| ## Dataset Card for `Text2Sparql-Clean` |
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| ### 🧾 Dataset Summary |
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| `Text2Sparql-Clean` is a **clean, standardized, and multilingual dataset** for the task of translating natural language questions into SPARQL queries over the **DBpedia** knowledge graph. It aggregates and harmonizes four widely-used benchmarks in the text-to-SPARQL research field: |
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| * **QALD (versions 1–9)** |
| * **LC-QuAD 1.0** |
| * **Orange/paraqa-sparqltotext** |
| * **julioc-p/Question-Sparql** |
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| The dataset includes questions in **English** and **Spanish**, making it a valuable resource for both **monolingual** and **cross-lingual** question answering over knowledge graphs. |
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| This is the **second official version** of the dataset. |
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| ### 🛠️ Key Features and Improvements |
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| This dataset goes beyond simple aggregation. It includes several **important improvements** over the original datasets: |
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| * ✅ **Standardized SPARQL queries**: All queries were revised to **include the necessary PREFIX declarations**, ensuring compatibility with DBpedia’s SPARQL endpoint. |
| * ✅ **Syntactic and semantic validation**: Every SPARQL query was checked for **syntactic correctness** and **semantic executability**. Faulty or malformed queries were either **fixed** or **removed**. |
| * ✅ **Clean, high-quality corpus**: The result is a **clean dataset** where all queries are **both executable and meaningful**, enabling reliable model training and evaluation. |
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| ### ✅ Supported Tasks |
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| * **Text-to-SPARQL generation** |
| → Given a natural language question, generate the corresponding SPARQL query over DBpedia. |
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| ### 🌍 Languages |
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| * **English** (`en`) |
| * **Spanish** (`es`) |
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| ### 📁 Dataset Format |
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| Each data instance contains: |
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| * `question`: The question in natural language (English or Spanish) |
| * `query`: The corresponding SPARQL query |
| * `dataset-id`: Original dataset source (e.g., `QALD-X`, `LCQUAD`, `Orange`, `JULIOC`) |
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| ### 🔧 Dataset Creation Process |
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| This dataset is the result of a **comprehensive curation pipeline**: |
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| 1. **Aggregation** of four public datasets into a unified structure. |
| * **QALD 1-9**: https://github.com/ag-sc/QALD |
| * **LC-QuAD 1.0**: https://github.com/AskNowQA/LC-QuAD |
| * **Paraqa-SparqlToText**: https://huggingface.co/datasets/Orange/paraqa-sparqltotext |
| * **Question-Sparql**: https://huggingface.co/datasets/julioc-p/Question-Sparql |
| 2. **Normalization** of query formats and syntax, resulting in all queries with PREFIX. |
| 3. **Insertion of missing PREFIX declarations** to ensure compliance with DBpedia standards. |
| 4. **Execution validation**: All queries were tested against a DBpedia SPARQL endpoint. Queries that failed were either corrected (if trivial) or removed. |
| 5. **Language consistency checks** for both English and Spanish questions. |
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| ### 💡 Use Cases |
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| * Training and evaluating **text-to-SPARQL models** |
| * Developing **multilingual semantic parsers** |
| * Enabling **cross-lingual question answering** over structured knowledge graphs |
| * Fine-tuning large language models on **knowledge-graph-to-text** tasks |
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| ### 📚 Citation |
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| If you use this dataset in your research, please cite: |
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| ``` |
| @misc{text2sparql-clean, |
| author = {Marcos Gôlo, Paulo do Carmo, Edgard Marx, Ricardo Marcacini}, |
| title = {text2sparql-clean: Natural Language Text to SPARQL for DBpedia Cleaned Dataset}, |
| year = {2025}, |
| howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/aksw/Text2Sparql-Clean}}, |
| } |
| ``` |
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| ### 🪪 Licensing |
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| license: apache-2.0 |
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| Check each dataset’s original repository for full licensing terms. |
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