic"
# Create a new Submission in that topic.
submission_body = {
"attachmentUrl": "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1a1wyc5Xxpg",
"attribution": {
"displayName": "Bashan",
"location": "Bainbridge Island, WA"
},
"text": "Charlie Ayers @ Google"
}
submission = service.submissions().insert(seriesId=topic['id']['seriesId'],
topicId=topic['id']['topicId'], body=submission_body).execute()
print "Inserted a new submisson on the topic"
# Vote on that newly added Submission.
vote_body = {
"vote": "PLUS"
}
service.votes().insert(seriesId=topic['id']['seriesId'],
submissionId=submission['id']['submissionId'],
body=vote_body)
print "Voted on the submission"
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
# Portions copyright PSF License
# http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278731-creating-a-daemon-the-python-way/
"""A pm-action hook for setting timezone.
Uses the Google Latitude API and the geonames.org
API to find your cellphones latitude and longitude
and from the determine the timezone you are in,
and then sets the computer's timezone to that.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
from apiclient.discovery import build
import httplib2
import os
import pickle
import pprint
import subprocess
import sys
import time
import uritemplate
from apiclient.anyjson import simplejson
from apiclient.discovery import build
from apiclient.oauth import FlowThreeLegged
from apiclient.ext.authtools import run
from apiclient.ext.file import Storage
# Uncomment to get detailed logging
# httplib2.debuglevel = 4
# URI Template to convert latitude and longitude into a timezone
GEONAMES = 'http://api.geonames.org/timezoneJSON?lat={lat}&lng={long}&username=jcgregorio'
PID_FILE = '/var/lock/tznever.pid'
CACHE = '/var/local/tznever/.cache'
# Default daemon parameters.
# File mode creation mask of the daemon.
UMASK = 0
# Default working directory for the daemon.
WORKDIR = "/"
# Default maximum for the number of available file descriptors.
MAXFD = 1024
# The standard I/O file descriptors are redirected to /dev/null by default.
if (hasattr(os, "devnull")):
REDIRECT_TO = os.devnull
else:
REDIRECT_TO = "/dev/null"
def main():
storage = Storage('/var/local/tznever/latitude_credentials.dat')
credentials = storage.get()
if len(sys.argv) == 1:
if credentials is None or credentials.invalid == True:
auth_discovery = build('latitude', 'v1').auth_discovery()
flow = FlowThreeLegged(auth_discovery,
consumer_key='m-buzz.appspot.com',
consumer_secret='NQEHb4eU6GkjjFGe1MD5W6IC',
user_agent='tz-never/1.0',
domain='m-buzz.appspot.com',
scope='https://www.googleapis.com/auth/latitude',
xoauth_displayname='TZ Never Again',
location='current',
granularity='city'
)
credentials = run(flow, storage)
else:
print "You are already authorized"
else:
if credentials is None or credentials.invalid == True:
print "This app, tznever, is not authorized. Run from the command-line to re-authorize."
os.exit(1)
if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] in ['hibernate', 'suspend']:
print "Hibernating"
# Kill off the possibly still running process by its pid
if os.path.isfile(PID_FILE):
f = file(PID_FILE, 'r')
pid = f.read()
f.close()
cmdline = ['/bin/kill', '-2', pid]
subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
os.unlink(PID_FILE)
elif len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] in ['thaw', 'resume']:
print "Resuming"
# write our pid out
f = file(PID_FILE, 'w')
f.write(str(os.getpid()))
f.close()
success = False
first_time = True
while not success:
try:
if not first_time:
time.sleep(5)
else:
first_time = False
print "Daemonizing so as not to gum up the works."
createDaemon()
# rewrite the PID file with our new PID
f = file(PID_FILE, 'w')
f.write(str(os.getpid()))
f.close()
http = httplib2.Http(CACHE)
http = credentials.authorize(http)
service = build('latitude', 'v1', http=http)
location = service.currentLocation().get(granularity='city').execute()
position = {
'lat': str(location['latitude']),
'long': str(location['longitude'])
}
http2 = httplib2.Http(CACHE)
resp, content = http2.request(uritemplate.expand(GEONAMES, position))
geodata = simplejson.loads(content)
tz = geodata['timezoneId']
f = file('/etc/timezone', 'w')
f.write(tz)
f.close()
cmdline = 'dpkg-reconfigure -f noninteractive tzdata'.split(' ')
subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
success = True
except httplib2.ServerNotFoundError, e:
print "still not connected, sleeping"
except KeyboardInterrupt, e:
if os.path.isfile(PID_FILE):
os.unlink(PID_FILE)
success = True
# clean up pid file
if os.path.isfile(PID_FILE):
os.unlink(PID_FILE)
def createDaemon():
"""Detach a process from the controlling terminal and run it in the
background as a daemon.
"""
try:
# Fork a child process so the parent can exit. This returns control to
# the command-line or shell. It also guarantees that the child will not
# be a process group leader, since the child receives a new process ID
# and inherits the parent's process group ID. This step is required
# to insure that the next call to os.setsid is successful.
pid = os.fork()
except OSError, e:
raise Exception, "%s [%d]" % (e.strerror, e.errno)
if (pid == 0): # The first child.
# To become the session leader of this new session and the process group
# leader of the new process group, we call os.setsid(). The process is
# also guaranteed not to have a controlling terminal.
os.setsid()
# Is ignoring SIGHUP necessary?
#
# It's often suggested that the SIGHUP signal should be ignored before
# the second fork to avoid premature termination of the process. The
# reason is that when the first child terminates, all processes, e.g.
# the second child, in the orphaned group will be sent a SIGHUP.
#
# "However, as part of the session management system, there are exactly
# two cases where SIGHUP is sent on the death of a process:
#
# 1) When the process that dies is the session leader of a session that
# is attached to a terminal device, SIGHUP is sent to all processes
# in the foreground process group of that terminal device.
# 2) When the death of a process causes a process group to become
# orphaned, and one or more processes in the orphaned group are
# stopped, then SIGHUP and SIGCONT are sent to all members of the
# orphaned group." [2]
#
# The first case can be ignored since the child is guaranteed not to have
# a controlling terminal. The second case isn't so easy to dismiss.
# The process group is orphaned when the first child terminates and
# POSIX.1 requires that every STOPPED process in an orphaned process
# group be sent a SIGHUP signal followed by a SIGCONT signal. Since the
# second child is not STOPPED though, we can safely forego ignoring the
# SIGHUP signal. In any case, there are no ill-effects if it is ignored.
#
# import signal # Set handlers for asynchronous events.
# signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, signal.SIG_IGN)
try:
# Fork a second child and exit immediately to prevent zombies. This
# causes the second child process to be orphaned, making the init
# process responsible for its cleanup. And, since the first child is
# a session leader without a controlling terminal, it's possible for
# it to acquire one by opening a terminal in the future (System V-
# based systems). This second fork guarantees that the child is no
# longer a session leader, preventing the daemon from ever acquiring
# a controlling terminal.
pid = os.fork() # Fork a second child.
except OSError, e:
raise Exception, "%s [%d]" % (e.strerror, e.errno)
if (pid == 0): # The second child.
# Since the current working directory may be a mounted filesystem, we
# avoid the issue of not being able to unmount the filesystem at
# shutdown time by changing it to the root directory.
os.chdir(WORKDIR)
# We probably don't want the file mode creation mask inherited from
# the parent, so we give the child complete control over permissions.
os.umask(UMASK)
else:
# exit() or _exit()? See below.
os._exit(0) # Exit parent (the first child) of the second child.
else:
# exit() or _exit()?
# _exit is like exit(), but it doesn't call any functions registered
# with atexit (and on_exit) or any registered signal handlers. It also
# closes any open file descriptors. Using exit() may cause all stdio
# streams to be flushed twice and any temporary files may be unexpectedly
# removed. It's therefore recommended that child branches of a fork()
# and the parent branch(es) of a daemon use _exit().
os._exit(0) # Exit parent of the first child.
# Close all open file descriptors. This prevents the child from keeping
# open any file descriptors inherited from the parent. There is a variety
# of methods to accomplish this task. Three are listed below.
#
# Try the system configuration variable, SC_OPEN_MAX, to obtain the maximum
# number of open file descriptors to close. If it doesn't exists, use
# the default value (configurable).
#
# try:
# maxfd = os.sysconf("SC_OPEN_MAX")
# except (AttributeError, ValueError):
# maxfd = MAXFD
#
# OR
#
# if (os.sysconf_names.has_key("SC_OPEN_MAX")):
# maxfd = os.sysconf("SC_OPEN_MAX")
# else:
# maxfd = MAXFD
#
# OR
#
# Use the getrlimit method to retrieve the maximum file descriptor number
# that can be opened by this process. If there is not limit on the
# resource, use the default value.
#
import resource # Resource usage information.
maxfd = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)[1]
if (maxfd == resource.RLIM_INFINITY):
maxfd = MAXFD
# Iterate through and close all file descriptors.
for fd in range(0, maxfd):
try:
os.close(fd)
except OSError: # ERROR, fd wasn't open to begin with (ignored)
pass
# Redirect the standard I/O file descriptors to the specified file. Since
# the daemon has no controlling terminal, most daemons redirect stdin,
# stdout, and stderr to /dev/null. This is done to prevent side-effects
# from reads and writes to the standard I/O file descriptors.
# This call to open is guaranteed to return the lowest file descriptor,
# which will be 0 (stdin), since it was closed above.
os.open(REDIRECT_TO, os.O_RDWR) # standard input (0)
# Duplicate standard input to standard output and standard error.
os.dup2(0, 1) # standard output (1)
os.dup2(0, 2) # standard error (2)
return(0)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
"""Query with ranked results against the shopping search API"""
from apiclient.discovery import build
SHOPPING_API_VERSION = 'v1'
DEVELOPER_KEY = 'AIzaSyACZJW4JwcWwz5taR2gjIMNQrtgDLfILPc'
def main():
"""Get and print a histogram of the top 15 brand distribution for a search
query.
Histograms are created by using the "Facets" functionality of the API. A
Facet is a view of a certain property of products, containing a number of
buckets, one for each value of that property. Or concretely, for a parameter
such as "brand" of a product, the facets would include a facet for brand,
which would contain a number of buckets, one for each brand returned in the
result.
A bucket contains either a value and a count, or a value and a range. In the
simple case of a value and a count for our example of the "brand" property,
the value would be the brand name, eg "sony" and the count would be the
number of results in the search.
"""
client = build('shopping', SHOPPING_API_VERSION, developerKey=DEVELOPER_KEY)
resource = client.products()
request = resource.list(source='public', country='US', q=u'digital camera',
facets_include='brand:15', facets_enabled=True)
response = request.execute()
# Pick the first and only facet for this query
facet = response['facets'][0]
print '\n\tHistogram for "%s":\n' % facet['property']
labels = []
values = []
for bucket in facet['buckets']:
labels.append(bucket['value'].rjust(20))
values.append(bucket['count'])
weighting = 50.0 / max(values)
for label, value in zip(labels, values):
print label, '#' * int(weighting * value), '(%s)' % value
print
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
'''Simple command-line example for The Google Search
API for Shopping.
Command-line application that does a search for products.
'''
__author__ = 'aherrman@google.com (Andy Herrman)'
from apiclient.discovery import build
# Uncomment the next line to get very detailed logging
# httplib2.debuglevel = 4
def main():
p = build('shopping', 'v1',
developerKey='AIzaSyDRRpR3GS1F1_jKNNM9HCNd2wJQyPG3oN0')
# Search over all public offers:
print 'Searching all public offers.'
res = p.products().list(
country='US',
source='public',
q='android t-shirt'
).execute()
print_items(res['items'])
# Search over a specific merchant's offers:
print
print 'Searching Google Store.'
res = p.products().list(
country='US',
source='public',
q='android t-shirt',
restrictBy='accountId:5968952',
).execute()
print_items(res['items'])
# Remember the Google Id of the last product
googleId = res['items'][0]['product']['googleId']
# Get data for the single public offer:
print
print 'Getting data for offer %s' % googleId
res = p.products().get(
source='public',
accountId='5968952',
productIdType='gid',
productId=googleId
).execute()
print_item(res)
def print_item(item):
"""Displays a single item: title, merchant, link."""
product = item['product']
print '- %s [%s] (%s)' % (product['title'],
product['author']['name'],
product['link'])
def print_items(items):
"""Displays a number of items."""
for item in items:
print_item(item)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
"""Full text search query against the shopping search API"""
import pprint
from apiclient.discovery import build
SHOPPING_API_VERSION = 'v1'
DEVELOPER_KEY = 'AIzaSyACZJW4JwcWwz5taR2gjIMNQrtgDLfILPc'
def main():
"""Get and print a feed of all public products matching the search query
"digital camera".
This is achieved by using the q query parameter to the list method.
The "|" operator can be used to search for alternative search terms, for
example: q = 'banana|apple' will search for bananas or apples.
Search phrases such as those containing spaces can be specified by
surrounding them with double quotes, for example q='"mp3 player"'. This can
be useful when combining with the "|" operator such as q = '"mp3
player"|ipod'.
"""
client = build('shopping', SHOPPING_API_VERSION, developerKey=DEVELOPER_KEY)
resource = client.products()
# Note the 'q' parameter, which will contain the value of the search query
request = resource.list(source='public', country='US', q=u'digital camera')
response = request.execute()
pprint.pprint(response)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
"""Basic query against the public shopping search API"""
import pprint
from apiclient.discovery import build
SHOPPING_API_VERSION = 'v1'
DEVELOPER_KEY = 'AIzaSyACZJW4JwcWwz5taR2gjIMNQrtgDLfILPc'
def main():
"""Get and print a feed of all public products available in the
United States.
Note: The source and country arguments are required to pass to the list
method.
"""
client = build('shopping', SHOPPING_API_VERSION, developerKey=DEVELOPER_KEY)
resource = client.products()
request = resource.list(source='public', country='US')
response = request.execute()
pprint.pprint(response)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
"""Query that is restricted by a parameter against the public shopping search
API"""
import pprint
from apiclient.discovery import build
SHOPPING_API_VERSION = 'v1'
DEVELOPER_KEY = 'AIzaSyACZJW4JwcWwz5taR2gjIMNQrtgDLfILPc'
def main():
"""Get and print a feed of all public products matching the search query
"digital camera", that are created by "Canon" available in the
United States.
The "restrictBy" parameter controls which types of results are returned.
Multiple values for a single restrictBy can be separated by the "|" operator,
so to look for all products created by Canon, Sony, or Apple:
restrictBy = 'brand:canon|sony|apple'
Multiple restricting parameters should be separated by a comma, so for
products created by Sony with the word "32GB" in the title:
restrictBy = 'brand:sony,title:32GB'
"""
client = build('shopping', SHOPPING_API_VERSION, developerKey=DEVELOPER_KEY)
resource = client.products()
request = resource.list(source='public', country='US',
restrictBy='brand:canon', q='Digital Camera')
response = request.execute()
pprint.pprint(response)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
"""Queries with paginated results against the shopping search API"""
import pprint
from apiclient.discovery import build
SHOPPING_API_VERSION = 'v1'
DEVELOPER_KEY = 'AIzaSyACZJW4JwcWwz5taR2gjIMNQrtgDLfILPc'
def main():
"""Get and print a the entire paginated feed of public products in the United
States.
Pagination is controlled with the "startIndex" parameter passed to the list
method of the resource.
"""
client = build('shopping', SHOPPING_API_VERSION, developerKey=DEVELOPER_KEY)
resource = client.products()
# The first request contains the information we need for the total items, and
# page size, as well as returning the first page of results.
request = resource.list(source='public', country='US', q=u'digital camera')
response = request.execute()
itemsPerPage = response['itemsPerPage']
totalItems = response['totalItems']
for i in range(1, totalItems, itemsPerPage):
answer = raw_input('About to display results from %s to %s, y/(n)? ' %
(i, i + itemsPerPage))
if answer.strip().lower().startswith('n'):
# Stop if the user has had enough
break
else:
# Fetch this series of results
request = resource.list(source='public', country='US',
q=u'digital camera', startIndex=i)
response = request.execute()
pprint.pprint(response)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
"""Query with grouping against the shopping search API"""
import pprint
from apiclient.discovery import build
SHOPPING_API_VERSION = 'v1'
DEVELOPER_KEY = 'AIzaSyACZJW4JwcWwz5taR2gjIMNQrtgDLfILPc'
def main():
"""Get and print a feed of public products in the United States mathing a
text search query for 'digital camera' and grouped by the 8 top brands.
The list method of the resource should be called with the "crowdBy"
parameter. Each parameter should be designed as <attribute>:<occurence>,
where <occurrence> is the number of that <attribute> that will be used. For
example, to crowd by the 5 top brands, the parameter would be "brand:5". The
possible rules for crowding are currently:
account_id:<occurrence> (eg account_id:5)
brand:<occurrence> (eg brand:5)
condition:<occurrence> (eg condition:3)
gtin:<occurrence> (eg gtin:10)
price:<occurrence> (eg price:10)
Multiple crowding rules should be specified by separating them with a comma,
for example to crowd by the top 5 brands and then condition of those items,
the parameter should be crowdBy="brand:5,condition:3"
"""
client = build('shopping', SHOPPING_API_VERSION, developerKey=DEVELOPER_KEY)
resource = client.products()
# The crowdBy parameter to the list method causes the results to be grouped,
# in this case by the top 8 brands.
request = resource.list(source='public', country='US', q=u'digital camera',
crowdBy='brand:8')
response = request.execute()
pprint.pprint(response)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2010 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
"""Query with ranked results against the shopping search API"""
import pprint
from apiclient.discovery import build
SHOPPING_API_VERSION = 'v1'
DEVELOPER_KEY = 'AIzaSyACZJW4JwcWwz5taR2gjIMNQrtgDLfILPc'
def main():
"""Get and print a feed of public products in the United States mathing a
text search query for 'digital camera' ranked by ascending price.
The list method for the resource should be called with the "rankBy"
parameter. 5 parameters to rankBy are currently supported by the API. They
are:
"relevancy"
"modificationTime:ascending"
"modificationTime:descending"
"price:ascending"
"price:descending"
These parameters can be combined
The default ranking is "relevancy" if the rankBy parameter is omitted.
"""
client = build('shopping', SHOPPING_API_VERSION, developerKey=DEVELOPER_KEY)
resource = client.products()
# The rankBy parameter to the list method causes results to be ranked, in
# this case by ascending price.
request = resource.list(source='public', country='US', q=u'digital camera',
rankBy='price:ascending')
response = request.execute()
pprint.pprint(response)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import urllib
import time
import random
import urlparse
import hmac
import binascii
import httplib2
try:
from urlparse import parse_qs, parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qs, parse_qsl
VERSION = '1.0' # Hi Blaine!
HTTP_METHOD = 'GET'
SIGNATURE_METHOD = 'PLAINTEXT'
class Error(RuntimeError):
"""Generic exception class."""
def __init__(self, message='OAuth error occurred.'):
self._message = message
@property
def message(self):
"""A hack to get around the deprecation errors in 2.6."""
return self._message
def __str__(self):
return self._message
class MissingSignature(Error):
pass
def build_authenticate_header(realm=''):
"""Optional WWW-Authenticate header (401 error)"""
return {'WWW-Authenticate': 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm}
def build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token=None):
"""Build an XOAUTH string for use in SMTP/IMPA authentication."""
request = Request.from_consumer_and_token(consumer, token,
"GET", url)
signing_method = SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
request.sign_request(signing_method, consumer, token)
params = []
for k, v in sorted(request.iteritems()):
if v is not None:
params.append('%s="%s"' % (k, escape(v)))
return "%s %s %s" % ("GET", url, ','.join(params))
def escape(s):
"""Escape a URL including any /."""
return urllib.quote(s, safe='~')
def generate_timestamp():
"""Get seconds since epoch (UTC)."""
return int(time.time())
def generate_nonce(length=8):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return ''.join([str(random.randint(0, 9)) for i in range(length)])
def generate_verifier(length=8):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return ''.join([str(random.randint(0, 9)) for i in range(length)])
class Consumer(object):
"""A consumer of OAuth-protected services.
The OAuth consumer is a "third-party" service that wants to access
protected resources from an OAuth service provider on behalf of an end
user. It's kind of the OAuth client.
Usually a consumer must be registered with the service provider by the
developer of the consumer software. As part of that process, the service
provider gives the consumer a *key* and a *secret* with which the consumer
software can identify itself to the service. The consumer will include its
key in each request to identify itself, but will use its secret only when
signing requests, to prove that the request is from that particular
registered consumer.
Once registered, the consumer can then use its consumer credentials to ask
the service provider for a request token, kicking off the OAuth
authorization process.
"""
key = None
secret = None
def __init__(self, key, secret):
self.key = key
self.secret = secret
if self.key is None or self.secret is None:
raise ValueError("Key and secret must be set.")
def __str__(self):
data = {'oauth_consumer_key': self.key,
'oauth_consumer_secret': self.secret}
return urllib.urlencode(data)
class Token(object):
"""An OAuth credential used to request authorization or a protected
resource.
Tokens in OAuth comprise a *key* and a *secret*. The key is included in
requests to identify the token being used, but the secret is used only in
the signature, to prove that the requester is who the server gave the
token to.
When first negotiating the authorization, the consumer asks for a *request
token* that the live user authorizes with the service provider. The
consumer then exchanges the request token for an *access token* that can
be used to access protected resources.
"""
key = None
secret = None
callback = None
callback_confirmed = None
verifier = None
def __init__(self, key, secret):
self.key = key
self.secret = secret
if self.key is None or self.secret is None:
raise ValueError("Key and secret must be set.")
def set_callback(self, callback):
self.callback = callback
self.callback_confirmed = 'true'
def set_verifier(self, verifier=None):
if verifier is not None:
self.verifier = verifier
else:
self.verifier = generate_verifier()
def get_callback_url(self):
if self.callback and self.verifier:
# Append the oauth_verifier.
parts = urlparse.urlparse(self.callback)
scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = parts[:6]
if query:
query = '%s&oauth_verifier=%s' % (query, self.verifier)
else:
query = 'oauth_verifier=%s' % self.verifier
return urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params,
query, fragment))
return self.callback
def to_string(self):
"""Returns this token as a plain string, suitable for storage.
The resulting string includes the token's secret, so you should never
send or store this string where a third party can read it.
"""
data = {
'oauth_token': self.key,
'oauth_token_secret': self.secret,
}
if self.callback_confirmed is not None:
data['oauth_callback_confirmed'] = self.callback_confirmed
return urllib.urlencode(data)
@staticmethod
def from_string(s):
"""Deserializes a token from a string like one returned by
`to_string()`."""
if not len(s):
raise ValueError("Invalid parameter string.")
params = parse_qs(s, keep_blank_values=False)
if not len(params):
raise ValueError("Invalid parameter string.")
try:
key = params['oauth_token'][0]
except Exception:
raise ValueError("'oauth_token' not found in OAuth request.")
try:
secret = params['oauth_token_secret'][0]
except Exception:
raise ValueError("'oauth_token_secret' not found in "
"OAuth request.")
token = Token(key, secret)
try:
token.callback_confirmed = params['oauth_callback_confirmed'][0]
except KeyError:
pass # 1.0, no callback confirmed.
return token
def __str__(self):
return self.to_string()
def setter(attr):
name = attr.__name__
def getter(self):
try:
return self.__dict__[name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(name)
def deleter(self):
del self.__dict__[name]
return property(getter, attr, deleter)
class Request(dict):
"""The parameters and information for an HTTP request, suitable for
authorizing with OAuth credentials.
When a consumer wants to access a service's protected resources, it does
so using a signed HTTP request identifying itself (the consumer) with its
key, and providing an access token authorized by the end user to access
those resources.
"""
version = VERSION
def __init__(self, method=HTTP_METHOD, url=None, parameters=None):
self.method = method
self.url = url
if parameters is not None:
self.update(parameters)
@setter
def url(self, value):
self.__dict__['url'] = value
if value is not None:
scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse.urlparse(value)
# Exclude default port numbers.
if scheme == 'http' and netloc[-3:] == ':80':
netloc = netloc[:-3]
elif scheme == 'https' and netloc[-4:] == ':443':
netloc = netloc[:-4]
if scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
raise ValueError("Unsupported URL %s (%s)." % (value, scheme))
# Normalized URL excludes params, query, and fragment.
self.normalized_url = urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, None, None, None))
else:
self.normalized_url = None
self.__dict__['url'] = None
@setter
def method(self, value):
self.__dict__['method'] = value.upper()
def _get_timestamp_nonce(self):
return self['oauth_timestamp'], self['oauth_nonce']
def get_nonoauth_parameters(self):
"""Get any non-OAuth parameters."""
return dict([(k, v) for k, v in self.iteritems()
if not k.startswith('oauth_')])
def to_header(self, realm=''):
"""Serialize as a header for an HTTPAuth request."""
oauth_params = ((k, v) for k, v in self.items()
if k.startswith('oauth_'))
stringy_params = ((k, escape(str(v))) for k, v in oauth_params)
header_params = ('%s="%s"' % (k, v) for k, v in stringy_params)
params_header = ', '.join(header_params)
auth_header = 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm
if params_header:
auth_header = "%s, %s" % (auth_header, params_header)
return {'Authorization': auth_header}
def to_postdata(self):
"""Serialize as post data for a POST request."""
# tell urlencode to deal with sequence values and map them correctly
# to resulting querystring. for example self["k"] = ["v1", "v2"] will
# result in 'k=v1&k=v2' and not k=%5B%27v1%27%2C+%27v2%27%5D
return urllib.urlencode(self, True)
def to_url(self):
"""Serialize as a URL for a GET request."""
base_url = urlparse.urlparse(self.url)
query = parse_qs(base_url.query)
for k, v in self.items():
query.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
url = (base_url.scheme, base_url.netloc, base_url.path, base_url.params,
urllib.urlencode(query, True), base_url.fragment)
return urlparse.urlunparse(url)
def get_parameter(self, parameter):
ret = self.get(parameter)
if ret is None:
raise Error('Parameter not found: %s' % parameter)
return ret
def get_normalized_parameters(self):
"""Return a string that contains the parameters that must be signed."""
items = []
for key, value in self.iteritems():
if key == 'oauth_signature':
continue
# 1.0a/9.1.1 states that kvp must be sorted by key, then by value,
# so we unpack sequence values into multiple items for sorting.
if hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
items.extend((key, item) for item in value)
else:
items.append((key, value))
# Include any query string parameters from the provided URL
query = urlparse.urlparse(self.url)[4]
items.extend(self._split_url_string(query).items())
encoded_str = urllib.urlencode(sorted(items))
# Encode signature parameters per Oauth Core 1.0 protocol
# spec draft 7, section 3.6
# (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hammer-oauth-07#section-3.6)
# Spaces must be encoded with "%20" instead of "+"
return encoded_str.replace('+', '%20')
def sign_request(self, signature_method, consumer, token):
"""Set the signature parameter to the result of sign."""
if 'oauth_consumer_key' not in self:
self['oauth_consumer_key'] = consumer.key
if token and 'oauth_token' not in self:
self['oauth_token'] = token.key
self['oauth_signature_method'] = signature_method.name
self['oauth_signature'] = signature_method.sign(self, consumer, token)
@classmethod
def make_timestamp(cls):
"""Get seconds since epoch (UTC)."""
return str(int(time.time()))
@classmethod
def make_nonce(cls):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return str(random.randint(0, 100000000))
@classmethod
def from_request(cls, http_method, http_url, headers=None, parameters=None,
query_string=None):
"""Combines multiple parameter sources."""
if parameters is None:
parameters = {}
# Headers
if headers and 'Authorization' in headers:
auth_header = headers['Authorization']
# Check that the authorization header is OAuth.
if auth_header[:6] == 'OAuth ':
auth_header = auth_header[6:]
try:
# Get the parameters from the header.
header_params = cls._split_header(auth_header)
parameters.update(header_params)
except:
raise Error('Unable to parse OAuth parameters from '
'Authorization header.')
# GET or POST query string.
if query_string:
query_params = cls._split_url_string(query_string)
parameters.update(query_params)
# URL parameters.
param_str = urlparse.urlparse(http_url)[4] # query
url_params = cls._split_url_string(param_str)
parameters.update(url_params)
if parameters:
return cls(http_method, http_url, parameters)
return None
@classmethod
def from_consumer_and_token(cls, consumer, token=None,
http_method=HTTP_METHOD, http_url=None, parameters=None):
if not parameters:
parameters = {}
defaults = {
'oauth_consumer_key': consumer.key,
'oauth_timestamp': cls.make_timestamp(),
'oauth_nonce': cls.make_nonce(),
'oauth_version': cls.version,
}
defaults.update(parameters)
parameters = defaults
if token:
parameters['oauth_token'] = token.key
if token.verifier:
parameters['oauth_verifier'] = token.verifier
return Request(http_method, http_url, parameters)
@classmethod
def from_token_and_callback(cls, token, callback=None,
http_method=HTTP_METHOD, http_url=None, parameters=None):
if not parameters:
parameters = {}
parameters['oauth_token'] = token.key
if callback:
parameters['oauth_callback'] = callback
return cls(http_method, http_url, parameters)
@staticmethod
def _split_header(header):
"""Turn Authorization: header into parameters."""
params = {}
parts = header.split(',')
for param in parts:
# Ignore realm parameter.
if param.find('realm') > -1:
continue
# Remove whitespace.
param = param.strip()
# Split key-value.
param_parts = param.split('=', 1)
# Remove quotes and unescape the value.
params[param_parts[0]] = urllib.unquote(param_parts[1].strip('\"'))
return params
@staticmethod
def _split_url_string(param_str):
"""Turn URL string into parameters."""
parameters = parse_qs(param_str, keep_blank_values=False)
for k, v in parameters.iteritems():
parameters[k] = urllib.unquote(v[0])
return parameters
class Client(httplib2.Http):
"""OAuthClient is a worker to attempt to execute a request."""
def __init__(self, consumer, token=None, cache=None, timeout=None,
proxy_info=None):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
self.consumer = consumer
self.token = token
self.method = SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
httplib2.Http.__init__(self, cache=cache, timeout=timeout,
proxy_info=proxy_info)
def set_signature_method(self, method):
if not isinstance(method, SignatureMethod):
raise ValueError("Invalid signature method.")
self.method = method
def request(self, uri, method="GET", body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS, connection_type=None):
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
if not isinstance(headers, dict):
headers = {}
is_multipart = method == 'POST' and headers.get('Content-Type',
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE) != DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE
if body and method == "POST" and not is_multipart:
parameters = dict(parse_qsl(body))
else:
parameters = None
req = Request.from_consumer_and_token(self.consumer,
token=self.token, http_method=method, http_url=uri,
parameters=parameters)
req.sign_request(self.method, self.consumer, self.token)
if method == "POST":
headers['Content-Type'] = headers.get('Content-Type',
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE)
if is_multipart:
headers.update(req.to_header())
else:
body = req.to_postdata()
elif method == "GET":
uri = req.to_url()
else:
headers.update(req.to_header())
return httplib2.Http.request(self, uri, method=method, body=body,
headers=headers, redirections=redirections,
connection_type=connection_type)
class Server(object):
"""A skeletal implementation of a service provider, providing protected
resources to requests from authorized consumers.
This class implements the logic to check requests for authorization. You
can use it with your web server or web framework to protect certain
resources with OAuth.
"""
timestamp_threshold = 300 # In seconds, five minutes.
version = VERSION
signature_methods = None
def __init__(self, signature_methods=None):
self.signature_methods = signature_methods or {}
def add_signature_method(self, signature_method):
self.signature_methods[signature_method.name] = signature_method
return self.signature_methods
def verify_request(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Verifies an api call and checks all the parameters."""
version = self._get_version(request)
self._check_signature(request, consumer, token)
parameters = request.get_nonoauth_parameters()
return parameters
def build_authenticate_header(self, realm=''):
"""Optional support for the authenticate header."""
return {'WWW-Authenticate': 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm}
def _get_version(self, request):
"""Verify the correct version request for this server."""
try:
version = request.get_parameter('oauth_version')
except:
version = VERSION
if version and version != self.version:
raise Error('OAuth version %s not supported.' % str(version))
return version
def _get_signature_method(self, request):
"""Figure out the signature with some defaults."""
try:
signature_method = request.get_parameter('oauth_signature_method')
except:
signature_method = SIGNATURE_METHOD
try:
# Get the signature method object.
signature_method = self.signature_methods[signature_method]
except:
signature_method_names = ', '.join(self.signature_methods.keys())
raise Error('Signature method %s not supported try one of the following: %s' % (signature_method, signature_method_names))
return signature_method
def _get_verifier(self, request):
return request.get_parameter('oauth_verifier')
def _check_signature(self, request, consumer, token):
timestamp, nonce = request._get_timestamp_nonce()
self._check_timestamp(timestamp)
signature_method = self._get_signature_method(request)
try:
signature = request.get_parameter('oauth_signature')
except:
raise MissingSignature('Missing oauth_signature.')
# Validate the signature.
valid = signature_method.check(request, consumer, token, signature)
if not valid:
key, base = signature_method.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
raise Error('Invalid signature. Expected signature base '
'string: %s' % base)
built = signature_method.sign(request, consumer, token)
def _check_timestamp(self, timestamp):
"""Verify that timestamp is recentish."""
timestamp = int(timestamp)
now = int(time.time())
lapsed = now - timestamp
if lapsed > self.timestamp_threshold:
raise Error('Expired timestamp: given %d and now %s has a '
'greater difference than threshold %d' % (timestamp, now,
self.timestamp_threshold))
class SignatureMethod(object):
"""A way of signing requests.
The OAuth protocol lets consumers and service providers pick a way to sign
requests. This interface shows the methods expected by the other `oauth`
modules for signing requests. Subclass it and implement its methods to
provide a new way to sign requests.
"""
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Calculates the string that needs to be signed.
This method returns a 2-tuple containing the starting key for the
signing and the message to be signed. The latter may be used in error
messages to help clients debug their software.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Returns the signature for the given request, based on the consumer
and token also provided.
You should use your implementation of `signing_base()` to build the
message to sign. Otherwise it may be less useful for debugging.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def check(self, request, consumer, token, signature):
"""Returns whether the given signature is the correct signature for
the given consumer and token signing the given request."""
built = self.sign(request, consumer, token)
return built == signature
class SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1(SignatureMethod):
name = 'HMAC-SHA1'
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
if request.normalized_url is None:
raise ValueError("Base URL for request is not set.")
sig = (
escape(request.method),
escape(request.normalized_url),
escape(request.get_normalized_parameters()),
)
key = '%s&' % escape(consumer.secret)
if token:
key += escape(token.secret)
raw = '&'.join(sig)
return key, raw
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Builds the base signature string."""
key, raw = self.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
# HMAC object.
try:
from hashlib import sha1 as sha
except ImportError:
import sha # Deprecated
hashed = hmac.new(key, raw, sha)
# Calculate the digest base 64.
return binascii.b2a_base64(hashed.digest())[:-1]
class SignatureMethod_PLAINTEXT(SignatureMethod):
name = 'PLAINTEXT'
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Concatenates the consumer key and secret with the token's
secret."""
sig = '%s&' % escape(consumer.secret)
if token:
sig = sig + escape(token.secret)
return sig, sig
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
key, raw = self.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
return raw
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import oauth2
import imaplib
class IMAP4_SSL(imaplib.IMAP4_SSL):
"""IMAP wrapper for imaplib.IMAP4_SSL that implements XOAUTH."""
def authenticate(self, url, consumer, token):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, oauth2.Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, oauth2.Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
imaplib.IMAP4_SSL.authenticate(self, 'XOAUTH',
lambda x: oauth2.build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token))
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import oauth2
import smtplib
import base64
class SMTP(smtplib.SMTP):
"""SMTP wrapper for smtplib.SMTP that implements XOAUTH."""
def authenticate(self, url, consumer, token):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, oauth2.Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, oauth2.Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
self.docmd('AUTH', 'XOAUTH %s' % \
base64.b64encode(oauth2.build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token)))
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import httplib2
import inspect
import os
import pydoc
import re
from apiclient.discovery import build
from apiclient.anyjson import simplejson
from google.appengine.api import memcache
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
from google.appengine.ext.webapp import template
from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util
class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
http = httplib2.Http(memcache)
resp, content = http.request('https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis?preferred=true')
directory = simplejson.loads(content)['items']
for item in directory:
item['title'] = item.get('title', item.get('description', ''))
path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'index.html')
self.response.out.write(
template.render(
path, {'directory': directory,
}))
def render(resource):
obj, name = pydoc.resolve(type(resource))
return pydoc.html.page(
pydoc.describe(obj), pydoc.html.document(obj, name))
class ResourceHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
def get(self, service_name, version, collection):
resource = build(service_name, version)
# descend the object path
if collection:
path = collection.split('/')
if path:
for method in path:
resource = getattr(resource, method)()
page = render(resource)
collections = []
for name in dir(resource):
if not "_" in name and callable(getattr(resource, name)) and hasattr(
getattr(resource, name), '__is_resource__'):
collections.append(name)
if collection is None:
collection_path = ''
else:
collection_path = collection + '/'
for name in collections:
page = re.sub('strong>(%s)<' % name,
r'strong><a href="/%s/%s/%s">\1</a><' % (
service_name, version, collection_path + name), page)
# TODO(jcgregorio) breadcrumbs
# TODO(jcgregorio) sample code?
page = re.sub('<p>', r'<a href="/">Home</a><p>', page, 1)
self.response.out.write(page)
def main():
application = webapp.WSGIApplication(
[
(r'/', MainHandler),
(r'/([^\/]*)/([^\/]*)(?:/(.*))?', ResourceHandler),
],
debug=True)
util.run_wsgi_app(application)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
import unittest
import doctest
class OptionalExtensionTestSuite(unittest.TestSuite):
def run(self, result):
import simplejson
run = unittest.TestSuite.run
run(self, result)
simplejson._toggle_speedups(False)
run(self, result)
simplejson._toggle_speedups(True)
return result
def additional_tests(suite=None):
import simplejson
import simplejson.encoder
import simplejson.decoder
if suite is None:
suite = unittest.TestSuite()
for mod in (simplejson, simplejson.encoder, simplejson.decoder):
suite.addTest(doctest.DocTestSuite(mod))
suite.addTest(doctest.DocFileSuite('../../index.rst'))
return suite
def all_tests_suite():
suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromNames([
'simplejson.tests.test_check_circular',
'simplejson.tests.test_decode',
'simplejson.tests.test_default',
'simplejson.tests.test_dump',
'simplejson.tests.test_encode_basestring_ascii',
'simplejson.tests.test_encode_for_html',
'simplejson.tests.test_fail',
'simplejson.tests.test_float',
'simplejson.tests.test_indent',
'simplejson.tests.test_pass1',
'simplejson.tests.test_pass2',
'simplejson.tests.test_pass3',
'simplejson.tests.test_recursion',
'simplejson.tests.test_scanstring',
'simplejson.tests.test_separators',
'simplejson.tests.test_speedups',
'simplejson.tests.test_unicode',
'simplejson.tests.test_decimal',
])
suite = additional_tests(suite)
return OptionalExtensionTestSuite([suite])
def main():
runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
suite = all_tests_suite()
runner.run(suite)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import os
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
main()
| Python |
"""Implementation of JSONEncoder
"""
import re
from decimal import Decimal
def _import_speedups():
try:
from simplejson import _speedups
return _speedups.encode_basestring_ascii, _speedups.make_encoder
except ImportError:
return None, None
c_encode_basestring_ascii, c_make_encoder = _import_speedups()
from simplejson.decoder import PosInf
ESCAPE = re.compile(r'[\x00-\x1f\\"\b\f\n\r\t]')
ESCAPE_ASCII = re.compile(r'([\\"]|[^\ -~])')
HAS_UTF8 = re.compile(r'[\x80-\xff]')
ESCAPE_DCT = {
'\\': '\\\\',
'"': '\\"',
'\b': '\\b',
'\f': '\\f',
'\n': '\\n',
'\r': '\\r',
'\t': '\\t',
}
for i in range(0x20):
#ESCAPE_DCT.setdefault(chr(i), '\\u{0:04x}'.format(i))
ESCAPE_DCT.setdefault(chr(i), '\\u%04x' % (i,))
FLOAT_REPR = repr
def encode_basestring(s):
"""Return a JSON representation of a Python string
"""
if isinstance(s, str) and HAS_UTF8.search(s) is not None:
s = s.decode('utf-8')
def replace(match):
return ESCAPE_DCT[match.group(0)]
return u'"' + ESCAPE.sub(replace, s) + u'"'
def py_encode_basestring_ascii(s):
"""Return an ASCII-only JSON representation of a Python string
"""
if isinstance(s, str) and HAS_UTF8.search(s) is not None:
s = s.decode('utf-8')
def replace(match):
s = match.group(0)
try:
return ESCAPE_DCT[s]
except KeyError:
n = ord(s)
if n < 0x10000:
#return '\\u{0:04x}'.format(n)
return '\\u%04x' % (n,)
else:
# surrogate pair
n -= 0x10000
s1 = 0xd800 | ((n >> 10) & 0x3ff)
s2 = 0xdc00 | (n & 0x3ff)
#return '\\u{0:04x}\\u{1:04x}'.format(s1, s2)
return '\\u%04x\\u%04x' % (s1, s2)
return '"' + str(ESCAPE_ASCII.sub(replace, s)) + '"'
encode_basestring_ascii = (
c_encode_basestring_ascii or py_encode_basestring_ascii)
class JSONEncoder(object):
"""Extensible JSON <http://json.org> encoder for Python data structures.
Supports the following objects and types by default:
+-------------------+---------------+
| Python | JSON |
+===================+===============+
| dict | object |
+-------------------+---------------+
| list, tuple | array |
+-------------------+---------------+
| str, unicode | string |
+-------------------+---------------+
| int, long, float | number |
+-------------------+---------------+
| True | true |
+-------------------+---------------+
| False | false |
+-------------------+---------------+
| None | null |
+-------------------+---------------+
To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a
``.default()`` method with another method that returns a serializable
object for ``o`` if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass
implementation (to raise ``TypeError``).
"""
item_separator = ', '
key_separator = ': '
def __init__(self, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True,
check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, sort_keys=False,
indent=None, separators=None, encoding='utf-8', default=None,
use_decimal=False):
"""Constructor for JSONEncoder, with sensible defaults.
If skipkeys is false, then it is a TypeError to attempt
encoding of keys that are not str, int, long, float or None. If
skipkeys is True, such items are simply skipped.
If ensure_ascii is true, the output is guaranteed to be str
objects with all incoming unicode characters escaped. If
ensure_ascii is false, the output will be unicode object.
If check_circular is true, then lists, dicts, and custom encoded
objects will be checked for circular references during encoding to
prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause an OverflowError).
Otherwise, no such check takes place.
If allow_nan is true, then NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity will be
encoded as such. This behavior is not JSON specification compliant,
but is consistent with most JavaScript based encoders and decoders.
Otherwise, it will be a ValueError to encode such floats.
If sort_keys is true, then the output of dictionaries will be
sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure
that JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.
If indent is a string, then JSON array elements and object members
will be pretty-printed with a newline followed by that string repeated
for each level of nesting. ``None`` (the default) selects the most compact
representation without any newlines. For backwards compatibility with
versions of simplejson earlier than 2.1.0, an integer is also accepted
and is converted to a string with that many spaces.
If specified, separators should be a (item_separator, key_separator)
tuple. The default is (', ', ': '). To get the most compact JSON
representation you should specify (',', ':') to eliminate whitespace.
If specified, default is a function that gets called for objects
that can't otherwise be serialized. It should return a JSON encodable
version of the object or raise a ``TypeError``.
If encoding is not None, then all input strings will be
transformed into unicode using that encoding prior to JSON-encoding.
The default is UTF-8.
If use_decimal is true (not the default), ``decimal.Decimal`` will
be supported directly by the encoder. For the inverse, decode JSON
with ``parse_float=decimal.Decimal``.
"""
self.skipkeys = skipkeys
self.ensure_ascii = ensure_ascii
self.check_circular = check_circular
self.allow_nan = allow_nan
self.sort_keys = sort_keys
self.use_decimal = use_decimal
if isinstance(indent, (int, long)):
indent = ' ' * indent
self.indent = indent
if separators is not None:
self.item_separator, self.key_separator = separators
if default is not None:
self.default = default
self.encoding = encoding
def default(self, o):
"""Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns
a serializable object for ``o``, or calls the base implementation
(to raise a ``TypeError``).
For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could
implement default like this::
def default(self, o):
try:
iterable = iter(o)
except TypeError:
pass
else:
return list(iterable)
return JSONEncoder.default(self, o)
"""
raise TypeError(repr(o) + " is not JSON serializable")
def encode(self, o):
"""Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure.
>>> from simplejson import JSONEncoder
>>> JSONEncoder().encode({"foo": ["bar", "baz"]})
'{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}'
"""
# This is for extremely simple cases and benchmarks.
if isinstance(o, basestring):
if isinstance(o, str):
_encoding = self.encoding
if (_encoding is not None
and not (_encoding == 'utf-8')):
o = o.decode(_encoding)
if self.ensure_ascii:
return encode_basestring_ascii(o)
else:
return encode_basestring(o)
# This doesn't pass the iterator directly to ''.join() because the
# exceptions aren't as detailed. The list call should be roughly
# equivalent to the PySequence_Fast that ''.join() would do.
chunks = self.iterencode(o, _one_shot=True)
if not isinstance(chunks, (list, tuple)):
chunks = list(chunks)
if self.ensure_ascii:
return ''.join(chunks)
else:
return u''.join(chunks)
def iterencode(self, o, _one_shot=False):
"""Encode the given object and yield each string
representation as available.
For example::
for chunk in JSONEncoder().iterencode(bigobject):
mysocket.write(chunk)
"""
if self.check_circular:
markers = {}
else:
markers = None
if self.ensure_ascii:
_encoder = encode_basestring_ascii
else:
_encoder = encode_basestring
if self.encoding != 'utf-8':
def _encoder(o, _orig_encoder=_encoder, _encoding=self.encoding):
if isinstance(o, str):
o = o.decode(_encoding)
return _orig_encoder(o)
def floatstr(o, allow_nan=self.allow_nan,
_repr=FLOAT_REPR, _inf=PosInf, _neginf=-PosInf):
# Check for specials. Note that this type of test is processor
# and/or platform-specific, so do tests which don't depend on
# the internals.
if o != o:
text = 'NaN'
elif o == _inf:
text = 'Infinity'
elif o == _neginf:
text = '-Infinity'
else:
return _repr(o)
if not allow_nan:
raise ValueError(
"Out of range float values are not JSON compliant: " +
repr(o))
return text
key_memo = {}
if (_one_shot and c_make_encoder is not None
and not self.indent and not self.sort_keys):
_iterencode = c_make_encoder(
markers, self.default, _encoder, self.indent,
self.key_separator, self.item_separator, self.sort_keys,
self.skipkeys, self.allow_nan, key_memo, self.use_decimal)
else:
_iterencode = _make_iterencode(
markers, self.default, _encoder, self.indent, floatstr,
self.key_separator, self.item_separator, self.sort_keys,
self.skipkeys, _one_shot, self.use_decimal)
try:
return _iterencode(o, 0)
finally:
key_memo.clear()
class JSONEncoderForHTML(JSONEncoder):
"""An encoder that produces JSON safe to embed in HTML.
To embed JSON content in, say, a script tag on a web page, the
characters &, < and > should be escaped. They cannot be escaped
with the usual entities (e.g. &) because they are not expanded
within <script> tags.
"""
def encode(self, o):
# Override JSONEncoder.encode because it has hacks for
# performance that make things more complicated.
chunks = self.iterencode(o, True)
if self.ensure_ascii:
return ''.join(chunks)
else:
return u''.join(chunks)
def iterencode(self, o, _one_shot=False):
chunks = super(JSONEncoderForHTML, self).iterencode(o, _one_shot)
for chunk in chunks:
chunk = chunk.replace('&', '\\u0026')
chunk = chunk.replace('<', '\\u003c')
chunk = chunk.replace('>', '\\u003e')
yield chunk
def _make_iterencode(markers, _default, _encoder, _indent, _floatstr,
_key_separator, _item_separator, _sort_keys, _skipkeys, _one_shot,
_use_decimal,
## HACK: hand-optimized bytecode; turn globals into locals
False=False,
True=True,
ValueError=ValueError,
basestring=basestring,
Decimal=Decimal,
dict=dict,
float=float,
id=id,
int=int,
isinstance=isinstance,
list=list,
long=long,
str=str,
tuple=tuple,
):
def _iterencode_list(lst, _current_indent_level):
if not lst:
yield '[]'
return
if markers is not None:
markerid = id(lst)
if markerid in markers:
raise ValueError("Circular reference detected")
markers[markerid] = lst
buf = '['
if _indent is not None:
_current_indent_level += 1
newline_indent = '\n' + (_indent * _current_indent_level)
separator = _item_separator + newline_indent
buf += newline_indent
else:
newline_indent = None
separator = _item_separator
first = True
for value in lst:
if first:
first = False
else:
buf = separator
if isinstance(value, basestring):
yield buf + _encoder(value)
elif value is None:
yield buf + 'null'
elif value is True:
yield buf + 'true'
elif value is False:
yield buf + 'false'
elif isinstance(value, (int, long)):
yield buf + str(value)
elif isinstance(value, float):
yield buf + _floatstr(value)
elif _use_decimal and isinstance(value, Decimal):
yield buf + str(value)
else:
yield buf
if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
chunks = _iterencode_list(value, _current_indent_level)
elif isinstance(value, dict):
chunks = _iterencode_dict(value, _current_indent_level)
else:
chunks = _iterencode(value, _current_indent_level)
for chunk in chunks:
yield chunk
if newline_indent is not None:
_current_indent_level -= 1
yield '\n' + (_indent * _current_indent_level)
yield ']'
if markers is not None:
del markers[markerid]
def _iterencode_dict(dct, _current_indent_level):
if not dct:
yield '{}'
return
if markers is not None:
markerid = id(dct)
if markerid in markers:
raise ValueError("Circular reference detected")
markers[markerid] = dct
yield '{'
if _indent is not None:
_current_indent_level += 1
newline_indent = '\n' + (_indent * _current_indent_level)
item_separator = _item_separator + newline_indent
yield newline_indent
else:
newline_indent = None
item_separator = _item_separator
first = True
if _sort_keys:
items = dct.items()
items.sort(key=lambda kv: kv[0])
else:
items = dct.iteritems()
for key, value in items:
if isinstance(key, basestring):
pass
# JavaScript is weakly typed for these, so it makes sense to
# also allow them. Many encoders seem to do something like this.
elif isinstance(key, float):
key = _floatstr(key)
elif key is True:
key = 'true'
elif key is False:
key = 'false'
elif key is None:
key = 'null'
elif isinstance(key, (int, long)):
key = str(key)
elif _skipkeys:
continue
else:
raise TypeError("key " + repr(key) + " is not a string")
if first:
first = False
else:
yield item_separator
yield _encoder(key)
yield _key_separator
if isinstance(value, basestring):
yield _encoder(value)
elif value is None:
yield 'null'
elif value is True:
yield 'true'
elif value is False:
yield 'false'
elif isinstance(value, (int, long)):
yield str(value)
elif isinstance(value, float):
yield _floatstr(value)
elif _use_decimal and isinstance(value, Decimal):
yield str(value)
else:
if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
chunks = _iterencode_list(value, _current_indent_level)
elif isinstance(value, dict):
chunks = _iterencode_dict(value, _current_indent_level)
else:
chunks = _iterencode(value, _current_indent_level)
for chunk in chunks:
yield chunk
if newline_indent is not None:
_current_indent_level -= 1
yield '\n' + (_indent * _current_indent_level)
yield '}'
if markers is not None:
del markers[markerid]
def _iterencode(o, _current_indent_level):
if isinstance(o, basestring):
yield _encoder(o)
elif o is None:
yield 'null'
elif o is True:
yield 'true'
elif o is False:
yield 'false'
elif isinstance(o, (int, long)):
yield str(o)
elif isinstance(o, float):
yield _floatstr(o)
elif isinstance(o, (list, tuple)):
for chunk in _iterencode_list(o, _current_indent_level):
yield chunk
elif isinstance(o, dict):
for chunk in _iterencode_dict(o, _current_indent_level):
yield chunk
elif _use_decimal and isinstance(o, Decimal):
yield str(o)
else:
if markers is not None:
markerid = id(o)
if markerid in markers:
raise ValueError("Circular reference detected")
markers[markerid] = o
o = _default(o)
for chunk in _iterencode(o, _current_indent_level):
yield chunk
if markers is not None:
del markers[markerid]
return _iterencode
| Python |
"""Implementation of JSONDecoder
"""
import re
import sys
import struct
from simplejson.scanner import make_scanner
def _import_c_scanstring():
try:
from simplejson._speedups import scanstring
return scanstring
except ImportError:
return None
c_scanstring = _import_c_scanstring()
__all__ = ['JSONDecoder']
FLAGS = re.VERBOSE | re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
def _floatconstants():
_BYTES = '7FF80000000000007FF0000000000000'.decode('hex')
# The struct module in Python 2.4 would get frexp() out of range here
# when an endian is specified in the format string. Fixed in Python 2.5+
if sys.byteorder != 'big':
_BYTES = _BYTES[:8][::-1] + _BYTES[8:][::-1]
nan, inf = struct.unpack('dd', _BYTES)
return nan, inf, -inf
NaN, PosInf, NegInf = _floatconstants()
class JSONDecodeError(ValueError):
"""Subclass of ValueError with the following additional properties:
msg: The unformatted error message
doc: The JSON document being parsed
pos: The start index of doc where parsing failed
end: The end index of doc where parsing failed (may be None)
lineno: The line corresponding to pos
colno: The column corresponding to pos
endlineno: The line corresponding to end (may be None)
endcolno: The column corresponding to end (may be None)
"""
def __init__(self, msg, doc, pos, end=None):
ValueError.__init__(self, errmsg(msg, doc, pos, end=end))
self.msg = msg
self.doc = doc
self.pos = pos
self.end = end
self.lineno, self.colno = linecol(doc, pos)
if end is not None:
self.endlineno, self.endcolno = linecol(doc, pos)
else:
self.endlineno, self.endcolno = None, None
def linecol(doc, pos):
lineno = doc.count('\n', 0, pos) + 1
if lineno == 1:
colno = pos
else:
colno = pos - doc.rindex('\n', 0, pos)
return lineno, colno
def errmsg(msg, doc, pos, end=None):
# Note that this function is called from _speedups
lineno, colno = linecol(doc, pos)
if end is None:
#fmt = '{0}: line {1} column {2} (char {3})'
#return fmt.format(msg, lineno, colno, pos)
fmt = '%s: line %d column %d (char %d)'
return fmt % (msg, lineno, colno, pos)
endlineno, endcolno = linecol(doc, end)
#fmt = '{0}: line {1} column {2} - line {3} column {4} (char {5} - {6})'
#return fmt.format(msg, lineno, colno, endlineno, endcolno, pos, end)
fmt = '%s: line %d column %d - line %d column %d (char %d - %d)'
return fmt % (msg, lineno, colno, endlineno, endcolno, pos, end)
_CONSTANTS = {
'-Infinity': NegInf,
'Infinity': PosInf,
'NaN': NaN,
}
STRINGCHUNK = re.compile(r'(.*?)(["\\\x00-\x1f])', FLAGS)
BACKSLASH = {
'"': u'"', '\\': u'\\', '/': u'/',
'b': u'\b', 'f': u'\f', 'n': u'\n', 'r': u'\r', 't': u'\t',
}
DEFAULT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
def py_scanstring(s, end, encoding=None, strict=True,
_b=BACKSLASH, _m=STRINGCHUNK.match):
"""Scan the string s for a JSON string. End is the index of the
character in s after the quote that started the JSON string.
Unescapes all valid JSON string escape sequences and raises ValueError
on attempt to decode an invalid string. If strict is False then literal
control characters are allowed in the string.
Returns a tuple of the decoded string and the index of the character in s
after the end quote."""
if encoding is None:
encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING
chunks = []
_append = chunks.append
begin = end - 1
while 1:
chunk = _m(s, end)
if chunk is None:
raise JSONDecodeError(
"Unterminated string starting at", s, begin)
end = chunk.end()
content, terminator = chunk.groups()
# Content is contains zero or more unescaped string characters
if content:
if not isinstance(content, unicode):
content = unicode(content, encoding)
_append(content)
# Terminator is the end of string, a literal control character,
# or a backslash denoting that an escape sequence follows
if terminator == '"':
break
elif terminator != '\\':
if strict:
msg = "Invalid control character %r at" % (terminator,)
#msg = "Invalid control character {0!r} at".format(terminator)
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
else:
_append(terminator)
continue
try:
esc = s[end]
except IndexError:
raise JSONDecodeError(
"Unterminated string starting at", s, begin)
# If not a unicode escape sequence, must be in the lookup table
if esc != 'u':
try:
char = _b[esc]
except KeyError:
msg = "Invalid \\escape: " + repr(esc)
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
end += 1
else:
# Unicode escape sequence
esc = s[end + 1:end + 5]
next_end = end + 5
if len(esc) != 4:
msg = "Invalid \\uXXXX escape"
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
uni = int(esc, 16)
# Check for surrogate pair on UCS-4 systems
if 0xd800 <= uni <= 0xdbff and sys.maxunicode > 65535:
msg = "Invalid \\uXXXX\\uXXXX surrogate pair"
if not s[end + 5:end + 7] == '\\u':
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
esc2 = s[end + 7:end + 11]
if len(esc2) != 4:
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
uni2 = int(esc2, 16)
uni = 0x10000 + (((uni - 0xd800) << 10) | (uni2 - 0xdc00))
next_end += 6
char = unichr(uni)
end = next_end
# Append the unescaped character
_append(char)
return u''.join(chunks), end
# Use speedup if available
scanstring = c_scanstring or py_scanstring
WHITESPACE = re.compile(r'[ \t\n\r]*', FLAGS)
WHITESPACE_STR = ' \t\n\r'
def JSONObject((s, end), encoding, strict, scan_once, object_hook,
object_pairs_hook, memo=None,
_w=WHITESPACE.match, _ws=WHITESPACE_STR):
# Backwards compatibility
if memo is None:
memo = {}
memo_get = memo.setdefault
pairs = []
# Use a slice to prevent IndexError from being raised, the following
# check will raise a more specific ValueError if the string is empty
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
# Normally we expect nextchar == '"'
if nextchar != '"':
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end).end()
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
# Trivial empty object
if nextchar == '}':
if object_pairs_hook is not None:
result = object_pairs_hook(pairs)
return result, end
pairs = {}
if object_hook is not None:
pairs = object_hook(pairs)
return pairs, end + 1
elif nextchar != '"':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting property name", s, end)
end += 1
while True:
key, end = scanstring(s, end, encoding, strict)
key = memo_get(key, key)
# To skip some function call overhead we optimize the fast paths where
# the JSON key separator is ": " or just ":".
if s[end:end + 1] != ':':
end = _w(s, end).end()
if s[end:end + 1] != ':':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting : delimiter", s, end)
end += 1
try:
if s[end] in _ws:
end += 1
if s[end] in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
except IndexError:
pass
try:
value, end = scan_once(s, end)
except StopIteration:
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting object", s, end)
pairs.append((key, value))
try:
nextchar = s[end]
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
nextchar = s[end]
except IndexError:
nextchar = ''
end += 1
if nextchar == '}':
break
elif nextchar != ',':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting , delimiter", s, end - 1)
try:
nextchar = s[end]
if nextchar in _ws:
end += 1
nextchar = s[end]
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
nextchar = s[end]
except IndexError:
nextchar = ''
end += 1
if nextchar != '"':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting property name", s, end - 1)
if object_pairs_hook is not None:
result = object_pairs_hook(pairs)
return result, end
pairs = dict(pairs)
if object_hook is not None:
pairs = object_hook(pairs)
return pairs, end
def JSONArray((s, end), scan_once, _w=WHITESPACE.match, _ws=WHITESPACE_STR):
values = []
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
# Look-ahead for trivial empty array
if nextchar == ']':
return values, end + 1
_append = values.append
while True:
try:
value, end = scan_once(s, end)
except StopIteration:
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting object", s, end)
_append(value)
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
end += 1
if nextchar == ']':
break
elif nextchar != ',':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting , delimiter", s, end)
try:
if s[end] in _ws:
end += 1
if s[end] in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
except IndexError:
pass
return values, end
class JSONDecoder(object):
"""Simple JSON <http://json.org> decoder
Performs the following translations in decoding by default:
+---------------+-------------------+
| JSON | Python |
+===============+===================+
| object | dict |
+---------------+-------------------+
| array | list |
+---------------+-------------------+
| string | unicode |
+---------------+-------------------+
| number (int) | int, long |
+---------------+-------------------+
| number (real) | float |
+---------------+-------------------+
| true | True |
+---------------+-------------------+
| false | False |
+---------------+-------------------+
| null | None |
+---------------+-------------------+
It also understands ``NaN``, ``Infinity``, and ``-Infinity`` as
their corresponding ``float`` values, which is outside the JSON spec.
"""
def __init__(self, encoding=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, strict=True,
object_pairs_hook=None):
"""
*encoding* determines the encoding used to interpret any
:class:`str` objects decoded by this instance (``'utf-8'`` by
default). It has no effect when decoding :class:`unicode` objects.
Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work,
strings of other encodings should be passed in as :class:`unicode`.
*object_hook*, if specified, will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the
given :class:`dict`. This can be used to provide custom
deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).
*object_pairs_hook* is an optional function that will be called with
the result of any object literal decode with an ordered list of pairs.
The return value of *object_pairs_hook* will be used instead of the
:class:`dict`. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders
that rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for
example, :func:`collections.OrderedDict` will remember the order of
insertion). If *object_hook* is also defined, the *object_pairs_hook*
takes priority.
*parse_float*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``float(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON floats (e.g. :class:`decimal.Decimal`).
*parse_int*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON int to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``int(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON integers (e.g. :class:`float`).
*parse_constant*, if specified, will be called with one of the
following strings: ``'-Infinity'``, ``'Infinity'``, ``'NaN'``. This
can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are
encountered.
*strict* controls the parser's behavior when it encounters an
invalid control character in a string. The default setting of
``True`` means that unescaped control characters are parse errors, if
``False`` then control characters will be allowed in strings.
"""
self.encoding = encoding
self.object_hook = object_hook
self.object_pairs_hook = object_pairs_hook
self.parse_float = parse_float or float
self.parse_int = parse_int or int
self.parse_constant = parse_constant or _CONSTANTS.__getitem__
self.strict = strict
self.parse_object = JSONObject
self.parse_array = JSONArray
self.parse_string = scanstring
self.memo = {}
self.scan_once = make_scanner(self)
def decode(self, s, _w=WHITESPACE.match):
"""Return the Python representation of ``s`` (a ``str`` or ``unicode``
instance containing a JSON document)
"""
obj, end = self.raw_decode(s, idx=_w(s, 0).end())
end = _w(s, end).end()
if end != len(s):
raise JSONDecodeError("Extra data", s, end, len(s))
return obj
def raw_decode(self, s, idx=0):
"""Decode a JSON document from ``s`` (a ``str`` or ``unicode``
beginning with a JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python
representation and the index in ``s`` where the document ended.
This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may
have extraneous data at the end.
"""
try:
obj, end = self.scan_once(s, idx)
except StopIteration:
raise JSONDecodeError("No JSON object could be decoded", s, idx)
return obj, end
| Python |
r"""JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) <http://json.org> is a subset of
JavaScript syntax (ECMA-262 3rd edition) used as a lightweight data
interchange format.
:mod:`simplejson` exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
:mod:`marshal` and :mod:`pickle` modules. It is the externally maintained
version of the :mod:`json` library contained in Python 2.6, but maintains
compatibility with Python 2.4 and Python 2.5 and (currently) has
significant performance advantages, even without using the optional C
extension for speedups.
Encoding basic Python object hierarchies::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> json.dumps(['foo', {'bar': ('baz', None, 1.0, 2)}])
'["foo", {"bar": ["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]'
>>> print json.dumps("\"foo\bar")
"\"foo\bar"
>>> print json.dumps(u'\u1234')
"\u1234"
>>> print json.dumps('\\')
"\\"
>>> print json.dumps({"c": 0, "b": 0, "a": 0}, sort_keys=True)
{"a": 0, "b": 0, "c": 0}
>>> from StringIO import StringIO
>>> io = StringIO()
>>> json.dump(['streaming API'], io)
>>> io.getvalue()
'["streaming API"]'
Compact encoding::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> json.dumps([1,2,3,{'4': 5, '6': 7}], separators=(',',':'))
'[1,2,3,{"4":5,"6":7}]'
Pretty printing::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> s = json.dumps({'4': 5, '6': 7}, sort_keys=True, indent=' ')
>>> print '\n'.join([l.rstrip() for l in s.splitlines()])
{
"4": 5,
"6": 7
}
Decoding JSON::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> obj = [u'foo', {u'bar': [u'baz', None, 1.0, 2]}]
>>> json.loads('["foo", {"bar":["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]') == obj
True
>>> json.loads('"\\"foo\\bar"') == u'"foo\x08ar'
True
>>> from StringIO import StringIO
>>> io = StringIO('["streaming API"]')
>>> json.load(io)[0] == 'streaming API'
True
Specializing JSON object decoding::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> def as_complex(dct):
... if '__complex__' in dct:
... return complex(dct['real'], dct['imag'])
... return dct
...
>>> json.loads('{"__complex__": true, "real": 1, "imag": 2}',
... object_hook=as_complex)
(1+2j)
>>> from decimal import Decimal
>>> json.loads('1.1', parse_float=Decimal) == Decimal('1.1')
True
Specializing JSON object encoding::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> def encode_complex(obj):
... if isinstance(obj, complex):
... return [obj.real, obj.imag]
... raise TypeError(repr(o) + " is not JSON serializable")
...
>>> json.dumps(2 + 1j, default=encode_complex)
'[2.0, 1.0]'
>>> json.JSONEncoder(default=encode_complex).encode(2 + 1j)
'[2.0, 1.0]'
>>> ''.join(json.JSONEncoder(default=encode_complex).iterencode(2 + 1j))
'[2.0, 1.0]'
Using simplejson.tool from the shell to validate and pretty-print::
$ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m simplejson.tool
{
"json": "obj"
}
$ echo '{ 1.2:3.4}' | python -m simplejson.tool
Expecting property name: line 1 column 2 (char 2)
"""
__version__ = '2.1.1'
__all__ = [
'dump', 'dumps', 'load', 'loads',
'JSONDecoder', 'JSONDecodeError', 'JSONEncoder',
'OrderedDict',
]
__author__ = 'Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>'
from decimal import Decimal
from decoder import JSONDecoder, JSONDecodeError
from encoder import JSONEncoder
def _import_OrderedDict():
import collections
try:
return collections.OrderedDict
except AttributeError:
import ordered_dict
return ordered_dict.OrderedDict
OrderedDict = _import_OrderedDict()
def _import_c_make_encoder():
try:
from simplejson._speedups import make_encoder
return make_encoder
except ImportError:
return None
_default_encoder = JSONEncoder(
skipkeys=False,
ensure_ascii=True,
check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True,
indent=None,
separators=None,
encoding='utf-8',
default=None,
use_decimal=False,
)
def dump(obj, fp, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None,
encoding='utf-8', default=None, use_decimal=False, **kw):
"""Serialize ``obj`` as a JSON formatted stream to ``fp`` (a
``.write()``-supporting file-like object).
If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
(``str``, ``unicode``, ``int``, ``long``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``)
will be skipped instead of raising a ``TypeError``.
If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the some chunks written to ``fp``
may be ``unicode`` instances, subject to normal Python ``str`` to
``unicode`` coercion rules. Unless ``fp.write()`` explicitly
understands ``unicode`` (as in ``codecs.getwriter()``) this is likely
to cause an error.
If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).
If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``)
in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).
If *indent* is a string, then JSON array elements and object members
will be pretty-printed with a newline followed by that string repeated
for each level of nesting. ``None`` (the default) selects the most compact
representation without any newlines. For backwards compatibility with
versions of simplejson earlier than 2.1.0, an integer is also accepted
and is converted to a string with that many spaces.
If ``separators`` is an ``(item_separator, dict_separator)`` tuple
then it will be used instead of the default ``(', ', ': ')`` separators.
``(',', ':')`` is the most compact JSON representation.
``encoding`` is the character encoding for str instances, default is UTF-8.
``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.
If *use_decimal* is true (default: ``False``) then decimal.Decimal
will be natively serialized to JSON with full precision.
To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
the ``cls`` kwarg.
"""
# cached encoder
if (not skipkeys and ensure_ascii and
check_circular and allow_nan and
cls is None and indent is None and separators is None and
encoding == 'utf-8' and default is None and not kw):
iterable = _default_encoder.iterencode(obj)
else:
if cls is None:
cls = JSONEncoder
iterable = cls(skipkeys=skipkeys, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
check_circular=check_circular, allow_nan=allow_nan, indent=indent,
separators=separators, encoding=encoding,
default=default, use_decimal=use_decimal, **kw).iterencode(obj)
# could accelerate with writelines in some versions of Python, at
# a debuggability cost
for chunk in iterable:
fp.write(chunk)
def dumps(obj, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None,
encoding='utf-8', default=None, use_decimal=False, **kw):
"""Serialize ``obj`` to a JSON formatted ``str``.
If ``skipkeys`` is false then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
(``str``, ``unicode``, ``int``, ``long``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``)
will be skipped instead of raising a ``TypeError``.
If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the return value will be a
``unicode`` instance subject to normal Python ``str`` to ``unicode``
coercion rules instead of being escaped to an ASCII ``str``.
If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).
If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``) in
strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).
If ``indent`` is a string, then JSON array elements and object members
will be pretty-printed with a newline followed by that string repeated
for each level of nesting. ``None`` (the default) selects the most compact
representation without any newlines. For backwards compatibility with
versions of simplejson earlier than 2.1.0, an integer is also accepted
and is converted to a string with that many spaces.
If ``separators`` is an ``(item_separator, dict_separator)`` tuple
then it will be used instead of the default ``(', ', ': ')`` separators.
``(',', ':')`` is the most compact JSON representation.
``encoding`` is the character encoding for str instances, default is UTF-8.
``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.
If *use_decimal* is true (default: ``False``) then decimal.Decimal
will be natively serialized to JSON with full precision.
To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
the ``cls`` kwarg.
"""
# cached encoder
if (not skipkeys and ensure_ascii and
check_circular and allow_nan and
cls is None and indent is None and separators is None and
encoding == 'utf-8' and default is None and not use_decimal
and not kw):
return _default_encoder.encode(obj)
if cls is None:
cls = JSONEncoder
return cls(
skipkeys=skipkeys, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
check_circular=check_circular, allow_nan=allow_nan, indent=indent,
separators=separators, encoding=encoding, default=default,
use_decimal=use_decimal, **kw).encode(obj)
_default_decoder = JSONDecoder(encoding=None, object_hook=None,
object_pairs_hook=None)
def load(fp, encoding=None, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None,
use_decimal=False, **kw):
"""Deserialize ``fp`` (a ``.read()``-supporting file-like object containing
a JSON document) to a Python object.
*encoding* determines the encoding used to interpret any
:class:`str` objects decoded by this instance (``'utf-8'`` by
default). It has no effect when decoding :class:`unicode` objects.
Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work,
strings of other encodings should be passed in as :class:`unicode`.
*object_hook*, if specified, will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the
given :class:`dict`. This can be used to provide custom
deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).
*object_pairs_hook* is an optional function that will be called with
the result of any object literal decode with an ordered list of pairs.
The return value of *object_pairs_hook* will be used instead of the
:class:`dict`. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders
that rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for
example, :func:`collections.OrderedDict` will remember the order of
insertion). If *object_hook* is also defined, the *object_pairs_hook*
takes priority.
*parse_float*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``float(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON floats (e.g. :class:`decimal.Decimal`).
*parse_int*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON int to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``int(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON integers (e.g. :class:`float`).
*parse_constant*, if specified, will be called with one of the
following strings: ``'-Infinity'``, ``'Infinity'``, ``'NaN'``. This
can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are
encountered.
If *use_decimal* is true (default: ``False``) then it implies
parse_float=decimal.Decimal for parity with ``dump``.
To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
kwarg.
"""
return loads(fp.read(),
encoding=encoding, cls=cls, object_hook=object_hook,
parse_float=parse_float, parse_int=parse_int,
parse_constant=parse_constant, object_pairs_hook=object_pairs_hook,
use_decimal=use_decimal, **kw)
def loads(s, encoding=None, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None,
use_decimal=False, **kw):
"""Deserialize ``s`` (a ``str`` or ``unicode`` instance containing a JSON
document) to a Python object.
*encoding* determines the encoding used to interpret any
:class:`str` objects decoded by this instance (``'utf-8'`` by
default). It has no effect when decoding :class:`unicode` objects.
Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work,
strings of other encodings should be passed in as :class:`unicode`.
*object_hook*, if specified, will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the
given :class:`dict`. This can be used to provide custom
deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).
*object_pairs_hook* is an optional function that will be called with
the result of any object literal decode with an ordered list of pairs.
The return value of *object_pairs_hook* will be used instead of the
:class:`dict`. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders
that rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for
example, :func:`collections.OrderedDict` will remember the order of
insertion). If *object_hook* is also defined, the *object_pairs_hook*
takes priority.
*parse_float*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``float(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON floats (e.g. :class:`decimal.Decimal`).
*parse_int*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON int to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``int(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON integers (e.g. :class:`float`).
*parse_constant*, if specified, will be called with one of the
following strings: ``'-Infinity'``, ``'Infinity'``, ``'NaN'``. This
can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are
encountered.
If *use_decimal* is true (default: ``False``) then it implies
parse_float=decimal.Decimal for parity with ``dump``.
To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
kwarg.
"""
if (cls is None and encoding is None and object_hook is None and
parse_int is None and parse_float is None and
parse_constant is None and object_pairs_hook is None
and not use_decimal and not kw):
return _default_decoder.decode(s)
if cls is None:
cls = JSONDecoder
if object_hook is not None:
kw['object_hook'] = object_hook
if object_pairs_hook is not None:
kw['object_pairs_hook'] = object_pairs_hook
if parse_float is not None:
kw['parse_float'] = parse_float
if parse_int is not None:
kw['parse_int'] = parse_int
if parse_constant is not None:
kw['parse_constant'] = parse_constant
if use_decimal:
if parse_float is not None:
raise TypeError("use_decimal=True implies parse_float=Decimal")
kw['parse_float'] = Decimal
return cls(encoding=encoding, **kw).decode(s)
def _toggle_speedups(enabled):
import simplejson.decoder as dec
import simplejson.encoder as enc
import simplejson.scanner as scan
c_make_encoder = _import_c_make_encoder()
if enabled:
dec.scanstring = dec.c_scanstring or dec.py_scanstring
enc.c_make_encoder = c_make_encoder
enc.encode_basestring_ascii = (enc.c_encode_basestring_ascii or
enc.py_encode_basestring_ascii)
scan.make_scanner = scan.c_make_scanner or scan.py_make_scanner
else:
dec.scanstring = dec.py_scanstring
enc.c_make_encoder = None
enc.encode_basestring_ascii = enc.py_encode_basestring_ascii
scan.make_scanner = scan.py_make_scanner
dec.make_scanner = scan.make_scanner
global _default_decoder
_default_decoder = JSONDecoder(
encoding=None,
object_hook=None,
object_pairs_hook=None,
)
global _default_encoder
_default_encoder = JSONEncoder(
skipkeys=False,
ensure_ascii=True,
check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True,
indent=None,
separators=None,
encoding='utf-8',
default=None,
)
| Python |
r"""Command-line tool to validate and pretty-print JSON
Usage::
$ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m simplejson.tool
{
"json": "obj"
}
$ echo '{ 1.2:3.4}' | python -m simplejson.tool
Expecting property name: line 1 column 2 (char 2)
"""
import sys
import simplejson as json
def main():
if len(sys.argv) == 1:
infile = sys.stdin
outfile = sys.stdout
elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
infile = open(sys.argv[1], 'rb')
outfile = sys.stdout
elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
infile = open(sys.argv[1], 'rb')
outfile = open(sys.argv[2], 'wb')
else:
raise SystemExit(sys.argv[0] + " [infile [outfile]]")
try:
obj = json.load(infile,
object_pairs_hook=json.OrderedDict,
use_decimal=True)
except ValueError, e:
raise SystemExit(e)
json.dump(obj, outfile, sort_keys=True, indent=' ', use_decimal=True)
outfile.write('\n')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
"""JSON token scanner
"""
import re
def _import_c_make_scanner():
try:
from simplejson._speedups import make_scanner
return make_scanner
except ImportError:
return None
c_make_scanner = _import_c_make_scanner()
__all__ = ['make_scanner']
NUMBER_RE = re.compile(
r'(-?(?:0|[1-9]\d*))(\.\d+)?([eE][-+]?\d+)?',
(re.VERBOSE | re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL))
def py_make_scanner(context):
parse_object = context.parse_object
parse_array = context.parse_array
parse_string = context.parse_string
match_number = NUMBER_RE.match
encoding = context.encoding
strict = context.strict
parse_float = context.parse_float
parse_int = context.parse_int
parse_constant = context.parse_constant
object_hook = context.object_hook
object_pairs_hook = context.object_pairs_hook
memo = context.memo
def _scan_once(string, idx):
try:
nextchar = string[idx]
except IndexError:
raise StopIteration
if nextchar == '"':
return parse_string(string, idx + 1, encoding, strict)
elif nextchar == '{':
return parse_object((string, idx + 1), encoding, strict,
_scan_once, object_hook, object_pairs_hook, memo)
elif nextchar == '[':
return parse_array((string, idx + 1), _scan_once)
elif nextchar == 'n' and string[idx:idx + 4] == 'null':
return None, idx + 4
elif nextchar == 't' and string[idx:idx + 4] == 'true':
return True, idx + 4
elif nextchar == 'f' and string[idx:idx + 5] == 'false':
return False, idx + 5
m = match_number(string, idx)
if m is not None:
integer, frac, exp = m.groups()
if frac or exp:
res = parse_float(integer + (frac or '') + (exp or ''))
else:
res = parse_int(integer)
return res, m.end()
elif nextchar == 'N' and string[idx:idx + 3] == 'NaN':
return parse_constant('NaN'), idx + 3
elif nextchar == 'I' and string[idx:idx + 8] == 'Infinity':
return parse_constant('Infinity'), idx + 8
elif nextchar == '-' and string[idx:idx + 9] == '-Infinity':
return parse_constant('-Infinity'), idx + 9
else:
raise StopIteration
def scan_once(string, idx):
try:
return _scan_once(string, idx)
finally:
memo.clear()
return scan_once
make_scanner = c_make_scanner or py_make_scanner
| Python |
"""Drop-in replacement for collections.OrderedDict by Raymond Hettinger
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/
"""
from UserDict import DictMixin
# Modified from original to support Python 2.4, see
# http://code.google.com/p/simplejson/issues/detail?id=53
try:
all
except NameError:
def all(seq):
for elem in seq:
if not elem:
return False
return True
class OrderedDict(dict, DictMixin):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
if len(args) > 1:
raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
try:
self.__end
except AttributeError:
self.clear()
self.update(*args, **kwds)
def clear(self):
self.__end = end = []
end += [None, end, end] # sentinel node for doubly linked list
self.__map = {} # key --> [key, prev, next]
dict.clear(self)
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
if key not in self:
end = self.__end
curr = end[1]
curr[2] = end[1] = self.__map[key] = [key, curr, end]
dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
def __delitem__(self, key):
dict.__delitem__(self, key)
key, prev, next = self.__map.pop(key)
prev[2] = next
next[1] = prev
def __iter__(self):
end = self.__end
curr = end[2]
while curr is not end:
yield curr[0]
curr = curr[2]
def __reversed__(self):
end = self.__end
curr = end[1]
while curr is not end:
yield curr[0]
curr = curr[1]
def popitem(self, last=True):
if not self:
raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
# Modified from original to support Python 2.4, see
# http://code.google.com/p/simplejson/issues/detail?id=53
if last:
key = reversed(self).next()
else:
key = iter(self).next()
value = self.pop(key)
return key, value
def __reduce__(self):
items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
tmp = self.__map, self.__end
del self.__map, self.__end
inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
self.__map, self.__end = tmp
if inst_dict:
return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)
return self.__class__, (items,)
def keys(self):
return list(self)
setdefault = DictMixin.setdefault
update = DictMixin.update
pop = DictMixin.pop
values = DictMixin.values
items = DictMixin.items
iterkeys = DictMixin.iterkeys
itervalues = DictMixin.itervalues
iteritems = DictMixin.iteritems
def __repr__(self):
if not self:
return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
def copy(self):
return self.__class__(self)
@classmethod
def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
d = cls()
for key in iterable:
d[key] = value
return d
def __eq__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
return len(self)==len(other) and \
all(p==q for p, q in zip(self.items(), other.items()))
return dict.__eq__(self, other)
def __ne__(self, other):
return not self == other
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Classes to encapsulate a single HTTP request.
The classes implement a command pattern, with every
object supporting an execute() method that does the
actuall HTTP request.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = [
'HttpRequest', 'RequestMockBuilder', 'HttpMock'
'set_user_agent', 'tunnel_patch'
]
import httplib2
import os
from model import JsonModel
from errors import HttpError
from anyjson import simplejson
class HttpRequest(object):
"""Encapsulates a single HTTP request.
"""
def __init__(self, http, postproc, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
methodId=None):
"""Constructor for an HttpRequest.
Args:
http: httplib2.Http, the transport object to use to make a request
postproc: callable, called on the HTTP response and content to transform
it into a data object before returning, or raising an exception
on an error.
uri: string, the absolute URI to send the request to
method: string, the HTTP method to use
body: string, the request body of the HTTP request
headers: dict, the HTTP request headers
methodId: string, a unique identifier for the API method being called.
"""
self.uri = uri
self.method = method
self.body = body
self.headers = headers or {}
self.http = http
self.postproc = postproc
def execute(self, http=None):
"""Execute the request.
Args:
http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used in place of the
one the HttpRequest request object was constructed with.
Returns:
A deserialized object model of the response body as determined
by the postproc.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
httplib2.Error if a transport error has occured.
"""
if http is None:
http = self.http
resp, content = http.request(self.uri, self.method,
body=self.body,
headers=self.headers)
if resp.status >= 300:
raise HttpError(resp, content, self.uri)
return self.postproc(resp, content)
class HttpRequestMock(object):
"""Mock of HttpRequest.
Do not construct directly, instead use RequestMockBuilder.
"""
def __init__(self, resp, content, postproc):
"""Constructor for HttpRequestMock
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the response to emulate coming from the request
content: string, the response body
postproc: callable, the post processing function usually supplied by
the model class. See model.JsonModel.response() as an example.
"""
self.resp = resp
self.content = content
self.postproc = postproc
if resp is None:
self.resp = httplib2.Response({'status': 200, 'reason': 'OK'})
if 'reason' in self.resp:
self.resp.reason = self.resp['reason']
def execute(self, http=None):
"""Execute the request.
Same behavior as HttpRequest.execute(), but the response is
mocked and not really from an HTTP request/response.
"""
return self.postproc(self.resp, self.content)
class RequestMockBuilder(object):
"""A simple mock of HttpRequest
Pass in a dictionary to the constructor that maps request methodIds to
tuples of (httplib2.Response, content) that should be returned when that
method is called. None may also be passed in for the httplib2.Response, in
which case a 200 OK response will be generated.
Example:
response = '{"data": {"id": "tag:google.c...'
requestBuilder = RequestMockBuilder(
{
'chili.activities.get': (None, response),
}
)
apiclient.discovery.build("buzz", "v1", requestBuilder=requestBuilder)
Methods that you do not supply a response for will return a
200 OK with an empty string as the response content. The methodId
is taken from the rpcName in the discovery document.
For more details see the project wiki.
"""
def __init__(self, responses):
"""Constructor for RequestMockBuilder
The constructed object should be a callable object
that can replace the class HttpResponse.
responses - A dictionary that maps methodIds into tuples
of (httplib2.Response, content). The methodId
comes from the 'rpcName' field in the discovery
document.
"""
self.responses = responses
def __call__(self, http, postproc, uri, method='GET', body=None,
headers=None, methodId=None):
"""Implements the callable interface that discovery.build() expects
of requestBuilder, which is to build an object compatible with
HttpRequest.execute(). See that method for the description of the
parameters and the expected response.
"""
if methodId in self.responses:
resp, content = self.responses[methodId]
return HttpRequestMock(resp, content, postproc)
else:
model = JsonModel(False)
return HttpRequestMock(None, '{}', model.response)
class HttpMock(object):
"""Mock of httplib2.Http"""
def __init__(self, filename, headers=None):
"""
Args:
filename: string, absolute filename to read response from
headers: dict, header to return with response
"""
if headers is None:
headers = {'status': '200 OK'}
f = file(filename, 'r')
self.data = f.read()
f.close()
self.headers = headers
def request(self, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
redirections=1,
connection_type=None):
return httplib2.Response(self.headers), self.data
class HttpMockSequence(object):
"""Mock of httplib2.Http
Mocks a sequence of calls to request returning different responses for each
call. Create an instance initialized with the desired response headers
and content and then use as if an httplib2.Http instance.
http = HttpMockSequence([
({'status': '401'}, ''),
({'status': '200'}, '{"access_token":"1/3w","expires_in":3600}'),
({'status': '200'}, 'echo_request_headers'),
])
resp, content = http.request("http://examples.com")
There are special values you can pass in for content to trigger
behavours that are helpful in testing.
'echo_request_headers' means return the request headers in the response body
'echo_request_headers_as_json' means return the request headers in
the response body
'echo_request_body' means return the request body in the response body
"""
def __init__(self, iterable):
"""
Args:
iterable: iterable, a sequence of pairs of (headers, body)
"""
self._iterable = iterable
def request(self, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
redirections=1,
connection_type=None):
resp, content = self._iterable.pop(0)
if content == 'echo_request_headers':
content = headers
elif content == 'echo_request_headers_as_json':
content = simplejson.dumps(headers)
elif content == 'echo_request_body':
content = body
return httplib2.Response(resp), content
def set_user_agent(http, user_agent):
"""Set the user-agent on every request.
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
user_agent: string, the value for the user-agent header.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = set_user_agent(h, "my-app-name/6.0")
Most of the time the user-agent will be set doing auth, this is for the rare
cases where you are accessing an unauthenticated endpoint.
"""
request_orig = http.request
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
if headers is None:
headers = {}
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] = user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
else:
headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
def tunnel_patch(http):
"""Tunnel PATCH requests over POST.
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = tunnel_patch(h, "my-app-name/6.0")
Useful if you are running on a platform that doesn't support PATCH.
Apply this last if you are using OAuth 1.0, as changing the method
will result in a different signature.
"""
request_orig = http.request
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
if headers is None:
headers = {}
if method == 'PATCH':
if 'oauth_token' in headers.get('authorization', ''):
logging.warning(
'OAuth 1.0 request made with Credentials after tunnel_patch.')
headers['x-http-method-override'] = "PATCH"
method = 'POST'
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for OAuth.
Utilities for making it easier to work with OAuth.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import copy
import httplib2
import logging
import oauth2 as oauth
import urllib
import urlparse
from anyjson import simplejson
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
class Error(Exception):
"""Base error for this module."""
pass
class RequestError(Error):
"""Error occurred during request."""
pass
class MissingParameter(Error):
pass
class CredentialsInvalidError(Error):
pass
def _abstract():
raise NotImplementedError('You need to override this function')
def _oauth_uri(name, discovery, params):
"""Look up the OAuth URI from the discovery
document and add query parameters based on
params.
name - The name of the OAuth URI to lookup, one
of 'request', 'access', or 'authorize'.
discovery - Portion of discovery document the describes
the OAuth endpoints.
params - Dictionary that is used to form the query parameters
for the specified URI.
"""
if name not in ['request', 'access', 'authorize']:
raise KeyError(name)
keys = discovery[name]['parameters'].keys()
query = {}
for key in keys:
if key in params:
query[key] = params[key]
return discovery[name]['url'] + '?' + urllib.urlencode(query)
class Credentials(object):
"""Base class for all Credentials objects.
Subclasses must define an authorize() method
that applies the credentials to an HTTP transport.
"""
def authorize(self, http):
"""Take an httplib2.Http instance (or equivalent) and
authorizes it for the set of credentials, usually by
replacing http.request() with a method that adds in
the appropriate headers and then delegates to the original
Http.request() method.
"""
_abstract()
class Flow(object):
"""Base class for all Flow objects."""
pass
class Storage(object):
"""Base class for all Storage objects.
Store and retrieve a single credential.
"""
def get(self):
"""Retrieve credential.
Returns:
apiclient.oauth.Credentials
"""
_abstract()
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a credential.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
_abstract()
class OAuthCredentials(Credentials):
"""Credentials object for OAuth 1.0a
"""
def __init__(self, consumer, token, user_agent):
"""
consumer - An instance of oauth.Consumer.
token - An instance of oauth.Token constructed with
the access token and secret.
user_agent - The HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
"""
self.consumer = consumer
self.token = token
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.store = None
# True if the credentials have been revoked
self._invalid = False
@property
def invalid(self):
"""True if the credentials are invalid, such as being revoked."""
return getattr(self, "_invalid", False)
def set_store(self, store):
"""Set the storage for the credential.
Args:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
This is needed to store the latest access_token if it
has been revoked.
"""
self.store = store
def __getstate__(self):
"""Trim the state down to something that can be pickled."""
d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
del d['store']
return d
def __setstate__(self, state):
"""Reconstitute the state of the object from being pickled."""
self.__dict__.update(state)
self.store = None
def authorize(self, http):
"""
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = credentials.authorize(h)
You can't create a new OAuth
subclass of httplib2.Authenication because
it never gets passed the absolute URI, which is
needed for signing. So instead we have to overload
'request' with a closure that adds in the
Authorization header and then calls the original version
of 'request()'.
"""
request_orig = http.request
signer = oauth.SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
response_code = 302
http.follow_redirects = False
while response_code in [301, 302]:
req = oauth.Request.from_consumer_and_token(
self.consumer, self.token, http_method=method, http_url=uri)
req.sign_request(signer, self.consumer, self.token)
if headers is None:
headers = {}
headers.update(req.to_header())
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
else:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
response_code = resp.status
if response_code in [301, 302]:
uri = resp['location']
# Update the stored credential if it becomes invalid.
if response_code == 401:
logging.info('Access token no longer valid: %s' % content)
self._invalid = True
if self.store is not None:
self.store(self)
raise CredentialsInvalidError("Credentials are no longer valid.")
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
class FlowThreeLegged(Flow):
"""Does the Three Legged Dance for OAuth 1.0a.
"""
def __init__(self, discovery, consumer_key, consumer_secret, user_agent,
**kwargs):
"""
discovery - Section of the API discovery document that describes
the OAuth endpoints.
consumer_key - OAuth consumer key
consumer_secret - OAuth consumer secret
user_agent - The HTTP User-Agent that identifies the application.
**kwargs - The keyword arguments are all optional and required
parameters for the OAuth calls.
"""
self.discovery = discovery
self.consumer_key = consumer_key
self.consumer_secret = consumer_secret
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.params = kwargs
self.request_token = {}
required = {}
for uriinfo in discovery.itervalues():
for name, value in uriinfo['parameters'].iteritems():
if value['required'] and not name.startswith('oauth_'):
required[name] = 1
for key in required.iterkeys():
if key not in self.params:
raise MissingParameter('Required parameter %s not supplied' % key)
def step1_get_authorize_url(self, oauth_callback='oob'):
"""Returns a URI to redirect to the provider.
oauth_callback - Either the string 'oob' for a non-web-based application,
or a URI that handles the callback from the authorization
server.
If oauth_callback is 'oob' then pass in the
generated verification code to step2_exchange,
otherwise pass in the query parameters received
at the callback uri to step2_exchange.
"""
consumer = oauth.Consumer(self.consumer_key, self.consumer_secret)
client = oauth.Client(consumer)
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
body = urllib.urlencode({'oauth_callback': oauth_callback})
uri = _oauth_uri('request', self.discovery, self.params)
resp, content = client.request(uri, 'POST', headers=headers,
body=body)
if resp['status'] != '200':
logging.error('Failed to retrieve temporary authorization: %s', content)
raise RequestError('Invalid response %s.' % resp['status'])
self.request_token = dict(parse_qsl(content))
auth_params = copy.copy(self.params)
auth_params['oauth_token'] = self.request_token['oauth_token']
return _oauth_uri('authorize', self.discovery, auth_params)
def step2_exchange(self, verifier):
"""Exhanges an authorized request token
for OAuthCredentials.
Args:
verifier: string, dict - either the verifier token, or a dictionary
of the query parameters to the callback, which contains
the oauth_verifier.
Returns:
The Credentials object.
"""
if not (isinstance(verifier, str) or isinstance(verifier, unicode)):
verifier = verifier['oauth_verifier']
token = oauth.Token(
self.request_token['oauth_token'],
self.request_token['oauth_token_secret'])
token.set_verifier(verifier)
consumer = oauth.Consumer(self.consumer_key, self.consumer_secret)
client = oauth.Client(consumer, token)
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
uri = _oauth_uri('access', self.discovery, self.params)
resp, content = client.request(uri, 'POST', headers=headers)
if resp['status'] != '200':
logging.error('Failed to retrieve access token: %s', content)
raise RequestError('Invalid response %s.' % resp['status'])
oauth_params = dict(parse_qsl(content))
token = oauth.Token(
oauth_params['oauth_token'],
oauth_params['oauth_token_secret'])
return OAuthCredentials(consumer, token, self.user_agent)
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
#
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Model objects for requests and responses.
Each API may support one or more serializations, such
as JSON, Atom, etc. The model classes are responsible
for converting between the wire format and the Python
object representation.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import gflags
import logging
import urllib
from anyjson import simplejson
from errors import HttpError
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('dump_request_response', False,
'Dump all http server requests and responses. '
)
def _abstract():
raise NotImplementedError('You need to override this function')
class Model(object):
"""Model base class.
All Model classes should implement this interface.
The Model serializes and de-serializes between a wire
format such as JSON and a Python object representation.
"""
def request(self, headers, path_params, query_params, body_value):
"""Updates outgoing requests with a serialized body.
Args:
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query_params: dict, parameters that appear in the query
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object, which must be
serializable.
Returns:
A tuple of (headers, path_params, query, body)
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query: string, query part of the request URI
body: string, the body serialized in the desired wire format.
"""
_abstract()
def response(self, resp, content):
"""Convert the response wire format into a Python object.
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the HTTP response headers and status
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if a non 2xx response is received.
"""
_abstract()
class BaseModel(Model):
"""Base model class.
Subclasses should provide implementations for the "serialize" and
"deserialize" methods, as well as values for the following class attributes.
Attributes:
accept: The value to use for the HTTP Accept header.
content_type: The value to use for the HTTP Content-type header.
no_content_response: The value to return when deserializing a 204 "No
Content" response.
alt_param: The value to supply as the "alt" query parameter for requests.
"""
accept = None
content_type = None
no_content_response = None
alt_param = None
def _log_request(self, headers, path_params, query, body):
"""Logs debugging information about the request if requested."""
if FLAGS.dump_request_response:
logging.info('--request-start--')
logging.info('-headers-start-')
for h, v in headers.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
logging.info('-headers-end-')
logging.info('-path-parameters-start-')
for h, v in path_params.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
logging.info('-path-parameters-end-')
logging.info('body: %s', body)
logging.info('query: %s', query)
logging.info('--request-end--')
def request(self, headers, path_params, query_params, body_value):
"""Updates outgoing requests with a serialized body.
Args:
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query_params: dict, parameters that appear in the query
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object, which must be
serializable by simplejson.
Returns:
A tuple of (headers, path_params, query, body)
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query: string, query part of the request URI
body: string, the body serialized as JSON
"""
query = self._build_query(query_params)
headers['accept'] = self.accept
headers['accept-encoding'] = 'gzip, deflate'
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] += ' '
else:
headers['user-agent'] = ''
headers['user-agent'] += 'google-api-python-client/1.0'
if body_value is not None:
headers['content-type'] = self.content_type
body_value = self.serialize(body_value)
self._log_request(headers, path_params, query, body_value)
return (headers, path_params, query, body_value)
def _build_query(self, params):
"""Builds a query string.
Args:
params: dict, the query parameters
Returns:
The query parameters properly encoded into an HTTP URI query string.
"""
params.update({'alt': self.alt_param})
astuples = []
for key, value in params.iteritems():
if type(value) == type([]):
for x in value:
x = x.encode('utf-8')
astuples.append((key, x))
else:
if getattr(value, 'encode', False) and callable(value.encode):
value = value.encode('utf-8')
astuples.append((key, value))
return '?' + urllib.urlencode(astuples)
def _log_response(self, resp, content):
"""Logs debugging information about the response if requested."""
if FLAGS.dump_request_response:
logging.info('--response-start--')
for h, v in resp.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
if content:
logging.info(content)
logging.info('--response-end--')
def response(self, resp, content):
"""Convert the response wire format into a Python object.
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the HTTP response headers and status
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if a non 2xx response is received.
"""
self._log_response(resp, content)
# Error handling is TBD, for example, do we retry
# for some operation/error combinations?
if resp.status < 300:
if resp.status == 204:
# A 204: No Content response should be treated differently
# to all the other success states
return self.no_content_response
return self.deserialize(content)
else:
logging.debug('Content from bad request was: %s' % content)
raise HttpError(resp, content)
def serialize(self, body_value):
"""Perform the actual Python object serialization.
Args:
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object.
Returns:
string, the body in serialized form.
"""
_abstract()
def deserialize(self, content):
"""Perform the actual deserialization from response string to Python object.
Args:
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
"""
_abstract()
class JsonModel(BaseModel):
"""Model class for JSON.
Serializes and de-serializes between JSON and the Python
object representation of HTTP request and response bodies.
"""
accept = 'application/json'
content_type = 'application/json'
alt_param = 'json'
def __init__(self, data_wrapper=False):
"""Construct a JsonModel.
Args:
data_wrapper: boolean, wrap requests and responses in a data wrapper
"""
self._data_wrapper = data_wrapper
def serialize(self, body_value):
if (isinstance(body_value, dict) and 'data' not in body_value and
self._data_wrapper):
body_value = {'data': body_value}
return simplejson.dumps(body_value)
def deserialize(self, content):
body = simplejson.loads(content)
if isinstance(body, dict) and 'data' in body:
body = body['data']
return body
@property
def no_content_response(self):
return {}
class ProtocolBufferModel(BaseModel):
"""Model class for protocol buffers.
Serializes and de-serializes the binary protocol buffer sent in the HTTP
request and response bodies.
"""
accept = 'application/x-protobuf'
content_type = 'application/x-protobuf'
alt_param = 'proto'
def __init__(self, protocol_buffer):
"""Constructs a ProtocolBufferModel.
The serialzed protocol buffer returned in an HTTP response will be
de-serialized using the given protocol buffer class.
Args:
protocol_buffer: The protocol buffer class used to de-serialize a response
from the API.
"""
self._protocol_buffer = protocol_buffer
def serialize(self, body_value):
return body_value.SerializeToString()
def deserialize(self, content):
return self._protocol_buffer.FromString(content)
@property
def no_content_response(self):
return self._protocol_buffer()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Client for discovery based APIs
A client library for Google's discovery based APIs.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = [
'build', 'build_from_document'
]
import httplib2
import logging
import os
import re
import uritemplate
import urllib
import urlparse
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
from http import HttpRequest
from anyjson import simplejson
from model import JsonModel
from errors import UnknownLinkType
from errors import HttpError
from errors import InvalidJsonError
URITEMPLATE = re.compile('{[^}]*}')
VARNAME = re.compile('[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+')
DISCOVERY_URI = ('https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/'
'{api}/{apiVersion}/rest')
DEFAULT_METHOD_DOC = 'A description of how to use this function'
# Query parameters that work, but don't appear in discovery
STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS = ['trace', 'fields', 'pp', 'prettyPrint', 'userIp',
'userip', 'strict']
def key2param(key):
"""Converts key names into parameter names.
For example, converting "max-results" -> "max_results"
"""
result = []
key = list(key)
if not key[0].isalpha():
result.append('x')
for c in key:
if c.isalnum():
result.append(c)
else:
result.append('_')
return ''.join(result)
def build(serviceName, version,
http=None,
discoveryServiceUrl=DISCOVERY_URI,
developerKey=None,
model=None,
requestBuilder=HttpRequest):
"""Construct a Resource for interacting with an API.
Construct a Resource object for interacting with
an API. The serviceName and version are the
names from the Discovery service.
Args:
serviceName: string, name of the service
version: string, the version of the service
discoveryServiceUrl: string, a URI Template that points to
the location of the discovery service. It should have two
parameters {api} and {apiVersion} that when filled in
produce an absolute URI to the discovery document for
that service.
developerKey: string, key obtained
from https://code.google.com/apis/console
model: apiclient.Model, converts to and from the wire format
requestBuilder: apiclient.http.HttpRequest, encapsulator for
an HTTP request
Returns:
A Resource object with methods for interacting with
the service.
"""
params = {
'api': serviceName,
'apiVersion': version
}
if http is None:
http = httplib2.Http()
requested_url = uritemplate.expand(discoveryServiceUrl, params)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % requested_url)
resp, content = http.request(requested_url)
if resp.status > 400:
raise HttpError(resp, content, requested_url)
try:
service = simplejson.loads(content)
except ValueError, e:
logging.error('Failed to parse as JSON: ' + content)
raise InvalidJsonError()
fn = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'contrib',
serviceName, 'future.json')
try:
f = file(fn, 'r')
future = f.read()
f.close()
except IOError:
future = None
return build_from_document(content, discoveryServiceUrl, future,
http, developerKey, model, requestBuilder)
def build_from_document(
service,
base,
future=None,
http=None,
developerKey=None,
model=None,
requestBuilder=HttpRequest):
"""Create a Resource for interacting with an API.
Same as `build()`, but constructs the Resource object
from a discovery document that is it given, as opposed to
retrieving one over HTTP.
Args:
service: string, discovery document
base: string, base URI for all HTTP requests, usually the discovery URI
future: string, discovery document with future capabilities
auth_discovery: dict, information about the authentication the API supports
http: httplib2.Http, An instance of httplib2.Http or something that acts
like it that HTTP requests will be made through.
developerKey: string, Key for controlling API usage, generated
from the API Console.
model: Model class instance that serializes and
de-serializes requests and responses.
requestBuilder: Takes an http request and packages it up to be executed.
Returns:
A Resource object with methods for interacting with
the service.
"""
service = simplejson.loads(service)
base = urlparse.urljoin(base, service['basePath'])
if future:
future = simplejson.loads(future)
auth_discovery = future.get('auth', {})
else:
future = {}
auth_discovery = {}
if model is None:
features = service.get('features', [])
model = JsonModel('dataWrapper' in features)
resource = createResource(http, base, model, requestBuilder, developerKey,
service, future)
def auth_method():
"""Discovery information about the authentication the API uses."""
return auth_discovery
setattr(resource, 'auth_discovery', auth_method)
return resource
def _cast(value, schema_type):
"""Convert value to a string based on JSON Schema type.
See http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-zyp-json-schema-03 for more details on
JSON Schema.
Args:
value: any, the value to convert
schema_type: string, the type that value should be interpreted as
Returns:
A string representation of 'value' based on the schema_type.
"""
if schema_type == 'string':
if type(value) == type('') or type(value) == type(u''):
return value
else:
return str(value)
elif schema_type == 'integer':
return str(int(value))
elif schema_type == 'number':
return str(float(value))
elif schema_type == 'boolean':
return str(bool(value)).lower()
else:
if type(value) == type('') or type(value) == type(u''):
return value
else:
return str(value)
def createResource(http, baseUrl, model, requestBuilder,
developerKey, resourceDesc, futureDesc):
class Resource(object):
"""A class for interacting with a resource."""
def __init__(self):
self._http = http
self._baseUrl = baseUrl
self._model = model
self._developerKey = developerKey
self._requestBuilder = requestBuilder
def createMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
pathUrl = methodDesc['path']
httpMethod = methodDesc['httpMethod']
methodId = methodDesc['id']
if 'parameters' not in methodDesc:
methodDesc['parameters'] = {}
for name in STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS:
methodDesc['parameters'][name] = {
'type': 'string',
'location': 'query'
}
if httpMethod in ['PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH']:
methodDesc['parameters']['body'] = {
'description': 'The request body.',
'type': 'object',
'required': True,
}
argmap = {} # Map from method parameter name to query parameter name
required_params = [] # Required parameters
repeated_params = [] # Repeated parameters
pattern_params = {} # Parameters that must match a regex
query_params = [] # Parameters that will be used in the query string
path_params = {} # Parameters that will be used in the base URL
param_type = {} # The type of the parameter
enum_params = {} # Allowable enumeration values for each parameter
if 'parameters' in methodDesc:
for arg, desc in methodDesc['parameters'].iteritems():
param = key2param(arg)
argmap[param] = arg
if desc.get('pattern', ''):
pattern_params[param] = desc['pattern']
if desc.get('enum', ''):
enum_params[param] = desc['enum']
if desc.get('required', False):
required_params.append(param)
if desc.get('repeated', False):
repeated_params.append(param)
if desc.get('location') == 'query':
query_params.append(param)
if desc.get('location') == 'path':
path_params[param] = param
param_type[param] = desc.get('type', 'string')
for match in URITEMPLATE.finditer(pathUrl):
for namematch in VARNAME.finditer(match.group(0)):
name = key2param(namematch.group(0))
path_params[name] = name
if name in query_params:
query_params.remove(name)
def method(self, **kwargs):
for name in kwargs.iterkeys():
if name not in argmap:
raise TypeError('Got an unexpected keyword argument "%s"' % name)
for name in required_params:
if name not in kwargs:
raise TypeError('Missing required parameter "%s"' % name)
for name, regex in pattern_params.iteritems():
if name in kwargs:
if re.match(regex, kwargs[name]) is None:
raise TypeError(
'Parameter "%s" value "%s" does not match the pattern "%s"' %
(name, kwargs[name], regex))
for name, enums in enum_params.iteritems():
if name in kwargs:
if kwargs[name] not in enums:
raise TypeError(
'Parameter "%s" value "%s" is not an allowed value in "%s"' %
(name, kwargs[name], str(enums)))
actual_query_params = {}
actual_path_params = {}
for key, value in kwargs.iteritems():
to_type = param_type.get(key, 'string')
# For repeated parameters we cast each member of the list.
if key in repeated_params and type(value) == type([]):
cast_value = [_cast(x, to_type) for x in value]
else:
cast_value = _cast(value, to_type)
if key in query_params:
actual_query_params[argmap[key]] = cast_value
if key in path_params:
actual_path_params[argmap[key]] = cast_value
body_value = kwargs.get('body', None)
if self._developerKey:
actual_query_params['key'] = self._developerKey
headers = {}
headers, params, query, body = self._model.request(headers,
actual_path_params, actual_query_params, body_value)
# TODO(ade) This exists to fix a bug in V1 of the Buzz discovery
# document. Base URLs should not contain any path elements. If they do
# then urlparse.urljoin will strip them out This results in an incorrect
# URL which returns a 404
url_result = urlparse.urlsplit(self._baseUrl)
new_base_url = url_result[0] + '://' + url_result[1]
expanded_url = uritemplate.expand(pathUrl, params)
url = urlparse.urljoin(self._baseUrl,
url_result[2] + expanded_url + query)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % url)
return self._requestBuilder(self._http,
self._model.response,
url,
method=httpMethod,
body=body,
headers=headers,
methodId=methodId)
docs = [methodDesc.get('description', DEFAULT_METHOD_DOC), '\n\n']
if len(argmap) > 0:
docs.append('Args:\n')
for arg in argmap.iterkeys():
if arg in STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS:
continue
repeated = ''
if arg in repeated_params:
repeated = ' (repeated)'
required = ''
if arg in required_params:
required = ' (required)'
paramdesc = methodDesc['parameters'][argmap[arg]]
paramdoc = paramdesc.get('description', 'A parameter')
paramtype = paramdesc.get('type', 'string')
docs.append(' %s: %s, %s%s%s\n' % (arg, paramtype, paramdoc, required,
repeated))
enum = paramdesc.get('enum', [])
enumDesc = paramdesc.get('enumDescriptions', [])
if enum and enumDesc:
docs.append(' Allowed values\n')
for (name, desc) in zip(enum, enumDesc):
docs.append(' %s - %s\n' % (name, desc))
setattr(method, '__doc__', ''.join(docs))
setattr(theclass, methodName, method)
def createNextMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
methodId = methodDesc['id'] + '.next'
def methodNext(self, previous):
"""
Takes a single argument, 'body', which is the results
from the last call, and returns the next set of items
in the collection.
Returns None if there are no more items in
the collection.
"""
if futureDesc['type'] != 'uri':
raise UnknownLinkType(futureDesc['type'])
try:
p = previous
for key in futureDesc['location']:
p = p[key]
url = p
except (KeyError, TypeError):
return None
if self._developerKey:
parsed = list(urlparse.urlparse(url))
q = parse_qsl(parsed[4])
q.append(('key', self._developerKey))
parsed[4] = urllib.urlencode(q)
url = urlparse.urlunparse(parsed)
headers = {}
headers, params, query, body = self._model.request(headers, {}, {}, None)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % url)
resp, content = self._http.request(url, method='GET', headers=headers)
return self._requestBuilder(self._http,
self._model.response,
url,
method='GET',
headers=headers,
methodId=methodId)
setattr(theclass, methodName, methodNext)
# Add basic methods to Resource
if 'methods' in resourceDesc:
for methodName, methodDesc in resourceDesc['methods'].iteritems():
if futureDesc:
future = futureDesc['methods'].get(methodName, {})
else:
future = None
createMethod(Resource, methodName, methodDesc, future)
# Add in nested resources
if 'resources' in resourceDesc:
def createResourceMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
def methodResource(self):
return createResource(self._http, self._baseUrl, self._model,
self._requestBuilder, self._developerKey,
methodDesc, futureDesc)
setattr(methodResource, '__doc__', 'A collection resource.')
setattr(methodResource, '__is_resource__', True)
setattr(theclass, methodName, methodResource)
for methodName, methodDesc in resourceDesc['resources'].iteritems():
if futureDesc and 'resources' in futureDesc:
future = futureDesc['resources'].get(methodName, {})
else:
future = {}
createResourceMethod(Resource, methodName, methodDesc, future)
# Add <m>_next() methods to Resource
if futureDesc and 'methods' in futureDesc:
for methodName, methodDesc in futureDesc['methods'].iteritems():
if 'next' in methodDesc and methodName in resourceDesc['methods']:
createNextMethod(Resource, methodName + '_next',
resourceDesc['methods'][methodName],
methodDesc['next'])
return Resource()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for OAuth.
Utilities for making it easier to work with OAuth 1.0 credentials.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import pickle
import threading
from apiclient.oauth import Storage as BaseStorage
class Storage(BaseStorage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from a file."""
def __init__(self, filename):
self._filename = filename
self._lock = threading.Lock()
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from file.
Returns:
apiclient.oauth.Credentials
"""
self._lock.acquire()
try:
f = open(self._filename, 'r')
credentials = pickle.loads(f.read())
f.close()
credentials.set_store(self.put)
except:
credentials = None
self._lock.release()
return credentials
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a pickled Credentials to file.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
self._lock.acquire()
f = open(self._filename, 'w')
f.write(pickle.dumps(credentials))
f.close()
self._lock.release()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import apiclient
import base64
import pickle
from django.db import models
class OAuthCredentialsField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, apiclient.oauth.Credentials):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
class FlowThreeLeggedField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
print "In to_python", value
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, apiclient.oauth.FlowThreeLegged):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for Google App Engine
Utilities for making it easier to use the
Google API Client for Python on Google App Engine.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import pickle
from google.appengine.ext import db
from apiclient.oauth import OAuthCredentials
from apiclient.oauth import FlowThreeLegged
class FlowThreeLeggedProperty(db.Property):
"""Utility property that allows easy
storage and retreival of an
apiclient.oauth.FlowThreeLegged"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = FlowThreeLegged
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
flow = super(FlowThreeLeggedProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(flow))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, FlowThreeLegged):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to a FlowThreeLegged instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(FlowThreeLeggedProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class OAuthCredentialsProperty(db.Property):
"""Utility property that allows easy
storage and retrieval of
apiclient.oath.OAuthCredentials
"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = OAuthCredentials
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
cred = super(OAuthCredentialsProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(cred))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, OAuthCredentials):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to an OAuthCredentials instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(OAuthCredentialsProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class StorageByKeyName(object):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from
the App Engine datastore.
This Storage helper presumes the Credentials
have been stored as a CredenialsProperty
on a datastore model class, and that entities
are stored by key_name.
"""
def __init__(self, model, key_name, property_name):
"""Constructor for Storage.
Args:
model: db.Model, model class
key_name: string, key name for the entity that has the credentials
property_name: string, name of the property that is a CredentialsProperty
"""
self.model = model
self.key_name = key_name
self.property_name = property_name
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from datastore.
Returns:
Credentials
"""
entity = self.model.get_or_insert(self.key_name)
credential = getattr(entity, self.property_name)
if credential and hasattr(credential, 'set_store'):
credential.set_store(self.put)
return credential
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a Credentials to the datastore.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
entity = self.model.get_or_insert(self.key_name)
setattr(entity, self.property_name, credentials)
entity.put()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Command-line tools for authenticating via OAuth 1.0
Do the OAuth 1.0 Three Legged Dance for
a command line application. Stores the generated
credentials in a common file that is used by
other example apps in the same directory.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = ["run"]
import BaseHTTPServer
import logging
import socket
import sys
from optparse import OptionParser
from apiclient.oauth import RequestError
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
class ClientRedirectServer(BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer):
"""A server to handle OAuth 1.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into query_params and then stops serving.
"""
query_params = {}
class ClientRedirectHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
"""A handler for OAuth 2.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into the servers query_params and then stops serving.
"""
def do_GET(s):
"""Handle a GET request
Parses the query parameters and prints a message
if the flow has completed. Note that we can't detect
if an error occurred.
"""
s.send_response(200)
s.send_header("Content-type", "text/html")
s.end_headers()
query = s.path.split('?', 1)[-1]
query = dict(parse_qsl(query))
s.server.query_params = query
s.wfile.write("<html><head><title>Authentication Status</title></head>")
s.wfile.write("<body><p>The authentication flow has completed.</p>")
s.wfile.write("</body></html>")
def log_message(self, format, *args):
"""Do not log messages to stdout while running as command line program."""
pass
def run(flow, storage):
"""Core code for a command-line application.
Args:
flow: Flow, an OAuth 1.0 Flow to step through.
storage: Storage, a Storage to store the credential in.
Returns:
Credentials, the obtained credential.
Exceptions:
RequestError: if step2 of the flow fails.
Args:
"""
parser = OptionParser()
parser.add_option("-p", "--no_local_web_server", dest="localhost",
action="store_false",
default=True,
help="Do not run a web server on localhost to handle redirect URIs")
parser.add_option("-w", "--local_web_server", dest="localhost",
action="store_true",
default=True,
help="Run a web server on localhost to handle redirect URIs")
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
host_name = 'localhost'
port_numbers = [8080, 8090]
if options.localhost:
server_class = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer
try:
port_number = port_numbers[0]
httpd = server_class((host_name, port_number), ClientRedirectHandler)
except socket.error:
port_number = port_numbers[1]
try:
httpd = server_class((host_name, port_number), ClientRedirectHandler)
except socket.error:
options.localhost = False
if options.localhost:
oauth_callback = 'http://%s:%s/' % (host_name, port_number)
else:
oauth_callback = 'oob'
authorize_url = flow.step1_get_authorize_url(oauth_callback)
print 'Go to the following link in your browser:'
print authorize_url
print
if options.localhost:
httpd.handle_request()
if 'error' in httpd.query_params:
sys.exit('Authentication request was rejected.')
if 'oauth_verifier' in httpd.query_params:
code = httpd.query_params['oauth_verifier']
else:
accepted = 'n'
while accepted.lower() == 'n':
accepted = raw_input('Have you authorized me? (y/n) ')
code = raw_input('What is the verification code? ').strip()
try:
credentials = flow.step2_exchange(code)
except RequestError:
sys.exit('The authentication has failed.')
storage.put(credentials)
credentials.set_store(storage.put)
print "You have successfully authenticated."
return credentials
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
#
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Errors for the library.
All exceptions defined by the library
should be defined in this file.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
from anyjson import simplejson
class Error(Exception):
"""Base error for this module."""
pass
class HttpError(Error):
"""HTTP data was invalid or unexpected."""
def __init__(self, resp, content, uri=None):
self.resp = resp
self.content = content
self.uri = uri
def _get_reason(self):
"""Calculate the reason for the error from the response content.
"""
if self.resp.get('content-type', '').startswith('application/json'):
try:
data = simplejson.loads(self.content)
reason = data['error']['message']
except (ValueError, KeyError):
reason = self.content
else:
reason = self.resp.reason
return reason
def __repr__(self):
if self.uri:
return '<HttpError %s when requesting %s returned "%s">' % (
self.resp.status, self.uri, self._get_reason())
else:
return '<HttpError %s "%s">' % (self.resp.status, self._get_reason())
__str__ = __repr__
class InvalidJsonError(Error):
"""The JSON returned could not be parsed."""
pass
class UnknownLinkType(Error):
"""Link type unknown or unexpected."""
pass
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utility module to import a JSON module
Hides all the messy details of exactly where
we get a simplejson module from.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
try: # pragma: no cover
import simplejson
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
try:
# Try to import from django, should work on App Engine
from django.utils import simplejson
except ImportError:
# Should work for Python2.6 and higher.
import json as simplejson
| Python |
# Early, and incomplete implementation of -04.
#
import re
import urllib
RESERVED = ":/?#[]@!$&'()*+,;="
OPERATOR = "+./;?|!@"
EXPLODE = "*+"
MODIFIER = ":^"
TEMPLATE = re.compile(r"{(?P<operator>[\+\./;\?|!@])?(?P<varlist>[^}]+)}", re.UNICODE)
VAR = re.compile(r"^(?P<varname>[^=\+\*:\^]+)((?P<explode>[\+\*])|(?P<partial>[:\^]-?[0-9]+))?(=(?P<default>.*))?$", re.UNICODE)
def _tostring(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
if type(value) == type([]):
if explode == "+":
return ",".join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
if type(value) == type({}):
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return ",".join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return urllib.quote(value, safe)
def _tostring_path(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
joiner = operator
if type(value) == type([]):
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif type(value) == type({}):
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + joiner + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + joiner + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
if value:
return urllib.quote(value, safe)
else:
return ""
def _tostring_query(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
joiner = operator
varprefix = ""
if operator == "?":
joiner = "&"
varprefix = varname + "="
if type(value) == type([]):
if 0 == len(value):
return ""
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "=" + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return varprefix + ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif type(value) == type({}):
if 0 == len(value):
return ""
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + "=" + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "=" + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return varprefix + ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
if value:
return varname + "=" + urllib.quote(value, safe)
else:
return varname
TOSTRING = {
"" : _tostring,
"+": _tostring,
";": _tostring_query,
"?": _tostring_query,
"/": _tostring_path,
".": _tostring_path,
}
def expand(template, vars):
def _sub(match):
groupdict = match.groupdict()
operator = groupdict.get('operator')
if operator is None:
operator = ''
varlist = groupdict.get('varlist')
safe = "@"
if operator == '+':
safe = RESERVED
varspecs = varlist.split(",")
varnames = []
defaults = {}
for varspec in varspecs:
m = VAR.search(varspec)
groupdict = m.groupdict()
varname = groupdict.get('varname')
explode = groupdict.get('explode')
partial = groupdict.get('partial')
default = groupdict.get('default')
if default:
defaults[varname] = default
varnames.append((varname, explode, partial))
retval = []
joiner = operator
prefix = operator
if operator == "+":
prefix = ""
joiner = ","
if operator == "?":
joiner = "&"
if operator == "":
joiner = ","
for varname, explode, partial in varnames:
if varname in vars:
value = vars[varname]
#if not value and (type(value) == type({}) or type(value) == type([])) and varname in defaults:
if not value and value != "" and varname in defaults:
value = defaults[varname]
elif varname in defaults:
value = defaults[varname]
else:
continue
retval.append(TOSTRING[operator](varname, value, explode, operator, safe=safe))
if "".join(retval):
return prefix + joiner.join(retval)
else:
return ""
return TEMPLATE.sub(_sub, template)
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright (c) 2010, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""Module to enforce different constraints on flags.
A validator represents an invariant, enforced over a one or more flags.
See 'FLAGS VALIDATORS' in flags.py's docstring for a usage manual.
"""
__author__ = 'olexiy@google.com (Olexiy Oryeshko)'
class Error(Exception):
"""Thrown If validator constraint is not satisfied."""
class Validator(object):
"""Base class for flags validators.
Users should NOT overload these classes, and use flags.Register...
methods instead.
"""
# Used to assign each validator an unique insertion_index
validators_count = 0
def __init__(self, checker, message):
"""Constructor to create all validators.
Args:
checker: function to verify the constraint.
Input of this method varies, see SimpleValidator and
DictionaryValidator for a detailed description.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user
"""
self.checker = checker
self.message = message
Validator.validators_count += 1
# Used to assert validators in the order they were registered (CL/18694236)
self.insertion_index = Validator.validators_count
def Verify(self, flag_values):
"""Verify that constraint is satisfied.
flags library calls this method to verify Validator's constraint.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues, containing all flags
Raises:
Error: if constraint is not satisfied.
"""
param = self._GetInputToCheckerFunction(flag_values)
if not self.checker(param):
raise Error(self.message)
def GetFlagsNames(self):
"""Return the names of the flags checked by this validator.
Returns:
[string], names of the flags
"""
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues, containing all flags.
Returns:
Return type depends on the specific validator.
"""
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
class SimpleValidator(Validator):
"""Validator behind RegisterValidator() method.
Validates that a single flag passes its checker function. The checker function
takes the flag value and returns True (if value looks fine) or, if flag value
is not valid, either returns False or raises an Exception."""
def __init__(self, flag_name, checker, message):
"""Constructor.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag.
checker: function to verify the validator.
input - value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
output - Boolean. Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise Error.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user if validator's
condition is not satisfied
"""
super(SimpleValidator, self).__init__(checker, message)
self.flag_name = flag_name
def GetFlagsNames(self):
return [self.flag_name]
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
return 'flag --%s=%s' % (self.flag_name, flag_values[self.flag_name].value)
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues
Returns:
value of the corresponding flag.
"""
return flag_values[self.flag_name].value
class DictionaryValidator(Validator):
"""Validator behind RegisterDictionaryValidator method.
Validates that flag values pass their common checker function. The checker
function takes flag values and returns True (if values look fine) or,
if values are not valid, either returns False or raises an Exception.
"""
def __init__(self, flag_names, checker, message):
"""Constructor.
Args:
flag_names: [string], containing names of the flags used by checker.
checker: function to verify the validator.
input - dictionary, with keys() being flag_names, and value for each
key being the value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
output - Boolean. Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise Error.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user if validator's
condition is not satisfied
"""
super(DictionaryValidator, self).__init__(checker, message)
self.flag_names = flag_names
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues
Returns:
dictionary, with keys() being self.lag_names, and value for each key
being the value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
"""
return dict([key, flag_values[key].value] for key in self.flag_names)
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
prefix = 'flags '
flags_with_values = []
for key in self.flag_names:
flags_with_values.append('%s=%s' % (key, flag_values[key].value))
return prefix + ', '.join(flags_with_values)
def GetFlagsNames(self):
return self.flag_names
| Python |
"""SocksiPy - Python SOCKS module.
Version 1.00
Copyright 2006 Dan-Haim. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of Dan Haim nor the names of his contributors may be used
to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAN HAIM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO
EVENT SHALL DAN HAIM OR HIS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA
OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
This module provides a standard socket-like interface for Python
for tunneling connections through SOCKS proxies.
"""
"""
Minor modifications made by Christopher Gilbert (http://motomastyle.com/)
for use in PyLoris (http://pyloris.sourceforge.net/)
Minor modifications made by Mario Vilas (http://breakingcode.wordpress.com/)
mainly to merge bug fixes found in Sourceforge
"""
import socket
if getattr(socket, 'socket', None) is None:
raise ImportError('socket.socket missing, proxy support unusable')
import struct
import sys
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 = 1
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 = 2
PROXY_TYPE_HTTP = 3
_defaultproxy = None
# Small hack for Python 2.x
if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
def bytes(obj, enc=None):
return obj
class ProxyError(Exception):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class GeneralProxyError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks5AuthError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks5Error(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks4Error(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class HTTPError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
_generalerrors = ("success",
"invalid data",
"not connected",
"not available",
"bad proxy type",
"bad input")
_socks5errors = ("succeeded",
"general SOCKS server failure",
"connection not allowed by ruleset",
"Network unreachable",
"Host unreachable",
"Connection refused",
"TTL expired",
"Command not supported",
"Address type not supported",
"Unknown error")
_socks5autherrors = ("succeeded",
"authentication is required",
"all offered authentication methods were rejected",
"unknown username or invalid password",
"unknown error")
_socks4errors = ("request granted",
"request rejected or failed",
("request rejected because SOCKS server cannot connect to "
"identd on the client"),
("request rejected because the client program and identd"
" report different user-ids"),
"unknown error")
def setdefaultproxy(proxytype=None, addr=None, port=None, rdns=True,
username=None, password=None):
"""setdefaultproxy(proxytype, addr[, port[, rdns[, username[, password]]]])
Sets a default proxy which all further socksocket objects will use,
unless explicitly changed.
"""
global _defaultproxy
_defaultproxy = (proxytype, addr, port, rdns, username, password)
class socksocket(socket.socket):
"""socksocket([family[, type[, proto]]]) -> socket object
Open a SOCKS enabled socket. The parameters are the same as
those of the standard socket init. In order for SOCKS to work,
you must specify family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM and proto=0.
"""
def __init__(self, family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM,
proto=0, _sock=None):
socket.socket.__init__(self, family, type, proto, _sock)
if _defaultproxy != None:
self.__proxy = _defaultproxy
else:
self.__proxy = (None, None, None, None, None, None)
self.__proxysockname = None
self.__proxypeername = None
def __decode(self, bytes):
if getattr(bytes, 'decode', False):
try:
bytes = bytes.decode()
except Exception:
pass
return bytes
def __encode(self, bytes):
if getattr(bytes, 'encode', False):
try:
bytes = bytes.encode()
except Exception:
pass
return bytes
def __recvall(self, count):
"""__recvall(count) -> data
Receive EXACTLY the number of bytes requested from the socket.
Blocks until the required number of bytes have been received.
"""
data = bytes("")
while len(data) < count:
d = self.recv(count - len(data))
if not d:
raise GeneralProxyError(
(0, "connection closed unexpectedly"))
data = data + self.__decode(d)
return data
def sendall(self, bytes):
socket.socket.sendall(self, self.__encode(bytes))
def setproxy(self, proxytype=None, addr=None, port=None, rdns=True,
username=None, password=None):
"""setproxy(proxytype, addr[, port[, rdns[, username[, password]]]])
Sets the proxy to be used.
proxytype - The type of the proxy to be used. Three types
are supported: PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 (including socks4a),
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 and PROXY_TYPE_HTTP
addr - The address of the server (IP or DNS).
port - The port of the server. Defaults to 1080 for SOCKS
servers and 8080 for HTTP proxy servers.
rdns - Should DNS queries be preformed on the remote side
(rather than the local side). The default is True.
Note: This has no effect with SOCKS4 servers.
username - Username to authenticate with to the server.
The default is no authentication.
password - Password to authenticate with to the server.
Only relevant when username is also provided.
"""
self.__proxy = (proxytype, addr, port, rdns, username, password)
def __negotiatesocks5(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatesocks5(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through a SOCKS5 server.
"""
# First we'll send the authentication packages we support.
if (self.__proxy[4] != None) and (self.__proxy[5] != None):
# The username/password details were supplied to the
# setproxy method so we support the USERNAME/PASSWORD
# authentication (in addition to the standard none).
self.sendall("\x05\x02\x00\x02")
else:
# No username/password were entered, therefore we
# only support connections with no authentication.
self.sendall("\x05\x01\x00")
# We'll receive the server's response to determine which
# method was selected
chosenauth = self.__recvall(2)
if chosenauth[0] != "\x05":
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
# Check the chosen authentication method
if chosenauth[1] == "\x00":
# No authentication is required
pass
elif chosenauth[1] == "\x02":
# Okay, we need to perform a basic username/password
# authentication.
self.sendall("\x01" + chr(len(self.__proxy[4])) + self.__proxy[4] +
chr(len(self.__proxy[5])) + self.__proxy[5])
authstat = self.__recvall(2)
if authstat[0] != "\x01":
# Bad response
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if authstat[1] != "\x00":
# Authentication failed
self.close()
raise Socks5AuthError((3, _socks5autherrors[3]))
# Authentication succeeded
else:
# Reaching here is always bad
self.close()
if chosenauth[1] == "\xFF":
raise Socks5AuthError((2, _socks5autherrors[2]))
else:
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
# Now we can request the actual connection
req = "\x05\x01\x00"
# If the given destination address is an IP address, we'll
# use the IPv4 address request even if remote resolving was specified.
try:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(destaddr)
req = req + "\x01" + ipaddr
except socket.error:
# Well it's not an IP number, so it's probably a DNS name.
if self.__proxy[3] == True:
# Resolve remotely
ipaddr = None
req = req + "\x03" + chr(len(destaddr)) + destaddr
else:
# Resolve locally
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(socket.gethostbyname(destaddr))
req = req + "\x01" + ipaddr
req = req + self.__decode(struct.pack(">H", destport))
self.sendall(req)
# Get the response
resp = self.__recvall(4)
if resp[0] != "\x05":
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
elif resp[1] != "\x00":
# Connection failed
self.close()
if ord(resp[1]) <= 8:
raise Socks5Error((ord(resp[1]), _socks5errors[ord(resp[1])]))
else:
raise Socks5Error((9, _socks5errors[9]))
# Get the bound address/port
elif resp[3] == "\x01":
boundaddr = self.__recvall(4)
elif resp[3] == "\x03":
resp = resp + self.recv(1)
boundaddr = self.__recvall(ord(resp[4]))
else:
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
boundport = struct.unpack(">H", bytes(self.__recvall(2), 'utf8'))[0]
self.__proxysockname = boundaddr, boundport
if ipaddr != None:
self.__proxypeername = (socket.inet_ntoa(ipaddr), destport)
else:
self.__proxypeername = (destaddr, destport)
def getproxysockname(self):
"""getsockname() -> address info
Returns the bound IP address and port number at the proxy.
"""
return self.__proxysockname
def getproxypeername(self):
"""getproxypeername() -> address info
Returns the IP and port number of the proxy.
"""
return socket.socket.getpeername(self)
def getpeername(self):
"""getpeername() -> address info
Returns the IP address and port number of the destination
machine (note: getproxypeername returns the proxy)
"""
return self.__proxypeername
def __negotiatesocks4(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatesocks4(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through a SOCKS4 server.
"""
# Check if the destination address provided is an IP address
rmtrslv = False
try:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(destaddr)
except socket.error:
# It's a DNS name. Check where it should be resolved.
if self.__proxy[3] == True:
ipaddr = "\x00\x00\x00\x01"
rmtrslv = True
else:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(socket.gethostbyname(destaddr))
# Construct the request packet
req = "\x04\x01" + self.__decode(struct.pack(">H", destport)) + ipaddr
# The username parameter is considered userid for SOCKS4
if self.__proxy[4] != None:
req = req + self.__proxy[4]
req = req + "\x00"
# DNS name if remote resolving is required
# NOTE: This is actually an extension to the SOCKS4 protocol
# called SOCKS4A and may not be supported in all cases.
if rmtrslv==True:
req = req + destaddr + "\x00"
self.sendall(req)
# Get the response from the server
resp = self.__recvall(8)
if resp[0] != "\x00":
# Bad data
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if resp[1] != "\x5A":
# Server returned an error
self.close()
if ord(resp[1]) in (91,92,93):
self.close()
raise Socks4Error((ord(resp[1]), _socks4errors[ord(resp[1])-90]))
else:
raise Socks4Error((94,_socks4errors[4]))
# Get the bound address/port
self.__proxysockname = (socket.inet_ntoa(resp[4:]),struct.unpack(">H",bytes(resp[2:4],'utf8'))[0])
if rmtrslv != None:
self.__proxypeername = (socket.inet_ntoa(ipaddr),destport)
else:
self.__proxypeername = (destaddr, destport)
def __negotiatehttp(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatehttp(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through an HTTP server.
"""
# If we need to resolve locally, we do this now
if self.__proxy[3] == False:
addr = socket.gethostbyname(destaddr)
else:
addr = destaddr
self.sendall(("CONNECT %s:%s HTTP/1.1\r\n"
"Host: %s\r\n\r\n") % (addr, destport, destaddr))
# We read the response until we get the string "\r\n\r\n"
resp = self.recv(1)
while resp.find("\r\n\r\n") == -1:
resp = resp + self.recv(1)
# We just need the first line to check if the connection
# was successful
statusline = resp.splitlines()[0].split(" ", 2)
if statusline[0] not in ("HTTP/1.0", "HTTP/1.1"):
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
try:
statuscode = int(statusline[1])
except ValueError:
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if statuscode != 200:
self.close()
raise HTTPError((statuscode, statusline[2]))
self.__proxysockname = ("0.0.0.0", 0)
self.__proxypeername = (addr, destport)
def connect(self, destpair):
"""connect(self,despair)
Connects to the specified destination through a proxy.
destpar - A tuple of the IP/DNS address and the port number.
(identical to socket's connect).
To select the proxy server use setproxy().
"""
# Do a minimal input check first
# TODO(durin42): seriously? type checking? do we care?
if ((not isinstance(destpair, (list, tuple))) or len(destpair) < 2
or not isinstance(destpair[0], str) or not isinstance(destpair[1], int)):
raise GeneralProxyError((5, _generalerrors[5]))
if self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 1080
socket.socket.connect(self,(self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatesocks5(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 1080
socket.socket.connect(self, (self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatesocks4(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_HTTP:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 8080
socket.socket.connect(self, (self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatehttp(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == None:
socket.socket.connect(self, (destpair[0], destpair[1]))
else:
raise GeneralProxyError((4, _generalerrors[4]))
| Python |
"""
iri2uri
Converts an IRI to a URI.
"""
__author__ = "Joe Gregorio (joe@bitworking.org)"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2006, Joe Gregorio"
__contributors__ = []
__version__ = "1.0.0"
__license__ = "MIT"
__history__ = """
"""
import urlparse
# Convert an IRI to a URI following the rules in RFC 3987
#
# The characters we need to enocde and escape are defined in the spec:
#
# iprivate = %xE000-F8FF / %xF0000-FFFFD / %x100000-10FFFD
# ucschar = %xA0-D7FF / %xF900-FDCF / %xFDF0-FFEF
# / %x10000-1FFFD / %x20000-2FFFD / %x30000-3FFFD
# / %x40000-4FFFD / %x50000-5FFFD / %x60000-6FFFD
# / %x70000-7FFFD / %x80000-8FFFD / %x90000-9FFFD
# / %xA0000-AFFFD / %xB0000-BFFFD / %xC0000-CFFFD
# / %xD0000-DFFFD / %xE1000-EFFFD
escape_range = [
(0xA0, 0xD7FF ),
(0xE000, 0xF8FF ),
(0xF900, 0xFDCF ),
(0xFDF0, 0xFFEF),
(0x10000, 0x1FFFD ),
(0x20000, 0x2FFFD ),
(0x30000, 0x3FFFD),
(0x40000, 0x4FFFD ),
(0x50000, 0x5FFFD ),
(0x60000, 0x6FFFD),
(0x70000, 0x7FFFD ),
(0x80000, 0x8FFFD ),
(0x90000, 0x9FFFD),
(0xA0000, 0xAFFFD ),
(0xB0000, 0xBFFFD ),
(0xC0000, 0xCFFFD),
(0xD0000, 0xDFFFD ),
(0xE1000, 0xEFFFD),
(0xF0000, 0xFFFFD ),
(0x100000, 0x10FFFD)
]
def encode(c):
retval = c
i = ord(c)
for low, high in escape_range:
if i < low:
break
if i >= low and i <= high:
retval = "".join(["%%%2X" % ord(o) for o in c.encode('utf-8')])
break
return retval
def iri2uri(uri):
"""Convert an IRI to a URI. Note that IRIs must be
passed in a unicode strings. That is, do not utf-8 encode
the IRI before passing it into the function."""
if isinstance(uri ,unicode):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = urlparse.urlsplit(uri)
authority = authority.encode('idna')
# For each character in 'ucschar' or 'iprivate'
# 1. encode as utf-8
# 2. then %-encode each octet of that utf-8
uri = urlparse.urlunsplit((scheme, authority, path, query, fragment))
uri = "".join([encode(c) for c in uri])
return uri
if __name__ == "__main__":
import unittest
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_uris(self):
"""Test that URIs are invariant under the transformation."""
invariant = [
u"ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txt",
u"http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt",
u"ldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?one",
u"mailto:John.Doe@example.com",
u"news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix",
u"tel:+1-816-555-1212",
u"telnet://192.0.2.16:80/",
u"urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2" ]
for uri in invariant:
self.assertEqual(uri, iri2uri(uri))
def test_iri(self):
""" Test that the right type of escaping is done for each part of the URI."""
self.assertEqual("http://xn--o3h.com/%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://\N{COMET}.com/\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("http://bitworking.org/?fred=%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://bitworking.org/?fred=\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("http://bitworking.org/#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://bitworking.org/#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}")))
self.assertNotEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}".encode('utf-8')))
unittest.main()
| Python |
from __future__ import generators
"""
httplib2
A caching http interface that supports ETags and gzip
to conserve bandwidth.
Requires Python 2.3 or later
Changelog:
2007-08-18, Rick: Modified so it's able to use a socks proxy if needed.
"""
__author__ = "Joe Gregorio (joe@bitworking.org)"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2006, Joe Gregorio"
__contributors__ = ["Thomas Broyer (t.broyer@ltgt.net)",
"James Antill",
"Xavier Verges Farrero",
"Jonathan Feinberg",
"Blair Zajac",
"Sam Ruby",
"Louis Nyffenegger"]
__license__ = "MIT"
__version__ = "$Rev$"
import re
import sys
import email
import email.Utils
import email.Message
import email.FeedParser
import StringIO
import gzip
import zlib
import httplib
import urlparse
import base64
import os
import copy
import calendar
import time
import random
import errno
# remove depracated warning in python2.6
try:
from hashlib import sha1 as _sha, md5 as _md5
except ImportError:
import sha
import md5
_sha = sha.new
_md5 = md5.new
import hmac
from gettext import gettext as _
import socket
try:
from httplib2 import socks
except ImportError:
socks = None
# Build the appropriate socket wrapper for ssl
try:
import ssl # python 2.6
_ssl_wrap_socket = ssl.wrap_socket
except (AttributeError, ImportError):
def _ssl_wrap_socket(sock, key_file, cert_file):
ssl_sock = socket.ssl(sock, key_file, cert_file)
return httplib.FakeSocket(sock, ssl_sock)
if sys.version_info >= (2,3):
from iri2uri import iri2uri
else:
def iri2uri(uri):
return uri
def has_timeout(timeout): # python 2.6
if hasattr(socket, '_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT'):
return (timeout is not None and timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
return (timeout is not None)
__all__ = ['Http', 'Response', 'ProxyInfo', 'HttpLib2Error',
'RedirectMissingLocation', 'RedirectLimit', 'FailedToDecompressContent',
'UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError', 'UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError',
'debuglevel', 'ProxiesUnavailableError']
# The httplib debug level, set to a non-zero value to get debug output
debuglevel = 0
# Python 2.3 support
if sys.version_info < (2,4):
def sorted(seq):
seq.sort()
return seq
# Python 2.3 support
def HTTPResponse__getheaders(self):
"""Return list of (header, value) tuples."""
if self.msg is None:
raise httplib.ResponseNotReady()
return self.msg.items()
if not hasattr(httplib.HTTPResponse, 'getheaders'):
httplib.HTTPResponse.getheaders = HTTPResponse__getheaders
# All exceptions raised here derive from HttpLib2Error
class HttpLib2Error(Exception): pass
# Some exceptions can be caught and optionally
# be turned back into responses.
class HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse(HttpLib2Error):
def __init__(self, desc, response, content):
self.response = response
self.content = content
HttpLib2Error.__init__(self, desc)
class RedirectMissingLocation(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class RedirectLimit(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class FailedToDecompressContent(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class MalformedHeader(HttpLib2Error): pass
class RelativeURIError(HttpLib2Error): pass
class ServerNotFoundError(HttpLib2Error): pass
class ProxiesUnavailableError(HttpLib2Error): pass
# Open Items:
# -----------
# Proxy support
# Are we removing the cached content too soon on PUT (only delete on 200 Maybe?)
# Pluggable cache storage (supports storing the cache in
# flat files by default. We need a plug-in architecture
# that can support Berkeley DB and Squid)
# == Known Issues ==
# Does not handle a resource that uses conneg and Last-Modified but no ETag as a cache validator.
# Does not handle Cache-Control: max-stale
# Does not use Age: headers when calculating cache freshness.
# The number of redirections to follow before giving up.
# Note that only GET redirects are automatically followed.
# Will also honor 301 requests by saving that info and never
# requesting that URI again.
DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS = 5
# Which headers are hop-by-hop headers by default
HOP_BY_HOP = ['connection', 'keep-alive', 'proxy-authenticate', 'proxy-authorization', 'te', 'trailers', 'transfer-encoding', 'upgrade']
def _get_end2end_headers(response):
hopbyhop = list(HOP_BY_HOP)
hopbyhop.extend([x.strip() for x in response.get('connection', '').split(',')])
return [header for header in response.keys() if header not in hopbyhop]
URI = re.compile(r"^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?")
def parse_uri(uri):
"""Parses a URI using the regex given in Appendix B of RFC 3986.
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
"""
groups = URI.match(uri).groups()
return (groups[1], groups[3], groups[4], groups[6], groups[8])
def urlnorm(uri):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
if not scheme or not authority:
raise RelativeURIError("Only absolute URIs are allowed. uri = %s" % uri)
authority = authority.lower()
scheme = scheme.lower()
if not path:
path = "/"
# Could do syntax based normalization of the URI before
# computing the digest. See Section 6.2.2 of Std 66.
request_uri = query and "?".join([path, query]) or path
scheme = scheme.lower()
defrag_uri = scheme + "://" + authority + request_uri
return scheme, authority, request_uri, defrag_uri
# Cache filename construction (original borrowed from Venus http://intertwingly.net/code/venus/)
re_url_scheme = re.compile(r'^\w+://')
re_slash = re.compile(r'[?/:|]+')
def safename(filename):
"""Return a filename suitable for the cache.
Strips dangerous and common characters to create a filename we
can use to store the cache in.
"""
try:
if re_url_scheme.match(filename):
if isinstance(filename,str):
filename = filename.decode('utf-8')
filename = filename.encode('idna')
else:
filename = filename.encode('idna')
except UnicodeError:
pass
if isinstance(filename,unicode):
filename=filename.encode('utf-8')
filemd5 = _md5(filename).hexdigest()
filename = re_url_scheme.sub("", filename)
filename = re_slash.sub(",", filename)
# limit length of filename
if len(filename)>200:
filename=filename[:200]
return ",".join((filename, filemd5))
NORMALIZE_SPACE = re.compile(r'(?:\r\n)?[ \t]+')
def _normalize_headers(headers):
return dict([ (key.lower(), NORMALIZE_SPACE.sub(value, ' ').strip()) for (key, value) in headers.iteritems()])
def _parse_cache_control(headers):
retval = {}
if headers.has_key('cache-control'):
parts = headers['cache-control'].split(',')
parts_with_args = [tuple([x.strip().lower() for x in part.split("=", 1)]) for part in parts if -1 != part.find("=")]
parts_wo_args = [(name.strip().lower(), 1) for name in parts if -1 == name.find("=")]
retval = dict(parts_with_args + parts_wo_args)
return retval
# Whether to use a strict mode to parse WWW-Authenticate headers
# Might lead to bad results in case of ill-formed header value,
# so disabled by default, falling back to relaxed parsing.
# Set to true to turn on, usefull for testing servers.
USE_WWW_AUTH_STRICT_PARSING = 0
# In regex below:
# [^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+ matches a "token" as defined by HTTP
# "(?:[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?" matches a "quoted-string" as defined by HTTP, when LWS have already been replaced by a single space
# Actually, as an auth-param value can be either a token or a quoted-string, they are combined in a single pattern which matches both:
# \"?((?<=\")(?:[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+(?!\"))\"?
WWW_AUTH_STRICT = re.compile(r"^(?:\s*(?:,\s*)?([^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+)\s*=\s*\"?((?<=\")(?:[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+(?!\"))\"?)(.*)$")
WWW_AUTH_RELAXED = re.compile(r"^(?:\s*(?:,\s*)?([^ \t\r\n=]+)\s*=\s*\"?((?<=\")(?:[^\\\"]|\\.)*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^ \t\r\n,]+(?!\"))\"?)(.*)$")
UNQUOTE_PAIRS = re.compile(r'\\(.)')
def _parse_www_authenticate(headers, headername='www-authenticate'):
"""Returns a dictionary of dictionaries, one dict
per auth_scheme."""
retval = {}
if headers.has_key(headername):
try:
authenticate = headers[headername].strip()
www_auth = USE_WWW_AUTH_STRICT_PARSING and WWW_AUTH_STRICT or WWW_AUTH_RELAXED
while authenticate:
# Break off the scheme at the beginning of the line
if headername == 'authentication-info':
(auth_scheme, the_rest) = ('digest', authenticate)
else:
(auth_scheme, the_rest) = authenticate.split(" ", 1)
# Now loop over all the key value pairs that come after the scheme,
# being careful not to roll into the next scheme
match = www_auth.search(the_rest)
auth_params = {}
while match:
if match and len(match.groups()) == 3:
(key, value, the_rest) = match.groups()
auth_params[key.lower()] = UNQUOTE_PAIRS.sub(r'\1', value) # '\\'.join([x.replace('\\', '') for x in value.split('\\\\')])
match = www_auth.search(the_rest)
retval[auth_scheme.lower()] = auth_params
authenticate = the_rest.strip()
except ValueError:
raise MalformedHeader("WWW-Authenticate")
return retval
def _entry_disposition(response_headers, request_headers):
"""Determine freshness from the Date, Expires and Cache-Control headers.
We don't handle the following:
1. Cache-Control: max-stale
2. Age: headers are not used in the calculations.
Not that this algorithm is simpler than you might think
because we are operating as a private (non-shared) cache.
This lets us ignore 's-maxage'. We can also ignore
'proxy-invalidate' since we aren't a proxy.
We will never return a stale document as
fresh as a design decision, and thus the non-implementation
of 'max-stale'. This also lets us safely ignore 'must-revalidate'
since we operate as if every server has sent 'must-revalidate'.
Since we are private we get to ignore both 'public' and
'private' parameters. We also ignore 'no-transform' since
we don't do any transformations.
The 'no-store' parameter is handled at a higher level.
So the only Cache-Control parameters we look at are:
no-cache
only-if-cached
max-age
min-fresh
"""
retval = "STALE"
cc = _parse_cache_control(request_headers)
cc_response = _parse_cache_control(response_headers)
if request_headers.has_key('pragma') and request_headers['pragma'].lower().find('no-cache') != -1:
retval = "TRANSPARENT"
if 'cache-control' not in request_headers:
request_headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
elif cc.has_key('no-cache'):
retval = "TRANSPARENT"
elif cc_response.has_key('no-cache'):
retval = "STALE"
elif cc.has_key('only-if-cached'):
retval = "FRESH"
elif response_headers.has_key('date'):
date = calendar.timegm(email.Utils.parsedate_tz(response_headers['date']))
now = time.time()
current_age = max(0, now - date)
if cc_response.has_key('max-age'):
try:
freshness_lifetime = int(cc_response['max-age'])
except ValueError:
freshness_lifetime = 0
elif response_headers.has_key('expires'):
expires = email.Utils.parsedate_tz(response_headers['expires'])
if None == expires:
freshness_lifetime = 0
else:
freshness_lifetime = max(0, calendar.timegm(expires) - date)
else:
freshness_lifetime = 0
if cc.has_key('max-age'):
try:
freshness_lifetime = int(cc['max-age'])
except ValueError:
freshness_lifetime = 0
if cc.has_key('min-fresh'):
try:
min_fresh = int(cc['min-fresh'])
except ValueError:
min_fresh = 0
current_age += min_fresh
if freshness_lifetime > current_age:
retval = "FRESH"
return retval
def _decompressContent(response, new_content):
content = new_content
try:
encoding = response.get('content-encoding', None)
if encoding in ['gzip', 'deflate']:
if encoding == 'gzip':
content = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=StringIO.StringIO(new_content)).read()
if encoding == 'deflate':
content = zlib.decompress(content)
response['content-length'] = str(len(content))
# Record the historical presence of the encoding in a way the won't interfere.
response['-content-encoding'] = response['content-encoding']
del response['content-encoding']
except IOError:
content = ""
raise FailedToDecompressContent(_("Content purported to be compressed with %s but failed to decompress.") % response.get('content-encoding'), response, content)
return content
def _updateCache(request_headers, response_headers, content, cache, cachekey):
if cachekey:
cc = _parse_cache_control(request_headers)
cc_response = _parse_cache_control(response_headers)
if cc.has_key('no-store') or cc_response.has_key('no-store'):
cache.delete(cachekey)
else:
info = email.Message.Message()
for key, value in response_headers.iteritems():
if key not in ['status','content-encoding','transfer-encoding']:
info[key] = value
# Add annotations to the cache to indicate what headers
# are variant for this request.
vary = response_headers.get('vary', None)
if vary:
vary_headers = vary.lower().replace(' ', '').split(',')
for header in vary_headers:
key = '-varied-%s' % header
try:
info[key] = request_headers[header]
except KeyError:
pass
status = response_headers.status
if status == 304:
status = 200
status_header = 'status: %d\r\n' % status
header_str = info.as_string()
header_str = re.sub("\r(?!\n)|(?<!\r)\n", "\r\n", header_str)
text = "".join([status_header, header_str, content])
cache.set(cachekey, text)
def _cnonce():
dig = _md5("%s:%s" % (time.ctime(), ["0123456789"[random.randrange(0, 9)] for i in range(20)])).hexdigest()
return dig[:16]
def _wsse_username_token(cnonce, iso_now, password):
return base64.b64encode(_sha("%s%s%s" % (cnonce, iso_now, password)).digest()).strip()
# For credentials we need two things, first
# a pool of credential to try (not necesarily tied to BAsic, Digest, etc.)
# Then we also need a list of URIs that have already demanded authentication
# That list is tricky since sub-URIs can take the same auth, or the
# auth scheme may change as you descend the tree.
# So we also need each Auth instance to be able to tell us
# how close to the 'top' it is.
class Authentication(object):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
self.path = path
self.host = host
self.credentials = credentials
self.http = http
def depth(self, request_uri):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
return request_uri[len(self.path):].count("/")
def inscope(self, host, request_uri):
# XXX Should we normalize the request_uri?
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
return (host == self.host) and path.startswith(self.path)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header. Over-rise this in sub-classes."""
pass
def response(self, response, content):
"""Gives us a chance to update with new nonces
or such returned from the last authorized response.
Over-rise this in sub-classes if necessary.
Return TRUE is the request is to be retried, for
example Digest may return stale=true.
"""
return False
class BasicAuthentication(Authentication):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode("%s:%s" % self.credentials).strip()
class DigestAuthentication(Authentication):
"""Only do qop='auth' and MD5, since that
is all Apache currently implements"""
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
self.challenge = challenge['digest']
qop = self.challenge.get('qop', 'auth')
self.challenge['qop'] = ('auth' in [x.strip() for x in qop.split()]) and 'auth' or None
if self.challenge['qop'] is None:
raise UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for qop: %s." % qop))
self.challenge['algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('algorithm', 'MD5').upper()
if self.challenge['algorithm'] != 'MD5':
raise UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['algorithm']))
self.A1 = "".join([self.credentials[0], ":", self.challenge['realm'], ":", self.credentials[1]])
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content, cnonce = None):
"""Modify the request headers"""
H = lambda x: _md5(x).hexdigest()
KD = lambda s, d: H("%s:%s" % (s, d))
A2 = "".join([method, ":", request_uri])
self.challenge['cnonce'] = cnonce or _cnonce()
request_digest = '"%s"' % KD(H(self.A1), "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (self.challenge['nonce'],
'%08x' % self.challenge['nc'],
self.challenge['cnonce'],
self.challenge['qop'], H(A2)
))
headers['Authorization'] = 'Digest username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", algorithm=%s, response=%s, qop=%s, nc=%08x, cnonce="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
self.challenge['realm'],
self.challenge['nonce'],
request_uri,
self.challenge['algorithm'],
request_digest,
self.challenge['qop'],
self.challenge['nc'],
self.challenge['cnonce'],
)
self.challenge['nc'] += 1
def response(self, response, content):
if not response.has_key('authentication-info'):
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate').get('digest', {})
if 'true' == challenge.get('stale'):
self.challenge['nonce'] = challenge['nonce']
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
return True
else:
updated_challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'authentication-info').get('digest', {})
if updated_challenge.has_key('nextnonce'):
self.challenge['nonce'] = updated_challenge['nextnonce']
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
return False
class HmacDigestAuthentication(Authentication):
"""Adapted from Robert Sayre's code and DigestAuthentication above."""
__author__ = "Thomas Broyer (t.broyer@ltgt.net)"
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
self.challenge = challenge['hmacdigest']
# TODO: self.challenge['domain']
self.challenge['reason'] = self.challenge.get('reason', 'unauthorized')
if self.challenge['reason'] not in ['unauthorized', 'integrity']:
self.challenge['reason'] = 'unauthorized'
self.challenge['salt'] = self.challenge.get('salt', '')
if not self.challenge.get('snonce'):
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("The challenge doesn't contain a server nonce, or this one is empty."))
self.challenge['algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('algorithm', 'HMAC-SHA-1')
if self.challenge['algorithm'] not in ['HMAC-SHA-1', 'HMAC-MD5']:
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['algorithm']))
self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('pw-algorithm', 'SHA-1')
if self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] not in ['SHA-1', 'MD5']:
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for pw-algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['pw-algorithm']))
if self.challenge['algorithm'] == 'HMAC-MD5':
self.hashmod = _md5
else:
self.hashmod = _sha
if self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] == 'MD5':
self.pwhashmod = _md5
else:
self.pwhashmod = _sha
self.key = "".join([self.credentials[0], ":",
self.pwhashmod.new("".join([self.credentials[1], self.challenge['salt']])).hexdigest().lower(),
":", self.challenge['realm']
])
self.key = self.pwhashmod.new(self.key).hexdigest().lower()
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers"""
keys = _get_end2end_headers(headers)
keylist = "".join(["%s " % k for k in keys])
headers_val = "".join([headers[k] for k in keys])
created = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ',time.gmtime())
cnonce = _cnonce()
request_digest = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (method, request_uri, cnonce, self.challenge['snonce'], headers_val)
request_digest = hmac.new(self.key, request_digest, self.hashmod).hexdigest().lower()
headers['Authorization'] = 'HMACDigest username="%s", realm="%s", snonce="%s", cnonce="%s", uri="%s", created="%s", response="%s", headers="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
self.challenge['realm'],
self.challenge['snonce'],
cnonce,
request_uri,
created,
request_digest,
keylist,
)
def response(self, response, content):
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate').get('hmacdigest', {})
if challenge.get('reason') in ['integrity', 'stale']:
return True
return False
class WsseAuthentication(Authentication):
"""This is thinly tested and should not be relied upon.
At this time there isn't any third party server to test against.
Blogger and TypePad implemented this algorithm at one point
but Blogger has since switched to Basic over HTTPS and
TypePad has implemented it wrong, by never issuing a 401
challenge but instead requiring your client to telepathically know that
their endpoint is expecting WSSE profile="UsernameToken"."""
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['Authorization'] = 'WSSE profile="UsernameToken"'
iso_now = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", time.gmtime())
cnonce = _cnonce()
password_digest = _wsse_username_token(cnonce, iso_now, self.credentials[1])
headers['X-WSSE'] = 'UsernameToken Username="%s", PasswordDigest="%s", Nonce="%s", Created="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
password_digest,
cnonce,
iso_now)
class GoogleLoginAuthentication(Authentication):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
from urllib import urlencode
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
service = challenge['googlelogin'].get('service', 'xapi')
# Bloggger actually returns the service in the challenge
# For the rest we guess based on the URI
if service == 'xapi' and request_uri.find("calendar") > 0:
service = "cl"
# No point in guessing Base or Spreadsheet
#elif request_uri.find("spreadsheets") > 0:
# service = "wise"
auth = dict(Email=credentials[0], Passwd=credentials[1], service=service, source=headers['user-agent'])
resp, content = self.http.request("https://www.google.com/accounts/ClientLogin", method="POST", body=urlencode(auth), headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'})
lines = content.split('\n')
d = dict([tuple(line.split("=", 1)) for line in lines if line])
if resp.status == 403:
self.Auth = ""
else:
self.Auth = d['Auth']
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['authorization'] = 'GoogleLogin Auth=' + self.Auth
AUTH_SCHEME_CLASSES = {
"basic": BasicAuthentication,
"wsse": WsseAuthentication,
"digest": DigestAuthentication,
"hmacdigest": HmacDigestAuthentication,
"googlelogin": GoogleLoginAuthentication
}
AUTH_SCHEME_ORDER = ["hmacdigest", "googlelogin", "digest", "wsse", "basic"]
class FileCache(object):
"""Uses a local directory as a store for cached files.
Not really safe to use if multiple threads or processes are going to
be running on the same cache.
"""
def __init__(self, cache, safe=safename): # use safe=lambda x: md5.new(x).hexdigest() for the old behavior
self.cache = cache
self.safe = safe
if not os.path.exists(cache):
os.makedirs(self.cache)
def get(self, key):
retval = None
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
try:
f = file(cacheFullPath, "rb")
retval = f.read()
f.close()
except IOError:
pass
return retval
def set(self, key, value):
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
f = file(cacheFullPath, "wb")
f.write(value)
f.close()
def delete(self, key):
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
if os.path.exists(cacheFullPath):
os.remove(cacheFullPath)
class Credentials(object):
def __init__(self):
self.credentials = []
def add(self, name, password, domain=""):
self.credentials.append((domain.lower(), name, password))
def clear(self):
self.credentials = []
def iter(self, domain):
for (cdomain, name, password) in self.credentials:
if cdomain == "" or domain == cdomain:
yield (name, password)
class KeyCerts(Credentials):
"""Identical to Credentials except that
name/password are mapped to key/cert."""
pass
class ProxyInfo(object):
"""Collect information required to use a proxy."""
def __init__(self, proxy_type, proxy_host, proxy_port, proxy_rdns=None, proxy_user=None, proxy_pass=None):
"""The parameter proxy_type must be set to one of socks.PROXY_TYPE_XXX
constants. For example:
p = ProxyInfo(proxy_type=socks.PROXY_TYPE_HTTP, proxy_host='localhost', proxy_port=8000)
"""
self.proxy_type, self.proxy_host, self.proxy_port, self.proxy_rdns, self.proxy_user, self.proxy_pass = proxy_type, proxy_host, proxy_port, proxy_rdns, proxy_user, proxy_pass
def astuple(self):
return (self.proxy_type, self.proxy_host, self.proxy_port, self.proxy_rdns,
self.proxy_user, self.proxy_pass)
def isgood(self):
return (self.proxy_host != None) and (self.proxy_port != None)
class HTTPConnectionWithTimeout(httplib.HTTPConnection):
"""
HTTPConnection subclass that supports timeouts
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout then
Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See for example
the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
httplib.HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict)
self.timeout = timeout
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
def connect(self):
"""Connect to the host and port specified in __init__."""
# Mostly verbatim from httplib.py.
if self.proxy_info and socks is None:
raise ProxiesUnavailableError(
'Proxy support missing but proxy use was requested!')
msg = "getaddrinfo returns an empty list"
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(self.host, self.port, 0,
socket.SOCK_STREAM):
af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
try:
if self.proxy_info and self.proxy_info.isgood():
self.sock = socks.socksocket(af, socktype, proto)
self.sock.setproxy(*self.proxy_info.astuple())
else:
self.sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
self.sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
# Different from httplib: support timeouts.
if has_timeout(self.timeout):
self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
# End of difference from httplib.
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print "connect: (%s, %s)" % (self.host, self.port)
self.sock.connect(sa)
except socket.error, msg:
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print 'connect fail:', (self.host, self.port)
if self.sock:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
continue
break
if not self.sock:
raise socket.error, msg
class HTTPSConnectionWithTimeout(httplib.HTTPSConnection):
"""
This class allows communication via SSL.
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout then
Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See for example
the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
strict=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
httplib.HTTPSConnection.__init__(self, host, port=port, key_file=key_file,
cert_file=cert_file, strict=strict)
self.timeout = timeout
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
def connect(self):
"Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
msg = "getaddrinfo returns an empty list"
for family, socktype, proto, canonname, sockaddr in socket.getaddrinfo(
self.host, self.port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
try:
if self.proxy_info and self.proxy_info.isgood():
sock = socks.socksocket(family, socktype, proto)
sock.setproxy(*self.proxy_info.astuple())
else:
sock = socket.socket(family, socktype, proto)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
if has_timeout(self.timeout):
sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
sock.connect((self.host, self.port))
self.sock =_ssl_wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file)
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print "connect: (%s, %s)" % (self.host, self.port)
except socket.error, msg:
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print 'connect fail:', (self.host, self.port)
if self.sock:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
continue
break
if not self.sock:
raise socket.error, msg
class Http(object):
"""An HTTP client that handles:
- all methods
- caching
- ETags
- compression,
- HTTPS
- Basic
- Digest
- WSSE
and more.
"""
def __init__(self, cache=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
"""
The value of proxy_info is a ProxyInfo instance.
If 'cache' is a string then it is used as a directory name for
a disk cache. Otherwise it must be an object that supports the
same interface as FileCache.
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout
then Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See
for example the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
# Map domain name to an httplib connection
self.connections = {}
# The location of the cache, for now a directory
# where cached responses are held.
if cache and isinstance(cache, str):
self.cache = FileCache(cache)
else:
self.cache = cache
# Name/password
self.credentials = Credentials()
# Key/cert
self.certificates = KeyCerts()
# authorization objects
self.authorizations = []
# If set to False then no redirects are followed, even safe ones.
self.follow_redirects = True
# Which HTTP methods do we apply optimistic concurrency to, i.e.
# which methods get an "if-match:" etag header added to them.
self.optimistic_concurrency_methods = ["PUT"]
# If 'follow_redirects' is True, and this is set to True then
# all redirecs are followed, including unsafe ones.
self.follow_all_redirects = False
self.ignore_etag = False
self.force_exception_to_status_code = False
self.timeout = timeout
def _auth_from_challenge(self, host, request_uri, headers, response, content):
"""A generator that creates Authorization objects
that can be applied to requests.
"""
challenges = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
for cred in self.credentials.iter(host):
for scheme in AUTH_SCHEME_ORDER:
if challenges.has_key(scheme):
yield AUTH_SCHEME_CLASSES[scheme](cred, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, self)
def add_credentials(self, name, password, domain=""):
"""Add a name and password that will be used
any time a request requires authentication."""
self.credentials.add(name, password, domain)
def add_certificate(self, key, cert, domain):
"""Add a key and cert that will be used
any time a request requires authentication."""
self.certificates.add(key, cert, domain)
def clear_credentials(self):
"""Remove all the names and passwords
that are used for authentication"""
self.credentials.clear()
self.authorizations = []
def _conn_request(self, conn, request_uri, method, body, headers):
for i in range(2):
try:
conn.request(method, request_uri, body, headers)
except socket.timeout:
raise
except socket.gaierror:
conn.close()
raise ServerNotFoundError("Unable to find the server at %s" % conn.host)
except socket.error, e:
err = 0
if hasattr(e, 'args'):
err = getattr(e, 'args')[0]
else:
err = e.errno
if err == errno.ECONNREFUSED: # Connection refused
raise
except httplib.HTTPException:
# Just because the server closed the connection doesn't apparently mean
# that the server didn't send a response.
if conn.sock is None:
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
else:
conn.close()
raise
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
pass
try:
response = conn.getresponse()
except (socket.error, httplib.HTTPException):
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
else:
raise
else:
content = ""
if method == "HEAD":
response.close()
else:
content = response.read()
response = Response(response)
if method != "HEAD":
content = _decompressContent(response, content)
break
return (response, content)
def _request(self, conn, host, absolute_uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey):
"""Do the actual request using the connection object
and also follow one level of redirects if necessary"""
auths = [(auth.depth(request_uri), auth) for auth in self.authorizations if auth.inscope(host, request_uri)]
auth = auths and sorted(auths)[0][1] or None
if auth:
auth.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers)
if auth:
if auth.response(response, body):
auth.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers )
response._stale_digest = 1
if response.status == 401:
for authorization in self._auth_from_challenge(host, request_uri, headers, response, content):
authorization.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers, )
if response.status != 401:
self.authorizations.append(authorization)
authorization.response(response, body)
break
if (self.follow_all_redirects or (method in ["GET", "HEAD"]) or response.status == 303):
if self.follow_redirects and response.status in [300, 301, 302, 303, 307]:
# Pick out the location header and basically start from the beginning
# remembering first to strip the ETag header and decrement our 'depth'
if redirections:
if not response.has_key('location') and response.status != 300:
raise RedirectMissingLocation( _("Redirected but the response is missing a Location: header."), response, content)
# Fix-up relative redirects (which violate an RFC 2616 MUST)
if response.has_key('location'):
location = response['location']
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(location)
if authority == None:
response['location'] = urlparse.urljoin(absolute_uri, location)
if response.status == 301 and method in ["GET", "HEAD"]:
response['-x-permanent-redirect-url'] = response['location']
if not response.has_key('content-location'):
response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
_updateCache(headers, response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
if headers.has_key('if-none-match'):
del headers['if-none-match']
if headers.has_key('if-modified-since'):
del headers['if-modified-since']
if response.has_key('location'):
location = response['location']
old_response = copy.deepcopy(response)
if not old_response.has_key('content-location'):
old_response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
redirect_method = method
if response.status == 303:
redirect_method = "GET"
(response, content) = self.request(location, redirect_method, body=body, headers = headers, redirections = redirections - 1)
response.previous = old_response
else:
raise RedirectLimit("Redirected more times than rediection_limit allows.", response, content)
elif response.status in [200, 203] and method == "GET":
# Don't cache 206's since we aren't going to handle byte range requests
if not response.has_key('content-location'):
response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
_updateCache(headers, response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
return (response, content)
def _normalize_headers(self, headers):
return _normalize_headers(headers)
# Need to catch and rebrand some exceptions
# Then need to optionally turn all exceptions into status codes
# including all socket.* and httplib.* exceptions.
def request(self, uri, method="GET", body=None, headers=None, redirections=DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS, connection_type=None):
""" Performs a single HTTP request.
The 'uri' is the URI of the HTTP resource and can begin
with either 'http' or 'https'. The value of 'uri' must be an absolute URI.
The 'method' is the HTTP method to perform, such as GET, POST, DELETE, etc.
There is no restriction on the methods allowed.
The 'body' is the entity body to be sent with the request. It is a string
object.
Any extra headers that are to be sent with the request should be provided in the
'headers' dictionary.
The maximum number of redirect to follow before raising an
exception is 'redirections. The default is 5.
The return value is a tuple of (response, content), the first
being and instance of the 'Response' class, the second being
a string that contains the response entity body.
"""
try:
if headers is None:
headers = {}
else:
headers = self._normalize_headers(headers)
if not headers.has_key('user-agent'):
headers['user-agent'] = "Python-httplib2/%s" % __version__
uri = iri2uri(uri)
(scheme, authority, request_uri, defrag_uri) = urlnorm(uri)
domain_port = authority.split(":")[0:2]
if len(domain_port) == 2 and domain_port[1] == '443' and scheme == 'http':
scheme = 'https'
authority = domain_port[0]
conn_key = scheme+":"+authority
if conn_key in self.connections:
conn = self.connections[conn_key]
else:
if not connection_type:
connection_type = (scheme == 'https') and HTTPSConnectionWithTimeout or HTTPConnectionWithTimeout
certs = list(self.certificates.iter(authority))
if scheme == 'https' and certs:
conn = self.connections[conn_key] = connection_type(authority, key_file=certs[0][0],
cert_file=certs[0][1], timeout=self.timeout, proxy_info=self.proxy_info)
else:
conn = self.connections[conn_key] = connection_type(authority, timeout=self.timeout, proxy_info=self.proxy_info)
conn.set_debuglevel(debuglevel)
if 'range' not in headers and 'accept-encoding' not in headers:
headers['accept-encoding'] = 'gzip, deflate'
info = email.Message.Message()
cached_value = None
if self.cache:
cachekey = defrag_uri
cached_value = self.cache.get(cachekey)
if cached_value:
# info = email.message_from_string(cached_value)
#
# Need to replace the line above with the kludge below
# to fix the non-existent bug not fixed in this
# bug report: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-bugs-list/2005-September/030289.html
try:
info, content = cached_value.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
feedparser = email.FeedParser.FeedParser()
feedparser.feed(info)
info = feedparser.close()
feedparser._parse = None
except IndexError:
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
cachekey = None
cached_value = None
else:
cachekey = None
if method in self.optimistic_concurrency_methods and self.cache and info.has_key('etag') and not self.ignore_etag and 'if-match' not in headers:
# http://www.w3.org/1999/04/Editing/
headers['if-match'] = info['etag']
if method not in ["GET", "HEAD"] and self.cache and cachekey:
# RFC 2616 Section 13.10
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
# Check the vary header in the cache to see if this request
# matches what varies in the cache.
if method in ['GET', 'HEAD'] and 'vary' in info:
vary = info['vary']
vary_headers = vary.lower().replace(' ', '').split(',')
for header in vary_headers:
key = '-varied-%s' % header
value = info[key]
if headers.get(header, None) != value:
cached_value = None
break
if cached_value and method in ["GET", "HEAD"] and self.cache and 'range' not in headers:
if info.has_key('-x-permanent-redirect-url'):
# Should cached permanent redirects be counted in our redirection count? For now, yes.
if redirections <= 0:
raise RedirectLimit("Redirected more times than rediection_limit allows.", {}, "")
(response, new_content) = self.request(info['-x-permanent-redirect-url'], "GET", headers = headers, redirections = redirections - 1)
response.previous = Response(info)
response.previous.fromcache = True
else:
# Determine our course of action:
# Is the cached entry fresh or stale?
# Has the client requested a non-cached response?
#
# There seems to be three possible answers:
# 1. [FRESH] Return the cache entry w/o doing a GET
# 2. [STALE] Do the GET (but add in cache validators if available)
# 3. [TRANSPARENT] Do a GET w/o any cache validators (Cache-Control: no-cache) on the request
entry_disposition = _entry_disposition(info, headers)
if entry_disposition == "FRESH":
if not cached_value:
info['status'] = '504'
content = ""
response = Response(info)
if cached_value:
response.fromcache = True
return (response, content)
if entry_disposition == "STALE":
if info.has_key('etag') and not self.ignore_etag and not 'if-none-match' in headers:
headers['if-none-match'] = info['etag']
if info.has_key('last-modified') and not 'last-modified' in headers:
headers['if-modified-since'] = info['last-modified']
elif entry_disposition == "TRANSPARENT":
pass
(response, new_content) = self._request(conn, authority, uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey)
if response.status == 304 and method == "GET":
# Rewrite the cache entry with the new end-to-end headers
# Take all headers that are in response
# and overwrite their values in info.
# unless they are hop-by-hop, or are listed in the connection header.
for key in _get_end2end_headers(response):
info[key] = response[key]
merged_response = Response(info)
if hasattr(response, "_stale_digest"):
merged_response._stale_digest = response._stale_digest
_updateCache(headers, merged_response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
response = merged_response
response.status = 200
response.fromcache = True
elif response.status == 200:
content = new_content
else:
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
content = new_content
else:
cc = _parse_cache_control(headers)
if cc.has_key('only-if-cached'):
info['status'] = '504'
response = Response(info)
content = ""
else:
(response, content) = self._request(conn, authority, uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey)
except Exception, e:
if self.force_exception_to_status_code:
if isinstance(e, HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse):
response = e.response
content = e.content
response.status = 500
response.reason = str(e)
elif isinstance(e, socket.timeout):
content = "Request Timeout"
response = Response( {
"content-type": "text/plain",
"status": "408",
"content-length": len(content)
})
response.reason = "Request Timeout"
else:
content = str(e)
response = Response( {
"content-type": "text/plain",
"status": "400",
"content-length": len(content)
})
response.reason = "Bad Request"
else:
raise
return (response, content)
class Response(dict):
"""An object more like email.Message than httplib.HTTPResponse."""
"""Is this response from our local cache"""
fromcache = False
"""HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1. """
version = 11
"Status code returned by server. "
status = 200
"""Reason phrase returned by server."""
reason = "Ok"
previous = None
def __init__(self, info):
# info is either an email.Message or
# an httplib.HTTPResponse object.
if isinstance(info, httplib.HTTPResponse):
for key, value in info.getheaders():
self[key.lower()] = value
self.status = info.status
self['status'] = str(self.status)
self.reason = info.reason
self.version = info.version
elif isinstance(info, email.Message.Message):
for key, value in info.items():
self[key] = value
self.status = int(self['status'])
else:
for key, value in info.iteritems():
self[key] = value
self.status = int(self.get('status', self.status))
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == 'dict':
return self
else:
raise AttributeError, name
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright (c) 2007, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# ---
# Author: Chad Lester
# Design and style contributions by:
# Amit Patel, Bogdan Cocosel, Daniel Dulitz, Eric Tiedemann,
# Eric Veach, Laurence Gonsalves, Matthew Springer
# Code reorganized a bit by Craig Silverstein
"""This module is used to define and parse command line flags.
This module defines a *distributed* flag-definition policy: rather than
an application having to define all flags in or near main(), each python
module defines flags that are useful to it. When one python module
imports another, it gains access to the other's flags. (This is
implemented by having all modules share a common, global registry object
containing all the flag information.)
Flags are defined through the use of one of the DEFINE_xxx functions.
The specific function used determines how the flag is parsed, checked,
and optionally type-converted, when it's seen on the command line.
IMPLEMENTATION: DEFINE_* creates a 'Flag' object and registers it with a
'FlagValues' object (typically the global FlagValues FLAGS, defined
here). The 'FlagValues' object can scan the command line arguments and
pass flag arguments to the corresponding 'Flag' objects for
value-checking and type conversion. The converted flag values are
available as attributes of the 'FlagValues' object.
Code can access the flag through a FlagValues object, for instance
gflags.FLAGS.myflag. Typically, the __main__ module passes the
command line arguments to gflags.FLAGS for parsing.
At bottom, this module calls getopt(), so getopt functionality is
supported, including short- and long-style flags, and the use of -- to
terminate flags.
Methods defined by the flag module will throw 'FlagsError' exceptions.
The exception argument will be a human-readable string.
FLAG TYPES: This is a list of the DEFINE_*'s that you can do. All flags
take a name, default value, help-string, and optional 'short' name
(one-letter name). Some flags have other arguments, which are described
with the flag.
DEFINE_string: takes any input, and interprets it as a string.
DEFINE_bool or
DEFINE_boolean: typically does not take an argument: say --myflag to
set FLAGS.myflag to true, or --nomyflag to set
FLAGS.myflag to false. Alternately, you can say
--myflag=true or --myflag=t or --myflag=1 or
--myflag=false or --myflag=f or --myflag=0
DEFINE_float: takes an input and interprets it as a floating point
number. Takes optional args lower_bound and upper_bound;
if the number specified on the command line is out of
range, it will raise a FlagError.
DEFINE_integer: takes an input and interprets it as an integer. Takes
optional args lower_bound and upper_bound as for floats.
DEFINE_enum: takes a list of strings which represents legal values. If
the command-line value is not in this list, raise a flag
error. Otherwise, assign to FLAGS.flag as a string.
DEFINE_list: Takes a comma-separated list of strings on the commandline.
Stores them in a python list object.
DEFINE_spaceseplist: Takes a space-separated list of strings on the
commandline. Stores them in a python list object.
Example: --myspacesepflag "foo bar baz"
DEFINE_multistring: The same as DEFINE_string, except the flag can be
specified more than once on the commandline. The
result is a python list object (list of strings),
even if the flag is only on the command line once.
DEFINE_multi_int: The same as DEFINE_integer, except the flag can be
specified more than once on the commandline. The
result is a python list object (list of ints), even if
the flag is only on the command line once.
SPECIAL FLAGS: There are a few flags that have special meaning:
--help prints a list of all the flags in a human-readable fashion
--helpshort prints a list of all key flags (see below).
--helpxml prints a list of all flags, in XML format. DO NOT parse
the output of --help and --helpshort. Instead, parse
the output of --helpxml. For more info, see
"OUTPUT FOR --helpxml" below.
--flagfile=foo read flags from file foo.
--undefok=f1,f2 ignore unrecognized option errors for f1,f2.
For boolean flags, you should use --undefok=boolflag, and
--boolflag and --noboolflag will be accepted. Do not use
--undefok=noboolflag.
-- as in getopt(), terminates flag-processing
FLAGS VALIDATORS: If your program:
- requires flag X to be specified
- needs flag Y to match a regular expression
- or requires any more general constraint to be satisfied
then validators are for you!
Each validator represents a constraint over one flag, which is enforced
starting from the initial parsing of the flags and until the program
terminates.
Also, lower_bound and upper_bound for numerical flags are enforced using flag
validators.
Howto:
If you want to enforce a constraint over one flag, use
flags.RegisterValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message='Flag validation failed',
flag_values=FLAGS)
After flag values are initially parsed, and after any change to the specified
flag, method checker(flag_value) will be executed. If constraint is not
satisfied, an IllegalFlagValue exception will be raised. See
RegisterValidator's docstring for a detailed explanation on how to construct
your own checker.
EXAMPLE USAGE:
FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
flags.DEFINE_integer('my_version', 0, 'Version number.')
flags.DEFINE_string('filename', None, 'Input file name', short_name='f')
flags.RegisterValidator('my_version',
lambda value: value % 2 == 0,
message='--my_version must be divisible by 2')
flags.MarkFlagAsRequired('filename')
NOTE ON --flagfile:
Flags may be loaded from text files in addition to being specified on
the commandline.
Any flags you don't feel like typing, throw them in a file, one flag per
line, for instance:
--myflag=myvalue
--nomyboolean_flag
You then specify your file with the special flag '--flagfile=somefile'.
You CAN recursively nest flagfile= tokens OR use multiple files on the
command line. Lines beginning with a single hash '#' or a double slash
'//' are comments in your flagfile.
Any flagfile=<file> will be interpreted as having a relative path from
the current working directory rather than from the place the file was
included from:
myPythonScript.py --flagfile=config/somefile.cfg
If somefile.cfg includes further --flagfile= directives, these will be
referenced relative to the original CWD, not from the directory the
including flagfile was found in!
The caveat applies to people who are including a series of nested files
in a different dir than they are executing out of. Relative path names
are always from CWD, not from the directory of the parent include
flagfile. We do now support '~' expanded directory names.
Absolute path names ALWAYS work!
EXAMPLE USAGE:
import gflags
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
# Flag names are globally defined! So in general, we need to be
# careful to pick names that are unlikely to be used by other libraries.
# If there is a conflict, we'll get an error at import time.
gflags.DEFINE_string('name', 'Mr. President', 'your name')
gflags.DEFINE_integer('age', None, 'your age in years', lower_bound=0)
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('debug', False, 'produces debugging output')
gflags.DEFINE_enum('gender', 'male', ['male', 'female'], 'your gender')
def main(argv):
try:
argv = FLAGS(argv) # parse flags
except gflags.FlagsError, e:
print '%s\\nUsage: %s ARGS\\n%s' % (e, sys.argv[0], FLAGS)
sys.exit(1)
if FLAGS.debug: print 'non-flag arguments:', argv
print 'Happy Birthday', FLAGS.name
if FLAGS.age is not None:
print 'You are a %s, who is %d years old' % (FLAGS.gender, FLAGS.age)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)
KEY FLAGS:
As we already explained, each module gains access to all flags defined
by all the other modules it transitively imports. In the case of
non-trivial scripts, this means a lot of flags ... For documentation
purposes, it is good to identify the flags that are key (i.e., really
important) to a module. Clearly, the concept of "key flag" is a
subjective one. When trying to determine whether a flag is key to a
module or not, assume that you are trying to explain your module to a
potential user: which flags would you really like to mention first?
We'll describe shortly how to declare which flags are key to a module.
For the moment, assume we know the set of key flags for each module.
Then, if you use the app.py module, you can use the --helpshort flag to
print only the help for the flags that are key to the main module, in a
human-readable format.
NOTE: If you need to parse the flag help, do NOT use the output of
--help / --helpshort. That output is meant for human consumption, and
may be changed in the future. Instead, use --helpxml; flags that are
key for the main module are marked there with a <key>yes</key> element.
The set of key flags for a module M is composed of:
1. Flags defined by module M by calling a DEFINE_* function.
2. Flags that module M explictly declares as key by using the function
DECLARE_key_flag(<flag_name>)
3. Key flags of other modules that M specifies by using the function
ADOPT_module_key_flags(<other_module>)
This is a "bulk" declaration of key flags: each flag that is key for
<other_module> becomes key for the current module too.
Notice that if you do not use the functions described at points 2 and 3
above, then --helpshort prints information only about the flags defined
by the main module of our script. In many cases, this behavior is good
enough. But if you move part of the main module code (together with the
related flags) into a different module, then it is nice to use
DECLARE_key_flag / ADOPT_module_key_flags and make sure --helpshort
lists all relevant flags (otherwise, your code refactoring may confuse
your users).
Note: each of DECLARE_key_flag / ADOPT_module_key_flags has its own
pluses and minuses: DECLARE_key_flag is more targeted and may lead a
more focused --helpshort documentation. ADOPT_module_key_flags is good
for cases when an entire module is considered key to the current script.
Also, it does not require updates to client scripts when a new flag is
added to the module.
EXAMPLE USAGE 2 (WITH KEY FLAGS):
Consider an application that contains the following three files (two
auxiliary modules and a main module):
File libfoo.py:
import gflags
gflags.DEFINE_integer('num_replicas', 3, 'Number of replicas to start')
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('rpc2', True, 'Turn on the usage of RPC2.')
... some code ...
File libbar.py:
import gflags
gflags.DEFINE_string('bar_gfs_path', '/gfs/path',
'Path to the GFS files for libbar.')
gflags.DEFINE_string('email_for_bar_errors', 'bar-team@google.com',
'Email address for bug reports about module libbar.')
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('bar_risky_hack', False,
'Turn on an experimental and buggy optimization.')
... some code ...
File myscript.py:
import gflags
import libfoo
import libbar
gflags.DEFINE_integer('num_iterations', 0, 'Number of iterations.')
# Declare that all flags that are key for libfoo are
# key for this module too.
gflags.ADOPT_module_key_flags(libfoo)
# Declare that the flag --bar_gfs_path (defined in libbar) is key
# for this module.
gflags.DECLARE_key_flag('bar_gfs_path')
... some code ...
When myscript is invoked with the flag --helpshort, the resulted help
message lists information about all the key flags for myscript:
--num_iterations, --num_replicas, --rpc2, and --bar_gfs_path (in
addition to the special flags --help and --helpshort).
Of course, myscript uses all the flags declared by it (in this case,
just --num_replicas) or by any of the modules it transitively imports
(e.g., the modules libfoo, libbar). E.g., it can access the value of
FLAGS.bar_risky_hack, even if --bar_risky_hack is not declared as a key
flag for myscript.
OUTPUT FOR --helpxml:
The --helpxml flag generates output with the following structure:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<AllFlags>
<program>PROGRAM_BASENAME</program>
<usage>MAIN_MODULE_DOCSTRING</usage>
(<flag>
[<key>yes</key>]
<file>DECLARING_MODULE</file>
<name>FLAG_NAME</name>
<meaning>FLAG_HELP_MESSAGE</meaning>
<default>DEFAULT_FLAG_VALUE</default>
<current>CURRENT_FLAG_VALUE</current>
<type>FLAG_TYPE</type>
[OPTIONAL_ELEMENTS]
</flag>)*
</AllFlags>
Notes:
1. The output is intentionally similar to the output generated by the
C++ command-line flag library. The few differences are due to the
Python flags that do not have a C++ equivalent (at least not yet),
e.g., DEFINE_list.
2. New XML elements may be added in the future.
3. DEFAULT_FLAG_VALUE is in serialized form, i.e., the string you can
pass for this flag on the command-line. E.g., for a flag defined
using DEFINE_list, this field may be foo,bar, not ['foo', 'bar'].
4. CURRENT_FLAG_VALUE is produced using str(). This means that the
string 'false' will be represented in the same way as the boolean
False. Using repr() would have removed this ambiguity and simplified
parsing, but would have broken the compatibility with the C++
command-line flags.
5. OPTIONAL_ELEMENTS describe elements relevant for certain kinds of
flags: lower_bound, upper_bound (for flags that specify bounds),
enum_value (for enum flags), list_separator (for flags that consist of
a list of values, separated by a special token).
6. We do not provide any example here: please use --helpxml instead.
"""
import cgi
import getopt
import os
import re
import string
import sys
import gflags_validators
# Are we running at least python 2.2?
try:
if tuple(sys.version_info[:3]) < (2,2,0):
raise NotImplementedError("requires python 2.2.0 or later")
except AttributeError: # a very old python, that lacks sys.version_info
raise NotImplementedError("requires python 2.2.0 or later")
# If we're not running at least python 2.2.1, define True, False, and bool.
# Thanks, Guido, for the code.
try:
True, False, bool
except NameError:
False = 0
True = 1
def bool(x):
if x:
return True
else:
return False
# Are we running under pychecker?
_RUNNING_PYCHECKER = 'pychecker.python' in sys.modules
def _GetCallingModule():
"""Returns the name of the module that's calling into this module.
We generally use this function to get the name of the module calling a
DEFINE_foo... function.
"""
# Walk down the stack to find the first globals dict that's not ours.
for depth in range(1, sys.getrecursionlimit()):
if not sys._getframe(depth).f_globals is globals():
globals_for_frame = sys._getframe(depth).f_globals
module_name = _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_for_frame)[1]
if module_name is not None:
return module_name
raise AssertionError("No module was found")
def _GetThisModuleObjectAndName():
"""Returns: (module object, module name) for this module."""
return _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals())
# module exceptions:
class FlagsError(Exception):
"""The base class for all flags errors."""
pass
class DuplicateFlag(FlagsError):
"""Raised if there is a flag naming conflict."""
pass
class DuplicateFlagCannotPropagateNoneToSwig(DuplicateFlag):
"""Special case of DuplicateFlag -- SWIG flag value can't be set to None.
This can be raised when a duplicate flag is created. Even if allow_override is
True, we still abort if the new value is None, because it's currently
impossible to pass None default value back to SWIG. See FlagValues.SetDefault
for details.
"""
pass
# A DuplicateFlagError conveys more information than a
# DuplicateFlag. Since there are external modules that create
# DuplicateFlags, the interface to DuplicateFlag shouldn't change.
class DuplicateFlagError(DuplicateFlag):
def __init__(self, flagname, flag_values):
self.flagname = flagname
message = "The flag '%s' is defined twice." % self.flagname
flags_by_module = flag_values.FlagsByModuleDict()
for module in flags_by_module:
for flag in flags_by_module[module]:
if flag.name == flagname or flag.short_name == flagname:
message = message + " First from " + module + ","
break
message = message + " Second from " + _GetCallingModule()
DuplicateFlag.__init__(self, message)
class IllegalFlagValue(FlagsError):
"""The flag command line argument is illegal."""
pass
class UnrecognizedFlag(FlagsError):
"""Raised if a flag is unrecognized."""
pass
# An UnrecognizedFlagError conveys more information than an UnrecognizedFlag.
# Since there are external modules that create DuplicateFlags, the interface to
# DuplicateFlag shouldn't change. The flagvalue will be assigned the full value
# of the flag and its argument, if any, allowing handling of unrecognzed flags
# in an exception handler.
# If flagvalue is the empty string, then this exception is an due to a
# reference to a flag that was not already defined.
class UnrecognizedFlagError(UnrecognizedFlag):
def __init__(self, flagname, flagvalue=''):
self.flagname = flagname
self.flagvalue = flagvalue
UnrecognizedFlag.__init__(
self, "Unknown command line flag '%s'" % flagname)
# Global variable used by expvar
_exported_flags = {}
_help_width = 80 # width of help output
def GetHelpWidth():
"""Returns: an integer, the width of help lines that is used in TextWrap."""
return _help_width
def CutCommonSpacePrefix(text):
"""Removes a common space prefix from the lines of a multiline text.
If the first line does not start with a space, it is left as it is and
only in the remaining lines a common space prefix is being searched
for. That means the first line will stay untouched. This is especially
useful to turn doc strings into help texts. This is because some
people prefer to have the doc comment start already after the
apostrophy and then align the following lines while others have the
apostrophies on a seperately line.
The function also drops trailing empty lines and ignores empty lines
following the initial content line while calculating the initial
common whitespace.
Args:
text: text to work on
Returns:
the resulting text
"""
text_lines = text.splitlines()
# Drop trailing empty lines
while text_lines and not text_lines[-1]:
text_lines = text_lines[:-1]
if text_lines:
# We got some content, is the first line starting with a space?
if text_lines[0] and text_lines[0][0].isspace():
text_first_line = []
else:
text_first_line = [text_lines.pop(0)]
# Calculate length of common leading whitesppace (only over content lines)
common_prefix = os.path.commonprefix([line for line in text_lines if line])
space_prefix_len = len(common_prefix) - len(common_prefix.lstrip())
# If we have a common space prefix, drop it from all lines
if space_prefix_len:
for index in xrange(len(text_lines)):
if text_lines[index]:
text_lines[index] = text_lines[index][space_prefix_len:]
return '\n'.join(text_first_line + text_lines)
return ''
def TextWrap(text, length=None, indent='', firstline_indent=None, tabs=' '):
"""Wraps a given text to a maximum line length and returns it.
We turn lines that only contain whitespaces into empty lines. We keep
new lines and tabs (e.g., we do not treat tabs as spaces).
Args:
text: text to wrap
length: maximum length of a line, includes indentation
if this is None then use GetHelpWidth()
indent: indent for all but first line
firstline_indent: indent for first line; if None, fall back to indent
tabs: replacement for tabs
Returns:
wrapped text
Raises:
FlagsError: if indent not shorter than length
FlagsError: if firstline_indent not shorter than length
"""
# Get defaults where callee used None
if length is None:
length = GetHelpWidth()
if indent is None:
indent = ''
if len(indent) >= length:
raise FlagsError('Indent must be shorter than length')
# In line we will be holding the current line which is to be started
# with indent (or firstline_indent if available) and then appended
# with words.
if firstline_indent is None:
firstline_indent = ''
line = indent
else:
line = firstline_indent
if len(firstline_indent) >= length:
raise FlagsError('First iline indent must be shorter than length')
# If the callee does not care about tabs we simply convert them to
# spaces If callee wanted tabs to be single space then we do that
# already here.
if not tabs or tabs == ' ':
text = text.replace('\t', ' ')
else:
tabs_are_whitespace = not tabs.strip()
line_regex = re.compile('([ ]*)(\t*)([^ \t]+)', re.MULTILINE)
# Split the text into lines and the lines with the regex above. The
# resulting lines are collected in result[]. For each split we get the
# spaces, the tabs and the next non white space (e.g. next word).
result = []
for text_line in text.splitlines():
# Store result length so we can find out whether processing the next
# line gave any new content
old_result_len = len(result)
# Process next line with line_regex. For optimization we do an rstrip().
# - process tabs (changes either line or word, see below)
# - process word (first try to squeeze on line, then wrap or force wrap)
# Spaces found on the line are ignored, they get added while wrapping as
# needed.
for spaces, current_tabs, word in line_regex.findall(text_line.rstrip()):
# If tabs weren't converted to spaces, handle them now
if current_tabs:
# If the last thing we added was a space anyway then drop
# it. But let's not get rid of the indentation.
if (((result and line != indent) or
(not result and line != firstline_indent)) and line[-1] == ' '):
line = line[:-1]
# Add the tabs, if that means adding whitespace, just add it at
# the line, the rstrip() code while shorten the line down if
# necessary
if tabs_are_whitespace:
line += tabs * len(current_tabs)
else:
# if not all tab replacement is whitespace we prepend it to the word
word = tabs * len(current_tabs) + word
# Handle the case where word cannot be squeezed onto current last line
if len(line) + len(word) > length and len(indent) + len(word) <= length:
result.append(line.rstrip())
line = indent + word
word = ''
# No space left on line or can we append a space?
if len(line) + 1 >= length:
result.append(line.rstrip())
line = indent
else:
line += ' '
# Add word and shorten it up to allowed line length. Restart next
# line with indent and repeat, or add a space if we're done (word
# finished) This deals with words that caanot fit on one line
# (e.g. indent + word longer than allowed line length).
while len(line) + len(word) >= length:
line += word
result.append(line[:length])
word = line[length:]
line = indent
# Default case, simply append the word and a space
if word:
line += word + ' '
# End of input line. If we have content we finish the line. If the
# current line is just the indent but we had content in during this
# original line then we need to add an emoty line.
if (result and line != indent) or (not result and line != firstline_indent):
result.append(line.rstrip())
elif len(result) == old_result_len:
result.append('')
line = indent
return '\n'.join(result)
def DocToHelp(doc):
"""Takes a __doc__ string and reformats it as help."""
# Get rid of starting and ending white space. Using lstrip() or even
# strip() could drop more than maximum of first line and right space
# of last line.
doc = doc.strip()
# Get rid of all empty lines
whitespace_only_line = re.compile('^[ \t]+$', re.M)
doc = whitespace_only_line.sub('', doc)
# Cut out common space at line beginnings
doc = CutCommonSpacePrefix(doc)
# Just like this module's comment, comments tend to be aligned somehow.
# In other words they all start with the same amount of white space
# 1) keep double new lines
# 2) keep ws after new lines if not empty line
# 3) all other new lines shall be changed to a space
# Solution: Match new lines between non white space and replace with space.
doc = re.sub('(?<=\S)\n(?=\S)', ' ', doc, re.M)
return doc
def _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_dict):
"""Returns the module that defines a global environment, and its name.
Args:
globals_dict: A dictionary that should correspond to an environment
providing the values of the globals.
Returns:
A pair consisting of (1) module object and (2) module name (a
string). Returns (None, None) if the module could not be
identified.
"""
# The use of .items() (instead of .iteritems()) is NOT a mistake: if
# a parallel thread imports a module while we iterate over
# .iteritems() (not nice, but possible), we get a RuntimeError ...
# Hence, we use the slightly slower but safer .items().
for name, module in sys.modules.items():
if getattr(module, '__dict__', None) is globals_dict:
if name == '__main__':
# Pick a more informative name for the main module.
name = sys.argv[0]
return (module, name)
return (None, None)
def _GetMainModule():
"""Returns the name of the module from which execution started."""
for depth in range(1, sys.getrecursionlimit()):
try:
globals_of_main = sys._getframe(depth).f_globals
except ValueError:
return _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_of_main)[1]
raise AssertionError("No module was found")
class FlagValues:
"""Registry of 'Flag' objects.
A 'FlagValues' can then scan command line arguments, passing flag
arguments through to the 'Flag' objects that it owns. It also
provides easy access to the flag values. Typically only one
'FlagValues' object is needed by an application: gflags.FLAGS
This class is heavily overloaded:
'Flag' objects are registered via __setitem__:
FLAGS['longname'] = x # register a new flag
The .value attribute of the registered 'Flag' objects can be accessed
as attributes of this 'FlagValues' object, through __getattr__. Both
the long and short name of the original 'Flag' objects can be used to
access its value:
FLAGS.longname # parsed flag value
FLAGS.x # parsed flag value (short name)
Command line arguments are scanned and passed to the registered 'Flag'
objects through the __call__ method. Unparsed arguments, including
argv[0] (e.g. the program name) are returned.
argv = FLAGS(sys.argv) # scan command line arguments
The original registered Flag objects can be retrieved through the use
of the dictionary-like operator, __getitem__:
x = FLAGS['longname'] # access the registered Flag object
The str() operator of a 'FlagValues' object provides help for all of
the registered 'Flag' objects.
"""
def __init__(self):
# Since everything in this class is so heavily overloaded, the only
# way of defining and using fields is to access __dict__ directly.
# Dictionary: flag name (string) -> Flag object.
self.__dict__['__flags'] = {}
# Dictionary: module name (string) -> list of Flag objects that are defined
# by that module.
self.__dict__['__flags_by_module'] = {}
# Dictionary: module name (string) -> list of Flag objects that are
# key for that module.
self.__dict__['__key_flags_by_module'] = {}
# Set if we should use new style gnu_getopt rather than getopt when parsing
# the args. Only possible with Python 2.3+
self.UseGnuGetOpt(False)
def UseGnuGetOpt(self, use_gnu_getopt=True):
self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt'] = use_gnu_getopt
def IsGnuGetOpt(self):
return self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']
def FlagDict(self):
return self.__dict__['__flags']
def FlagsByModuleDict(self):
"""Returns the dictionary of module_name -> list of defined flags.
Returns:
A dictionary. Its keys are module names (strings). Its values
are lists of Flag objects.
"""
return self.__dict__['__flags_by_module']
def KeyFlagsByModuleDict(self):
"""Returns the dictionary of module_name -> list of key flags.
Returns:
A dictionary. Its keys are module names (strings). Its values
are lists of Flag objects.
"""
return self.__dict__['__key_flags_by_module']
def _RegisterFlagByModule(self, module_name, flag):
"""Records the module that defines a specific flag.
We keep track of which flag is defined by which module so that we
can later sort the flags by module.
Args:
module_name: A string, the name of a Python module.
flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
"""
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
flags_by_module.setdefault(module_name, []).append(flag)
def _RegisterKeyFlagForModule(self, module_name, flag):
"""Specifies that a flag is a key flag for a module.
Args:
module_name: A string, the name of a Python module.
flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
"""
key_flags_by_module = self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict()
# The list of key flags for the module named module_name.
key_flags = key_flags_by_module.setdefault(module_name, [])
# Add flag, but avoid duplicates.
if flag not in key_flags:
key_flags.append(flag)
def _GetFlagsDefinedByModule(self, module):
"""Returns the list of flags defined by a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
Returns:
A new list of Flag objects. Caller may update this list as he
wishes: none of those changes will affect the internals of this
FlagValue object.
"""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
return list(self.FlagsByModuleDict().get(module, []))
def _GetKeyFlagsForModule(self, module):
"""Returns the list of key flags for a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string)
Returns:
A new list of Flag objects. Caller may update this list as he
wishes: none of those changes will affect the internals of this
FlagValue object.
"""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
# Any flag is a key flag for the module that defined it. NOTE:
# key_flags is a fresh list: we can update it without affecting the
# internals of this FlagValues object.
key_flags = self._GetFlagsDefinedByModule(module)
# Take into account flags explicitly declared as key for a module.
for flag in self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict().get(module, []):
if flag not in key_flags:
key_flags.append(flag)
return key_flags
def AppendFlagValues(self, flag_values):
"""Appends flags registered in another FlagValues instance.
Args:
flag_values: registry to copy from
"""
for flag_name, flag in flag_values.FlagDict().iteritems():
# Each flags with shortname appears here twice (once under its
# normal name, and again with its short name). To prevent
# problems (DuplicateFlagError) with double flag registration, we
# perform a check to make sure that the entry we're looking at is
# for its normal name.
if flag_name == flag.name:
self[flag_name] = flag
def RemoveFlagValues(self, flag_values):
"""Remove flags that were previously appended from another FlagValues.
Args:
flag_values: registry containing flags to remove.
"""
for flag_name in flag_values.FlagDict():
self.__delattr__(flag_name)
def __setitem__(self, name, flag):
"""Registers a new flag variable."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not isinstance(flag, Flag):
raise IllegalFlagValue(flag)
if not isinstance(name, type("")):
raise FlagsError("Flag name must be a string")
if len(name) == 0:
raise FlagsError("Flag name cannot be empty")
# If running under pychecker, duplicate keys are likely to be
# defined. Disable check for duplicate keys when pycheck'ing.
if (fl.has_key(name) and not flag.allow_override and
not fl[name].allow_override and not _RUNNING_PYCHECKER):
raise DuplicateFlagError(name, self)
short_name = flag.short_name
if short_name is not None:
if (fl.has_key(short_name) and not flag.allow_override and
not fl[short_name].allow_override and not _RUNNING_PYCHECKER):
raise DuplicateFlagError(short_name, self)
fl[short_name] = flag
fl[name] = flag
global _exported_flags
_exported_flags[name] = flag
def __getitem__(self, name):
"""Retrieves the Flag object for the flag --name."""
return self.FlagDict()[name]
def __getattr__(self, name):
"""Retrieves the 'value' attribute of the flag --name."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not fl.has_key(name):
raise AttributeError(name)
return fl[name].value
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
"""Sets the 'value' attribute of the flag --name."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
fl[name].value = value
self._AssertValidators(fl[name].validators)
return value
def _AssertAllValidators(self):
all_validators = set()
for flag in self.FlagDict().itervalues():
for validator in flag.validators:
all_validators.add(validator)
self._AssertValidators(all_validators)
def _AssertValidators(self, validators):
"""Assert if all validators in the list are satisfied.
Asserts validators in the order they were created.
Args:
validators: Iterable(gflags_validators.Validator), validators to be
verified
Raises:
AttributeError: if validators work with a non-existing flag.
IllegalFlagValue: if validation fails for at least one validator
"""
for validator in sorted(
validators, key=lambda validator: validator.insertion_index):
try:
validator.Verify(self)
except gflags_validators.Error, e:
message = validator.PrintFlagsWithValues(self)
raise IllegalFlagValue('%s: %s' % (message, str(e)))
def _FlagIsRegistered(self, flag_obj):
"""Checks whether a Flag object is registered under some name.
Note: this is non trivial: in addition to its normal name, a flag
may have a short name too. In self.FlagDict(), both the normal and
the short name are mapped to the same flag object. E.g., calling
only "del FLAGS.short_name" is not unregistering the corresponding
Flag object (it is still registered under the longer name).
Args:
flag_obj: A Flag object.
Returns:
A boolean: True iff flag_obj is registered under some name.
"""
flag_dict = self.FlagDict()
# Check whether flag_obj is registered under its long name.
name = flag_obj.name
if flag_dict.get(name, None) == flag_obj:
return True
# Check whether flag_obj is registered under its short name.
short_name = flag_obj.short_name
if (short_name is not None and
flag_dict.get(short_name, None) == flag_obj):
return True
# The flag cannot be registered under any other name, so we do not
# need to do a full search through the values of self.FlagDict().
return False
def __delattr__(self, flag_name):
"""Deletes a previously-defined flag from a flag object.
This method makes sure we can delete a flag by using
del flag_values_object.<flag_name>
E.g.,
flags.DEFINE_integer('foo', 1, 'Integer flag.')
del flags.FLAGS.foo
Args:
flag_name: A string, the name of the flag to be deleted.
Raises:
AttributeError: When there is no registered flag named flag_name.
"""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if flag_name not in fl:
raise AttributeError(flag_name)
flag_obj = fl[flag_name]
del fl[flag_name]
if not self._FlagIsRegistered(flag_obj):
# If the Flag object indicated by flag_name is no longer
# registered (please see the docstring of _FlagIsRegistered), then
# we delete the occurences of the flag object in all our internal
# dictionaries.
self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.FlagsByModuleDict(), flag_obj)
self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict(), flag_obj)
def __RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self, flags_by_module_dict, flag_obj):
"""Removes a flag object from a module -> list of flags dictionary.
Args:
flags_by_module_dict: A dictionary that maps module names to lists of
flags.
flag_obj: A flag object.
"""
for unused_module, flags_in_module in flags_by_module_dict.iteritems():
# while (as opposed to if) takes care of multiple occurences of a
# flag in the list for the same module.
while flag_obj in flags_in_module:
flags_in_module.remove(flag_obj)
def SetDefault(self, name, value):
"""Changes the default value of the named flag object."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not fl.has_key(name):
raise AttributeError(name)
fl[name].SetDefault(value)
self._AssertValidators(fl[name].validators)
def __contains__(self, name):
"""Returns True if name is a value (flag) in the dict."""
return name in self.FlagDict()
has_key = __contains__ # a synonym for __contains__()
def __iter__(self):
return self.FlagDict().iterkeys()
def __call__(self, argv):
"""Parses flags from argv; stores parsed flags into this FlagValues object.
All unparsed arguments are returned. Flags are parsed using the GNU
Program Argument Syntax Conventions, using getopt:
http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Getopt
Args:
argv: argument list. Can be of any type that may be converted to a list.
Returns:
The list of arguments not parsed as options, including argv[0]
Raises:
FlagsError: on any parsing error
"""
# Support any sequence type that can be converted to a list
argv = list(argv)
shortopts = ""
longopts = []
fl = self.FlagDict()
# This pre parses the argv list for --flagfile=<> options.
argv = argv[:1] + self.ReadFlagsFromFiles(argv[1:], force_gnu=False)
# Correct the argv to support the google style of passing boolean
# parameters. Boolean parameters may be passed by using --mybool,
# --nomybool, --mybool=(true|false|1|0). getopt does not support
# having options that may or may not have a parameter. We replace
# instances of the short form --mybool and --nomybool with their
# full forms: --mybool=(true|false).
original_argv = list(argv) # list() makes a copy
shortest_matches = None
for name, flag in fl.items():
if not flag.boolean:
continue
if shortest_matches is None:
# Determine the smallest allowable prefix for all flag names
shortest_matches = self.ShortestUniquePrefixes(fl)
no_name = 'no' + name
prefix = shortest_matches[name]
no_prefix = shortest_matches[no_name]
# Replace all occurences of this boolean with extended forms
for arg_idx in range(1, len(argv)):
arg = argv[arg_idx]
if arg.find('=') >= 0: continue
if arg.startswith('--'+prefix) and ('--'+name).startswith(arg):
argv[arg_idx] = ('--%s=true' % name)
elif arg.startswith('--'+no_prefix) and ('--'+no_name).startswith(arg):
argv[arg_idx] = ('--%s=false' % name)
# Loop over all of the flags, building up the lists of short options
# and long options that will be passed to getopt. Short options are
# specified as a string of letters, each letter followed by a colon
# if it takes an argument. Long options are stored in an array of
# strings. Each string ends with an '=' if it takes an argument.
for name, flag in fl.items():
longopts.append(name + "=")
if len(name) == 1: # one-letter option: allow short flag type also
shortopts += name
if not flag.boolean:
shortopts += ":"
longopts.append('undefok=')
undefok_flags = []
# In case --undefok is specified, loop to pick up unrecognized
# options one by one.
unrecognized_opts = []
args = argv[1:]
while True:
try:
if self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
optlist, unparsed_args = getopt.gnu_getopt(args, shortopts, longopts)
else:
optlist, unparsed_args = getopt.getopt(args, shortopts, longopts)
break
except getopt.GetoptError, e:
if not e.opt or e.opt in fl:
# Not an unrecognized option, reraise the exception as a FlagsError
raise FlagsError(e)
# Remove offender from args and try again
for arg_index in range(len(args)):
if ((args[arg_index] == '--' + e.opt) or
(args[arg_index] == '-' + e.opt) or
(args[arg_index].startswith('--' + e.opt + '='))):
unrecognized_opts.append((e.opt, args[arg_index]))
args = args[0:arg_index] + args[arg_index+1:]
break
else:
# We should have found the option, so we don't expect to get
# here. We could assert, but raising the original exception
# might work better.
raise FlagsError(e)
for name, arg in optlist:
if name == '--undefok':
flag_names = arg.split(',')
undefok_flags.extend(flag_names)
# For boolean flags, if --undefok=boolflag is specified, then we should
# also accept --noboolflag, in addition to --boolflag.
# Since we don't know the type of the undefok'd flag, this will affect
# non-boolean flags as well.
# NOTE: You shouldn't use --undefok=noboolflag, because then we will
# accept --nonoboolflag here. We are choosing not to do the conversion
# from noboolflag -> boolflag because of the ambiguity that flag names
# can start with 'no'.
undefok_flags.extend('no' + name for name in flag_names)
continue
if name.startswith('--'):
# long option
name = name[2:]
short_option = 0
else:
# short option
name = name[1:]
short_option = 1
if fl.has_key(name):
flag = fl[name]
if flag.boolean and short_option: arg = 1
flag.Parse(arg)
# If there were unrecognized options, raise an exception unless
# the options were named via --undefok.
for opt, value in unrecognized_opts:
if opt not in undefok_flags:
raise UnrecognizedFlagError(opt, value)
if unparsed_args:
if self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
# if using gnu_getopt just return the program name + remainder of argv.
ret_val = argv[:1] + unparsed_args
else:
# unparsed_args becomes the first non-flag detected by getopt to
# the end of argv. Because argv may have been modified above,
# return original_argv for this region.
ret_val = argv[:1] + original_argv[-len(unparsed_args):]
else:
ret_val = argv[:1]
self._AssertAllValidators()
return ret_val
def Reset(self):
"""Resets the values to the point before FLAGS(argv) was called."""
for f in self.FlagDict().values():
f.Unparse()
def RegisteredFlags(self):
"""Returns: a list of the names and short names of all registered flags."""
return self.FlagDict().keys()
def FlagValuesDict(self):
"""Returns: a dictionary that maps flag names to flag values."""
flag_values = {}
for flag_name in self.RegisteredFlags():
flag = self.FlagDict()[flag_name]
flag_values[flag_name] = flag.value
return flag_values
def __str__(self):
"""Generates a help string for all known flags."""
return self.GetHelp()
def GetHelp(self, prefix=''):
"""Generates a help string for all known flags."""
helplist = []
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
if flags_by_module:
modules = flags_by_module.keys()
modules.sort()
# Print the help for the main module first, if possible.
main_module = _GetMainModule()
if main_module in modules:
modules.remove(main_module)
modules = [main_module] + modules
for module in modules:
self.__RenderOurModuleFlags(module, helplist)
self.__RenderModuleFlags('gflags',
_SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values(),
helplist)
else:
# Just print one long list of flags.
self.__RenderFlagList(
self.FlagDict().values() + _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values(),
helplist, prefix)
return '\n'.join(helplist)
def __RenderModuleFlags(self, module, flags, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for a given module."""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
output_lines.append('\n%s%s:' % (prefix, module))
self.__RenderFlagList(flags, output_lines, prefix + " ")
def __RenderOurModuleFlags(self, module, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for a given module."""
flags = self._GetFlagsDefinedByModule(module)
if flags:
self.__RenderModuleFlags(module, flags, output_lines, prefix)
def __RenderOurModuleKeyFlags(self, module, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for the key flags of a given module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
output_lines: A list of strings. The generated help message
lines will be appended to this list.
prefix: A string that is prepended to each generated help line.
"""
key_flags = self._GetKeyFlagsForModule(module)
if key_flags:
self.__RenderModuleFlags(module, key_flags, output_lines, prefix)
def ModuleHelp(self, module):
"""Describe the key flags of a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
Returns:
string describing the key flags of a module.
"""
helplist = []
self.__RenderOurModuleKeyFlags(module, helplist)
return '\n'.join(helplist)
def MainModuleHelp(self):
"""Describe the key flags of the main module.
Returns:
string describing the key flags of a module.
"""
return self.ModuleHelp(_GetMainModule())
def __RenderFlagList(self, flaglist, output_lines, prefix=" "):
fl = self.FlagDict()
special_fl = _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict()
flaglist = [(flag.name, flag) for flag in flaglist]
flaglist.sort()
flagset = {}
for (name, flag) in flaglist:
# It's possible this flag got deleted or overridden since being
# registered in the per-module flaglist. Check now against the
# canonical source of current flag information, the FlagDict.
if fl.get(name, None) != flag and special_fl.get(name, None) != flag:
# a different flag is using this name now
continue
# only print help once
if flagset.has_key(flag): continue
flagset[flag] = 1
flaghelp = ""
if flag.short_name: flaghelp += "-%s," % flag.short_name
if flag.boolean:
flaghelp += "--[no]%s" % flag.name + ":"
else:
flaghelp += "--%s" % flag.name + ":"
flaghelp += " "
if flag.help:
flaghelp += flag.help
flaghelp = TextWrap(flaghelp, indent=prefix+" ",
firstline_indent=prefix)
if flag.default_as_str:
flaghelp += "\n"
flaghelp += TextWrap("(default: %s)" % flag.default_as_str,
indent=prefix+" ")
if flag.parser.syntactic_help:
flaghelp += "\n"
flaghelp += TextWrap("(%s)" % flag.parser.syntactic_help,
indent=prefix+" ")
output_lines.append(flaghelp)
def get(self, name, default):
"""Returns the value of a flag (if not None) or a default value.
Args:
name: A string, the name of a flag.
default: Default value to use if the flag value is None.
"""
value = self.__getattr__(name)
if value is not None: # Can't do if not value, b/c value might be '0' or ""
return value
else:
return default
def ShortestUniquePrefixes(self, fl):
"""Returns: dictionary; maps flag names to their shortest unique prefix."""
# Sort the list of flag names
sorted_flags = []
for name, flag in fl.items():
sorted_flags.append(name)
if flag.boolean:
sorted_flags.append('no%s' % name)
sorted_flags.sort()
# For each name in the sorted list, determine the shortest unique
# prefix by comparing itself to the next name and to the previous
# name (the latter check uses cached info from the previous loop).
shortest_matches = {}
prev_idx = 0
for flag_idx in range(len(sorted_flags)):
curr = sorted_flags[flag_idx]
if flag_idx == (len(sorted_flags) - 1):
next = None
else:
next = sorted_flags[flag_idx+1]
next_len = len(next)
for curr_idx in range(len(curr)):
if (next is None
or curr_idx >= next_len
or curr[curr_idx] != next[curr_idx]):
# curr longer than next or no more chars in common
shortest_matches[curr] = curr[:max(prev_idx, curr_idx) + 1]
prev_idx = curr_idx
break
else:
# curr shorter than (or equal to) next
shortest_matches[curr] = curr
prev_idx = curr_idx + 1 # next will need at least one more char
return shortest_matches
def __IsFlagFileDirective(self, flag_string):
"""Checks whether flag_string contain a --flagfile=<foo> directive."""
if isinstance(flag_string, type("")):
if flag_string.startswith('--flagfile='):
return 1
elif flag_string == '--flagfile':
return 1
elif flag_string.startswith('-flagfile='):
return 1
elif flag_string == '-flagfile':
return 1
else:
return 0
return 0
def ExtractFilename(self, flagfile_str):
"""Returns filename from a flagfile_str of form -[-]flagfile=filename.
The cases of --flagfile foo and -flagfile foo shouldn't be hitting
this function, as they are dealt with in the level above this
function.
"""
if flagfile_str.startswith('--flagfile='):
return os.path.expanduser((flagfile_str[(len('--flagfile=')):]).strip())
elif flagfile_str.startswith('-flagfile='):
return os.path.expanduser((flagfile_str[(len('-flagfile=')):]).strip())
else:
raise FlagsError('Hit illegal --flagfile type: %s' % flagfile_str)
def __GetFlagFileLines(self, filename, parsed_file_list):
"""Returns the useful (!=comments, etc) lines from a file with flags.
Args:
filename: A string, the name of the flag file.
parsed_file_list: A list of the names of the files we have
already read. MUTATED BY THIS FUNCTION.
Returns:
List of strings. See the note below.
NOTE(springer): This function checks for a nested --flagfile=<foo>
tag and handles the lower file recursively. It returns a list of
all the lines that _could_ contain command flags. This is
EVERYTHING except whitespace lines and comments (lines starting
with '#' or '//').
"""
line_list = [] # All line from flagfile.
flag_line_list = [] # Subset of lines w/o comments, blanks, flagfile= tags.
try:
file_obj = open(filename, 'r')
except IOError, e_msg:
print e_msg
print 'ERROR:: Unable to open flagfile: %s' % (filename)
return flag_line_list
line_list = file_obj.readlines()
file_obj.close()
parsed_file_list.append(filename)
# This is where we check each line in the file we just read.
for line in line_list:
if line.isspace():
pass
# Checks for comment (a line that starts with '#').
elif line.startswith('#') or line.startswith('//'):
pass
# Checks for a nested "--flagfile=<bar>" flag in the current file.
# If we find one, recursively parse down into that file.
elif self.__IsFlagFileDirective(line):
sub_filename = self.ExtractFilename(line)
# We do a little safety check for reparsing a file we've already done.
if not sub_filename in parsed_file_list:
included_flags = self.__GetFlagFileLines(sub_filename,
parsed_file_list)
flag_line_list.extend(included_flags)
else: # Case of hitting a circularly included file.
print >>sys.stderr, ('Warning: Hit circular flagfile dependency: %s'
% sub_filename)
else:
# Any line that's not a comment or a nested flagfile should get
# copied into 2nd position. This leaves earlier arguements
# further back in the list, thus giving them higher priority.
flag_line_list.append(line.strip())
return flag_line_list
def ReadFlagsFromFiles(self, argv, force_gnu=True):
"""Processes command line args, but also allow args to be read from file.
Args:
argv: A list of strings, usually sys.argv[1:], which may contain one or
more flagfile directives of the form --flagfile="./filename".
Note that the name of the program (sys.argv[0]) should be omitted.
force_gnu: If False, --flagfile parsing obeys normal flag semantics.
If True, --flagfile parsing instead follows gnu_getopt semantics.
*** WARNING *** force_gnu=False may become the future default!
Returns:
A new list which has the original list combined with what we read
from any flagfile(s).
References: Global gflags.FLAG class instance.
This function should be called before the normal FLAGS(argv) call.
This function scans the input list for a flag that looks like:
--flagfile=<somefile>. Then it opens <somefile>, reads all valid key
and value pairs and inserts them into the input list between the
first item of the list and any subsequent items in the list.
Note that your application's flags are still defined the usual way
using gflags DEFINE_flag() type functions.
Notes (assuming we're getting a commandline of some sort as our input):
--> Flags from the command line argv _should_ always take precedence!
--> A further "--flagfile=<otherfile.cfg>" CAN be nested in a flagfile.
It will be processed after the parent flag file is done.
--> For duplicate flags, first one we hit should "win".
--> In a flagfile, a line beginning with # or // is a comment.
--> Entirely blank lines _should_ be ignored.
"""
parsed_file_list = []
rest_of_args = argv
new_argv = []
while rest_of_args:
current_arg = rest_of_args[0]
rest_of_args = rest_of_args[1:]
if self.__IsFlagFileDirective(current_arg):
# This handles the case of -(-)flagfile foo. In this case the
# next arg really is part of this one.
if current_arg == '--flagfile' or current_arg == '-flagfile':
if not rest_of_args:
raise IllegalFlagValue('--flagfile with no argument')
flag_filename = os.path.expanduser(rest_of_args[0])
rest_of_args = rest_of_args[1:]
else:
# This handles the case of (-)-flagfile=foo.
flag_filename = self.ExtractFilename(current_arg)
new_argv[0:0] = self.__GetFlagFileLines(flag_filename, parsed_file_list)
else:
new_argv.append(current_arg)
# Stop parsing after '--', like getopt and gnu_getopt.
if current_arg == '--':
break
# Stop parsing after a non-flag, like getopt.
if not current_arg.startswith('-'):
if not force_gnu and not self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
break
if rest_of_args:
new_argv.extend(rest_of_args)
return new_argv
def FlagsIntoString(self):
"""Returns a string with the flags assignments from this FlagValues object.
This function ignores flags whose value is None. Each flag
assignment is separated by a newline.
NOTE: MUST mirror the behavior of the C++ function
CommandlineFlagsIntoString from google3/base/commandlineflags.cc.
"""
s = ''
for flag in self.FlagDict().values():
if flag.value is not None:
s += flag.Serialize() + '\n'
return s
def AppendFlagsIntoFile(self, filename):
"""Appends all flags assignments from this FlagInfo object to a file.
Output will be in the format of a flagfile.
NOTE: MUST mirror the behavior of the C++ version of
AppendFlagsIntoFile from google3/base/commandlineflags.cc.
"""
out_file = open(filename, 'a')
out_file.write(self.FlagsIntoString())
out_file.close()
def WriteHelpInXMLFormat(self, outfile=None):
"""Outputs flag documentation in XML format.
NOTE: We use element names that are consistent with those used by
the C++ command-line flag library, from
google3/base/commandlineflags_reporting.cc. We also use a few new
elements (e.g., <key>), but we do not interfere / overlap with
existing XML elements used by the C++ library. Please maintain this
consistency.
Args:
outfile: File object we write to. Default None means sys.stdout.
"""
outfile = outfile or sys.stdout
outfile.write('<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n')
outfile.write('<AllFlags>\n')
indent = ' '
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'program', os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]),
indent)
usage_doc = sys.modules['__main__'].__doc__
if not usage_doc:
usage_doc = '\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n' % sys.argv[0]
else:
usage_doc = usage_doc.replace('%s', sys.argv[0])
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'usage', usage_doc, indent)
# Get list of key flags for the main module.
key_flags = self._GetKeyFlagsForModule(_GetMainModule())
# Sort flags by declaring module name and next by flag name.
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
all_module_names = list(flags_by_module.keys())
all_module_names.sort()
for module_name in all_module_names:
flag_list = [(f.name, f) for f in flags_by_module[module_name]]
flag_list.sort()
for unused_flag_name, flag in flag_list:
is_key = flag in key_flags
flag.WriteInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, module_name,
is_key=is_key, indent=indent)
outfile.write('</AllFlags>\n')
outfile.flush()
def AddValidator(self, validator):
"""Register new flags validator to be checked.
Args:
validator: gflags_validators.Validator
Raises:
AttributeError: if validators work with a non-existing flag.
"""
for flag_name in validator.GetFlagsNames():
flag = self.FlagDict()[flag_name]
flag.validators.append(validator)
# end of FlagValues definition
# The global FlagValues instance
FLAGS = FlagValues()
def _MakeXMLSafe(s):
"""Escapes <, >, and & from s, and removes XML 1.0-illegal chars."""
s = cgi.escape(s) # Escape <, >, and &
# Remove characters that cannot appear in an XML 1.0 document
# (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#charsets).
#
# NOTE: if there are problems with current solution, one may move to
# XML 1.1, which allows such chars, if they're entity-escaped (&#xHH;).
s = re.sub(r'[\x00-\x08\x0b\x0c\x0e-\x1f]', '', s)
return s
def _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, name, value, indent):
"""Writes a simple XML element.
Args:
outfile: File object we write the XML element to.
name: A string, the name of XML element.
value: A Python object, whose string representation will be used
as the value of the XML element.
indent: A string, prepended to each line of generated output.
"""
value_str = str(value)
if isinstance(value, bool):
# Display boolean values as the C++ flag library does: no caps.
value_str = value_str.lower()
outfile.write('%s<%s>%s</%s>\n' %
(indent, name, _MakeXMLSafe(value_str), name))
class Flag:
"""Information about a command-line flag.
'Flag' objects define the following fields:
.name - the name for this flag
.default - the default value for this flag
.default_as_str - default value as repr'd string, e.g., "'true'" (or None)
.value - the most recent parsed value of this flag; set by Parse()
.help - a help string or None if no help is available
.short_name - the single letter alias for this flag (or None)
.boolean - if 'true', this flag does not accept arguments
.present - true if this flag was parsed from command line flags.
.parser - an ArgumentParser object
.serializer - an ArgumentSerializer object
.allow_override - the flag may be redefined without raising an error
The only public method of a 'Flag' object is Parse(), but it is
typically only called by a 'FlagValues' object. The Parse() method is
a thin wrapper around the 'ArgumentParser' Parse() method. The parsed
value is saved in .value, and the .present attribute is updated. If
this flag was already present, a FlagsError is raised.
Parse() is also called during __init__ to parse the default value and
initialize the .value attribute. This enables other python modules to
safely use flags even if the __main__ module neglects to parse the
command line arguments. The .present attribute is cleared after
__init__ parsing. If the default value is set to None, then the
__init__ parsing step is skipped and the .value attribute is
initialized to None.
Note: The default value is also presented to the user in the help
string, so it is important that it be a legal value for this flag.
"""
def __init__(self, parser, serializer, name, default, help_string,
short_name=None, boolean=0, allow_override=0):
self.name = name
if not help_string:
help_string = '(no help available)'
self.help = help_string
self.short_name = short_name
self.boolean = boolean
self.present = 0
self.parser = parser
self.serializer = serializer
self.allow_override = allow_override
self.value = None
self.validators = []
self.SetDefault(default)
def __GetParsedValueAsString(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
if self.serializer:
return repr(self.serializer.Serialize(value))
if self.boolean:
if value:
return repr('true')
else:
return repr('false')
return repr(str(value))
def Parse(self, argument):
try:
self.value = self.parser.Parse(argument)
except ValueError, e: # recast ValueError as IllegalFlagValue
raise IllegalFlagValue("flag --%s=%s: %s" % (self.name, argument, e))
self.present += 1
def Unparse(self):
if self.default is None:
self.value = None
else:
self.Parse(self.default)
self.present = 0
def Serialize(self):
if self.value is None:
return ''
if self.boolean:
if self.value:
return "--%s" % self.name
else:
return "--no%s" % self.name
else:
if not self.serializer:
raise FlagsError("Serializer not present for flag %s" % self.name)
return "--%s=%s" % (self.name, self.serializer.Serialize(self.value))
def SetDefault(self, value):
"""Changes the default value (and current value too) for this Flag."""
# We can't allow a None override because it may end up not being
# passed to C++ code when we're overriding C++ flags. So we
# cowardly bail out until someone fixes the semantics of trying to
# pass None to a C++ flag. See swig_flags.Init() for details on
# this behavior.
# TODO(olexiy): Users can directly call this method, bypassing all flags
# validators (we don't have FlagValues here, so we can not check
# validators).
# The simplest solution I see is to make this method private.
# Another approach would be to store reference to the corresponding
# FlagValues with each flag, but this seems to be an overkill.
if value is None and self.allow_override:
raise DuplicateFlagCannotPropagateNoneToSwig(self.name)
self.default = value
self.Unparse()
self.default_as_str = self.__GetParsedValueAsString(self.value)
def Type(self):
"""Returns: a string that describes the type of this Flag."""
# NOTE: we use strings, and not the types.*Type constants because
# our flags can have more exotic types, e.g., 'comma separated list
# of strings', 'whitespace separated list of strings', etc.
return self.parser.Type()
def WriteInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, module_name, is_key=False, indent=''):
"""Writes common info about this flag, in XML format.
This is information that is relevant to all flags (e.g., name,
meaning, etc.). If you defined a flag that has some other pieces of
info, then please override _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat.
Please do NOT override this method.
Args:
outfile: File object we write to.
module_name: A string, the name of the module that defines this flag.
is_key: A boolean, True iff this flag is key for main module.
indent: A string that is prepended to each generated line.
"""
outfile.write(indent + '<flag>\n')
inner_indent = indent + ' '
if is_key:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'key', 'yes', inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'file', module_name, inner_indent)
# Print flag features that are relevant for all flags.
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'name', self.name, inner_indent)
if self.short_name:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'short_name', self.short_name,
inner_indent)
if self.help:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'meaning', self.help, inner_indent)
# The default flag value can either be represented as a string like on the
# command line, or as a Python object. We serialize this value in the
# latter case in order to remain consistent.
if self.serializer and not isinstance(self.default, str):
default_serialized = self.serializer.Serialize(self.default)
else:
default_serialized = self.default
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'default', default_serialized, inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'current', self.value, inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'type', self.Type(), inner_indent)
# Print extra flag features this flag may have.
self._WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, inner_indent)
outfile.write(indent + '</flag>\n')
def _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
"""Writes extra info about this flag, in XML format.
"Extra" means "not already printed by WriteInfoInXMLFormat above."
Args:
outfile: File object we write to.
indent: A string that is prepended to each generated line.
"""
# Usually, the parser knows the extra details about the flag, so
# we just forward the call to it.
self.parser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, indent)
# End of Flag definition
class _ArgumentParserCache(type):
"""Metaclass used to cache and share argument parsers among flags."""
_instances = {}
def __call__(mcs, *args, **kwargs):
"""Returns an instance of the argument parser cls.
This method overrides behavior of the __new__ methods in
all subclasses of ArgumentParser (inclusive). If an instance
for mcs with the same set of arguments exists, this instance is
returned, otherwise a new instance is created.
If any keyword arguments are defined, or the values in args
are not hashable, this method always returns a new instance of
cls.
Args:
args: Positional initializer arguments.
kwargs: Initializer keyword arguments.
Returns:
An instance of cls, shared or new.
"""
if kwargs:
return type.__call__(mcs, *args, **kwargs)
else:
instances = mcs._instances
key = (mcs,) + tuple(args)
try:
return instances[key]
except KeyError:
# No cache entry for key exists, create a new one.
return instances.setdefault(key, type.__call__(mcs, *args))
except TypeError:
# An object in args cannot be hashed, always return
# a new instance.
return type.__call__(mcs, *args)
class ArgumentParser(object):
"""Base class used to parse and convert arguments.
The Parse() method checks to make sure that the string argument is a
legal value and convert it to a native type. If the value cannot be
converted, it should throw a 'ValueError' exception with a human
readable explanation of why the value is illegal.
Subclasses should also define a syntactic_help string which may be
presented to the user to describe the form of the legal values.
Argument parser classes must be stateless, since instances are cached
and shared between flags. Initializer arguments are allowed, but all
member variables must be derived from initializer arguments only.
"""
__metaclass__ = _ArgumentParserCache
syntactic_help = ""
def Parse(self, argument):
"""Default implementation: always returns its argument unmodified."""
return argument
def Type(self):
return 'string'
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
pass
class ArgumentSerializer:
"""Base class for generating string representations of a flag value."""
def Serialize(self, value):
return str(value)
class ListSerializer(ArgumentSerializer):
def __init__(self, list_sep):
self.list_sep = list_sep
def Serialize(self, value):
return self.list_sep.join([str(x) for x in value])
# Flags validators
def RegisterValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message='Flag validation failed',
flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Adds a constraint, which will be enforced during program execution.
The constraint is validated when flags are initially parsed, and after each
change of the corresponding flag's value.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag to be checked.
checker: method to validate the flag.
input - value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc.
This value will be passed to checker by the library). See file's
docstring for examples.
output - Boolean.
Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise gflags_validators.Error(desired_error_message).
message: error text to be shown to the user if checker returns False.
If checker raises gflags_validators.Error, message from the raised
Error will be shown.
flag_values: FlagValues
Raises:
AttributeError: if flag_name is not registered as a valid flag name.
"""
flag_values.AddValidator(gflags_validators.SimpleValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message))
def MarkFlagAsRequired(flag_name, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Ensure that flag is not None during program execution.
Registers a flag validator, which will follow usual validator
rules.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag
flag_values: FlagValues
Raises:
AttributeError: if flag_name is not registered as a valid flag name.
"""
RegisterValidator(flag_name,
lambda value: value is not None,
message='Flag --%s must be specified.' % flag_name,
flag_values=flag_values)
def _RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values):
"""Enforce lower and upper bounds for numeric flags.
Args:
parser: NumericParser (either FloatParser or IntegerParser). Provides lower
and upper bounds, and help text to display.
name: string, name of the flag
flag_values: FlagValues
"""
if parser.lower_bound is not None or parser.upper_bound is not None:
def Checker(value):
if value is not None and parser.IsOutsideBounds(value):
message = '%s is not %s' % (value, parser.syntactic_help)
raise gflags_validators.Error(message)
return True
RegisterValidator(name,
Checker,
flag_values=flag_values)
# The DEFINE functions are explained in mode details in the module doc string.
def DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, serializer=None,
**args):
"""Registers a generic Flag object.
NOTE: in the docstrings of all DEFINE* functions, "registers" is short
for "creates a new flag and registers it".
Auxiliary function: clients should use the specialized DEFINE_<type>
function instead.
Args:
parser: ArgumentParser that is used to parse the flag arguments.
name: A string, the flag name.
default: The default value of the flag.
help: A help string.
flag_values: FlagValues object the flag will be registered with.
serializer: ArgumentSerializer that serializes the flag value.
args: Dictionary with extra keyword args that are passes to the
Flag __init__.
"""
DEFINE_flag(Flag(parser, serializer, name, default, help, **args),
flag_values)
def DEFINE_flag(flag, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Registers a 'Flag' object with a 'FlagValues' object.
By default, the global FLAGS 'FlagValue' object is used.
Typical users will use one of the more specialized DEFINE_xxx
functions, such as DEFINE_string or DEFINE_integer. But developers
who need to create Flag objects themselves should use this function
to register their flags.
"""
# copying the reference to flag_values prevents pychecker warnings
fv = flag_values
fv[flag.name] = flag
# Tell flag_values who's defining the flag.
if isinstance(flag_values, FlagValues):
# Regarding the above isinstance test: some users pass funny
# values of flag_values (e.g., {}) in order to avoid the flag
# registration (in the past, there used to be a flag_values ==
# FLAGS test here) and redefine flags with the same name (e.g.,
# debug). To avoid breaking their code, we perform the
# registration only if flag_values is a real FlagValues object.
flag_values._RegisterFlagByModule(_GetCallingModule(), flag)
def _InternalDeclareKeyFlags(flag_names,
flag_values=FLAGS, key_flag_values=None):
"""Declares a flag as key for the calling module.
Internal function. User code should call DECLARE_key_flag or
ADOPT_module_key_flags instead.
Args:
flag_names: A list of strings that are names of already-registered
Flag objects.
flag_values: A FlagValues object that the flags listed in
flag_names have registered with (the value of the flag_values
argument from the DEFINE_* calls that defined those flags).
This should almost never need to be overridden.
key_flag_values: A FlagValues object that (among possibly many
other things) keeps track of the key flags for each module.
Default None means "same as flag_values". This should almost
never need to be overridden.
Raises:
UnrecognizedFlagError: when we refer to a flag that was not
defined yet.
"""
key_flag_values = key_flag_values or flag_values
module = _GetCallingModule()
for flag_name in flag_names:
if flag_name not in flag_values:
raise UnrecognizedFlagError(flag_name)
flag = flag_values.FlagDict()[flag_name]
key_flag_values._RegisterKeyFlagForModule(module, flag)
def DECLARE_key_flag(flag_name, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Declares one flag as key to the current module.
Key flags are flags that are deemed really important for a module.
They are important when listing help messages; e.g., if the
--helpshort command-line flag is used, then only the key flags of the
main module are listed (instead of all flags, as in the case of
--help).
Sample usage:
flags.DECLARED_key_flag('flag_1')
Args:
flag_name: A string, the name of an already declared flag.
(Redeclaring flags as key, including flags implicitly key
because they were declared in this module, is a no-op.)
flag_values: A FlagValues object. This should almost never
need to be overridden.
"""
if flag_name in _SPECIAL_FLAGS:
# Take care of the special flags, e.g., --flagfile, --undefok.
# These flags are defined in _SPECIAL_FLAGS, and are treated
# specially during flag parsing, taking precedence over the
# user-defined flags.
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags([flag_name],
flag_values=_SPECIAL_FLAGS,
key_flag_values=flag_values)
return
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags([flag_name], flag_values=flag_values)
def ADOPT_module_key_flags(module, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Declares that all flags key to a module are key to the current module.
Args:
module: A module object.
flag_values: A FlagValues object. This should almost never need
to be overridden.
Raises:
FlagsError: When given an argument that is a module name (a
string), instead of a module object.
"""
# NOTE(salcianu): an even better test would be if not
# isinstance(module, types.ModuleType) but I didn't want to import
# types for such a tiny use.
if isinstance(module, str):
raise FlagsError('Received module name %s; expected a module object.'
% module)
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags(
[f.name for f in flag_values._GetKeyFlagsForModule(module.__name__)],
flag_values=flag_values)
# If module is this flag module, take _SPECIAL_FLAGS into account.
if module == _GetThisModuleObjectAndName()[0]:
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags(
# As we associate flags with _GetCallingModule(), the special
# flags defined in this module are incorrectly registered with
# a different module. So, we can't use _GetKeyFlagsForModule.
# Instead, we take all flags from _SPECIAL_FLAGS (a private
# FlagValues, where no other module should register flags).
[f.name for f in _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values()],
flag_values=_SPECIAL_FLAGS,
key_flag_values=flag_values)
#
# STRING FLAGS
#
def DEFINE_string(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be any string."""
parser = ArgumentParser()
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
#
# BOOLEAN FLAGS
#
# and the special HELP flags.
class BooleanParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of boolean values."""
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Converts the argument to a boolean; raise ValueError on errors."""
if type(argument) == str:
if argument.lower() in ['true', 't', '1']:
return True
elif argument.lower() in ['false', 'f', '0']:
return False
bool_argument = bool(argument)
if argument == bool_argument:
# The argument is a valid boolean (True, False, 0, or 1), and not just
# something that always converts to bool (list, string, int, etc.).
return bool_argument
raise ValueError('Non-boolean argument to boolean flag', argument)
def Parse(self, argument):
val = self.Convert(argument)
return val
def Type(self):
return 'bool'
class BooleanFlag(Flag):
"""Basic boolean flag.
Boolean flags do not take any arguments, and their value is either
True (1) or False (0). The false value is specified on the command
line by prepending the word 'no' to either the long or the short flag
name.
For example, if a Boolean flag was created whose long name was
'update' and whose short name was 'x', then this flag could be
explicitly unset through either --noupdate or --nox.
"""
def __init__(self, name, default, help, short_name=None, **args):
p = BooleanParser()
Flag.__init__(self, p, None, name, default, help, short_name, 1, **args)
if not self.help: self.help = "a boolean value"
def DEFINE_boolean(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a boolean flag.
Such a boolean flag does not take an argument. If a user wants to
specify a false value explicitly, the long option beginning with 'no'
must be used: i.e. --noflag
This flag will have a value of None, True or False. None is possible
if default=None and the user does not specify the flag on the command
line.
"""
DEFINE_flag(BooleanFlag(name, default, help, **args), flag_values)
# Match C++ API to unconfuse C++ people.
DEFINE_bool = DEFINE_boolean
class HelpFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""
HelpFlag is a special boolean flag that prints usage information and
raises a SystemExit exception if it is ever found in the command
line arguments. Note this is called with allow_override=1, so other
apps can define their own --help flag, replacing this one, if they want.
"""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, "help", 0, "show this help",
short_name="?", allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
doc = sys.modules["__main__"].__doc__
flags = str(FLAGS)
print doc or ("\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n" % sys.argv[0])
if flags:
print "flags:"
print flags
sys.exit(1)
class HelpXMLFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""Similar to HelpFlag, but generates output in XML format."""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, 'helpxml', False,
'like --help, but generates XML output',
allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
FLAGS.WriteHelpInXMLFormat(sys.stdout)
sys.exit(1)
class HelpshortFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""
HelpshortFlag is a special boolean flag that prints usage
information for the "main" module, and rasies a SystemExit exception
if it is ever found in the command line arguments. Note this is
called with allow_override=1, so other apps can define their own
--helpshort flag, replacing this one, if they want.
"""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, "helpshort", 0,
"show usage only for this module", allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
doc = sys.modules["__main__"].__doc__
flags = FLAGS.MainModuleHelp()
print doc or ("\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n" % sys.argv[0])
if flags:
print "flags:"
print flags
sys.exit(1)
#
# Numeric parser - base class for Integer and Float parsers
#
class NumericParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of numeric values.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
def IsOutsideBounds(self, val):
return ((self.lower_bound is not None and val < self.lower_bound) or
(self.upper_bound is not None and val > self.upper_bound))
def Parse(self, argument):
val = self.Convert(argument)
if self.IsOutsideBounds(val):
raise ValueError("%s is not %s" % (val, self.syntactic_help))
return val
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
if self.lower_bound is not None:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'lower_bound', self.lower_bound, indent)
if self.upper_bound is not None:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'upper_bound', self.upper_bound, indent)
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Default implementation: always returns its argument unmodified."""
return argument
# End of Numeric Parser
#
# FLOAT FLAGS
#
class FloatParser(NumericParser):
"""Parser of floating point values.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
number_article = "a"
number_name = "number"
syntactic_help = " ".join((number_article, number_name))
def __init__(self, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None):
super(FloatParser, self).__init__()
self.lower_bound = lower_bound
self.upper_bound = upper_bound
sh = self.syntactic_help
if lower_bound is not None and upper_bound is not None:
sh = ("%s in the range [%s, %s]" % (sh, lower_bound, upper_bound))
elif lower_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-negative %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound is not None:
sh = "%s <= %s" % (self.number_name, upper_bound)
elif lower_bound is not None:
sh = "%s >= %s" % (self.number_name, lower_bound)
self.syntactic_help = sh
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Converts argument to a float; raises ValueError on errors."""
return float(argument)
def Type(self):
return 'float'
# End of FloatParser
def DEFINE_float(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value must be a float.
If lower_bound or upper_bound are set, then this flag must be
within the given range.
"""
parser = FloatParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
_RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values=flag_values)
#
# INTEGER FLAGS
#
class IntegerParser(NumericParser):
"""Parser of an integer value.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
number_article = "an"
number_name = "integer"
syntactic_help = " ".join((number_article, number_name))
def __init__(self, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None):
super(IntegerParser, self).__init__()
self.lower_bound = lower_bound
self.upper_bound = upper_bound
sh = self.syntactic_help
if lower_bound is not None and upper_bound is not None:
sh = ("%s in the range [%s, %s]" % (sh, lower_bound, upper_bound))
elif lower_bound == 1:
sh = "a positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == -1:
sh = "a negative %s" % self.number_name
elif lower_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-negative %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound is not None:
sh = "%s <= %s" % (self.number_name, upper_bound)
elif lower_bound is not None:
sh = "%s >= %s" % (self.number_name, lower_bound)
self.syntactic_help = sh
def Convert(self, argument):
__pychecker__ = 'no-returnvalues'
if type(argument) == str:
base = 10
if len(argument) > 2 and argument[0] == "0" and argument[1] == "x":
base = 16
try:
return int(argument, base)
# ValueError is thrown when argument is a string, and overflows an int.
except ValueError:
return long(argument, base)
else:
try:
return int(argument)
# OverflowError is thrown when argument is numeric, and overflows an int.
except OverflowError:
return long(argument)
def Type(self):
return 'int'
def DEFINE_integer(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value must be an integer.
If lower_bound, or upper_bound are set, then this flag must be
within the given range.
"""
parser = IntegerParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
_RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values=flag_values)
#
# ENUM FLAGS
#
class EnumParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of a string enum value (a string value from a given set).
If enum_values (see below) is not specified, any string is allowed.
"""
def __init__(self, enum_values=None):
super(EnumParser, self).__init__()
self.enum_values = enum_values
def Parse(self, argument):
if self.enum_values and argument not in self.enum_values:
raise ValueError("value should be one of <%s>" %
"|".join(self.enum_values))
return argument
def Type(self):
return 'string enum'
class EnumFlag(Flag):
"""Basic enum flag; its value can be any string from list of enum_values."""
def __init__(self, name, default, help, enum_values=None,
short_name=None, **args):
enum_values = enum_values or []
p = EnumParser(enum_values)
g = ArgumentSerializer()
Flag.__init__(self, p, g, name, default, help, short_name, **args)
if not self.help: self.help = "an enum string"
self.help = "<%s>: %s" % ("|".join(enum_values), self.help)
def _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
for enum_value in self.parser.enum_values:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'enum_value', enum_value, indent)
def DEFINE_enum(name, default, enum_values, help, flag_values=FLAGS,
**args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be any string from enum_values."""
DEFINE_flag(EnumFlag(name, default, help, enum_values, ** args),
flag_values)
#
# LIST FLAGS
#
class BaseListParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Base class for a parser of lists of strings.
To extend, inherit from this class; from the subclass __init__, call
BaseListParser.__init__(self, token, name)
where token is a character used to tokenize, and name is a description
of the separator.
"""
def __init__(self, token=None, name=None):
assert name
super(BaseListParser, self).__init__()
self._token = token
self._name = name
self.syntactic_help = "a %s separated list" % self._name
def Parse(self, argument):
if isinstance(argument, list):
return argument
elif argument == '':
return []
else:
return [s.strip() for s in argument.split(self._token)]
def Type(self):
return '%s separated list of strings' % self._name
class ListParser(BaseListParser):
"""Parser for a comma-separated list of strings."""
def __init__(self):
BaseListParser.__init__(self, ',', 'comma')
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
BaseListParser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'list_separator', repr(','), indent)
class WhitespaceSeparatedListParser(BaseListParser):
"""Parser for a whitespace-separated list of strings."""
def __init__(self):
BaseListParser.__init__(self, None, 'whitespace')
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
BaseListParser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent)
separators = list(string.whitespace)
separators.sort()
for ws_char in string.whitespace:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'list_separator', repr(ws_char), indent)
def DEFINE_list(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value is a comma-separated list of strings."""
parser = ListParser()
serializer = ListSerializer(',')
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
def DEFINE_spaceseplist(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value is a whitespace-separated list of strings.
Any whitespace can be used as a separator.
"""
parser = WhitespaceSeparatedListParser()
serializer = ListSerializer(' ')
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
#
# MULTI FLAGS
#
class MultiFlag(Flag):
"""A flag that can appear multiple time on the command-line.
The value of such a flag is a list that contains the individual values
from all the appearances of that flag on the command-line.
See the __doc__ for Flag for most behavior of this class. Only
differences in behavior are described here:
* The default value may be either a single value or a list of values.
A single value is interpreted as the [value] singleton list.
* The value of the flag is always a list, even if the option was
only supplied once, and even if the default value is a single
value
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
Flag.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.help += ';\n repeat this option to specify a list of values'
def Parse(self, arguments):
"""Parses one or more arguments with the installed parser.
Args:
arguments: a single argument or a list of arguments (typically a
list of default values); a single argument is converted
internally into a list containing one item.
"""
if not isinstance(arguments, list):
# Default value may be a list of values. Most other arguments
# will not be, so convert them into a single-item list to make
# processing simpler below.
arguments = [arguments]
if self.present:
# keep a backup reference to list of previously supplied option values
values = self.value
else:
# "erase" the defaults with an empty list
values = []
for item in arguments:
# have Flag superclass parse argument, overwriting self.value reference
Flag.Parse(self, item) # also increments self.present
values.append(self.value)
# put list of option values back in the 'value' attribute
self.value = values
def Serialize(self):
if not self.serializer:
raise FlagsError("Serializer not present for flag %s" % self.name)
if self.value is None:
return ''
s = ''
multi_value = self.value
for self.value in multi_value:
if s: s += ' '
s += Flag.Serialize(self)
self.value = multi_value
return s
def Type(self):
return 'multi ' + self.parser.Type()
def DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS,
**args):
"""Registers a generic MultiFlag that parses its args with a given parser.
Auxiliary function. Normal users should NOT use it directly.
Developers who need to create their own 'Parser' classes for options
which can appear multiple times can call this module function to
register their flags.
"""
DEFINE_flag(MultiFlag(parser, serializer, name, default, help, **args),
flag_values)
def DEFINE_multistring(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be a list of any strings.
Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
string values into the list. The 'default' may be a single string
(which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
strings.
"""
parser = ArgumentParser()
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
def DEFINE_multi_int(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be a list of arbitrary integers.
Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
integer values into the list. The 'default' may be a single integer
(which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
integers.
"""
parser = IntegerParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
# Now register the flags that we want to exist in all applications.
# These are all defined with allow_override=1, so user-apps can use
# these flagnames for their own purposes, if they want.
DEFINE_flag(HelpFlag())
DEFINE_flag(HelpshortFlag())
DEFINE_flag(HelpXMLFlag())
# Define special flags here so that help may be generated for them.
# NOTE: Please do NOT use _SPECIAL_FLAGS from outside this module.
_SPECIAL_FLAGS = FlagValues()
DEFINE_string(
'flagfile', "",
"Insert flag definitions from the given file into the command line.",
_SPECIAL_FLAGS)
DEFINE_string(
'undefok', "",
"comma-separated list of flag names that it is okay to specify "
"on the command line even if the program does not define a flag "
"with that name. IMPORTANT: flags in this list that have "
"arguments MUST use the --flag=value format.", _SPECIAL_FLAGS)
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import urllib
import time
import random
import urlparse
import hmac
import binascii
import httplib2
try:
from urlparse import parse_qs, parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qs, parse_qsl
VERSION = '1.0' # Hi Blaine!
HTTP_METHOD = 'GET'
SIGNATURE_METHOD = 'PLAINTEXT'
class Error(RuntimeError):
"""Generic exception class."""
def __init__(self, message='OAuth error occurred.'):
self._message = message
@property
def message(self):
"""A hack to get around the deprecation errors in 2.6."""
return self._message
def __str__(self):
return self._message
class MissingSignature(Error):
pass
def build_authenticate_header(realm=''):
"""Optional WWW-Authenticate header (401 error)"""
return {'WWW-Authenticate': 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm}
def build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token=None):
"""Build an XOAUTH string for use in SMTP/IMPA authentication."""
request = Request.from_consumer_and_token(consumer, token,
"GET", url)
signing_method = SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
request.sign_request(signing_method, consumer, token)
params = []
for k, v in sorted(request.iteritems()):
if v is not None:
params.append('%s="%s"' % (k, escape(v)))
return "%s %s %s" % ("GET", url, ','.join(params))
def escape(s):
"""Escape a URL including any /."""
return urllib.quote(s, safe='~')
def generate_timestamp():
"""Get seconds since epoch (UTC)."""
return int(time.time())
def generate_nonce(length=8):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return ''.join([str(random.randint(0, 9)) for i in range(length)])
def generate_verifier(length=8):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return ''.join([str(random.randint(0, 9)) for i in range(length)])
class Consumer(object):
"""A consumer of OAuth-protected services.
The OAuth consumer is a "third-party" service that wants to access
protected resources from an OAuth service provider on behalf of an end
user. It's kind of the OAuth client.
Usually a consumer must be registered with the service provider by the
developer of the consumer software. As part of that process, the service
provider gives the consumer a *key* and a *secret* with which the consumer
software can identify itself to the service. The consumer will include its
key in each request to identify itself, but will use its secret only when
signing requests, to prove that the request is from that particular
registered consumer.
Once registered, the consumer can then use its consumer credentials to ask
the service provider for a request token, kicking off the OAuth
authorization process.
"""
key = None
secret = None
def __init__(self, key, secret):
self.key = key
self.secret = secret
if self.key is None or self.secret is None:
raise ValueError("Key and secret must be set.")
def __str__(self):
data = {'oauth_consumer_key': self.key,
'oauth_consumer_secret': self.secret}
return urllib.urlencode(data)
class Token(object):
"""An OAuth credential used to request authorization or a protected
resource.
Tokens in OAuth comprise a *key* and a *secret*. The key is included in
requests to identify the token being used, but the secret is used only in
the signature, to prove that the requester is who the server gave the
token to.
When first negotiating the authorization, the consumer asks for a *request
token* that the live user authorizes with the service provider. The
consumer then exchanges the request token for an *access token* that can
be used to access protected resources.
"""
key = None
secret = None
callback = None
callback_confirmed = None
verifier = None
def __init__(self, key, secret):
self.key = key
self.secret = secret
if self.key is None or self.secret is None:
raise ValueError("Key and secret must be set.")
def set_callback(self, callback):
self.callback = callback
self.callback_confirmed = 'true'
def set_verifier(self, verifier=None):
if verifier is not None:
self.verifier = verifier
else:
self.verifier = generate_verifier()
def get_callback_url(self):
if self.callback and self.verifier:
# Append the oauth_verifier.
parts = urlparse.urlparse(self.callback)
scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = parts[:6]
if query:
query = '%s&oauth_verifier=%s' % (query, self.verifier)
else:
query = 'oauth_verifier=%s' % self.verifier
return urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params,
query, fragment))
return self.callback
def to_string(self):
"""Returns this token as a plain string, suitable for storage.
The resulting string includes the token's secret, so you should never
send or store this string where a third party can read it.
"""
data = {
'oauth_token': self.key,
'oauth_token_secret': self.secret,
}
if self.callback_confirmed is not None:
data['oauth_callback_confirmed'] = self.callback_confirmed
return urllib.urlencode(data)
@staticmethod
def from_string(s):
"""Deserializes a token from a string like one returned by
`to_string()`."""
if not len(s):
raise ValueError("Invalid parameter string.")
params = parse_qs(s, keep_blank_values=False)
if not len(params):
raise ValueError("Invalid parameter string.")
try:
key = params['oauth_token'][0]
except Exception:
raise ValueError("'oauth_token' not found in OAuth request.")
try:
secret = params['oauth_token_secret'][0]
except Exception:
raise ValueError("'oauth_token_secret' not found in "
"OAuth request.")
token = Token(key, secret)
try:
token.callback_confirmed = params['oauth_callback_confirmed'][0]
except KeyError:
pass # 1.0, no callback confirmed.
return token
def __str__(self):
return self.to_string()
def setter(attr):
name = attr.__name__
def getter(self):
try:
return self.__dict__[name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(name)
def deleter(self):
del self.__dict__[name]
return property(getter, attr, deleter)
class Request(dict):
"""The parameters and information for an HTTP request, suitable for
authorizing with OAuth credentials.
When a consumer wants to access a service's protected resources, it does
so using a signed HTTP request identifying itself (the consumer) with its
key, and providing an access token authorized by the end user to access
those resources.
"""
version = VERSION
def __init__(self, method=HTTP_METHOD, url=None, parameters=None):
self.method = method
self.url = url
if parameters is not None:
self.update(parameters)
@setter
def url(self, value):
self.__dict__['url'] = value
if value is not None:
scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse.urlparse(value)
# Exclude default port numbers.
if scheme == 'http' and netloc[-3:] == ':80':
netloc = netloc[:-3]
elif scheme == 'https' and netloc[-4:] == ':443':
netloc = netloc[:-4]
if scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
raise ValueError("Unsupported URL %s (%s)." % (value, scheme))
# Normalized URL excludes params, query, and fragment.
self.normalized_url = urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, None, None, None))
else:
self.normalized_url = None
self.__dict__['url'] = None
@setter
def method(self, value):
self.__dict__['method'] = value.upper()
def _get_timestamp_nonce(self):
return self['oauth_timestamp'], self['oauth_nonce']
def get_nonoauth_parameters(self):
"""Get any non-OAuth parameters."""
return dict([(k, v) for k, v in self.iteritems()
if not k.startswith('oauth_')])
def to_header(self, realm=''):
"""Serialize as a header for an HTTPAuth request."""
oauth_params = ((k, v) for k, v in self.items()
if k.startswith('oauth_'))
stringy_params = ((k, escape(str(v))) for k, v in oauth_params)
header_params = ('%s="%s"' % (k, v) for k, v in stringy_params)
params_header = ', '.join(header_params)
auth_header = 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm
if params_header:
auth_header = "%s, %s" % (auth_header, params_header)
return {'Authorization': auth_header}
def to_postdata(self):
"""Serialize as post data for a POST request."""
# tell urlencode to deal with sequence values and map them correctly
# to resulting querystring. for example self["k"] = ["v1", "v2"] will
# result in 'k=v1&k=v2' and not k=%5B%27v1%27%2C+%27v2%27%5D
return urllib.urlencode(self, True)
def to_url(self):
"""Serialize as a URL for a GET request."""
base_url = urlparse.urlparse(self.url)
query = parse_qs(base_url.query)
for k, v in self.items():
query.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
url = (base_url.scheme, base_url.netloc, base_url.path, base_url.params,
urllib.urlencode(query, True), base_url.fragment)
return urlparse.urlunparse(url)
def get_parameter(self, parameter):
ret = self.get(parameter)
if ret is None:
raise Error('Parameter not found: %s' % parameter)
return ret
def get_normalized_parameters(self):
"""Return a string that contains the parameters that must be signed."""
items = []
for key, value in self.iteritems():
if key == 'oauth_signature':
continue
# 1.0a/9.1.1 states that kvp must be sorted by key, then by value,
# so we unpack sequence values into multiple items for sorting.
if hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
items.extend((key, item) for item in value)
else:
items.append((key, value))
# Include any query string parameters from the provided URL
query = urlparse.urlparse(self.url)[4]
items.extend(self._split_url_string(query).items())
encoded_str = urllib.urlencode(sorted(items))
# Encode signature parameters per Oauth Core 1.0 protocol
# spec draft 7, section 3.6
# (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hammer-oauth-07#section-3.6)
# Spaces must be encoded with "%20" instead of "+"
return encoded_str.replace('+', '%20')
def sign_request(self, signature_method, consumer, token):
"""Set the signature parameter to the result of sign."""
if 'oauth_consumer_key' not in self:
self['oauth_consumer_key'] = consumer.key
if token and 'oauth_token' not in self:
self['oauth_token'] = token.key
self['oauth_signature_method'] = signature_method.name
self['oauth_signature'] = signature_method.sign(self, consumer, token)
@classmethod
def make_timestamp(cls):
"""Get seconds since epoch (UTC)."""
return str(int(time.time()))
@classmethod
def make_nonce(cls):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return str(random.randint(0, 100000000))
@classmethod
def from_request(cls, http_method, http_url, headers=None, parameters=None,
query_string=None):
"""Combines multiple parameter sources."""
if parameters is None:
parameters = {}
# Headers
if headers and 'Authorization' in headers:
auth_header = headers['Authorization']
# Check that the authorization header is OAuth.
if auth_header[:6] == 'OAuth ':
auth_header = auth_header[6:]
try:
# Get the parameters from the header.
header_params = cls._split_header(auth_header)
parameters.update(header_params)
except:
raise Error('Unable to parse OAuth parameters from '
'Authorization header.')
# GET or POST query string.
if query_string:
query_params = cls._split_url_string(query_string)
parameters.update(query_params)
# URL parameters.
param_str = urlparse.urlparse(http_url)[4] # query
url_params = cls._split_url_string(param_str)
parameters.update(url_params)
if parameters:
return cls(http_method, http_url, parameters)
return None
@classmethod
def from_consumer_and_token(cls, consumer, token=None,
http_method=HTTP_METHOD, http_url=None, parameters=None):
if not parameters:
parameters = {}
defaults = {
'oauth_consumer_key': consumer.key,
'oauth_timestamp': cls.make_timestamp(),
'oauth_nonce': cls.make_nonce(),
'oauth_version': cls.version,
}
defaults.update(parameters)
parameters = defaults
if token:
parameters['oauth_token'] = token.key
if token.verifier:
parameters['oauth_verifier'] = token.verifier
return Request(http_method, http_url, parameters)
@classmethod
def from_token_and_callback(cls, token, callback=None,
http_method=HTTP_METHOD, http_url=None, parameters=None):
if not parameters:
parameters = {}
parameters['oauth_token'] = token.key
if callback:
parameters['oauth_callback'] = callback
return cls(http_method, http_url, parameters)
@staticmethod
def _split_header(header):
"""Turn Authorization: header into parameters."""
params = {}
parts = header.split(',')
for param in parts:
# Ignore realm parameter.
if param.find('realm') > -1:
continue
# Remove whitespace.
param = param.strip()
# Split key-value.
param_parts = param.split('=', 1)
# Remove quotes and unescape the value.
params[param_parts[0]] = urllib.unquote(param_parts[1].strip('\"'))
return params
@staticmethod
def _split_url_string(param_str):
"""Turn URL string into parameters."""
parameters = parse_qs(param_str, keep_blank_values=False)
for k, v in parameters.iteritems():
parameters[k] = urllib.unquote(v[0])
return parameters
class Client(httplib2.Http):
"""OAuthClient is a worker to attempt to execute a request."""
def __init__(self, consumer, token=None, cache=None, timeout=None,
proxy_info=None):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
self.consumer = consumer
self.token = token
self.method = SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
httplib2.Http.__init__(self, cache=cache, timeout=timeout,
proxy_info=proxy_info)
def set_signature_method(self, method):
if not isinstance(method, SignatureMethod):
raise ValueError("Invalid signature method.")
self.method = method
def request(self, uri, method="GET", body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS, connection_type=None):
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
if not isinstance(headers, dict):
headers = {}
is_multipart = method == 'POST' and headers.get('Content-Type',
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE) != DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE
if body and method == "POST" and not is_multipart:
parameters = dict(parse_qsl(body))
else:
parameters = None
req = Request.from_consumer_and_token(self.consumer,
token=self.token, http_method=method, http_url=uri,
parameters=parameters)
req.sign_request(self.method, self.consumer, self.token)
if method == "POST":
headers['Content-Type'] = headers.get('Content-Type',
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE)
if is_multipart:
headers.update(req.to_header())
else:
body = req.to_postdata()
elif method == "GET":
uri = req.to_url()
else:
headers.update(req.to_header())
return httplib2.Http.request(self, uri, method=method, body=body,
headers=headers, redirections=redirections,
connection_type=connection_type)
class Server(object):
"""A skeletal implementation of a service provider, providing protected
resources to requests from authorized consumers.
This class implements the logic to check requests for authorization. You
can use it with your web server or web framework to protect certain
resources with OAuth.
"""
timestamp_threshold = 300 # In seconds, five minutes.
version = VERSION
signature_methods = None
def __init__(self, signature_methods=None):
self.signature_methods = signature_methods or {}
def add_signature_method(self, signature_method):
self.signature_methods[signature_method.name] = signature_method
return self.signature_methods
def verify_request(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Verifies an api call and checks all the parameters."""
version = self._get_version(request)
self._check_signature(request, consumer, token)
parameters = request.get_nonoauth_parameters()
return parameters
def build_authenticate_header(self, realm=''):
"""Optional support for the authenticate header."""
return {'WWW-Authenticate': 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm}
def _get_version(self, request):
"""Verify the correct version request for this server."""
try:
version = request.get_parameter('oauth_version')
except:
version = VERSION
if version and version != self.version:
raise Error('OAuth version %s not supported.' % str(version))
return version
def _get_signature_method(self, request):
"""Figure out the signature with some defaults."""
try:
signature_method = request.get_parameter('oauth_signature_method')
except:
signature_method = SIGNATURE_METHOD
try:
# Get the signature method object.
signature_method = self.signature_methods[signature_method]
except:
signature_method_names = ', '.join(self.signature_methods.keys())
raise Error('Signature method %s not supported try one of the following: %s' % (signature_method, signature_method_names))
return signature_method
def _get_verifier(self, request):
return request.get_parameter('oauth_verifier')
def _check_signature(self, request, consumer, token):
timestamp, nonce = request._get_timestamp_nonce()
self._check_timestamp(timestamp)
signature_method = self._get_signature_method(request)
try:
signature = request.get_parameter('oauth_signature')
except:
raise MissingSignature('Missing oauth_signature.')
# Validate the signature.
valid = signature_method.check(request, consumer, token, signature)
if not valid:
key, base = signature_method.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
raise Error('Invalid signature. Expected signature base '
'string: %s' % base)
built = signature_method.sign(request, consumer, token)
def _check_timestamp(self, timestamp):
"""Verify that timestamp is recentish."""
timestamp = int(timestamp)
now = int(time.time())
lapsed = now - timestamp
if lapsed > self.timestamp_threshold:
raise Error('Expired timestamp: given %d and now %s has a '
'greater difference than threshold %d' % (timestamp, now,
self.timestamp_threshold))
class SignatureMethod(object):
"""A way of signing requests.
The OAuth protocol lets consumers and service providers pick a way to sign
requests. This interface shows the methods expected by the other `oauth`
modules for signing requests. Subclass it and implement its methods to
provide a new way to sign requests.
"""
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Calculates the string that needs to be signed.
This method returns a 2-tuple containing the starting key for the
signing and the message to be signed. The latter may be used in error
messages to help clients debug their software.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Returns the signature for the given request, based on the consumer
and token also provided.
You should use your implementation of `signing_base()` to build the
message to sign. Otherwise it may be less useful for debugging.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def check(self, request, consumer, token, signature):
"""Returns whether the given signature is the correct signature for
the given consumer and token signing the given request."""
built = self.sign(request, consumer, token)
return built == signature
class SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1(SignatureMethod):
name = 'HMAC-SHA1'
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
if request.normalized_url is None:
raise ValueError("Base URL for request is not set.")
sig = (
escape(request.method),
escape(request.normalized_url),
escape(request.get_normalized_parameters()),
)
key = '%s&' % escape(consumer.secret)
if token:
key += escape(token.secret)
raw = '&'.join(sig)
return key, raw
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Builds the base signature string."""
key, raw = self.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
# HMAC object.
try:
from hashlib import sha1 as sha
except ImportError:
import sha # Deprecated
hashed = hmac.new(key, raw, sha)
# Calculate the digest base 64.
return binascii.b2a_base64(hashed.digest())[:-1]
class SignatureMethod_PLAINTEXT(SignatureMethod):
name = 'PLAINTEXT'
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Concatenates the consumer key and secret with the token's
secret."""
sig = '%s&' % escape(consumer.secret)
if token:
sig = sig + escape(token.secret)
return sig, sig
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
key, raw = self.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
return raw
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import oauth2
import imaplib
class IMAP4_SSL(imaplib.IMAP4_SSL):
"""IMAP wrapper for imaplib.IMAP4_SSL that implements XOAUTH."""
def authenticate(self, url, consumer, token):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, oauth2.Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, oauth2.Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
imaplib.IMAP4_SSL.authenticate(self, 'XOAUTH',
lambda x: oauth2.build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token))
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import oauth2
import smtplib
import base64
class SMTP(smtplib.SMTP):
"""SMTP wrapper for smtplib.SMTP that implements XOAUTH."""
def authenticate(self, url, consumer, token):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, oauth2.Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, oauth2.Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
self.docmd('AUTH', 'XOAUTH %s' % \
base64.b64encode(oauth2.build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token)))
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
"""Starting template for Google App Engine applications.
Use this project as a starting point if you are just beginning to build a Google
App Engine project. Remember to fill in the OAuth 2.0 client_id and
client_secret which can be obtained from the Developer Console
<https://code.google.com/apis/console/>
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import httplib2
import logging
import os
import pickle
from apiclient.discovery import build
from oauth2client.appengine import OAuth2Decorator
from google.appengine.api import memcache
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import run_wsgi_app
# The client_id and client_secret are copied from the API Access tab on
# the Google APIs Console <http://code.google.com/apis/console>
decorator = OAuth2Decorator(
client_id='837647042410-75ifgipj95q4agpm0cs452mg7i2pn17c.apps.googleusercontent.com',
client_secret='QhxYsjM__u4vy5N0DXUFRwwI',
scope='https://www.googleapis.com/auth/buzz',
user_agent='my-sample-app/1.0')
http = httplib2.Http(memcache)
service = build("buzz", "v1", http=http)
class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
@decorator.oauth_required
def get(self):
http = decorator.http()
followers = service.people().list(
userId='@me', groupId='@followers').execute(http)
self.response.out.write(
'Hello, you have %s followers!' % followers['totalResults'])
def main():
application = webapp.WSGIApplication(
[
('/', MainHandler),
],
debug=True)
run_wsgi_app(application)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Command-line tools for authenticating via OAuth 2.0
Do the OAuth 2.0 Web Server dance for a command line application. Stores the
generated credentials in a common file that is used by other example apps in
the same directory.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = ['run']
import BaseHTTPServer
import gflags
import logging
import socket
import sys
from optparse import OptionParser
from client import FlowExchangeError
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('auth_local_webserver', True,
('Run a local web server to handle redirects during '
'OAuth authorization.'))
gflags.DEFINE_string('auth_host_name', 'localhost',
('Host name to use when running a local web server to '
'handle redirects during OAuth authorization.'))
gflags.DEFINE_multi_int('auth_host_port', [8080, 8090],
('Port to use when running a local web server to '
'handle redirects during OAuth authorization.'))
class ClientRedirectServer(BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer):
"""A server to handle OAuth 2.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into query_params and then stops serving.
"""
query_params = {}
class ClientRedirectHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
"""A handler for OAuth 2.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into the servers query_params and then stops serving.
"""
def do_GET(s):
"""Handle a GET request
Parses the query parameters and prints a message
if the flow has completed. Note that we can't detect
if an error occurred.
"""
s.send_response(200)
s.send_header("Content-type", "text/html")
s.end_headers()
query = s.path.split('?', 1)[-1]
query = dict(parse_qsl(query))
s.server.query_params = query
s.wfile.write("<html><head><title>Authentication Status</title></head>")
s.wfile.write("<body><p>The authentication flow has completed.</p>")
s.wfile.write("</body></html>")
def log_message(self, format, *args):
"""Do not log messages to stdout while running as command line program."""
pass
def run(flow, storage):
"""Core code for a command-line application.
Args:
flow: Flow, an OAuth 2.0 Flow to step through.
storage: Storage, a Storage to store the credential in.
Returns:
Credentials, the obtained credential.
"""
if FLAGS.auth_local_webserver:
success = False
port_number = 0
for port in FLAGS.auth_host_port:
port_number = port
try:
httpd = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer((FLAGS.auth_host_name, port),
ClientRedirectHandler)
except socket.error, e:
pass
else:
success = True
break
FLAGS.auth_local_webserver = success
if FLAGS.auth_local_webserver:
oauth_callback = 'http://%s:%s/' % (FLAGS.auth_host_name, port_number)
else:
oauth_callback = 'oob'
authorize_url = flow.step1_get_authorize_url(oauth_callback)
print 'Go to the following link in your browser:'
print authorize_url
print
if FLAGS.auth_local_webserver:
print 'If your browser is on a different machine then exit and re-run this'
print 'application with the command-line parameter --noauth_local_webserver.'
print
if FLAGS.auth_local_webserver:
httpd.handle_request()
if 'error' in httpd.query_params:
sys.exit('Authentication request was rejected.')
if 'code' in httpd.query_params:
code = httpd.query_params['code']
else:
accepted = 'n'
while accepted.lower() == 'n':
accepted = raw_input('Have you authorized me? (y/n) ')
code = raw_input('What is the verification code? ').strip()
try:
credentials = flow.step2_exchange(code)
except FlowExchangeError:
sys.exit('The authentication has failed.')
storage.put(credentials)
credentials.set_store(storage.put)
print "You have successfully authenticated."
return credentials
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""An OAuth 2.0 client
Tools for interacting with OAuth 2.0 protected
resources.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import copy
import datetime
import httplib2
import logging
import urllib
import urlparse
try: # pragma: no cover
import simplejson
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
try:
# Try to import from django, should work on App Engine
from django.utils import simplejson
except ImportError:
# Should work for Python2.6 and higher.
import json as simplejson
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
class Error(Exception):
"""Base error for this module."""
pass
class FlowExchangeError(Error):
"""Error trying to exchange an authorization grant for an access token."""
pass
class AccessTokenRefreshError(Error):
"""Error trying to refresh an expired access token."""
pass
class AccessTokenCredentialsError(Error):
"""Having only the access_token means no refresh is possible."""
pass
def _abstract():
raise NotImplementedError('You need to override this function')
class Credentials(object):
"""Base class for all Credentials objects.
Subclasses must define an authorize() method
that applies the credentials to an HTTP transport.
"""
def authorize(self, http):
"""Take an httplib2.Http instance (or equivalent) and
authorizes it for the set of credentials, usually by
replacing http.request() with a method that adds in
the appropriate headers and then delegates to the original
Http.request() method.
"""
_abstract()
class Flow(object):
"""Base class for all Flow objects."""
pass
class Storage(object):
"""Base class for all Storage objects.
Store and retrieve a single credential.
"""
def get(self):
"""Retrieve credential.
Returns:
oauth2client.client.Credentials
"""
_abstract()
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a credential.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
_abstract()
class OAuth2Credentials(Credentials):
"""Credentials object for OAuth 2.0
Credentials can be applied to an httplib2.Http object using the authorize()
method, which then signs each request from that object with the OAuth 2.0
access token.
OAuth2Credentials objects may be safely pickled and unpickled.
"""
def __init__(self, access_token, client_id, client_secret, refresh_token,
token_expiry, token_uri, user_agent):
"""Create an instance of OAuth2Credentials
This constructor is not usually called by the user, instead
OAuth2Credentials objects are instantiated by the OAuth2WebServerFlow.
Args:
token_uri: string, URI of token endpoint.
client_id: string, client identifier.
client_secret: string, client secret.
access_token: string, access token.
token_expiry: datetime, when the access_token expires.
refresh_token: string, refresh token.
user_agent: string, The HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
Notes:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
This is needed to store the latest access_token if it
has expired and been refreshed.
"""
self.access_token = access_token
self.client_id = client_id
self.client_secret = client_secret
self.refresh_token = refresh_token
self.store = None
self.token_expiry = token_expiry
self.token_uri = token_uri
self.user_agent = user_agent
# True if the credentials have been revoked or expired and can't be
# refreshed.
self._invalid = False
@property
def invalid(self):
"""True if the credentials are invalid, such as being revoked."""
return getattr(self, '_invalid', False)
def set_store(self, store):
"""Set the storage for the credential.
Args:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
This is needed to store the latest access_token if it
has expired and been refreshed.
"""
self.store = store
def __getstate__(self):
"""Trim the state down to something that can be pickled.
"""
d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
del d['store']
return d
def __setstate__(self, state):
"""Reconstitute the state of the object from being pickled.
"""
self.__dict__.update(state)
self.store = None
def _refresh(self, http_request):
"""Refresh the access_token using the refresh_token.
Args:
http: An instance of httplib2.Http.request
or something that acts like it.
"""
body = urllib.urlencode({
'grant_type': 'refresh_token',
'client_id': self.client_id,
'client_secret': self.client_secret,
'refresh_token' : self.refresh_token
})
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
logging.info("Refresing access_token")
resp, content = http_request(
self.token_uri, method='POST', body=body, headers=headers)
if resp.status == 200:
# TODO(jcgregorio) Raise an error if loads fails?
d = simplejson.loads(content)
self.access_token = d['access_token']
self.refresh_token = d.get('refresh_token', self.refresh_token)
if 'expires_in' in d:
self.token_expiry = datetime.timedelta(
seconds = int(d['expires_in'])) + datetime.datetime.now()
else:
self.token_expiry = None
if self.store is not None:
self.store(self)
else:
# An {'error':...} response body means the token is expired or revoked, so
# we flag the credentials as such.
logging.error('Failed to retrieve access token: %s' % content)
error_msg = 'Invalid response %s.' % resp['status']
try:
d = simplejson.loads(content)
if 'error' in d:
error_msg = d['error']
self._invalid = True
if self.store is not None:
self.store(self)
else:
logging.warning("Unable to store refreshed credentials, no Storage provided.")
except:
pass
raise AccessTokenRefreshError(error_msg)
def authorize(self, http):
"""Authorize an httplib2.Http instance with these credentials.
Args:
http: An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = credentials.authorize(h)
You can't create a new OAuth
subclass of httplib2.Authenication because
it never gets passed the absolute URI, which is
needed for signing. So instead we have to overload
'request' with a closure that adds in the
Authorization header and then calls the original version
of 'request()'.
"""
request_orig = http.request
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
if headers == None:
headers = {}
headers['authorization'] = 'OAuth ' + self.access_token
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
else:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
if resp.status == 401:
logging.info("Refreshing because we got a 401")
self._refresh(request_orig)
headers['authorization'] = 'OAuth ' + self.access_token
return request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
else:
return (resp, content)
http.request = new_request
return http
class AccessTokenCredentials(OAuth2Credentials):
"""Credentials object for OAuth 2.0
Credentials can be applied to an httplib2.Http object using the authorize()
method, which then signs each request from that object with the OAuth 2.0
access token. This set of credentials is for the use case where you have
acquired an OAuth 2.0 access_token from another place such as a JavaScript
client or another web application, and wish to use it from Python. Because
only the access_token is present it can not be refreshed and will in time
expire.
AccessTokenCredentials objects may be safely pickled and unpickled.
Usage:
credentials = AccessTokenCredentials('<an access token>',
'my-user-agent/1.0')
http = httplib2.Http()
http = credentials.authorize(http)
Exceptions:
AccessTokenCredentialsExpired: raised when the access_token expires or is
revoked.
"""
def __init__(self, access_token, user_agent):
"""Create an instance of OAuth2Credentials
This is one of the few types if Credentials that you should contrust,
Credentials objects are usually instantiated by a Flow.
Args:
access_token: string, access token.
user_agent: string, The HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
Notes:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
"""
super(AccessTokenCredentials, self).__init__(
access_token,
None,
None,
None,
None,
None,
user_agent)
def _refresh(self, http_request):
raise AccessTokenCredentialsError(
"The access_token is expired or invalid and can't be refreshed.")
class OAuth2WebServerFlow(Flow):
"""Does the Web Server Flow for OAuth 2.0.
OAuth2Credentials objects may be safely pickled and unpickled.
"""
def __init__(self, client_id, client_secret, scope, user_agent,
auth_uri='https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth',
token_uri='https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token',
**kwargs):
"""Constructor for OAuth2WebServerFlow
Args:
client_id: string, client identifier.
client_secret: string client secret.
scope: string, scope of the credentials being requested.
user_agent: string, HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
auth_uri: string, URI for authorization endpoint. For convenience
defaults to Google's endpoints but any OAuth 2.0 provider can be used.
token_uri: string, URI for token endpoint. For convenience
defaults to Google's endpoints but any OAuth 2.0 provider can be used.
**kwargs: dict, The keyword arguments are all optional and required
parameters for the OAuth calls.
"""
self.client_id = client_id
self.client_secret = client_secret
self.scope = scope
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.auth_uri = auth_uri
self.token_uri = token_uri
self.params = kwargs
self.redirect_uri = None
def step1_get_authorize_url(self, redirect_uri='oob'):
"""Returns a URI to redirect to the provider.
Args:
redirect_uri: string, Either the string 'oob' for a non-web-based
application, or a URI that handles the callback from
the authorization server.
If redirect_uri is 'oob' then pass in the
generated verification code to step2_exchange,
otherwise pass in the query parameters received
at the callback uri to step2_exchange.
"""
self.redirect_uri = redirect_uri
query = {
'response_type': 'code',
'client_id': self.client_id,
'redirect_uri': redirect_uri,
'scope': self.scope,
}
query.update(self.params)
parts = list(urlparse.urlparse(self.auth_uri))
query.update(dict(parse_qsl(parts[4]))) # 4 is the index of the query part
parts[4] = urllib.urlencode(query)
return urlparse.urlunparse(parts)
def step2_exchange(self, code, http=None):
"""Exhanges a code for OAuth2Credentials.
Args:
code: string or dict, either the code as a string, or a dictionary
of the query parameters to the redirect_uri, which contains
the code.
http: httplib2.Http, optional http instance to use to do the fetch
"""
if not (isinstance(code, str) or isinstance(code, unicode)):
code = code['code']
body = urllib.urlencode({
'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
'client_id': self.client_id,
'client_secret': self.client_secret,
'code': code,
'redirect_uri': self.redirect_uri,
'scope': self.scope
})
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
if http is None:
http = httplib2.Http()
resp, content = http.request(self.token_uri, method='POST', body=body, headers=headers)
if resp.status == 200:
# TODO(jcgregorio) Raise an error if simplejson.loads fails?
d = simplejson.loads(content)
access_token = d['access_token']
refresh_token = d.get('refresh_token', None)
token_expiry = None
if 'expires_in' in d:
token_expiry = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds = int(d['expires_in']))
logging.info('Successfully retrieved access token: %s' % content)
return OAuth2Credentials(access_token, self.client_id, self.client_secret,
refresh_token, token_expiry, self.token_uri,
self.user_agent)
else:
logging.error('Failed to retrieve access token: %s' % content)
error_msg = 'Invalid response %s.' % resp['status']
try:
d = simplejson.loads(content)
if 'error' in d:
error_msg = d['error']
except:
pass
raise FlowExchangeError(error_msg)
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for OAuth.
Utilities for making it easier to work with OAuth 2.0
credentials.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import pickle
import threading
from client import Storage as BaseStorage
class Storage(BaseStorage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from a file."""
def __init__(self, filename):
self._filename = filename
self._lock = threading.Lock()
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from file.
Returns:
oauth2client.client.Credentials
"""
self._lock.acquire()
try:
f = open(self._filename, 'r')
credentials = pickle.loads(f.read())
f.close()
credentials.set_store(self.put)
except:
credentials = None
self._lock.release()
return credentials
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a pickled Credentials to file.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
self._lock.acquire()
f = open(self._filename, 'w')
f.write(pickle.dumps(credentials))
f.close()
self._lock.release()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""OAuth 2.0 utilities for Django.
Utilities for using OAuth 2.0 in conjunction with
the Django datastore.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import oauth2client
import base64
import pickle
from django.db import models
from oauth2client.client import Storage as BaseStorage
class CredentialsField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self, connection=None):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
if not value:
return None
if isinstance(value, oauth2client.client.Credentials):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
class FlowField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self, connection=None):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, oauth2client.client.Flow):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
class Storage(BaseStorage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from
the datastore.
This Storage helper presumes the Credentials
have been stored as a CredenialsField
on a db model class.
"""
def __init__(self, model_class, key_name, key_value, property_name):
"""Constructor for Storage.
Args:
model: db.Model, model class
key_name: string, key name for the entity that has the credentials
key_value: string, key value for the entity that has the credentials
property_name: string, name of the property that is an CredentialsProperty
"""
self.model_class = model_class
self.key_name = key_name
self.key_value = key_value
self.property_name = property_name
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from datastore.
Returns:
oauth2client.Credentials
"""
credential = None
query = {self.key_name: self.key_value}
entities = self.model_class.objects.filter(**query)
if len(entities) > 0:
credential = getattr(entities[0], self.property_name)
if credential and hasattr(credential, 'set_store'):
credential.set_store(self.put)
return credential
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a Credentials to the datastore.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
args = {self.key_name: self.key_value}
entity = self.model_class(**args)
setattr(entity, self.property_name, credentials)
entity.save()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for Google App Engine
Utilities for making it easier to use OAuth 2.0 on Google App Engine.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import httplib2
import pickle
from client import AccessTokenRefreshError
from client import Credentials
from client import Flow
from client import OAuth2WebServerFlow
from client import Storage
from google.appengine.api import memcache
from google.appengine.api import users
from google.appengine.ext import db
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import login_required
from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import run_wsgi_app
OAUTH2CLIENT_NAMESPACE = 'oauth2client#ns'
class FlowProperty(db.Property):
"""App Engine datastore Property for Flow.
Utility property that allows easy storage and retreival of an
oauth2client.Flow"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = Flow
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
flow = super(FlowProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(flow))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, Flow):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to a FlowThreeLegged instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(FlowProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class CredentialsProperty(db.Property):
"""App Engine datastore Property for Credentials.
Utility property that allows easy storage and retrieval of
oath2client.Credentials
"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = Credentials
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
cred = super(CredentialsProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(cred))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, Credentials):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to an Credentials instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(CredentialsProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class StorageByKeyName(Storage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from
the App Engine datastore.
This Storage helper presumes the Credentials
have been stored as a CredenialsProperty
on a datastore model class, and that entities
are stored by key_name.
"""
def __init__(self, model, key_name, property_name, cache=None):
"""Constructor for Storage.
Args:
model: db.Model, model class
key_name: string, key name for the entity that has the credentials
property_name: string, name of the property that is an CredentialsProperty
cache: memcache, a write-through cache to put in front of the datastore
"""
self._model = model
self._key_name = key_name
self._property_name = property_name
self._cache = cache
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from datastore.
Returns:
oauth2client.Credentials
"""
if self._cache:
credential = self._cache.get(self._key_name)
if credential:
return pickle.loads(credential)
entity = self._model.get_or_insert(self._key_name)
credential = getattr(entity, self._property_name)
if credential and hasattr(credential, 'set_store'):
credential.set_store(self.put)
if self._cache:
self._cache.set(self._key_name, pickle.dumps(credentials))
return credential
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a Credentials to the datastore.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
entity = self._model.get_or_insert(self._key_name)
setattr(entity, self._property_name, credentials)
entity.put()
if self._cache:
self._cache.set(self._key_name, pickle.dumps(credentials))
class CredentialsModel(db.Model):
"""Storage for OAuth 2.0 Credentials
Storage of the model is keyed by the user.user_id().
"""
credentials = CredentialsProperty()
class OAuth2Decorator(object):
"""Utility for making OAuth 2.0 easier.
Instantiate and then use with oauth_required or oauth_aware
as decorators on webapp.RequestHandler methods.
Example:
decorator = OAuth2Decorator(
client_id='837...ent.com',
client_secret='Qh...wwI',
scope='https://www.googleapis.com/auth/buzz',
user_agent='my-sample-app/1.0')
class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
@decorator.oauth_required
def get(self):
http = decorator.http()
# http is authorized with the user's Credentials and can be used
# in API calls
"""
def __init__(self, client_id, client_secret, scope, user_agent,
auth_uri='https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth',
token_uri='https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token'):
"""Constructor for OAuth2Decorator
Args:
client_id: string, client identifier.
client_secret: string client secret.
scope: string, scope of the credentials being requested.
user_agent: string, HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
auth_uri: string, URI for authorization endpoint. For convenience
defaults to Google's endpoints but any OAuth 2.0 provider can be used.
token_uri: string, URI for token endpoint. For convenience
defaults to Google's endpoints but any OAuth 2.0 provider can be used.
"""
self.flow = OAuth2WebServerFlow(client_id, client_secret, scope, user_agent,
auth_uri, token_uri)
self.credentials = None
self._request_handler = None
def oauth_required(self, method):
"""Decorator that starts the OAuth 2.0 dance.
Starts the OAuth dance for the logged in user if they haven't already
granted access for this application.
Args:
method: callable, to be decorated method of a webapp.RequestHandler
instance.
"""
@login_required
def check_oauth(request_handler, *args):
# Store the request URI in 'state' so we can use it later
self.flow.params['state'] = request_handler.request.url
self._request_handler = request_handler
user = users.get_current_user()
self.credentials = StorageByKeyName(
CredentialsModel, user.user_id(), 'credentials').get()
if not self.has_credentials():
return request_handler.redirect(self.authorize_url())
try:
method(request_handler, *args)
except AccessTokenRefreshError:
return request_handler.redirect(self.authorize_url())
return check_oauth
def oauth_aware(self, method):
"""Decorator that sets up for OAuth 2.0 dance, but doesn't do it.
Does all the setup for the OAuth dance, but doesn't initiate it.
This decorator is useful if you want to create a page that knows
whether or not the user has granted access to this application.
From within a method decorated with @oauth_aware the has_credentials()
and authorize_url() methods can be called.
Args:
method: callable, to be decorated method of a webapp.RequestHandler
instance.
"""
@login_required
def setup_oauth(request_handler, *args):
self.flow.params['state'] = request_handler.request.url
self._request_handler = request_handler
user = users.get_current_user()
self.credentials = StorageByKeyName(
CredentialsModel, user.user_id(), 'credentials').get()
method(request_handler, *args)
return setup_oauth
def has_credentials(self):
"""True if for the logged in user there are valid access Credentials.
Must only be called from with a webapp.RequestHandler subclassed method
that had been decorated with either @oauth_required or @oauth_aware.
"""
return self.credentials is not None and not self.credentials.invalid
def authorize_url(self):
"""Returns the URL to start the OAuth dance.
Must only be called from with a webapp.RequestHandler subclassed method
that had been decorated with either @oauth_required or @oauth_aware.
"""
callback = self._request_handler.request.relative_url('/oauth2callback')
url = self.flow.step1_get_authorize_url(callback)
user = users.get_current_user()
memcache.set(user.user_id(), pickle.dumps(self.flow),
namespace=OAUTH2CLIENT_NAMESPACE)
return url
def http(self):
"""Returns an authorized http instance.
Must only be called from within an @oauth_required decorated method, or
from within an @oauth_aware decorated method where has_credentials()
returns True.
"""
return self.credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http())
class OAuth2Handler(webapp.RequestHandler):
"""Handler for the redirect_uri of the OAuth 2.0 dance."""
@login_required
def get(self):
error = self.request.get('error')
if error:
errormsg = self.request.get('error_description', error)
self.response.out.write('The authorization request failed: %s' % errormsg)
else:
user = users.get_current_user()
flow = pickle.loads(memcache.get(user.user_id(), namespace=OAUTH2CLIENT_NAMESPACE))
# This code should be ammended with application specific error
# handling. The following cases should be considered:
# 1. What if the flow doesn't exist in memcache? Or is corrupt?
# 2. What if the step2_exchange fails?
if flow:
credentials = flow.step2_exchange(self.request.params)
StorageByKeyName(
CredentialsModel, user.user_id(), 'credentials').put(credentials)
self.redirect(self.request.get('state'))
else:
# TODO Add error handling here.
pass
application = webapp.WSGIApplication([('/oauth2callback', OAuth2Handler)])
def main():
run_wsgi_app(application)
#
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Classes to encapsulate a single HTTP request.
The classes implement a command pattern, with every
object supporting an execute() method that does the
actuall HTTP request.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = [
'HttpRequest', 'RequestMockBuilder', 'HttpMock'
'set_user_agent', 'tunnel_patch'
]
import httplib2
import os
from model import JsonModel
from errors import HttpError
from anyjson import simplejson
class HttpRequest(object):
"""Encapsulates a single HTTP request.
"""
def __init__(self, http, postproc, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
methodId=None):
"""Constructor for an HttpRequest.
Args:
http: httplib2.Http, the transport object to use to make a request
postproc: callable, called on the HTTP response and content to transform
it into a data object before returning, or raising an exception
on an error.
uri: string, the absolute URI to send the request to
method: string, the HTTP method to use
body: string, the request body of the HTTP request
headers: dict, the HTTP request headers
methodId: string, a unique identifier for the API method being called.
"""
self.uri = uri
self.method = method
self.body = body
self.headers = headers or {}
self.http = http
self.postproc = postproc
def execute(self, http=None):
"""Execute the request.
Args:
http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used in place of the
one the HttpRequest request object was constructed with.
Returns:
A deserialized object model of the response body as determined
by the postproc.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
httplib2.Error if a transport error has occured.
"""
if http is None:
http = self.http
resp, content = http.request(self.uri, self.method,
body=self.body,
headers=self.headers)
if resp.status >= 300:
raise HttpError(resp, content, self.uri)
return self.postproc(resp, content)
class HttpRequestMock(object):
"""Mock of HttpRequest.
Do not construct directly, instead use RequestMockBuilder.
"""
def __init__(self, resp, content, postproc):
"""Constructor for HttpRequestMock
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the response to emulate coming from the request
content: string, the response body
postproc: callable, the post processing function usually supplied by
the model class. See model.JsonModel.response() as an example.
"""
self.resp = resp
self.content = content
self.postproc = postproc
if resp is None:
self.resp = httplib2.Response({'status': 200, 'reason': 'OK'})
if 'reason' in self.resp:
self.resp.reason = self.resp['reason']
def execute(self, http=None):
"""Execute the request.
Same behavior as HttpRequest.execute(), but the response is
mocked and not really from an HTTP request/response.
"""
return self.postproc(self.resp, self.content)
class RequestMockBuilder(object):
"""A simple mock of HttpRequest
Pass in a dictionary to the constructor that maps request methodIds to
tuples of (httplib2.Response, content) that should be returned when that
method is called. None may also be passed in for the httplib2.Response, in
which case a 200 OK response will be generated.
Example:
response = '{"data": {"id": "tag:google.c...'
requestBuilder = RequestMockBuilder(
{
'chili.activities.get': (None, response),
}
)
apiclient.discovery.build("buzz", "v1", requestBuilder=requestBuilder)
Methods that you do not supply a response for will return a
200 OK with an empty string as the response content. The methodId
is taken from the rpcName in the discovery document.
For more details see the project wiki.
"""
def __init__(self, responses):
"""Constructor for RequestMockBuilder
The constructed object should be a callable object
that can replace the class HttpResponse.
responses - A dictionary that maps methodIds into tuples
of (httplib2.Response, content). The methodId
comes from the 'rpcName' field in the discovery
document.
"""
self.responses = responses
def __call__(self, http, postproc, uri, method='GET', body=None,
headers=None, methodId=None):
"""Implements the callable interface that discovery.build() expects
of requestBuilder, which is to build an object compatible with
HttpRequest.execute(). See that method for the description of the
parameters and the expected response.
"""
if methodId in self.responses:
resp, content = self.responses[methodId]
return HttpRequestMock(resp, content, postproc)
else:
model = JsonModel(False)
return HttpRequestMock(None, '{}', model.response)
class HttpMock(object):
"""Mock of httplib2.Http"""
def __init__(self, filename, headers=None):
"""
Args:
filename: string, absolute filename to read response from
headers: dict, header to return with response
"""
if headers is None:
headers = {'status': '200 OK'}
f = file(filename, 'r')
self.data = f.read()
f.close()
self.headers = headers
def request(self, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
redirections=1,
connection_type=None):
return httplib2.Response(self.headers), self.data
class HttpMockSequence(object):
"""Mock of httplib2.Http
Mocks a sequence of calls to request returning different responses for each
call. Create an instance initialized with the desired response headers
and content and then use as if an httplib2.Http instance.
http = HttpMockSequence([
({'status': '401'}, ''),
({'status': '200'}, '{"access_token":"1/3w","expires_in":3600}'),
({'status': '200'}, 'echo_request_headers'),
])
resp, content = http.request("http://examples.com")
There are special values you can pass in for content to trigger
behavours that are helpful in testing.
'echo_request_headers' means return the request headers in the response body
'echo_request_headers_as_json' means return the request headers in
the response body
'echo_request_body' means return the request body in the response body
"""
def __init__(self, iterable):
"""
Args:
iterable: iterable, a sequence of pairs of (headers, body)
"""
self._iterable = iterable
def request(self, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
redirections=1,
connection_type=None):
resp, content = self._iterable.pop(0)
if content == 'echo_request_headers':
content = headers
elif content == 'echo_request_headers_as_json':
content = simplejson.dumps(headers)
elif content == 'echo_request_body':
content = body
return httplib2.Response(resp), content
def set_user_agent(http, user_agent):
"""Set the user-agent on every request.
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
user_agent: string, the value for the user-agent header.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = set_user_agent(h, "my-app-name/6.0")
Most of the time the user-agent will be set doing auth, this is for the rare
cases where you are accessing an unauthenticated endpoint.
"""
request_orig = http.request
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
if headers is None:
headers = {}
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] = user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
else:
headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
def tunnel_patch(http):
"""Tunnel PATCH requests over POST.
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = tunnel_patch(h, "my-app-name/6.0")
Useful if you are running on a platform that doesn't support PATCH.
Apply this last if you are using OAuth 1.0, as changing the method
will result in a different signature.
"""
request_orig = http.request
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
if headers is None:
headers = {}
if method == 'PATCH':
if 'oauth_token' in headers.get('authorization', ''):
logging.warning(
'OAuth 1.0 request made with Credentials after tunnel_patch.')
headers['x-http-method-override'] = "PATCH"
method = 'POST'
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for OAuth.
Utilities for making it easier to work with OAuth.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import copy
import httplib2
import logging
import oauth2 as oauth
import urllib
import urlparse
from anyjson import simplejson
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
class Error(Exception):
"""Base error for this module."""
pass
class RequestError(Error):
"""Error occurred during request."""
pass
class MissingParameter(Error):
pass
class CredentialsInvalidError(Error):
pass
def _abstract():
raise NotImplementedError('You need to override this function')
def _oauth_uri(name, discovery, params):
"""Look up the OAuth URI from the discovery
document and add query parameters based on
params.
name - The name of the OAuth URI to lookup, one
of 'request', 'access', or 'authorize'.
discovery - Portion of discovery document the describes
the OAuth endpoints.
params - Dictionary that is used to form the query parameters
for the specified URI.
"""
if name not in ['request', 'access', 'authorize']:
raise KeyError(name)
keys = discovery[name]['parameters'].keys()
query = {}
for key in keys:
if key in params:
query[key] = params[key]
return discovery[name]['url'] + '?' + urllib.urlencode(query)
class Credentials(object):
"""Base class for all Credentials objects.
Subclasses must define an authorize() method
that applies the credentials to an HTTP transport.
"""
def authorize(self, http):
"""Take an httplib2.Http instance (or equivalent) and
authorizes it for the set of credentials, usually by
replacing http.request() with a method that adds in
the appropriate headers and then delegates to the original
Http.request() method.
"""
_abstract()
class Flow(object):
"""Base class for all Flow objects."""
pass
class Storage(object):
"""Base class for all Storage objects.
Store and retrieve a single credential.
"""
def get(self):
"""Retrieve credential.
Returns:
apiclient.oauth.Credentials
"""
_abstract()
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a credential.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
_abstract()
class OAuthCredentials(Credentials):
"""Credentials object for OAuth 1.0a
"""
def __init__(self, consumer, token, user_agent):
"""
consumer - An instance of oauth.Consumer.
token - An instance of oauth.Token constructed with
the access token and secret.
user_agent - The HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
"""
self.consumer = consumer
self.token = token
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.store = None
# True if the credentials have been revoked
self._invalid = False
@property
def invalid(self):
"""True if the credentials are invalid, such as being revoked."""
return getattr(self, "_invalid", False)
def set_store(self, store):
"""Set the storage for the credential.
Args:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
This is needed to store the latest access_token if it
has been revoked.
"""
self.store = store
def __getstate__(self):
"""Trim the state down to something that can be pickled."""
d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
del d['store']
return d
def __setstate__(self, state):
"""Reconstitute the state of the object from being pickled."""
self.__dict__.update(state)
self.store = None
def authorize(self, http):
"""
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = credentials.authorize(h)
You can't create a new OAuth
subclass of httplib2.Authenication because
it never gets passed the absolute URI, which is
needed for signing. So instead we have to overload
'request' with a closure that adds in the
Authorization header and then calls the original version
of 'request()'.
"""
request_orig = http.request
signer = oauth.SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
response_code = 302
http.follow_redirects = False
while response_code in [301, 302]:
req = oauth.Request.from_consumer_and_token(
self.consumer, self.token, http_method=method, http_url=uri)
req.sign_request(signer, self.consumer, self.token)
if headers is None:
headers = {}
headers.update(req.to_header())
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
else:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
response_code = resp.status
if response_code in [301, 302]:
uri = resp['location']
# Update the stored credential if it becomes invalid.
if response_code == 401:
logging.info('Access token no longer valid: %s' % content)
self._invalid = True
if self.store is not None:
self.store(self)
raise CredentialsInvalidError("Credentials are no longer valid.")
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
class FlowThreeLegged(Flow):
"""Does the Three Legged Dance for OAuth 1.0a.
"""
def __init__(self, discovery, consumer_key, consumer_secret, user_agent,
**kwargs):
"""
discovery - Section of the API discovery document that describes
the OAuth endpoints.
consumer_key - OAuth consumer key
consumer_secret - OAuth consumer secret
user_agent - The HTTP User-Agent that identifies the application.
**kwargs - The keyword arguments are all optional and required
parameters for the OAuth calls.
"""
self.discovery = discovery
self.consumer_key = consumer_key
self.consumer_secret = consumer_secret
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.params = kwargs
self.request_token = {}
required = {}
for uriinfo in discovery.itervalues():
for name, value in uriinfo['parameters'].iteritems():
if value['required'] and not name.startswith('oauth_'):
required[name] = 1
for key in required.iterkeys():
if key not in self.params:
raise MissingParameter('Required parameter %s not supplied' % key)
def step1_get_authorize_url(self, oauth_callback='oob'):
"""Returns a URI to redirect to the provider.
oauth_callback - Either the string 'oob' for a non-web-based application,
or a URI that handles the callback from the authorization
server.
If oauth_callback is 'oob' then pass in the
generated verification code to step2_exchange,
otherwise pass in the query parameters received
at the callback uri to step2_exchange.
"""
consumer = oauth.Consumer(self.consumer_key, self.consumer_secret)
client = oauth.Client(consumer)
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
body = urllib.urlencode({'oauth_callback': oauth_callback})
uri = _oauth_uri('request', self.discovery, self.params)
resp, content = client.request(uri, 'POST', headers=headers,
body=body)
if resp['status'] != '200':
logging.error('Failed to retrieve temporary authorization: %s', content)
raise RequestError('Invalid response %s.' % resp['status'])
self.request_token = dict(parse_qsl(content))
auth_params = copy.copy(self.params)
auth_params['oauth_token'] = self.request_token['oauth_token']
return _oauth_uri('authorize', self.discovery, auth_params)
def step2_exchange(self, verifier):
"""Exhanges an authorized request token
for OAuthCredentials.
Args:
verifier: string, dict - either the verifier token, or a dictionary
of the query parameters to the callback, which contains
the oauth_verifier.
Returns:
The Credentials object.
"""
if not (isinstance(verifier, str) or isinstance(verifier, unicode)):
verifier = verifier['oauth_verifier']
token = oauth.Token(
self.request_token['oauth_token'],
self.request_token['oauth_token_secret'])
token.set_verifier(verifier)
consumer = oauth.Consumer(self.consumer_key, self.consumer_secret)
client = oauth.Client(consumer, token)
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
uri = _oauth_uri('access', self.discovery, self.params)
resp, content = client.request(uri, 'POST', headers=headers)
if resp['status'] != '200':
logging.error('Failed to retrieve access token: %s', content)
raise RequestError('Invalid response %s.' % resp['status'])
oauth_params = dict(parse_qsl(content))
token = oauth.Token(
oauth_params['oauth_token'],
oauth_params['oauth_token_secret'])
return OAuthCredentials(consumer, token, self.user_agent)
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
#
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Model objects for requests and responses.
Each API may support one or more serializations, such
as JSON, Atom, etc. The model classes are responsible
for converting between the wire format and the Python
object representation.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import gflags
import logging
import urllib
from anyjson import simplejson
from errors import HttpError
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('dump_request_response', False,
'Dump all http server requests and responses. '
)
def _abstract():
raise NotImplementedError('You need to override this function')
class Model(object):
"""Model base class.
All Model classes should implement this interface.
The Model serializes and de-serializes between a wire
format such as JSON and a Python object representation.
"""
def request(self, headers, path_params, query_params, body_value):
"""Updates outgoing requests with a serialized body.
Args:
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query_params: dict, parameters that appear in the query
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object, which must be
serializable.
Returns:
A tuple of (headers, path_params, query, body)
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query: string, query part of the request URI
body: string, the body serialized in the desired wire format.
"""
_abstract()
def response(self, resp, content):
"""Convert the response wire format into a Python object.
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the HTTP response headers and status
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if a non 2xx response is received.
"""
_abstract()
class BaseModel(Model):
"""Base model class.
Subclasses should provide implementations for the "serialize" and
"deserialize" methods, as well as values for the following class attributes.
Attributes:
accept: The value to use for the HTTP Accept header.
content_type: The value to use for the HTTP Content-type header.
no_content_response: The value to return when deserializing a 204 "No
Content" response.
alt_param: The value to supply as the "alt" query parameter for requests.
"""
accept = None
content_type = None
no_content_response = None
alt_param = None
def _log_request(self, headers, path_params, query, body):
"""Logs debugging information about the request if requested."""
if FLAGS.dump_request_response:
logging.info('--request-start--')
logging.info('-headers-start-')
for h, v in headers.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
logging.info('-headers-end-')
logging.info('-path-parameters-start-')
for h, v in path_params.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
logging.info('-path-parameters-end-')
logging.info('body: %s', body)
logging.info('query: %s', query)
logging.info('--request-end--')
def request(self, headers, path_params, query_params, body_value):
"""Updates outgoing requests with a serialized body.
Args:
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query_params: dict, parameters that appear in the query
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object, which must be
serializable by simplejson.
Returns:
A tuple of (headers, path_params, query, body)
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query: string, query part of the request URI
body: string, the body serialized as JSON
"""
query = self._build_query(query_params)
headers['accept'] = self.accept
headers['accept-encoding'] = 'gzip, deflate'
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] += ' '
else:
headers['user-agent'] = ''
headers['user-agent'] += 'google-api-python-client/1.0'
if body_value is not None:
headers['content-type'] = self.content_type
body_value = self.serialize(body_value)
self._log_request(headers, path_params, query, body_value)
return (headers, path_params, query, body_value)
def _build_query(self, params):
"""Builds a query string.
Args:
params: dict, the query parameters
Returns:
The query parameters properly encoded into an HTTP URI query string.
"""
params.update({'alt': self.alt_param})
astuples = []
for key, value in params.iteritems():
if type(value) == type([]):
for x in value:
x = x.encode('utf-8')
astuples.append((key, x))
else:
if getattr(value, 'encode', False) and callable(value.encode):
value = value.encode('utf-8')
astuples.append((key, value))
return '?' + urllib.urlencode(astuples)
def _log_response(self, resp, content):
"""Logs debugging information about the response if requested."""
if FLAGS.dump_request_response:
logging.info('--response-start--')
for h, v in resp.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
if content:
logging.info(content)
logging.info('--response-end--')
def response(self, resp, content):
"""Convert the response wire format into a Python object.
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the HTTP response headers and status
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if a non 2xx response is received.
"""
self._log_response(resp, content)
# Error handling is TBD, for example, do we retry
# for some operation/error combinations?
if resp.status < 300:
if resp.status == 204:
# A 204: No Content response should be treated differently
# to all the other success states
return self.no_content_response
return self.deserialize(content)
else:
logging.debug('Content from bad request was: %s' % content)
raise HttpError(resp, content)
def serialize(self, body_value):
"""Perform the actual Python object serialization.
Args:
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object.
Returns:
string, the body in serialized form.
"""
_abstract()
def deserialize(self, content):
"""Perform the actual deserialization from response string to Python object.
Args:
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
"""
_abstract()
class JsonModel(BaseModel):
"""Model class for JSON.
Serializes and de-serializes between JSON and the Python
object representation of HTTP request and response bodies.
"""
accept = 'application/json'
content_type = 'application/json'
alt_param = 'json'
def __init__(self, data_wrapper=False):
"""Construct a JsonModel.
Args:
data_wrapper: boolean, wrap requests and responses in a data wrapper
"""
self._data_wrapper = data_wrapper
def serialize(self, body_value):
if (isinstance(body_value, dict) and 'data' not in body_value and
self._data_wrapper):
body_value = {'data': body_value}
return simplejson.dumps(body_value)
def deserialize(self, content):
body = simplejson.loads(content)
if isinstance(body, dict) and 'data' in body:
body = body['data']
return body
@property
def no_content_response(self):
return {}
class ProtocolBufferModel(BaseModel):
"""Model class for protocol buffers.
Serializes and de-serializes the binary protocol buffer sent in the HTTP
request and response bodies.
"""
accept = 'application/x-protobuf'
content_type = 'application/x-protobuf'
alt_param = 'proto'
def __init__(self, protocol_buffer):
"""Constructs a ProtocolBufferModel.
The serialzed protocol buffer returned in an HTTP response will be
de-serialized using the given protocol buffer class.
Args:
protocol_buffer: The protocol buffer class used to de-serialize a response
from the API.
"""
self._protocol_buffer = protocol_buffer
def serialize(self, body_value):
return body_value.SerializeToString()
def deserialize(self, content):
return self._protocol_buffer.FromString(content)
@property
def no_content_response(self):
return self._protocol_buffer()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Client for discovery based APIs
A client library for Google's discovery based APIs.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = [
'build', 'build_from_document'
]
import httplib2
import logging
import os
import re
import uritemplate
import urllib
import urlparse
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
from http import HttpRequest
from anyjson import simplejson
from model import JsonModel
from errors import UnknownLinkType
from errors import HttpError
from errors import InvalidJsonError
URITEMPLATE = re.compile('{[^}]*}')
VARNAME = re.compile('[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+')
DISCOVERY_URI = ('https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/'
'{api}/{apiVersion}/rest')
DEFAULT_METHOD_DOC = 'A description of how to use this function'
# Query parameters that work, but don't appear in discovery
STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS = ['trace', 'fields', 'pp', 'prettyPrint', 'userIp',
'userip', 'strict']
def key2param(key):
"""Converts key names into parameter names.
For example, converting "max-results" -> "max_results"
"""
result = []
key = list(key)
if not key[0].isalpha():
result.append('x')
for c in key:
if c.isalnum():
result.append(c)
else:
result.append('_')
return ''.join(result)
def build(serviceName, version,
http=None,
discoveryServiceUrl=DISCOVERY_URI,
developerKey=None,
model=None,
requestBuilder=HttpRequest):
"""Construct a Resource for interacting with an API.
Construct a Resource object for interacting with
an API. The serviceName and version are the
names from the Discovery service.
Args:
serviceName: string, name of the service
version: string, the version of the service
discoveryServiceUrl: string, a URI Template that points to
the location of the discovery service. It should have two
parameters {api} and {apiVersion} that when filled in
produce an absolute URI to the discovery document for
that service.
developerKey: string, key obtained
from https://code.google.com/apis/console
model: apiclient.Model, converts to and from the wire format
requestBuilder: apiclient.http.HttpRequest, encapsulator for
an HTTP request
Returns:
A Resource object with methods for interacting with
the service.
"""
params = {
'api': serviceName,
'apiVersion': version
}
if http is None:
http = httplib2.Http()
requested_url = uritemplate.expand(discoveryServiceUrl, params)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % requested_url)
resp, content = http.request(requested_url)
if resp.status > 400:
raise HttpError(resp, content, requested_url)
try:
service = simplejson.loads(content)
except ValueError, e:
logging.error('Failed to parse as JSON: ' + content)
raise InvalidJsonError()
fn = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'contrib',
serviceName, 'future.json')
try:
f = file(fn, 'r')
future = f.read()
f.close()
except IOError:
future = None
return build_from_document(content, discoveryServiceUrl, future,
http, developerKey, model, requestBuilder)
def build_from_document(
service,
base,
future=None,
http=None,
developerKey=None,
model=None,
requestBuilder=HttpRequest):
"""Create a Resource for interacting with an API.
Same as `build()`, but constructs the Resource object
from a discovery document that is it given, as opposed to
retrieving one over HTTP.
Args:
service: string, discovery document
base: string, base URI for all HTTP requests, usually the discovery URI
future: string, discovery document with future capabilities
auth_discovery: dict, information about the authentication the API supports
http: httplib2.Http, An instance of httplib2.Http or something that acts
like it that HTTP requests will be made through.
developerKey: string, Key for controlling API usage, generated
from the API Console.
model: Model class instance that serializes and
de-serializes requests and responses.
requestBuilder: Takes an http request and packages it up to be executed.
Returns:
A Resource object with methods for interacting with
the service.
"""
service = simplejson.loads(service)
base = urlparse.urljoin(base, service['basePath'])
if future:
future = simplejson.loads(future)
auth_discovery = future.get('auth', {})
else:
future = {}
auth_discovery = {}
if model is None:
features = service.get('features', [])
model = JsonModel('dataWrapper' in features)
resource = createResource(http, base, model, requestBuilder, developerKey,
service, future)
def auth_method():
"""Discovery information about the authentication the API uses."""
return auth_discovery
setattr(resource, 'auth_discovery', auth_method)
return resource
def _cast(value, schema_type):
"""Convert value to a string based on JSON Schema type.
See http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-zyp-json-schema-03 for more details on
JSON Schema.
Args:
value: any, the value to convert
schema_type: string, the type that value should be interpreted as
Returns:
A string representation of 'value' based on the schema_type.
"""
if schema_type == 'string':
if type(value) == type('') or type(value) == type(u''):
return value
else:
return str(value)
elif schema_type == 'integer':
return str(int(value))
elif schema_type == 'number':
return str(float(value))
elif schema_type == 'boolean':
return str(bool(value)).lower()
else:
if type(value) == type('') or type(value) == type(u''):
return value
else:
return str(value)
def createResource(http, baseUrl, model, requestBuilder,
developerKey, resourceDesc, futureDesc):
class Resource(object):
"""A class for interacting with a resource."""
def __init__(self):
self._http = http
self._baseUrl = baseUrl
self._model = model
self._developerKey = developerKey
self._requestBuilder = requestBuilder
def createMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
pathUrl = methodDesc['path']
httpMethod = methodDesc['httpMethod']
methodId = methodDesc['id']
if 'parameters' not in methodDesc:
methodDesc['parameters'] = {}
for name in STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS:
methodDesc['parameters'][name] = {
'type': 'string',
'location': 'query'
}
if httpMethod in ['PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH']:
methodDesc['parameters']['body'] = {
'description': 'The request body.',
'type': 'object',
'required': True,
}
argmap = {} # Map from method parameter name to query parameter name
required_params = [] # Required parameters
repeated_params = [] # Repeated parameters
pattern_params = {} # Parameters that must match a regex
query_params = [] # Parameters that will be used in the query string
path_params = {} # Parameters that will be used in the base URL
param_type = {} # The type of the parameter
enum_params = {} # Allowable enumeration values for each parameter
if 'parameters' in methodDesc:
for arg, desc in methodDesc['parameters'].iteritems():
param = key2param(arg)
argmap[param] = arg
if desc.get('pattern', ''):
pattern_params[param] = desc['pattern']
if desc.get('enum', ''):
enum_params[param] = desc['enum']
if desc.get('required', False):
required_params.append(param)
if desc.get('repeated', False):
repeated_params.append(param)
if desc.get('location') == 'query':
query_params.append(param)
if desc.get('location') == 'path':
path_params[param] = param
param_type[param] = desc.get('type', 'string')
for match in URITEMPLATE.finditer(pathUrl):
for namematch in VARNAME.finditer(match.group(0)):
name = key2param(namematch.group(0))
path_params[name] = name
if name in query_params:
query_params.remove(name)
def method(self, **kwargs):
for name in kwargs.iterkeys():
if name not in argmap:
raise TypeError('Got an unexpected keyword argument "%s"' % name)
for name in required_params:
if name not in kwargs:
raise TypeError('Missing required parameter "%s"' % name)
for name, regex in pattern_params.iteritems():
if name in kwargs:
if re.match(regex, kwargs[name]) is None:
raise TypeError(
'Parameter "%s" value "%s" does not match the pattern "%s"' %
(name, kwargs[name], regex))
for name, enums in enum_params.iteritems():
if name in kwargs:
if kwargs[name] not in enums:
raise TypeError(
'Parameter "%s" value "%s" is not an allowed value in "%s"' %
(name, kwargs[name], str(enums)))
actual_query_params = {}
actual_path_params = {}
for key, value in kwargs.iteritems():
to_type = param_type.get(key, 'string')
# For repeated parameters we cast each member of the list.
if key in repeated_params and type(value) == type([]):
cast_value = [_cast(x, to_type) for x in value]
else:
cast_value = _cast(value, to_type)
if key in query_params:
actual_query_params[argmap[key]] = cast_value
if key in path_params:
actual_path_params[argmap[key]] = cast_value
body_value = kwargs.get('body', None)
if self._developerKey:
actual_query_params['key'] = self._developerKey
headers = {}
headers, params, query, body = self._model.request(headers,
actual_path_params, actual_query_params, body_value)
# TODO(ade) This exists to fix a bug in V1 of the Buzz discovery
# document. Base URLs should not contain any path elements. If they do
# then urlparse.urljoin will strip them out This results in an incorrect
# URL which returns a 404
url_result = urlparse.urlsplit(self._baseUrl)
new_base_url = url_result[0] + '://' + url_result[1]
expanded_url = uritemplate.expand(pathUrl, params)
url = urlparse.urljoin(self._baseUrl,
url_result[2] + expanded_url + query)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % url)
return self._requestBuilder(self._http,
self._model.response,
url,
method=httpMethod,
body=body,
headers=headers,
methodId=methodId)
docs = [methodDesc.get('description', DEFAULT_METHOD_DOC), '\n\n']
if len(argmap) > 0:
docs.append('Args:\n')
for arg in argmap.iterkeys():
if arg in STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS:
continue
repeated = ''
if arg in repeated_params:
repeated = ' (repeated)'
required = ''
if arg in required_params:
required = ' (required)'
paramdesc = methodDesc['parameters'][argmap[arg]]
paramdoc = paramdesc.get('description', 'A parameter')
paramtype = paramdesc.get('type', 'string')
docs.append(' %s: %s, %s%s%s\n' % (arg, paramtype, paramdoc, required,
repeated))
enum = paramdesc.get('enum', [])
enumDesc = paramdesc.get('enumDescriptions', [])
if enum and enumDesc:
docs.append(' Allowed values\n')
for (name, desc) in zip(enum, enumDesc):
docs.append(' %s - %s\n' % (name, desc))
setattr(method, '__doc__', ''.join(docs))
setattr(theclass, methodName, method)
def createNextMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
methodId = methodDesc['id'] + '.next'
def methodNext(self, previous):
"""
Takes a single argument, 'body', which is the results
from the last call, and returns the next set of items
in the collection.
Returns None if there are no more items in
the collection.
"""
if futureDesc['type'] != 'uri':
raise UnknownLinkType(futureDesc['type'])
try:
p = previous
for key in futureDesc['location']:
p = p[key]
url = p
except (KeyError, TypeError):
return None
if self._developerKey:
parsed = list(urlparse.urlparse(url))
q = parse_qsl(parsed[4])
q.append(('key', self._developerKey))
parsed[4] = urllib.urlencode(q)
url = urlparse.urlunparse(parsed)
headers = {}
headers, params, query, body = self._model.request(headers, {}, {}, None)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % url)
resp, content = self._http.request(url, method='GET', headers=headers)
return self._requestBuilder(self._http,
self._model.response,
url,
method='GET',
headers=headers,
methodId=methodId)
setattr(theclass, methodName, methodNext)
# Add basic methods to Resource
if 'methods' in resourceDesc:
for methodName, methodDesc in resourceDesc['methods'].iteritems():
if futureDesc:
future = futureDesc['methods'].get(methodName, {})
else:
future = None
createMethod(Resource, methodName, methodDesc, future)
# Add in nested resources
if 'resources' in resourceDesc:
def createResourceMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
def methodResource(self):
return createResource(self._http, self._baseUrl, self._model,
self._requestBuilder, self._developerKey,
methodDesc, futureDesc)
setattr(methodResource, '__doc__', 'A collection resource.')
setattr(methodResource, '__is_resource__', True)
setattr(theclass, methodName, methodResource)
for methodName, methodDesc in resourceDesc['resources'].iteritems():
if futureDesc and 'resources' in futureDesc:
future = futureDesc['resources'].get(methodName, {})
else:
future = {}
createResourceMethod(Resource, methodName, methodDesc, future)
# Add <m>_next() methods to Resource
if futureDesc and 'methods' in futureDesc:
for methodName, methodDesc in futureDesc['methods'].iteritems():
if 'next' in methodDesc and methodName in resourceDesc['methods']:
createNextMethod(Resource, methodName + '_next',
resourceDesc['methods'][methodName],
methodDesc['next'])
return Resource()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for OAuth.
Utilities for making it easier to work with OAuth 1.0 credentials.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import pickle
import threading
from apiclient.oauth import Storage as BaseStorage
class Storage(BaseStorage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from a file."""
def __init__(self, filename):
self._filename = filename
self._lock = threading.Lock()
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from file.
Returns:
apiclient.oauth.Credentials
"""
self._lock.acquire()
try:
f = open(self._filename, 'r')
credentials = pickle.loads(f.read())
f.close()
credentials.set_store(self.put)
except:
credentials = None
self._lock.release()
return credentials
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a pickled Credentials to file.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
self._lock.acquire()
f = open(self._filename, 'w')
f.write(pickle.dumps(credentials))
f.close()
self._lock.release()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import apiclient
import base64
import pickle
from django.db import models
class OAuthCredentialsField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, apiclient.oauth.Credentials):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
class FlowThreeLeggedField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
print "In to_python", value
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, apiclient.oauth.FlowThreeLegged):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for Google App Engine
Utilities for making it easier to use the
Google API Client for Python on Google App Engine.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import pickle
from google.appengine.ext import db
from apiclient.oauth import OAuthCredentials
from apiclient.oauth import FlowThreeLegged
class FlowThreeLeggedProperty(db.Property):
"""Utility property that allows easy
storage and retreival of an
apiclient.oauth.FlowThreeLegged"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = FlowThreeLegged
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
flow = super(FlowThreeLeggedProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(flow))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, FlowThreeLegged):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to a FlowThreeLegged instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(FlowThreeLeggedProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class OAuthCredentialsProperty(db.Property):
"""Utility property that allows easy
storage and retrieval of
apiclient.oath.OAuthCredentials
"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = OAuthCredentials
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
cred = super(OAuthCredentialsProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(cred))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, OAuthCredentials):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to an OAuthCredentials instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(OAuthCredentialsProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class StorageByKeyName(object):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from
the App Engine datastore.
This Storage helper presumes the Credentials
have been stored as a CredenialsProperty
on a datastore model class, and that entities
are stored by key_name.
"""
def __init__(self, model, key_name, property_name):
"""Constructor for Storage.
Args:
model: db.Model, model class
key_name: string, key name for the entity that has the credentials
property_name: string, name of the property that is a CredentialsProperty
"""
self.model = model
self.key_name = key_name
self.property_name = property_name
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from datastore.
Returns:
Credentials
"""
entity = self.model.get_or_insert(self.key_name)
credential = getattr(entity, self.property_name)
if credential and hasattr(credential, 'set_store'):
credential.set_store(self.put)
return credential
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a Credentials to the datastore.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
entity = self.model.get_or_insert(self.key_name)
setattr(entity, self.property_name, credentials)
entity.put()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Command-line tools for authenticating via OAuth 1.0
Do the OAuth 1.0 Three Legged Dance for
a command line application. Stores the generated
credentials in a common file that is used by
other example apps in the same directory.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = ["run"]
import BaseHTTPServer
import logging
import socket
import sys
from optparse import OptionParser
from apiclient.oauth import RequestError
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
class ClientRedirectServer(BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer):
"""A server to handle OAuth 1.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into query_params and then stops serving.
"""
query_params = {}
class ClientRedirectHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
"""A handler for OAuth 2.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into the servers query_params and then stops serving.
"""
def do_GET(s):
"""Handle a GET request
Parses the query parameters and prints a message
if the flow has completed. Note that we can't detect
if an error occurred.
"""
s.send_response(200)
s.send_header("Content-type", "text/html")
s.end_headers()
query = s.path.split('?', 1)[-1]
query = dict(parse_qsl(query))
s.server.query_params = query
s.wfile.write("<html><head><title>Authentication Status</title></head>")
s.wfile.write("<body><p>The authentication flow has completed.</p>")
s.wfile.write("</body></html>")
def log_message(self, format, *args):
"""Do not log messages to stdout while running as command line program."""
pass
def run(flow, storage):
"""Core code for a command-line application.
Args:
flow: Flow, an OAuth 1.0 Flow to step through.
storage: Storage, a Storage to store the credential in.
Returns:
Credentials, the obtained credential.
Exceptions:
RequestError: if step2 of the flow fails.
Args:
"""
parser = OptionParser()
parser.add_option("-p", "--no_local_web_server", dest="localhost",
action="store_false",
default=True,
help="Do not run a web server on localhost to handle redirect URIs")
parser.add_option("-w", "--local_web_server", dest="localhost",
action="store_true",
default=True,
help="Run a web server on localhost to handle redirect URIs")
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
host_name = 'localhost'
port_numbers = [8080, 8090]
if options.localhost:
server_class = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer
try:
port_number = port_numbers[0]
httpd = server_class((host_name, port_number), ClientRedirectHandler)
except socket.error:
port_number = port_numbers[1]
try:
httpd = server_class((host_name, port_number), ClientRedirectHandler)
except socket.error:
options.localhost = False
if options.localhost:
oauth_callback = 'http://%s:%s/' % (host_name, port_number)
else:
oauth_callback = 'oob'
authorize_url = flow.step1_get_authorize_url(oauth_callback)
print 'Go to the following link in your browser:'
print authorize_url
print
if options.localhost:
httpd.handle_request()
if 'error' in httpd.query_params:
sys.exit('Authentication request was rejected.')
if 'oauth_verifier' in httpd.query_params:
code = httpd.query_params['oauth_verifier']
else:
accepted = 'n'
while accepted.lower() == 'n':
accepted = raw_input('Have you authorized me? (y/n) ')
code = raw_input('What is the verification code? ').strip()
try:
credentials = flow.step2_exchange(code)
except RequestError:
sys.exit('The authentication has failed.')
storage.put(credentials)
credentials.set_store(storage.put)
print "You have successfully authenticated."
return credentials
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
#
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Errors for the library.
All exceptions defined by the library
should be defined in this file.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
from anyjson import simplejson
class Error(Exception):
"""Base error for this module."""
pass
class HttpError(Error):
"""HTTP data was invalid or unexpected."""
def __init__(self, resp, content, uri=None):
self.resp = resp
self.content = content
self.uri = uri
def _get_reason(self):
"""Calculate the reason for the error from the response content.
"""
if self.resp.get('content-type', '').startswith('application/json'):
try:
data = simplejson.loads(self.content)
reason = data['error']['message']
except (ValueError, KeyError):
reason = self.content
else:
reason = self.resp.reason
return reason
def __repr__(self):
if self.uri:
return '<HttpError %s when requesting %s returned "%s">' % (
self.resp.status, self.uri, self._get_reason())
else:
return '<HttpError %s "%s">' % (self.resp.status, self._get_reason())
__str__ = __repr__
class InvalidJsonError(Error):
"""The JSON returned could not be parsed."""
pass
class UnknownLinkType(Error):
"""Link type unknown or unexpected."""
pass
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utility module to import a JSON module
Hides all the messy details of exactly where
we get a simplejson module from.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
try: # pragma: no cover
import simplejson
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
try:
# Try to import from django, should work on App Engine
from django.utils import simplejson
except ImportError:
# Should work for Python2.6 and higher.
import json as simplejson
| Python |
# Early, and incomplete implementation of -04.
#
import re
import urllib
RESERVED = ":/?#[]@!$&'()*+,;="
OPERATOR = "+./;?|!@"
EXPLODE = "*+"
MODIFIER = ":^"
TEMPLATE = re.compile(r"{(?P<operator>[\+\./;\?|!@])?(?P<varlist>[^}]+)}", re.UNICODE)
VAR = re.compile(r"^(?P<varname>[^=\+\*:\^]+)((?P<explode>[\+\*])|(?P<partial>[:\^]-?[0-9]+))?(=(?P<default>.*))?$", re.UNICODE)
def _tostring(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
if type(value) == type([]):
if explode == "+":
return ",".join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
if type(value) == type({}):
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return ",".join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return urllib.quote(value, safe)
def _tostring_path(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
joiner = operator
if type(value) == type([]):
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif type(value) == type({}):
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + joiner + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + joiner + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
if value:
return urllib.quote(value, safe)
else:
return ""
def _tostring_query(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
joiner = operator
varprefix = ""
if operator == "?":
joiner = "&"
varprefix = varname + "="
if type(value) == type([]):
if 0 == len(value):
return ""
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "=" + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return varprefix + ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif type(value) == type({}):
if 0 == len(value):
return ""
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + "=" + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "=" + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return varprefix + ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
if value:
return varname + "=" + urllib.quote(value, safe)
else:
return varname
TOSTRING = {
"" : _tostring,
"+": _tostring,
";": _tostring_query,
"?": _tostring_query,
"/": _tostring_path,
".": _tostring_path,
}
def expand(template, vars):
def _sub(match):
groupdict = match.groupdict()
operator = groupdict.get('operator')
if operator is None:
operator = ''
varlist = groupdict.get('varlist')
safe = "@"
if operator == '+':
safe = RESERVED
varspecs = varlist.split(",")
varnames = []
defaults = {}
for varspec in varspecs:
m = VAR.search(varspec)
groupdict = m.groupdict()
varname = groupdict.get('varname')
explode = groupdict.get('explode')
partial = groupdict.get('partial')
default = groupdict.get('default')
if default:
defaults[varname] = default
varnames.append((varname, explode, partial))
retval = []
joiner = operator
prefix = operator
if operator == "+":
prefix = ""
joiner = ","
if operator == "?":
joiner = "&"
if operator == "":
joiner = ","
for varname, explode, partial in varnames:
if varname in vars:
value = vars[varname]
#if not value and (type(value) == type({}) or type(value) == type([])) and varname in defaults:
if not value and value != "" and varname in defaults:
value = defaults[varname]
elif varname in defaults:
value = defaults[varname]
else:
continue
retval.append(TOSTRING[operator](varname, value, explode, operator, safe=safe))
if "".join(retval):
return prefix + joiner.join(retval)
else:
return ""
return TEMPLATE.sub(_sub, template)
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright (c) 2010, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""Module to enforce different constraints on flags.
A validator represents an invariant, enforced over a one or more flags.
See 'FLAGS VALIDATORS' in flags.py's docstring for a usage manual.
"""
__author__ = 'olexiy@google.com (Olexiy Oryeshko)'
class Error(Exception):
"""Thrown If validator constraint is not satisfied."""
class Validator(object):
"""Base class for flags validators.
Users should NOT overload these classes, and use flags.Register...
methods instead.
"""
# Used to assign each validator an unique insertion_index
validators_count = 0
def __init__(self, checker, message):
"""Constructor to create all validators.
Args:
checker: function to verify the constraint.
Input of this method varies, see SimpleValidator and
DictionaryValidator for a detailed description.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user
"""
self.checker = checker
self.message = message
Validator.validators_count += 1
# Used to assert validators in the order they were registered (CL/18694236)
self.insertion_index = Validator.validators_count
def Verify(self, flag_values):
"""Verify that constraint is satisfied.
flags library calls this method to verify Validator's constraint.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues, containing all flags
Raises:
Error: if constraint is not satisfied.
"""
param = self._GetInputToCheckerFunction(flag_values)
if not self.checker(param):
raise Error(self.message)
def GetFlagsNames(self):
"""Return the names of the flags checked by this validator.
Returns:
[string], names of the flags
"""
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues, containing all flags.
Returns:
Return type depends on the specific validator.
"""
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
class SimpleValidator(Validator):
"""Validator behind RegisterValidator() method.
Validates that a single flag passes its checker function. The checker function
takes the flag value and returns True (if value looks fine) or, if flag value
is not valid, either returns False or raises an Exception."""
def __init__(self, flag_name, checker, message):
"""Constructor.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag.
checker: function to verify the validator.
input - value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
output - Boolean. Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise Error.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user if validator's
condition is not satisfied
"""
super(SimpleValidator, self).__init__(checker, message)
self.flag_name = flag_name
def GetFlagsNames(self):
return [self.flag_name]
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
return 'flag --%s=%s' % (self.flag_name, flag_values[self.flag_name].value)
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues
Returns:
value of the corresponding flag.
"""
return flag_values[self.flag_name].value
class DictionaryValidator(Validator):
"""Validator behind RegisterDictionaryValidator method.
Validates that flag values pass their common checker function. The checker
function takes flag values and returns True (if values look fine) or,
if values are not valid, either returns False or raises an Exception.
"""
def __init__(self, flag_names, checker, message):
"""Constructor.
Args:
flag_names: [string], containing names of the flags used by checker.
checker: function to verify the validator.
input - dictionary, with keys() being flag_names, and value for each
key being the value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
output - Boolean. Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise Error.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user if validator's
condition is not satisfied
"""
super(DictionaryValidator, self).__init__(checker, message)
self.flag_names = flag_names
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues
Returns:
dictionary, with keys() being self.lag_names, and value for each key
being the value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
"""
return dict([key, flag_values[key].value] for key in self.flag_names)
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
prefix = 'flags '
flags_with_values = []
for key in self.flag_names:
flags_with_values.append('%s=%s' % (key, flag_values[key].value))
return prefix + ', '.join(flags_with_values)
def GetFlagsNames(self):
return self.flag_names
| Python |
"""SocksiPy - Python SOCKS module.
Version 1.00
Copyright 2006 Dan-Haim. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of Dan Haim nor the names of his contributors may be used
to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAN HAIM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO
EVENT SHALL DAN HAIM OR HIS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA
OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
This module provides a standard socket-like interface for Python
for tunneling connections through SOCKS proxies.
"""
"""
Minor modifications made by Christopher Gilbert (http://motomastyle.com/)
for use in PyLoris (http://pyloris.sourceforge.net/)
Minor modifications made by Mario Vilas (http://breakingcode.wordpress.com/)
mainly to merge bug fixes found in Sourceforge
"""
import socket
if getattr(socket, 'socket', None) is None:
raise ImportError('socket.socket missing, proxy support unusable')
import struct
import sys
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 = 1
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 = 2
PROXY_TYPE_HTTP = 3
_defaultproxy = None
# Small hack for Python 2.x
if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
def bytes(obj, enc=None):
return obj
class ProxyError(Exception):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class GeneralProxyError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks5AuthError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks5Error(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks4Error(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class HTTPError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
_generalerrors = ("success",
"invalid data",
"not connected",
"not available",
"bad proxy type",
"bad input")
_socks5errors = ("succeeded",
"general SOCKS server failure",
"connection not allowed by ruleset",
"Network unreachable",
"Host unreachable",
"Connection refused",
"TTL expired",
"Command not supported",
"Address type not supported",
"Unknown error")
_socks5autherrors = ("succeeded",
"authentication is required",
"all offered authentication methods were rejected",
"unknown username or invalid password",
"unknown error")
_socks4errors = ("request granted",
"request rejected or failed",
("request rejected because SOCKS server cannot connect to "
"identd on the client"),
("request rejected because the client program and identd"
" report different user-ids"),
"unknown error")
def setdefaultproxy(proxytype=None, addr=None, port=None, rdns=True,
username=None, password=None):
"""setdefaultproxy(proxytype, addr[, port[, rdns[, username[, password]]]])
Sets a default proxy which all further socksocket objects will use,
unless explicitly changed.
"""
global _defaultproxy
_defaultproxy = (proxytype, addr, port, rdns, username, password)
class socksocket(socket.socket):
"""socksocket([family[, type[, proto]]]) -> socket object
Open a SOCKS enabled socket. The parameters are the same as
those of the standard socket init. In order for SOCKS to work,
you must specify family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM and proto=0.
"""
def __init__(self, family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM,
proto=0, _sock=None):
socket.socket.__init__(self, family, type, proto, _sock)
if _defaultproxy != None:
self.__proxy = _defaultproxy
else:
self.__proxy = (None, None, None, None, None, None)
self.__proxysockname = None
self.__proxypeername = None
def __decode(self, bytes):
if getattr(bytes, 'decode', False):
try:
bytes = bytes.decode()
except Exception:
pass
return bytes
def __encode(self, bytes):
if getattr(bytes, 'encode', False):
try:
bytes = bytes.encode()
except Exception:
pass
return bytes
def __recvall(self, count):
"""__recvall(count) -> data
Receive EXACTLY the number of bytes requested from the socket.
Blocks until the required number of bytes have been received.
"""
data = bytes("")
while len(data) < count:
d = self.recv(count - len(data))
if not d:
raise GeneralProxyError(
(0, "connection closed unexpectedly"))
data = data + self.__decode(d)
return data
def sendall(self, bytes):
socket.socket.sendall(self, self.__encode(bytes))
def setproxy(self, proxytype=None, addr=None, port=None, rdns=True,
username=None, password=None):
"""setproxy(proxytype, addr[, port[, rdns[, username[, password]]]])
Sets the proxy to be used.
proxytype - The type of the proxy to be used. Three types
are supported: PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 (including socks4a),
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 and PROXY_TYPE_HTTP
addr - The address of the server (IP or DNS).
port - The port of the server. Defaults to 1080 for SOCKS
servers and 8080 for HTTP proxy servers.
rdns - Should DNS queries be preformed on the remote side
(rather than the local side). The default is True.
Note: This has no effect with SOCKS4 servers.
username - Username to authenticate with to the server.
The default is no authentication.
password - Password to authenticate with to the server.
Only relevant when username is also provided.
"""
self.__proxy = (proxytype, addr, port, rdns, username, password)
def __negotiatesocks5(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatesocks5(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through a SOCKS5 server.
"""
# First we'll send the authentication packages we support.
if (self.__proxy[4] != None) and (self.__proxy[5] != None):
# The username/password details were supplied to the
# setproxy method so we support the USERNAME/PASSWORD
# authentication (in addition to the standard none).
self.sendall("\x05\x02\x00\x02")
else:
# No username/password were entered, therefore we
# only support connections with no authentication.
self.sendall("\x05\x01\x00")
# We'll receive the server's response to determine which
# method was selected
chosenauth = self.__recvall(2)
if chosenauth[0] != "\x05":
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
# Check the chosen authentication method
if chosenauth[1] == "\x00":
# No authentication is required
pass
elif chosenauth[1] == "\x02":
# Okay, we need to perform a basic username/password
# authentication.
self.sendall("\x01" + chr(len(self.__proxy[4])) + self.__proxy[4] +
chr(len(self.__proxy[5])) + self.__proxy[5])
authstat = self.__recvall(2)
if authstat[0] != "\x01":
# Bad response
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if authstat[1] != "\x00":
# Authentication failed
self.close()
raise Socks5AuthError((3, _socks5autherrors[3]))
# Authentication succeeded
else:
# Reaching here is always bad
self.close()
if chosenauth[1] == "\xFF":
raise Socks5AuthError((2, _socks5autherrors[2]))
else:
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
# Now we can request the actual connection
req = "\x05\x01\x00"
# If the given destination address is an IP address, we'll
# use the IPv4 address request even if remote resolving was specified.
try:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(destaddr)
req = req + "\x01" + ipaddr
except socket.error:
# Well it's not an IP number, so it's probably a DNS name.
if self.__proxy[3] == True:
# Resolve remotely
ipaddr = None
req = req + "\x03" + chr(len(destaddr)) + destaddr
else:
# Resolve locally
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(socket.gethostbyname(destaddr))
req = req + "\x01" + ipaddr
req = req + self.__decode(struct.pack(">H", destport))
self.sendall(req)
# Get the response
resp = self.__recvall(4)
if resp[0] != "\x05":
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
elif resp[1] != "\x00":
# Connection failed
self.close()
if ord(resp[1]) <= 8:
raise Socks5Error((ord(resp[1]), _socks5errors[ord(resp[1])]))
else:
raise Socks5Error((9, _socks5errors[9]))
# Get the bound address/port
elif resp[3] == "\x01":
boundaddr = self.__recvall(4)
elif resp[3] == "\x03":
resp = resp + self.recv(1)
boundaddr = self.__recvall(ord(resp[4]))
else:
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
boundport = struct.unpack(">H", bytes(self.__recvall(2), 'utf8'))[0]
self.__proxysockname = boundaddr, boundport
if ipaddr != None:
self.__proxypeername = (socket.inet_ntoa(ipaddr), destport)
else:
self.__proxypeername = (destaddr, destport)
def getproxysockname(self):
"""getsockname() -> address info
Returns the bound IP address and port number at the proxy.
"""
return self.__proxysockname
def getproxypeername(self):
"""getproxypeername() -> address info
Returns the IP and port number of the proxy.
"""
return socket.socket.getpeername(self)
def getpeername(self):
"""getpeername() -> address info
Returns the IP address and port number of the destination
machine (note: getproxypeername returns the proxy)
"""
return self.__proxypeername
def __negotiatesocks4(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatesocks4(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through a SOCKS4 server.
"""
# Check if the destination address provided is an IP address
rmtrslv = False
try:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(destaddr)
except socket.error:
# It's a DNS name. Check where it should be resolved.
if self.__proxy[3] == True:
ipaddr = "\x00\x00\x00\x01"
rmtrslv = True
else:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(socket.gethostbyname(destaddr))
# Construct the request packet
req = "\x04\x01" + self.__decode(struct.pack(">H", destport)) + ipaddr
# The username parameter is considered userid for SOCKS4
if self.__proxy[4] != None:
req = req + self.__proxy[4]
req = req + "\x00"
# DNS name if remote resolving is required
# NOTE: This is actually an extension to the SOCKS4 protocol
# called SOCKS4A and may not be supported in all cases.
if rmtrslv==True:
req = req + destaddr + "\x00"
self.sendall(req)
# Get the response from the server
resp = self.__recvall(8)
if resp[0] != "\x00":
# Bad data
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if resp[1] != "\x5A":
# Server returned an error
self.close()
if ord(resp[1]) in (91,92,93):
self.close()
raise Socks4Error((ord(resp[1]), _socks4errors[ord(resp[1])-90]))
else:
raise Socks4Error((94,_socks4errors[4]))
# Get the bound address/port
self.__proxysockname = (socket.inet_ntoa(resp[4:]),struct.unpack(">H",bytes(resp[2:4],'utf8'))[0])
if rmtrslv != None:
self.__proxypeername = (socket.inet_ntoa(ipaddr),destport)
else:
self.__proxypeername = (destaddr, destport)
def __negotiatehttp(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatehttp(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through an HTTP server.
"""
# If we need to resolve locally, we do this now
if self.__proxy[3] == False:
addr = socket.gethostbyname(destaddr)
else:
addr = destaddr
self.sendall(("CONNECT %s:%s HTTP/1.1\r\n"
"Host: %s\r\n\r\n") % (addr, destport, destaddr))
# We read the response until we get the string "\r\n\r\n"
resp = self.recv(1)
while resp.find("\r\n\r\n") == -1:
resp = resp + self.recv(1)
# We just need the first line to check if the connection
# was successful
statusline = resp.splitlines()[0].split(" ", 2)
if statusline[0] not in ("HTTP/1.0", "HTTP/1.1"):
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
try:
statuscode = int(statusline[1])
except ValueError:
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if statuscode != 200:
self.close()
raise HTTPError((statuscode, statusline[2]))
self.__proxysockname = ("0.0.0.0", 0)
self.__proxypeername = (addr, destport)
def connect(self, destpair):
"""connect(self,despair)
Connects to the specified destination through a proxy.
destpar - A tuple of the IP/DNS address and the port number.
(identical to socket's connect).
To select the proxy server use setproxy().
"""
# Do a minimal input check first
# TODO(durin42): seriously? type checking? do we care?
if ((not isinstance(destpair, (list, tuple))) or len(destpair) < 2
or not isinstance(destpair[0], str) or not isinstance(destpair[1], int)):
raise GeneralProxyError((5, _generalerrors[5]))
if self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 1080
socket.socket.connect(self,(self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatesocks5(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 1080
socket.socket.connect(self, (self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatesocks4(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_HTTP:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 8080
socket.socket.connect(self, (self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatehttp(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == None:
socket.socket.connect(self, (destpair[0], destpair[1]))
else:
raise GeneralProxyError((4, _generalerrors[4]))
| Python |
"""
iri2uri
Converts an IRI to a URI.
"""
__author__ = "Joe Gregorio (joe@bitworking.org)"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2006, Joe Gregorio"
__contributors__ = []
__version__ = "1.0.0"
__license__ = "MIT"
__history__ = """
"""
import urlparse
# Convert an IRI to a URI following the rules in RFC 3987
#
# The characters we need to enocde and escape are defined in the spec:
#
# iprivate = %xE000-F8FF / %xF0000-FFFFD / %x100000-10FFFD
# ucschar = %xA0-D7FF / %xF900-FDCF / %xFDF0-FFEF
# / %x10000-1FFFD / %x20000-2FFFD / %x30000-3FFFD
# / %x40000-4FFFD / %x50000-5FFFD / %x60000-6FFFD
# / %x70000-7FFFD / %x80000-8FFFD / %x90000-9FFFD
# / %xA0000-AFFFD / %xB0000-BFFFD / %xC0000-CFFFD
# / %xD0000-DFFFD / %xE1000-EFFFD
escape_range = [
(0xA0, 0xD7FF ),
(0xE000, 0xF8FF ),
(0xF900, 0xFDCF ),
(0xFDF0, 0xFFEF),
(0x10000, 0x1FFFD ),
(0x20000, 0x2FFFD ),
(0x30000, 0x3FFFD),
(0x40000, 0x4FFFD ),
(0x50000, 0x5FFFD ),
(0x60000, 0x6FFFD),
(0x70000, 0x7FFFD ),
(0x80000, 0x8FFFD ),
(0x90000, 0x9FFFD),
(0xA0000, 0xAFFFD ),
(0xB0000, 0xBFFFD ),
(0xC0000, 0xCFFFD),
(0xD0000, 0xDFFFD ),
(0xE1000, 0xEFFFD),
(0xF0000, 0xFFFFD ),
(0x100000, 0x10FFFD)
]
def encode(c):
retval = c
i = ord(c)
for low, high in escape_range:
if i < low:
break
if i >= low and i <= high:
retval = "".join(["%%%2X" % ord(o) for o in c.encode('utf-8')])
break
return retval
def iri2uri(uri):
"""Convert an IRI to a URI. Note that IRIs must be
passed in a unicode strings. That is, do not utf-8 encode
the IRI before passing it into the function."""
if isinstance(uri ,unicode):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = urlparse.urlsplit(uri)
authority = authority.encode('idna')
# For each character in 'ucschar' or 'iprivate'
# 1. encode as utf-8
# 2. then %-encode each octet of that utf-8
uri = urlparse.urlunsplit((scheme, authority, path, query, fragment))
uri = "".join([encode(c) for c in uri])
return uri
if __name__ == "__main__":
import unittest
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_uris(self):
"""Test that URIs are invariant under the transformation."""
invariant = [
u"ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txt",
u"http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt",
u"ldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?one",
u"mailto:John.Doe@example.com",
u"news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix",
u"tel:+1-816-555-1212",
u"telnet://192.0.2.16:80/",
u"urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2" ]
for uri in invariant:
self.assertEqual(uri, iri2uri(uri))
def test_iri(self):
""" Test that the right type of escaping is done for each part of the URI."""
self.assertEqual("http://xn--o3h.com/%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://\N{COMET}.com/\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("http://bitworking.org/?fred=%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://bitworking.org/?fred=\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("http://bitworking.org/#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://bitworking.org/#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}")))
self.assertNotEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}".encode('utf-8')))
unittest.main()
| Python |
from __future__ import generators
"""
httplib2
A caching http interface that supports ETags and gzip
to conserve bandwidth.
Requires Python 2.3 or later
Changelog:
2007-08-18, Rick: Modified so it's able to use a socks proxy if needed.
"""
__author__ = "Joe Gregorio (joe@bitworking.org)"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2006, Joe Gregorio"
__contributors__ = ["Thomas Broyer (t.broyer@ltgt.net)",
"James Antill",
"Xavier Verges Farrero",
"Jonathan Feinberg",
"Blair Zajac",
"Sam Ruby",
"Louis Nyffenegger"]
__license__ = "MIT"
__version__ = "$Rev$"
import re
import sys
import email
import email.Utils
import email.Message
import email.FeedParser
import StringIO
import gzip
import zlib
import httplib
import urlparse
import base64
import os
import copy
import calendar
import time
import random
import errno
# remove depracated warning in python2.6
try:
from hashlib import sha1 as _sha, md5 as _md5
except ImportError:
import sha
import md5
_sha = sha.new
_md5 = md5.new
import hmac
from gettext import gettext as _
import socket
try:
from httplib2 import socks
except ImportError:
socks = None
# Build the appropriate socket wrapper for ssl
try:
import ssl # python 2.6
_ssl_wrap_socket = ssl.wrap_socket
except (AttributeError, ImportError):
def _ssl_wrap_socket(sock, key_file, cert_file):
ssl_sock = socket.ssl(sock, key_file, cert_file)
return httplib.FakeSocket(sock, ssl_sock)
if sys.version_info >= (2,3):
from iri2uri import iri2uri
else:
def iri2uri(uri):
return uri
def has_timeout(timeout): # python 2.6
if hasattr(socket, '_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT'):
return (timeout is not None and timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
return (timeout is not None)
__all__ = ['Http', 'Response', 'ProxyInfo', 'HttpLib2Error',
'RedirectMissingLocation', 'RedirectLimit', 'FailedToDecompressContent',
'UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError', 'UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError',
'debuglevel', 'ProxiesUnavailableError']
# The httplib debug level, set to a non-zero value to get debug output
debuglevel = 0
# Python 2.3 support
if sys.version_info < (2,4):
def sorted(seq):
seq.sort()
return seq
# Python 2.3 support
def HTTPResponse__getheaders(self):
"""Return list of (header, value) tuples."""
if self.msg is None:
raise httplib.ResponseNotReady()
return self.msg.items()
if not hasattr(httplib.HTTPResponse, 'getheaders'):
httplib.HTTPResponse.getheaders = HTTPResponse__getheaders
# All exceptions raised here derive from HttpLib2Error
class HttpLib2Error(Exception): pass
# Some exceptions can be caught and optionally
# be turned back into responses.
class HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse(HttpLib2Error):
def __init__(self, desc, response, content):
self.response = response
self.content = content
HttpLib2Error.__init__(self, desc)
class RedirectMissingLocation(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class RedirectLimit(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class FailedToDecompressContent(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class MalformedHeader(HttpLib2Error): pass
class RelativeURIError(HttpLib2Error): pass
class ServerNotFoundError(HttpLib2Error): pass
class ProxiesUnavailableError(HttpLib2Error): pass
# Open Items:
# -----------
# Proxy support
# Are we removing the cached content too soon on PUT (only delete on 200 Maybe?)
# Pluggable cache storage (supports storing the cache in
# flat files by default. We need a plug-in architecture
# that can support Berkeley DB and Squid)
# == Known Issues ==
# Does not handle a resource that uses conneg and Last-Modified but no ETag as a cache validator.
# Does not handle Cache-Control: max-stale
# Does not use Age: headers when calculating cache freshness.
# The number of redirections to follow before giving up.
# Note that only GET redirects are automatically followed.
# Will also honor 301 requests by saving that info and never
# requesting that URI again.
DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS = 5
# Which headers are hop-by-hop headers by default
HOP_BY_HOP = ['connection', 'keep-alive', 'proxy-authenticate', 'proxy-authorization', 'te', 'trailers', 'transfer-encoding', 'upgrade']
def _get_end2end_headers(response):
hopbyhop = list(HOP_BY_HOP)
hopbyhop.extend([x.strip() for x in response.get('connection', '').split(',')])
return [header for header in response.keys() if header not in hopbyhop]
URI = re.compile(r"^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?")
def parse_uri(uri):
"""Parses a URI using the regex given in Appendix B of RFC 3986.
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
"""
groups = URI.match(uri).groups()
return (groups[1], groups[3], groups[4], groups[6], groups[8])
def urlnorm(uri):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
if not scheme or not authority:
raise RelativeURIError("Only absolute URIs are allowed. uri = %s" % uri)
authority = authority.lower()
scheme = scheme.lower()
if not path:
path = "/"
# Could do syntax based normalization of the URI before
# computing the digest. See Section 6.2.2 of Std 66.
request_uri = query and "?".join([path, query]) or path
scheme = scheme.lower()
defrag_uri = scheme + "://" + authority + request_uri
return scheme, authority, request_uri, defrag_uri
# Cache filename construction (original borrowed from Venus http://intertwingly.net/code/venus/)
re_url_scheme = re.compile(r'^\w+://')
re_slash = re.compile(r'[?/:|]+')
def safename(filename):
"""Return a filename suitable for the cache.
Strips dangerous and common characters to create a filename we
can use to store the cache in.
"""
try:
if re_url_scheme.match(filename):
if isinstance(filename,str):
filename = filename.decode('utf-8')
filename = filename.encode('idna')
else:
filename = filename.encode('idna')
except UnicodeError:
pass
if isinstance(filename,unicode):
filename=filename.encode('utf-8')
filemd5 = _md5(filename).hexdigest()
filename = re_url_scheme.sub("", filename)
filename = re_slash.sub(",", filename)
# limit length of filename
if len(filename)>200:
filename=filename[:200]
return ",".join((filename, filemd5))
NORMALIZE_SPACE = re.compile(r'(?:\r\n)?[ \t]+')
def _normalize_headers(headers):
return dict([ (key.lower(), NORMALIZE_SPACE.sub(value, ' ').strip()) for (key, value) in headers.iteritems()])
def _parse_cache_control(headers):
retval = {}
if headers.has_key('cache-control'):
parts = headers['cache-control'].split(',')
parts_with_args = [tuple([x.strip().lower() for x in part.split("=", 1)]) for part in parts if -1 != part.find("=")]
parts_wo_args = [(name.strip().lower(), 1) for name in parts if -1 == name.find("=")]
retval = dict(parts_with_args + parts_wo_args)
return retval
# Whether to use a strict mode to parse WWW-Authenticate headers
# Might lead to bad results in case of ill-formed header value,
# so disabled by default, falling back to relaxed parsing.
# Set to true to turn on, usefull for testing servers.
USE_WWW_AUTH_STRICT_PARSING = 0
# In regex below:
# [^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+ matches a "token" as defined by HTTP
# "(?:[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?" matches a "quoted-string" as defined by HTTP, when LWS have already been replaced by a single space
# Actually, as an auth-param value can be either a token or a quoted-string, they are combined in a single pattern which matches both:
# \"?((?<=\")(?:[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+(?!\"))\"?
WWW_AUTH_STRICT = re.compile(r"^(?:\s*(?:,\s*)?([^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+)\s*=\s*\"?((?<=\")(?:[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+(?!\"))\"?)(.*)$")
WWW_AUTH_RELAXED = re.compile(r"^(?:\s*(?:,\s*)?([^ \t\r\n=]+)\s*=\s*\"?((?<=\")(?:[^\\\"]|\\.)*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^ \t\r\n,]+(?!\"))\"?)(.*)$")
UNQUOTE_PAIRS = re.compile(r'\\(.)')
def _parse_www_authenticate(headers, headername='www-authenticate'):
"""Returns a dictionary of dictionaries, one dict
per auth_scheme."""
retval = {}
if headers.has_key(headername):
try:
authenticate = headers[headername].strip()
www_auth = USE_WWW_AUTH_STRICT_PARSING and WWW_AUTH_STRICT or WWW_AUTH_RELAXED
while authenticate:
# Break off the scheme at the beginning of the line
if headername == 'authentication-info':
(auth_scheme, the_rest) = ('digest', authenticate)
else:
(auth_scheme, the_rest) = authenticate.split(" ", 1)
# Now loop over all the key value pairs that come after the scheme,
# being careful not to roll into the next scheme
match = www_auth.search(the_rest)
auth_params = {}
while match:
if match and len(match.groups()) == 3:
(key, value, the_rest) = match.groups()
auth_params[key.lower()] = UNQUOTE_PAIRS.sub(r'\1', value) # '\\'.join([x.replace('\\', '') for x in value.split('\\\\')])
match = www_auth.search(the_rest)
retval[auth_scheme.lower()] = auth_params
authenticate = the_rest.strip()
except ValueError:
raise MalformedHeader("WWW-Authenticate")
return retval
def _entry_disposition(response_headers, request_headers):
"""Determine freshness from the Date, Expires and Cache-Control headers.
We don't handle the following:
1. Cache-Control: max-stale
2. Age: headers are not used in the calculations.
Not that this algorithm is simpler than you might think
because we are operating as a private (non-shared) cache.
This lets us ignore 's-maxage'. We can also ignore
'proxy-invalidate' since we aren't a proxy.
We will never return a stale document as
fresh as a design decision, and thus the non-implementation
of 'max-stale'. This also lets us safely ignore 'must-revalidate'
since we operate as if every server has sent 'must-revalidate'.
Since we are private we get to ignore both 'public' and
'private' parameters. We also ignore 'no-transform' since
we don't do any transformations.
The 'no-store' parameter is handled at a higher level.
So the only Cache-Control parameters we look at are:
no-cache
only-if-cached
max-age
min-fresh
"""
retval = "STALE"
cc = _parse_cache_control(request_headers)
cc_response = _parse_cache_control(response_headers)
if request_headers.has_key('pragma') and request_headers['pragma'].lower().find('no-cache') != -1:
retval = "TRANSPARENT"
if 'cache-control' not in request_headers:
request_headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
elif cc.has_key('no-cache'):
retval = "TRANSPARENT"
elif cc_response.has_key('no-cache'):
retval = "STALE"
elif cc.has_key('only-if-cached'):
retval = "FRESH"
elif response_headers.has_key('date'):
date = calendar.timegm(email.Utils.parsedate_tz(response_headers['date']))
now = time.time()
current_age = max(0, now - date)
if cc_response.has_key('max-age'):
try:
freshness_lifetime = int(cc_response['max-age'])
except ValueError:
freshness_lifetime = 0
elif response_headers.has_key('expires'):
expires = email.Utils.parsedate_tz(response_headers['expires'])
if None == expires:
freshness_lifetime = 0
else:
freshness_lifetime = max(0, calendar.timegm(expires) - date)
else:
freshness_lifetime = 0
if cc.has_key('max-age'):
try:
freshness_lifetime = int(cc['max-age'])
except ValueError:
freshness_lifetime = 0
if cc.has_key('min-fresh'):
try:
min_fresh = int(cc['min-fresh'])
except ValueError:
min_fresh = 0
current_age += min_fresh
if freshness_lifetime > current_age:
retval = "FRESH"
return retval
def _decompressContent(response, new_content):
content = new_content
try:
encoding = response.get('content-encoding', None)
if encoding in ['gzip', 'deflate']:
if encoding == 'gzip':
content = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=StringIO.StringIO(new_content)).read()
if encoding == 'deflate':
content = zlib.decompress(content)
response['content-length'] = str(len(content))
# Record the historical presence of the encoding in a way the won't interfere.
response['-content-encoding'] = response['content-encoding']
del response['content-encoding']
except IOError:
content = ""
raise FailedToDecompressContent(_("Content purported to be compressed with %s but failed to decompress.") % response.get('content-encoding'), response, content)
return content
def _updateCache(request_headers, response_headers, content, cache, cachekey):
if cachekey:
cc = _parse_cache_control(request_headers)
cc_response = _parse_cache_control(response_headers)
if cc.has_key('no-store') or cc_response.has_key('no-store'):
cache.delete(cachekey)
else:
info = email.Message.Message()
for key, value in response_headers.iteritems():
if key not in ['status','content-encoding','transfer-encoding']:
info[key] = value
# Add annotations to the cache to indicate what headers
# are variant for this request.
vary = response_headers.get('vary', None)
if vary:
vary_headers = vary.lower().replace(' ', '').split(',')
for header in vary_headers:
key = '-varied-%s' % header
try:
info[key] = request_headers[header]
except KeyError:
pass
status = response_headers.status
if status == 304:
status = 200
status_header = 'status: %d\r\n' % status
header_str = info.as_string()
header_str = re.sub("\r(?!\n)|(?<!\r)\n", "\r\n", header_str)
text = "".join([status_header, header_str, content])
cache.set(cachekey, text)
def _cnonce():
dig = _md5("%s:%s" % (time.ctime(), ["0123456789"[random.randrange(0, 9)] for i in range(20)])).hexdigest()
return dig[:16]
def _wsse_username_token(cnonce, iso_now, password):
return base64.b64encode(_sha("%s%s%s" % (cnonce, iso_now, password)).digest()).strip()
# For credentials we need two things, first
# a pool of credential to try (not necesarily tied to BAsic, Digest, etc.)
# Then we also need a list of URIs that have already demanded authentication
# That list is tricky since sub-URIs can take the same auth, or the
# auth scheme may change as you descend the tree.
# So we also need each Auth instance to be able to tell us
# how close to the 'top' it is.
class Authentication(object):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
self.path = path
self.host = host
self.credentials = credentials
self.http = http
def depth(self, request_uri):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
return request_uri[len(self.path):].count("/")
def inscope(self, host, request_uri):
# XXX Should we normalize the request_uri?
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
return (host == self.host) and path.startswith(self.path)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header. Over-rise this in sub-classes."""
pass
def response(self, response, content):
"""Gives us a chance to update with new nonces
or such returned from the last authorized response.
Over-rise this in sub-classes if necessary.
Return TRUE is the request is to be retried, for
example Digest may return stale=true.
"""
return False
class BasicAuthentication(Authentication):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode("%s:%s" % self.credentials).strip()
class DigestAuthentication(Authentication):
"""Only do qop='auth' and MD5, since that
is all Apache currently implements"""
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
self.challenge = challenge['digest']
qop = self.challenge.get('qop', 'auth')
self.challenge['qop'] = ('auth' in [x.strip() for x in qop.split()]) and 'auth' or None
if self.challenge['qop'] is None:
raise UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for qop: %s." % qop))
self.challenge['algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('algorithm', 'MD5').upper()
if self.challenge['algorithm'] != 'MD5':
raise UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['algorithm']))
self.A1 = "".join([self.credentials[0], ":", self.challenge['realm'], ":", self.credentials[1]])
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content, cnonce = None):
"""Modify the request headers"""
H = lambda x: _md5(x).hexdigest()
KD = lambda s, d: H("%s:%s" % (s, d))
A2 = "".join([method, ":", request_uri])
self.challenge['cnonce'] = cnonce or _cnonce()
request_digest = '"%s"' % KD(H(self.A1), "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (self.challenge['nonce'],
'%08x' % self.challenge['nc'],
self.challenge['cnonce'],
self.challenge['qop'], H(A2)
))
headers['Authorization'] = 'Digest username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", algorithm=%s, response=%s, qop=%s, nc=%08x, cnonce="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
self.challenge['realm'],
self.challenge['nonce'],
request_uri,
self.challenge['algorithm'],
request_digest,
self.challenge['qop'],
self.challenge['nc'],
self.challenge['cnonce'],
)
self.challenge['nc'] += 1
def response(self, response, content):
if not response.has_key('authentication-info'):
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate').get('digest', {})
if 'true' == challenge.get('stale'):
self.challenge['nonce'] = challenge['nonce']
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
return True
else:
updated_challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'authentication-info').get('digest', {})
if updated_challenge.has_key('nextnonce'):
self.challenge['nonce'] = updated_challenge['nextnonce']
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
return False
class HmacDigestAuthentication(Authentication):
"""Adapted from Robert Sayre's code and DigestAuthentication above."""
__author__ = "Thomas Broyer (t.broyer@ltgt.net)"
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
self.challenge = challenge['hmacdigest']
# TODO: self.challenge['domain']
self.challenge['reason'] = self.challenge.get('reason', 'unauthorized')
if self.challenge['reason'] not in ['unauthorized', 'integrity']:
self.challenge['reason'] = 'unauthorized'
self.challenge['salt'] = self.challenge.get('salt', '')
if not self.challenge.get('snonce'):
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("The challenge doesn't contain a server nonce, or this one is empty."))
self.challenge['algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('algorithm', 'HMAC-SHA-1')
if self.challenge['algorithm'] not in ['HMAC-SHA-1', 'HMAC-MD5']:
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['algorithm']))
self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('pw-algorithm', 'SHA-1')
if self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] not in ['SHA-1', 'MD5']:
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for pw-algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['pw-algorithm']))
if self.challenge['algorithm'] == 'HMAC-MD5':
self.hashmod = _md5
else:
self.hashmod = _sha
if self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] == 'MD5':
self.pwhashmod = _md5
else:
self.pwhashmod = _sha
self.key = "".join([self.credentials[0], ":",
self.pwhashmod.new("".join([self.credentials[1], self.challenge['salt']])).hexdigest().lower(),
":", self.challenge['realm']
])
self.key = self.pwhashmod.new(self.key).hexdigest().lower()
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers"""
keys = _get_end2end_headers(headers)
keylist = "".join(["%s " % k for k in keys])
headers_val = "".join([headers[k] for k in keys])
created = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ',time.gmtime())
cnonce = _cnonce()
request_digest = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (method, request_uri, cnonce, self.challenge['snonce'], headers_val)
request_digest = hmac.new(self.key, request_digest, self.hashmod).hexdigest().lower()
headers['Authorization'] = 'HMACDigest username="%s", realm="%s", snonce="%s", cnonce="%s", uri="%s", created="%s", response="%s", headers="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
self.challenge['realm'],
self.challenge['snonce'],
cnonce,
request_uri,
created,
request_digest,
keylist,
)
def response(self, response, content):
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate').get('hmacdigest', {})
if challenge.get('reason') in ['integrity', 'stale']:
return True
return False
class WsseAuthentication(Authentication):
"""This is thinly tested and should not be relied upon.
At this time there isn't any third party server to test against.
Blogger and TypePad implemented this algorithm at one point
but Blogger has since switched to Basic over HTTPS and
TypePad has implemented it wrong, by never issuing a 401
challenge but instead requiring your client to telepathically know that
their endpoint is expecting WSSE profile="UsernameToken"."""
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['Authorization'] = 'WSSE profile="UsernameToken"'
iso_now = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", time.gmtime())
cnonce = _cnonce()
password_digest = _wsse_username_token(cnonce, iso_now, self.credentials[1])
headers['X-WSSE'] = 'UsernameToken Username="%s", PasswordDigest="%s", Nonce="%s", Created="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
password_digest,
cnonce,
iso_now)
class GoogleLoginAuthentication(Authentication):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
from urllib import urlencode
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
service = challenge['googlelogin'].get('service', 'xapi')
# Bloggger actually returns the service in the challenge
# For the rest we guess based on the URI
if service == 'xapi' and request_uri.find("calendar") > 0:
service = "cl"
# No point in guessing Base or Spreadsheet
#elif request_uri.find("spreadsheets") > 0:
# service = "wise"
auth = dict(Email=credentials[0], Passwd=credentials[1], service=service, source=headers['user-agent'])
resp, content = self.http.request("https://www.google.com/accounts/ClientLogin", method="POST", body=urlencode(auth), headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'})
lines = content.split('\n')
d = dict([tuple(line.split("=", 1)) for line in lines if line])
if resp.status == 403:
self.Auth = ""
else:
self.Auth = d['Auth']
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['authorization'] = 'GoogleLogin Auth=' + self.Auth
AUTH_SCHEME_CLASSES = {
"basic": BasicAuthentication,
"wsse": WsseAuthentication,
"digest": DigestAuthentication,
"hmacdigest": HmacDigestAuthentication,
"googlelogin": GoogleLoginAuthentication
}
AUTH_SCHEME_ORDER = ["hmacdigest", "googlelogin", "digest", "wsse", "basic"]
class FileCache(object):
"""Uses a local directory as a store for cached files.
Not really safe to use if multiple threads or processes are going to
be running on the same cache.
"""
def __init__(self, cache, safe=safename): # use safe=lambda x: md5.new(x).hexdigest() for the old behavior
self.cache = cache
self.safe = safe
if not os.path.exists(cache):
os.makedirs(self.cache)
def get(self, key):
retval = None
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
try:
f = file(cacheFullPath, "rb")
retval = f.read()
f.close()
except IOError:
pass
return retval
def set(self, key, value):
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
f = file(cacheFullPath, "wb")
f.write(value)
f.close()
def delete(self, key):
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
if os.path.exists(cacheFullPath):
os.remove(cacheFullPath)
class Credentials(object):
def __init__(self):
self.credentials = []
def add(self, name, password, domain=""):
self.credentials.append((domain.lower(), name, password))
def clear(self):
self.credentials = []
def iter(self, domain):
for (cdomain, name, password) in self.credentials:
if cdomain == "" or domain == cdomain:
yield (name, password)
class KeyCerts(Credentials):
"""Identical to Credentials except that
name/password are mapped to key/cert."""
pass
class ProxyInfo(object):
"""Collect information required to use a proxy."""
def __init__(self, proxy_type, proxy_host, proxy_port, proxy_rdns=None, proxy_user=None, proxy_pass=None):
"""The parameter proxy_type must be set to one of socks.PROXY_TYPE_XXX
constants. For example:
p = ProxyInfo(proxy_type=socks.PROXY_TYPE_HTTP, proxy_host='localhost', proxy_port=8000)
"""
self.proxy_type, self.proxy_host, self.proxy_port, self.proxy_rdns, self.proxy_user, self.proxy_pass = proxy_type, proxy_host, proxy_port, proxy_rdns, proxy_user, proxy_pass
def astuple(self):
return (self.proxy_type, self.proxy_host, self.proxy_port, self.proxy_rdns,
self.proxy_user, self.proxy_pass)
def isgood(self):
return (self.proxy_host != None) and (self.proxy_port != None)
class HTTPConnectionWithTimeout(httplib.HTTPConnection):
"""
HTTPConnection subclass that supports timeouts
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout then
Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See for example
the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
httplib.HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict)
self.timeout = timeout
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
def connect(self):
"""Connect to the host and port specified in __init__."""
# Mostly verbatim from httplib.py.
if self.proxy_info and socks is None:
raise ProxiesUnavailableError(
'Proxy support missing but proxy use was requested!')
msg = "getaddrinfo returns an empty list"
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(self.host, self.port, 0,
socket.SOCK_STREAM):
af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
try:
if self.proxy_info and self.proxy_info.isgood():
self.sock = socks.socksocket(af, socktype, proto)
self.sock.setproxy(*self.proxy_info.astuple())
else:
self.sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
self.sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
# Different from httplib: support timeouts.
if has_timeout(self.timeout):
self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
# End of difference from httplib.
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print "connect: (%s, %s)" % (self.host, self.port)
self.sock.connect(sa)
except socket.error, msg:
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print 'connect fail:', (self.host, self.port)
if self.sock:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
continue
break
if not self.sock:
raise socket.error, msg
class HTTPSConnectionWithTimeout(httplib.HTTPSConnection):
"""
This class allows communication via SSL.
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout then
Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See for example
the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
strict=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
httplib.HTTPSConnection.__init__(self, host, port=port, key_file=key_file,
cert_file=cert_file, strict=strict)
self.timeout = timeout
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
def connect(self):
"Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
msg = "getaddrinfo returns an empty list"
for family, socktype, proto, canonname, sockaddr in socket.getaddrinfo(
self.host, self.port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
try:
if self.proxy_info and self.proxy_info.isgood():
sock = socks.socksocket(family, socktype, proto)
sock.setproxy(*self.proxy_info.astuple())
else:
sock = socket.socket(family, socktype, proto)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
if has_timeout(self.timeout):
sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
sock.connect((self.host, self.port))
self.sock =_ssl_wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file)
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print "connect: (%s, %s)" % (self.host, self.port)
except socket.error, msg:
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print 'connect fail:', (self.host, self.port)
if self.sock:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
continue
break
if not self.sock:
raise socket.error, msg
class Http(object):
"""An HTTP client that handles:
- all methods
- caching
- ETags
- compression,
- HTTPS
- Basic
- Digest
- WSSE
and more.
"""
def __init__(self, cache=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
"""
The value of proxy_info is a ProxyInfo instance.
If 'cache' is a string then it is used as a directory name for
a disk cache. Otherwise it must be an object that supports the
same interface as FileCache.
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout
then Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See
for example the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
# Map domain name to an httplib connection
self.connections = {}
# The location of the cache, for now a directory
# where cached responses are held.
if cache and isinstance(cache, str):
self.cache = FileCache(cache)
else:
self.cache = cache
# Name/password
self.credentials = Credentials()
# Key/cert
self.certificates = KeyCerts()
# authorization objects
self.authorizations = []
# If set to False then no redirects are followed, even safe ones.
self.follow_redirects = True
# Which HTTP methods do we apply optimistic concurrency to, i.e.
# which methods get an "if-match:" etag header added to them.
self.optimistic_concurrency_methods = ["PUT"]
# If 'follow_redirects' is True, and this is set to True then
# all redirecs are followed, including unsafe ones.
self.follow_all_redirects = False
self.ignore_etag = False
self.force_exception_to_status_code = False
self.timeout = timeout
def _auth_from_challenge(self, host, request_uri, headers, response, content):
"""A generator that creates Authorization objects
that can be applied to requests.
"""
challenges = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
for cred in self.credentials.iter(host):
for scheme in AUTH_SCHEME_ORDER:
if challenges.has_key(scheme):
yield AUTH_SCHEME_CLASSES[scheme](cred, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, self)
def add_credentials(self, name, password, domain=""):
"""Add a name and password that will be used
any time a request requires authentication."""
self.credentials.add(name, password, domain)
def add_certificate(self, key, cert, domain):
"""Add a key and cert that will be used
any time a request requires authentication."""
self.certificates.add(key, cert, domain)
def clear_credentials(self):
"""Remove all the names and passwords
that are used for authentication"""
self.credentials.clear()
self.authorizations = []
def _conn_request(self, conn, request_uri, method, body, headers):
for i in range(2):
try:
conn.request(method, request_uri, body, headers)
except socket.timeout:
raise
except socket.gaierror:
conn.close()
raise ServerNotFoundError("Unable to find the server at %s" % conn.host)
except socket.error, e:
err = 0
if hasattr(e, 'args'):
err = getattr(e, 'args')[0]
else:
err = e.errno
if err == errno.ECONNREFUSED: # Connection refused
raise
except httplib.HTTPException:
# Just because the server closed the connection doesn't apparently mean
# that the server didn't send a response.
if conn.sock is None:
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
else:
conn.close()
raise
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
pass
try:
response = conn.getresponse()
except (socket.error, httplib.HTTPException):
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
else:
raise
else:
content = ""
if method == "HEAD":
response.close()
else:
content = response.read()
response = Response(response)
if method != "HEAD":
content = _decompressContent(response, content)
break
return (response, content)
def _request(self, conn, host, absolute_uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey):
"""Do the actual request using the connection object
and also follow one level of redirects if necessary"""
auths = [(auth.depth(request_uri), auth) for auth in self.authorizations if auth.inscope(host, request_uri)]
auth = auths and sorted(auths)[0][1] or None
if auth:
auth.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers)
if auth:
if auth.response(response, body):
auth.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers )
response._stale_digest = 1
if response.status == 401:
for authorization in self._auth_from_challenge(host, request_uri, headers, response, content):
authorization.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers, )
if response.status != 401:
self.authorizations.append(authorization)
authorization.response(response, body)
break
if (self.follow_all_redirects or (method in ["GET", "HEAD"]) or response.status == 303):
if self.follow_redirects and response.status in [300, 301, 302, 303, 307]:
# Pick out the location header and basically start from the beginning
# remembering first to strip the ETag header and decrement our 'depth'
if redirections:
if not response.has_key('location') and response.status != 300:
raise RedirectMissingLocation( _("Redirected but the response is missing a Location: header."), response, content)
# Fix-up relative redirects (which violate an RFC 2616 MUST)
if response.has_key('location'):
location = response['location']
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(location)
if authority == None:
response['location'] = urlparse.urljoin(absolute_uri, location)
if response.status == 301 and method in ["GET", "HEAD"]:
response['-x-permanent-redirect-url'] = response['location']
if not response.has_key('content-location'):
response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
_updateCache(headers, response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
if headers.has_key('if-none-match'):
del headers['if-none-match']
if headers.has_key('if-modified-since'):
del headers['if-modified-since']
if response.has_key('location'):
location = response['location']
old_response = copy.deepcopy(response)
if not old_response.has_key('content-location'):
old_response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
redirect_method = method
if response.status == 303:
redirect_method = "GET"
(response, content) = self.request(location, redirect_method, body=body, headers = headers, redirections = redirections - 1)
response.previous = old_response
else:
raise RedirectLimit("Redirected more times than rediection_limit allows.", response, content)
elif response.status in [200, 203] and method == "GET":
# Don't cache 206's since we aren't going to handle byte range requests
if not response.has_key('content-location'):
response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
_updateCache(headers, response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
return (response, content)
def _normalize_headers(self, headers):
return _normalize_headers(headers)
# Need to catch and rebrand some exceptions
# Then need to optionally turn all exceptions into status codes
# including all socket.* and httplib.* exceptions.
def request(self, uri, method="GET", body=None, headers=None, redirections=DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS, connection_type=None):
""" Performs a single HTTP request.
The 'uri' is the URI of the HTTP resource and can begin
with either 'http' or 'https'. The value of 'uri' must be an absolute URI.
The 'method' is the HTTP method to perform, such as GET, POST, DELETE, etc.
There is no restriction on the methods allowed.
The 'body' is the entity body to be sent with the request. It is a string
object.
Any extra headers that are to be sent with the request should be provided in the
'headers' dictionary.
The maximum number of redirect to follow before raising an
exception is 'redirections. The default is 5.
The return value is a tuple of (response, content), the first
being and instance of the 'Response' class, the second being
a string that contains the response entity body.
"""
try:
if headers is None:
headers = {}
else:
headers = self._normalize_headers(headers)
if not headers.has_key('user-agent'):
headers['user-agent'] = "Python-httplib2/%s" % __version__
uri = iri2uri(uri)
(scheme, authority, request_uri, defrag_uri) = urlnorm(uri)
domain_port = authority.split(":")[0:2]
if len(domain_port) == 2 and domain_port[1] == '443' and scheme == 'http':
scheme = 'https'
authority = domain_port[0]
conn_key = scheme+":"+authority
if conn_key in self.connections:
conn = self.connections[conn_key]
else:
if not connection_type:
connection_type = (scheme == 'https') and HTTPSConnectionWithTimeout or HTTPConnectionWithTimeout
certs = list(self.certificates.iter(authority))
if scheme == 'https' and certs:
conn = self.connections[conn_key] = connection_type(authority, key_file=certs[0][0],
cert_file=certs[0][1], timeout=self.timeout, proxy_info=self.proxy_info)
else:
conn = self.connections[conn_key] = connection_type(authority, timeout=self.timeout, proxy_info=self.proxy_info)
conn.set_debuglevel(debuglevel)
if 'range' not in headers and 'accept-encoding' not in headers:
headers['accept-encoding'] = 'gzip, deflate'
info = email.Message.Message()
cached_value = None
if self.cache:
cachekey = defrag_uri
cached_value = self.cache.get(cachekey)
if cached_value:
# info = email.message_from_string(cached_value)
#
# Need to replace the line above with the kludge below
# to fix the non-existent bug not fixed in this
# bug report: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-bugs-list/2005-September/030289.html
try:
info, content = cached_value.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
feedparser = email.FeedParser.FeedParser()
feedparser.feed(info)
info = feedparser.close()
feedparser._parse = None
except IndexError:
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
cachekey = None
cached_value = None
else:
cachekey = None
if method in self.optimistic_concurrency_methods and self.cache and info.has_key('etag') and not self.ignore_etag and 'if-match' not in headers:
# http://www.w3.org/1999/04/Editing/
headers['if-match'] = info['etag']
if method not in ["GET", "HEAD"] and self.cache and cachekey:
# RFC 2616 Section 13.10
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
# Check the vary header in the cache to see if this request
# matches what varies in the cache.
if method in ['GET', 'HEAD'] and 'vary' in info:
vary = info['vary']
vary_headers = vary.lower().replace(' ', '').split(',')
for header in vary_headers:
key = '-varied-%s' % header
value = info[key]
if headers.get(header, None) != value:
cached_value = None
break
if cached_value and method in ["GET", "HEAD"] and self.cache and 'range' not in headers:
if info.has_key('-x-permanent-redirect-url'):
# Should cached permanent redirects be counted in our redirection count? For now, yes.
if redirections <= 0:
raise RedirectLimit("Redirected more times than rediection_limit allows.", {}, "")
(response, new_content) = self.request(info['-x-permanent-redirect-url'], "GET", headers = headers, redirections = redirections - 1)
response.previous = Response(info)
response.previous.fromcache = True
else:
# Determine our course of action:
# Is the cached entry fresh or stale?
# Has the client requested a non-cached response?
#
# There seems to be three possible answers:
# 1. [FRESH] Return the cache entry w/o doing a GET
# 2. [STALE] Do the GET (but add in cache validators if available)
# 3. [TRANSPARENT] Do a GET w/o any cache validators (Cache-Control: no-cache) on the request
entry_disposition = _entry_disposition(info, headers)
if entry_disposition == "FRESH":
if not cached_value:
info['status'] = '504'
content = ""
response = Response(info)
if cached_value:
response.fromcache = True
return (response, content)
if entry_disposition == "STALE":
if info.has_key('etag') and not self.ignore_etag and not 'if-none-match' in headers:
headers['if-none-match'] = info['etag']
if info.has_key('last-modified') and not 'last-modified' in headers:
headers['if-modified-since'] = info['last-modified']
elif entry_disposition == "TRANSPARENT":
pass
(response, new_content) = self._request(conn, authority, uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey)
if response.status == 304 and method == "GET":
# Rewrite the cache entry with the new end-to-end headers
# Take all headers that are in response
# and overwrite their values in info.
# unless they are hop-by-hop, or are listed in the connection header.
for key in _get_end2end_headers(response):
info[key] = response[key]
merged_response = Response(info)
if hasattr(response, "_stale_digest"):
merged_response._stale_digest = response._stale_digest
_updateCache(headers, merged_response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
response = merged_response
response.status = 200
response.fromcache = True
elif response.status == 200:
content = new_content
else:
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
content = new_content
else:
cc = _parse_cache_control(headers)
if cc.has_key('only-if-cached'):
info['status'] = '504'
response = Response(info)
content = ""
else:
(response, content) = self._request(conn, authority, uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey)
except Exception, e:
if self.force_exception_to_status_code:
if isinstance(e, HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse):
response = e.response
content = e.content
response.status = 500
response.reason = str(e)
elif isinstance(e, socket.timeout):
content = "Request Timeout"
response = Response( {
"content-type": "text/plain",
"status": "408",
"content-length": len(content)
})
response.reason = "Request Timeout"
else:
content = str(e)
response = Response( {
"content-type": "text/plain",
"status": "400",
"content-length": len(content)
})
response.reason = "Bad Request"
else:
raise
return (response, content)
class Response(dict):
"""An object more like email.Message than httplib.HTTPResponse."""
"""Is this response from our local cache"""
fromcache = False
"""HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1. """
version = 11
"Status code returned by server. "
status = 200
"""Reason phrase returned by server."""
reason = "Ok"
previous = None
def __init__(self, info):
# info is either an email.Message or
# an httplib.HTTPResponse object.
if isinstance(info, httplib.HTTPResponse):
for key, value in info.getheaders():
self[key.lower()] = value
self.status = info.status
self['status'] = str(self.status)
self.reason = info.reason
self.version = info.version
elif isinstance(info, email.Message.Message):
for key, value in info.items():
self[key] = value
self.status = int(self['status'])
else:
for key, value in info.iteritems():
self[key] = value
self.status = int(self.get('status', self.status))
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == 'dict':
return self
else:
raise AttributeError, name
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright (c) 2007, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# ---
# Author: Chad Lester
# Design and style contributions by:
# Amit Patel, Bogdan Cocosel, Daniel Dulitz, Eric Tiedemann,
# Eric Veach, Laurence Gonsalves, Matthew Springer
# Code reorganized a bit by Craig Silverstein
"""This module is used to define and parse command line flags.
This module defines a *distributed* flag-definition policy: rather than
an application having to define all flags in or near main(), each python
module defines flags that are useful to it. When one python module
imports another, it gains access to the other's flags. (This is
implemented by having all modules share a common, global registry object
containing all the flag information.)
Flags are defined through the use of one of the DEFINE_xxx functions.
The specific function used determines how the flag is parsed, checked,
and optionally type-converted, when it's seen on the command line.
IMPLEMENTATION: DEFINE_* creates a 'Flag' object and registers it with a
'FlagValues' object (typically the global FlagValues FLAGS, defined
here). The 'FlagValues' object can scan the command line arguments and
pass flag arguments to the corresponding 'Flag' objects for
value-checking and type conversion. The converted flag values are
available as attributes of the 'FlagValues' object.
Code can access the flag through a FlagValues object, for instance
gflags.FLAGS.myflag. Typically, the __main__ module passes the
command line arguments to gflags.FLAGS for parsing.
At bottom, this module calls getopt(), so getopt functionality is
supported, including short- and long-style flags, and the use of -- to
terminate flags.
Methods defined by the flag module will throw 'FlagsError' exceptions.
The exception argument will be a human-readable string.
FLAG TYPES: This is a list of the DEFINE_*'s that you can do. All flags
take a name, default value, help-string, and optional 'short' name
(one-letter name). Some flags have other arguments, which are described
with the flag.
DEFINE_string: takes any input, and interprets it as a string.
DEFINE_bool or
DEFINE_boolean: typically does not take an argument: say --myflag to
set FLAGS.myflag to true, or --nomyflag to set
FLAGS.myflag to false. Alternately, you can say
--myflag=true or --myflag=t or --myflag=1 or
--myflag=false or --myflag=f or --myflag=0
DEFINE_float: takes an input and interprets it as a floating point
number. Takes optional args lower_bound and upper_bound;
if the number specified on the command line is out of
range, it will raise a FlagError.
DEFINE_integer: takes an input and interprets it as an integer. Takes
optional args lower_bound and upper_bound as for floats.
DEFINE_enum: takes a list of strings which represents legal values. If
the command-line value is not in this list, raise a flag
error. Otherwise, assign to FLAGS.flag as a string.
DEFINE_list: Takes a comma-separated list of strings on the commandline.
Stores them in a python list object.
DEFINE_spaceseplist: Takes a space-separated list of strings on the
commandline. Stores them in a python list object.
Example: --myspacesepflag "foo bar baz"
DEFINE_multistring: The same as DEFINE_string, except the flag can be
specified more than once on the commandline. The
result is a python list object (list of strings),
even if the flag is only on the command line once.
DEFINE_multi_int: The same as DEFINE_integer, except the flag can be
specified more than once on the commandline. The
result is a python list object (list of ints), even if
the flag is only on the command line once.
SPECIAL FLAGS: There are a few flags that have special meaning:
--help prints a list of all the flags in a human-readable fashion
--helpshort prints a list of all key flags (see below).
--helpxml prints a list of all flags, in XML format. DO NOT parse
the output of --help and --helpshort. Instead, parse
the output of --helpxml. For more info, see
"OUTPUT FOR --helpxml" below.
--flagfile=foo read flags from file foo.
--undefok=f1,f2 ignore unrecognized option errors for f1,f2.
For boolean flags, you should use --undefok=boolflag, and
--boolflag and --noboolflag will be accepted. Do not use
--undefok=noboolflag.
-- as in getopt(), terminates flag-processing
FLAGS VALIDATORS: If your program:
- requires flag X to be specified
- needs flag Y to match a regular expression
- or requires any more general constraint to be satisfied
then validators are for you!
Each validator represents a constraint over one flag, which is enforced
starting from the initial parsing of the flags and until the program
terminates.
Also, lower_bound and upper_bound for numerical flags are enforced using flag
validators.
Howto:
If you want to enforce a constraint over one flag, use
flags.RegisterValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message='Flag validation failed',
flag_values=FLAGS)
After flag values are initially parsed, and after any change to the specified
flag, method checker(flag_value) will be executed. If constraint is not
satisfied, an IllegalFlagValue exception will be raised. See
RegisterValidator's docstring for a detailed explanation on how to construct
your own checker.
EXAMPLE USAGE:
FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
flags.DEFINE_integer('my_version', 0, 'Version number.')
flags.DEFINE_string('filename', None, 'Input file name', short_name='f')
flags.RegisterValidator('my_version',
lambda value: value % 2 == 0,
message='--my_version must be divisible by 2')
flags.MarkFlagAsRequired('filename')
NOTE ON --flagfile:
Flags may be loaded from text files in addition to being specified on
the commandline.
Any flags you don't feel like typing, throw them in a file, one flag per
line, for instance:
--myflag=myvalue
--nomyboolean_flag
You then specify your file with the special flag '--flagfile=somefile'.
You CAN recursively nest flagfile= tokens OR use multiple files on the
command line. Lines beginning with a single hash '#' or a double slash
'//' are comments in your flagfile.
Any flagfile=<file> will be interpreted as having a relative path from
the current working directory rather than from the place the file was
included from:
myPythonScript.py --flagfile=config/somefile.cfg
If somefile.cfg includes further --flagfile= directives, these will be
referenced relative to the original CWD, not from the directory the
including flagfile was found in!
The caveat applies to people who are including a series of nested files
in a different dir than they are executing out of. Relative path names
are always from CWD, not from the directory of the parent include
flagfile. We do now support '~' expanded directory names.
Absolute path names ALWAYS work!
EXAMPLE USAGE:
import gflags
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
# Flag names are globally defined! So in general, we need to be
# careful to pick names that are unlikely to be used by other libraries.
# If there is a conflict, we'll get an error at import time.
gflags.DEFINE_string('name', 'Mr. President', 'your name')
gflags.DEFINE_integer('age', None, 'your age in years', lower_bound=0)
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('debug', False, 'produces debugging output')
gflags.DEFINE_enum('gender', 'male', ['male', 'female'], 'your gender')
def main(argv):
try:
argv = FLAGS(argv) # parse flags
except gflags.FlagsError, e:
print '%s\\nUsage: %s ARGS\\n%s' % (e, sys.argv[0], FLAGS)
sys.exit(1)
if FLAGS.debug: print 'non-flag arguments:', argv
print 'Happy Birthday', FLAGS.name
if FLAGS.age is not None:
print 'You are a %s, who is %d years old' % (FLAGS.gender, FLAGS.age)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)
KEY FLAGS:
As we already explained, each module gains access to all flags defined
by all the other modules it transitively imports. In the case of
non-trivial scripts, this means a lot of flags ... For documentation
purposes, it is good to identify the flags that are key (i.e., really
important) to a module. Clearly, the concept of "key flag" is a
subjective one. When trying to determine whether a flag is key to a
module or not, assume that you are trying to explain your module to a
potential user: which flags would you really like to mention first?
We'll describe shortly how to declare which flags are key to a module.
For the moment, assume we know the set of key flags for each module.
Then, if you use the app.py module, you can use the --helpshort flag to
print only the help for the flags that are key to the main module, in a
human-readable format.
NOTE: If you need to parse the flag help, do NOT use the output of
--help / --helpshort. That output is meant for human consumption, and
may be changed in the future. Instead, use --helpxml; flags that are
key for the main module are marked there with a <key>yes</key> element.
The set of key flags for a module M is composed of:
1. Flags defined by module M by calling a DEFINE_* function.
2. Flags that module M explictly declares as key by using the function
DECLARE_key_flag(<flag_name>)
3. Key flags of other modules that M specifies by using the function
ADOPT_module_key_flags(<other_module>)
This is a "bulk" declaration of key flags: each flag that is key for
<other_module> becomes key for the current module too.
Notice that if you do not use the functions described at points 2 and 3
above, then --helpshort prints information only about the flags defined
by the main module of our script. In many cases, this behavior is good
enough. But if you move part of the main module code (together with the
related flags) into a different module, then it is nice to use
DECLARE_key_flag / ADOPT_module_key_flags and make sure --helpshort
lists all relevant flags (otherwise, your code refactoring may confuse
your users).
Note: each of DECLARE_key_flag / ADOPT_module_key_flags has its own
pluses and minuses: DECLARE_key_flag is more targeted and may lead a
more focused --helpshort documentation. ADOPT_module_key_flags is good
for cases when an entire module is considered key to the current script.
Also, it does not require updates to client scripts when a new flag is
added to the module.
EXAMPLE USAGE 2 (WITH KEY FLAGS):
Consider an application that contains the following three files (two
auxiliary modules and a main module):
File libfoo.py:
import gflags
gflags.DEFINE_integer('num_replicas', 3, 'Number of replicas to start')
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('rpc2', True, 'Turn on the usage of RPC2.')
... some code ...
File libbar.py:
import gflags
gflags.DEFINE_string('bar_gfs_path', '/gfs/path',
'Path to the GFS files for libbar.')
gflags.DEFINE_string('email_for_bar_errors', 'bar-team@google.com',
'Email address for bug reports about module libbar.')
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('bar_risky_hack', False,
'Turn on an experimental and buggy optimization.')
... some code ...
File myscript.py:
import gflags
import libfoo
import libbar
gflags.DEFINE_integer('num_iterations', 0, 'Number of iterations.')
# Declare that all flags that are key for libfoo are
# key for this module too.
gflags.ADOPT_module_key_flags(libfoo)
# Declare that the flag --bar_gfs_path (defined in libbar) is key
# for this module.
gflags.DECLARE_key_flag('bar_gfs_path')
... some code ...
When myscript is invoked with the flag --helpshort, the resulted help
message lists information about all the key flags for myscript:
--num_iterations, --num_replicas, --rpc2, and --bar_gfs_path (in
addition to the special flags --help and --helpshort).
Of course, myscript uses all the flags declared by it (in this case,
just --num_replicas) or by any of the modules it transitively imports
(e.g., the modules libfoo, libbar). E.g., it can access the value of
FLAGS.bar_risky_hack, even if --bar_risky_hack is not declared as a key
flag for myscript.
OUTPUT FOR --helpxml:
The --helpxml flag generates output with the following structure:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<AllFlags>
<program>PROGRAM_BASENAME</program>
<usage>MAIN_MODULE_DOCSTRING</usage>
(<flag>
[<key>yes</key>]
<file>DECLARING_MODULE</file>
<name>FLAG_NAME</name>
<meaning>FLAG_HELP_MESSAGE</meaning>
<default>DEFAULT_FLAG_VALUE</default>
<current>CURRENT_FLAG_VALUE</current>
<type>FLAG_TYPE</type>
[OPTIONAL_ELEMENTS]
</flag>)*
</AllFlags>
Notes:
1. The output is intentionally similar to the output generated by the
C++ command-line flag library. The few differences are due to the
Python flags that do not have a C++ equivalent (at least not yet),
e.g., DEFINE_list.
2. New XML elements may be added in the future.
3. DEFAULT_FLAG_VALUE is in serialized form, i.e., the string you can
pass for this flag on the command-line. E.g., for a flag defined
using DEFINE_list, this field may be foo,bar, not ['foo', 'bar'].
4. CURRENT_FLAG_VALUE is produced using str(). This means that the
string 'false' will be represented in the same way as the boolean
False. Using repr() would have removed this ambiguity and simplified
parsing, but would have broken the compatibility with the C++
command-line flags.
5. OPTIONAL_ELEMENTS describe elements relevant for certain kinds of
flags: lower_bound, upper_bound (for flags that specify bounds),
enum_value (for enum flags), list_separator (for flags that consist of
a list of values, separated by a special token).
6. We do not provide any example here: please use --helpxml instead.
"""
import cgi
import getopt
import os
import re
import string
import sys
import gflags_validators
# Are we running at least python 2.2?
try:
if tuple(sys.version_info[:3]) < (2,2,0):
raise NotImplementedError("requires python 2.2.0 or later")
except AttributeError: # a very old python, that lacks sys.version_info
raise NotImplementedError("requires python 2.2.0 or later")
# If we're not running at least python 2.2.1, define True, False, and bool.
# Thanks, Guido, for the code.
try:
True, False, bool
except NameError:
False = 0
True = 1
def bool(x):
if x:
return True
else:
return False
# Are we running under pychecker?
_RUNNING_PYCHECKER = 'pychecker.python' in sys.modules
def _GetCallingModule():
"""Returns the name of the module that's calling into this module.
We generally use this function to get the name of the module calling a
DEFINE_foo... function.
"""
# Walk down the stack to find the first globals dict that's not ours.
for depth in range(1, sys.getrecursionlimit()):
if not sys._getframe(depth).f_globals is globals():
globals_for_frame = sys._getframe(depth).f_globals
module_name = _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_for_frame)[1]
if module_name is not None:
return module_name
raise AssertionError("No module was found")
def _GetThisModuleObjectAndName():
"""Returns: (module object, module name) for this module."""
return _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals())
# module exceptions:
class FlagsError(Exception):
"""The base class for all flags errors."""
pass
class DuplicateFlag(FlagsError):
"""Raised if there is a flag naming conflict."""
pass
class DuplicateFlagCannotPropagateNoneToSwig(DuplicateFlag):
"""Special case of DuplicateFlag -- SWIG flag value can't be set to None.
This can be raised when a duplicate flag is created. Even if allow_override is
True, we still abort if the new value is None, because it's currently
impossible to pass None default value back to SWIG. See FlagValues.SetDefault
for details.
"""
pass
# A DuplicateFlagError conveys more information than a
# DuplicateFlag. Since there are external modules that create
# DuplicateFlags, the interface to DuplicateFlag shouldn't change.
class DuplicateFlagError(DuplicateFlag):
def __init__(self, flagname, flag_values):
self.flagname = flagname
message = "The flag '%s' is defined twice." % self.flagname
flags_by_module = flag_values.FlagsByModuleDict()
for module in flags_by_module:
for flag in flags_by_module[module]:
if flag.name == flagname or flag.short_name == flagname:
message = message + " First from " + module + ","
break
message = message + " Second from " + _GetCallingModule()
DuplicateFlag.__init__(self, message)
class IllegalFlagValue(FlagsError):
"""The flag command line argument is illegal."""
pass
class UnrecognizedFlag(FlagsError):
"""Raised if a flag is unrecognized."""
pass
# An UnrecognizedFlagError conveys more information than an UnrecognizedFlag.
# Since there are external modules that create DuplicateFlags, the interface to
# DuplicateFlag shouldn't change. The flagvalue will be assigned the full value
# of the flag and its argument, if any, allowing handling of unrecognzed flags
# in an exception handler.
# If flagvalue is the empty string, then this exception is an due to a
# reference to a flag that was not already defined.
class UnrecognizedFlagError(UnrecognizedFlag):
def __init__(self, flagname, flagvalue=''):
self.flagname = flagname
self.flagvalue = flagvalue
UnrecognizedFlag.__init__(
self, "Unknown command line flag '%s'" % flagname)
# Global variable used by expvar
_exported_flags = {}
_help_width = 80 # width of help output
def GetHelpWidth():
"""Returns: an integer, the width of help lines that is used in TextWrap."""
return _help_width
def CutCommonSpacePrefix(text):
"""Removes a common space prefix from the lines of a multiline text.
If the first line does not start with a space, it is left as it is and
only in the remaining lines a common space prefix is being searched
for. That means the first line will stay untouched. This is especially
useful to turn doc strings into help texts. This is because some
people prefer to have the doc comment start already after the
apostrophy and then align the following lines while others have the
apostrophies on a seperately line.
The function also drops trailing empty lines and ignores empty lines
following the initial content line while calculating the initial
common whitespace.
Args:
text: text to work on
Returns:
the resulting text
"""
text_lines = text.splitlines()
# Drop trailing empty lines
while text_lines and not text_lines[-1]:
text_lines = text_lines[:-1]
if text_lines:
# We got some content, is the first line starting with a space?
if text_lines[0] and text_lines[0][0].isspace():
text_first_line = []
else:
text_first_line = [text_lines.pop(0)]
# Calculate length of common leading whitesppace (only over content lines)
common_prefix = os.path.commonprefix([line for line in text_lines if line])
space_prefix_len = len(common_prefix) - len(common_prefix.lstrip())
# If we have a common space prefix, drop it from all lines
if space_prefix_len:
for index in xrange(len(text_lines)):
if text_lines[index]:
text_lines[index] = text_lines[index][space_prefix_len:]
return '\n'.join(text_first_line + text_lines)
return ''
def TextWrap(text, length=None, indent='', firstline_indent=None, tabs=' '):
"""Wraps a given text to a maximum line length and returns it.
We turn lines that only contain whitespaces into empty lines. We keep
new lines and tabs (e.g., we do not treat tabs as spaces).
Args:
text: text to wrap
length: maximum length of a line, includes indentation
if this is None then use GetHelpWidth()
indent: indent for all but first line
firstline_indent: indent for first line; if None, fall back to indent
tabs: replacement for tabs
Returns:
wrapped text
Raises:
FlagsError: if indent not shorter than length
FlagsError: if firstline_indent not shorter than length
"""
# Get defaults where callee used None
if length is None:
length = GetHelpWidth()
if indent is None:
indent = ''
if len(indent) >= length:
raise FlagsError('Indent must be shorter than length')
# In line we will be holding the current line which is to be started
# with indent (or firstline_indent if available) and then appended
# with words.
if firstline_indent is None:
firstline_indent = ''
line = indent
else:
line = firstline_indent
if len(firstline_indent) >= length:
raise FlagsError('First iline indent must be shorter than length')
# If the callee does not care about tabs we simply convert them to
# spaces If callee wanted tabs to be single space then we do that
# already here.
if not tabs or tabs == ' ':
text = text.replace('\t', ' ')
else:
tabs_are_whitespace = not tabs.strip()
line_regex = re.compile('([ ]*)(\t*)([^ \t]+)', re.MULTILINE)
# Split the text into lines and the lines with the regex above. The
# resulting lines are collected in result[]. For each split we get the
# spaces, the tabs and the next non white space (e.g. next word).
result = []
for text_line in text.splitlines():
# Store result length so we can find out whether processing the next
# line gave any new content
old_result_len = len(result)
# Process next line with line_regex. For optimization we do an rstrip().
# - process tabs (changes either line or word, see below)
# - process word (first try to squeeze on line, then wrap or force wrap)
# Spaces found on the line are ignored, they get added while wrapping as
# needed.
for spaces, current_tabs, word in line_regex.findall(text_line.rstrip()):
# If tabs weren't converted to spaces, handle them now
if current_tabs:
# If the last thing we added was a space anyway then drop
# it. But let's not get rid of the indentation.
if (((result and line != indent) or
(not result and line != firstline_indent)) and line[-1] == ' '):
line = line[:-1]
# Add the tabs, if that means adding whitespace, just add it at
# the line, the rstrip() code while shorten the line down if
# necessary
if tabs_are_whitespace:
line += tabs * len(current_tabs)
else:
# if not all tab replacement is whitespace we prepend it to the word
word = tabs * len(current_tabs) + word
# Handle the case where word cannot be squeezed onto current last line
if len(line) + len(word) > length and len(indent) + len(word) <= length:
result.append(line.rstrip())
line = indent + word
word = ''
# No space left on line or can we append a space?
if len(line) + 1 >= length:
result.append(line.rstrip())
line = indent
else:
line += ' '
# Add word and shorten it up to allowed line length. Restart next
# line with indent and repeat, or add a space if we're done (word
# finished) This deals with words that caanot fit on one line
# (e.g. indent + word longer than allowed line length).
while len(line) + len(word) >= length:
line += word
result.append(line[:length])
word = line[length:]
line = indent
# Default case, simply append the word and a space
if word:
line += word + ' '
# End of input line. If we have content we finish the line. If the
# current line is just the indent but we had content in during this
# original line then we need to add an emoty line.
if (result and line != indent) or (not result and line != firstline_indent):
result.append(line.rstrip())
elif len(result) == old_result_len:
result.append('')
line = indent
return '\n'.join(result)
def DocToHelp(doc):
"""Takes a __doc__ string and reformats it as help."""
# Get rid of starting and ending white space. Using lstrip() or even
# strip() could drop more than maximum of first line and right space
# of last line.
doc = doc.strip()
# Get rid of all empty lines
whitespace_only_line = re.compile('^[ \t]+$', re.M)
doc = whitespace_only_line.sub('', doc)
# Cut out common space at line beginnings
doc = CutCommonSpacePrefix(doc)
# Just like this module's comment, comments tend to be aligned somehow.
# In other words they all start with the same amount of white space
# 1) keep double new lines
# 2) keep ws after new lines if not empty line
# 3) all other new lines shall be changed to a space
# Solution: Match new lines between non white space and replace with space.
doc = re.sub('(?<=\S)\n(?=\S)', ' ', doc, re.M)
return doc
def _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_dict):
"""Returns the module that defines a global environment, and its name.
Args:
globals_dict: A dictionary that should correspond to an environment
providing the values of the globals.
Returns:
A pair consisting of (1) module object and (2) module name (a
string). Returns (None, None) if the module could not be
identified.
"""
# The use of .items() (instead of .iteritems()) is NOT a mistake: if
# a parallel thread imports a module while we iterate over
# .iteritems() (not nice, but possible), we get a RuntimeError ...
# Hence, we use the slightly slower but safer .items().
for name, module in sys.modules.items():
if getattr(module, '__dict__', None) is globals_dict:
if name == '__main__':
# Pick a more informative name for the main module.
name = sys.argv[0]
return (module, name)
return (None, None)
def _GetMainModule():
"""Returns the name of the module from which execution started."""
for depth in range(1, sys.getrecursionlimit()):
try:
globals_of_main = sys._getframe(depth).f_globals
except ValueError:
return _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_of_main)[1]
raise AssertionError("No module was found")
class FlagValues:
"""Registry of 'Flag' objects.
A 'FlagValues' can then scan command line arguments, passing flag
arguments through to the 'Flag' objects that it owns. It also
provides easy access to the flag values. Typically only one
'FlagValues' object is needed by an application: gflags.FLAGS
This class is heavily overloaded:
'Flag' objects are registered via __setitem__:
FLAGS['longname'] = x # register a new flag
The .value attribute of the registered 'Flag' objects can be accessed
as attributes of this 'FlagValues' object, through __getattr__. Both
the long and short name of the original 'Flag' objects can be used to
access its value:
FLAGS.longname # parsed flag value
FLAGS.x # parsed flag value (short name)
Command line arguments are scanned and passed to the registered 'Flag'
objects through the __call__ method. Unparsed arguments, including
argv[0] (e.g. the program name) are returned.
argv = FLAGS(sys.argv) # scan command line arguments
The original registered Flag objects can be retrieved through the use
of the dictionary-like operator, __getitem__:
x = FLAGS['longname'] # access the registered Flag object
The str() operator of a 'FlagValues' object provides help for all of
the registered 'Flag' objects.
"""
def __init__(self):
# Since everything in this class is so heavily overloaded, the only
# way of defining and using fields is to access __dict__ directly.
# Dictionary: flag name (string) -> Flag object.
self.__dict__['__flags'] = {}
# Dictionary: module name (string) -> list of Flag objects that are defined
# by that module.
self.__dict__['__flags_by_module'] = {}
# Dictionary: module name (string) -> list of Flag objects that are
# key for that module.
self.__dict__['__key_flags_by_module'] = {}
# Set if we should use new style gnu_getopt rather than getopt when parsing
# the args. Only possible with Python 2.3+
self.UseGnuGetOpt(False)
def UseGnuGetOpt(self, use_gnu_getopt=True):
self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt'] = use_gnu_getopt
def IsGnuGetOpt(self):
return self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']
def FlagDict(self):
return self.__dict__['__flags']
def FlagsByModuleDict(self):
"""Returns the dictionary of module_name -> list of defined flags.
Returns:
A dictionary. Its keys are module names (strings). Its values
are lists of Flag objects.
"""
return self.__dict__['__flags_by_module']
def KeyFlagsByModuleDict(self):
"""Returns the dictionary of module_name -> list of key flags.
Returns:
A dictionary. Its keys are module names (strings). Its values
are lists of Flag objects.
"""
return self.__dict__['__key_flags_by_module']
def _RegisterFlagByModule(self, module_name, flag):
"""Records the module that defines a specific flag.
We keep track of which flag is defined by which module so that we
can later sort the flags by module.
Args:
module_name: A string, the name of a Python module.
flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
"""
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
flags_by_module.setdefault(module_name, []).append(flag)
def _RegisterKeyFlagForModule(self, module_name, flag):
"""Specifies that a flag is a key flag for a module.
Args:
module_name: A string, the name of a Python module.
flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
"""
key_flags_by_module = self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict()
# The list of key flags for the module named module_name.
key_flags = key_flags_by_module.setdefault(module_name, [])
# Add flag, but avoid duplicates.
if flag not in key_flags:
key_flags.append(flag)
def _GetFlagsDefinedByModule(self, module):
"""Returns the list of flags defined by a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
Returns:
A new list of Flag objects. Caller may update this list as he
wishes: none of those changes will affect the internals of this
FlagValue object.
"""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
return list(self.FlagsByModuleDict().get(module, []))
def _GetKeyFlagsForModule(self, module):
"""Returns the list of key flags for a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string)
Returns:
A new list of Flag objects. Caller may update this list as he
wishes: none of those changes will affect the internals of this
FlagValue object.
"""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
# Any flag is a key flag for the module that defined it. NOTE:
# key_flags is a fresh list: we can update it without affecting the
# internals of this FlagValues object.
key_flags = self._GetFlagsDefinedByModule(module)
# Take into account flags explicitly declared as key for a module.
for flag in self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict().get(module, []):
if flag not in key_flags:
key_flags.append(flag)
return key_flags
def AppendFlagValues(self, flag_values):
"""Appends flags registered in another FlagValues instance.
Args:
flag_values: registry to copy from
"""
for flag_name, flag in flag_values.FlagDict().iteritems():
# Each flags with shortname appears here twice (once under its
# normal name, and again with its short name). To prevent
# problems (DuplicateFlagError) with double flag registration, we
# perform a check to make sure that the entry we're looking at is
# for its normal name.
if flag_name == flag.name:
self[flag_name] = flag
def RemoveFlagValues(self, flag_values):
"""Remove flags that were previously appended from another FlagValues.
Args:
flag_values: registry containing flags to remove.
"""
for flag_name in flag_values.FlagDict():
self.__delattr__(flag_name)
def __setitem__(self, name, flag):
"""Registers a new flag variable."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not isinstance(flag, Flag):
raise IllegalFlagValue(flag)
if not isinstance(name, type("")):
raise FlagsError("Flag name must be a string")
if len(name) == 0:
raise FlagsError("Flag name cannot be empty")
# If running under pychecker, duplicate keys are likely to be
# defined. Disable check for duplicate keys when pycheck'ing.
if (fl.has_key(name) and not flag.allow_override and
not fl[name].allow_override and not _RUNNING_PYCHECKER):
raise DuplicateFlagError(name, self)
short_name = flag.short_name
if short_name is not None:
if (fl.has_key(short_name) and not flag.allow_override and
not fl[short_name].allow_override and not _RUNNING_PYCHECKER):
raise DuplicateFlagError(short_name, self)
fl[short_name] = flag
fl[name] = flag
global _exported_flags
_exported_flags[name] = flag
def __getitem__(self, name):
"""Retrieves the Flag object for the flag --name."""
return self.FlagDict()[name]
def __getattr__(self, name):
"""Retrieves the 'value' attribute of the flag --name."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not fl.has_key(name):
raise AttributeError(name)
return fl[name].value
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
"""Sets the 'value' attribute of the flag --name."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
fl[name].value = value
self._AssertValidators(fl[name].validators)
return value
def _AssertAllValidators(self):
all_validators = set()
for flag in self.FlagDict().itervalues():
for validator in flag.validators:
all_validators.add(validator)
self._AssertValidators(all_validators)
def _AssertValidators(self, validators):
"""Assert if all validators in the list are satisfied.
Asserts validators in the order they were created.
Args:
validators: Iterable(gflags_validators.Validator), validators to be
verified
Raises:
AttributeError: if validators work with a non-existing flag.
IllegalFlagValue: if validation fails for at least one validator
"""
for validator in sorted(
validators, key=lambda validator: validator.insertion_index):
try:
validator.Verify(self)
except gflags_validators.Error, e:
message = validator.PrintFlagsWithValues(self)
raise IllegalFlagValue('%s: %s' % (message, str(e)))
def _FlagIsRegistered(self, flag_obj):
"""Checks whether a Flag object is registered under some name.
Note: this is non trivial: in addition to its normal name, a flag
may have a short name too. In self.FlagDict(), both the normal and
the short name are mapped to the same flag object. E.g., calling
only "del FLAGS.short_name" is not unregistering the corresponding
Flag object (it is still registered under the longer name).
Args:
flag_obj: A Flag object.
Returns:
A boolean: True iff flag_obj is registered under some name.
"""
flag_dict = self.FlagDict()
# Check whether flag_obj is registered under its long name.
name = flag_obj.name
if flag_dict.get(name, None) == flag_obj:
return True
# Check whether flag_obj is registered under its short name.
short_name = flag_obj.short_name
if (short_name is not None and
flag_dict.get(short_name, None) == flag_obj):
return True
# The flag cannot be registered under any other name, so we do not
# need to do a full search through the values of self.FlagDict().
return False
def __delattr__(self, flag_name):
"""Deletes a previously-defined flag from a flag object.
This method makes sure we can delete a flag by using
del flag_values_object.<flag_name>
E.g.,
flags.DEFINE_integer('foo', 1, 'Integer flag.')
del flags.FLAGS.foo
Args:
flag_name: A string, the name of the flag to be deleted.
Raises:
AttributeError: When there is no registered flag named flag_name.
"""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if flag_name not in fl:
raise AttributeError(flag_name)
flag_obj = fl[flag_name]
del fl[flag_name]
if not self._FlagIsRegistered(flag_obj):
# If the Flag object indicated by flag_name is no longer
# registered (please see the docstring of _FlagIsRegistered), then
# we delete the occurences of the flag object in all our internal
# dictionaries.
self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.FlagsByModuleDict(), flag_obj)
self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict(), flag_obj)
def __RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self, flags_by_module_dict, flag_obj):
"""Removes a flag object from a module -> list of flags dictionary.
Args:
flags_by_module_dict: A dictionary that maps module names to lists of
flags.
flag_obj: A flag object.
"""
for unused_module, flags_in_module in flags_by_module_dict.iteritems():
# while (as opposed to if) takes care of multiple occurences of a
# flag in the list for the same module.
while flag_obj in flags_in_module:
flags_in_module.remove(flag_obj)
def SetDefault(self, name, value):
"""Changes the default value of the named flag object."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not fl.has_key(name):
raise AttributeError(name)
fl[name].SetDefault(value)
self._AssertValidators(fl[name].validators)
def __contains__(self, name):
"""Returns True if name is a value (flag) in the dict."""
return name in self.FlagDict()
has_key = __contains__ # a synonym for __contains__()
def __iter__(self):
return self.FlagDict().iterkeys()
def __call__(self, argv):
"""Parses flags from argv; stores parsed flags into this FlagValues object.
All unparsed arguments are returned. Flags are parsed using the GNU
Program Argument Syntax Conventions, using getopt:
http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Getopt
Args:
argv: argument list. Can be of any type that may be converted to a list.
Returns:
The list of arguments not parsed as options, including argv[0]
Raises:
FlagsError: on any parsing error
"""
# Support any sequence type that can be converted to a list
argv = list(argv)
shortopts = ""
longopts = []
fl = self.FlagDict()
# This pre parses the argv list for --flagfile=<> options.
argv = argv[:1] + self.ReadFlagsFromFiles(argv[1:], force_gnu=False)
# Correct the argv to support the google style of passing boolean
# parameters. Boolean parameters may be passed by using --mybool,
# --nomybool, --mybool=(true|false|1|0). getopt does not support
# having options that may or may not have a parameter. We replace
# instances of the short form --mybool and --nomybool with their
# full forms: --mybool=(true|false).
original_argv = list(argv) # list() makes a copy
shortest_matches = None
for name, flag in fl.items():
if not flag.boolean:
continue
if shortest_matches is None:
# Determine the smallest allowable prefix for all flag names
shortest_matches = self.ShortestUniquePrefixes(fl)
no_name = 'no' + name
prefix = shortest_matches[name]
no_prefix = shortest_matches[no_name]
# Replace all occurences of this boolean with extended forms
for arg_idx in range(1, len(argv)):
arg = argv[arg_idx]
if arg.find('=') >= 0: continue
if arg.startswith('--'+prefix) and ('--'+name).startswith(arg):
argv[arg_idx] = ('--%s=true' % name)
elif arg.startswith('--'+no_prefix) and ('--'+no_name).startswith(arg):
argv[arg_idx] = ('--%s=false' % name)
# Loop over all of the flags, building up the lists of short options
# and long options that will be passed to getopt. Short options are
# specified as a string of letters, each letter followed by a colon
# if it takes an argument. Long options are stored in an array of
# strings. Each string ends with an '=' if it takes an argument.
for name, flag in fl.items():
longopts.append(name + "=")
if len(name) == 1: # one-letter option: allow short flag type also
shortopts += name
if not flag.boolean:
shortopts += ":"
longopts.append('undefok=')
undefok_flags = []
# In case --undefok is specified, loop to pick up unrecognized
# options one by one.
unrecognized_opts = []
args = argv[1:]
while True:
try:
if self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
optlist, unparsed_args = getopt.gnu_getopt(args, shortopts, longopts)
else:
optlist, unparsed_args = getopt.getopt(args, shortopts, longopts)
break
except getopt.GetoptError, e:
if not e.opt or e.opt in fl:
# Not an unrecognized option, reraise the exception as a FlagsError
raise FlagsError(e)
# Remove offender from args and try again
for arg_index in range(len(args)):
if ((args[arg_index] == '--' + e.opt) or
(args[arg_index] == '-' + e.opt) or
(args[arg_index].startswith('--' + e.opt + '='))):
unrecognized_opts.append((e.opt, args[arg_index]))
args = args[0:arg_index] + args[arg_index+1:]
break
else:
# We should have found the option, so we don't expect to get
# here. We could assert, but raising the original exception
# might work better.
raise FlagsError(e)
for name, arg in optlist:
if name == '--undefok':
flag_names = arg.split(',')
undefok_flags.extend(flag_names)
# For boolean flags, if --undefok=boolflag is specified, then we should
# also accept --noboolflag, in addition to --boolflag.
# Since we don't know the type of the undefok'd flag, this will affect
# non-boolean flags as well.
# NOTE: You shouldn't use --undefok=noboolflag, because then we will
# accept --nonoboolflag here. We are choosing not to do the conversion
# from noboolflag -> boolflag because of the ambiguity that flag names
# can start with 'no'.
undefok_flags.extend('no' + name for name in flag_names)
continue
if name.startswith('--'):
# long option
name = name[2:]
short_option = 0
else:
# short option
name = name[1:]
short_option = 1
if fl.has_key(name):
flag = fl[name]
if flag.boolean and short_option: arg = 1
flag.Parse(arg)
# If there were unrecognized options, raise an exception unless
# the options were named via --undefok.
for opt, value in unrecognized_opts:
if opt not in undefok_flags:
raise UnrecognizedFlagError(opt, value)
if unparsed_args:
if self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
# if using gnu_getopt just return the program name + remainder of argv.
ret_val = argv[:1] + unparsed_args
else:
# unparsed_args becomes the first non-flag detected by getopt to
# the end of argv. Because argv may have been modified above,
# return original_argv for this region.
ret_val = argv[:1] + original_argv[-len(unparsed_args):]
else:
ret_val = argv[:1]
self._AssertAllValidators()
return ret_val
def Reset(self):
"""Resets the values to the point before FLAGS(argv) was called."""
for f in self.FlagDict().values():
f.Unparse()
def RegisteredFlags(self):
"""Returns: a list of the names and short names of all registered flags."""
return self.FlagDict().keys()
def FlagValuesDict(self):
"""Returns: a dictionary that maps flag names to flag values."""
flag_values = {}
for flag_name in self.RegisteredFlags():
flag = self.FlagDict()[flag_name]
flag_values[flag_name] = flag.value
return flag_values
def __str__(self):
"""Generates a help string for all known flags."""
return self.GetHelp()
def GetHelp(self, prefix=''):
"""Generates a help string for all known flags."""
helplist = []
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
if flags_by_module:
modules = flags_by_module.keys()
modules.sort()
# Print the help for the main module first, if possible.
main_module = _GetMainModule()
if main_module in modules:
modules.remove(main_module)
modules = [main_module] + modules
for module in modules:
self.__RenderOurModuleFlags(module, helplist)
self.__RenderModuleFlags('gflags',
_SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values(),
helplist)
else:
# Just print one long list of flags.
self.__RenderFlagList(
self.FlagDict().values() + _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values(),
helplist, prefix)
return '\n'.join(helplist)
def __RenderModuleFlags(self, module, flags, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for a given module."""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
output_lines.append('\n%s%s:' % (prefix, module))
self.__RenderFlagList(flags, output_lines, prefix + " ")
def __RenderOurModuleFlags(self, module, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for a given module."""
flags = self._GetFlagsDefinedByModule(module)
if flags:
self.__RenderModuleFlags(module, flags, output_lines, prefix)
def __RenderOurModuleKeyFlags(self, module, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for the key flags of a given module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
output_lines: A list of strings. The generated help message
lines will be appended to this list.
prefix: A string that is prepended to each generated help line.
"""
key_flags = self._GetKeyFlagsForModule(module)
if key_flags:
self.__RenderModuleFlags(module, key_flags, output_lines, prefix)
def ModuleHelp(self, module):
"""Describe the key flags of a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
Returns:
string describing the key flags of a module.
"""
helplist = []
self.__RenderOurModuleKeyFlags(module, helplist)
return '\n'.join(helplist)
def MainModuleHelp(self):
"""Describe the key flags of the main module.
Returns:
string describing the key flags of a module.
"""
return self.ModuleHelp(_GetMainModule())
def __RenderFlagList(self, flaglist, output_lines, prefix=" "):
fl = self.FlagDict()
special_fl = _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict()
flaglist = [(flag.name, flag) for flag in flaglist]
flaglist.sort()
flagset = {}
for (name, flag) in flaglist:
# It's possible this flag got deleted or overridden since being
# registered in the per-module flaglist. Check now against the
# canonical source of current flag information, the FlagDict.
if fl.get(name, None) != flag and special_fl.get(name, None) != flag:
# a different flag is using this name now
continue
# only print help once
if flagset.has_key(flag): continue
flagset[flag] = 1
flaghelp = ""
if flag.short_name: flaghelp += "-%s," % flag.short_name
if flag.boolean:
flaghelp += "--[no]%s" % flag.name + ":"
else:
flaghelp += "--%s" % flag.name + ":"
flaghelp += " "
if flag.help:
flaghelp += flag.help
flaghelp = TextWrap(flaghelp, indent=prefix+" ",
firstline_indent=prefix)
if flag.default_as_str:
flaghelp += "\n"
flaghelp += TextWrap("(default: %s)" % flag.default_as_str,
indent=prefix+" ")
if flag.parser.syntactic_help:
flaghelp += "\n"
flaghelp += TextWrap("(%s)" % flag.parser.syntactic_help,
indent=prefix+" ")
output_lines.append(flaghelp)
def get(self, name, default):
"""Returns the value of a flag (if not None) or a default value.
Args:
name: A string, the name of a flag.
default: Default value to use if the flag value is None.
"""
value = self.__getattr__(name)
if value is not None: # Can't do if not value, b/c value might be '0' or ""
return value
else:
return default
def ShortestUniquePrefixes(self, fl):
"""Returns: dictionary; maps flag names to their shortest unique prefix."""
# Sort the list of flag names
sorted_flags = []
for name, flag in fl.items():
sorted_flags.append(name)
if flag.boolean:
sorted_flags.append('no%s' % name)
sorted_flags.sort()
# For each name in the sorted list, determine the shortest unique
# prefix by comparing itself to the next name and to the previous
# name (the latter check uses cached info from the previous loop).
shortest_matches = {}
prev_idx = 0
for flag_idx in range(len(sorted_flags)):
curr = sorted_flags[flag_idx]
if flag_idx == (len(sorted_flags) - 1):
next = None
else:
next = sorted_flags[flag_idx+1]
next_len = len(next)
for curr_idx in range(len(curr)):
if (next is None
or curr_idx >= next_len
or curr[curr_idx] != next[curr_idx]):
# curr longer than next or no more chars in common
shortest_matches[curr] = curr[:max(prev_idx, curr_idx) + 1]
prev_idx = curr_idx
break
else:
# curr shorter than (or equal to) next
shortest_matches[curr] = curr
prev_idx = curr_idx + 1 # next will need at least one more char
return shortest_matches
def __IsFlagFileDirective(self, flag_string):
"""Checks whether flag_string contain a --flagfile=<foo> directive."""
if isinstance(flag_string, type("")):
if flag_string.startswith('--flagfile='):
return 1
elif flag_string == '--flagfile':
return 1
elif flag_string.startswith('-flagfile='):
return 1
elif flag_string == '-flagfile':
return 1
else:
return 0
return 0
def ExtractFilename(self, flagfile_str):
"""Returns filename from a flagfile_str of form -[-]flagfile=filename.
The cases of --flagfile foo and -flagfile foo shouldn't be hitting
this function, as they are dealt with in the level above this
function.
"""
if flagfile_str.startswith('--flagfile='):
return os.path.expanduser((flagfile_str[(len('--flagfile=')):]).strip())
elif flagfile_str.startswith('-flagfile='):
return os.path.expanduser((flagfile_str[(len('-flagfile=')):]).strip())
else:
raise FlagsError('Hit illegal --flagfile type: %s' % flagfile_str)
def __GetFlagFileLines(self, filename, parsed_file_list):
"""Returns the useful (!=comments, etc) lines from a file with flags.
Args:
filename: A string, the name of the flag file.
parsed_file_list: A list of the names of the files we have
already read. MUTATED BY THIS FUNCTION.
Returns:
List of strings. See the note below.
NOTE(springer): This function checks for a nested --flagfile=<foo>
tag and handles the lower file recursively. It returns a list of
all the lines that _could_ contain command flags. This is
EVERYTHING except whitespace lines and comments (lines starting
with '#' or '//').
"""
line_list = [] # All line from flagfile.
flag_line_list = [] # Subset of lines w/o comments, blanks, flagfile= tags.
try:
file_obj = open(filename, 'r')
except IOError, e_msg:
print e_msg
print 'ERROR:: Unable to open flagfile: %s' % (filename)
return flag_line_list
line_list = file_obj.readlines()
file_obj.close()
parsed_file_list.append(filename)
# This is where we check each line in the file we just read.
for line in line_list:
if line.isspace():
pass
# Checks for comment (a line that starts with '#').
elif line.startswith('#') or line.startswith('//'):
pass
# Checks for a nested "--flagfile=<bar>" flag in the current file.
# If we find one, recursively parse down into that file.
elif self.__IsFlagFileDirective(line):
sub_filename = self.ExtractFilename(line)
# We do a little safety check for reparsing a file we've already done.
if not sub_filename in parsed_file_list:
included_flags = self.__GetFlagFileLines(sub_filename,
parsed_file_list)
flag_line_list.extend(included_flags)
else: # Case of hitting a circularly included file.
print >>sys.stderr, ('Warning: Hit circular flagfile dependency: %s'
% sub_filename)
else:
# Any line that's not a comment or a nested flagfile should get
# copied into 2nd position. This leaves earlier arguements
# further back in the list, thus giving them higher priority.
flag_line_list.append(line.strip())
return flag_line_list
def ReadFlagsFromFiles(self, argv, force_gnu=True):
"""Processes command line args, but also allow args to be read from file.
Args:
argv: A list of strings, usually sys.argv[1:], which may contain one or
more flagfile directives of the form --flagfile="./filename".
Note that the name of the program (sys.argv[0]) should be omitted.
force_gnu: If False, --flagfile parsing obeys normal flag semantics.
If True, --flagfile parsing instead follows gnu_getopt semantics.
*** WARNING *** force_gnu=False may become the future default!
Returns:
A new list which has the original list combined with what we read
from any flagfile(s).
References: Global gflags.FLAG class instance.
This function should be called before the normal FLAGS(argv) call.
This function scans the input list for a flag that looks like:
--flagfile=<somefile>. Then it opens <somefile>, reads all valid key
and value pairs and inserts them into the input list between the
first item of the list and any subsequent items in the list.
Note that your application's flags are still defined the usual way
using gflags DEFINE_flag() type functions.
Notes (assuming we're getting a commandline of some sort as our input):
--> Flags from the command line argv _should_ always take precedence!
--> A further "--flagfile=<otherfile.cfg>" CAN be nested in a flagfile.
It will be processed after the parent flag file is done.
--> For duplicate flags, first one we hit should "win".
--> In a flagfile, a line beginning with # or // is a comment.
--> Entirely blank lines _should_ be ignored.
"""
parsed_file_list = []
rest_of_args = argv
new_argv = []
while rest_of_args:
current_arg = rest_of_args[0]
rest_of_args = rest_of_args[1:]
if self.__IsFlagFileDirective(current_arg):
# This handles the case of -(-)flagfile foo. In this case the
# next arg really is part of this one.
if current_arg == '--flagfile' or current_arg == '-flagfile':
if not rest_of_args:
raise IllegalFlagValue('--flagfile with no argument')
flag_filename = os.path.expanduser(rest_of_args[0])
rest_of_args = rest_of_args[1:]
else:
# This handles the case of (-)-flagfile=foo.
flag_filename = self.ExtractFilename(current_arg)
new_argv[0:0] = self.__GetFlagFileLines(flag_filename, parsed_file_list)
else:
new_argv.append(current_arg)
# Stop parsing after '--', like getopt and gnu_getopt.
if current_arg == '--':
break
# Stop parsing after a non-flag, like getopt.
if not current_arg.startswith('-'):
if not force_gnu and not self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
break
if rest_of_args:
new_argv.extend(rest_of_args)
return new_argv
def FlagsIntoString(self):
"""Returns a string with the flags assignments from this FlagValues object.
This function ignores flags whose value is None. Each flag
assignment is separated by a newline.
NOTE: MUST mirror the behavior of the C++ function
CommandlineFlagsIntoString from google3/base/commandlineflags.cc.
"""
s = ''
for flag in self.FlagDict().values():
if flag.value is not None:
s += flag.Serialize() + '\n'
return s
def AppendFlagsIntoFile(self, filename):
"""Appends all flags assignments from this FlagInfo object to a file.
Output will be in the format of a flagfile.
NOTE: MUST mirror the behavior of the C++ version of
AppendFlagsIntoFile from google3/base/commandlineflags.cc.
"""
out_file = open(filename, 'a')
out_file.write(self.FlagsIntoString())
out_file.close()
def WriteHelpInXMLFormat(self, outfile=None):
"""Outputs flag documentation in XML format.
NOTE: We use element names that are consistent with those used by
the C++ command-line flag library, from
google3/base/commandlineflags_reporting.cc. We also use a few new
elements (e.g., <key>), but we do not interfere / overlap with
existing XML elements used by the C++ library. Please maintain this
consistency.
Args:
outfile: File object we write to. Default None means sys.stdout.
"""
outfile = outfile or sys.stdout
outfile.write('<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n')
outfile.write('<AllFlags>\n')
indent = ' '
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'program', os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]),
indent)
usage_doc = sys.modules['__main__'].__doc__
if not usage_doc:
usage_doc = '\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n' % sys.argv[0]
else:
usage_doc = usage_doc.replace('%s', sys.argv[0])
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'usage', usage_doc, indent)
# Get list of key flags for the main module.
key_flags = self._GetKeyFlagsForModule(_GetMainModule())
# Sort flags by declaring module name and next by flag name.
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
all_module_names = list(flags_by_module.keys())
all_module_names.sort()
for module_name in all_module_names:
flag_list = [(f.name, f) for f in flags_by_module[module_name]]
flag_list.sort()
for unused_flag_name, flag in flag_list:
is_key = flag in key_flags
flag.WriteInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, module_name,
is_key=is_key, indent=indent)
outfile.write('</AllFlags>\n')
outfile.flush()
def AddValidator(self, validator):
"""Register new flags validator to be checked.
Args:
validator: gflags_validators.Validator
Raises:
AttributeError: if validators work with a non-existing flag.
"""
for flag_name in validator.GetFlagsNames():
flag = self.FlagDict()[flag_name]
flag.validators.append(validator)
# end of FlagValues definition
# The global FlagValues instance
FLAGS = FlagValues()
def _MakeXMLSafe(s):
"""Escapes <, >, and & from s, and removes XML 1.0-illegal chars."""
s = cgi.escape(s) # Escape <, >, and &
# Remove characters that cannot appear in an XML 1.0 document
# (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#charsets).
#
# NOTE: if there are problems with current solution, one may move to
# XML 1.1, which allows such chars, if they're entity-escaped (&#xHH;).
s = re.sub(r'[\x00-\x08\x0b\x0c\x0e-\x1f]', '', s)
return s
def _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, name, value, indent):
"""Writes a simple XML element.
Args:
outfile: File object we write the XML element to.
name: A string, the name of XML element.
value: A Python object, whose string representation will be used
as the value of the XML element.
indent: A string, prepended to each line of generated output.
"""
value_str = str(value)
if isinstance(value, bool):
# Display boolean values as the C++ flag library does: no caps.
value_str = value_str.lower()
outfile.write('%s<%s>%s</%s>\n' %
(indent, name, _MakeXMLSafe(value_str), name))
class Flag:
"""Information about a command-line flag.
'Flag' objects define the following fields:
.name - the name for this flag
.default - the default value for this flag
.default_as_str - default value as repr'd string, e.g., "'true'" (or None)
.value - the most recent parsed value of this flag; set by Parse()
.help - a help string or None if no help is available
.short_name - the single letter alias for this flag (or None)
.boolean - if 'true', this flag does not accept arguments
.present - true if this flag was parsed from command line flags.
.parser - an ArgumentParser object
.serializer - an ArgumentSerializer object
.allow_override - the flag may be redefined without raising an error
The only public method of a 'Flag' object is Parse(), but it is
typically only called by a 'FlagValues' object. The Parse() method is
a thin wrapper around the 'ArgumentParser' Parse() method. The parsed
value is saved in .value, and the .present attribute is updated. If
this flag was already present, a FlagsError is raised.
Parse() is also called during __init__ to parse the default value and
initialize the .value attribute. This enables other python modules to
safely use flags even if the __main__ module neglects to parse the
command line arguments. The .present attribute is cleared after
__init__ parsing. If the default value is set to None, then the
__init__ parsing step is skipped and the .value attribute is
initialized to None.
Note: The default value is also presented to the user in the help
string, so it is important that it be a legal value for this flag.
"""
def __init__(self, parser, serializer, name, default, help_string,
short_name=None, boolean=0, allow_override=0):
self.name = name
if not help_string:
help_string = '(no help available)'
self.help = help_string
self.short_name = short_name
self.boolean = boolean
self.present = 0
self.parser = parser
self.serializer = serializer
self.allow_override = allow_override
self.value = None
self.validators = []
self.SetDefault(default)
def __GetParsedValueAsString(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
if self.serializer:
return repr(self.serializer.Serialize(value))
if self.boolean:
if value:
return repr('true')
else:
return repr('false')
return repr(str(value))
def Parse(self, argument):
try:
self.value = self.parser.Parse(argument)
except ValueError, e: # recast ValueError as IllegalFlagValue
raise IllegalFlagValue("flag --%s=%s: %s" % (self.name, argument, e))
self.present += 1
def Unparse(self):
if self.default is None:
self.value = None
else:
self.Parse(self.default)
self.present = 0
def Serialize(self):
if self.value is None:
return ''
if self.boolean:
if self.value:
return "--%s" % self.name
else:
return "--no%s" % self.name
else:
if not self.serializer:
raise FlagsError("Serializer not present for flag %s" % self.name)
return "--%s=%s" % (self.name, self.serializer.Serialize(self.value))
def SetDefault(self, value):
"""Changes the default value (and current value too) for this Flag."""
# We can't allow a None override because it may end up not being
# passed to C++ code when we're overriding C++ flags. So we
# cowardly bail out until someone fixes the semantics of trying to
# pass None to a C++ flag. See swig_flags.Init() for details on
# this behavior.
# TODO(olexiy): Users can directly call this method, bypassing all flags
# validators (we don't have FlagValues here, so we can not check
# validators).
# The simplest solution I see is to make this method private.
# Another approach would be to store reference to the corresponding
# FlagValues with each flag, but this seems to be an overkill.
if value is None and self.allow_override:
raise DuplicateFlagCannotPropagateNoneToSwig(self.name)
self.default = value
self.Unparse()
self.default_as_str = self.__GetParsedValueAsString(self.value)
def Type(self):
"""Returns: a string that describes the type of this Flag."""
# NOTE: we use strings, and not the types.*Type constants because
# our flags can have more exotic types, e.g., 'comma separated list
# of strings', 'whitespace separated list of strings', etc.
return self.parser.Type()
def WriteInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, module_name, is_key=False, indent=''):
"""Writes common info about this flag, in XML format.
This is information that is relevant to all flags (e.g., name,
meaning, etc.). If you defined a flag that has some other pieces of
info, then please override _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat.
Please do NOT override this method.
Args:
outfile: File object we write to.
module_name: A string, the name of the module that defines this flag.
is_key: A boolean, True iff this flag is key for main module.
indent: A string that is prepended to each generated line.
"""
outfile.write(indent + '<flag>\n')
inner_indent = indent + ' '
if is_key:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'key', 'yes', inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'file', module_name, inner_indent)
# Print flag features that are relevant for all flags.
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'name', self.name, inner_indent)
if self.short_name:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'short_name', self.short_name,
inner_indent)
if self.help:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'meaning', self.help, inner_indent)
# The default flag value can either be represented as a string like on the
# command line, or as a Python object. We serialize this value in the
# latter case in order to remain consistent.
if self.serializer and not isinstance(self.default, str):
default_serialized = self.serializer.Serialize(self.default)
else:
default_serialized = self.default
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'default', default_serialized, inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'current', self.value, inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'type', self.Type(), inner_indent)
# Print extra flag features this flag may have.
self._WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, inner_indent)
outfile.write(indent + '</flag>\n')
def _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
"""Writes extra info about this flag, in XML format.
"Extra" means "not already printed by WriteInfoInXMLFormat above."
Args:
outfile: File object we write to.
indent: A string that is prepended to each generated line.
"""
# Usually, the parser knows the extra details about the flag, so
# we just forward the call to it.
self.parser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, indent)
# End of Flag definition
class _ArgumentParserCache(type):
"""Metaclass used to cache and share argument parsers among flags."""
_instances = {}
def __call__(mcs, *args, **kwargs):
"""Returns an instance of the argument parser cls.
This method overrides behavior of the __new__ methods in
all subclasses of ArgumentParser (inclusive). If an instance
for mcs with the same set of arguments exists, this instance is
returned, otherwise a new instance is created.
If any keyword arguments are defined, or the values in args
are not hashable, this method always returns a new instance of
cls.
Args:
args: Positional initializer arguments.
kwargs: Initializer keyword arguments.
Returns:
An instance of cls, shared or new.
"""
if kwargs:
return type.__call__(mcs, *args, **kwargs)
else:
instances = mcs._instances
key = (mcs,) + tuple(args)
try:
return instances[key]
except KeyError:
# No cache entry for key exists, create a new one.
return instances.setdefault(key, type.__call__(mcs, *args))
except TypeError:
# An object in args cannot be hashed, always return
# a new instance.
return type.__call__(mcs, *args)
class ArgumentParser(object):
"""Base class used to parse and convert arguments.
The Parse() method checks to make sure that the string argument is a
legal value and convert it to a native type. If the value cannot be
converted, it should throw a 'ValueError' exception with a human
readable explanation of why the value is illegal.
Subclasses should also define a syntactic_help string which may be
presented to the user to describe the form of the legal values.
Argument parser classes must be stateless, since instances are cached
and shared between flags. Initializer arguments are allowed, but all
member variables must be derived from initializer arguments only.
"""
__metaclass__ = _ArgumentParserCache
syntactic_help = ""
def Parse(self, argument):
"""Default implementation: always returns its argument unmodified."""
return argument
def Type(self):
return 'string'
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
pass
class ArgumentSerializer:
"""Base class for generating string representations of a flag value."""
def Serialize(self, value):
return str(value)
class ListSerializer(ArgumentSerializer):
def __init__(self, list_sep):
self.list_sep = list_sep
def Serialize(self, value):
return self.list_sep.join([str(x) for x in value])
# Flags validators
def RegisterValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message='Flag validation failed',
flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Adds a constraint, which will be enforced during program execution.
The constraint is validated when flags are initially parsed, and after each
change of the corresponding flag's value.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag to be checked.
checker: method to validate the flag.
input - value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc.
This value will be passed to checker by the library). See file's
docstring for examples.
output - Boolean.
Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise gflags_validators.Error(desired_error_message).
message: error text to be shown to the user if checker returns False.
If checker raises gflags_validators.Error, message from the raised
Error will be shown.
flag_values: FlagValues
Raises:
AttributeError: if flag_name is not registered as a valid flag name.
"""
flag_values.AddValidator(gflags_validators.SimpleValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message))
def MarkFlagAsRequired(flag_name, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Ensure that flag is not None during program execution.
Registers a flag validator, which will follow usual validator
rules.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag
flag_values: FlagValues
Raises:
AttributeError: if flag_name is not registered as a valid flag name.
"""
RegisterValidator(flag_name,
lambda value: value is not None,
message='Flag --%s must be specified.' % flag_name,
flag_values=flag_values)
def _RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values):
"""Enforce lower and upper bounds for numeric flags.
Args:
parser: NumericParser (either FloatParser or IntegerParser). Provides lower
and upper bounds, and help text to display.
name: string, name of the flag
flag_values: FlagValues
"""
if parser.lower_bound is not None or parser.upper_bound is not None:
def Checker(value):
if value is not None and parser.IsOutsideBounds(value):
message = '%s is not %s' % (value, parser.syntactic_help)
raise gflags_validators.Error(message)
return True
RegisterValidator(name,
Checker,
flag_values=flag_values)
# The DEFINE functions are explained in mode details in the module doc string.
def DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, serializer=None,
**args):
"""Registers a generic Flag object.
NOTE: in the docstrings of all DEFINE* functions, "registers" is short
for "creates a new flag and registers it".
Auxiliary function: clients should use the specialized DEFINE_<type>
function instead.
Args:
parser: ArgumentParser that is used to parse the flag arguments.
name: A string, the flag name.
default: The default value of the flag.
help: A help string.
flag_values: FlagValues object the flag will be registered with.
serializer: ArgumentSerializer that serializes the flag value.
args: Dictionary with extra keyword args that are passes to the
Flag __init__.
"""
DEFINE_flag(Flag(parser, serializer, name, default, help, **args),
flag_values)
def DEFINE_flag(flag, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Registers a 'Flag' object with a 'FlagValues' object.
By default, the global FLAGS 'FlagValue' object is used.
Typical users will use one of the more specialized DEFINE_xxx
functions, such as DEFINE_string or DEFINE_integer. But developers
who need to create Flag objects themselves should use this function
to register their flags.
"""
# copying the reference to flag_values prevents pychecker warnings
fv = flag_values
fv[flag.name] = flag
# Tell flag_values who's defining the flag.
if isinstance(flag_values, FlagValues):
# Regarding the above isinstance test: some users pass funny
# values of flag_values (e.g., {}) in order to avoid the flag
# registration (in the past, there used to be a flag_values ==
# FLAGS test here) and redefine flags with the same name (e.g.,
# debug). To avoid breaking their code, we perform the
# registration only if flag_values is a real FlagValues object.
flag_values._RegisterFlagByModule(_GetCallingModule(), flag)
def _InternalDeclareKeyFlags(flag_names,
flag_values=FLAGS, key_flag_values=None):
"""Declares a flag as key for the calling module.
Internal function. User code should call DECLARE_key_flag or
ADOPT_module_key_flags instead.
Args:
flag_names: A list of strings that are names of already-registered
Flag objects.
flag_values: A FlagValues object that the flags listed in
flag_names have registered with (the value of the flag_values
argument from the DEFINE_* calls that defined those flags).
This should almost never need to be overridden.
key_flag_values: A FlagValues object that (among possibly many
other things) keeps track of the key flags for each module.
Default None means "same as flag_values". This should almost
never need to be overridden.
Raises:
UnrecognizedFlagError: when we refer to a flag that was not
defined yet.
"""
key_flag_values = key_flag_values or flag_values
module = _GetCallingModule()
for flag_name in flag_names:
if flag_name not in flag_values:
raise UnrecognizedFlagError(flag_name)
flag = flag_values.FlagDict()[flag_name]
key_flag_values._RegisterKeyFlagForModule(module, flag)
def DECLARE_key_flag(flag_name, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Declares one flag as key to the current module.
Key flags are flags that are deemed really important for a module.
They are important when listing help messages; e.g., if the
--helpshort command-line flag is used, then only the key flags of the
main module are listed (instead of all flags, as in the case of
--help).
Sample usage:
flags.DECLARED_key_flag('flag_1')
Args:
flag_name: A string, the name of an already declared flag.
(Redeclaring flags as key, including flags implicitly key
because they were declared in this module, is a no-op.)
flag_values: A FlagValues object. This should almost never
need to be overridden.
"""
if flag_name in _SPECIAL_FLAGS:
# Take care of the special flags, e.g., --flagfile, --undefok.
# These flags are defined in _SPECIAL_FLAGS, and are treated
# specially during flag parsing, taking precedence over the
# user-defined flags.
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags([flag_name],
flag_values=_SPECIAL_FLAGS,
key_flag_values=flag_values)
return
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags([flag_name], flag_values=flag_values)
def ADOPT_module_key_flags(module, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Declares that all flags key to a module are key to the current module.
Args:
module: A module object.
flag_values: A FlagValues object. This should almost never need
to be overridden.
Raises:
FlagsError: When given an argument that is a module name (a
string), instead of a module object.
"""
# NOTE(salcianu): an even better test would be if not
# isinstance(module, types.ModuleType) but I didn't want to import
# types for such a tiny use.
if isinstance(module, str):
raise FlagsError('Received module name %s; expected a module object.'
% module)
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags(
[f.name for f in flag_values._GetKeyFlagsForModule(module.__name__)],
flag_values=flag_values)
# If module is this flag module, take _SPECIAL_FLAGS into account.
if module == _GetThisModuleObjectAndName()[0]:
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags(
# As we associate flags with _GetCallingModule(), the special
# flags defined in this module are incorrectly registered with
# a different module. So, we can't use _GetKeyFlagsForModule.
# Instead, we take all flags from _SPECIAL_FLAGS (a private
# FlagValues, where no other module should register flags).
[f.name for f in _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values()],
flag_values=_SPECIAL_FLAGS,
key_flag_values=flag_values)
#
# STRING FLAGS
#
def DEFINE_string(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be any string."""
parser = ArgumentParser()
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
#
# BOOLEAN FLAGS
#
# and the special HELP flags.
class BooleanParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of boolean values."""
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Converts the argument to a boolean; raise ValueError on errors."""
if type(argument) == str:
if argument.lower() in ['true', 't', '1']:
return True
elif argument.lower() in ['false', 'f', '0']:
return False
bool_argument = bool(argument)
if argument == bool_argument:
# The argument is a valid boolean (True, False, 0, or 1), and not just
# something that always converts to bool (list, string, int, etc.).
return bool_argument
raise ValueError('Non-boolean argument to boolean flag', argument)
def Parse(self, argument):
val = self.Convert(argument)
return val
def Type(self):
return 'bool'
class BooleanFlag(Flag):
"""Basic boolean flag.
Boolean flags do not take any arguments, and their value is either
True (1) or False (0). The false value is specified on the command
line by prepending the word 'no' to either the long or the short flag
name.
For example, if a Boolean flag was created whose long name was
'update' and whose short name was 'x', then this flag could be
explicitly unset through either --noupdate or --nox.
"""
def __init__(self, name, default, help, short_name=None, **args):
p = BooleanParser()
Flag.__init__(self, p, None, name, default, help, short_name, 1, **args)
if not self.help: self.help = "a boolean value"
def DEFINE_boolean(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a boolean flag.
Such a boolean flag does not take an argument. If a user wants to
specify a false value explicitly, the long option beginning with 'no'
must be used: i.e. --noflag
This flag will have a value of None, True or False. None is possible
if default=None and the user does not specify the flag on the command
line.
"""
DEFINE_flag(BooleanFlag(name, default, help, **args), flag_values)
# Match C++ API to unconfuse C++ people.
DEFINE_bool = DEFINE_boolean
class HelpFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""
HelpFlag is a special boolean flag that prints usage information and
raises a SystemExit exception if it is ever found in the command
line arguments. Note this is called with allow_override=1, so other
apps can define their own --help flag, replacing this one, if they want.
"""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, "help", 0, "show this help",
short_name="?", allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
doc = sys.modules["__main__"].__doc__
flags = str(FLAGS)
print doc or ("\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n" % sys.argv[0])
if flags:
print "flags:"
print flags
sys.exit(1)
class HelpXMLFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""Similar to HelpFlag, but generates output in XML format."""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, 'helpxml', False,
'like --help, but generates XML output',
allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
FLAGS.WriteHelpInXMLFormat(sys.stdout)
sys.exit(1)
class HelpshortFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""
HelpshortFlag is a special boolean flag that prints usage
information for the "main" module, and rasies a SystemExit exception
if it is ever found in the command line arguments. Note this is
called with allow_override=1, so other apps can define their own
--helpshort flag, replacing this one, if they want.
"""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, "helpshort", 0,
"show usage only for this module", allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
doc = sys.modules["__main__"].__doc__
flags = FLAGS.MainModuleHelp()
print doc or ("\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n" % sys.argv[0])
if flags:
print "flags:"
print flags
sys.exit(1)
#
# Numeric parser - base class for Integer and Float parsers
#
class NumericParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of numeric values.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
def IsOutsideBounds(self, val):
return ((self.lower_bound is not None and val < self.lower_bound) or
(self.upper_bound is not None and val > self.upper_bound))
def Parse(self, argument):
val = self.Convert(argument)
if self.IsOutsideBounds(val):
raise ValueError("%s is not %s" % (val, self.syntactic_help))
return val
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
if self.lower_bound is not None:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'lower_bound', self.lower_bound, indent)
if self.upper_bound is not None:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'upper_bound', self.upper_bound, indent)
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Default implementation: always returns its argument unmodified."""
return argument
# End of Numeric Parser
#
# FLOAT FLAGS
#
class FloatParser(NumericParser):
"""Parser of floating point values.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
number_article = "a"
number_name = "number"
syntactic_help = " ".join((number_article, number_name))
def __init__(self, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None):
super(FloatParser, self).__init__()
self.lower_bound = lower_bound
self.upper_bound = upper_bound
sh = self.syntactic_help
if lower_bound is not None and upper_bound is not None:
sh = ("%s in the range [%s, %s]" % (sh, lower_bound, upper_bound))
elif lower_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-negative %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound is not None:
sh = "%s <= %s" % (self.number_name, upper_bound)
elif lower_bound is not None:
sh = "%s >= %s" % (self.number_name, lower_bound)
self.syntactic_help = sh
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Converts argument to a float; raises ValueError on errors."""
return float(argument)
def Type(self):
return 'float'
# End of FloatParser
def DEFINE_float(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value must be a float.
If lower_bound or upper_bound are set, then this flag must be
within the given range.
"""
parser = FloatParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
_RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values=flag_values)
#
# INTEGER FLAGS
#
class IntegerParser(NumericParser):
"""Parser of an integer value.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
number_article = "an"
number_name = "integer"
syntactic_help = " ".join((number_article, number_name))
def __init__(self, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None):
super(IntegerParser, self).__init__()
self.lower_bound = lower_bound
self.upper_bound = upper_bound
sh = self.syntactic_help
if lower_bound is not None and upper_bound is not None:
sh = ("%s in the range [%s, %s]" % (sh, lower_bound, upper_bound))
elif lower_bound == 1:
sh = "a positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == -1:
sh = "a negative %s" % self.number_name
elif lower_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-negative %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound is not None:
sh = "%s <= %s" % (self.number_name, upper_bound)
elif lower_bound is not None:
sh = "%s >= %s" % (self.number_name, lower_bound)
self.syntactic_help = sh
def Convert(self, argument):
__pychecker__ = 'no-returnvalues'
if type(argument) == str:
base = 10
if len(argument) > 2 and argument[0] == "0" and argument[1] == "x":
base = 16
try:
return int(argument, base)
# ValueError is thrown when argument is a string, and overflows an int.
except ValueError:
return long(argument, base)
else:
try:
return int(argument)
# OverflowError is thrown when argument is numeric, and overflows an int.
except OverflowError:
return long(argument)
def Type(self):
return 'int'
def DEFINE_integer(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value must be an integer.
If lower_bound, or upper_bound are set, then this flag must be
within the given range.
"""
parser = IntegerParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
_RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values=flag_values)
#
# ENUM FLAGS
#
class EnumParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of a string enum value (a string value from a given set).
If enum_values (see below) is not specified, any string is allowed.
"""
def __init__(self, enum_values=None):
super(EnumParser, self).__init__()
self.enum_values = enum_values
def Parse(self, argument):
if self.enum_values and argument not in self.enum_values:
raise ValueError("value should be one of <%s>" %
"|".join(self.enum_values))
return argument
def Type(self):
return 'string enum'
class EnumFlag(Flag):
"""Basic enum flag; its value can be any string from list of enum_values."""
def __init__(self, name, default, help, enum_values=None,
short_name=None, **args):
enum_values = enum_values or []
p = EnumParser(enum_values)
g = ArgumentSerializer()
Flag.__init__(self, p, g, name, default, help, short_name, **args)
if not self.help: self.help = "an enum string"
self.help = "<%s>: %s" % ("|".join(enum_values), self.help)
def _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
for enum_value in self.parser.enum_values:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'enum_value', enum_value, indent)
def DEFINE_enum(name, default, enum_values, help, flag_values=FLAGS,
**args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be any string from enum_values."""
DEFINE_flag(EnumFlag(name, default, help, enum_values, ** args),
flag_values)
#
# LIST FLAGS
#
class BaseListParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Base class for a parser of lists of strings.
To extend, inherit from this class; from the subclass __init__, call
BaseListParser.__init__(self, token, name)
where token is a character used to tokenize, and name is a description
of the separator.
"""
def __init__(self, token=None, name=None):
assert name
super(BaseListParser, self).__init__()
self._token = token
self._name = name
self.syntactic_help = "a %s separated list" % self._name
def Parse(self, argument):
if isinstance(argument, list):
return argument
elif argument == '':
return []
else:
return [s.strip() for s in argument.split(self._token)]
def Type(self):
return '%s separated list of strings' % self._name
class ListParser(BaseListParser):
"""Parser for a comma-separated list of strings."""
def __init__(self):
BaseListParser.__init__(self, ',', 'comma')
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
BaseListParser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'list_separator', repr(','), indent)
class WhitespaceSeparatedListParser(BaseListParser):
"""Parser for a whitespace-separated list of strings."""
def __init__(self):
BaseListParser.__init__(self, None, 'whitespace')
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
BaseListParser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent)
separators = list(string.whitespace)
separators.sort()
for ws_char in string.whitespace:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'list_separator', repr(ws_char), indent)
def DEFINE_list(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value is a comma-separated list of strings."""
parser = ListParser()
serializer = ListSerializer(',')
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
def DEFINE_spaceseplist(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value is a whitespace-separated list of strings.
Any whitespace can be used as a separator.
"""
parser = WhitespaceSeparatedListParser()
serializer = ListSerializer(' ')
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
#
# MULTI FLAGS
#
class MultiFlag(Flag):
"""A flag that can appear multiple time on the command-line.
The value of such a flag is a list that contains the individual values
from all the appearances of that flag on the command-line.
See the __doc__ for Flag for most behavior of this class. Only
differences in behavior are described here:
* The default value may be either a single value or a list of values.
A single value is interpreted as the [value] singleton list.
* The value of the flag is always a list, even if the option was
only supplied once, and even if the default value is a single
value
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
Flag.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.help += ';\n repeat this option to specify a list of values'
def Parse(self, arguments):
"""Parses one or more arguments with the installed parser.
Args:
arguments: a single argument or a list of arguments (typically a
list of default values); a single argument is converted
internally into a list containing one item.
"""
if not isinstance(arguments, list):
# Default value may be a list of values. Most other arguments
# will not be, so convert them into a single-item list to make
# processing simpler below.
arguments = [arguments]
if self.present:
# keep a backup reference to list of previously supplied option values
values = self.value
else:
# "erase" the defaults with an empty list
values = []
for item in arguments:
# have Flag superclass parse argument, overwriting self.value reference
Flag.Parse(self, item) # also increments self.present
values.append(self.value)
# put list of option values back in the 'value' attribute
self.value = values
def Serialize(self):
if not self.serializer:
raise FlagsError("Serializer not present for flag %s" % self.name)
if self.value is None:
return ''
s = ''
multi_value = self.value
for self.value in multi_value:
if s: s += ' '
s += Flag.Serialize(self)
self.value = multi_value
return s
def Type(self):
return 'multi ' + self.parser.Type()
def DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS,
**args):
"""Registers a generic MultiFlag that parses its args with a given parser.
Auxiliary function. Normal users should NOT use it directly.
Developers who need to create their own 'Parser' classes for options
which can appear multiple times can call this module function to
register their flags.
"""
DEFINE_flag(MultiFlag(parser, serializer, name, default, help, **args),
flag_values)
def DEFINE_multistring(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be a list of any strings.
Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
string values into the list. The 'default' may be a single string
(which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
strings.
"""
parser = ArgumentParser()
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
def DEFINE_multi_int(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be a list of arbitrary integers.
Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
integer values into the list. The 'default' may be a single integer
(which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
integers.
"""
parser = IntegerParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
# Now register the flags that we want to exist in all applications.
# These are all defined with allow_override=1, so user-apps can use
# these flagnames for their own purposes, if they want.
DEFINE_flag(HelpFlag())
DEFINE_flag(HelpshortFlag())
DEFINE_flag(HelpXMLFlag())
# Define special flags here so that help may be generated for them.
# NOTE: Please do NOT use _SPECIAL_FLAGS from outside this module.
_SPECIAL_FLAGS = FlagValues()
DEFINE_string(
'flagfile', "",
"Insert flag definitions from the given file into the command line.",
_SPECIAL_FLAGS)
DEFINE_string(
'undefok', "",
"comma-separated list of flag names that it is okay to specify "
"on the command line even if the program does not define a flag "
"with that name. IMPORTANT: flags in this list that have "
"arguments MUST use the --flag=value format.", _SPECIAL_FLAGS)
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
"""Starting template for Google App Engine applications.
Use this project as a starting point if you are just beginning to build a Google
App Engine project. Remember to fill in the OAuth 2.0 client_id and
client_secret which can be obtained from the Developer Console
<https://code.google.com/apis/console/>
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import httplib2
import logging
import os
import pickle
from apiclient.discovery import build
from oauth2client.appengine import OAuth2Decorator
from oauth2client.client import AccessTokenRefreshError
from google.appengine.api import memcache
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
from google.appengine.ext.webapp import template
from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import run_wsgi_app
# The client_id and client_secret are copied from the API Access tab on
# the Google APIs Console <http://code.google.com/apis/console>
decorator = OAuth2Decorator(
client_id='837647042410-75ifgipj95q4agpm0cs452mg7i2pn17c.apps.googleusercontent.com',
client_secret='QhxYsjM__u4vy5N0DXUFRwwI',
scope='https://www.googleapis.com/auth/buzz',
user_agent='my-sample-app/1.0')
http = httplib2.Http(memcache)
service = build("buzz", "v1", http=http)
class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
@decorator.oauth_aware
def get(self):
path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'grant.html')
variables = {
'url': decorator.authorize_url(),
'has_credentials': decorator.has_credentials()
}
self.response.out.write(template.render(path, variables))
class FollowerHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
@decorator.oauth_required
def get(self):
try:
http = decorator.http()
followers = service.people().list(
userId='@me', groupId='@followers').execute(http)
text = 'Hello, you have %s followers!' % followers['totalResults']
path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'welcome.html')
self.response.out.write(template.render(path, {'text': text }))
except AccessTokenRefreshError:
self.redirect('/')
def main():
application = webapp.WSGIApplication(
[
('/', MainHandler),
('/followers', FollowerHandler),
],
debug=True)
run_wsgi_app(application)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Command-line sample for the Google URL Shortener API.
Simple command-line example for Google URL Shortener API that shortens
a URI then expands it.
Usage:
$ python urlshortener.py
You can also get help on all the command-line flags the program understands
by running:
$ python urlshortener.py --help
To get detailed log output run:
$ python urlshortener.py --logging_level=DEBUG
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import gflags
import httplib2
import logging
import pprint
import sys
from apiclient.discovery import build
from oauth2client.file import Storage
from oauth2client.client import AccessTokenRefreshError
from oauth2client.client import OAuth2WebServerFlow
from oauth2client.tools import run
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
# Set up a Flow object to be used if we need to authenticate. This
# sample uses OAuth 2.0, and we set up the OAuth2WebServerFlow with
# the information it needs to authenticate. Note that it is called
# the Web Server Flow, but it can also handle the flow for native
# applications <http://code.google.com/apis/accounts/docs/OAuth2.html#IA>
# The client_id client_secret are copied from the API Access tab on
# the Google APIs Console <http://code.google.com/apis/console>. When
# creating credentials for this application be sure to choose an Application
# type of "Installed application".
FLOW = OAuth2WebServerFlow(
client_id='433807057907.apps.googleusercontent.com',
client_secret='jigtZpMApkRxncxikFpR+SFg',
scope='https://www.googleapis.com/auth/urlshortener',
user_agent='urlshortener-cmdline-sample/1.0')
# The gflags module makes defining command-line options easy for
# applications. Run this program with the '--help' argument to see
# all the flags that it understands.
gflags.DEFINE_enum('logging_level', 'ERROR',
['DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR', 'CRITICAL'],
'Set the level of logging detail.')
def main(argv):
# Let the gflags module process the command-line arguments
try:
argv = FLAGS(argv)
except gflags.FlagsError, e:
print '%s\\nUsage: %s ARGS\\n%s' % (e, argv[0], FLAGS)
sys.exit(1)
# Set the logging according to the command-line flag
logging.getLogger().setLevel(getattr(logging, FLAGS.logging_level))
# If the Credentials don't exist or are invalid run through the native client
# flow. The Storage object will ensure that if successful the good
# Credentials will get written back to a file.
storage = Storage('urlshortener.dat')
credentials = storage.get()
if credentials is None or credentials.invalid:
credentials = run(FLOW, storage)
# Create an httplib2.Http object to handle our HTTP requests and authorize it
# with our good Credentials.
http = httplib2.Http()
http = credentials.authorize(http)
service = build("urlshortener", "v1", http=http)
try:
url = service.url()
# Create a shortened URL by inserting the URL into the url collection.
body = {"longUrl": "http://code.google.com/apis/urlshortener/" }
resp = url.insert(body=body).execute()
pprint.pprint(resp)
short_url = resp['id']
# Convert the shortened URL back into a long URL
resp = url.get(shortUrl=short_url).execute()
pprint.pprint(resp)
except AccessTokenRefreshError:
print ("The credentials have been revoked or expired, please re-run"
"the application to re-authorize")
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import urllib
import time
import random
import urlparse
import hmac
import binascii
import httplib2
try:
from urlparse import parse_qs, parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qs, parse_qsl
VERSION = '1.0' # Hi Blaine!
HTTP_METHOD = 'GET'
SIGNATURE_METHOD = 'PLAINTEXT'
class Error(RuntimeError):
"""Generic exception class."""
def __init__(self, message='OAuth error occurred.'):
self._message = message
@property
def message(self):
"""A hack to get around the deprecation errors in 2.6."""
return self._message
def __str__(self):
return self._message
class MissingSignature(Error):
pass
def build_authenticate_header(realm=''):
"""Optional WWW-Authenticate header (401 error)"""
return {'WWW-Authenticate': 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm}
def build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token=None):
"""Build an XOAUTH string for use in SMTP/IMPA authentication."""
request = Request.from_consumer_and_token(consumer, token,
"GET", url)
signing_method = SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
request.sign_request(signing_method, consumer, token)
params = []
for k, v in sorted(request.iteritems()):
if v is not None:
params.append('%s="%s"' % (k, escape(v)))
return "%s %s %s" % ("GET", url, ','.join(params))
def escape(s):
"""Escape a URL including any /."""
return urllib.quote(s, safe='~')
def generate_timestamp():
"""Get seconds since epoch (UTC)."""
return int(time.time())
def generate_nonce(length=8):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return ''.join([str(random.randint(0, 9)) for i in range(length)])
def generate_verifier(length=8):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return ''.join([str(random.randint(0, 9)) for i in range(length)])
class Consumer(object):
"""A consumer of OAuth-protected services.
The OAuth consumer is a "third-party" service that wants to access
protected resources from an OAuth service provider on behalf of an end
user. It's kind of the OAuth client.
Usually a consumer must be registered with the service provider by the
developer of the consumer software. As part of that process, the service
provider gives the consumer a *key* and a *secret* with which the consumer
software can identify itself to the service. The consumer will include its
key in each request to identify itself, but will use its secret only when
signing requests, to prove that the request is from that particular
registered consumer.
Once registered, the consumer can then use its consumer credentials to ask
the service provider for a request token, kicking off the OAuth
authorization process.
"""
key = None
secret = None
def __init__(self, key, secret):
self.key = key
self.secret = secret
if self.key is None or self.secret is None:
raise ValueError("Key and secret must be set.")
def __str__(self):
data = {'oauth_consumer_key': self.key,
'oauth_consumer_secret': self.secret}
return urllib.urlencode(data)
class Token(object):
"""An OAuth credential used to request authorization or a protected
resource.
Tokens in OAuth comprise a *key* and a *secret*. The key is included in
requests to identify the token being used, but the secret is used only in
the signature, to prove that the requester is who the server gave the
token to.
When first negotiating the authorization, the consumer asks for a *request
token* that the live user authorizes with the service provider. The
consumer then exchanges the request token for an *access token* that can
be used to access protected resources.
"""
key = None
secret = None
callback = None
callback_confirmed = None
verifier = None
def __init__(self, key, secret):
self.key = key
self.secret = secret
if self.key is None or self.secret is None:
raise ValueError("Key and secret must be set.")
def set_callback(self, callback):
self.callback = callback
self.callback_confirmed = 'true'
def set_verifier(self, verifier=None):
if verifier is not None:
self.verifier = verifier
else:
self.verifier = generate_verifier()
def get_callback_url(self):
if self.callback and self.verifier:
# Append the oauth_verifier.
parts = urlparse.urlparse(self.callback)
scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = parts[:6]
if query:
query = '%s&oauth_verifier=%s' % (query, self.verifier)
else:
query = 'oauth_verifier=%s' % self.verifier
return urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params,
query, fragment))
return self.callback
def to_string(self):
"""Returns this token as a plain string, suitable for storage.
The resulting string includes the token's secret, so you should never
send or store this string where a third party can read it.
"""
data = {
'oauth_token': self.key,
'oauth_token_secret': self.secret,
}
if self.callback_confirmed is not None:
data['oauth_callback_confirmed'] = self.callback_confirmed
return urllib.urlencode(data)
@staticmethod
def from_string(s):
"""Deserializes a token from a string like one returned by
`to_string()`."""
if not len(s):
raise ValueError("Invalid parameter string.")
params = parse_qs(s, keep_blank_values=False)
if not len(params):
raise ValueError("Invalid parameter string.")
try:
key = params['oauth_token'][0]
except Exception:
raise ValueError("'oauth_token' not found in OAuth request.")
try:
secret = params['oauth_token_secret'][0]
except Exception:
raise ValueError("'oauth_token_secret' not found in "
"OAuth request.")
token = Token(key, secret)
try:
token.callback_confirmed = params['oauth_callback_confirmed'][0]
except KeyError:
pass # 1.0, no callback confirmed.
return token
def __str__(self):
return self.to_string()
def setter(attr):
name = attr.__name__
def getter(self):
try:
return self.__dict__[name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(name)
def deleter(self):
del self.__dict__[name]
return property(getter, attr, deleter)
class Request(dict):
"""The parameters and information for an HTTP request, suitable for
authorizing with OAuth credentials.
When a consumer wants to access a service's protected resources, it does
so using a signed HTTP request identifying itself (the consumer) with its
key, and providing an access token authorized by the end user to access
those resources.
"""
version = VERSION
def __init__(self, method=HTTP_METHOD, url=None, parameters=None):
self.method = method
self.url = url
if parameters is not None:
self.update(parameters)
@setter
def url(self, value):
self.__dict__['url'] = value
if value is not None:
scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse.urlparse(value)
# Exclude default port numbers.
if scheme == 'http' and netloc[-3:] == ':80':
netloc = netloc[:-3]
elif scheme == 'https' and netloc[-4:] == ':443':
netloc = netloc[:-4]
if scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
raise ValueError("Unsupported URL %s (%s)." % (value, scheme))
# Normalized URL excludes params, query, and fragment.
self.normalized_url = urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, None, None, None))
else:
self.normalized_url = None
self.__dict__['url'] = None
@setter
def method(self, value):
self.__dict__['method'] = value.upper()
def _get_timestamp_nonce(self):
return self['oauth_timestamp'], self['oauth_nonce']
def get_nonoauth_parameters(self):
"""Get any non-OAuth parameters."""
return dict([(k, v) for k, v in self.iteritems()
if not k.startswith('oauth_')])
def to_header(self, realm=''):
"""Serialize as a header for an HTTPAuth request."""
oauth_params = ((k, v) for k, v in self.items()
if k.startswith('oauth_'))
stringy_params = ((k, escape(str(v))) for k, v in oauth_params)
header_params = ('%s="%s"' % (k, v) for k, v in stringy_params)
params_header = ', '.join(header_params)
auth_header = 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm
if params_header:
auth_header = "%s, %s" % (auth_header, params_header)
return {'Authorization': auth_header}
def to_postdata(self):
"""Serialize as post data for a POST request."""
# tell urlencode to deal with sequence values and map them correctly
# to resulting querystring. for example self["k"] = ["v1", "v2"] will
# result in 'k=v1&k=v2' and not k=%5B%27v1%27%2C+%27v2%27%5D
return urllib.urlencode(self, True)
def to_url(self):
"""Serialize as a URL for a GET request."""
base_url = urlparse.urlparse(self.url)
query = parse_qs(base_url.query)
for k, v in self.items():
query.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
url = (base_url.scheme, base_url.netloc, base_url.path, base_url.params,
urllib.urlencode(query, True), base_url.fragment)
return urlparse.urlunparse(url)
def get_parameter(self, parameter):
ret = self.get(parameter)
if ret is None:
raise Error('Parameter not found: %s' % parameter)
return ret
def get_normalized_parameters(self):
"""Return a string that contains the parameters that must be signed."""
items = []
for key, value in self.iteritems():
if key == 'oauth_signature':
continue
# 1.0a/9.1.1 states that kvp must be sorted by key, then by value,
# so we unpack sequence values into multiple items for sorting.
if hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
items.extend((key, item) for item in value)
else:
items.append((key, value))
# Include any query string parameters from the provided URL
query = urlparse.urlparse(self.url)[4]
items.extend(self._split_url_string(query).items())
encoded_str = urllib.urlencode(sorted(items))
# Encode signature parameters per Oauth Core 1.0 protocol
# spec draft 7, section 3.6
# (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-hammer-oauth-07#section-3.6)
# Spaces must be encoded with "%20" instead of "+"
return encoded_str.replace('+', '%20')
def sign_request(self, signature_method, consumer, token):
"""Set the signature parameter to the result of sign."""
if 'oauth_consumer_key' not in self:
self['oauth_consumer_key'] = consumer.key
if token and 'oauth_token' not in self:
self['oauth_token'] = token.key
self['oauth_signature_method'] = signature_method.name
self['oauth_signature'] = signature_method.sign(self, consumer, token)
@classmethod
def make_timestamp(cls):
"""Get seconds since epoch (UTC)."""
return str(int(time.time()))
@classmethod
def make_nonce(cls):
"""Generate pseudorandom number."""
return str(random.randint(0, 100000000))
@classmethod
def from_request(cls, http_method, http_url, headers=None, parameters=None,
query_string=None):
"""Combines multiple parameter sources."""
if parameters is None:
parameters = {}
# Headers
if headers and 'Authorization' in headers:
auth_header = headers['Authorization']
# Check that the authorization header is OAuth.
if auth_header[:6] == 'OAuth ':
auth_header = auth_header[6:]
try:
# Get the parameters from the header.
header_params = cls._split_header(auth_header)
parameters.update(header_params)
except:
raise Error('Unable to parse OAuth parameters from '
'Authorization header.')
# GET or POST query string.
if query_string:
query_params = cls._split_url_string(query_string)
parameters.update(query_params)
# URL parameters.
param_str = urlparse.urlparse(http_url)[4] # query
url_params = cls._split_url_string(param_str)
parameters.update(url_params)
if parameters:
return cls(http_method, http_url, parameters)
return None
@classmethod
def from_consumer_and_token(cls, consumer, token=None,
http_method=HTTP_METHOD, http_url=None, parameters=None):
if not parameters:
parameters = {}
defaults = {
'oauth_consumer_key': consumer.key,
'oauth_timestamp': cls.make_timestamp(),
'oauth_nonce': cls.make_nonce(),
'oauth_version': cls.version,
}
defaults.update(parameters)
parameters = defaults
if token:
parameters['oauth_token'] = token.key
if token.verifier:
parameters['oauth_verifier'] = token.verifier
return Request(http_method, http_url, parameters)
@classmethod
def from_token_and_callback(cls, token, callback=None,
http_method=HTTP_METHOD, http_url=None, parameters=None):
if not parameters:
parameters = {}
parameters['oauth_token'] = token.key
if callback:
parameters['oauth_callback'] = callback
return cls(http_method, http_url, parameters)
@staticmethod
def _split_header(header):
"""Turn Authorization: header into parameters."""
params = {}
parts = header.split(',')
for param in parts:
# Ignore realm parameter.
if param.find('realm') > -1:
continue
# Remove whitespace.
param = param.strip()
# Split key-value.
param_parts = param.split('=', 1)
# Remove quotes and unescape the value.
params[param_parts[0]] = urllib.unquote(param_parts[1].strip('\"'))
return params
@staticmethod
def _split_url_string(param_str):
"""Turn URL string into parameters."""
parameters = parse_qs(param_str, keep_blank_values=False)
for k, v in parameters.iteritems():
parameters[k] = urllib.unquote(v[0])
return parameters
class Client(httplib2.Http):
"""OAuthClient is a worker to attempt to execute a request."""
def __init__(self, consumer, token=None, cache=None, timeout=None,
proxy_info=None):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
self.consumer = consumer
self.token = token
self.method = SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
httplib2.Http.__init__(self, cache=cache, timeout=timeout,
proxy_info=proxy_info)
def set_signature_method(self, method):
if not isinstance(method, SignatureMethod):
raise ValueError("Invalid signature method.")
self.method = method
def request(self, uri, method="GET", body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS, connection_type=None):
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
if not isinstance(headers, dict):
headers = {}
is_multipart = method == 'POST' and headers.get('Content-Type',
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE) != DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE
if body and method == "POST" and not is_multipart:
parameters = dict(parse_qsl(body))
else:
parameters = None
req = Request.from_consumer_and_token(self.consumer,
token=self.token, http_method=method, http_url=uri,
parameters=parameters)
req.sign_request(self.method, self.consumer, self.token)
if method == "POST":
headers['Content-Type'] = headers.get('Content-Type',
DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE)
if is_multipart:
headers.update(req.to_header())
else:
body = req.to_postdata()
elif method == "GET":
uri = req.to_url()
else:
headers.update(req.to_header())
return httplib2.Http.request(self, uri, method=method, body=body,
headers=headers, redirections=redirections,
connection_type=connection_type)
class Server(object):
"""A skeletal implementation of a service provider, providing protected
resources to requests from authorized consumers.
This class implements the logic to check requests for authorization. You
can use it with your web server or web framework to protect certain
resources with OAuth.
"""
timestamp_threshold = 300 # In seconds, five minutes.
version = VERSION
signature_methods = None
def __init__(self, signature_methods=None):
self.signature_methods = signature_methods or {}
def add_signature_method(self, signature_method):
self.signature_methods[signature_method.name] = signature_method
return self.signature_methods
def verify_request(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Verifies an api call and checks all the parameters."""
version = self._get_version(request)
self._check_signature(request, consumer, token)
parameters = request.get_nonoauth_parameters()
return parameters
def build_authenticate_header(self, realm=''):
"""Optional support for the authenticate header."""
return {'WWW-Authenticate': 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm}
def _get_version(self, request):
"""Verify the correct version request for this server."""
try:
version = request.get_parameter('oauth_version')
except:
version = VERSION
if version and version != self.version:
raise Error('OAuth version %s not supported.' % str(version))
return version
def _get_signature_method(self, request):
"""Figure out the signature with some defaults."""
try:
signature_method = request.get_parameter('oauth_signature_method')
except:
signature_method = SIGNATURE_METHOD
try:
# Get the signature method object.
signature_method = self.signature_methods[signature_method]
except:
signature_method_names = ', '.join(self.signature_methods.keys())
raise Error('Signature method %s not supported try one of the following: %s' % (signature_method, signature_method_names))
return signature_method
def _get_verifier(self, request):
return request.get_parameter('oauth_verifier')
def _check_signature(self, request, consumer, token):
timestamp, nonce = request._get_timestamp_nonce()
self._check_timestamp(timestamp)
signature_method = self._get_signature_method(request)
try:
signature = request.get_parameter('oauth_signature')
except:
raise MissingSignature('Missing oauth_signature.')
# Validate the signature.
valid = signature_method.check(request, consumer, token, signature)
if not valid:
key, base = signature_method.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
raise Error('Invalid signature. Expected signature base '
'string: %s' % base)
built = signature_method.sign(request, consumer, token)
def _check_timestamp(self, timestamp):
"""Verify that timestamp is recentish."""
timestamp = int(timestamp)
now = int(time.time())
lapsed = now - timestamp
if lapsed > self.timestamp_threshold:
raise Error('Expired timestamp: given %d and now %s has a '
'greater difference than threshold %d' % (timestamp, now,
self.timestamp_threshold))
class SignatureMethod(object):
"""A way of signing requests.
The OAuth protocol lets consumers and service providers pick a way to sign
requests. This interface shows the methods expected by the other `oauth`
modules for signing requests. Subclass it and implement its methods to
provide a new way to sign requests.
"""
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Calculates the string that needs to be signed.
This method returns a 2-tuple containing the starting key for the
signing and the message to be signed. The latter may be used in error
messages to help clients debug their software.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Returns the signature for the given request, based on the consumer
and token also provided.
You should use your implementation of `signing_base()` to build the
message to sign. Otherwise it may be less useful for debugging.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def check(self, request, consumer, token, signature):
"""Returns whether the given signature is the correct signature for
the given consumer and token signing the given request."""
built = self.sign(request, consumer, token)
return built == signature
class SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1(SignatureMethod):
name = 'HMAC-SHA1'
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
if request.normalized_url is None:
raise ValueError("Base URL for request is not set.")
sig = (
escape(request.method),
escape(request.normalized_url),
escape(request.get_normalized_parameters()),
)
key = '%s&' % escape(consumer.secret)
if token:
key += escape(token.secret)
raw = '&'.join(sig)
return key, raw
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Builds the base signature string."""
key, raw = self.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
# HMAC object.
try:
from hashlib import sha1 as sha
except ImportError:
import sha # Deprecated
hashed = hmac.new(key, raw, sha)
# Calculate the digest base 64.
return binascii.b2a_base64(hashed.digest())[:-1]
class SignatureMethod_PLAINTEXT(SignatureMethod):
name = 'PLAINTEXT'
def signing_base(self, request, consumer, token):
"""Concatenates the consumer key and secret with the token's
secret."""
sig = '%s&' % escape(consumer.secret)
if token:
sig = sig + escape(token.secret)
return sig, sig
def sign(self, request, consumer, token):
key, raw = self.signing_base(request, consumer, token)
return raw
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import oauth2
import imaplib
class IMAP4_SSL(imaplib.IMAP4_SSL):
"""IMAP wrapper for imaplib.IMAP4_SSL that implements XOAUTH."""
def authenticate(self, url, consumer, token):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, oauth2.Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, oauth2.Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
imaplib.IMAP4_SSL.authenticate(self, 'XOAUTH',
lambda x: oauth2.build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token))
| Python |
"""
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2007-2010 Leah Culver, Joe Stump, Mark Paschal, Vic Fryzel
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
"""
import oauth2
import smtplib
import base64
class SMTP(smtplib.SMTP):
"""SMTP wrapper for smtplib.SMTP that implements XOAUTH."""
def authenticate(self, url, consumer, token):
if consumer is not None and not isinstance(consumer, oauth2.Consumer):
raise ValueError("Invalid consumer.")
if token is not None and not isinstance(token, oauth2.Token):
raise ValueError("Invalid token.")
self.docmd('AUTH', 'XOAUTH %s' % \
base64.b64encode(oauth2.build_xoauth_string(url, consumer, token)))
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import httplib2
import logging
import os
import pickle
from apiclient.discovery import build
from oauth2client.appengine import CredentialsProperty
from oauth2client.appengine import StorageByKeyName
from oauth2client.client import OAuth2WebServerFlow
from google.appengine.api import memcache
from google.appengine.api import users
from google.appengine.ext import db
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
from google.appengine.ext.webapp import template
from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util
from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import login_required
class Credentials(db.Model):
credentials = CredentialsProperty()
class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
@login_required
def get(self):
user = users.get_current_user()
credentials = StorageByKeyName(
Credentials, user.user_id(), 'credentials').get()
if credentials is None or credentials.invalid == True:
flow = OAuth2WebServerFlow(
# Visit https://code.google.com/apis/console to
# generate your client_id, client_secret and to
# register your redirect_uri.
client_id='<YOUR CLIENT ID HERE>',
client_secret='<YOUR CLIENT SECRET HERE>',
scope='https://www.googleapis.com/auth/buzz',
user_agent='buzz-cmdline-sample/1.0',
domain='anonymous',
xoauth_displayname='Google App Engine Example App')
callback = self.request.relative_url('/auth_return')
authorize_url = flow.step1_get_authorize_url(callback)
memcache.set(user.user_id(), pickle.dumps(flow))
self.redirect(authorize_url)
else:
http = httplib2.Http()
http = credentials.authorize(http)
service = build("buzz", "v1", http=http)
activities = service.activities()
activitylist = activities.list(scope='@consumption',
userId='@me').execute()
path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'welcome.html')
logout = users.create_logout_url('/')
self.response.out.write(
template.render(
path, {'activitylist': activitylist,
'logout': logout
}))
class OAuthHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
@login_required
def get(self):
user = users.get_current_user()
flow = pickle.loads(memcache.get(user.user_id()))
if flow:
credentials = flow.step2_exchange(self.request.params)
StorageByKeyName(
Credentials, user.user_id(), 'credentials').put(credentials)
self.redirect("/")
else:
pass
def main():
application = webapp.WSGIApplication(
[
('/', MainHandler),
('/auth_return', OAuthHandler)
],
debug=True)
util.run_wsgi_app(application)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Command-line tools for authenticating via OAuth 2.0
Do the OAuth 2.0 Web Server dance for a command line application. Stores the
generated credentials in a common file that is used by other example apps in
the same directory.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = ['run']
import BaseHTTPServer
import gflags
import logging
import socket
import sys
from optparse import OptionParser
from client import FlowExchangeError
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('auth_local_webserver', True,
('Run a local web server to handle redirects during '
'OAuth authorization.'))
gflags.DEFINE_string('auth_host_name', 'localhost',
('Host name to use when running a local web server to '
'handle redirects during OAuth authorization.'))
gflags.DEFINE_multi_int('auth_host_port', [8080, 8090],
('Port to use when running a local web server to '
'handle redirects during OAuth authorization.'))
class ClientRedirectServer(BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer):
"""A server to handle OAuth 2.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into query_params and then stops serving.
"""
query_params = {}
class ClientRedirectHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
"""A handler for OAuth 2.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into the servers query_params and then stops serving.
"""
def do_GET(s):
"""Handle a GET request
Parses the query parameters and prints a message
if the flow has completed. Note that we can't detect
if an error occurred.
"""
s.send_response(200)
s.send_header("Content-type", "text/html")
s.end_headers()
query = s.path.split('?', 1)[-1]
query = dict(parse_qsl(query))
s.server.query_params = query
s.wfile.write("<html><head><title>Authentication Status</title></head>")
s.wfile.write("<body><p>The authentication flow has completed.</p>")
s.wfile.write("</body></html>")
def log_message(self, format, *args):
"""Do not log messages to stdout while running as command line program."""
pass
def run(flow, storage):
"""Core code for a command-line application.
Args:
flow: Flow, an OAuth 2.0 Flow to step through.
storage: Storage, a Storage to store the credential in.
Returns:
Credentials, the obtained credential.
"""
if FLAGS.auth_local_webserver:
success = False
port_number = 0
for port in FLAGS.auth_host_port:
port_number = port
try:
httpd = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer((FLAGS.auth_host_name, port),
ClientRedirectHandler)
except socket.error, e:
pass
else:
success = True
break
FLAGS.auth_local_webserver = success
if FLAGS.auth_local_webserver:
oauth_callback = 'http://%s:%s/' % (FLAGS.auth_host_name, port_number)
else:
oauth_callback = 'oob'
authorize_url = flow.step1_get_authorize_url(oauth_callback)
print 'Go to the following link in your browser:'
print authorize_url
print
if FLAGS.auth_local_webserver:
print 'If your browser is on a different machine then exit and re-run this'
print 'application with the command-line parameter --noauth_local_webserver.'
print
if FLAGS.auth_local_webserver:
httpd.handle_request()
if 'error' in httpd.query_params:
sys.exit('Authentication request was rejected.')
if 'code' in httpd.query_params:
code = httpd.query_params['code']
else:
accepted = 'n'
while accepted.lower() == 'n':
accepted = raw_input('Have you authorized me? (y/n) ')
code = raw_input('What is the verification code? ').strip()
try:
credentials = flow.step2_exchange(code)
except FlowExchangeError:
sys.exit('The authentication has failed.')
storage.put(credentials)
credentials.set_store(storage.put)
print "You have successfully authenticated."
return credentials
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""An OAuth 2.0 client
Tools for interacting with OAuth 2.0 protected
resources.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import copy
import datetime
import httplib2
import logging
import urllib
import urlparse
try: # pragma: no cover
import simplejson
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
try:
# Try to import from django, should work on App Engine
from django.utils import simplejson
except ImportError:
# Should work for Python2.6 and higher.
import json as simplejson
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
class Error(Exception):
"""Base error for this module."""
pass
class FlowExchangeError(Error):
"""Error trying to exchange an authorization grant for an access token."""
pass
class AccessTokenRefreshError(Error):
"""Error trying to refresh an expired access token."""
pass
class AccessTokenCredentialsError(Error):
"""Having only the access_token means no refresh is possible."""
pass
def _abstract():
raise NotImplementedError('You need to override this function')
class Credentials(object):
"""Base class for all Credentials objects.
Subclasses must define an authorize() method
that applies the credentials to an HTTP transport.
"""
def authorize(self, http):
"""Take an httplib2.Http instance (or equivalent) and
authorizes it for the set of credentials, usually by
replacing http.request() with a method that adds in
the appropriate headers and then delegates to the original
Http.request() method.
"""
_abstract()
class Flow(object):
"""Base class for all Flow objects."""
pass
class Storage(object):
"""Base class for all Storage objects.
Store and retrieve a single credential.
"""
def get(self):
"""Retrieve credential.
Returns:
oauth2client.client.Credentials
"""
_abstract()
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a credential.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
_abstract()
class OAuth2Credentials(Credentials):
"""Credentials object for OAuth 2.0
Credentials can be applied to an httplib2.Http object using the authorize()
method, which then signs each request from that object with the OAuth 2.0
access token.
OAuth2Credentials objects may be safely pickled and unpickled.
"""
def __init__(self, access_token, client_id, client_secret, refresh_token,
token_expiry, token_uri, user_agent):
"""Create an instance of OAuth2Credentials
This constructor is not usually called by the user, instead
OAuth2Credentials objects are instantiated by the OAuth2WebServerFlow.
Args:
token_uri: string, URI of token endpoint.
client_id: string, client identifier.
client_secret: string, client secret.
access_token: string, access token.
token_expiry: datetime, when the access_token expires.
refresh_token: string, refresh token.
user_agent: string, The HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
Notes:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
This is needed to store the latest access_token if it
has expired and been refreshed.
"""
self.access_token = access_token
self.client_id = client_id
self.client_secret = client_secret
self.refresh_token = refresh_token
self.store = None
self.token_expiry = token_expiry
self.token_uri = token_uri
self.user_agent = user_agent
# True if the credentials have been revoked or expired and can't be
# refreshed.
self._invalid = False
@property
def invalid(self):
"""True if the credentials are invalid, such as being revoked."""
return getattr(self, '_invalid', False)
def set_store(self, store):
"""Set the storage for the credential.
Args:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
This is needed to store the latest access_token if it
has expired and been refreshed.
"""
self.store = store
def __getstate__(self):
"""Trim the state down to something that can be pickled.
"""
d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
del d['store']
return d
def __setstate__(self, state):
"""Reconstitute the state of the object from being pickled.
"""
self.__dict__.update(state)
self.store = None
def _refresh(self, http_request):
"""Refresh the access_token using the refresh_token.
Args:
http: An instance of httplib2.Http.request
or something that acts like it.
"""
body = urllib.urlencode({
'grant_type': 'refresh_token',
'client_id': self.client_id,
'client_secret': self.client_secret,
'refresh_token' : self.refresh_token
})
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
logging.info("Refresing access_token")
resp, content = http_request(
self.token_uri, method='POST', body=body, headers=headers)
if resp.status == 200:
# TODO(jcgregorio) Raise an error if loads fails?
d = simplejson.loads(content)
self.access_token = d['access_token']
self.refresh_token = d.get('refresh_token', self.refresh_token)
if 'expires_in' in d:
self.token_expiry = datetime.timedelta(
seconds = int(d['expires_in'])) + datetime.datetime.now()
else:
self.token_expiry = None
if self.store is not None:
self.store(self)
else:
# An {'error':...} response body means the token is expired or revoked, so
# we flag the credentials as such.
logging.error('Failed to retrieve access token: %s' % content)
error_msg = 'Invalid response %s.' % resp['status']
try:
d = simplejson.loads(content)
if 'error' in d:
error_msg = d['error']
self._invalid = True
if self.store is not None:
self.store(self)
else:
logging.warning("Unable to store refreshed credentials, no Storage provided.")
except:
pass
raise AccessTokenRefreshError(error_msg)
def authorize(self, http):
"""Authorize an httplib2.Http instance with these credentials.
Args:
http: An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = credentials.authorize(h)
You can't create a new OAuth
subclass of httplib2.Authenication because
it never gets passed the absolute URI, which is
needed for signing. So instead we have to overload
'request' with a closure that adds in the
Authorization header and then calls the original version
of 'request()'.
"""
request_orig = http.request
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
if headers == None:
headers = {}
headers['authorization'] = 'OAuth ' + self.access_token
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
else:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
if resp.status == 401:
logging.info("Refreshing because we got a 401")
self._refresh(request_orig)
headers['authorization'] = 'OAuth ' + self.access_token
return request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
else:
return (resp, content)
http.request = new_request
return http
class AccessTokenCredentials(OAuth2Credentials):
"""Credentials object for OAuth 2.0
Credentials can be applied to an httplib2.Http object using the authorize()
method, which then signs each request from that object with the OAuth 2.0
access token. This set of credentials is for the use case where you have
acquired an OAuth 2.0 access_token from another place such as a JavaScript
client or another web application, and wish to use it from Python. Because
only the access_token is present it can not be refreshed and will in time
expire.
AccessTokenCredentials objects may be safely pickled and unpickled.
Usage:
credentials = AccessTokenCredentials('<an access token>',
'my-user-agent/1.0')
http = httplib2.Http()
http = credentials.authorize(http)
Exceptions:
AccessTokenCredentialsExpired: raised when the access_token expires or is
revoked.
"""
def __init__(self, access_token, user_agent):
"""Create an instance of OAuth2Credentials
This is one of the few types if Credentials that you should contrust,
Credentials objects are usually instantiated by a Flow.
Args:
access_token: string, access token.
user_agent: string, The HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
Notes:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
"""
super(AccessTokenCredentials, self).__init__(
access_token,
None,
None,
None,
None,
None,
user_agent)
def _refresh(self, http_request):
raise AccessTokenCredentialsError(
"The access_token is expired or invalid and can't be refreshed.")
class OAuth2WebServerFlow(Flow):
"""Does the Web Server Flow for OAuth 2.0.
OAuth2Credentials objects may be safely pickled and unpickled.
"""
def __init__(self, client_id, client_secret, scope, user_agent,
auth_uri='https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth',
token_uri='https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token',
**kwargs):
"""Constructor for OAuth2WebServerFlow
Args:
client_id: string, client identifier.
client_secret: string client secret.
scope: string, scope of the credentials being requested.
user_agent: string, HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
auth_uri: string, URI for authorization endpoint. For convenience
defaults to Google's endpoints but any OAuth 2.0 provider can be used.
token_uri: string, URI for token endpoint. For convenience
defaults to Google's endpoints but any OAuth 2.0 provider can be used.
**kwargs: dict, The keyword arguments are all optional and required
parameters for the OAuth calls.
"""
self.client_id = client_id
self.client_secret = client_secret
self.scope = scope
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.auth_uri = auth_uri
self.token_uri = token_uri
self.params = kwargs
self.redirect_uri = None
def step1_get_authorize_url(self, redirect_uri='oob'):
"""Returns a URI to redirect to the provider.
Args:
redirect_uri: string, Either the string 'oob' for a non-web-based
application, or a URI that handles the callback from
the authorization server.
If redirect_uri is 'oob' then pass in the
generated verification code to step2_exchange,
otherwise pass in the query parameters received
at the callback uri to step2_exchange.
"""
self.redirect_uri = redirect_uri
query = {
'response_type': 'code',
'client_id': self.client_id,
'redirect_uri': redirect_uri,
'scope': self.scope,
}
query.update(self.params)
parts = list(urlparse.urlparse(self.auth_uri))
query.update(dict(parse_qsl(parts[4]))) # 4 is the index of the query part
parts[4] = urllib.urlencode(query)
return urlparse.urlunparse(parts)
def step2_exchange(self, code, http=None):
"""Exhanges a code for OAuth2Credentials.
Args:
code: string or dict, either the code as a string, or a dictionary
of the query parameters to the redirect_uri, which contains
the code.
http: httplib2.Http, optional http instance to use to do the fetch
"""
if not (isinstance(code, str) or isinstance(code, unicode)):
code = code['code']
body = urllib.urlencode({
'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
'client_id': self.client_id,
'client_secret': self.client_secret,
'code': code,
'redirect_uri': self.redirect_uri,
'scope': self.scope
})
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
if http is None:
http = httplib2.Http()
resp, content = http.request(self.token_uri, method='POST', body=body, headers=headers)
if resp.status == 200:
# TODO(jcgregorio) Raise an error if simplejson.loads fails?
d = simplejson.loads(content)
access_token = d['access_token']
refresh_token = d.get('refresh_token', None)
token_expiry = None
if 'expires_in' in d:
token_expiry = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds = int(d['expires_in']))
logging.info('Successfully retrieved access token: %s' % content)
return OAuth2Credentials(access_token, self.client_id, self.client_secret,
refresh_token, token_expiry, self.token_uri,
self.user_agent)
else:
logging.error('Failed to retrieve access token: %s' % content)
error_msg = 'Invalid response %s.' % resp['status']
try:
d = simplejson.loads(content)
if 'error' in d:
error_msg = d['error']
except:
pass
raise FlowExchangeError(error_msg)
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for OAuth.
Utilities for making it easier to work with OAuth 2.0
credentials.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import pickle
import threading
from client import Storage as BaseStorage
class Storage(BaseStorage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from a file."""
def __init__(self, filename):
self._filename = filename
self._lock = threading.Lock()
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from file.
Returns:
oauth2client.client.Credentials
"""
self._lock.acquire()
try:
f = open(self._filename, 'r')
credentials = pickle.loads(f.read())
f.close()
credentials.set_store(self.put)
except:
credentials = None
self._lock.release()
return credentials
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a pickled Credentials to file.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
self._lock.acquire()
f = open(self._filename, 'w')
f.write(pickle.dumps(credentials))
f.close()
self._lock.release()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""OAuth 2.0 utilities for Django.
Utilities for using OAuth 2.0 in conjunction with
the Django datastore.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import oauth2client
import base64
import pickle
from django.db import models
from oauth2client.client import Storage as BaseStorage
class CredentialsField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self, connection=None):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
if not value:
return None
if isinstance(value, oauth2client.client.Credentials):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
class FlowField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self, connection=None):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, oauth2client.client.Flow):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
class Storage(BaseStorage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from
the datastore.
This Storage helper presumes the Credentials
have been stored as a CredenialsField
on a db model class.
"""
def __init__(self, model_class, key_name, key_value, property_name):
"""Constructor for Storage.
Args:
model: db.Model, model class
key_name: string, key name for the entity that has the credentials
key_value: string, key value for the entity that has the credentials
property_name: string, name of the property that is an CredentialsProperty
"""
self.model_class = model_class
self.key_name = key_name
self.key_value = key_value
self.property_name = property_name
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from datastore.
Returns:
oauth2client.Credentials
"""
credential = None
query = {self.key_name: self.key_value}
entities = self.model_class.objects.filter(**query)
if len(entities) > 0:
credential = getattr(entities[0], self.property_name)
if credential and hasattr(credential, 'set_store'):
credential.set_store(self.put)
return credential
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a Credentials to the datastore.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
args = {self.key_name: self.key_value}
entity = self.model_class(**args)
setattr(entity, self.property_name, credentials)
entity.save()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for Google App Engine
Utilities for making it easier to use OAuth 2.0 on Google App Engine.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import httplib2
import pickle
from client import AccessTokenRefreshError
from client import Credentials
from client import Flow
from client import OAuth2WebServerFlow
from client import Storage
from google.appengine.api import memcache
from google.appengine.api import users
from google.appengine.ext import db
from google.appengine.ext import webapp
from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import login_required
from google.appengine.ext.webapp.util import run_wsgi_app
OAUTH2CLIENT_NAMESPACE = 'oauth2client#ns'
class FlowProperty(db.Property):
"""App Engine datastore Property for Flow.
Utility property that allows easy storage and retreival of an
oauth2client.Flow"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = Flow
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
flow = super(FlowProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(flow))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, Flow):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to a FlowThreeLegged instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(FlowProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class CredentialsProperty(db.Property):
"""App Engine datastore Property for Credentials.
Utility property that allows easy storage and retrieval of
oath2client.Credentials
"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = Credentials
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
cred = super(CredentialsProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(cred))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, Credentials):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to an Credentials instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(CredentialsProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class StorageByKeyName(Storage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from
the App Engine datastore.
This Storage helper presumes the Credentials
have been stored as a CredenialsProperty
on a datastore model class, and that entities
are stored by key_name.
"""
def __init__(self, model, key_name, property_name, cache=None):
"""Constructor for Storage.
Args:
model: db.Model, model class
key_name: string, key name for the entity that has the credentials
property_name: string, name of the property that is an CredentialsProperty
cache: memcache, a write-through cache to put in front of the datastore
"""
self._model = model
self._key_name = key_name
self._property_name = property_name
self._cache = cache
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from datastore.
Returns:
oauth2client.Credentials
"""
if self._cache:
credential = self._cache.get(self._key_name)
if credential:
return pickle.loads(credential)
entity = self._model.get_or_insert(self._key_name)
credential = getattr(entity, self._property_name)
if credential and hasattr(credential, 'set_store'):
credential.set_store(self.put)
if self._cache:
self._cache.set(self._key_name, pickle.dumps(credentials))
return credential
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a Credentials to the datastore.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
entity = self._model.get_or_insert(self._key_name)
setattr(entity, self._property_name, credentials)
entity.put()
if self._cache:
self._cache.set(self._key_name, pickle.dumps(credentials))
class CredentialsModel(db.Model):
"""Storage for OAuth 2.0 Credentials
Storage of the model is keyed by the user.user_id().
"""
credentials = CredentialsProperty()
class OAuth2Decorator(object):
"""Utility for making OAuth 2.0 easier.
Instantiate and then use with oauth_required or oauth_aware
as decorators on webapp.RequestHandler methods.
Example:
decorator = OAuth2Decorator(
client_id='837...ent.com',
client_secret='Qh...wwI',
scope='https://www.googleapis.com/auth/buzz',
user_agent='my-sample-app/1.0')
class MainHandler(webapp.RequestHandler):
@decorator.oauth_required
def get(self):
http = decorator.http()
# http is authorized with the user's Credentials and can be used
# in API calls
"""
def __init__(self, client_id, client_secret, scope, user_agent,
auth_uri='https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth',
token_uri='https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/token'):
"""Constructor for OAuth2Decorator
Args:
client_id: string, client identifier.
client_secret: string client secret.
scope: string, scope of the credentials being requested.
user_agent: string, HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
auth_uri: string, URI for authorization endpoint. For convenience
defaults to Google's endpoints but any OAuth 2.0 provider can be used.
token_uri: string, URI for token endpoint. For convenience
defaults to Google's endpoints but any OAuth 2.0 provider can be used.
"""
self.flow = OAuth2WebServerFlow(client_id, client_secret, scope, user_agent,
auth_uri, token_uri)
self.credentials = None
self._request_handler = None
def oauth_required(self, method):
"""Decorator that starts the OAuth 2.0 dance.
Starts the OAuth dance for the logged in user if they haven't already
granted access for this application.
Args:
method: callable, to be decorated method of a webapp.RequestHandler
instance.
"""
@login_required
def check_oauth(request_handler, *args):
# Store the request URI in 'state' so we can use it later
self.flow.params['state'] = request_handler.request.url
self._request_handler = request_handler
user = users.get_current_user()
self.credentials = StorageByKeyName(
CredentialsModel, user.user_id(), 'credentials').get()
if not self.has_credentials():
return request_handler.redirect(self.authorize_url())
try:
method(request_handler, *args)
except AccessTokenRefreshError:
return request_handler.redirect(self.authorize_url())
return check_oauth
def oauth_aware(self, method):
"""Decorator that sets up for OAuth 2.0 dance, but doesn't do it.
Does all the setup for the OAuth dance, but doesn't initiate it.
This decorator is useful if you want to create a page that knows
whether or not the user has granted access to this application.
From within a method decorated with @oauth_aware the has_credentials()
and authorize_url() methods can be called.
Args:
method: callable, to be decorated method of a webapp.RequestHandler
instance.
"""
@login_required
def setup_oauth(request_handler, *args):
self.flow.params['state'] = request_handler.request.url
self._request_handler = request_handler
user = users.get_current_user()
self.credentials = StorageByKeyName(
CredentialsModel, user.user_id(), 'credentials').get()
method(request_handler, *args)
return setup_oauth
def has_credentials(self):
"""True if for the logged in user there are valid access Credentials.
Must only be called from with a webapp.RequestHandler subclassed method
that had been decorated with either @oauth_required or @oauth_aware.
"""
return self.credentials is not None and not self.credentials.invalid
def authorize_url(self):
"""Returns the URL to start the OAuth dance.
Must only be called from with a webapp.RequestHandler subclassed method
that had been decorated with either @oauth_required or @oauth_aware.
"""
callback = self._request_handler.request.relative_url('/oauth2callback')
url = self.flow.step1_get_authorize_url(callback)
user = users.get_current_user()
memcache.set(user.user_id(), pickle.dumps(self.flow),
namespace=OAUTH2CLIENT_NAMESPACE)
return url
def http(self):
"""Returns an authorized http instance.
Must only be called from within an @oauth_required decorated method, or
from within an @oauth_aware decorated method where has_credentials()
returns True.
"""
return self.credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http())
class OAuth2Handler(webapp.RequestHandler):
"""Handler for the redirect_uri of the OAuth 2.0 dance."""
@login_required
def get(self):
error = self.request.get('error')
if error:
errormsg = self.request.get('error_description', error)
self.response.out.write('The authorization request failed: %s' % errormsg)
else:
user = users.get_current_user()
flow = pickle.loads(memcache.get(user.user_id(), namespace=OAUTH2CLIENT_NAMESPACE))
# This code should be ammended with application specific error
# handling. The following cases should be considered:
# 1. What if the flow doesn't exist in memcache? Or is corrupt?
# 2. What if the step2_exchange fails?
if flow:
credentials = flow.step2_exchange(self.request.params)
StorageByKeyName(
CredentialsModel, user.user_id(), 'credentials').put(credentials)
self.redirect(self.request.get('state'))
else:
# TODO Add error handling here.
pass
application = webapp.WSGIApplication([('/oauth2callback', OAuth2Handler)])
def main():
run_wsgi_app(application)
#
| Python |
import unittest
import doctest
class OptionalExtensionTestSuite(unittest.TestSuite):
def run(self, result):
import simplejson
run = unittest.TestSuite.run
run(self, result)
simplejson._toggle_speedups(False)
run(self, result)
simplejson._toggle_speedups(True)
return result
def additional_tests(suite=None):
import simplejson
import simplejson.encoder
import simplejson.decoder
if suite is None:
suite = unittest.TestSuite()
for mod in (simplejson, simplejson.encoder, simplejson.decoder):
suite.addTest(doctest.DocTestSuite(mod))
suite.addTest(doctest.DocFileSuite('../../index.rst'))
return suite
def all_tests_suite():
suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromNames([
'simplejson.tests.test_check_circular',
'simplejson.tests.test_decode',
'simplejson.tests.test_default',
'simplejson.tests.test_dump',
'simplejson.tests.test_encode_basestring_ascii',
'simplejson.tests.test_encode_for_html',
'simplejson.tests.test_fail',
'simplejson.tests.test_float',
'simplejson.tests.test_indent',
'simplejson.tests.test_pass1',
'simplejson.tests.test_pass2',
'simplejson.tests.test_pass3',
'simplejson.tests.test_recursion',
'simplejson.tests.test_scanstring',
'simplejson.tests.test_separators',
'simplejson.tests.test_speedups',
'simplejson.tests.test_unicode',
'simplejson.tests.test_decimal',
])
suite = additional_tests(suite)
return OptionalExtensionTestSuite([suite])
def main():
runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
suite = all_tests_suite()
runner.run(suite)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import os
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))))
main()
| Python |
"""Implementation of JSONEncoder
"""
import re
from decimal import Decimal
def _import_speedups():
try:
from simplejson import _speedups
return _speedups.encode_basestring_ascii, _speedups.make_encoder
except ImportError:
return None, None
c_encode_basestring_ascii, c_make_encoder = _import_speedups()
from simplejson.decoder import PosInf
ESCAPE = re.compile(r'[\x00-\x1f\\"\b\f\n\r\t]')
ESCAPE_ASCII = re.compile(r'([\\"]|[^\ -~])')
HAS_UTF8 = re.compile(r'[\x80-\xff]')
ESCAPE_DCT = {
'\\': '\\\\',
'"': '\\"',
'\b': '\\b',
'\f': '\\f',
'\n': '\\n',
'\r': '\\r',
'\t': '\\t',
}
for i in range(0x20):
#ESCAPE_DCT.setdefault(chr(i), '\\u{0:04x}'.format(i))
ESCAPE_DCT.setdefault(chr(i), '\\u%04x' % (i,))
FLOAT_REPR = repr
def encode_basestring(s):
"""Return a JSON representation of a Python string
"""
if isinstance(s, str) and HAS_UTF8.search(s) is not None:
s = s.decode('utf-8')
def replace(match):
return ESCAPE_DCT[match.group(0)]
return u'"' + ESCAPE.sub(replace, s) + u'"'
def py_encode_basestring_ascii(s):
"""Return an ASCII-only JSON representation of a Python string
"""
if isinstance(s, str) and HAS_UTF8.search(s) is not None:
s = s.decode('utf-8')
def replace(match):
s = match.group(0)
try:
return ESCAPE_DCT[s]
except KeyError:
n = ord(s)
if n < 0x10000:
#return '\\u{0:04x}'.format(n)
return '\\u%04x' % (n,)
else:
# surrogate pair
n -= 0x10000
s1 = 0xd800 | ((n >> 10) & 0x3ff)
s2 = 0xdc00 | (n & 0x3ff)
#return '\\u{0:04x}\\u{1:04x}'.format(s1, s2)
return '\\u%04x\\u%04x' % (s1, s2)
return '"' + str(ESCAPE_ASCII.sub(replace, s)) + '"'
encode_basestring_ascii = (
c_encode_basestring_ascii or py_encode_basestring_ascii)
class JSONEncoder(object):
"""Extensible JSON <http://json.org> encoder for Python data structures.
Supports the following objects and types by default:
+-------------------+---------------+
| Python | JSON |
+===================+===============+
| dict | object |
+-------------------+---------------+
| list, tuple | array |
+-------------------+---------------+
| str, unicode | string |
+-------------------+---------------+
| int, long, float | number |
+-------------------+---------------+
| True | true |
+-------------------+---------------+
| False | false |
+-------------------+---------------+
| None | null |
+-------------------+---------------+
To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a
``.default()`` method with another method that returns a serializable
object for ``o`` if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass
implementation (to raise ``TypeError``).
"""
item_separator = ', '
key_separator = ': '
def __init__(self, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True,
check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, sort_keys=False,
indent=None, separators=None, encoding='utf-8', default=None,
use_decimal=False):
"""Constructor for JSONEncoder, with sensible defaults.
If skipkeys is false, then it is a TypeError to attempt
encoding of keys that are not str, int, long, float or None. If
skipkeys is True, such items are simply skipped.
If ensure_ascii is true, the output is guaranteed to be str
objects with all incoming unicode characters escaped. If
ensure_ascii is false, the output will be unicode object.
If check_circular is true, then lists, dicts, and custom encoded
objects will be checked for circular references during encoding to
prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause an OverflowError).
Otherwise, no such check takes place.
If allow_nan is true, then NaN, Infinity, and -Infinity will be
encoded as such. This behavior is not JSON specification compliant,
but is consistent with most JavaScript based encoders and decoders.
Otherwise, it will be a ValueError to encode such floats.
If sort_keys is true, then the output of dictionaries will be
sorted by key; this is useful for regression tests to ensure
that JSON serializations can be compared on a day-to-day basis.
If indent is a string, then JSON array elements and object members
will be pretty-printed with a newline followed by that string repeated
for each level of nesting. ``None`` (the default) selects the most compact
representation without any newlines. For backwards compatibility with
versions of simplejson earlier than 2.1.0, an integer is also accepted
and is converted to a string with that many spaces.
If specified, separators should be a (item_separator, key_separator)
tuple. The default is (', ', ': '). To get the most compact JSON
representation you should specify (',', ':') to eliminate whitespace.
If specified, default is a function that gets called for objects
that can't otherwise be serialized. It should return a JSON encodable
version of the object or raise a ``TypeError``.
If encoding is not None, then all input strings will be
transformed into unicode using that encoding prior to JSON-encoding.
The default is UTF-8.
If use_decimal is true (not the default), ``decimal.Decimal`` will
be supported directly by the encoder. For the inverse, decode JSON
with ``parse_float=decimal.Decimal``.
"""
self.skipkeys = skipkeys
self.ensure_ascii = ensure_ascii
self.check_circular = check_circular
self.allow_nan = allow_nan
self.sort_keys = sort_keys
self.use_decimal = use_decimal
if isinstance(indent, (int, long)):
indent = ' ' * indent
self.indent = indent
if separators is not None:
self.item_separator, self.key_separator = separators
if default is not None:
self.default = default
self.encoding = encoding
def default(self, o):
"""Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns
a serializable object for ``o``, or calls the base implementation
(to raise a ``TypeError``).
For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could
implement default like this::
def default(self, o):
try:
iterable = iter(o)
except TypeError:
pass
else:
return list(iterable)
return JSONEncoder.default(self, o)
"""
raise TypeError(repr(o) + " is not JSON serializable")
def encode(self, o):
"""Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure.
>>> from simplejson import JSONEncoder
>>> JSONEncoder().encode({"foo": ["bar", "baz"]})
'{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}'
"""
# This is for extremely simple cases and benchmarks.
if isinstance(o, basestring):
if isinstance(o, str):
_encoding = self.encoding
if (_encoding is not None
and not (_encoding == 'utf-8')):
o = o.decode(_encoding)
if self.ensure_ascii:
return encode_basestring_ascii(o)
else:
return encode_basestring(o)
# This doesn't pass the iterator directly to ''.join() because the
# exceptions aren't as detailed. The list call should be roughly
# equivalent to the PySequence_Fast that ''.join() would do.
chunks = self.iterencode(o, _one_shot=True)
if not isinstance(chunks, (list, tuple)):
chunks = list(chunks)
if self.ensure_ascii:
return ''.join(chunks)
else:
return u''.join(chunks)
def iterencode(self, o, _one_shot=False):
"""Encode the given object and yield each string
representation as available.
For example::
for chunk in JSONEncoder().iterencode(bigobject):
mysocket.write(chunk)
"""
if self.check_circular:
markers = {}
else:
markers = None
if self.ensure_ascii:
_encoder = encode_basestring_ascii
else:
_encoder = encode_basestring
if self.encoding != 'utf-8':
def _encoder(o, _orig_encoder=_encoder, _encoding=self.encoding):
if isinstance(o, str):
o = o.decode(_encoding)
return _orig_encoder(o)
def floatstr(o, allow_nan=self.allow_nan,
_repr=FLOAT_REPR, _inf=PosInf, _neginf=-PosInf):
# Check for specials. Note that this type of test is processor
# and/or platform-specific, so do tests which don't depend on
# the internals.
if o != o:
text = 'NaN'
elif o == _inf:
text = 'Infinity'
elif o == _neginf:
text = '-Infinity'
else:
return _repr(o)
if not allow_nan:
raise ValueError(
"Out of range float values are not JSON compliant: " +
repr(o))
return text
key_memo = {}
if (_one_shot and c_make_encoder is not None
and not self.indent and not self.sort_keys):
_iterencode = c_make_encoder(
markers, self.default, _encoder, self.indent,
self.key_separator, self.item_separator, self.sort_keys,
self.skipkeys, self.allow_nan, key_memo, self.use_decimal)
else:
_iterencode = _make_iterencode(
markers, self.default, _encoder, self.indent, floatstr,
self.key_separator, self.item_separator, self.sort_keys,
self.skipkeys, _one_shot, self.use_decimal)
try:
return _iterencode(o, 0)
finally:
key_memo.clear()
class JSONEncoderForHTML(JSONEncoder):
"""An encoder that produces JSON safe to embed in HTML.
To embed JSON content in, say, a script tag on a web page, the
characters &, < and > should be escaped. They cannot be escaped
with the usual entities (e.g. &) because they are not expanded
within <script> tags.
"""
def encode(self, o):
# Override JSONEncoder.encode because it has hacks for
# performance that make things more complicated.
chunks = self.iterencode(o, True)
if self.ensure_ascii:
return ''.join(chunks)
else:
return u''.join(chunks)
def iterencode(self, o, _one_shot=False):
chunks = super(JSONEncoderForHTML, self).iterencode(o, _one_shot)
for chunk in chunks:
chunk = chunk.replace('&', '\\u0026')
chunk = chunk.replace('<', '\\u003c')
chunk = chunk.replace('>', '\\u003e')
yield chunk
def _make_iterencode(markers, _default, _encoder, _indent, _floatstr,
_key_separator, _item_separator, _sort_keys, _skipkeys, _one_shot,
_use_decimal,
## HACK: hand-optimized bytecode; turn globals into locals
False=False,
True=True,
ValueError=ValueError,
basestring=basestring,
Decimal=Decimal,
dict=dict,
float=float,
id=id,
int=int,
isinstance=isinstance,
list=list,
long=long,
str=str,
tuple=tuple,
):
def _iterencode_list(lst, _current_indent_level):
if not lst:
yield '[]'
return
if markers is not None:
markerid = id(lst)
if markerid in markers:
raise ValueError("Circular reference detected")
markers[markerid] = lst
buf = '['
if _indent is not None:
_current_indent_level += 1
newline_indent = '\n' + (_indent * _current_indent_level)
separator = _item_separator + newline_indent
buf += newline_indent
else:
newline_indent = None
separator = _item_separator
first = True
for value in lst:
if first:
first = False
else:
buf = separator
if isinstance(value, basestring):
yield buf + _encoder(value)
elif value is None:
yield buf + 'null'
elif value is True:
yield buf + 'true'
elif value is False:
yield buf + 'false'
elif isinstance(value, (int, long)):
yield buf + str(value)
elif isinstance(value, float):
yield buf + _floatstr(value)
elif _use_decimal and isinstance(value, Decimal):
yield buf + str(value)
else:
yield buf
if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
chunks = _iterencode_list(value, _current_indent_level)
elif isinstance(value, dict):
chunks = _iterencode_dict(value, _current_indent_level)
else:
chunks = _iterencode(value, _current_indent_level)
for chunk in chunks:
yield chunk
if newline_indent is not None:
_current_indent_level -= 1
yield '\n' + (_indent * _current_indent_level)
yield ']'
if markers is not None:
del markers[markerid]
def _iterencode_dict(dct, _current_indent_level):
if not dct:
yield '{}'
return
if markers is not None:
markerid = id(dct)
if markerid in markers:
raise ValueError("Circular reference detected")
markers[markerid] = dct
yield '{'
if _indent is not None:
_current_indent_level += 1
newline_indent = '\n' + (_indent * _current_indent_level)
item_separator = _item_separator + newline_indent
yield newline_indent
else:
newline_indent = None
item_separator = _item_separator
first = True
if _sort_keys:
items = dct.items()
items.sort(key=lambda kv: kv[0])
else:
items = dct.iteritems()
for key, value in items:
if isinstance(key, basestring):
pass
# JavaScript is weakly typed for these, so it makes sense to
# also allow them. Many encoders seem to do something like this.
elif isinstance(key, float):
key = _floatstr(key)
elif key is True:
key = 'true'
elif key is False:
key = 'false'
elif key is None:
key = 'null'
elif isinstance(key, (int, long)):
key = str(key)
elif _skipkeys:
continue
else:
raise TypeError("key " + repr(key) + " is not a string")
if first:
first = False
else:
yield item_separator
yield _encoder(key)
yield _key_separator
if isinstance(value, basestring):
yield _encoder(value)
elif value is None:
yield 'null'
elif value is True:
yield 'true'
elif value is False:
yield 'false'
elif isinstance(value, (int, long)):
yield str(value)
elif isinstance(value, float):
yield _floatstr(value)
elif _use_decimal and isinstance(value, Decimal):
yield str(value)
else:
if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
chunks = _iterencode_list(value, _current_indent_level)
elif isinstance(value, dict):
chunks = _iterencode_dict(value, _current_indent_level)
else:
chunks = _iterencode(value, _current_indent_level)
for chunk in chunks:
yield chunk
if newline_indent is not None:
_current_indent_level -= 1
yield '\n' + (_indent * _current_indent_level)
yield '}'
if markers is not None:
del markers[markerid]
def _iterencode(o, _current_indent_level):
if isinstance(o, basestring):
yield _encoder(o)
elif o is None:
yield 'null'
elif o is True:
yield 'true'
elif o is False:
yield 'false'
elif isinstance(o, (int, long)):
yield str(o)
elif isinstance(o, float):
yield _floatstr(o)
elif isinstance(o, (list, tuple)):
for chunk in _iterencode_list(o, _current_indent_level):
yield chunk
elif isinstance(o, dict):
for chunk in _iterencode_dict(o, _current_indent_level):
yield chunk
elif _use_decimal and isinstance(o, Decimal):
yield str(o)
else:
if markers is not None:
markerid = id(o)
if markerid in markers:
raise ValueError("Circular reference detected")
markers[markerid] = o
o = _default(o)
for chunk in _iterencode(o, _current_indent_level):
yield chunk
if markers is not None:
del markers[markerid]
return _iterencode
| Python |
"""Implementation of JSONDecoder
"""
import re
import sys
import struct
from simplejson.scanner import make_scanner
def _import_c_scanstring():
try:
from simplejson._speedups import scanstring
return scanstring
except ImportError:
return None
c_scanstring = _import_c_scanstring()
__all__ = ['JSONDecoder']
FLAGS = re.VERBOSE | re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
def _floatconstants():
_BYTES = '7FF80000000000007FF0000000000000'.decode('hex')
# The struct module in Python 2.4 would get frexp() out of range here
# when an endian is specified in the format string. Fixed in Python 2.5+
if sys.byteorder != 'big':
_BYTES = _BYTES[:8][::-1] + _BYTES[8:][::-1]
nan, inf = struct.unpack('dd', _BYTES)
return nan, inf, -inf
NaN, PosInf, NegInf = _floatconstants()
class JSONDecodeError(ValueError):
"""Subclass of ValueError with the following additional properties:
msg: The unformatted error message
doc: The JSON document being parsed
pos: The start index of doc where parsing failed
end: The end index of doc where parsing failed (may be None)
lineno: The line corresponding to pos
colno: The column corresponding to pos
endlineno: The line corresponding to end (may be None)
endcolno: The column corresponding to end (may be None)
"""
def __init__(self, msg, doc, pos, end=None):
ValueError.__init__(self, errmsg(msg, doc, pos, end=end))
self.msg = msg
self.doc = doc
self.pos = pos
self.end = end
self.lineno, self.colno = linecol(doc, pos)
if end is not None:
self.endlineno, self.endcolno = linecol(doc, pos)
else:
self.endlineno, self.endcolno = None, None
def linecol(doc, pos):
lineno = doc.count('\n', 0, pos) + 1
if lineno == 1:
colno = pos
else:
colno = pos - doc.rindex('\n', 0, pos)
return lineno, colno
def errmsg(msg, doc, pos, end=None):
# Note that this function is called from _speedups
lineno, colno = linecol(doc, pos)
if end is None:
#fmt = '{0}: line {1} column {2} (char {3})'
#return fmt.format(msg, lineno, colno, pos)
fmt = '%s: line %d column %d (char %d)'
return fmt % (msg, lineno, colno, pos)
endlineno, endcolno = linecol(doc, end)
#fmt = '{0}: line {1} column {2} - line {3} column {4} (char {5} - {6})'
#return fmt.format(msg, lineno, colno, endlineno, endcolno, pos, end)
fmt = '%s: line %d column %d - line %d column %d (char %d - %d)'
return fmt % (msg, lineno, colno, endlineno, endcolno, pos, end)
_CONSTANTS = {
'-Infinity': NegInf,
'Infinity': PosInf,
'NaN': NaN,
}
STRINGCHUNK = re.compile(r'(.*?)(["\\\x00-\x1f])', FLAGS)
BACKSLASH = {
'"': u'"', '\\': u'\\', '/': u'/',
'b': u'\b', 'f': u'\f', 'n': u'\n', 'r': u'\r', 't': u'\t',
}
DEFAULT_ENCODING = "utf-8"
def py_scanstring(s, end, encoding=None, strict=True,
_b=BACKSLASH, _m=STRINGCHUNK.match):
"""Scan the string s for a JSON string. End is the index of the
character in s after the quote that started the JSON string.
Unescapes all valid JSON string escape sequences and raises ValueError
on attempt to decode an invalid string. If strict is False then literal
control characters are allowed in the string.
Returns a tuple of the decoded string and the index of the character in s
after the end quote."""
if encoding is None:
encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING
chunks = []
_append = chunks.append
begin = end - 1
while 1:
chunk = _m(s, end)
if chunk is None:
raise JSONDecodeError(
"Unterminated string starting at", s, begin)
end = chunk.end()
content, terminator = chunk.groups()
# Content is contains zero or more unescaped string characters
if content:
if not isinstance(content, unicode):
content = unicode(content, encoding)
_append(content)
# Terminator is the end of string, a literal control character,
# or a backslash denoting that an escape sequence follows
if terminator == '"':
break
elif terminator != '\\':
if strict:
msg = "Invalid control character %r at" % (terminator,)
#msg = "Invalid control character {0!r} at".format(terminator)
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
else:
_append(terminator)
continue
try:
esc = s[end]
except IndexError:
raise JSONDecodeError(
"Unterminated string starting at", s, begin)
# If not a unicode escape sequence, must be in the lookup table
if esc != 'u':
try:
char = _b[esc]
except KeyError:
msg = "Invalid \\escape: " + repr(esc)
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
end += 1
else:
# Unicode escape sequence
esc = s[end + 1:end + 5]
next_end = end + 5
if len(esc) != 4:
msg = "Invalid \\uXXXX escape"
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
uni = int(esc, 16)
# Check for surrogate pair on UCS-4 systems
if 0xd800 <= uni <= 0xdbff and sys.maxunicode > 65535:
msg = "Invalid \\uXXXX\\uXXXX surrogate pair"
if not s[end + 5:end + 7] == '\\u':
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
esc2 = s[end + 7:end + 11]
if len(esc2) != 4:
raise JSONDecodeError(msg, s, end)
uni2 = int(esc2, 16)
uni = 0x10000 + (((uni - 0xd800) << 10) | (uni2 - 0xdc00))
next_end += 6
char = unichr(uni)
end = next_end
# Append the unescaped character
_append(char)
return u''.join(chunks), end
# Use speedup if available
scanstring = c_scanstring or py_scanstring
WHITESPACE = re.compile(r'[ \t\n\r]*', FLAGS)
WHITESPACE_STR = ' \t\n\r'
def JSONObject((s, end), encoding, strict, scan_once, object_hook,
object_pairs_hook, memo=None,
_w=WHITESPACE.match, _ws=WHITESPACE_STR):
# Backwards compatibility
if memo is None:
memo = {}
memo_get = memo.setdefault
pairs = []
# Use a slice to prevent IndexError from being raised, the following
# check will raise a more specific ValueError if the string is empty
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
# Normally we expect nextchar == '"'
if nextchar != '"':
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end).end()
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
# Trivial empty object
if nextchar == '}':
if object_pairs_hook is not None:
result = object_pairs_hook(pairs)
return result, end
pairs = {}
if object_hook is not None:
pairs = object_hook(pairs)
return pairs, end + 1
elif nextchar != '"':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting property name", s, end)
end += 1
while True:
key, end = scanstring(s, end, encoding, strict)
key = memo_get(key, key)
# To skip some function call overhead we optimize the fast paths where
# the JSON key separator is ": " or just ":".
if s[end:end + 1] != ':':
end = _w(s, end).end()
if s[end:end + 1] != ':':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting : delimiter", s, end)
end += 1
try:
if s[end] in _ws:
end += 1
if s[end] in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
except IndexError:
pass
try:
value, end = scan_once(s, end)
except StopIteration:
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting object", s, end)
pairs.append((key, value))
try:
nextchar = s[end]
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
nextchar = s[end]
except IndexError:
nextchar = ''
end += 1
if nextchar == '}':
break
elif nextchar != ',':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting , delimiter", s, end - 1)
try:
nextchar = s[end]
if nextchar in _ws:
end += 1
nextchar = s[end]
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
nextchar = s[end]
except IndexError:
nextchar = ''
end += 1
if nextchar != '"':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting property name", s, end - 1)
if object_pairs_hook is not None:
result = object_pairs_hook(pairs)
return result, end
pairs = dict(pairs)
if object_hook is not None:
pairs = object_hook(pairs)
return pairs, end
def JSONArray((s, end), scan_once, _w=WHITESPACE.match, _ws=WHITESPACE_STR):
values = []
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
# Look-ahead for trivial empty array
if nextchar == ']':
return values, end + 1
_append = values.append
while True:
try:
value, end = scan_once(s, end)
except StopIteration:
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting object", s, end)
_append(value)
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
if nextchar in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
nextchar = s[end:end + 1]
end += 1
if nextchar == ']':
break
elif nextchar != ',':
raise JSONDecodeError("Expecting , delimiter", s, end)
try:
if s[end] in _ws:
end += 1
if s[end] in _ws:
end = _w(s, end + 1).end()
except IndexError:
pass
return values, end
class JSONDecoder(object):
"""Simple JSON <http://json.org> decoder
Performs the following translations in decoding by default:
+---------------+-------------------+
| JSON | Python |
+===============+===================+
| object | dict |
+---------------+-------------------+
| array | list |
+---------------+-------------------+
| string | unicode |
+---------------+-------------------+
| number (int) | int, long |
+---------------+-------------------+
| number (real) | float |
+---------------+-------------------+
| true | True |
+---------------+-------------------+
| false | False |
+---------------+-------------------+
| null | None |
+---------------+-------------------+
It also understands ``NaN``, ``Infinity``, and ``-Infinity`` as
their corresponding ``float`` values, which is outside the JSON spec.
"""
def __init__(self, encoding=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, strict=True,
object_pairs_hook=None):
"""
*encoding* determines the encoding used to interpret any
:class:`str` objects decoded by this instance (``'utf-8'`` by
default). It has no effect when decoding :class:`unicode` objects.
Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work,
strings of other encodings should be passed in as :class:`unicode`.
*object_hook*, if specified, will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the
given :class:`dict`. This can be used to provide custom
deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).
*object_pairs_hook* is an optional function that will be called with
the result of any object literal decode with an ordered list of pairs.
The return value of *object_pairs_hook* will be used instead of the
:class:`dict`. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders
that rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for
example, :func:`collections.OrderedDict` will remember the order of
insertion). If *object_hook* is also defined, the *object_pairs_hook*
takes priority.
*parse_float*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``float(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON floats (e.g. :class:`decimal.Decimal`).
*parse_int*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON int to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``int(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON integers (e.g. :class:`float`).
*parse_constant*, if specified, will be called with one of the
following strings: ``'-Infinity'``, ``'Infinity'``, ``'NaN'``. This
can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are
encountered.
*strict* controls the parser's behavior when it encounters an
invalid control character in a string. The default setting of
``True`` means that unescaped control characters are parse errors, if
``False`` then control characters will be allowed in strings.
"""
self.encoding = encoding
self.object_hook = object_hook
self.object_pairs_hook = object_pairs_hook
self.parse_float = parse_float or float
self.parse_int = parse_int or int
self.parse_constant = parse_constant or _CONSTANTS.__getitem__
self.strict = strict
self.parse_object = JSONObject
self.parse_array = JSONArray
self.parse_string = scanstring
self.memo = {}
self.scan_once = make_scanner(self)
def decode(self, s, _w=WHITESPACE.match):
"""Return the Python representation of ``s`` (a ``str`` or ``unicode``
instance containing a JSON document)
"""
obj, end = self.raw_decode(s, idx=_w(s, 0).end())
end = _w(s, end).end()
if end != len(s):
raise JSONDecodeError("Extra data", s, end, len(s))
return obj
def raw_decode(self, s, idx=0):
"""Decode a JSON document from ``s`` (a ``str`` or ``unicode``
beginning with a JSON document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python
representation and the index in ``s`` where the document ended.
This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that may
have extraneous data at the end.
"""
try:
obj, end = self.scan_once(s, idx)
except StopIteration:
raise JSONDecodeError("No JSON object could be decoded", s, idx)
return obj, end
| Python |
r"""JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) <http://json.org> is a subset of
JavaScript syntax (ECMA-262 3rd edition) used as a lightweight data
interchange format.
:mod:`simplejson` exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
:mod:`marshal` and :mod:`pickle` modules. It is the externally maintained
version of the :mod:`json` library contained in Python 2.6, but maintains
compatibility with Python 2.4 and Python 2.5 and (currently) has
significant performance advantages, even without using the optional C
extension for speedups.
Encoding basic Python object hierarchies::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> json.dumps(['foo', {'bar': ('baz', None, 1.0, 2)}])
'["foo", {"bar": ["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]'
>>> print json.dumps("\"foo\bar")
"\"foo\bar"
>>> print json.dumps(u'\u1234')
"\u1234"
>>> print json.dumps('\\')
"\\"
>>> print json.dumps({"c": 0, "b": 0, "a": 0}, sort_keys=True)
{"a": 0, "b": 0, "c": 0}
>>> from StringIO import StringIO
>>> io = StringIO()
>>> json.dump(['streaming API'], io)
>>> io.getvalue()
'["streaming API"]'
Compact encoding::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> json.dumps([1,2,3,{'4': 5, '6': 7}], separators=(',',':'))
'[1,2,3,{"4":5,"6":7}]'
Pretty printing::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> s = json.dumps({'4': 5, '6': 7}, sort_keys=True, indent=' ')
>>> print '\n'.join([l.rstrip() for l in s.splitlines()])
{
"4": 5,
"6": 7
}
Decoding JSON::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> obj = [u'foo', {u'bar': [u'baz', None, 1.0, 2]}]
>>> json.loads('["foo", {"bar":["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]') == obj
True
>>> json.loads('"\\"foo\\bar"') == u'"foo\x08ar'
True
>>> from StringIO import StringIO
>>> io = StringIO('["streaming API"]')
>>> json.load(io)[0] == 'streaming API'
True
Specializing JSON object decoding::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> def as_complex(dct):
... if '__complex__' in dct:
... return complex(dct['real'], dct['imag'])
... return dct
...
>>> json.loads('{"__complex__": true, "real": 1, "imag": 2}',
... object_hook=as_complex)
(1+2j)
>>> from decimal import Decimal
>>> json.loads('1.1', parse_float=Decimal) == Decimal('1.1')
True
Specializing JSON object encoding::
>>> import simplejson as json
>>> def encode_complex(obj):
... if isinstance(obj, complex):
... return [obj.real, obj.imag]
... raise TypeError(repr(o) + " is not JSON serializable")
...
>>> json.dumps(2 + 1j, default=encode_complex)
'[2.0, 1.0]'
>>> json.JSONEncoder(default=encode_complex).encode(2 + 1j)
'[2.0, 1.0]'
>>> ''.join(json.JSONEncoder(default=encode_complex).iterencode(2 + 1j))
'[2.0, 1.0]'
Using simplejson.tool from the shell to validate and pretty-print::
$ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m simplejson.tool
{
"json": "obj"
}
$ echo '{ 1.2:3.4}' | python -m simplejson.tool
Expecting property name: line 1 column 2 (char 2)
"""
__version__ = '2.1.1'
__all__ = [
'dump', 'dumps', 'load', 'loads',
'JSONDecoder', 'JSONDecodeError', 'JSONEncoder',
'OrderedDict',
]
__author__ = 'Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>'
from decimal import Decimal
from decoder import JSONDecoder, JSONDecodeError
from encoder import JSONEncoder
def _import_OrderedDict():
import collections
try:
return collections.OrderedDict
except AttributeError:
import ordered_dict
return ordered_dict.OrderedDict
OrderedDict = _import_OrderedDict()
def _import_c_make_encoder():
try:
from simplejson._speedups import make_encoder
return make_encoder
except ImportError:
return None
_default_encoder = JSONEncoder(
skipkeys=False,
ensure_ascii=True,
check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True,
indent=None,
separators=None,
encoding='utf-8',
default=None,
use_decimal=False,
)
def dump(obj, fp, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None,
encoding='utf-8', default=None, use_decimal=False, **kw):
"""Serialize ``obj`` as a JSON formatted stream to ``fp`` (a
``.write()``-supporting file-like object).
If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
(``str``, ``unicode``, ``int``, ``long``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``)
will be skipped instead of raising a ``TypeError``.
If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the some chunks written to ``fp``
may be ``unicode`` instances, subject to normal Python ``str`` to
``unicode`` coercion rules. Unless ``fp.write()`` explicitly
understands ``unicode`` (as in ``codecs.getwriter()``) this is likely
to cause an error.
If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).
If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``)
in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).
If *indent* is a string, then JSON array elements and object members
will be pretty-printed with a newline followed by that string repeated
for each level of nesting. ``None`` (the default) selects the most compact
representation without any newlines. For backwards compatibility with
versions of simplejson earlier than 2.1.0, an integer is also accepted
and is converted to a string with that many spaces.
If ``separators`` is an ``(item_separator, dict_separator)`` tuple
then it will be used instead of the default ``(', ', ': ')`` separators.
``(',', ':')`` is the most compact JSON representation.
``encoding`` is the character encoding for str instances, default is UTF-8.
``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.
If *use_decimal* is true (default: ``False``) then decimal.Decimal
will be natively serialized to JSON with full precision.
To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
the ``cls`` kwarg.
"""
# cached encoder
if (not skipkeys and ensure_ascii and
check_circular and allow_nan and
cls is None and indent is None and separators is None and
encoding == 'utf-8' and default is None and not kw):
iterable = _default_encoder.iterencode(obj)
else:
if cls is None:
cls = JSONEncoder
iterable = cls(skipkeys=skipkeys, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
check_circular=check_circular, allow_nan=allow_nan, indent=indent,
separators=separators, encoding=encoding,
default=default, use_decimal=use_decimal, **kw).iterencode(obj)
# could accelerate with writelines in some versions of Python, at
# a debuggability cost
for chunk in iterable:
fp.write(chunk)
def dumps(obj, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None,
encoding='utf-8', default=None, use_decimal=False, **kw):
"""Serialize ``obj`` to a JSON formatted ``str``.
If ``skipkeys`` is false then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
(``str``, ``unicode``, ``int``, ``long``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``)
will be skipped instead of raising a ``TypeError``.
If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the return value will be a
``unicode`` instance subject to normal Python ``str`` to ``unicode``
coercion rules instead of being escaped to an ASCII ``str``.
If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
result in an ``OverflowError`` (or worse).
If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``) in
strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).
If ``indent`` is a string, then JSON array elements and object members
will be pretty-printed with a newline followed by that string repeated
for each level of nesting. ``None`` (the default) selects the most compact
representation without any newlines. For backwards compatibility with
versions of simplejson earlier than 2.1.0, an integer is also accepted
and is converted to a string with that many spaces.
If ``separators`` is an ``(item_separator, dict_separator)`` tuple
then it will be used instead of the default ``(', ', ': ')`` separators.
``(',', ':')`` is the most compact JSON representation.
``encoding`` is the character encoding for str instances, default is UTF-8.
``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.
If *use_decimal* is true (default: ``False``) then decimal.Decimal
will be natively serialized to JSON with full precision.
To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
the ``cls`` kwarg.
"""
# cached encoder
if (not skipkeys and ensure_ascii and
check_circular and allow_nan and
cls is None and indent is None and separators is None and
encoding == 'utf-8' and default is None and not use_decimal
and not kw):
return _default_encoder.encode(obj)
if cls is None:
cls = JSONEncoder
return cls(
skipkeys=skipkeys, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
check_circular=check_circular, allow_nan=allow_nan, indent=indent,
separators=separators, encoding=encoding, default=default,
use_decimal=use_decimal, **kw).encode(obj)
_default_decoder = JSONDecoder(encoding=None, object_hook=None,
object_pairs_hook=None)
def load(fp, encoding=None, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None,
use_decimal=False, **kw):
"""Deserialize ``fp`` (a ``.read()``-supporting file-like object containing
a JSON document) to a Python object.
*encoding* determines the encoding used to interpret any
:class:`str` objects decoded by this instance (``'utf-8'`` by
default). It has no effect when decoding :class:`unicode` objects.
Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work,
strings of other encodings should be passed in as :class:`unicode`.
*object_hook*, if specified, will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the
given :class:`dict`. This can be used to provide custom
deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).
*object_pairs_hook* is an optional function that will be called with
the result of any object literal decode with an ordered list of pairs.
The return value of *object_pairs_hook* will be used instead of the
:class:`dict`. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders
that rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for
example, :func:`collections.OrderedDict` will remember the order of
insertion). If *object_hook* is also defined, the *object_pairs_hook*
takes priority.
*parse_float*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``float(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON floats (e.g. :class:`decimal.Decimal`).
*parse_int*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON int to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``int(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON integers (e.g. :class:`float`).
*parse_constant*, if specified, will be called with one of the
following strings: ``'-Infinity'``, ``'Infinity'``, ``'NaN'``. This
can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are
encountered.
If *use_decimal* is true (default: ``False``) then it implies
parse_float=decimal.Decimal for parity with ``dump``.
To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
kwarg.
"""
return loads(fp.read(),
encoding=encoding, cls=cls, object_hook=object_hook,
parse_float=parse_float, parse_int=parse_int,
parse_constant=parse_constant, object_pairs_hook=object_pairs_hook,
use_decimal=use_decimal, **kw)
def loads(s, encoding=None, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None,
parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None,
use_decimal=False, **kw):
"""Deserialize ``s`` (a ``str`` or ``unicode`` instance containing a JSON
document) to a Python object.
*encoding* determines the encoding used to interpret any
:class:`str` objects decoded by this instance (``'utf-8'`` by
default). It has no effect when decoding :class:`unicode` objects.
Note that currently only encodings that are a superset of ASCII work,
strings of other encodings should be passed in as :class:`unicode`.
*object_hook*, if specified, will be called with the result of every
JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in place of the
given :class:`dict`. This can be used to provide custom
deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).
*object_pairs_hook* is an optional function that will be called with
the result of any object literal decode with an ordered list of pairs.
The return value of *object_pairs_hook* will be used instead of the
:class:`dict`. This feature can be used to implement custom decoders
that rely on the order that the key and value pairs are decoded (for
example, :func:`collections.OrderedDict` will remember the order of
insertion). If *object_hook* is also defined, the *object_pairs_hook*
takes priority.
*parse_float*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON float to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``float(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON floats (e.g. :class:`decimal.Decimal`).
*parse_int*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
JSON int to be decoded. By default, this is equivalent to
``int(num_str)``. This can be used to use another datatype or parser
for JSON integers (e.g. :class:`float`).
*parse_constant*, if specified, will be called with one of the
following strings: ``'-Infinity'``, ``'Infinity'``, ``'NaN'``. This
can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are
encountered.
If *use_decimal* is true (default: ``False``) then it implies
parse_float=decimal.Decimal for parity with ``dump``.
To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
kwarg.
"""
if (cls is None and encoding is None and object_hook is None and
parse_int is None and parse_float is None and
parse_constant is None and object_pairs_hook is None
and not use_decimal and not kw):
return _default_decoder.decode(s)
if cls is None:
cls = JSONDecoder
if object_hook is not None:
kw['object_hook'] = object_hook
if object_pairs_hook is not None:
kw['object_pairs_hook'] = object_pairs_hook
if parse_float is not None:
kw['parse_float'] = parse_float
if parse_int is not None:
kw['parse_int'] = parse_int
if parse_constant is not None:
kw['parse_constant'] = parse_constant
if use_decimal:
if parse_float is not None:
raise TypeError("use_decimal=True implies parse_float=Decimal")
kw['parse_float'] = Decimal
return cls(encoding=encoding, **kw).decode(s)
def _toggle_speedups(enabled):
import simplejson.decoder as dec
import simplejson.encoder as enc
import simplejson.scanner as scan
c_make_encoder = _import_c_make_encoder()
if enabled:
dec.scanstring = dec.c_scanstring or dec.py_scanstring
enc.c_make_encoder = c_make_encoder
enc.encode_basestring_ascii = (enc.c_encode_basestring_ascii or
enc.py_encode_basestring_ascii)
scan.make_scanner = scan.c_make_scanner or scan.py_make_scanner
else:
dec.scanstring = dec.py_scanstring
enc.c_make_encoder = None
enc.encode_basestring_ascii = enc.py_encode_basestring_ascii
scan.make_scanner = scan.py_make_scanner
dec.make_scanner = scan.make_scanner
global _default_decoder
_default_decoder = JSONDecoder(
encoding=None,
object_hook=None,
object_pairs_hook=None,
)
global _default_encoder
_default_encoder = JSONEncoder(
skipkeys=False,
ensure_ascii=True,
check_circular=True,
allow_nan=True,
indent=None,
separators=None,
encoding='utf-8',
default=None,
)
| Python |
r"""Command-line tool to validate and pretty-print JSON
Usage::
$ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m simplejson.tool
{
"json": "obj"
}
$ echo '{ 1.2:3.4}' | python -m simplejson.tool
Expecting property name: line 1 column 2 (char 2)
"""
import sys
import simplejson as json
def main():
if len(sys.argv) == 1:
infile = sys.stdin
outfile = sys.stdout
elif len(sys.argv) == 2:
infile = open(sys.argv[1], 'rb')
outfile = sys.stdout
elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
infile = open(sys.argv[1], 'rb')
outfile = open(sys.argv[2], 'wb')
else:
raise SystemExit(sys.argv[0] + " [infile [outfile]]")
try:
obj = json.load(infile,
object_pairs_hook=json.OrderedDict,
use_decimal=True)
except ValueError, e:
raise SystemExit(e)
json.dump(obj, outfile, sort_keys=True, indent=' ', use_decimal=True)
outfile.write('\n')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| Python |
"""JSON token scanner
"""
import re
def _import_c_make_scanner():
try:
from simplejson._speedups import make_scanner
return make_scanner
except ImportError:
return None
c_make_scanner = _import_c_make_scanner()
__all__ = ['make_scanner']
NUMBER_RE = re.compile(
r'(-?(?:0|[1-9]\d*))(\.\d+)?([eE][-+]?\d+)?',
(re.VERBOSE | re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL))
def py_make_scanner(context):
parse_object = context.parse_object
parse_array = context.parse_array
parse_string = context.parse_string
match_number = NUMBER_RE.match
encoding = context.encoding
strict = context.strict
parse_float = context.parse_float
parse_int = context.parse_int
parse_constant = context.parse_constant
object_hook = context.object_hook
object_pairs_hook = context.object_pairs_hook
memo = context.memo
def _scan_once(string, idx):
try:
nextchar = string[idx]
except IndexError:
raise StopIteration
if nextchar == '"':
return parse_string(string, idx + 1, encoding, strict)
elif nextchar == '{':
return parse_object((string, idx + 1), encoding, strict,
_scan_once, object_hook, object_pairs_hook, memo)
elif nextchar == '[':
return parse_array((string, idx + 1), _scan_once)
elif nextchar == 'n' and string[idx:idx + 4] == 'null':
return None, idx + 4
elif nextchar == 't' and string[idx:idx + 4] == 'true':
return True, idx + 4
elif nextchar == 'f' and string[idx:idx + 5] == 'false':
return False, idx + 5
m = match_number(string, idx)
if m is not None:
integer, frac, exp = m.groups()
if frac or exp:
res = parse_float(integer + (frac or '') + (exp or ''))
else:
res = parse_int(integer)
return res, m.end()
elif nextchar == 'N' and string[idx:idx + 3] == 'NaN':
return parse_constant('NaN'), idx + 3
elif nextchar == 'I' and string[idx:idx + 8] == 'Infinity':
return parse_constant('Infinity'), idx + 8
elif nextchar == '-' and string[idx:idx + 9] == '-Infinity':
return parse_constant('-Infinity'), idx + 9
else:
raise StopIteration
def scan_once(string, idx):
try:
return _scan_once(string, idx)
finally:
memo.clear()
return scan_once
make_scanner = c_make_scanner or py_make_scanner
| Python |
"""Drop-in replacement for collections.OrderedDict by Raymond Hettinger
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/
"""
from UserDict import DictMixin
# Modified from original to support Python 2.4, see
# http://code.google.com/p/simplejson/issues/detail?id=53
try:
all
except NameError:
def all(seq):
for elem in seq:
if not elem:
return False
return True
class OrderedDict(dict, DictMixin):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
if len(args) > 1:
raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
try:
self.__end
except AttributeError:
self.clear()
self.update(*args, **kwds)
def clear(self):
self.__end = end = []
end += [None, end, end] # sentinel node for doubly linked list
self.__map = {} # key --> [key, prev, next]
dict.clear(self)
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
if key not in self:
end = self.__end
curr = end[1]
curr[2] = end[1] = self.__map[key] = [key, curr, end]
dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
def __delitem__(self, key):
dict.__delitem__(self, key)
key, prev, next = self.__map.pop(key)
prev[2] = next
next[1] = prev
def __iter__(self):
end = self.__end
curr = end[2]
while curr is not end:
yield curr[0]
curr = curr[2]
def __reversed__(self):
end = self.__end
curr = end[1]
while curr is not end:
yield curr[0]
curr = curr[1]
def popitem(self, last=True):
if not self:
raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
# Modified from original to support Python 2.4, see
# http://code.google.com/p/simplejson/issues/detail?id=53
if last:
key = reversed(self).next()
else:
key = iter(self).next()
value = self.pop(key)
return key, value
def __reduce__(self):
items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
tmp = self.__map, self.__end
del self.__map, self.__end
inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
self.__map, self.__end = tmp
if inst_dict:
return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)
return self.__class__, (items,)
def keys(self):
return list(self)
setdefault = DictMixin.setdefault
update = DictMixin.update
pop = DictMixin.pop
values = DictMixin.values
items = DictMixin.items
iterkeys = DictMixin.iterkeys
itervalues = DictMixin.itervalues
iteritems = DictMixin.iteritems
def __repr__(self):
if not self:
return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
def copy(self):
return self.__class__(self)
@classmethod
def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
d = cls()
for key in iterable:
d[key] = value
return d
def __eq__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
return len(self)==len(other) and \
all(p==q for p, q in zip(self.items(), other.items()))
return dict.__eq__(self, other)
def __ne__(self, other):
return not self == other
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Classes to encapsulate a single HTTP request.
The classes implement a command pattern, with every
object supporting an execute() method that does the
actuall HTTP request.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = [
'HttpRequest', 'RequestMockBuilder', 'HttpMock'
'set_user_agent', 'tunnel_patch'
]
import httplib2
import os
from model import JsonModel
from errors import HttpError
from anyjson import simplejson
class HttpRequest(object):
"""Encapsulates a single HTTP request.
"""
def __init__(self, http, postproc, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
methodId=None):
"""Constructor for an HttpRequest.
Args:
http: httplib2.Http, the transport object to use to make a request
postproc: callable, called on the HTTP response and content to transform
it into a data object before returning, or raising an exception
on an error.
uri: string, the absolute URI to send the request to
method: string, the HTTP method to use
body: string, the request body of the HTTP request
headers: dict, the HTTP request headers
methodId: string, a unique identifier for the API method being called.
"""
self.uri = uri
self.method = method
self.body = body
self.headers = headers or {}
self.http = http
self.postproc = postproc
def execute(self, http=None):
"""Execute the request.
Args:
http: httplib2.Http, an http object to be used in place of the
one the HttpRequest request object was constructed with.
Returns:
A deserialized object model of the response body as determined
by the postproc.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if the response was not a 2xx.
httplib2.Error if a transport error has occured.
"""
if http is None:
http = self.http
resp, content = http.request(self.uri, self.method,
body=self.body,
headers=self.headers)
if resp.status >= 300:
raise HttpError(resp, content, self.uri)
return self.postproc(resp, content)
class HttpRequestMock(object):
"""Mock of HttpRequest.
Do not construct directly, instead use RequestMockBuilder.
"""
def __init__(self, resp, content, postproc):
"""Constructor for HttpRequestMock
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the response to emulate coming from the request
content: string, the response body
postproc: callable, the post processing function usually supplied by
the model class. See model.JsonModel.response() as an example.
"""
self.resp = resp
self.content = content
self.postproc = postproc
if resp is None:
self.resp = httplib2.Response({'status': 200, 'reason': 'OK'})
if 'reason' in self.resp:
self.resp.reason = self.resp['reason']
def execute(self, http=None):
"""Execute the request.
Same behavior as HttpRequest.execute(), but the response is
mocked and not really from an HTTP request/response.
"""
return self.postproc(self.resp, self.content)
class RequestMockBuilder(object):
"""A simple mock of HttpRequest
Pass in a dictionary to the constructor that maps request methodIds to
tuples of (httplib2.Response, content) that should be returned when that
method is called. None may also be passed in for the httplib2.Response, in
which case a 200 OK response will be generated.
Example:
response = '{"data": {"id": "tag:google.c...'
requestBuilder = RequestMockBuilder(
{
'chili.activities.get': (None, response),
}
)
apiclient.discovery.build("buzz", "v1", requestBuilder=requestBuilder)
Methods that you do not supply a response for will return a
200 OK with an empty string as the response content. The methodId
is taken from the rpcName in the discovery document.
For more details see the project wiki.
"""
def __init__(self, responses):
"""Constructor for RequestMockBuilder
The constructed object should be a callable object
that can replace the class HttpResponse.
responses - A dictionary that maps methodIds into tuples
of (httplib2.Response, content). The methodId
comes from the 'rpcName' field in the discovery
document.
"""
self.responses = responses
def __call__(self, http, postproc, uri, method='GET', body=None,
headers=None, methodId=None):
"""Implements the callable interface that discovery.build() expects
of requestBuilder, which is to build an object compatible with
HttpRequest.execute(). See that method for the description of the
parameters and the expected response.
"""
if methodId in self.responses:
resp, content = self.responses[methodId]
return HttpRequestMock(resp, content, postproc)
else:
model = JsonModel(False)
return HttpRequestMock(None, '{}', model.response)
class HttpMock(object):
"""Mock of httplib2.Http"""
def __init__(self, filename, headers=None):
"""
Args:
filename: string, absolute filename to read response from
headers: dict, header to return with response
"""
if headers is None:
headers = {'status': '200 OK'}
f = file(filename, 'r')
self.data = f.read()
f.close()
self.headers = headers
def request(self, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
redirections=1,
connection_type=None):
return httplib2.Response(self.headers), self.data
class HttpMockSequence(object):
"""Mock of httplib2.Http
Mocks a sequence of calls to request returning different responses for each
call. Create an instance initialized with the desired response headers
and content and then use as if an httplib2.Http instance.
http = HttpMockSequence([
({'status': '401'}, ''),
({'status': '200'}, '{"access_token":"1/3w","expires_in":3600}'),
({'status': '200'}, 'echo_request_headers'),
])
resp, content = http.request("http://examples.com")
There are special values you can pass in for content to trigger
behavours that are helpful in testing.
'echo_request_headers' means return the request headers in the response body
'echo_request_headers_as_json' means return the request headers in
the response body
'echo_request_body' means return the request body in the response body
"""
def __init__(self, iterable):
"""
Args:
iterable: iterable, a sequence of pairs of (headers, body)
"""
self._iterable = iterable
def request(self, uri,
method='GET',
body=None,
headers=None,
redirections=1,
connection_type=None):
resp, content = self._iterable.pop(0)
if content == 'echo_request_headers':
content = headers
elif content == 'echo_request_headers_as_json':
content = simplejson.dumps(headers)
elif content == 'echo_request_body':
content = body
return httplib2.Response(resp), content
def set_user_agent(http, user_agent):
"""Set the user-agent on every request.
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
user_agent: string, the value for the user-agent header.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = set_user_agent(h, "my-app-name/6.0")
Most of the time the user-agent will be set doing auth, this is for the rare
cases where you are accessing an unauthenticated endpoint.
"""
request_orig = http.request
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
if headers is None:
headers = {}
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] = user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
else:
headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
def tunnel_patch(http):
"""Tunnel PATCH requests over POST.
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = tunnel_patch(h, "my-app-name/6.0")
Useful if you are running on a platform that doesn't support PATCH.
Apply this last if you are using OAuth 1.0, as changing the method
will result in a different signature.
"""
request_orig = http.request
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the user-agent."""
if headers is None:
headers = {}
if method == 'PATCH':
if 'oauth_token' in headers.get('authorization', ''):
logging.warning(
'OAuth 1.0 request made with Credentials after tunnel_patch.')
headers['x-http-method-override'] = "PATCH"
method = 'POST'
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for OAuth.
Utilities for making it easier to work with OAuth.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import copy
import httplib2
import logging
import oauth2 as oauth
import urllib
import urlparse
from anyjson import simplejson
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
class Error(Exception):
"""Base error for this module."""
pass
class RequestError(Error):
"""Error occurred during request."""
pass
class MissingParameter(Error):
pass
class CredentialsInvalidError(Error):
pass
def _abstract():
raise NotImplementedError('You need to override this function')
def _oauth_uri(name, discovery, params):
"""Look up the OAuth URI from the discovery
document and add query parameters based on
params.
name - The name of the OAuth URI to lookup, one
of 'request', 'access', or 'authorize'.
discovery - Portion of discovery document the describes
the OAuth endpoints.
params - Dictionary that is used to form the query parameters
for the specified URI.
"""
if name not in ['request', 'access', 'authorize']:
raise KeyError(name)
keys = discovery[name]['parameters'].keys()
query = {}
for key in keys:
if key in params:
query[key] = params[key]
return discovery[name]['url'] + '?' + urllib.urlencode(query)
class Credentials(object):
"""Base class for all Credentials objects.
Subclasses must define an authorize() method
that applies the credentials to an HTTP transport.
"""
def authorize(self, http):
"""Take an httplib2.Http instance (or equivalent) and
authorizes it for the set of credentials, usually by
replacing http.request() with a method that adds in
the appropriate headers and then delegates to the original
Http.request() method.
"""
_abstract()
class Flow(object):
"""Base class for all Flow objects."""
pass
class Storage(object):
"""Base class for all Storage objects.
Store and retrieve a single credential.
"""
def get(self):
"""Retrieve credential.
Returns:
apiclient.oauth.Credentials
"""
_abstract()
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a credential.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
_abstract()
class OAuthCredentials(Credentials):
"""Credentials object for OAuth 1.0a
"""
def __init__(self, consumer, token, user_agent):
"""
consumer - An instance of oauth.Consumer.
token - An instance of oauth.Token constructed with
the access token and secret.
user_agent - The HTTP User-Agent to provide for this application.
"""
self.consumer = consumer
self.token = token
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.store = None
# True if the credentials have been revoked
self._invalid = False
@property
def invalid(self):
"""True if the credentials are invalid, such as being revoked."""
return getattr(self, "_invalid", False)
def set_store(self, store):
"""Set the storage for the credential.
Args:
store: callable, a callable that when passed a Credential
will store the credential back to where it came from.
This is needed to store the latest access_token if it
has been revoked.
"""
self.store = store
def __getstate__(self):
"""Trim the state down to something that can be pickled."""
d = copy.copy(self.__dict__)
del d['store']
return d
def __setstate__(self, state):
"""Reconstitute the state of the object from being pickled."""
self.__dict__.update(state)
self.store = None
def authorize(self, http):
"""
Args:
http - An instance of httplib2.Http
or something that acts like it.
Returns:
A modified instance of http that was passed in.
Example:
h = httplib2.Http()
h = credentials.authorize(h)
You can't create a new OAuth
subclass of httplib2.Authenication because
it never gets passed the absolute URI, which is
needed for signing. So instead we have to overload
'request' with a closure that adds in the
Authorization header and then calls the original version
of 'request()'.
"""
request_orig = http.request
signer = oauth.SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1()
# The closure that will replace 'httplib2.Http.request'.
def new_request(uri, method='GET', body=None, headers=None,
redirections=httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
connection_type=None):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
response_code = 302
http.follow_redirects = False
while response_code in [301, 302]:
req = oauth.Request.from_consumer_and_token(
self.consumer, self.token, http_method=method, http_url=uri)
req.sign_request(signer, self.consumer, self.token)
if headers is None:
headers = {}
headers.update(req.to_header())
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent + ' ' + headers['user-agent']
else:
headers['user-agent'] = self.user_agent
resp, content = request_orig(uri, method, body, headers,
redirections, connection_type)
response_code = resp.status
if response_code in [301, 302]:
uri = resp['location']
# Update the stored credential if it becomes invalid.
if response_code == 401:
logging.info('Access token no longer valid: %s' % content)
self._invalid = True
if self.store is not None:
self.store(self)
raise CredentialsInvalidError("Credentials are no longer valid.")
return resp, content
http.request = new_request
return http
class FlowThreeLegged(Flow):
"""Does the Three Legged Dance for OAuth 1.0a.
"""
def __init__(self, discovery, consumer_key, consumer_secret, user_agent,
**kwargs):
"""
discovery - Section of the API discovery document that describes
the OAuth endpoints.
consumer_key - OAuth consumer key
consumer_secret - OAuth consumer secret
user_agent - The HTTP User-Agent that identifies the application.
**kwargs - The keyword arguments are all optional and required
parameters for the OAuth calls.
"""
self.discovery = discovery
self.consumer_key = consumer_key
self.consumer_secret = consumer_secret
self.user_agent = user_agent
self.params = kwargs
self.request_token = {}
required = {}
for uriinfo in discovery.itervalues():
for name, value in uriinfo['parameters'].iteritems():
if value['required'] and not name.startswith('oauth_'):
required[name] = 1
for key in required.iterkeys():
if key not in self.params:
raise MissingParameter('Required parameter %s not supplied' % key)
def step1_get_authorize_url(self, oauth_callback='oob'):
"""Returns a URI to redirect to the provider.
oauth_callback - Either the string 'oob' for a non-web-based application,
or a URI that handles the callback from the authorization
server.
If oauth_callback is 'oob' then pass in the
generated verification code to step2_exchange,
otherwise pass in the query parameters received
at the callback uri to step2_exchange.
"""
consumer = oauth.Consumer(self.consumer_key, self.consumer_secret)
client = oauth.Client(consumer)
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
body = urllib.urlencode({'oauth_callback': oauth_callback})
uri = _oauth_uri('request', self.discovery, self.params)
resp, content = client.request(uri, 'POST', headers=headers,
body=body)
if resp['status'] != '200':
logging.error('Failed to retrieve temporary authorization: %s', content)
raise RequestError('Invalid response %s.' % resp['status'])
self.request_token = dict(parse_qsl(content))
auth_params = copy.copy(self.params)
auth_params['oauth_token'] = self.request_token['oauth_token']
return _oauth_uri('authorize', self.discovery, auth_params)
def step2_exchange(self, verifier):
"""Exhanges an authorized request token
for OAuthCredentials.
Args:
verifier: string, dict - either the verifier token, or a dictionary
of the query parameters to the callback, which contains
the oauth_verifier.
Returns:
The Credentials object.
"""
if not (isinstance(verifier, str) or isinstance(verifier, unicode)):
verifier = verifier['oauth_verifier']
token = oauth.Token(
self.request_token['oauth_token'],
self.request_token['oauth_token_secret'])
token.set_verifier(verifier)
consumer = oauth.Consumer(self.consumer_key, self.consumer_secret)
client = oauth.Client(consumer, token)
headers = {
'user-agent': self.user_agent,
'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
uri = _oauth_uri('access', self.discovery, self.params)
resp, content = client.request(uri, 'POST', headers=headers)
if resp['status'] != '200':
logging.error('Failed to retrieve access token: %s', content)
raise RequestError('Invalid response %s.' % resp['status'])
oauth_params = dict(parse_qsl(content))
token = oauth.Token(
oauth_params['oauth_token'],
oauth_params['oauth_token_secret'])
return OAuthCredentials(consumer, token, self.user_agent)
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
#
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Model objects for requests and responses.
Each API may support one or more serializations, such
as JSON, Atom, etc. The model classes are responsible
for converting between the wire format and the Python
object representation.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import gflags
import logging
import urllib
from anyjson import simplejson
from errors import HttpError
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('dump_request_response', False,
'Dump all http server requests and responses. '
)
def _abstract():
raise NotImplementedError('You need to override this function')
class Model(object):
"""Model base class.
All Model classes should implement this interface.
The Model serializes and de-serializes between a wire
format such as JSON and a Python object representation.
"""
def request(self, headers, path_params, query_params, body_value):
"""Updates outgoing requests with a serialized body.
Args:
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query_params: dict, parameters that appear in the query
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object, which must be
serializable.
Returns:
A tuple of (headers, path_params, query, body)
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query: string, query part of the request URI
body: string, the body serialized in the desired wire format.
"""
_abstract()
def response(self, resp, content):
"""Convert the response wire format into a Python object.
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the HTTP response headers and status
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if a non 2xx response is received.
"""
_abstract()
class BaseModel(Model):
"""Base model class.
Subclasses should provide implementations for the "serialize" and
"deserialize" methods, as well as values for the following class attributes.
Attributes:
accept: The value to use for the HTTP Accept header.
content_type: The value to use for the HTTP Content-type header.
no_content_response: The value to return when deserializing a 204 "No
Content" response.
alt_param: The value to supply as the "alt" query parameter for requests.
"""
accept = None
content_type = None
no_content_response = None
alt_param = None
def _log_request(self, headers, path_params, query, body):
"""Logs debugging information about the request if requested."""
if FLAGS.dump_request_response:
logging.info('--request-start--')
logging.info('-headers-start-')
for h, v in headers.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
logging.info('-headers-end-')
logging.info('-path-parameters-start-')
for h, v in path_params.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
logging.info('-path-parameters-end-')
logging.info('body: %s', body)
logging.info('query: %s', query)
logging.info('--request-end--')
def request(self, headers, path_params, query_params, body_value):
"""Updates outgoing requests with a serialized body.
Args:
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query_params: dict, parameters that appear in the query
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object, which must be
serializable by simplejson.
Returns:
A tuple of (headers, path_params, query, body)
headers: dict, request headers
path_params: dict, parameters that appear in the request path
query: string, query part of the request URI
body: string, the body serialized as JSON
"""
query = self._build_query(query_params)
headers['accept'] = self.accept
headers['accept-encoding'] = 'gzip, deflate'
if 'user-agent' in headers:
headers['user-agent'] += ' '
else:
headers['user-agent'] = ''
headers['user-agent'] += 'google-api-python-client/1.0'
if body_value is not None:
headers['content-type'] = self.content_type
body_value = self.serialize(body_value)
self._log_request(headers, path_params, query, body_value)
return (headers, path_params, query, body_value)
def _build_query(self, params):
"""Builds a query string.
Args:
params: dict, the query parameters
Returns:
The query parameters properly encoded into an HTTP URI query string.
"""
params.update({'alt': self.alt_param})
astuples = []
for key, value in params.iteritems():
if type(value) == type([]):
for x in value:
x = x.encode('utf-8')
astuples.append((key, x))
else:
if getattr(value, 'encode', False) and callable(value.encode):
value = value.encode('utf-8')
astuples.append((key, value))
return '?' + urllib.urlencode(astuples)
def _log_response(self, resp, content):
"""Logs debugging information about the response if requested."""
if FLAGS.dump_request_response:
logging.info('--response-start--')
for h, v in resp.iteritems():
logging.info('%s: %s', h, v)
if content:
logging.info(content)
logging.info('--response-end--')
def response(self, resp, content):
"""Convert the response wire format into a Python object.
Args:
resp: httplib2.Response, the HTTP response headers and status
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
Raises:
apiclient.errors.HttpError if a non 2xx response is received.
"""
self._log_response(resp, content)
# Error handling is TBD, for example, do we retry
# for some operation/error combinations?
if resp.status < 300:
if resp.status == 204:
# A 204: No Content response should be treated differently
# to all the other success states
return self.no_content_response
return self.deserialize(content)
else:
logging.debug('Content from bad request was: %s' % content)
raise HttpError(resp, content)
def serialize(self, body_value):
"""Perform the actual Python object serialization.
Args:
body_value: object, the request body as a Python object.
Returns:
string, the body in serialized form.
"""
_abstract()
def deserialize(self, content):
"""Perform the actual deserialization from response string to Python object.
Args:
content: string, the body of the HTTP response
Returns:
The body de-serialized as a Python object.
"""
_abstract()
class JsonModel(BaseModel):
"""Model class for JSON.
Serializes and de-serializes between JSON and the Python
object representation of HTTP request and response bodies.
"""
accept = 'application/json'
content_type = 'application/json'
alt_param = 'json'
def __init__(self, data_wrapper=False):
"""Construct a JsonModel.
Args:
data_wrapper: boolean, wrap requests and responses in a data wrapper
"""
self._data_wrapper = data_wrapper
def serialize(self, body_value):
if (isinstance(body_value, dict) and 'data' not in body_value and
self._data_wrapper):
body_value = {'data': body_value}
return simplejson.dumps(body_value)
def deserialize(self, content):
body = simplejson.loads(content)
if isinstance(body, dict) and 'data' in body:
body = body['data']
return body
@property
def no_content_response(self):
return {}
class ProtocolBufferModel(BaseModel):
"""Model class for protocol buffers.
Serializes and de-serializes the binary protocol buffer sent in the HTTP
request and response bodies.
"""
accept = 'application/x-protobuf'
content_type = 'application/x-protobuf'
alt_param = 'proto'
def __init__(self, protocol_buffer):
"""Constructs a ProtocolBufferModel.
The serialzed protocol buffer returned in an HTTP response will be
de-serialized using the given protocol buffer class.
Args:
protocol_buffer: The protocol buffer class used to de-serialize a response
from the API.
"""
self._protocol_buffer = protocol_buffer
def serialize(self, body_value):
return body_value.SerializeToString()
def deserialize(self, content):
return self._protocol_buffer.FromString(content)
@property
def no_content_response(self):
return self._protocol_buffer()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Client for discovery based APIs
A client library for Google's discovery based APIs.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = [
'build', 'build_from_document'
]
import httplib2
import logging
import os
import re
import uritemplate
import urllib
import urlparse
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
from http import HttpRequest
from anyjson import simplejson
from model import JsonModel
from errors import UnknownLinkType
from errors import HttpError
from errors import InvalidJsonError
URITEMPLATE = re.compile('{[^}]*}')
VARNAME = re.compile('[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+')
DISCOVERY_URI = ('https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/'
'{api}/{apiVersion}/rest')
DEFAULT_METHOD_DOC = 'A description of how to use this function'
# Query parameters that work, but don't appear in discovery
STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS = ['trace', 'fields', 'pp', 'prettyPrint', 'userIp',
'userip', 'strict']
def key2param(key):
"""Converts key names into parameter names.
For example, converting "max-results" -> "max_results"
"""
result = []
key = list(key)
if not key[0].isalpha():
result.append('x')
for c in key:
if c.isalnum():
result.append(c)
else:
result.append('_')
return ''.join(result)
def build(serviceName, version,
http=None,
discoveryServiceUrl=DISCOVERY_URI,
developerKey=None,
model=None,
requestBuilder=HttpRequest):
"""Construct a Resource for interacting with an API.
Construct a Resource object for interacting with
an API. The serviceName and version are the
names from the Discovery service.
Args:
serviceName: string, name of the service
version: string, the version of the service
discoveryServiceUrl: string, a URI Template that points to
the location of the discovery service. It should have two
parameters {api} and {apiVersion} that when filled in
produce an absolute URI to the discovery document for
that service.
developerKey: string, key obtained
from https://code.google.com/apis/console
model: apiclient.Model, converts to and from the wire format
requestBuilder: apiclient.http.HttpRequest, encapsulator for
an HTTP request
Returns:
A Resource object with methods for interacting with
the service.
"""
params = {
'api': serviceName,
'apiVersion': version
}
if http is None:
http = httplib2.Http()
requested_url = uritemplate.expand(discoveryServiceUrl, params)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % requested_url)
resp, content = http.request(requested_url)
if resp.status > 400:
raise HttpError(resp, content, requested_url)
try:
service = simplejson.loads(content)
except ValueError, e:
logging.error('Failed to parse as JSON: ' + content)
raise InvalidJsonError()
fn = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'contrib',
serviceName, 'future.json')
try:
f = file(fn, 'r')
future = f.read()
f.close()
except IOError:
future = None
return build_from_document(content, discoveryServiceUrl, future,
http, developerKey, model, requestBuilder)
def build_from_document(
service,
base,
future=None,
http=None,
developerKey=None,
model=None,
requestBuilder=HttpRequest):
"""Create a Resource for interacting with an API.
Same as `build()`, but constructs the Resource object
from a discovery document that is it given, as opposed to
retrieving one over HTTP.
Args:
service: string, discovery document
base: string, base URI for all HTTP requests, usually the discovery URI
future: string, discovery document with future capabilities
auth_discovery: dict, information about the authentication the API supports
http: httplib2.Http, An instance of httplib2.Http or something that acts
like it that HTTP requests will be made through.
developerKey: string, Key for controlling API usage, generated
from the API Console.
model: Model class instance that serializes and
de-serializes requests and responses.
requestBuilder: Takes an http request and packages it up to be executed.
Returns:
A Resource object with methods for interacting with
the service.
"""
service = simplejson.loads(service)
base = urlparse.urljoin(base, service['basePath'])
if future:
future = simplejson.loads(future)
auth_discovery = future.get('auth', {})
else:
future = {}
auth_discovery = {}
if model is None:
features = service.get('features', [])
model = JsonModel('dataWrapper' in features)
resource = createResource(http, base, model, requestBuilder, developerKey,
service, future)
def auth_method():
"""Discovery information about the authentication the API uses."""
return auth_discovery
setattr(resource, 'auth_discovery', auth_method)
return resource
def _cast(value, schema_type):
"""Convert value to a string based on JSON Schema type.
See http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-zyp-json-schema-03 for more details on
JSON Schema.
Args:
value: any, the value to convert
schema_type: string, the type that value should be interpreted as
Returns:
A string representation of 'value' based on the schema_type.
"""
if schema_type == 'string':
if type(value) == type('') or type(value) == type(u''):
return value
else:
return str(value)
elif schema_type == 'integer':
return str(int(value))
elif schema_type == 'number':
return str(float(value))
elif schema_type == 'boolean':
return str(bool(value)).lower()
else:
if type(value) == type('') or type(value) == type(u''):
return value
else:
return str(value)
def createResource(http, baseUrl, model, requestBuilder,
developerKey, resourceDesc, futureDesc):
class Resource(object):
"""A class for interacting with a resource."""
def __init__(self):
self._http = http
self._baseUrl = baseUrl
self._model = model
self._developerKey = developerKey
self._requestBuilder = requestBuilder
def createMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
pathUrl = methodDesc['path']
httpMethod = methodDesc['httpMethod']
methodId = methodDesc['id']
if 'parameters' not in methodDesc:
methodDesc['parameters'] = {}
for name in STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS:
methodDesc['parameters'][name] = {
'type': 'string',
'location': 'query'
}
if httpMethod in ['PUT', 'POST', 'PATCH']:
methodDesc['parameters']['body'] = {
'description': 'The request body.',
'type': 'object',
'required': True,
}
argmap = {} # Map from method parameter name to query parameter name
required_params = [] # Required parameters
repeated_params = [] # Repeated parameters
pattern_params = {} # Parameters that must match a regex
query_params = [] # Parameters that will be used in the query string
path_params = {} # Parameters that will be used in the base URL
param_type = {} # The type of the parameter
enum_params = {} # Allowable enumeration values for each parameter
if 'parameters' in methodDesc:
for arg, desc in methodDesc['parameters'].iteritems():
param = key2param(arg)
argmap[param] = arg
if desc.get('pattern', ''):
pattern_params[param] = desc['pattern']
if desc.get('enum', ''):
enum_params[param] = desc['enum']
if desc.get('required', False):
required_params.append(param)
if desc.get('repeated', False):
repeated_params.append(param)
if desc.get('location') == 'query':
query_params.append(param)
if desc.get('location') == 'path':
path_params[param] = param
param_type[param] = desc.get('type', 'string')
for match in URITEMPLATE.finditer(pathUrl):
for namematch in VARNAME.finditer(match.group(0)):
name = key2param(namematch.group(0))
path_params[name] = name
if name in query_params:
query_params.remove(name)
def method(self, **kwargs):
for name in kwargs.iterkeys():
if name not in argmap:
raise TypeError('Got an unexpected keyword argument "%s"' % name)
for name in required_params:
if name not in kwargs:
raise TypeError('Missing required parameter "%s"' % name)
for name, regex in pattern_params.iteritems():
if name in kwargs:
if re.match(regex, kwargs[name]) is None:
raise TypeError(
'Parameter "%s" value "%s" does not match the pattern "%s"' %
(name, kwargs[name], regex))
for name, enums in enum_params.iteritems():
if name in kwargs:
if kwargs[name] not in enums:
raise TypeError(
'Parameter "%s" value "%s" is not an allowed value in "%s"' %
(name, kwargs[name], str(enums)))
actual_query_params = {}
actual_path_params = {}
for key, value in kwargs.iteritems():
to_type = param_type.get(key, 'string')
# For repeated parameters we cast each member of the list.
if key in repeated_params and type(value) == type([]):
cast_value = [_cast(x, to_type) for x in value]
else:
cast_value = _cast(value, to_type)
if key in query_params:
actual_query_params[argmap[key]] = cast_value
if key in path_params:
actual_path_params[argmap[key]] = cast_value
body_value = kwargs.get('body', None)
if self._developerKey:
actual_query_params['key'] = self._developerKey
headers = {}
headers, params, query, body = self._model.request(headers,
actual_path_params, actual_query_params, body_value)
# TODO(ade) This exists to fix a bug in V1 of the Buzz discovery
# document. Base URLs should not contain any path elements. If they do
# then urlparse.urljoin will strip them out This results in an incorrect
# URL which returns a 404
url_result = urlparse.urlsplit(self._baseUrl)
new_base_url = url_result[0] + '://' + url_result[1]
expanded_url = uritemplate.expand(pathUrl, params)
url = urlparse.urljoin(self._baseUrl,
url_result[2] + expanded_url + query)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % url)
return self._requestBuilder(self._http,
self._model.response,
url,
method=httpMethod,
body=body,
headers=headers,
methodId=methodId)
docs = [methodDesc.get('description', DEFAULT_METHOD_DOC), '\n\n']
if len(argmap) > 0:
docs.append('Args:\n')
for arg in argmap.iterkeys():
if arg in STACK_QUERY_PARAMETERS:
continue
repeated = ''
if arg in repeated_params:
repeated = ' (repeated)'
required = ''
if arg in required_params:
required = ' (required)'
paramdesc = methodDesc['parameters'][argmap[arg]]
paramdoc = paramdesc.get('description', 'A parameter')
paramtype = paramdesc.get('type', 'string')
docs.append(' %s: %s, %s%s%s\n' % (arg, paramtype, paramdoc, required,
repeated))
enum = paramdesc.get('enum', [])
enumDesc = paramdesc.get('enumDescriptions', [])
if enum and enumDesc:
docs.append(' Allowed values\n')
for (name, desc) in zip(enum, enumDesc):
docs.append(' %s - %s\n' % (name, desc))
setattr(method, '__doc__', ''.join(docs))
setattr(theclass, methodName, method)
def createNextMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
methodId = methodDesc['id'] + '.next'
def methodNext(self, previous):
"""
Takes a single argument, 'body', which is the results
from the last call, and returns the next set of items
in the collection.
Returns None if there are no more items in
the collection.
"""
if futureDesc['type'] != 'uri':
raise UnknownLinkType(futureDesc['type'])
try:
p = previous
for key in futureDesc['location']:
p = p[key]
url = p
except (KeyError, TypeError):
return None
if self._developerKey:
parsed = list(urlparse.urlparse(url))
q = parse_qsl(parsed[4])
q.append(('key', self._developerKey))
parsed[4] = urllib.urlencode(q)
url = urlparse.urlunparse(parsed)
headers = {}
headers, params, query, body = self._model.request(headers, {}, {}, None)
logging.info('URL being requested: %s' % url)
resp, content = self._http.request(url, method='GET', headers=headers)
return self._requestBuilder(self._http,
self._model.response,
url,
method='GET',
headers=headers,
methodId=methodId)
setattr(theclass, methodName, methodNext)
# Add basic methods to Resource
if 'methods' in resourceDesc:
for methodName, methodDesc in resourceDesc['methods'].iteritems():
if futureDesc:
future = futureDesc['methods'].get(methodName, {})
else:
future = None
createMethod(Resource, methodName, methodDesc, future)
# Add in nested resources
if 'resources' in resourceDesc:
def createResourceMethod(theclass, methodName, methodDesc, futureDesc):
def methodResource(self):
return createResource(self._http, self._baseUrl, self._model,
self._requestBuilder, self._developerKey,
methodDesc, futureDesc)
setattr(methodResource, '__doc__', 'A collection resource.')
setattr(methodResource, '__is_resource__', True)
setattr(theclass, methodName, methodResource)
for methodName, methodDesc in resourceDesc['resources'].iteritems():
if futureDesc and 'resources' in futureDesc:
future = futureDesc['resources'].get(methodName, {})
else:
future = {}
createResourceMethod(Resource, methodName, methodDesc, future)
# Add <m>_next() methods to Resource
if futureDesc and 'methods' in futureDesc:
for methodName, methodDesc in futureDesc['methods'].iteritems():
if 'next' in methodDesc and methodName in resourceDesc['methods']:
createNextMethod(Resource, methodName + '_next',
resourceDesc['methods'][methodName],
methodDesc['next'])
return Resource()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for OAuth.
Utilities for making it easier to work with OAuth 1.0 credentials.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import pickle
import threading
from apiclient.oauth import Storage as BaseStorage
class Storage(BaseStorage):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from a file."""
def __init__(self, filename):
self._filename = filename
self._lock = threading.Lock()
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from file.
Returns:
apiclient.oauth.Credentials
"""
self._lock.acquire()
try:
f = open(self._filename, 'r')
credentials = pickle.loads(f.read())
f.close()
credentials.set_store(self.put)
except:
credentials = None
self._lock.release()
return credentials
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a pickled Credentials to file.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
self._lock.acquire()
f = open(self._filename, 'w')
f.write(pickle.dumps(credentials))
f.close()
self._lock.release()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
import apiclient
import base64
import pickle
from django.db import models
class OAuthCredentialsField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, apiclient.oauth.Credentials):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
class FlowThreeLeggedField(models.Field):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def db_type(self):
return 'VARCHAR'
def to_python(self, value):
print "In to_python", value
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, apiclient.oauth.FlowThreeLegged):
return value
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(value))
def get_db_prep_value(self, value):
return base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(value))
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utilities for Google App Engine
Utilities for making it easier to use the
Google API Client for Python on Google App Engine.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
import pickle
from google.appengine.ext import db
from apiclient.oauth import OAuthCredentials
from apiclient.oauth import FlowThreeLegged
class FlowThreeLeggedProperty(db.Property):
"""Utility property that allows easy
storage and retreival of an
apiclient.oauth.FlowThreeLegged"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = FlowThreeLegged
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
flow = super(FlowThreeLeggedProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(flow))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, FlowThreeLegged):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to a FlowThreeLegged instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(FlowThreeLeggedProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class OAuthCredentialsProperty(db.Property):
"""Utility property that allows easy
storage and retrieval of
apiclient.oath.OAuthCredentials
"""
# Tell what the user type is.
data_type = OAuthCredentials
# For writing to datastore.
def get_value_for_datastore(self, model_instance):
cred = super(OAuthCredentialsProperty,
self).get_value_for_datastore(model_instance)
return db.Blob(pickle.dumps(cred))
# For reading from datastore.
def make_value_from_datastore(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
return pickle.loads(value)
def validate(self, value):
if value is not None and not isinstance(value, OAuthCredentials):
raise BadValueError('Property %s must be convertible '
'to an OAuthCredentials instance (%s)' %
(self.name, value))
return super(OAuthCredentialsProperty, self).validate(value)
def empty(self, value):
return not value
class StorageByKeyName(object):
"""Store and retrieve a single credential to and from
the App Engine datastore.
This Storage helper presumes the Credentials
have been stored as a CredenialsProperty
on a datastore model class, and that entities
are stored by key_name.
"""
def __init__(self, model, key_name, property_name):
"""Constructor for Storage.
Args:
model: db.Model, model class
key_name: string, key name for the entity that has the credentials
property_name: string, name of the property that is a CredentialsProperty
"""
self.model = model
self.key_name = key_name
self.property_name = property_name
def get(self):
"""Retrieve Credential from datastore.
Returns:
Credentials
"""
entity = self.model.get_or_insert(self.key_name)
credential = getattr(entity, self.property_name)
if credential and hasattr(credential, 'set_store'):
credential.set_store(self.put)
return credential
def put(self, credentials):
"""Write a Credentials to the datastore.
Args:
credentials: Credentials, the credentials to store.
"""
entity = self.model.get_or_insert(self.key_name)
setattr(entity, self.property_name, credentials)
entity.put()
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Command-line tools for authenticating via OAuth 1.0
Do the OAuth 1.0 Three Legged Dance for
a command line application. Stores the generated
credentials in a common file that is used by
other example apps in the same directory.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
__all__ = ["run"]
import BaseHTTPServer
import logging
import socket
import sys
from optparse import OptionParser
from apiclient.oauth import RequestError
try:
from urlparse import parse_qsl
except ImportError:
from cgi import parse_qsl
class ClientRedirectServer(BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer):
"""A server to handle OAuth 1.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into query_params and then stops serving.
"""
query_params = {}
class ClientRedirectHandler(BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
"""A handler for OAuth 2.0 redirects back to localhost.
Waits for a single request and parses the query parameters
into the servers query_params and then stops serving.
"""
def do_GET(s):
"""Handle a GET request
Parses the query parameters and prints a message
if the flow has completed. Note that we can't detect
if an error occurred.
"""
s.send_response(200)
s.send_header("Content-type", "text/html")
s.end_headers()
query = s.path.split('?', 1)[-1]
query = dict(parse_qsl(query))
s.server.query_params = query
s.wfile.write("<html><head><title>Authentication Status</title></head>")
s.wfile.write("<body><p>The authentication flow has completed.</p>")
s.wfile.write("</body></html>")
def log_message(self, format, *args):
"""Do not log messages to stdout while running as command line program."""
pass
def run(flow, storage):
"""Core code for a command-line application.
Args:
flow: Flow, an OAuth 1.0 Flow to step through.
storage: Storage, a Storage to store the credential in.
Returns:
Credentials, the obtained credential.
Exceptions:
RequestError: if step2 of the flow fails.
Args:
"""
parser = OptionParser()
parser.add_option("-p", "--no_local_web_server", dest="localhost",
action="store_false",
default=True,
help="Do not run a web server on localhost to handle redirect URIs")
parser.add_option("-w", "--local_web_server", dest="localhost",
action="store_true",
default=True,
help="Run a web server on localhost to handle redirect URIs")
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
host_name = 'localhost'
port_numbers = [8080, 8090]
if options.localhost:
server_class = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer
try:
port_number = port_numbers[0]
httpd = server_class((host_name, port_number), ClientRedirectHandler)
except socket.error:
port_number = port_numbers[1]
try:
httpd = server_class((host_name, port_number), ClientRedirectHandler)
except socket.error:
options.localhost = False
if options.localhost:
oauth_callback = 'http://%s:%s/' % (host_name, port_number)
else:
oauth_callback = 'oob'
authorize_url = flow.step1_get_authorize_url(oauth_callback)
print 'Go to the following link in your browser:'
print authorize_url
print
if options.localhost:
httpd.handle_request()
if 'error' in httpd.query_params:
sys.exit('Authentication request was rejected.')
if 'oauth_verifier' in httpd.query_params:
code = httpd.query_params['oauth_verifier']
else:
accepted = 'n'
while accepted.lower() == 'n':
accepted = raw_input('Have you authorized me? (y/n) ')
code = raw_input('What is the verification code? ').strip()
try:
credentials = flow.step2_exchange(code)
except RequestError:
sys.exit('The authentication has failed.')
storage.put(credentials)
credentials.set_store(storage.put)
print "You have successfully authenticated."
return credentials
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/python2.4
#
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Errors for the library.
All exceptions defined by the library
should be defined in this file.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
from anyjson import simplejson
class Error(Exception):
"""Base error for this module."""
pass
class HttpError(Error):
"""HTTP data was invalid or unexpected."""
def __init__(self, resp, content, uri=None):
self.resp = resp
self.content = content
self.uri = uri
def _get_reason(self):
"""Calculate the reason for the error from the response content.
"""
if self.resp.get('content-type', '').startswith('application/json'):
try:
data = simplejson.loads(self.content)
reason = data['error']['message']
except (ValueError, KeyError):
reason = self.content
else:
reason = self.resp.reason
return reason
def __repr__(self):
if self.uri:
return '<HttpError %s when requesting %s returned "%s">' % (
self.resp.status, self.uri, self._get_reason())
else:
return '<HttpError %s "%s">' % (self.resp.status, self._get_reason())
__str__ = __repr__
class InvalidJsonError(Error):
"""The JSON returned could not be parsed."""
pass
class UnknownLinkType(Error):
"""Link type unknown or unexpected."""
pass
| Python |
# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utility module to import a JSON module
Hides all the messy details of exactly where
we get a simplejson module from.
"""
__author__ = 'jcgregorio@google.com (Joe Gregorio)'
try: # pragma: no cover
import simplejson
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
try:
# Try to import from django, should work on App Engine
from django.utils import simplejson
except ImportError:
# Should work for Python2.6 and higher.
import json as simplejson
| Python |
# Early, and incomplete implementation of -04.
#
import re
import urllib
RESERVED = ":/?#[]@!$&'()*+,;="
OPERATOR = "+./;?|!@"
EXPLODE = "*+"
MODIFIER = ":^"
TEMPLATE = re.compile(r"{(?P<operator>[\+\./;\?|!@])?(?P<varlist>[^}]+)}", re.UNICODE)
VAR = re.compile(r"^(?P<varname>[^=\+\*:\^]+)((?P<explode>[\+\*])|(?P<partial>[:\^]-?[0-9]+))?(=(?P<default>.*))?$", re.UNICODE)
def _tostring(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
if type(value) == type([]):
if explode == "+":
return ",".join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
if type(value) == type({}):
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return ",".join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return urllib.quote(value, safe)
def _tostring_path(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
joiner = operator
if type(value) == type([]):
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif type(value) == type({}):
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + joiner + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + joiner + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
if value:
return urllib.quote(value, safe)
else:
return ""
def _tostring_query(varname, value, explode, operator, safe=""):
joiner = operator
varprefix = ""
if operator == "?":
joiner = "&"
varprefix = varname + "="
if type(value) == type([]):
if 0 == len(value):
return ""
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "=" + urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
else:
return varprefix + ",".join([urllib.quote(x, safe) for x in value])
elif type(value) == type({}):
if 0 == len(value):
return ""
keys = value.keys()
keys.sort()
if explode == "+":
return joiner.join([varname + "." + urllib.quote(key, safe) + "=" + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
elif explode == "*":
return joiner.join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "=" + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
return varprefix + ",".join([urllib.quote(key, safe) + "," + urllib.quote(value[key], safe) for key in keys])
else:
if value:
return varname + "=" + urllib.quote(value, safe)
else:
return varname
TOSTRING = {
"" : _tostring,
"+": _tostring,
";": _tostring_query,
"?": _tostring_query,
"/": _tostring_path,
".": _tostring_path,
}
def expand(template, vars):
def _sub(match):
groupdict = match.groupdict()
operator = groupdict.get('operator')
if operator is None:
operator = ''
varlist = groupdict.get('varlist')
safe = "@"
if operator == '+':
safe = RESERVED
varspecs = varlist.split(",")
varnames = []
defaults = {}
for varspec in varspecs:
m = VAR.search(varspec)
groupdict = m.groupdict()
varname = groupdict.get('varname')
explode = groupdict.get('explode')
partial = groupdict.get('partial')
default = groupdict.get('default')
if default:
defaults[varname] = default
varnames.append((varname, explode, partial))
retval = []
joiner = operator
prefix = operator
if operator == "+":
prefix = ""
joiner = ","
if operator == "?":
joiner = "&"
if operator == "":
joiner = ","
for varname, explode, partial in varnames:
if varname in vars:
value = vars[varname]
#if not value and (type(value) == type({}) or type(value) == type([])) and varname in defaults:
if not value and value != "" and varname in defaults:
value = defaults[varname]
elif varname in defaults:
value = defaults[varname]
else:
continue
retval.append(TOSTRING[operator](varname, value, explode, operator, safe=safe))
if "".join(retval):
return prefix + joiner.join(retval)
else:
return ""
return TEMPLATE.sub(_sub, template)
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright (c) 2010, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""Module to enforce different constraints on flags.
A validator represents an invariant, enforced over a one or more flags.
See 'FLAGS VALIDATORS' in flags.py's docstring for a usage manual.
"""
__author__ = 'olexiy@google.com (Olexiy Oryeshko)'
class Error(Exception):
"""Thrown If validator constraint is not satisfied."""
class Validator(object):
"""Base class for flags validators.
Users should NOT overload these classes, and use flags.Register...
methods instead.
"""
# Used to assign each validator an unique insertion_index
validators_count = 0
def __init__(self, checker, message):
"""Constructor to create all validators.
Args:
checker: function to verify the constraint.
Input of this method varies, see SimpleValidator and
DictionaryValidator for a detailed description.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user
"""
self.checker = checker
self.message = message
Validator.validators_count += 1
# Used to assert validators in the order they were registered (CL/18694236)
self.insertion_index = Validator.validators_count
def Verify(self, flag_values):
"""Verify that constraint is satisfied.
flags library calls this method to verify Validator's constraint.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues, containing all flags
Raises:
Error: if constraint is not satisfied.
"""
param = self._GetInputToCheckerFunction(flag_values)
if not self.checker(param):
raise Error(self.message)
def GetFlagsNames(self):
"""Return the names of the flags checked by this validator.
Returns:
[string], names of the flags
"""
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues, containing all flags.
Returns:
Return type depends on the specific validator.
"""
raise NotImplementedError('This method should be overloaded')
class SimpleValidator(Validator):
"""Validator behind RegisterValidator() method.
Validates that a single flag passes its checker function. The checker function
takes the flag value and returns True (if value looks fine) or, if flag value
is not valid, either returns False or raises an Exception."""
def __init__(self, flag_name, checker, message):
"""Constructor.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag.
checker: function to verify the validator.
input - value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
output - Boolean. Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise Error.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user if validator's
condition is not satisfied
"""
super(SimpleValidator, self).__init__(checker, message)
self.flag_name = flag_name
def GetFlagsNames(self):
return [self.flag_name]
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
return 'flag --%s=%s' % (self.flag_name, flag_values[self.flag_name].value)
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues
Returns:
value of the corresponding flag.
"""
return flag_values[self.flag_name].value
class DictionaryValidator(Validator):
"""Validator behind RegisterDictionaryValidator method.
Validates that flag values pass their common checker function. The checker
function takes flag values and returns True (if values look fine) or,
if values are not valid, either returns False or raises an Exception.
"""
def __init__(self, flag_names, checker, message):
"""Constructor.
Args:
flag_names: [string], containing names of the flags used by checker.
checker: function to verify the validator.
input - dictionary, with keys() being flag_names, and value for each
key being the value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
output - Boolean. Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise Error.
message: string, error message to be shown to the user if validator's
condition is not satisfied
"""
super(DictionaryValidator, self).__init__(checker, message)
self.flag_names = flag_names
def _GetInputToCheckerFunction(self, flag_values):
"""Given flag values, construct the input to be given to checker.
Args:
flag_values: flags.FlagValues
Returns:
dictionary, with keys() being self.lag_names, and value for each key
being the value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc).
"""
return dict([key, flag_values[key].value] for key in self.flag_names)
def PrintFlagsWithValues(self, flag_values):
prefix = 'flags '
flags_with_values = []
for key in self.flag_names:
flags_with_values.append('%s=%s' % (key, flag_values[key].value))
return prefix + ', '.join(flags_with_values)
def GetFlagsNames(self):
return self.flag_names
| Python |
"""SocksiPy - Python SOCKS module.
Version 1.00
Copyright 2006 Dan-Haim. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of Dan Haim nor the names of his contributors may be used
to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DAN HAIM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO
EVENT SHALL DAN HAIM OR HIS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA
OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
This module provides a standard socket-like interface for Python
for tunneling connections through SOCKS proxies.
"""
"""
Minor modifications made by Christopher Gilbert (http://motomastyle.com/)
for use in PyLoris (http://pyloris.sourceforge.net/)
Minor modifications made by Mario Vilas (http://breakingcode.wordpress.com/)
mainly to merge bug fixes found in Sourceforge
"""
import socket
if getattr(socket, 'socket', None) is None:
raise ImportError('socket.socket missing, proxy support unusable')
import struct
import sys
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 = 1
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 = 2
PROXY_TYPE_HTTP = 3
_defaultproxy = None
# Small hack for Python 2.x
if sys.version_info[0] <= 2:
def bytes(obj, enc=None):
return obj
class ProxyError(Exception):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class GeneralProxyError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks5AuthError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks5Error(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class Socks4Error(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
class HTTPError(ProxyError):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __str__(self):
return repr(self.value)
_generalerrors = ("success",
"invalid data",
"not connected",
"not available",
"bad proxy type",
"bad input")
_socks5errors = ("succeeded",
"general SOCKS server failure",
"connection not allowed by ruleset",
"Network unreachable",
"Host unreachable",
"Connection refused",
"TTL expired",
"Command not supported",
"Address type not supported",
"Unknown error")
_socks5autherrors = ("succeeded",
"authentication is required",
"all offered authentication methods were rejected",
"unknown username or invalid password",
"unknown error")
_socks4errors = ("request granted",
"request rejected or failed",
("request rejected because SOCKS server cannot connect to "
"identd on the client"),
("request rejected because the client program and identd"
" report different user-ids"),
"unknown error")
def setdefaultproxy(proxytype=None, addr=None, port=None, rdns=True,
username=None, password=None):
"""setdefaultproxy(proxytype, addr[, port[, rdns[, username[, password]]]])
Sets a default proxy which all further socksocket objects will use,
unless explicitly changed.
"""
global _defaultproxy
_defaultproxy = (proxytype, addr, port, rdns, username, password)
class socksocket(socket.socket):
"""socksocket([family[, type[, proto]]]) -> socket object
Open a SOCKS enabled socket. The parameters are the same as
those of the standard socket init. In order for SOCKS to work,
you must specify family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM and proto=0.
"""
def __init__(self, family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM,
proto=0, _sock=None):
socket.socket.__init__(self, family, type, proto, _sock)
if _defaultproxy != None:
self.__proxy = _defaultproxy
else:
self.__proxy = (None, None, None, None, None, None)
self.__proxysockname = None
self.__proxypeername = None
def __decode(self, bytes):
if getattr(bytes, 'decode', False):
try:
bytes = bytes.decode()
except Exception:
pass
return bytes
def __encode(self, bytes):
if getattr(bytes, 'encode', False):
try:
bytes = bytes.encode()
except Exception:
pass
return bytes
def __recvall(self, count):
"""__recvall(count) -> data
Receive EXACTLY the number of bytes requested from the socket.
Blocks until the required number of bytes have been received.
"""
data = bytes("")
while len(data) < count:
d = self.recv(count - len(data))
if not d:
raise GeneralProxyError(
(0, "connection closed unexpectedly"))
data = data + self.__decode(d)
return data
def sendall(self, bytes):
socket.socket.sendall(self, self.__encode(bytes))
def setproxy(self, proxytype=None, addr=None, port=None, rdns=True,
username=None, password=None):
"""setproxy(proxytype, addr[, port[, rdns[, username[, password]]]])
Sets the proxy to be used.
proxytype - The type of the proxy to be used. Three types
are supported: PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4 (including socks4a),
PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5 and PROXY_TYPE_HTTP
addr - The address of the server (IP or DNS).
port - The port of the server. Defaults to 1080 for SOCKS
servers and 8080 for HTTP proxy servers.
rdns - Should DNS queries be preformed on the remote side
(rather than the local side). The default is True.
Note: This has no effect with SOCKS4 servers.
username - Username to authenticate with to the server.
The default is no authentication.
password - Password to authenticate with to the server.
Only relevant when username is also provided.
"""
self.__proxy = (proxytype, addr, port, rdns, username, password)
def __negotiatesocks5(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatesocks5(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through a SOCKS5 server.
"""
# First we'll send the authentication packages we support.
if (self.__proxy[4] != None) and (self.__proxy[5] != None):
# The username/password details were supplied to the
# setproxy method so we support the USERNAME/PASSWORD
# authentication (in addition to the standard none).
self.sendall("\x05\x02\x00\x02")
else:
# No username/password were entered, therefore we
# only support connections with no authentication.
self.sendall("\x05\x01\x00")
# We'll receive the server's response to determine which
# method was selected
chosenauth = self.__recvall(2)
if chosenauth[0] != "\x05":
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
# Check the chosen authentication method
if chosenauth[1] == "\x00":
# No authentication is required
pass
elif chosenauth[1] == "\x02":
# Okay, we need to perform a basic username/password
# authentication.
self.sendall("\x01" + chr(len(self.__proxy[4])) + self.__proxy[4] +
chr(len(self.__proxy[5])) + self.__proxy[5])
authstat = self.__recvall(2)
if authstat[0] != "\x01":
# Bad response
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if authstat[1] != "\x00":
# Authentication failed
self.close()
raise Socks5AuthError((3, _socks5autherrors[3]))
# Authentication succeeded
else:
# Reaching here is always bad
self.close()
if chosenauth[1] == "\xFF":
raise Socks5AuthError((2, _socks5autherrors[2]))
else:
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
# Now we can request the actual connection
req = "\x05\x01\x00"
# If the given destination address is an IP address, we'll
# use the IPv4 address request even if remote resolving was specified.
try:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(destaddr)
req = req + "\x01" + ipaddr
except socket.error:
# Well it's not an IP number, so it's probably a DNS name.
if self.__proxy[3] == True:
# Resolve remotely
ipaddr = None
req = req + "\x03" + chr(len(destaddr)) + destaddr
else:
# Resolve locally
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(socket.gethostbyname(destaddr))
req = req + "\x01" + ipaddr
req = req + self.__decode(struct.pack(">H", destport))
self.sendall(req)
# Get the response
resp = self.__recvall(4)
if resp[0] != "\x05":
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
elif resp[1] != "\x00":
# Connection failed
self.close()
if ord(resp[1]) <= 8:
raise Socks5Error((ord(resp[1]), _socks5errors[ord(resp[1])]))
else:
raise Socks5Error((9, _socks5errors[9]))
# Get the bound address/port
elif resp[3] == "\x01":
boundaddr = self.__recvall(4)
elif resp[3] == "\x03":
resp = resp + self.recv(1)
boundaddr = self.__recvall(ord(resp[4]))
else:
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
boundport = struct.unpack(">H", bytes(self.__recvall(2), 'utf8'))[0]
self.__proxysockname = boundaddr, boundport
if ipaddr != None:
self.__proxypeername = (socket.inet_ntoa(ipaddr), destport)
else:
self.__proxypeername = (destaddr, destport)
def getproxysockname(self):
"""getsockname() -> address info
Returns the bound IP address and port number at the proxy.
"""
return self.__proxysockname
def getproxypeername(self):
"""getproxypeername() -> address info
Returns the IP and port number of the proxy.
"""
return socket.socket.getpeername(self)
def getpeername(self):
"""getpeername() -> address info
Returns the IP address and port number of the destination
machine (note: getproxypeername returns the proxy)
"""
return self.__proxypeername
def __negotiatesocks4(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatesocks4(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through a SOCKS4 server.
"""
# Check if the destination address provided is an IP address
rmtrslv = False
try:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(destaddr)
except socket.error:
# It's a DNS name. Check where it should be resolved.
if self.__proxy[3] == True:
ipaddr = "\x00\x00\x00\x01"
rmtrslv = True
else:
ipaddr = socket.inet_aton(socket.gethostbyname(destaddr))
# Construct the request packet
req = "\x04\x01" + self.__decode(struct.pack(">H", destport)) + ipaddr
# The username parameter is considered userid for SOCKS4
if self.__proxy[4] != None:
req = req + self.__proxy[4]
req = req + "\x00"
# DNS name if remote resolving is required
# NOTE: This is actually an extension to the SOCKS4 protocol
# called SOCKS4A and may not be supported in all cases.
if rmtrslv==True:
req = req + destaddr + "\x00"
self.sendall(req)
# Get the response from the server
resp = self.__recvall(8)
if resp[0] != "\x00":
# Bad data
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if resp[1] != "\x5A":
# Server returned an error
self.close()
if ord(resp[1]) in (91,92,93):
self.close()
raise Socks4Error((ord(resp[1]), _socks4errors[ord(resp[1])-90]))
else:
raise Socks4Error((94,_socks4errors[4]))
# Get the bound address/port
self.__proxysockname = (socket.inet_ntoa(resp[4:]),struct.unpack(">H",bytes(resp[2:4],'utf8'))[0])
if rmtrslv != None:
self.__proxypeername = (socket.inet_ntoa(ipaddr),destport)
else:
self.__proxypeername = (destaddr, destport)
def __negotiatehttp(self, destaddr, destport):
"""__negotiatehttp(self,destaddr,destport)
Negotiates a connection through an HTTP server.
"""
# If we need to resolve locally, we do this now
if self.__proxy[3] == False:
addr = socket.gethostbyname(destaddr)
else:
addr = destaddr
self.sendall(("CONNECT %s:%s HTTP/1.1\r\n"
"Host: %s\r\n\r\n") % (addr, destport, destaddr))
# We read the response until we get the string "\r\n\r\n"
resp = self.recv(1)
while resp.find("\r\n\r\n") == -1:
resp = resp + self.recv(1)
# We just need the first line to check if the connection
# was successful
statusline = resp.splitlines()[0].split(" ", 2)
if statusline[0] not in ("HTTP/1.0", "HTTP/1.1"):
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
try:
statuscode = int(statusline[1])
except ValueError:
self.close()
raise GeneralProxyError((1, _generalerrors[1]))
if statuscode != 200:
self.close()
raise HTTPError((statuscode, statusline[2]))
self.__proxysockname = ("0.0.0.0", 0)
self.__proxypeername = (addr, destport)
def connect(self, destpair):
"""connect(self,despair)
Connects to the specified destination through a proxy.
destpar - A tuple of the IP/DNS address and the port number.
(identical to socket's connect).
To select the proxy server use setproxy().
"""
# Do a minimal input check first
# TODO(durin42): seriously? type checking? do we care?
if ((not isinstance(destpair, (list, tuple))) or len(destpair) < 2
or not isinstance(destpair[0], str) or not isinstance(destpair[1], int)):
raise GeneralProxyError((5, _generalerrors[5]))
if self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 1080
socket.socket.connect(self,(self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatesocks5(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 1080
socket.socket.connect(self, (self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatesocks4(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == PROXY_TYPE_HTTP:
if self.__proxy[2] != None:
portnum = self.__proxy[2]
else:
portnum = 8080
socket.socket.connect(self, (self.__proxy[1], portnum))
self.__negotiatehttp(destpair[0], destpair[1])
elif self.__proxy[0] == None:
socket.socket.connect(self, (destpair[0], destpair[1]))
else:
raise GeneralProxyError((4, _generalerrors[4]))
| Python |
"""
iri2uri
Converts an IRI to a URI.
"""
__author__ = "Joe Gregorio (joe@bitworking.org)"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2006, Joe Gregorio"
__contributors__ = []
__version__ = "1.0.0"
__license__ = "MIT"
__history__ = """
"""
import urlparse
# Convert an IRI to a URI following the rules in RFC 3987
#
# The characters we need to enocde and escape are defined in the spec:
#
# iprivate = %xE000-F8FF / %xF0000-FFFFD / %x100000-10FFFD
# ucschar = %xA0-D7FF / %xF900-FDCF / %xFDF0-FFEF
# / %x10000-1FFFD / %x20000-2FFFD / %x30000-3FFFD
# / %x40000-4FFFD / %x50000-5FFFD / %x60000-6FFFD
# / %x70000-7FFFD / %x80000-8FFFD / %x90000-9FFFD
# / %xA0000-AFFFD / %xB0000-BFFFD / %xC0000-CFFFD
# / %xD0000-DFFFD / %xE1000-EFFFD
escape_range = [
(0xA0, 0xD7FF ),
(0xE000, 0xF8FF ),
(0xF900, 0xFDCF ),
(0xFDF0, 0xFFEF),
(0x10000, 0x1FFFD ),
(0x20000, 0x2FFFD ),
(0x30000, 0x3FFFD),
(0x40000, 0x4FFFD ),
(0x50000, 0x5FFFD ),
(0x60000, 0x6FFFD),
(0x70000, 0x7FFFD ),
(0x80000, 0x8FFFD ),
(0x90000, 0x9FFFD),
(0xA0000, 0xAFFFD ),
(0xB0000, 0xBFFFD ),
(0xC0000, 0xCFFFD),
(0xD0000, 0xDFFFD ),
(0xE1000, 0xEFFFD),
(0xF0000, 0xFFFFD ),
(0x100000, 0x10FFFD)
]
def encode(c):
retval = c
i = ord(c)
for low, high in escape_range:
if i < low:
break
if i >= low and i <= high:
retval = "".join(["%%%2X" % ord(o) for o in c.encode('utf-8')])
break
return retval
def iri2uri(uri):
"""Convert an IRI to a URI. Note that IRIs must be
passed in a unicode strings. That is, do not utf-8 encode
the IRI before passing it into the function."""
if isinstance(uri ,unicode):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = urlparse.urlsplit(uri)
authority = authority.encode('idna')
# For each character in 'ucschar' or 'iprivate'
# 1. encode as utf-8
# 2. then %-encode each octet of that utf-8
uri = urlparse.urlunsplit((scheme, authority, path, query, fragment))
uri = "".join([encode(c) for c in uri])
return uri
if __name__ == "__main__":
import unittest
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_uris(self):
"""Test that URIs are invariant under the transformation."""
invariant = [
u"ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txt",
u"http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt",
u"ldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?one",
u"mailto:John.Doe@example.com",
u"news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix",
u"tel:+1-816-555-1212",
u"telnet://192.0.2.16:80/",
u"urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2" ]
for uri in invariant:
self.assertEqual(uri, iri2uri(uri))
def test_iri(self):
""" Test that the right type of escaping is done for each part of the URI."""
self.assertEqual("http://xn--o3h.com/%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://\N{COMET}.com/\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("http://bitworking.org/?fred=%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://bitworking.org/?fred=\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("http://bitworking.org/#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"http://bitworking.org/#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}"))
self.assertEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}")))
self.assertNotEqual("/fred?bar=%E2%98%9A#%E2%98%84", iri2uri(u"/fred?bar=\N{BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX}#\N{COMET}".encode('utf-8')))
unittest.main()
| Python |
from __future__ import generators
"""
httplib2
A caching http interface that supports ETags and gzip
to conserve bandwidth.
Requires Python 2.3 or later
Changelog:
2007-08-18, Rick: Modified so it's able to use a socks proxy if needed.
"""
__author__ = "Joe Gregorio (joe@bitworking.org)"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2006, Joe Gregorio"
__contributors__ = ["Thomas Broyer (t.broyer@ltgt.net)",
"James Antill",
"Xavier Verges Farrero",
"Jonathan Feinberg",
"Blair Zajac",
"Sam Ruby",
"Louis Nyffenegger"]
__license__ = "MIT"
__version__ = "$Rev$"
import re
import sys
import email
import email.Utils
import email.Message
import email.FeedParser
import StringIO
import gzip
import zlib
import httplib
import urlparse
import base64
import os
import copy
import calendar
import time
import random
import errno
# remove depracated warning in python2.6
try:
from hashlib import sha1 as _sha, md5 as _md5
except ImportError:
import sha
import md5
_sha = sha.new
_md5 = md5.new
import hmac
from gettext import gettext as _
import socket
try:
from httplib2 import socks
except ImportError:
socks = None
# Build the appropriate socket wrapper for ssl
try:
import ssl # python 2.6
_ssl_wrap_socket = ssl.wrap_socket
except (AttributeError, ImportError):
def _ssl_wrap_socket(sock, key_file, cert_file):
ssl_sock = socket.ssl(sock, key_file, cert_file)
return httplib.FakeSocket(sock, ssl_sock)
if sys.version_info >= (2,3):
from iri2uri import iri2uri
else:
def iri2uri(uri):
return uri
def has_timeout(timeout): # python 2.6
if hasattr(socket, '_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT'):
return (timeout is not None and timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
return (timeout is not None)
__all__ = ['Http', 'Response', 'ProxyInfo', 'HttpLib2Error',
'RedirectMissingLocation', 'RedirectLimit', 'FailedToDecompressContent',
'UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError', 'UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError',
'debuglevel', 'ProxiesUnavailableError']
# The httplib debug level, set to a non-zero value to get debug output
debuglevel = 0
# Python 2.3 support
if sys.version_info < (2,4):
def sorted(seq):
seq.sort()
return seq
# Python 2.3 support
def HTTPResponse__getheaders(self):
"""Return list of (header, value) tuples."""
if self.msg is None:
raise httplib.ResponseNotReady()
return self.msg.items()
if not hasattr(httplib.HTTPResponse, 'getheaders'):
httplib.HTTPResponse.getheaders = HTTPResponse__getheaders
# All exceptions raised here derive from HttpLib2Error
class HttpLib2Error(Exception): pass
# Some exceptions can be caught and optionally
# be turned back into responses.
class HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse(HttpLib2Error):
def __init__(self, desc, response, content):
self.response = response
self.content = content
HttpLib2Error.__init__(self, desc)
class RedirectMissingLocation(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class RedirectLimit(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class FailedToDecompressContent(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError(HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse): pass
class MalformedHeader(HttpLib2Error): pass
class RelativeURIError(HttpLib2Error): pass
class ServerNotFoundError(HttpLib2Error): pass
class ProxiesUnavailableError(HttpLib2Error): pass
# Open Items:
# -----------
# Proxy support
# Are we removing the cached content too soon on PUT (only delete on 200 Maybe?)
# Pluggable cache storage (supports storing the cache in
# flat files by default. We need a plug-in architecture
# that can support Berkeley DB and Squid)
# == Known Issues ==
# Does not handle a resource that uses conneg and Last-Modified but no ETag as a cache validator.
# Does not handle Cache-Control: max-stale
# Does not use Age: headers when calculating cache freshness.
# The number of redirections to follow before giving up.
# Note that only GET redirects are automatically followed.
# Will also honor 301 requests by saving that info and never
# requesting that URI again.
DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS = 5
# Which headers are hop-by-hop headers by default
HOP_BY_HOP = ['connection', 'keep-alive', 'proxy-authenticate', 'proxy-authorization', 'te', 'trailers', 'transfer-encoding', 'upgrade']
def _get_end2end_headers(response):
hopbyhop = list(HOP_BY_HOP)
hopbyhop.extend([x.strip() for x in response.get('connection', '').split(',')])
return [header for header in response.keys() if header not in hopbyhop]
URI = re.compile(r"^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?")
def parse_uri(uri):
"""Parses a URI using the regex given in Appendix B of RFC 3986.
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
"""
groups = URI.match(uri).groups()
return (groups[1], groups[3], groups[4], groups[6], groups[8])
def urlnorm(uri):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
if not scheme or not authority:
raise RelativeURIError("Only absolute URIs are allowed. uri = %s" % uri)
authority = authority.lower()
scheme = scheme.lower()
if not path:
path = "/"
# Could do syntax based normalization of the URI before
# computing the digest. See Section 6.2.2 of Std 66.
request_uri = query and "?".join([path, query]) or path
scheme = scheme.lower()
defrag_uri = scheme + "://" + authority + request_uri
return scheme, authority, request_uri, defrag_uri
# Cache filename construction (original borrowed from Venus http://intertwingly.net/code/venus/)
re_url_scheme = re.compile(r'^\w+://')
re_slash = re.compile(r'[?/:|]+')
def safename(filename):
"""Return a filename suitable for the cache.
Strips dangerous and common characters to create a filename we
can use to store the cache in.
"""
try:
if re_url_scheme.match(filename):
if isinstance(filename,str):
filename = filename.decode('utf-8')
filename = filename.encode('idna')
else:
filename = filename.encode('idna')
except UnicodeError:
pass
if isinstance(filename,unicode):
filename=filename.encode('utf-8')
filemd5 = _md5(filename).hexdigest()
filename = re_url_scheme.sub("", filename)
filename = re_slash.sub(",", filename)
# limit length of filename
if len(filename)>200:
filename=filename[:200]
return ",".join((filename, filemd5))
NORMALIZE_SPACE = re.compile(r'(?:\r\n)?[ \t]+')
def _normalize_headers(headers):
return dict([ (key.lower(), NORMALIZE_SPACE.sub(value, ' ').strip()) for (key, value) in headers.iteritems()])
def _parse_cache_control(headers):
retval = {}
if headers.has_key('cache-control'):
parts = headers['cache-control'].split(',')
parts_with_args = [tuple([x.strip().lower() for x in part.split("=", 1)]) for part in parts if -1 != part.find("=")]
parts_wo_args = [(name.strip().lower(), 1) for name in parts if -1 == name.find("=")]
retval = dict(parts_with_args + parts_wo_args)
return retval
# Whether to use a strict mode to parse WWW-Authenticate headers
# Might lead to bad results in case of ill-formed header value,
# so disabled by default, falling back to relaxed parsing.
# Set to true to turn on, usefull for testing servers.
USE_WWW_AUTH_STRICT_PARSING = 0
# In regex below:
# [^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+ matches a "token" as defined by HTTP
# "(?:[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?" matches a "quoted-string" as defined by HTTP, when LWS have already been replaced by a single space
# Actually, as an auth-param value can be either a token or a quoted-string, they are combined in a single pattern which matches both:
# \"?((?<=\")(?:[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+(?!\"))\"?
WWW_AUTH_STRICT = re.compile(r"^(?:\s*(?:,\s*)?([^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+)\s*=\s*\"?((?<=\")(?:[^\0-\x08\x0A-\x1f\x7f-\xff\\\"]|\\[\0-\x7f])*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^\0-\x1f\x7f-\xff()<>@,;:\\\"/[\]?={} \t]+(?!\"))\"?)(.*)$")
WWW_AUTH_RELAXED = re.compile(r"^(?:\s*(?:,\s*)?([^ \t\r\n=]+)\s*=\s*\"?((?<=\")(?:[^\\\"]|\\.)*?(?=\")|(?<!\")[^ \t\r\n,]+(?!\"))\"?)(.*)$")
UNQUOTE_PAIRS = re.compile(r'\\(.)')
def _parse_www_authenticate(headers, headername='www-authenticate'):
"""Returns a dictionary of dictionaries, one dict
per auth_scheme."""
retval = {}
if headers.has_key(headername):
try:
authenticate = headers[headername].strip()
www_auth = USE_WWW_AUTH_STRICT_PARSING and WWW_AUTH_STRICT or WWW_AUTH_RELAXED
while authenticate:
# Break off the scheme at the beginning of the line
if headername == 'authentication-info':
(auth_scheme, the_rest) = ('digest', authenticate)
else:
(auth_scheme, the_rest) = authenticate.split(" ", 1)
# Now loop over all the key value pairs that come after the scheme,
# being careful not to roll into the next scheme
match = www_auth.search(the_rest)
auth_params = {}
while match:
if match and len(match.groups()) == 3:
(key, value, the_rest) = match.groups()
auth_params[key.lower()] = UNQUOTE_PAIRS.sub(r'\1', value) # '\\'.join([x.replace('\\', '') for x in value.split('\\\\')])
match = www_auth.search(the_rest)
retval[auth_scheme.lower()] = auth_params
authenticate = the_rest.strip()
except ValueError:
raise MalformedHeader("WWW-Authenticate")
return retval
def _entry_disposition(response_headers, request_headers):
"""Determine freshness from the Date, Expires and Cache-Control headers.
We don't handle the following:
1. Cache-Control: max-stale
2. Age: headers are not used in the calculations.
Not that this algorithm is simpler than you might think
because we are operating as a private (non-shared) cache.
This lets us ignore 's-maxage'. We can also ignore
'proxy-invalidate' since we aren't a proxy.
We will never return a stale document as
fresh as a design decision, and thus the non-implementation
of 'max-stale'. This also lets us safely ignore 'must-revalidate'
since we operate as if every server has sent 'must-revalidate'.
Since we are private we get to ignore both 'public' and
'private' parameters. We also ignore 'no-transform' since
we don't do any transformations.
The 'no-store' parameter is handled at a higher level.
So the only Cache-Control parameters we look at are:
no-cache
only-if-cached
max-age
min-fresh
"""
retval = "STALE"
cc = _parse_cache_control(request_headers)
cc_response = _parse_cache_control(response_headers)
if request_headers.has_key('pragma') and request_headers['pragma'].lower().find('no-cache') != -1:
retval = "TRANSPARENT"
if 'cache-control' not in request_headers:
request_headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
elif cc.has_key('no-cache'):
retval = "TRANSPARENT"
elif cc_response.has_key('no-cache'):
retval = "STALE"
elif cc.has_key('only-if-cached'):
retval = "FRESH"
elif response_headers.has_key('date'):
date = calendar.timegm(email.Utils.parsedate_tz(response_headers['date']))
now = time.time()
current_age = max(0, now - date)
if cc_response.has_key('max-age'):
try:
freshness_lifetime = int(cc_response['max-age'])
except ValueError:
freshness_lifetime = 0
elif response_headers.has_key('expires'):
expires = email.Utils.parsedate_tz(response_headers['expires'])
if None == expires:
freshness_lifetime = 0
else:
freshness_lifetime = max(0, calendar.timegm(expires) - date)
else:
freshness_lifetime = 0
if cc.has_key('max-age'):
try:
freshness_lifetime = int(cc['max-age'])
except ValueError:
freshness_lifetime = 0
if cc.has_key('min-fresh'):
try:
min_fresh = int(cc['min-fresh'])
except ValueError:
min_fresh = 0
current_age += min_fresh
if freshness_lifetime > current_age:
retval = "FRESH"
return retval
def _decompressContent(response, new_content):
content = new_content
try:
encoding = response.get('content-encoding', None)
if encoding in ['gzip', 'deflate']:
if encoding == 'gzip':
content = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=StringIO.StringIO(new_content)).read()
if encoding == 'deflate':
content = zlib.decompress(content)
response['content-length'] = str(len(content))
# Record the historical presence of the encoding in a way the won't interfere.
response['-content-encoding'] = response['content-encoding']
del response['content-encoding']
except IOError:
content = ""
raise FailedToDecompressContent(_("Content purported to be compressed with %s but failed to decompress.") % response.get('content-encoding'), response, content)
return content
def _updateCache(request_headers, response_headers, content, cache, cachekey):
if cachekey:
cc = _parse_cache_control(request_headers)
cc_response = _parse_cache_control(response_headers)
if cc.has_key('no-store') or cc_response.has_key('no-store'):
cache.delete(cachekey)
else:
info = email.Message.Message()
for key, value in response_headers.iteritems():
if key not in ['status','content-encoding','transfer-encoding']:
info[key] = value
# Add annotations to the cache to indicate what headers
# are variant for this request.
vary = response_headers.get('vary', None)
if vary:
vary_headers = vary.lower().replace(' ', '').split(',')
for header in vary_headers:
key = '-varied-%s' % header
try:
info[key] = request_headers[header]
except KeyError:
pass
status = response_headers.status
if status == 304:
status = 200
status_header = 'status: %d\r\n' % status
header_str = info.as_string()
header_str = re.sub("\r(?!\n)|(?<!\r)\n", "\r\n", header_str)
text = "".join([status_header, header_str, content])
cache.set(cachekey, text)
def _cnonce():
dig = _md5("%s:%s" % (time.ctime(), ["0123456789"[random.randrange(0, 9)] for i in range(20)])).hexdigest()
return dig[:16]
def _wsse_username_token(cnonce, iso_now, password):
return base64.b64encode(_sha("%s%s%s" % (cnonce, iso_now, password)).digest()).strip()
# For credentials we need two things, first
# a pool of credential to try (not necesarily tied to BAsic, Digest, etc.)
# Then we also need a list of URIs that have already demanded authentication
# That list is tricky since sub-URIs can take the same auth, or the
# auth scheme may change as you descend the tree.
# So we also need each Auth instance to be able to tell us
# how close to the 'top' it is.
class Authentication(object):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
self.path = path
self.host = host
self.credentials = credentials
self.http = http
def depth(self, request_uri):
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
return request_uri[len(self.path):].count("/")
def inscope(self, host, request_uri):
# XXX Should we normalize the request_uri?
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(request_uri)
return (host == self.host) and path.startswith(self.path)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header. Over-rise this in sub-classes."""
pass
def response(self, response, content):
"""Gives us a chance to update with new nonces
or such returned from the last authorized response.
Over-rise this in sub-classes if necessary.
Return TRUE is the request is to be retried, for
example Digest may return stale=true.
"""
return False
class BasicAuthentication(Authentication):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + base64.b64encode("%s:%s" % self.credentials).strip()
class DigestAuthentication(Authentication):
"""Only do qop='auth' and MD5, since that
is all Apache currently implements"""
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
self.challenge = challenge['digest']
qop = self.challenge.get('qop', 'auth')
self.challenge['qop'] = ('auth' in [x.strip() for x in qop.split()]) and 'auth' or None
if self.challenge['qop'] is None:
raise UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for qop: %s." % qop))
self.challenge['algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('algorithm', 'MD5').upper()
if self.challenge['algorithm'] != 'MD5':
raise UnimplementedDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['algorithm']))
self.A1 = "".join([self.credentials[0], ":", self.challenge['realm'], ":", self.credentials[1]])
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content, cnonce = None):
"""Modify the request headers"""
H = lambda x: _md5(x).hexdigest()
KD = lambda s, d: H("%s:%s" % (s, d))
A2 = "".join([method, ":", request_uri])
self.challenge['cnonce'] = cnonce or _cnonce()
request_digest = '"%s"' % KD(H(self.A1), "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (self.challenge['nonce'],
'%08x' % self.challenge['nc'],
self.challenge['cnonce'],
self.challenge['qop'], H(A2)
))
headers['Authorization'] = 'Digest username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", algorithm=%s, response=%s, qop=%s, nc=%08x, cnonce="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
self.challenge['realm'],
self.challenge['nonce'],
request_uri,
self.challenge['algorithm'],
request_digest,
self.challenge['qop'],
self.challenge['nc'],
self.challenge['cnonce'],
)
self.challenge['nc'] += 1
def response(self, response, content):
if not response.has_key('authentication-info'):
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate').get('digest', {})
if 'true' == challenge.get('stale'):
self.challenge['nonce'] = challenge['nonce']
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
return True
else:
updated_challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'authentication-info').get('digest', {})
if updated_challenge.has_key('nextnonce'):
self.challenge['nonce'] = updated_challenge['nextnonce']
self.challenge['nc'] = 1
return False
class HmacDigestAuthentication(Authentication):
"""Adapted from Robert Sayre's code and DigestAuthentication above."""
__author__ = "Thomas Broyer (t.broyer@ltgt.net)"
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
self.challenge = challenge['hmacdigest']
# TODO: self.challenge['domain']
self.challenge['reason'] = self.challenge.get('reason', 'unauthorized')
if self.challenge['reason'] not in ['unauthorized', 'integrity']:
self.challenge['reason'] = 'unauthorized'
self.challenge['salt'] = self.challenge.get('salt', '')
if not self.challenge.get('snonce'):
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("The challenge doesn't contain a server nonce, or this one is empty."))
self.challenge['algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('algorithm', 'HMAC-SHA-1')
if self.challenge['algorithm'] not in ['HMAC-SHA-1', 'HMAC-MD5']:
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['algorithm']))
self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] = self.challenge.get('pw-algorithm', 'SHA-1')
if self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] not in ['SHA-1', 'MD5']:
raise UnimplementedHmacDigestAuthOptionError( _("Unsupported value for pw-algorithm: %s." % self.challenge['pw-algorithm']))
if self.challenge['algorithm'] == 'HMAC-MD5':
self.hashmod = _md5
else:
self.hashmod = _sha
if self.challenge['pw-algorithm'] == 'MD5':
self.pwhashmod = _md5
else:
self.pwhashmod = _sha
self.key = "".join([self.credentials[0], ":",
self.pwhashmod.new("".join([self.credentials[1], self.challenge['salt']])).hexdigest().lower(),
":", self.challenge['realm']
])
self.key = self.pwhashmod.new(self.key).hexdigest().lower()
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers"""
keys = _get_end2end_headers(headers)
keylist = "".join(["%s " % k for k in keys])
headers_val = "".join([headers[k] for k in keys])
created = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ',time.gmtime())
cnonce = _cnonce()
request_digest = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (method, request_uri, cnonce, self.challenge['snonce'], headers_val)
request_digest = hmac.new(self.key, request_digest, self.hashmod).hexdigest().lower()
headers['Authorization'] = 'HMACDigest username="%s", realm="%s", snonce="%s", cnonce="%s", uri="%s", created="%s", response="%s", headers="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
self.challenge['realm'],
self.challenge['snonce'],
cnonce,
request_uri,
created,
request_digest,
keylist,
)
def response(self, response, content):
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate').get('hmacdigest', {})
if challenge.get('reason') in ['integrity', 'stale']:
return True
return False
class WsseAuthentication(Authentication):
"""This is thinly tested and should not be relied upon.
At this time there isn't any third party server to test against.
Blogger and TypePad implemented this algorithm at one point
but Blogger has since switched to Basic over HTTPS and
TypePad has implemented it wrong, by never issuing a 401
challenge but instead requiring your client to telepathically know that
their endpoint is expecting WSSE profile="UsernameToken"."""
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['Authorization'] = 'WSSE profile="UsernameToken"'
iso_now = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", time.gmtime())
cnonce = _cnonce()
password_digest = _wsse_username_token(cnonce, iso_now, self.credentials[1])
headers['X-WSSE'] = 'UsernameToken Username="%s", PasswordDigest="%s", Nonce="%s", Created="%s"' % (
self.credentials[0],
password_digest,
cnonce,
iso_now)
class GoogleLoginAuthentication(Authentication):
def __init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http):
from urllib import urlencode
Authentication.__init__(self, credentials, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, http)
challenge = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
service = challenge['googlelogin'].get('service', 'xapi')
# Bloggger actually returns the service in the challenge
# For the rest we guess based on the URI
if service == 'xapi' and request_uri.find("calendar") > 0:
service = "cl"
# No point in guessing Base or Spreadsheet
#elif request_uri.find("spreadsheets") > 0:
# service = "wise"
auth = dict(Email=credentials[0], Passwd=credentials[1], service=service, source=headers['user-agent'])
resp, content = self.http.request("https://www.google.com/accounts/ClientLogin", method="POST", body=urlencode(auth), headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'})
lines = content.split('\n')
d = dict([tuple(line.split("=", 1)) for line in lines if line])
if resp.status == 403:
self.Auth = ""
else:
self.Auth = d['Auth']
def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content):
"""Modify the request headers to add the appropriate
Authorization header."""
headers['authorization'] = 'GoogleLogin Auth=' + self.Auth
AUTH_SCHEME_CLASSES = {
"basic": BasicAuthentication,
"wsse": WsseAuthentication,
"digest": DigestAuthentication,
"hmacdigest": HmacDigestAuthentication,
"googlelogin": GoogleLoginAuthentication
}
AUTH_SCHEME_ORDER = ["hmacdigest", "googlelogin", "digest", "wsse", "basic"]
class FileCache(object):
"""Uses a local directory as a store for cached files.
Not really safe to use if multiple threads or processes are going to
be running on the same cache.
"""
def __init__(self, cache, safe=safename): # use safe=lambda x: md5.new(x).hexdigest() for the old behavior
self.cache = cache
self.safe = safe
if not os.path.exists(cache):
os.makedirs(self.cache)
def get(self, key):
retval = None
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
try:
f = file(cacheFullPath, "rb")
retval = f.read()
f.close()
except IOError:
pass
return retval
def set(self, key, value):
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
f = file(cacheFullPath, "wb")
f.write(value)
f.close()
def delete(self, key):
cacheFullPath = os.path.join(self.cache, self.safe(key))
if os.path.exists(cacheFullPath):
os.remove(cacheFullPath)
class Credentials(object):
def __init__(self):
self.credentials = []
def add(self, name, password, domain=""):
self.credentials.append((domain.lower(), name, password))
def clear(self):
self.credentials = []
def iter(self, domain):
for (cdomain, name, password) in self.credentials:
if cdomain == "" or domain == cdomain:
yield (name, password)
class KeyCerts(Credentials):
"""Identical to Credentials except that
name/password are mapped to key/cert."""
pass
class ProxyInfo(object):
"""Collect information required to use a proxy."""
def __init__(self, proxy_type, proxy_host, proxy_port, proxy_rdns=None, proxy_user=None, proxy_pass=None):
"""The parameter proxy_type must be set to one of socks.PROXY_TYPE_XXX
constants. For example:
p = ProxyInfo(proxy_type=socks.PROXY_TYPE_HTTP, proxy_host='localhost', proxy_port=8000)
"""
self.proxy_type, self.proxy_host, self.proxy_port, self.proxy_rdns, self.proxy_user, self.proxy_pass = proxy_type, proxy_host, proxy_port, proxy_rdns, proxy_user, proxy_pass
def astuple(self):
return (self.proxy_type, self.proxy_host, self.proxy_port, self.proxy_rdns,
self.proxy_user, self.proxy_pass)
def isgood(self):
return (self.proxy_host != None) and (self.proxy_port != None)
class HTTPConnectionWithTimeout(httplib.HTTPConnection):
"""
HTTPConnection subclass that supports timeouts
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout then
Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See for example
the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
httplib.HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict)
self.timeout = timeout
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
def connect(self):
"""Connect to the host and port specified in __init__."""
# Mostly verbatim from httplib.py.
if self.proxy_info and socks is None:
raise ProxiesUnavailableError(
'Proxy support missing but proxy use was requested!')
msg = "getaddrinfo returns an empty list"
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(self.host, self.port, 0,
socket.SOCK_STREAM):
af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
try:
if self.proxy_info and self.proxy_info.isgood():
self.sock = socks.socksocket(af, socktype, proto)
self.sock.setproxy(*self.proxy_info.astuple())
else:
self.sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
self.sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
# Different from httplib: support timeouts.
if has_timeout(self.timeout):
self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
# End of difference from httplib.
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print "connect: (%s, %s)" % (self.host, self.port)
self.sock.connect(sa)
except socket.error, msg:
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print 'connect fail:', (self.host, self.port)
if self.sock:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
continue
break
if not self.sock:
raise socket.error, msg
class HTTPSConnectionWithTimeout(httplib.HTTPSConnection):
"""
This class allows communication via SSL.
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout then
Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See for example
the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
strict=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
httplib.HTTPSConnection.__init__(self, host, port=port, key_file=key_file,
cert_file=cert_file, strict=strict)
self.timeout = timeout
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
def connect(self):
"Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
msg = "getaddrinfo returns an empty list"
for family, socktype, proto, canonname, sockaddr in socket.getaddrinfo(
self.host, self.port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
try:
if self.proxy_info and self.proxy_info.isgood():
sock = socks.socksocket(family, socktype, proto)
sock.setproxy(*self.proxy_info.astuple())
else:
sock = socket.socket(family, socktype, proto)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
if has_timeout(self.timeout):
sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
sock.connect((self.host, self.port))
self.sock =_ssl_wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file)
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print "connect: (%s, %s)" % (self.host, self.port)
except socket.error, msg:
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print 'connect fail:', (self.host, self.port)
if self.sock:
self.sock.close()
self.sock = None
continue
break
if not self.sock:
raise socket.error, msg
class Http(object):
"""An HTTP client that handles:
- all methods
- caching
- ETags
- compression,
- HTTPS
- Basic
- Digest
- WSSE
and more.
"""
def __init__(self, cache=None, timeout=None, proxy_info=None):
"""
The value of proxy_info is a ProxyInfo instance.
If 'cache' is a string then it is used as a directory name for
a disk cache. Otherwise it must be an object that supports the
same interface as FileCache.
All timeouts are in seconds. If None is passed for timeout
then Python's default timeout for sockets will be used. See
for example the docs of socket.setdefaulttimeout():
http://docs.python.org/library/socket.html#socket.setdefaulttimeout
"""
self.proxy_info = proxy_info
# Map domain name to an httplib connection
self.connections = {}
# The location of the cache, for now a directory
# where cached responses are held.
if cache and isinstance(cache, str):
self.cache = FileCache(cache)
else:
self.cache = cache
# Name/password
self.credentials = Credentials()
# Key/cert
self.certificates = KeyCerts()
# authorization objects
self.authorizations = []
# If set to False then no redirects are followed, even safe ones.
self.follow_redirects = True
# Which HTTP methods do we apply optimistic concurrency to, i.e.
# which methods get an "if-match:" etag header added to them.
self.optimistic_concurrency_methods = ["PUT"]
# If 'follow_redirects' is True, and this is set to True then
# all redirecs are followed, including unsafe ones.
self.follow_all_redirects = False
self.ignore_etag = False
self.force_exception_to_status_code = False
self.timeout = timeout
def _auth_from_challenge(self, host, request_uri, headers, response, content):
"""A generator that creates Authorization objects
that can be applied to requests.
"""
challenges = _parse_www_authenticate(response, 'www-authenticate')
for cred in self.credentials.iter(host):
for scheme in AUTH_SCHEME_ORDER:
if challenges.has_key(scheme):
yield AUTH_SCHEME_CLASSES[scheme](cred, host, request_uri, headers, response, content, self)
def add_credentials(self, name, password, domain=""):
"""Add a name and password that will be used
any time a request requires authentication."""
self.credentials.add(name, password, domain)
def add_certificate(self, key, cert, domain):
"""Add a key and cert that will be used
any time a request requires authentication."""
self.certificates.add(key, cert, domain)
def clear_credentials(self):
"""Remove all the names and passwords
that are used for authentication"""
self.credentials.clear()
self.authorizations = []
def _conn_request(self, conn, request_uri, method, body, headers):
for i in range(2):
try:
conn.request(method, request_uri, body, headers)
except socket.timeout:
raise
except socket.gaierror:
conn.close()
raise ServerNotFoundError("Unable to find the server at %s" % conn.host)
except socket.error, e:
err = 0
if hasattr(e, 'args'):
err = getattr(e, 'args')[0]
else:
err = e.errno
if err == errno.ECONNREFUSED: # Connection refused
raise
except httplib.HTTPException:
# Just because the server closed the connection doesn't apparently mean
# that the server didn't send a response.
if conn.sock is None:
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
else:
conn.close()
raise
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
pass
try:
response = conn.getresponse()
except (socket.error, httplib.HTTPException):
if i == 0:
conn.close()
conn.connect()
continue
else:
raise
else:
content = ""
if method == "HEAD":
response.close()
else:
content = response.read()
response = Response(response)
if method != "HEAD":
content = _decompressContent(response, content)
break
return (response, content)
def _request(self, conn, host, absolute_uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey):
"""Do the actual request using the connection object
and also follow one level of redirects if necessary"""
auths = [(auth.depth(request_uri), auth) for auth in self.authorizations if auth.inscope(host, request_uri)]
auth = auths and sorted(auths)[0][1] or None
if auth:
auth.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers)
if auth:
if auth.response(response, body):
auth.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers )
response._stale_digest = 1
if response.status == 401:
for authorization in self._auth_from_challenge(host, request_uri, headers, response, content):
authorization.request(method, request_uri, headers, body)
(response, content) = self._conn_request(conn, request_uri, method, body, headers, )
if response.status != 401:
self.authorizations.append(authorization)
authorization.response(response, body)
break
if (self.follow_all_redirects or (method in ["GET", "HEAD"]) or response.status == 303):
if self.follow_redirects and response.status in [300, 301, 302, 303, 307]:
# Pick out the location header and basically start from the beginning
# remembering first to strip the ETag header and decrement our 'depth'
if redirections:
if not response.has_key('location') and response.status != 300:
raise RedirectMissingLocation( _("Redirected but the response is missing a Location: header."), response, content)
# Fix-up relative redirects (which violate an RFC 2616 MUST)
if response.has_key('location'):
location = response['location']
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(location)
if authority == None:
response['location'] = urlparse.urljoin(absolute_uri, location)
if response.status == 301 and method in ["GET", "HEAD"]:
response['-x-permanent-redirect-url'] = response['location']
if not response.has_key('content-location'):
response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
_updateCache(headers, response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
if headers.has_key('if-none-match'):
del headers['if-none-match']
if headers.has_key('if-modified-since'):
del headers['if-modified-since']
if response.has_key('location'):
location = response['location']
old_response = copy.deepcopy(response)
if not old_response.has_key('content-location'):
old_response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
redirect_method = method
if response.status == 303:
redirect_method = "GET"
(response, content) = self.request(location, redirect_method, body=body, headers = headers, redirections = redirections - 1)
response.previous = old_response
else:
raise RedirectLimit("Redirected more times than rediection_limit allows.", response, content)
elif response.status in [200, 203] and method == "GET":
# Don't cache 206's since we aren't going to handle byte range requests
if not response.has_key('content-location'):
response['content-location'] = absolute_uri
_updateCache(headers, response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
return (response, content)
def _normalize_headers(self, headers):
return _normalize_headers(headers)
# Need to catch and rebrand some exceptions
# Then need to optionally turn all exceptions into status codes
# including all socket.* and httplib.* exceptions.
def request(self, uri, method="GET", body=None, headers=None, redirections=DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS, connection_type=None):
""" Performs a single HTTP request.
The 'uri' is the URI of the HTTP resource and can begin
with either 'http' or 'https'. The value of 'uri' must be an absolute URI.
The 'method' is the HTTP method to perform, such as GET, POST, DELETE, etc.
There is no restriction on the methods allowed.
The 'body' is the entity body to be sent with the request. It is a string
object.
Any extra headers that are to be sent with the request should be provided in the
'headers' dictionary.
The maximum number of redirect to follow before raising an
exception is 'redirections. The default is 5.
The return value is a tuple of (response, content), the first
being and instance of the 'Response' class, the second being
a string that contains the response entity body.
"""
try:
if headers is None:
headers = {}
else:
headers = self._normalize_headers(headers)
if not headers.has_key('user-agent'):
headers['user-agent'] = "Python-httplib2/%s" % __version__
uri = iri2uri(uri)
(scheme, authority, request_uri, defrag_uri) = urlnorm(uri)
domain_port = authority.split(":")[0:2]
if len(domain_port) == 2 and domain_port[1] == '443' and scheme == 'http':
scheme = 'https'
authority = domain_port[0]
conn_key = scheme+":"+authority
if conn_key in self.connections:
conn = self.connections[conn_key]
else:
if not connection_type:
connection_type = (scheme == 'https') and HTTPSConnectionWithTimeout or HTTPConnectionWithTimeout
certs = list(self.certificates.iter(authority))
if scheme == 'https' and certs:
conn = self.connections[conn_key] = connection_type(authority, key_file=certs[0][0],
cert_file=certs[0][1], timeout=self.timeout, proxy_info=self.proxy_info)
else:
conn = self.connections[conn_key] = connection_type(authority, timeout=self.timeout, proxy_info=self.proxy_info)
conn.set_debuglevel(debuglevel)
if 'range' not in headers and 'accept-encoding' not in headers:
headers['accept-encoding'] = 'gzip, deflate'
info = email.Message.Message()
cached_value = None
if self.cache:
cachekey = defrag_uri
cached_value = self.cache.get(cachekey)
if cached_value:
# info = email.message_from_string(cached_value)
#
# Need to replace the line above with the kludge below
# to fix the non-existent bug not fixed in this
# bug report: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-bugs-list/2005-September/030289.html
try:
info, content = cached_value.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
feedparser = email.FeedParser.FeedParser()
feedparser.feed(info)
info = feedparser.close()
feedparser._parse = None
except IndexError:
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
cachekey = None
cached_value = None
else:
cachekey = None
if method in self.optimistic_concurrency_methods and self.cache and info.has_key('etag') and not self.ignore_etag and 'if-match' not in headers:
# http://www.w3.org/1999/04/Editing/
headers['if-match'] = info['etag']
if method not in ["GET", "HEAD"] and self.cache and cachekey:
# RFC 2616 Section 13.10
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
# Check the vary header in the cache to see if this request
# matches what varies in the cache.
if method in ['GET', 'HEAD'] and 'vary' in info:
vary = info['vary']
vary_headers = vary.lower().replace(' ', '').split(',')
for header in vary_headers:
key = '-varied-%s' % header
value = info[key]
if headers.get(header, None) != value:
cached_value = None
break
if cached_value and method in ["GET", "HEAD"] and self.cache and 'range' not in headers:
if info.has_key('-x-permanent-redirect-url'):
# Should cached permanent redirects be counted in our redirection count? For now, yes.
if redirections <= 0:
raise RedirectLimit("Redirected more times than rediection_limit allows.", {}, "")
(response, new_content) = self.request(info['-x-permanent-redirect-url'], "GET", headers = headers, redirections = redirections - 1)
response.previous = Response(info)
response.previous.fromcache = True
else:
# Determine our course of action:
# Is the cached entry fresh or stale?
# Has the client requested a non-cached response?
#
# There seems to be three possible answers:
# 1. [FRESH] Return the cache entry w/o doing a GET
# 2. [STALE] Do the GET (but add in cache validators if available)
# 3. [TRANSPARENT] Do a GET w/o any cache validators (Cache-Control: no-cache) on the request
entry_disposition = _entry_disposition(info, headers)
if entry_disposition == "FRESH":
if not cached_value:
info['status'] = '504'
content = ""
response = Response(info)
if cached_value:
response.fromcache = True
return (response, content)
if entry_disposition == "STALE":
if info.has_key('etag') and not self.ignore_etag and not 'if-none-match' in headers:
headers['if-none-match'] = info['etag']
if info.has_key('last-modified') and not 'last-modified' in headers:
headers['if-modified-since'] = info['last-modified']
elif entry_disposition == "TRANSPARENT":
pass
(response, new_content) = self._request(conn, authority, uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey)
if response.status == 304 and method == "GET":
# Rewrite the cache entry with the new end-to-end headers
# Take all headers that are in response
# and overwrite their values in info.
# unless they are hop-by-hop, or are listed in the connection header.
for key in _get_end2end_headers(response):
info[key] = response[key]
merged_response = Response(info)
if hasattr(response, "_stale_digest"):
merged_response._stale_digest = response._stale_digest
_updateCache(headers, merged_response, content, self.cache, cachekey)
response = merged_response
response.status = 200
response.fromcache = True
elif response.status == 200:
content = new_content
else:
self.cache.delete(cachekey)
content = new_content
else:
cc = _parse_cache_control(headers)
if cc.has_key('only-if-cached'):
info['status'] = '504'
response = Response(info)
content = ""
else:
(response, content) = self._request(conn, authority, uri, request_uri, method, body, headers, redirections, cachekey)
except Exception, e:
if self.force_exception_to_status_code:
if isinstance(e, HttpLib2ErrorWithResponse):
response = e.response
content = e.content
response.status = 500
response.reason = str(e)
elif isinstance(e, socket.timeout):
content = "Request Timeout"
response = Response( {
"content-type": "text/plain",
"status": "408",
"content-length": len(content)
})
response.reason = "Request Timeout"
else:
content = str(e)
response = Response( {
"content-type": "text/plain",
"status": "400",
"content-length": len(content)
})
response.reason = "Bad Request"
else:
raise
return (response, content)
class Response(dict):
"""An object more like email.Message than httplib.HTTPResponse."""
"""Is this response from our local cache"""
fromcache = False
"""HTTP protocol version used by server. 10 for HTTP/1.0, 11 for HTTP/1.1. """
version = 11
"Status code returned by server. "
status = 200
"""Reason phrase returned by server."""
reason = "Ok"
previous = None
def __init__(self, info):
# info is either an email.Message or
# an httplib.HTTPResponse object.
if isinstance(info, httplib.HTTPResponse):
for key, value in info.getheaders():
self[key.lower()] = value
self.status = info.status
self['status'] = str(self.status)
self.reason = info.reason
self.version = info.version
elif isinstance(info, email.Message.Message):
for key, value in info.items():
self[key] = value
self.status = int(self['status'])
else:
for key, value in info.iteritems():
self[key] = value
self.status = int(self.get('status', self.status))
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == 'dict':
return self
else:
raise AttributeError, name
| Python |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright (c) 2007, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# ---
# Author: Chad Lester
# Design and style contributions by:
# Amit Patel, Bogdan Cocosel, Daniel Dulitz, Eric Tiedemann,
# Eric Veach, Laurence Gonsalves, Matthew Springer
# Code reorganized a bit by Craig Silverstein
"""This module is used to define and parse command line flags.
This module defines a *distributed* flag-definition policy: rather than
an application having to define all flags in or near main(), each python
module defines flags that are useful to it. When one python module
imports another, it gains access to the other's flags. (This is
implemented by having all modules share a common, global registry object
containing all the flag information.)
Flags are defined through the use of one of the DEFINE_xxx functions.
The specific function used determines how the flag is parsed, checked,
and optionally type-converted, when it's seen on the command line.
IMPLEMENTATION: DEFINE_* creates a 'Flag' object and registers it with a
'FlagValues' object (typically the global FlagValues FLAGS, defined
here). The 'FlagValues' object can scan the command line arguments and
pass flag arguments to the corresponding 'Flag' objects for
value-checking and type conversion. The converted flag values are
available as attributes of the 'FlagValues' object.
Code can access the flag through a FlagValues object, for instance
gflags.FLAGS.myflag. Typically, the __main__ module passes the
command line arguments to gflags.FLAGS for parsing.
At bottom, this module calls getopt(), so getopt functionality is
supported, including short- and long-style flags, and the use of -- to
terminate flags.
Methods defined by the flag module will throw 'FlagsError' exceptions.
The exception argument will be a human-readable string.
FLAG TYPES: This is a list of the DEFINE_*'s that you can do. All flags
take a name, default value, help-string, and optional 'short' name
(one-letter name). Some flags have other arguments, which are described
with the flag.
DEFINE_string: takes any input, and interprets it as a string.
DEFINE_bool or
DEFINE_boolean: typically does not take an argument: say --myflag to
set FLAGS.myflag to true, or --nomyflag to set
FLAGS.myflag to false. Alternately, you can say
--myflag=true or --myflag=t or --myflag=1 or
--myflag=false or --myflag=f or --myflag=0
DEFINE_float: takes an input and interprets it as a floating point
number. Takes optional args lower_bound and upper_bound;
if the number specified on the command line is out of
range, it will raise a FlagError.
DEFINE_integer: takes an input and interprets it as an integer. Takes
optional args lower_bound and upper_bound as for floats.
DEFINE_enum: takes a list of strings which represents legal values. If
the command-line value is not in this list, raise a flag
error. Otherwise, assign to FLAGS.flag as a string.
DEFINE_list: Takes a comma-separated list of strings on the commandline.
Stores them in a python list object.
DEFINE_spaceseplist: Takes a space-separated list of strings on the
commandline. Stores them in a python list object.
Example: --myspacesepflag "foo bar baz"
DEFINE_multistring: The same as DEFINE_string, except the flag can be
specified more than once on the commandline. The
result is a python list object (list of strings),
even if the flag is only on the command line once.
DEFINE_multi_int: The same as DEFINE_integer, except the flag can be
specified more than once on the commandline. The
result is a python list object (list of ints), even if
the flag is only on the command line once.
SPECIAL FLAGS: There are a few flags that have special meaning:
--help prints a list of all the flags in a human-readable fashion
--helpshort prints a list of all key flags (see below).
--helpxml prints a list of all flags, in XML format. DO NOT parse
the output of --help and --helpshort. Instead, parse
the output of --helpxml. For more info, see
"OUTPUT FOR --helpxml" below.
--flagfile=foo read flags from file foo.
--undefok=f1,f2 ignore unrecognized option errors for f1,f2.
For boolean flags, you should use --undefok=boolflag, and
--boolflag and --noboolflag will be accepted. Do not use
--undefok=noboolflag.
-- as in getopt(), terminates flag-processing
FLAGS VALIDATORS: If your program:
- requires flag X to be specified
- needs flag Y to match a regular expression
- or requires any more general constraint to be satisfied
then validators are for you!
Each validator represents a constraint over one flag, which is enforced
starting from the initial parsing of the flags and until the program
terminates.
Also, lower_bound and upper_bound for numerical flags are enforced using flag
validators.
Howto:
If you want to enforce a constraint over one flag, use
flags.RegisterValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message='Flag validation failed',
flag_values=FLAGS)
After flag values are initially parsed, and after any change to the specified
flag, method checker(flag_value) will be executed. If constraint is not
satisfied, an IllegalFlagValue exception will be raised. See
RegisterValidator's docstring for a detailed explanation on how to construct
your own checker.
EXAMPLE USAGE:
FLAGS = flags.FLAGS
flags.DEFINE_integer('my_version', 0, 'Version number.')
flags.DEFINE_string('filename', None, 'Input file name', short_name='f')
flags.RegisterValidator('my_version',
lambda value: value % 2 == 0,
message='--my_version must be divisible by 2')
flags.MarkFlagAsRequired('filename')
NOTE ON --flagfile:
Flags may be loaded from text files in addition to being specified on
the commandline.
Any flags you don't feel like typing, throw them in a file, one flag per
line, for instance:
--myflag=myvalue
--nomyboolean_flag
You then specify your file with the special flag '--flagfile=somefile'.
You CAN recursively nest flagfile= tokens OR use multiple files on the
command line. Lines beginning with a single hash '#' or a double slash
'//' are comments in your flagfile.
Any flagfile=<file> will be interpreted as having a relative path from
the current working directory rather than from the place the file was
included from:
myPythonScript.py --flagfile=config/somefile.cfg
If somefile.cfg includes further --flagfile= directives, these will be
referenced relative to the original CWD, not from the directory the
including flagfile was found in!
The caveat applies to people who are including a series of nested files
in a different dir than they are executing out of. Relative path names
are always from CWD, not from the directory of the parent include
flagfile. We do now support '~' expanded directory names.
Absolute path names ALWAYS work!
EXAMPLE USAGE:
import gflags
FLAGS = gflags.FLAGS
# Flag names are globally defined! So in general, we need to be
# careful to pick names that are unlikely to be used by other libraries.
# If there is a conflict, we'll get an error at import time.
gflags.DEFINE_string('name', 'Mr. President', 'your name')
gflags.DEFINE_integer('age', None, 'your age in years', lower_bound=0)
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('debug', False, 'produces debugging output')
gflags.DEFINE_enum('gender', 'male', ['male', 'female'], 'your gender')
def main(argv):
try:
argv = FLAGS(argv) # parse flags
except gflags.FlagsError, e:
print '%s\\nUsage: %s ARGS\\n%s' % (e, sys.argv[0], FLAGS)
sys.exit(1)
if FLAGS.debug: print 'non-flag arguments:', argv
print 'Happy Birthday', FLAGS.name
if FLAGS.age is not None:
print 'You are a %s, who is %d years old' % (FLAGS.gender, FLAGS.age)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)
KEY FLAGS:
As we already explained, each module gains access to all flags defined
by all the other modules it transitively imports. In the case of
non-trivial scripts, this means a lot of flags ... For documentation
purposes, it is good to identify the flags that are key (i.e., really
important) to a module. Clearly, the concept of "key flag" is a
subjective one. When trying to determine whether a flag is key to a
module or not, assume that you are trying to explain your module to a
potential user: which flags would you really like to mention first?
We'll describe shortly how to declare which flags are key to a module.
For the moment, assume we know the set of key flags for each module.
Then, if you use the app.py module, you can use the --helpshort flag to
print only the help for the flags that are key to the main module, in a
human-readable format.
NOTE: If you need to parse the flag help, do NOT use the output of
--help / --helpshort. That output is meant for human consumption, and
may be changed in the future. Instead, use --helpxml; flags that are
key for the main module are marked there with a <key>yes</key> element.
The set of key flags for a module M is composed of:
1. Flags defined by module M by calling a DEFINE_* function.
2. Flags that module M explictly declares as key by using the function
DECLARE_key_flag(<flag_name>)
3. Key flags of other modules that M specifies by using the function
ADOPT_module_key_flags(<other_module>)
This is a "bulk" declaration of key flags: each flag that is key for
<other_module> becomes key for the current module too.
Notice that if you do not use the functions described at points 2 and 3
above, then --helpshort prints information only about the flags defined
by the main module of our script. In many cases, this behavior is good
enough. But if you move part of the main module code (together with the
related flags) into a different module, then it is nice to use
DECLARE_key_flag / ADOPT_module_key_flags and make sure --helpshort
lists all relevant flags (otherwise, your code refactoring may confuse
your users).
Note: each of DECLARE_key_flag / ADOPT_module_key_flags has its own
pluses and minuses: DECLARE_key_flag is more targeted and may lead a
more focused --helpshort documentation. ADOPT_module_key_flags is good
for cases when an entire module is considered key to the current script.
Also, it does not require updates to client scripts when a new flag is
added to the module.
EXAMPLE USAGE 2 (WITH KEY FLAGS):
Consider an application that contains the following three files (two
auxiliary modules and a main module):
File libfoo.py:
import gflags
gflags.DEFINE_integer('num_replicas', 3, 'Number of replicas to start')
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('rpc2', True, 'Turn on the usage of RPC2.')
... some code ...
File libbar.py:
import gflags
gflags.DEFINE_string('bar_gfs_path', '/gfs/path',
'Path to the GFS files for libbar.')
gflags.DEFINE_string('email_for_bar_errors', 'bar-team@google.com',
'Email address for bug reports about module libbar.')
gflags.DEFINE_boolean('bar_risky_hack', False,
'Turn on an experimental and buggy optimization.')
... some code ...
File myscript.py:
import gflags
import libfoo
import libbar
gflags.DEFINE_integer('num_iterations', 0, 'Number of iterations.')
# Declare that all flags that are key for libfoo are
# key for this module too.
gflags.ADOPT_module_key_flags(libfoo)
# Declare that the flag --bar_gfs_path (defined in libbar) is key
# for this module.
gflags.DECLARE_key_flag('bar_gfs_path')
... some code ...
When myscript is invoked with the flag --helpshort, the resulted help
message lists information about all the key flags for myscript:
--num_iterations, --num_replicas, --rpc2, and --bar_gfs_path (in
addition to the special flags --help and --helpshort).
Of course, myscript uses all the flags declared by it (in this case,
just --num_replicas) or by any of the modules it transitively imports
(e.g., the modules libfoo, libbar). E.g., it can access the value of
FLAGS.bar_risky_hack, even if --bar_risky_hack is not declared as a key
flag for myscript.
OUTPUT FOR --helpxml:
The --helpxml flag generates output with the following structure:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<AllFlags>
<program>PROGRAM_BASENAME</program>
<usage>MAIN_MODULE_DOCSTRING</usage>
(<flag>
[<key>yes</key>]
<file>DECLARING_MODULE</file>
<name>FLAG_NAME</name>
<meaning>FLAG_HELP_MESSAGE</meaning>
<default>DEFAULT_FLAG_VALUE</default>
<current>CURRENT_FLAG_VALUE</current>
<type>FLAG_TYPE</type>
[OPTIONAL_ELEMENTS]
</flag>)*
</AllFlags>
Notes:
1. The output is intentionally similar to the output generated by the
C++ command-line flag library. The few differences are due to the
Python flags that do not have a C++ equivalent (at least not yet),
e.g., DEFINE_list.
2. New XML elements may be added in the future.
3. DEFAULT_FLAG_VALUE is in serialized form, i.e., the string you can
pass for this flag on the command-line. E.g., for a flag defined
using DEFINE_list, this field may be foo,bar, not ['foo', 'bar'].
4. CURRENT_FLAG_VALUE is produced using str(). This means that the
string 'false' will be represented in the same way as the boolean
False. Using repr() would have removed this ambiguity and simplified
parsing, but would have broken the compatibility with the C++
command-line flags.
5. OPTIONAL_ELEMENTS describe elements relevant for certain kinds of
flags: lower_bound, upper_bound (for flags that specify bounds),
enum_value (for enum flags), list_separator (for flags that consist of
a list of values, separated by a special token).
6. We do not provide any example here: please use --helpxml instead.
"""
import cgi
import getopt
import os
import re
import string
import sys
import gflags_validators
# Are we running at least python 2.2?
try:
if tuple(sys.version_info[:3]) < (2,2,0):
raise NotImplementedError("requires python 2.2.0 or later")
except AttributeError: # a very old python, that lacks sys.version_info
raise NotImplementedError("requires python 2.2.0 or later")
# If we're not running at least python 2.2.1, define True, False, and bool.
# Thanks, Guido, for the code.
try:
True, False, bool
except NameError:
False = 0
True = 1
def bool(x):
if x:
return True
else:
return False
# Are we running under pychecker?
_RUNNING_PYCHECKER = 'pychecker.python' in sys.modules
def _GetCallingModule():
"""Returns the name of the module that's calling into this module.
We generally use this function to get the name of the module calling a
DEFINE_foo... function.
"""
# Walk down the stack to find the first globals dict that's not ours.
for depth in range(1, sys.getrecursionlimit()):
if not sys._getframe(depth).f_globals is globals():
globals_for_frame = sys._getframe(depth).f_globals
module_name = _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_for_frame)[1]
if module_name is not None:
return module_name
raise AssertionError("No module was found")
def _GetThisModuleObjectAndName():
"""Returns: (module object, module name) for this module."""
return _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals())
# module exceptions:
class FlagsError(Exception):
"""The base class for all flags errors."""
pass
class DuplicateFlag(FlagsError):
"""Raised if there is a flag naming conflict."""
pass
class DuplicateFlagCannotPropagateNoneToSwig(DuplicateFlag):
"""Special case of DuplicateFlag -- SWIG flag value can't be set to None.
This can be raised when a duplicate flag is created. Even if allow_override is
True, we still abort if the new value is None, because it's currently
impossible to pass None default value back to SWIG. See FlagValues.SetDefault
for details.
"""
pass
# A DuplicateFlagError conveys more information than a
# DuplicateFlag. Since there are external modules that create
# DuplicateFlags, the interface to DuplicateFlag shouldn't change.
class DuplicateFlagError(DuplicateFlag):
def __init__(self, flagname, flag_values):
self.flagname = flagname
message = "The flag '%s' is defined twice." % self.flagname
flags_by_module = flag_values.FlagsByModuleDict()
for module in flags_by_module:
for flag in flags_by_module[module]:
if flag.name == flagname or flag.short_name == flagname:
message = message + " First from " + module + ","
break
message = message + " Second from " + _GetCallingModule()
DuplicateFlag.__init__(self, message)
class IllegalFlagValue(FlagsError):
"""The flag command line argument is illegal."""
pass
class UnrecognizedFlag(FlagsError):
"""Raised if a flag is unrecognized."""
pass
# An UnrecognizedFlagError conveys more information than an UnrecognizedFlag.
# Since there are external modules that create DuplicateFlags, the interface to
# DuplicateFlag shouldn't change. The flagvalue will be assigned the full value
# of the flag and its argument, if any, allowing handling of unrecognzed flags
# in an exception handler.
# If flagvalue is the empty string, then this exception is an due to a
# reference to a flag that was not already defined.
class UnrecognizedFlagError(UnrecognizedFlag):
def __init__(self, flagname, flagvalue=''):
self.flagname = flagname
self.flagvalue = flagvalue
UnrecognizedFlag.__init__(
self, "Unknown command line flag '%s'" % flagname)
# Global variable used by expvar
_exported_flags = {}
_help_width = 80 # width of help output
def GetHelpWidth():
"""Returns: an integer, the width of help lines that is used in TextWrap."""
return _help_width
def CutCommonSpacePrefix(text):
"""Removes a common space prefix from the lines of a multiline text.
If the first line does not start with a space, it is left as it is and
only in the remaining lines a common space prefix is being searched
for. That means the first line will stay untouched. This is especially
useful to turn doc strings into help texts. This is because some
people prefer to have the doc comment start already after the
apostrophy and then align the following lines while others have the
apostrophies on a seperately line.
The function also drops trailing empty lines and ignores empty lines
following the initial content line while calculating the initial
common whitespace.
Args:
text: text to work on
Returns:
the resulting text
"""
text_lines = text.splitlines()
# Drop trailing empty lines
while text_lines and not text_lines[-1]:
text_lines = text_lines[:-1]
if text_lines:
# We got some content, is the first line starting with a space?
if text_lines[0] and text_lines[0][0].isspace():
text_first_line = []
else:
text_first_line = [text_lines.pop(0)]
# Calculate length of common leading whitesppace (only over content lines)
common_prefix = os.path.commonprefix([line for line in text_lines if line])
space_prefix_len = len(common_prefix) - len(common_prefix.lstrip())
# If we have a common space prefix, drop it from all lines
if space_prefix_len:
for index in xrange(len(text_lines)):
if text_lines[index]:
text_lines[index] = text_lines[index][space_prefix_len:]
return '\n'.join(text_first_line + text_lines)
return ''
def TextWrap(text, length=None, indent='', firstline_indent=None, tabs=' '):
"""Wraps a given text to a maximum line length and returns it.
We turn lines that only contain whitespaces into empty lines. We keep
new lines and tabs (e.g., we do not treat tabs as spaces).
Args:
text: text to wrap
length: maximum length of a line, includes indentation
if this is None then use GetHelpWidth()
indent: indent for all but first line
firstline_indent: indent for first line; if None, fall back to indent
tabs: replacement for tabs
Returns:
wrapped text
Raises:
FlagsError: if indent not shorter than length
FlagsError: if firstline_indent not shorter than length
"""
# Get defaults where callee used None
if length is None:
length = GetHelpWidth()
if indent is None:
indent = ''
if len(indent) >= length:
raise FlagsError('Indent must be shorter than length')
# In line we will be holding the current line which is to be started
# with indent (or firstline_indent if available) and then appended
# with words.
if firstline_indent is None:
firstline_indent = ''
line = indent
else:
line = firstline_indent
if len(firstline_indent) >= length:
raise FlagsError('First iline indent must be shorter than length')
# If the callee does not care about tabs we simply convert them to
# spaces If callee wanted tabs to be single space then we do that
# already here.
if not tabs or tabs == ' ':
text = text.replace('\t', ' ')
else:
tabs_are_whitespace = not tabs.strip()
line_regex = re.compile('([ ]*)(\t*)([^ \t]+)', re.MULTILINE)
# Split the text into lines and the lines with the regex above. The
# resulting lines are collected in result[]. For each split we get the
# spaces, the tabs and the next non white space (e.g. next word).
result = []
for text_line in text.splitlines():
# Store result length so we can find out whether processing the next
# line gave any new content
old_result_len = len(result)
# Process next line with line_regex. For optimization we do an rstrip().
# - process tabs (changes either line or word, see below)
# - process word (first try to squeeze on line, then wrap or force wrap)
# Spaces found on the line are ignored, they get added while wrapping as
# needed.
for spaces, current_tabs, word in line_regex.findall(text_line.rstrip()):
# If tabs weren't converted to spaces, handle them now
if current_tabs:
# If the last thing we added was a space anyway then drop
# it. But let's not get rid of the indentation.
if (((result and line != indent) or
(not result and line != firstline_indent)) and line[-1] == ' '):
line = line[:-1]
# Add the tabs, if that means adding whitespace, just add it at
# the line, the rstrip() code while shorten the line down if
# necessary
if tabs_are_whitespace:
line += tabs * len(current_tabs)
else:
# if not all tab replacement is whitespace we prepend it to the word
word = tabs * len(current_tabs) + word
# Handle the case where word cannot be squeezed onto current last line
if len(line) + len(word) > length and len(indent) + len(word) <= length:
result.append(line.rstrip())
line = indent + word
word = ''
# No space left on line or can we append a space?
if len(line) + 1 >= length:
result.append(line.rstrip())
line = indent
else:
line += ' '
# Add word and shorten it up to allowed line length. Restart next
# line with indent and repeat, or add a space if we're done (word
# finished) This deals with words that caanot fit on one line
# (e.g. indent + word longer than allowed line length).
while len(line) + len(word) >= length:
line += word
result.append(line[:length])
word = line[length:]
line = indent
# Default case, simply append the word and a space
if word:
line += word + ' '
# End of input line. If we have content we finish the line. If the
# current line is just the indent but we had content in during this
# original line then we need to add an emoty line.
if (result and line != indent) or (not result and line != firstline_indent):
result.append(line.rstrip())
elif len(result) == old_result_len:
result.append('')
line = indent
return '\n'.join(result)
def DocToHelp(doc):
"""Takes a __doc__ string and reformats it as help."""
# Get rid of starting and ending white space. Using lstrip() or even
# strip() could drop more than maximum of first line and right space
# of last line.
doc = doc.strip()
# Get rid of all empty lines
whitespace_only_line = re.compile('^[ \t]+$', re.M)
doc = whitespace_only_line.sub('', doc)
# Cut out common space at line beginnings
doc = CutCommonSpacePrefix(doc)
# Just like this module's comment, comments tend to be aligned somehow.
# In other words they all start with the same amount of white space
# 1) keep double new lines
# 2) keep ws after new lines if not empty line
# 3) all other new lines shall be changed to a space
# Solution: Match new lines between non white space and replace with space.
doc = re.sub('(?<=\S)\n(?=\S)', ' ', doc, re.M)
return doc
def _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_dict):
"""Returns the module that defines a global environment, and its name.
Args:
globals_dict: A dictionary that should correspond to an environment
providing the values of the globals.
Returns:
A pair consisting of (1) module object and (2) module name (a
string). Returns (None, None) if the module could not be
identified.
"""
# The use of .items() (instead of .iteritems()) is NOT a mistake: if
# a parallel thread imports a module while we iterate over
# .iteritems() (not nice, but possible), we get a RuntimeError ...
# Hence, we use the slightly slower but safer .items().
for name, module in sys.modules.items():
if getattr(module, '__dict__', None) is globals_dict:
if name == '__main__':
# Pick a more informative name for the main module.
name = sys.argv[0]
return (module, name)
return (None, None)
def _GetMainModule():
"""Returns the name of the module from which execution started."""
for depth in range(1, sys.getrecursionlimit()):
try:
globals_of_main = sys._getframe(depth).f_globals
except ValueError:
return _GetModuleObjectAndName(globals_of_main)[1]
raise AssertionError("No module was found")
class FlagValues:
"""Registry of 'Flag' objects.
A 'FlagValues' can then scan command line arguments, passing flag
arguments through to the 'Flag' objects that it owns. It also
provides easy access to the flag values. Typically only one
'FlagValues' object is needed by an application: gflags.FLAGS
This class is heavily overloaded:
'Flag' objects are registered via __setitem__:
FLAGS['longname'] = x # register a new flag
The .value attribute of the registered 'Flag' objects can be accessed
as attributes of this 'FlagValues' object, through __getattr__. Both
the long and short name of the original 'Flag' objects can be used to
access its value:
FLAGS.longname # parsed flag value
FLAGS.x # parsed flag value (short name)
Command line arguments are scanned and passed to the registered 'Flag'
objects through the __call__ method. Unparsed arguments, including
argv[0] (e.g. the program name) are returned.
argv = FLAGS(sys.argv) # scan command line arguments
The original registered Flag objects can be retrieved through the use
of the dictionary-like operator, __getitem__:
x = FLAGS['longname'] # access the registered Flag object
The str() operator of a 'FlagValues' object provides help for all of
the registered 'Flag' objects.
"""
def __init__(self):
# Since everything in this class is so heavily overloaded, the only
# way of defining and using fields is to access __dict__ directly.
# Dictionary: flag name (string) -> Flag object.
self.__dict__['__flags'] = {}
# Dictionary: module name (string) -> list of Flag objects that are defined
# by that module.
self.__dict__['__flags_by_module'] = {}
# Dictionary: module name (string) -> list of Flag objects that are
# key for that module.
self.__dict__['__key_flags_by_module'] = {}
# Set if we should use new style gnu_getopt rather than getopt when parsing
# the args. Only possible with Python 2.3+
self.UseGnuGetOpt(False)
def UseGnuGetOpt(self, use_gnu_getopt=True):
self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt'] = use_gnu_getopt
def IsGnuGetOpt(self):
return self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']
def FlagDict(self):
return self.__dict__['__flags']
def FlagsByModuleDict(self):
"""Returns the dictionary of module_name -> list of defined flags.
Returns:
A dictionary. Its keys are module names (strings). Its values
are lists of Flag objects.
"""
return self.__dict__['__flags_by_module']
def KeyFlagsByModuleDict(self):
"""Returns the dictionary of module_name -> list of key flags.
Returns:
A dictionary. Its keys are module names (strings). Its values
are lists of Flag objects.
"""
return self.__dict__['__key_flags_by_module']
def _RegisterFlagByModule(self, module_name, flag):
"""Records the module that defines a specific flag.
We keep track of which flag is defined by which module so that we
can later sort the flags by module.
Args:
module_name: A string, the name of a Python module.
flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
"""
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
flags_by_module.setdefault(module_name, []).append(flag)
def _RegisterKeyFlagForModule(self, module_name, flag):
"""Specifies that a flag is a key flag for a module.
Args:
module_name: A string, the name of a Python module.
flag: A Flag object, a flag that is key to the module.
"""
key_flags_by_module = self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict()
# The list of key flags for the module named module_name.
key_flags = key_flags_by_module.setdefault(module_name, [])
# Add flag, but avoid duplicates.
if flag not in key_flags:
key_flags.append(flag)
def _GetFlagsDefinedByModule(self, module):
"""Returns the list of flags defined by a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
Returns:
A new list of Flag objects. Caller may update this list as he
wishes: none of those changes will affect the internals of this
FlagValue object.
"""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
return list(self.FlagsByModuleDict().get(module, []))
def _GetKeyFlagsForModule(self, module):
"""Returns the list of key flags for a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string)
Returns:
A new list of Flag objects. Caller may update this list as he
wishes: none of those changes will affect the internals of this
FlagValue object.
"""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
# Any flag is a key flag for the module that defined it. NOTE:
# key_flags is a fresh list: we can update it without affecting the
# internals of this FlagValues object.
key_flags = self._GetFlagsDefinedByModule(module)
# Take into account flags explicitly declared as key for a module.
for flag in self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict().get(module, []):
if flag not in key_flags:
key_flags.append(flag)
return key_flags
def AppendFlagValues(self, flag_values):
"""Appends flags registered in another FlagValues instance.
Args:
flag_values: registry to copy from
"""
for flag_name, flag in flag_values.FlagDict().iteritems():
# Each flags with shortname appears here twice (once under its
# normal name, and again with its short name). To prevent
# problems (DuplicateFlagError) with double flag registration, we
# perform a check to make sure that the entry we're looking at is
# for its normal name.
if flag_name == flag.name:
self[flag_name] = flag
def RemoveFlagValues(self, flag_values):
"""Remove flags that were previously appended from another FlagValues.
Args:
flag_values: registry containing flags to remove.
"""
for flag_name in flag_values.FlagDict():
self.__delattr__(flag_name)
def __setitem__(self, name, flag):
"""Registers a new flag variable."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not isinstance(flag, Flag):
raise IllegalFlagValue(flag)
if not isinstance(name, type("")):
raise FlagsError("Flag name must be a string")
if len(name) == 0:
raise FlagsError("Flag name cannot be empty")
# If running under pychecker, duplicate keys are likely to be
# defined. Disable check for duplicate keys when pycheck'ing.
if (fl.has_key(name) and not flag.allow_override and
not fl[name].allow_override and not _RUNNING_PYCHECKER):
raise DuplicateFlagError(name, self)
short_name = flag.short_name
if short_name is not None:
if (fl.has_key(short_name) and not flag.allow_override and
not fl[short_name].allow_override and not _RUNNING_PYCHECKER):
raise DuplicateFlagError(short_name, self)
fl[short_name] = flag
fl[name] = flag
global _exported_flags
_exported_flags[name] = flag
def __getitem__(self, name):
"""Retrieves the Flag object for the flag --name."""
return self.FlagDict()[name]
def __getattr__(self, name):
"""Retrieves the 'value' attribute of the flag --name."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not fl.has_key(name):
raise AttributeError(name)
return fl[name].value
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
"""Sets the 'value' attribute of the flag --name."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
fl[name].value = value
self._AssertValidators(fl[name].validators)
return value
def _AssertAllValidators(self):
all_validators = set()
for flag in self.FlagDict().itervalues():
for validator in flag.validators:
all_validators.add(validator)
self._AssertValidators(all_validators)
def _AssertValidators(self, validators):
"""Assert if all validators in the list are satisfied.
Asserts validators in the order they were created.
Args:
validators: Iterable(gflags_validators.Validator), validators to be
verified
Raises:
AttributeError: if validators work with a non-existing flag.
IllegalFlagValue: if validation fails for at least one validator
"""
for validator in sorted(
validators, key=lambda validator: validator.insertion_index):
try:
validator.Verify(self)
except gflags_validators.Error, e:
message = validator.PrintFlagsWithValues(self)
raise IllegalFlagValue('%s: %s' % (message, str(e)))
def _FlagIsRegistered(self, flag_obj):
"""Checks whether a Flag object is registered under some name.
Note: this is non trivial: in addition to its normal name, a flag
may have a short name too. In self.FlagDict(), both the normal and
the short name are mapped to the same flag object. E.g., calling
only "del FLAGS.short_name" is not unregistering the corresponding
Flag object (it is still registered under the longer name).
Args:
flag_obj: A Flag object.
Returns:
A boolean: True iff flag_obj is registered under some name.
"""
flag_dict = self.FlagDict()
# Check whether flag_obj is registered under its long name.
name = flag_obj.name
if flag_dict.get(name, None) == flag_obj:
return True
# Check whether flag_obj is registered under its short name.
short_name = flag_obj.short_name
if (short_name is not None and
flag_dict.get(short_name, None) == flag_obj):
return True
# The flag cannot be registered under any other name, so we do not
# need to do a full search through the values of self.FlagDict().
return False
def __delattr__(self, flag_name):
"""Deletes a previously-defined flag from a flag object.
This method makes sure we can delete a flag by using
del flag_values_object.<flag_name>
E.g.,
flags.DEFINE_integer('foo', 1, 'Integer flag.')
del flags.FLAGS.foo
Args:
flag_name: A string, the name of the flag to be deleted.
Raises:
AttributeError: When there is no registered flag named flag_name.
"""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if flag_name not in fl:
raise AttributeError(flag_name)
flag_obj = fl[flag_name]
del fl[flag_name]
if not self._FlagIsRegistered(flag_obj):
# If the Flag object indicated by flag_name is no longer
# registered (please see the docstring of _FlagIsRegistered), then
# we delete the occurences of the flag object in all our internal
# dictionaries.
self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.FlagsByModuleDict(), flag_obj)
self.__RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self.KeyFlagsByModuleDict(), flag_obj)
def __RemoveFlagFromDictByModule(self, flags_by_module_dict, flag_obj):
"""Removes a flag object from a module -> list of flags dictionary.
Args:
flags_by_module_dict: A dictionary that maps module names to lists of
flags.
flag_obj: A flag object.
"""
for unused_module, flags_in_module in flags_by_module_dict.iteritems():
# while (as opposed to if) takes care of multiple occurences of a
# flag in the list for the same module.
while flag_obj in flags_in_module:
flags_in_module.remove(flag_obj)
def SetDefault(self, name, value):
"""Changes the default value of the named flag object."""
fl = self.FlagDict()
if not fl.has_key(name):
raise AttributeError(name)
fl[name].SetDefault(value)
self._AssertValidators(fl[name].validators)
def __contains__(self, name):
"""Returns True if name is a value (flag) in the dict."""
return name in self.FlagDict()
has_key = __contains__ # a synonym for __contains__()
def __iter__(self):
return self.FlagDict().iterkeys()
def __call__(self, argv):
"""Parses flags from argv; stores parsed flags into this FlagValues object.
All unparsed arguments are returned. Flags are parsed using the GNU
Program Argument Syntax Conventions, using getopt:
http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Getopt
Args:
argv: argument list. Can be of any type that may be converted to a list.
Returns:
The list of arguments not parsed as options, including argv[0]
Raises:
FlagsError: on any parsing error
"""
# Support any sequence type that can be converted to a list
argv = list(argv)
shortopts = ""
longopts = []
fl = self.FlagDict()
# This pre parses the argv list for --flagfile=<> options.
argv = argv[:1] + self.ReadFlagsFromFiles(argv[1:], force_gnu=False)
# Correct the argv to support the google style of passing boolean
# parameters. Boolean parameters may be passed by using --mybool,
# --nomybool, --mybool=(true|false|1|0). getopt does not support
# having options that may or may not have a parameter. We replace
# instances of the short form --mybool and --nomybool with their
# full forms: --mybool=(true|false).
original_argv = list(argv) # list() makes a copy
shortest_matches = None
for name, flag in fl.items():
if not flag.boolean:
continue
if shortest_matches is None:
# Determine the smallest allowable prefix for all flag names
shortest_matches = self.ShortestUniquePrefixes(fl)
no_name = 'no' + name
prefix = shortest_matches[name]
no_prefix = shortest_matches[no_name]
# Replace all occurences of this boolean with extended forms
for arg_idx in range(1, len(argv)):
arg = argv[arg_idx]
if arg.find('=') >= 0: continue
if arg.startswith('--'+prefix) and ('--'+name).startswith(arg):
argv[arg_idx] = ('--%s=true' % name)
elif arg.startswith('--'+no_prefix) and ('--'+no_name).startswith(arg):
argv[arg_idx] = ('--%s=false' % name)
# Loop over all of the flags, building up the lists of short options
# and long options that will be passed to getopt. Short options are
# specified as a string of letters, each letter followed by a colon
# if it takes an argument. Long options are stored in an array of
# strings. Each string ends with an '=' if it takes an argument.
for name, flag in fl.items():
longopts.append(name + "=")
if len(name) == 1: # one-letter option: allow short flag type also
shortopts += name
if not flag.boolean:
shortopts += ":"
longopts.append('undefok=')
undefok_flags = []
# In case --undefok is specified, loop to pick up unrecognized
# options one by one.
unrecognized_opts = []
args = argv[1:]
while True:
try:
if self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
optlist, unparsed_args = getopt.gnu_getopt(args, shortopts, longopts)
else:
optlist, unparsed_args = getopt.getopt(args, shortopts, longopts)
break
except getopt.GetoptError, e:
if not e.opt or e.opt in fl:
# Not an unrecognized option, reraise the exception as a FlagsError
raise FlagsError(e)
# Remove offender from args and try again
for arg_index in range(len(args)):
if ((args[arg_index] == '--' + e.opt) or
(args[arg_index] == '-' + e.opt) or
(args[arg_index].startswith('--' + e.opt + '='))):
unrecognized_opts.append((e.opt, args[arg_index]))
args = args[0:arg_index] + args[arg_index+1:]
break
else:
# We should have found the option, so we don't expect to get
# here. We could assert, but raising the original exception
# might work better.
raise FlagsError(e)
for name, arg in optlist:
if name == '--undefok':
flag_names = arg.split(',')
undefok_flags.extend(flag_names)
# For boolean flags, if --undefok=boolflag is specified, then we should
# also accept --noboolflag, in addition to --boolflag.
# Since we don't know the type of the undefok'd flag, this will affect
# non-boolean flags as well.
# NOTE: You shouldn't use --undefok=noboolflag, because then we will
# accept --nonoboolflag here. We are choosing not to do the conversion
# from noboolflag -> boolflag because of the ambiguity that flag names
# can start with 'no'.
undefok_flags.extend('no' + name for name in flag_names)
continue
if name.startswith('--'):
# long option
name = name[2:]
short_option = 0
else:
# short option
name = name[1:]
short_option = 1
if fl.has_key(name):
flag = fl[name]
if flag.boolean and short_option: arg = 1
flag.Parse(arg)
# If there were unrecognized options, raise an exception unless
# the options were named via --undefok.
for opt, value in unrecognized_opts:
if opt not in undefok_flags:
raise UnrecognizedFlagError(opt, value)
if unparsed_args:
if self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
# if using gnu_getopt just return the program name + remainder of argv.
ret_val = argv[:1] + unparsed_args
else:
# unparsed_args becomes the first non-flag detected by getopt to
# the end of argv. Because argv may have been modified above,
# return original_argv for this region.
ret_val = argv[:1] + original_argv[-len(unparsed_args):]
else:
ret_val = argv[:1]
self._AssertAllValidators()
return ret_val
def Reset(self):
"""Resets the values to the point before FLAGS(argv) was called."""
for f in self.FlagDict().values():
f.Unparse()
def RegisteredFlags(self):
"""Returns: a list of the names and short names of all registered flags."""
return self.FlagDict().keys()
def FlagValuesDict(self):
"""Returns: a dictionary that maps flag names to flag values."""
flag_values = {}
for flag_name in self.RegisteredFlags():
flag = self.FlagDict()[flag_name]
flag_values[flag_name] = flag.value
return flag_values
def __str__(self):
"""Generates a help string for all known flags."""
return self.GetHelp()
def GetHelp(self, prefix=''):
"""Generates a help string for all known flags."""
helplist = []
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
if flags_by_module:
modules = flags_by_module.keys()
modules.sort()
# Print the help for the main module first, if possible.
main_module = _GetMainModule()
if main_module in modules:
modules.remove(main_module)
modules = [main_module] + modules
for module in modules:
self.__RenderOurModuleFlags(module, helplist)
self.__RenderModuleFlags('gflags',
_SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values(),
helplist)
else:
# Just print one long list of flags.
self.__RenderFlagList(
self.FlagDict().values() + _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values(),
helplist, prefix)
return '\n'.join(helplist)
def __RenderModuleFlags(self, module, flags, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for a given module."""
if not isinstance(module, str):
module = module.__name__
output_lines.append('\n%s%s:' % (prefix, module))
self.__RenderFlagList(flags, output_lines, prefix + " ")
def __RenderOurModuleFlags(self, module, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for a given module."""
flags = self._GetFlagsDefinedByModule(module)
if flags:
self.__RenderModuleFlags(module, flags, output_lines, prefix)
def __RenderOurModuleKeyFlags(self, module, output_lines, prefix=""):
"""Generates a help string for the key flags of a given module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
output_lines: A list of strings. The generated help message
lines will be appended to this list.
prefix: A string that is prepended to each generated help line.
"""
key_flags = self._GetKeyFlagsForModule(module)
if key_flags:
self.__RenderModuleFlags(module, key_flags, output_lines, prefix)
def ModuleHelp(self, module):
"""Describe the key flags of a module.
Args:
module: A module object or a module name (a string).
Returns:
string describing the key flags of a module.
"""
helplist = []
self.__RenderOurModuleKeyFlags(module, helplist)
return '\n'.join(helplist)
def MainModuleHelp(self):
"""Describe the key flags of the main module.
Returns:
string describing the key flags of a module.
"""
return self.ModuleHelp(_GetMainModule())
def __RenderFlagList(self, flaglist, output_lines, prefix=" "):
fl = self.FlagDict()
special_fl = _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict()
flaglist = [(flag.name, flag) for flag in flaglist]
flaglist.sort()
flagset = {}
for (name, flag) in flaglist:
# It's possible this flag got deleted or overridden since being
# registered in the per-module flaglist. Check now against the
# canonical source of current flag information, the FlagDict.
if fl.get(name, None) != flag and special_fl.get(name, None) != flag:
# a different flag is using this name now
continue
# only print help once
if flagset.has_key(flag): continue
flagset[flag] = 1
flaghelp = ""
if flag.short_name: flaghelp += "-%s," % flag.short_name
if flag.boolean:
flaghelp += "--[no]%s" % flag.name + ":"
else:
flaghelp += "--%s" % flag.name + ":"
flaghelp += " "
if flag.help:
flaghelp += flag.help
flaghelp = TextWrap(flaghelp, indent=prefix+" ",
firstline_indent=prefix)
if flag.default_as_str:
flaghelp += "\n"
flaghelp += TextWrap("(default: %s)" % flag.default_as_str,
indent=prefix+" ")
if flag.parser.syntactic_help:
flaghelp += "\n"
flaghelp += TextWrap("(%s)" % flag.parser.syntactic_help,
indent=prefix+" ")
output_lines.append(flaghelp)
def get(self, name, default):
"""Returns the value of a flag (if not None) or a default value.
Args:
name: A string, the name of a flag.
default: Default value to use if the flag value is None.
"""
value = self.__getattr__(name)
if value is not None: # Can't do if not value, b/c value might be '0' or ""
return value
else:
return default
def ShortestUniquePrefixes(self, fl):
"""Returns: dictionary; maps flag names to their shortest unique prefix."""
# Sort the list of flag names
sorted_flags = []
for name, flag in fl.items():
sorted_flags.append(name)
if flag.boolean:
sorted_flags.append('no%s' % name)
sorted_flags.sort()
# For each name in the sorted list, determine the shortest unique
# prefix by comparing itself to the next name and to the previous
# name (the latter check uses cached info from the previous loop).
shortest_matches = {}
prev_idx = 0
for flag_idx in range(len(sorted_flags)):
curr = sorted_flags[flag_idx]
if flag_idx == (len(sorted_flags) - 1):
next = None
else:
next = sorted_flags[flag_idx+1]
next_len = len(next)
for curr_idx in range(len(curr)):
if (next is None
or curr_idx >= next_len
or curr[curr_idx] != next[curr_idx]):
# curr longer than next or no more chars in common
shortest_matches[curr] = curr[:max(prev_idx, curr_idx) + 1]
prev_idx = curr_idx
break
else:
# curr shorter than (or equal to) next
shortest_matches[curr] = curr
prev_idx = curr_idx + 1 # next will need at least one more char
return shortest_matches
def __IsFlagFileDirective(self, flag_string):
"""Checks whether flag_string contain a --flagfile=<foo> directive."""
if isinstance(flag_string, type("")):
if flag_string.startswith('--flagfile='):
return 1
elif flag_string == '--flagfile':
return 1
elif flag_string.startswith('-flagfile='):
return 1
elif flag_string == '-flagfile':
return 1
else:
return 0
return 0
def ExtractFilename(self, flagfile_str):
"""Returns filename from a flagfile_str of form -[-]flagfile=filename.
The cases of --flagfile foo and -flagfile foo shouldn't be hitting
this function, as they are dealt with in the level above this
function.
"""
if flagfile_str.startswith('--flagfile='):
return os.path.expanduser((flagfile_str[(len('--flagfile=')):]).strip())
elif flagfile_str.startswith('-flagfile='):
return os.path.expanduser((flagfile_str[(len('-flagfile=')):]).strip())
else:
raise FlagsError('Hit illegal --flagfile type: %s' % flagfile_str)
def __GetFlagFileLines(self, filename, parsed_file_list):
"""Returns the useful (!=comments, etc) lines from a file with flags.
Args:
filename: A string, the name of the flag file.
parsed_file_list: A list of the names of the files we have
already read. MUTATED BY THIS FUNCTION.
Returns:
List of strings. See the note below.
NOTE(springer): This function checks for a nested --flagfile=<foo>
tag and handles the lower file recursively. It returns a list of
all the lines that _could_ contain command flags. This is
EVERYTHING except whitespace lines and comments (lines starting
with '#' or '//').
"""
line_list = [] # All line from flagfile.
flag_line_list = [] # Subset of lines w/o comments, blanks, flagfile= tags.
try:
file_obj = open(filename, 'r')
except IOError, e_msg:
print e_msg
print 'ERROR:: Unable to open flagfile: %s' % (filename)
return flag_line_list
line_list = file_obj.readlines()
file_obj.close()
parsed_file_list.append(filename)
# This is where we check each line in the file we just read.
for line in line_list:
if line.isspace():
pass
# Checks for comment (a line that starts with '#').
elif line.startswith('#') or line.startswith('//'):
pass
# Checks for a nested "--flagfile=<bar>" flag in the current file.
# If we find one, recursively parse down into that file.
elif self.__IsFlagFileDirective(line):
sub_filename = self.ExtractFilename(line)
# We do a little safety check for reparsing a file we've already done.
if not sub_filename in parsed_file_list:
included_flags = self.__GetFlagFileLines(sub_filename,
parsed_file_list)
flag_line_list.extend(included_flags)
else: # Case of hitting a circularly included file.
print >>sys.stderr, ('Warning: Hit circular flagfile dependency: %s'
% sub_filename)
else:
# Any line that's not a comment or a nested flagfile should get
# copied into 2nd position. This leaves earlier arguements
# further back in the list, thus giving them higher priority.
flag_line_list.append(line.strip())
return flag_line_list
def ReadFlagsFromFiles(self, argv, force_gnu=True):
"""Processes command line args, but also allow args to be read from file.
Args:
argv: A list of strings, usually sys.argv[1:], which may contain one or
more flagfile directives of the form --flagfile="./filename".
Note that the name of the program (sys.argv[0]) should be omitted.
force_gnu: If False, --flagfile parsing obeys normal flag semantics.
If True, --flagfile parsing instead follows gnu_getopt semantics.
*** WARNING *** force_gnu=False may become the future default!
Returns:
A new list which has the original list combined with what we read
from any flagfile(s).
References: Global gflags.FLAG class instance.
This function should be called before the normal FLAGS(argv) call.
This function scans the input list for a flag that looks like:
--flagfile=<somefile>. Then it opens <somefile>, reads all valid key
and value pairs and inserts them into the input list between the
first item of the list and any subsequent items in the list.
Note that your application's flags are still defined the usual way
using gflags DEFINE_flag() type functions.
Notes (assuming we're getting a commandline of some sort as our input):
--> Flags from the command line argv _should_ always take precedence!
--> A further "--flagfile=<otherfile.cfg>" CAN be nested in a flagfile.
It will be processed after the parent flag file is done.
--> For duplicate flags, first one we hit should "win".
--> In a flagfile, a line beginning with # or // is a comment.
--> Entirely blank lines _should_ be ignored.
"""
parsed_file_list = []
rest_of_args = argv
new_argv = []
while rest_of_args:
current_arg = rest_of_args[0]
rest_of_args = rest_of_args[1:]
if self.__IsFlagFileDirective(current_arg):
# This handles the case of -(-)flagfile foo. In this case the
# next arg really is part of this one.
if current_arg == '--flagfile' or current_arg == '-flagfile':
if not rest_of_args:
raise IllegalFlagValue('--flagfile with no argument')
flag_filename = os.path.expanduser(rest_of_args[0])
rest_of_args = rest_of_args[1:]
else:
# This handles the case of (-)-flagfile=foo.
flag_filename = self.ExtractFilename(current_arg)
new_argv[0:0] = self.__GetFlagFileLines(flag_filename, parsed_file_list)
else:
new_argv.append(current_arg)
# Stop parsing after '--', like getopt and gnu_getopt.
if current_arg == '--':
break
# Stop parsing after a non-flag, like getopt.
if not current_arg.startswith('-'):
if not force_gnu and not self.__dict__['__use_gnu_getopt']:
break
if rest_of_args:
new_argv.extend(rest_of_args)
return new_argv
def FlagsIntoString(self):
"""Returns a string with the flags assignments from this FlagValues object.
This function ignores flags whose value is None. Each flag
assignment is separated by a newline.
NOTE: MUST mirror the behavior of the C++ function
CommandlineFlagsIntoString from google3/base/commandlineflags.cc.
"""
s = ''
for flag in self.FlagDict().values():
if flag.value is not None:
s += flag.Serialize() + '\n'
return s
def AppendFlagsIntoFile(self, filename):
"""Appends all flags assignments from this FlagInfo object to a file.
Output will be in the format of a flagfile.
NOTE: MUST mirror the behavior of the C++ version of
AppendFlagsIntoFile from google3/base/commandlineflags.cc.
"""
out_file = open(filename, 'a')
out_file.write(self.FlagsIntoString())
out_file.close()
def WriteHelpInXMLFormat(self, outfile=None):
"""Outputs flag documentation in XML format.
NOTE: We use element names that are consistent with those used by
the C++ command-line flag library, from
google3/base/commandlineflags_reporting.cc. We also use a few new
elements (e.g., <key>), but we do not interfere / overlap with
existing XML elements used by the C++ library. Please maintain this
consistency.
Args:
outfile: File object we write to. Default None means sys.stdout.
"""
outfile = outfile or sys.stdout
outfile.write('<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n')
outfile.write('<AllFlags>\n')
indent = ' '
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'program', os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]),
indent)
usage_doc = sys.modules['__main__'].__doc__
if not usage_doc:
usage_doc = '\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n' % sys.argv[0]
else:
usage_doc = usage_doc.replace('%s', sys.argv[0])
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'usage', usage_doc, indent)
# Get list of key flags for the main module.
key_flags = self._GetKeyFlagsForModule(_GetMainModule())
# Sort flags by declaring module name and next by flag name.
flags_by_module = self.FlagsByModuleDict()
all_module_names = list(flags_by_module.keys())
all_module_names.sort()
for module_name in all_module_names:
flag_list = [(f.name, f) for f in flags_by_module[module_name]]
flag_list.sort()
for unused_flag_name, flag in flag_list:
is_key = flag in key_flags
flag.WriteInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, module_name,
is_key=is_key, indent=indent)
outfile.write('</AllFlags>\n')
outfile.flush()
def AddValidator(self, validator):
"""Register new flags validator to be checked.
Args:
validator: gflags_validators.Validator
Raises:
AttributeError: if validators work with a non-existing flag.
"""
for flag_name in validator.GetFlagsNames():
flag = self.FlagDict()[flag_name]
flag.validators.append(validator)
# end of FlagValues definition
# The global FlagValues instance
FLAGS = FlagValues()
def _MakeXMLSafe(s):
"""Escapes <, >, and & from s, and removes XML 1.0-illegal chars."""
s = cgi.escape(s) # Escape <, >, and &
# Remove characters that cannot appear in an XML 1.0 document
# (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#charsets).
#
# NOTE: if there are problems with current solution, one may move to
# XML 1.1, which allows such chars, if they're entity-escaped (&#xHH;).
s = re.sub(r'[\x00-\x08\x0b\x0c\x0e-\x1f]', '', s)
return s
def _WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, name, value, indent):
"""Writes a simple XML element.
Args:
outfile: File object we write the XML element to.
name: A string, the name of XML element.
value: A Python object, whose string representation will be used
as the value of the XML element.
indent: A string, prepended to each line of generated output.
"""
value_str = str(value)
if isinstance(value, bool):
# Display boolean values as the C++ flag library does: no caps.
value_str = value_str.lower()
outfile.write('%s<%s>%s</%s>\n' %
(indent, name, _MakeXMLSafe(value_str), name))
class Flag:
"""Information about a command-line flag.
'Flag' objects define the following fields:
.name - the name for this flag
.default - the default value for this flag
.default_as_str - default value as repr'd string, e.g., "'true'" (or None)
.value - the most recent parsed value of this flag; set by Parse()
.help - a help string or None if no help is available
.short_name - the single letter alias for this flag (or None)
.boolean - if 'true', this flag does not accept arguments
.present - true if this flag was parsed from command line flags.
.parser - an ArgumentParser object
.serializer - an ArgumentSerializer object
.allow_override - the flag may be redefined without raising an error
The only public method of a 'Flag' object is Parse(), but it is
typically only called by a 'FlagValues' object. The Parse() method is
a thin wrapper around the 'ArgumentParser' Parse() method. The parsed
value is saved in .value, and the .present attribute is updated. If
this flag was already present, a FlagsError is raised.
Parse() is also called during __init__ to parse the default value and
initialize the .value attribute. This enables other python modules to
safely use flags even if the __main__ module neglects to parse the
command line arguments. The .present attribute is cleared after
__init__ parsing. If the default value is set to None, then the
__init__ parsing step is skipped and the .value attribute is
initialized to None.
Note: The default value is also presented to the user in the help
string, so it is important that it be a legal value for this flag.
"""
def __init__(self, parser, serializer, name, default, help_string,
short_name=None, boolean=0, allow_override=0):
self.name = name
if not help_string:
help_string = '(no help available)'
self.help = help_string
self.short_name = short_name
self.boolean = boolean
self.present = 0
self.parser = parser
self.serializer = serializer
self.allow_override = allow_override
self.value = None
self.validators = []
self.SetDefault(default)
def __GetParsedValueAsString(self, value):
if value is None:
return None
if self.serializer:
return repr(self.serializer.Serialize(value))
if self.boolean:
if value:
return repr('true')
else:
return repr('false')
return repr(str(value))
def Parse(self, argument):
try:
self.value = self.parser.Parse(argument)
except ValueError, e: # recast ValueError as IllegalFlagValue
raise IllegalFlagValue("flag --%s=%s: %s" % (self.name, argument, e))
self.present += 1
def Unparse(self):
if self.default is None:
self.value = None
else:
self.Parse(self.default)
self.present = 0
def Serialize(self):
if self.value is None:
return ''
if self.boolean:
if self.value:
return "--%s" % self.name
else:
return "--no%s" % self.name
else:
if not self.serializer:
raise FlagsError("Serializer not present for flag %s" % self.name)
return "--%s=%s" % (self.name, self.serializer.Serialize(self.value))
def SetDefault(self, value):
"""Changes the default value (and current value too) for this Flag."""
# We can't allow a None override because it may end up not being
# passed to C++ code when we're overriding C++ flags. So we
# cowardly bail out until someone fixes the semantics of trying to
# pass None to a C++ flag. See swig_flags.Init() for details on
# this behavior.
# TODO(olexiy): Users can directly call this method, bypassing all flags
# validators (we don't have FlagValues here, so we can not check
# validators).
# The simplest solution I see is to make this method private.
# Another approach would be to store reference to the corresponding
# FlagValues with each flag, but this seems to be an overkill.
if value is None and self.allow_override:
raise DuplicateFlagCannotPropagateNoneToSwig(self.name)
self.default = value
self.Unparse()
self.default_as_str = self.__GetParsedValueAsString(self.value)
def Type(self):
"""Returns: a string that describes the type of this Flag."""
# NOTE: we use strings, and not the types.*Type constants because
# our flags can have more exotic types, e.g., 'comma separated list
# of strings', 'whitespace separated list of strings', etc.
return self.parser.Type()
def WriteInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, module_name, is_key=False, indent=''):
"""Writes common info about this flag, in XML format.
This is information that is relevant to all flags (e.g., name,
meaning, etc.). If you defined a flag that has some other pieces of
info, then please override _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat.
Please do NOT override this method.
Args:
outfile: File object we write to.
module_name: A string, the name of the module that defines this flag.
is_key: A boolean, True iff this flag is key for main module.
indent: A string that is prepended to each generated line.
"""
outfile.write(indent + '<flag>\n')
inner_indent = indent + ' '
if is_key:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'key', 'yes', inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'file', module_name, inner_indent)
# Print flag features that are relevant for all flags.
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'name', self.name, inner_indent)
if self.short_name:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'short_name', self.short_name,
inner_indent)
if self.help:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'meaning', self.help, inner_indent)
# The default flag value can either be represented as a string like on the
# command line, or as a Python object. We serialize this value in the
# latter case in order to remain consistent.
if self.serializer and not isinstance(self.default, str):
default_serialized = self.serializer.Serialize(self.default)
else:
default_serialized = self.default
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'default', default_serialized, inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'current', self.value, inner_indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'type', self.Type(), inner_indent)
# Print extra flag features this flag may have.
self._WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, inner_indent)
outfile.write(indent + '</flag>\n')
def _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
"""Writes extra info about this flag, in XML format.
"Extra" means "not already printed by WriteInfoInXMLFormat above."
Args:
outfile: File object we write to.
indent: A string that is prepended to each generated line.
"""
# Usually, the parser knows the extra details about the flag, so
# we just forward the call to it.
self.parser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(outfile, indent)
# End of Flag definition
class _ArgumentParserCache(type):
"""Metaclass used to cache and share argument parsers among flags."""
_instances = {}
def __call__(mcs, *args, **kwargs):
"""Returns an instance of the argument parser cls.
This method overrides behavior of the __new__ methods in
all subclasses of ArgumentParser (inclusive). If an instance
for mcs with the same set of arguments exists, this instance is
returned, otherwise a new instance is created.
If any keyword arguments are defined, or the values in args
are not hashable, this method always returns a new instance of
cls.
Args:
args: Positional initializer arguments.
kwargs: Initializer keyword arguments.
Returns:
An instance of cls, shared or new.
"""
if kwargs:
return type.__call__(mcs, *args, **kwargs)
else:
instances = mcs._instances
key = (mcs,) + tuple(args)
try:
return instances[key]
except KeyError:
# No cache entry for key exists, create a new one.
return instances.setdefault(key, type.__call__(mcs, *args))
except TypeError:
# An object in args cannot be hashed, always return
# a new instance.
return type.__call__(mcs, *args)
class ArgumentParser(object):
"""Base class used to parse and convert arguments.
The Parse() method checks to make sure that the string argument is a
legal value and convert it to a native type. If the value cannot be
converted, it should throw a 'ValueError' exception with a human
readable explanation of why the value is illegal.
Subclasses should also define a syntactic_help string which may be
presented to the user to describe the form of the legal values.
Argument parser classes must be stateless, since instances are cached
and shared between flags. Initializer arguments are allowed, but all
member variables must be derived from initializer arguments only.
"""
__metaclass__ = _ArgumentParserCache
syntactic_help = ""
def Parse(self, argument):
"""Default implementation: always returns its argument unmodified."""
return argument
def Type(self):
return 'string'
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
pass
class ArgumentSerializer:
"""Base class for generating string representations of a flag value."""
def Serialize(self, value):
return str(value)
class ListSerializer(ArgumentSerializer):
def __init__(self, list_sep):
self.list_sep = list_sep
def Serialize(self, value):
return self.list_sep.join([str(x) for x in value])
# Flags validators
def RegisterValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message='Flag validation failed',
flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Adds a constraint, which will be enforced during program execution.
The constraint is validated when flags are initially parsed, and after each
change of the corresponding flag's value.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag to be checked.
checker: method to validate the flag.
input - value of the corresponding flag (string, boolean, etc.
This value will be passed to checker by the library). See file's
docstring for examples.
output - Boolean.
Must return True if validator constraint is satisfied.
If constraint is not satisfied, it should either return False or
raise gflags_validators.Error(desired_error_message).
message: error text to be shown to the user if checker returns False.
If checker raises gflags_validators.Error, message from the raised
Error will be shown.
flag_values: FlagValues
Raises:
AttributeError: if flag_name is not registered as a valid flag name.
"""
flag_values.AddValidator(gflags_validators.SimpleValidator(flag_name,
checker,
message))
def MarkFlagAsRequired(flag_name, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Ensure that flag is not None during program execution.
Registers a flag validator, which will follow usual validator
rules.
Args:
flag_name: string, name of the flag
flag_values: FlagValues
Raises:
AttributeError: if flag_name is not registered as a valid flag name.
"""
RegisterValidator(flag_name,
lambda value: value is not None,
message='Flag --%s must be specified.' % flag_name,
flag_values=flag_values)
def _RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values):
"""Enforce lower and upper bounds for numeric flags.
Args:
parser: NumericParser (either FloatParser or IntegerParser). Provides lower
and upper bounds, and help text to display.
name: string, name of the flag
flag_values: FlagValues
"""
if parser.lower_bound is not None or parser.upper_bound is not None:
def Checker(value):
if value is not None and parser.IsOutsideBounds(value):
message = '%s is not %s' % (value, parser.syntactic_help)
raise gflags_validators.Error(message)
return True
RegisterValidator(name,
Checker,
flag_values=flag_values)
# The DEFINE functions are explained in mode details in the module doc string.
def DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, serializer=None,
**args):
"""Registers a generic Flag object.
NOTE: in the docstrings of all DEFINE* functions, "registers" is short
for "creates a new flag and registers it".
Auxiliary function: clients should use the specialized DEFINE_<type>
function instead.
Args:
parser: ArgumentParser that is used to parse the flag arguments.
name: A string, the flag name.
default: The default value of the flag.
help: A help string.
flag_values: FlagValues object the flag will be registered with.
serializer: ArgumentSerializer that serializes the flag value.
args: Dictionary with extra keyword args that are passes to the
Flag __init__.
"""
DEFINE_flag(Flag(parser, serializer, name, default, help, **args),
flag_values)
def DEFINE_flag(flag, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Registers a 'Flag' object with a 'FlagValues' object.
By default, the global FLAGS 'FlagValue' object is used.
Typical users will use one of the more specialized DEFINE_xxx
functions, such as DEFINE_string or DEFINE_integer. But developers
who need to create Flag objects themselves should use this function
to register their flags.
"""
# copying the reference to flag_values prevents pychecker warnings
fv = flag_values
fv[flag.name] = flag
# Tell flag_values who's defining the flag.
if isinstance(flag_values, FlagValues):
# Regarding the above isinstance test: some users pass funny
# values of flag_values (e.g., {}) in order to avoid the flag
# registration (in the past, there used to be a flag_values ==
# FLAGS test here) and redefine flags with the same name (e.g.,
# debug). To avoid breaking their code, we perform the
# registration only if flag_values is a real FlagValues object.
flag_values._RegisterFlagByModule(_GetCallingModule(), flag)
def _InternalDeclareKeyFlags(flag_names,
flag_values=FLAGS, key_flag_values=None):
"""Declares a flag as key for the calling module.
Internal function. User code should call DECLARE_key_flag or
ADOPT_module_key_flags instead.
Args:
flag_names: A list of strings that are names of already-registered
Flag objects.
flag_values: A FlagValues object that the flags listed in
flag_names have registered with (the value of the flag_values
argument from the DEFINE_* calls that defined those flags).
This should almost never need to be overridden.
key_flag_values: A FlagValues object that (among possibly many
other things) keeps track of the key flags for each module.
Default None means "same as flag_values". This should almost
never need to be overridden.
Raises:
UnrecognizedFlagError: when we refer to a flag that was not
defined yet.
"""
key_flag_values = key_flag_values or flag_values
module = _GetCallingModule()
for flag_name in flag_names:
if flag_name not in flag_values:
raise UnrecognizedFlagError(flag_name)
flag = flag_values.FlagDict()[flag_name]
key_flag_values._RegisterKeyFlagForModule(module, flag)
def DECLARE_key_flag(flag_name, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Declares one flag as key to the current module.
Key flags are flags that are deemed really important for a module.
They are important when listing help messages; e.g., if the
--helpshort command-line flag is used, then only the key flags of the
main module are listed (instead of all flags, as in the case of
--help).
Sample usage:
flags.DECLARED_key_flag('flag_1')
Args:
flag_name: A string, the name of an already declared flag.
(Redeclaring flags as key, including flags implicitly key
because they were declared in this module, is a no-op.)
flag_values: A FlagValues object. This should almost never
need to be overridden.
"""
if flag_name in _SPECIAL_FLAGS:
# Take care of the special flags, e.g., --flagfile, --undefok.
# These flags are defined in _SPECIAL_FLAGS, and are treated
# specially during flag parsing, taking precedence over the
# user-defined flags.
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags([flag_name],
flag_values=_SPECIAL_FLAGS,
key_flag_values=flag_values)
return
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags([flag_name], flag_values=flag_values)
def ADOPT_module_key_flags(module, flag_values=FLAGS):
"""Declares that all flags key to a module are key to the current module.
Args:
module: A module object.
flag_values: A FlagValues object. This should almost never need
to be overridden.
Raises:
FlagsError: When given an argument that is a module name (a
string), instead of a module object.
"""
# NOTE(salcianu): an even better test would be if not
# isinstance(module, types.ModuleType) but I didn't want to import
# types for such a tiny use.
if isinstance(module, str):
raise FlagsError('Received module name %s; expected a module object.'
% module)
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags(
[f.name for f in flag_values._GetKeyFlagsForModule(module.__name__)],
flag_values=flag_values)
# If module is this flag module, take _SPECIAL_FLAGS into account.
if module == _GetThisModuleObjectAndName()[0]:
_InternalDeclareKeyFlags(
# As we associate flags with _GetCallingModule(), the special
# flags defined in this module are incorrectly registered with
# a different module. So, we can't use _GetKeyFlagsForModule.
# Instead, we take all flags from _SPECIAL_FLAGS (a private
# FlagValues, where no other module should register flags).
[f.name for f in _SPECIAL_FLAGS.FlagDict().values()],
flag_values=_SPECIAL_FLAGS,
key_flag_values=flag_values)
#
# STRING FLAGS
#
def DEFINE_string(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be any string."""
parser = ArgumentParser()
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
#
# BOOLEAN FLAGS
#
# and the special HELP flags.
class BooleanParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of boolean values."""
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Converts the argument to a boolean; raise ValueError on errors."""
if type(argument) == str:
if argument.lower() in ['true', 't', '1']:
return True
elif argument.lower() in ['false', 'f', '0']:
return False
bool_argument = bool(argument)
if argument == bool_argument:
# The argument is a valid boolean (True, False, 0, or 1), and not just
# something that always converts to bool (list, string, int, etc.).
return bool_argument
raise ValueError('Non-boolean argument to boolean flag', argument)
def Parse(self, argument):
val = self.Convert(argument)
return val
def Type(self):
return 'bool'
class BooleanFlag(Flag):
"""Basic boolean flag.
Boolean flags do not take any arguments, and their value is either
True (1) or False (0). The false value is specified on the command
line by prepending the word 'no' to either the long or the short flag
name.
For example, if a Boolean flag was created whose long name was
'update' and whose short name was 'x', then this flag could be
explicitly unset through either --noupdate or --nox.
"""
def __init__(self, name, default, help, short_name=None, **args):
p = BooleanParser()
Flag.__init__(self, p, None, name, default, help, short_name, 1, **args)
if not self.help: self.help = "a boolean value"
def DEFINE_boolean(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a boolean flag.
Such a boolean flag does not take an argument. If a user wants to
specify a false value explicitly, the long option beginning with 'no'
must be used: i.e. --noflag
This flag will have a value of None, True or False. None is possible
if default=None and the user does not specify the flag on the command
line.
"""
DEFINE_flag(BooleanFlag(name, default, help, **args), flag_values)
# Match C++ API to unconfuse C++ people.
DEFINE_bool = DEFINE_boolean
class HelpFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""
HelpFlag is a special boolean flag that prints usage information and
raises a SystemExit exception if it is ever found in the command
line arguments. Note this is called with allow_override=1, so other
apps can define their own --help flag, replacing this one, if they want.
"""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, "help", 0, "show this help",
short_name="?", allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
doc = sys.modules["__main__"].__doc__
flags = str(FLAGS)
print doc or ("\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n" % sys.argv[0])
if flags:
print "flags:"
print flags
sys.exit(1)
class HelpXMLFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""Similar to HelpFlag, but generates output in XML format."""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, 'helpxml', False,
'like --help, but generates XML output',
allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
FLAGS.WriteHelpInXMLFormat(sys.stdout)
sys.exit(1)
class HelpshortFlag(BooleanFlag):
"""
HelpshortFlag is a special boolean flag that prints usage
information for the "main" module, and rasies a SystemExit exception
if it is ever found in the command line arguments. Note this is
called with allow_override=1, so other apps can define their own
--helpshort flag, replacing this one, if they want.
"""
def __init__(self):
BooleanFlag.__init__(self, "helpshort", 0,
"show usage only for this module", allow_override=1)
def Parse(self, arg):
if arg:
doc = sys.modules["__main__"].__doc__
flags = FLAGS.MainModuleHelp()
print doc or ("\nUSAGE: %s [flags]\n" % sys.argv[0])
if flags:
print "flags:"
print flags
sys.exit(1)
#
# Numeric parser - base class for Integer and Float parsers
#
class NumericParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of numeric values.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
def IsOutsideBounds(self, val):
return ((self.lower_bound is not None and val < self.lower_bound) or
(self.upper_bound is not None and val > self.upper_bound))
def Parse(self, argument):
val = self.Convert(argument)
if self.IsOutsideBounds(val):
raise ValueError("%s is not %s" % (val, self.syntactic_help))
return val
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
if self.lower_bound is not None:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'lower_bound', self.lower_bound, indent)
if self.upper_bound is not None:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'upper_bound', self.upper_bound, indent)
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Default implementation: always returns its argument unmodified."""
return argument
# End of Numeric Parser
#
# FLOAT FLAGS
#
class FloatParser(NumericParser):
"""Parser of floating point values.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
number_article = "a"
number_name = "number"
syntactic_help = " ".join((number_article, number_name))
def __init__(self, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None):
super(FloatParser, self).__init__()
self.lower_bound = lower_bound
self.upper_bound = upper_bound
sh = self.syntactic_help
if lower_bound is not None and upper_bound is not None:
sh = ("%s in the range [%s, %s]" % (sh, lower_bound, upper_bound))
elif lower_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-negative %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound is not None:
sh = "%s <= %s" % (self.number_name, upper_bound)
elif lower_bound is not None:
sh = "%s >= %s" % (self.number_name, lower_bound)
self.syntactic_help = sh
def Convert(self, argument):
"""Converts argument to a float; raises ValueError on errors."""
return float(argument)
def Type(self):
return 'float'
# End of FloatParser
def DEFINE_float(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value must be a float.
If lower_bound or upper_bound are set, then this flag must be
within the given range.
"""
parser = FloatParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
_RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values=flag_values)
#
# INTEGER FLAGS
#
class IntegerParser(NumericParser):
"""Parser of an integer value.
Parsed value may be bounded to a given upper and lower bound.
"""
number_article = "an"
number_name = "integer"
syntactic_help = " ".join((number_article, number_name))
def __init__(self, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None):
super(IntegerParser, self).__init__()
self.lower_bound = lower_bound
self.upper_bound = upper_bound
sh = self.syntactic_help
if lower_bound is not None and upper_bound is not None:
sh = ("%s in the range [%s, %s]" % (sh, lower_bound, upper_bound))
elif lower_bound == 1:
sh = "a positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == -1:
sh = "a negative %s" % self.number_name
elif lower_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-negative %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound == 0:
sh = "a non-positive %s" % self.number_name
elif upper_bound is not None:
sh = "%s <= %s" % (self.number_name, upper_bound)
elif lower_bound is not None:
sh = "%s >= %s" % (self.number_name, lower_bound)
self.syntactic_help = sh
def Convert(self, argument):
__pychecker__ = 'no-returnvalues'
if type(argument) == str:
base = 10
if len(argument) > 2 and argument[0] == "0" and argument[1] == "x":
base = 16
try:
return int(argument, base)
# ValueError is thrown when argument is a string, and overflows an int.
except ValueError:
return long(argument, base)
else:
try:
return int(argument)
# OverflowError is thrown when argument is numeric, and overflows an int.
except OverflowError:
return long(argument)
def Type(self):
return 'int'
def DEFINE_integer(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value must be an integer.
If lower_bound, or upper_bound are set, then this flag must be
within the given range.
"""
parser = IntegerParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
_RegisterBoundsValidatorIfNeeded(parser, name, flag_values=flag_values)
#
# ENUM FLAGS
#
class EnumParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Parser of a string enum value (a string value from a given set).
If enum_values (see below) is not specified, any string is allowed.
"""
def __init__(self, enum_values=None):
super(EnumParser, self).__init__()
self.enum_values = enum_values
def Parse(self, argument):
if self.enum_values and argument not in self.enum_values:
raise ValueError("value should be one of <%s>" %
"|".join(self.enum_values))
return argument
def Type(self):
return 'string enum'
class EnumFlag(Flag):
"""Basic enum flag; its value can be any string from list of enum_values."""
def __init__(self, name, default, help, enum_values=None,
short_name=None, **args):
enum_values = enum_values or []
p = EnumParser(enum_values)
g = ArgumentSerializer()
Flag.__init__(self, p, g, name, default, help, short_name, **args)
if not self.help: self.help = "an enum string"
self.help = "<%s>: %s" % ("|".join(enum_values), self.help)
def _WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
for enum_value in self.parser.enum_values:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'enum_value', enum_value, indent)
def DEFINE_enum(name, default, enum_values, help, flag_values=FLAGS,
**args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be any string from enum_values."""
DEFINE_flag(EnumFlag(name, default, help, enum_values, ** args),
flag_values)
#
# LIST FLAGS
#
class BaseListParser(ArgumentParser):
"""Base class for a parser of lists of strings.
To extend, inherit from this class; from the subclass __init__, call
BaseListParser.__init__(self, token, name)
where token is a character used to tokenize, and name is a description
of the separator.
"""
def __init__(self, token=None, name=None):
assert name
super(BaseListParser, self).__init__()
self._token = token
self._name = name
self.syntactic_help = "a %s separated list" % self._name
def Parse(self, argument):
if isinstance(argument, list):
return argument
elif argument == '':
return []
else:
return [s.strip() for s in argument.split(self._token)]
def Type(self):
return '%s separated list of strings' % self._name
class ListParser(BaseListParser):
"""Parser for a comma-separated list of strings."""
def __init__(self):
BaseListParser.__init__(self, ',', 'comma')
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
BaseListParser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent)
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'list_separator', repr(','), indent)
class WhitespaceSeparatedListParser(BaseListParser):
"""Parser for a whitespace-separated list of strings."""
def __init__(self):
BaseListParser.__init__(self, None, 'whitespace')
def WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent):
BaseListParser.WriteCustomInfoInXMLFormat(self, outfile, indent)
separators = list(string.whitespace)
separators.sort()
for ws_char in string.whitespace:
_WriteSimpleXMLElement(outfile, 'list_separator', repr(ws_char), indent)
def DEFINE_list(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value is a comma-separated list of strings."""
parser = ListParser()
serializer = ListSerializer(',')
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
def DEFINE_spaceseplist(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value is a whitespace-separated list of strings.
Any whitespace can be used as a separator.
"""
parser = WhitespaceSeparatedListParser()
serializer = ListSerializer(' ')
DEFINE(parser, name, default, help, flag_values, serializer, **args)
#
# MULTI FLAGS
#
class MultiFlag(Flag):
"""A flag that can appear multiple time on the command-line.
The value of such a flag is a list that contains the individual values
from all the appearances of that flag on the command-line.
See the __doc__ for Flag for most behavior of this class. Only
differences in behavior are described here:
* The default value may be either a single value or a list of values.
A single value is interpreted as the [value] singleton list.
* The value of the flag is always a list, even if the option was
only supplied once, and even if the default value is a single
value
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
Flag.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.help += ';\n repeat this option to specify a list of values'
def Parse(self, arguments):
"""Parses one or more arguments with the installed parser.
Args:
arguments: a single argument or a list of arguments (typically a
list of default values); a single argument is converted
internally into a list containing one item.
"""
if not isinstance(arguments, list):
# Default value may be a list of values. Most other arguments
# will not be, so convert them into a single-item list to make
# processing simpler below.
arguments = [arguments]
if self.present:
# keep a backup reference to list of previously supplied option values
values = self.value
else:
# "erase" the defaults with an empty list
values = []
for item in arguments:
# have Flag superclass parse argument, overwriting self.value reference
Flag.Parse(self, item) # also increments self.present
values.append(self.value)
# put list of option values back in the 'value' attribute
self.value = values
def Serialize(self):
if not self.serializer:
raise FlagsError("Serializer not present for flag %s" % self.name)
if self.value is None:
return ''
s = ''
multi_value = self.value
for self.value in multi_value:
if s: s += ' '
s += Flag.Serialize(self)
self.value = multi_value
return s
def Type(self):
return 'multi ' + self.parser.Type()
def DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS,
**args):
"""Registers a generic MultiFlag that parses its args with a given parser.
Auxiliary function. Normal users should NOT use it directly.
Developers who need to create their own 'Parser' classes for options
which can appear multiple times can call this module function to
register their flags.
"""
DEFINE_flag(MultiFlag(parser, serializer, name, default, help, **args),
flag_values)
def DEFINE_multistring(name, default, help, flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be a list of any strings.
Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
string values into the list. The 'default' may be a single string
(which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
strings.
"""
parser = ArgumentParser()
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
def DEFINE_multi_int(name, default, help, lower_bound=None, upper_bound=None,
flag_values=FLAGS, **args):
"""Registers a flag whose value can be a list of arbitrary integers.
Use the flag on the command line multiple times to place multiple
integer values into the list. The 'default' may be a single integer
(which will be converted into a single-element list) or a list of
integers.
"""
parser = IntegerParser(lower_bound, upper_bound)
serializer = ArgumentSerializer()
DEFINE_multi(parser, serializer, name, default, help, flag_values, **args)
# Now register the flags that we want to exist in all applications.
# These are all defined with allow_override=1, so user-apps can use
# these flagnames for their own purposes, if they want.
DEFINE_flag(HelpFlag())
DEFINE_flag(HelpshortFlag())
DEFINE_flag(HelpXMLFlag())
# Define special flags here so that help may be generated for them.
# NOTE: Please do NOT use _SPECIAL_FLAGS from outside this module.
_SPECIAL_FLAGS = FlagValues()
DEFINE_string(
'flagfile', "",
"Insert flag definitions from the given file into the command line.",
_SPECIAL_FLAGS)
DEFINE_string(
'undefok', "",
"comma-separated list of flag names that it is okay to specify "
"on the command line even if the program does not define a flag "
"with that name. IMPORTANT: flags in this list that have "
"arguments MUST use the --flag=value format.", _SPECIAL_FLAGS)
| Python |
Subsets and Splits
SQL Console for ajibawa-2023/Python-Code-Large
Provides a useful breakdown of language distribution in the training data, showing which languages have the most samples and helping identify potential imbalances across different language groups.