paper_id
string
claim_id
string
claim
string
label
string
caption
string
evi_type
string
evi_path
string
context
string
domain
string
use_context
string
operation
string
paper_path
string
detail_others
string
license_name
string
license_url
string
claim_id_pair
string
evi_path_original
string
2025.naacl-long.15
val_fig_0158
By repeating the wrapping instructions of ChatGPT thrice, we observed a decrease in the BiasF_{o} (ii) score presented in Fig. 6 . Combining (i) and (ii) suggests that this strategy is an effective mitigation.
Supported
Figure 6: More demonstrations and repeating format instructions mitigate format bias. Finetuning mostly eliminates the format bias. The performance is reported using ChatGPT on MMLU (Appx.- Tab. 18 for num. results).
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0158.png
We found that repeating instructions generally increases FI scores (i) across most formats except “Placeholder”, which can consequently lessen the mode’s token bias towards format instructions ( Section 5.1 ). Using our two proposed criteria for effective format bias mitigation in Section 3.2 , it is worth examining if...
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.15.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0243
null
2025.naacl-long.15
val_fig_0159
By repeating the wrapping instructions of ChatGPT thrice, we observed a decrease in the BiasF_{o} (ii) score presented in Fig. 6 . Combining (i) and (ii) suggests that this strategy is an effective mitigation.
Refuted
Figure 6: More demonstrations and repeating format instructions mitigate format bias. Finetuning mostly eliminates the format bias. The performance is reported using ChatGPT on MMLU (Appx.- Tab. 18 for num. results).
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0159.png
We found that repeating instructions generally increases FI scores (i) across most formats except “Placeholder”, which can consequently lessen the mode’s token bias towards format instructions ( Section 5.1 ). Using our two proposed criteria for effective format bias mitigation in Section 3.2 , it is worth examining if...
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.15.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0243
null
2025.naacl-short.5
val_fig_0160
In numerical domains (Number, Number+Text), LLMs are much more accurate in QA versus RQA , revealing a clear abduction weakness.
Supported
Figure 2: LLM RQA ( blue ) and QA ( red ) accuracy with 95% CIs for metric error rate. LLMs are much weaker in abductive RQA in numerical settings (Number/Number+Text), but in text settings (Easy/Hard Entity), deductive QA is slightly weaker.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0160.png
We first see if RQA ( red , no stripe) or QA ( blue , striped) is consistently harder for LLMs (Figure 2 ).
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-short.5.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0244
null
2025.naacl-short.5
val_fig_0161
In numerical domains (Number, Number+Text), LLMs are much more accurate in QA versus RQA , revealing a clear abduction weakness.
Refuted
Figure 2: LLM RQA ( blue ) and QA ( red ) accuracy with 95% CIs for metric error rate. LLMs are much weaker in abductive RQA in numerical settings (Number/Number+Text), but in text settings (Easy/Hard Entity), deductive QA is slightly weaker.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0161.png
We first see if RQA ( red , no stripe) or QA ( blue , striped) is consistently harder for LLMs (Figure 2 ).
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-short.5.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0244
null
2025.naacl-short.5
val_fig_0163
Number+Text a have lower Dolma token counts when RQA fails (Fig 4 ), so LLMs struggle to recall long-tail numerical facts Kandpal et al. ( 2023 ) .
Supported
Figure 4: Answer token count and question difficulty of when RQA succeeds/fails, averaged over all LLMs.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0163.png
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-short.5.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0245
null
2025.naacl-long.17
val_fig_0165
Our findings show that: (1) As expected, using the most closely related language as the auxiliary example bank yields the best performance, as it provides relevant guidance to the LLM, and (2) Selecting a random or unrelated language results in little to no improvement, with performance remaining close to the relevance...
Supported
Figure 1: Token-F1 evaluation on the cross-lingual QA task in Manipuri, with retrievers trained using different auxiliary high-resource example banks: (1) Closely related language, (2) Random language, and (3) Unrelated language.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0165.png
We evaluate three setups: (1) Our method (Alg. 2 ) of selecting the most closely related language as the auxiliary example bank, (2) selecting a random language, and (3) selecting the most unrelated language. We show the few-shot performance on cross-lingual QA task in Figure 1 , with retrievers trained under each setu...
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.17.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0246
null
2023.emnlp-main.8
val_fig_0167
ChatGPT is affected by the primacy effect : ChatGPT tends to select labels in earlier positions in the prompt (see Fig. 1 ), which present clear bias with respect to the label order.
Supported
Figure 1: Primacy Effect of ChatGPT : ChatGPT tends to return labels in earlier positions as the answer. This plot shows the distribution of ChatGPT’s predicted label indices in TACRED (42 classes), where we randomly shuffle labels before every prediction (see Sec. 2.2 ).
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0167.png
nlp
other sources
Supported_claim_only
papers/dev/nlp_2023.emnlp-main.8.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
no pair
null
2023.emnlp-main.8
val_fig_0168
We visualize the distributions in Fig. 4 . Notably, the distribution of ChatGPT’s predictions consistently deviates from the uniform distribution, displaying a consistent bias towards smaller indices across different datasets.
Supported
(a) TACRED; (b) TACREV; (c) Re-TACRED; (d) Banking77; The distribution of predicted indices of the test instances with label shuffling before every prediction.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0168.png
The empirical results in Section 3.2 indicate that ChatGPT’s predictions are affected by label order. To deeper delve into the effects of label orders on ChatGPT, we analyze the distribution of predicted label indices (e.g., if the prediction is the first label, the label index is 1 ), as introduced in Section 2.2 .
nlp
no
Supported_claim_only
papers/dev/nlp_2023.emnlp-main.8.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
no pair
null
2023.emnlp-main.19
val_fig_0169
Loss method outperformed all others in approximately one-third of the 35 settings examined, as indicated in Figure 5 (left).
Supported
Figure 5: Summary of subset selection strategies performances from. Left: percentage of times each strategy gets the best performance out of 35 settings (across each of the 7 languages and 5 \hat{D}^{Syn}_{train} sizes). Right: bootstrapped confidence intervals for the percentages on the left.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0169.png
Effective subsets have high diversity and predictive uncertainty . Our analysis reveals statistically significant differences between the subset selection strategies, highlighting the effectiveness of the hybrid approaches ( UMT/EMT+ Loss ) that consider both diversity and predictive uncertainty. Among the strategies t...
nlp
no
Category Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2023.emnlp-main.19.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0247
null
2023.emnlp-main.19
val_fig_0171
Furthermore, selecting datapoints based solely on high predictive uncertainty without considering diversity ( HighLoss ) is an ineffective strategy, having the second lowest proportion of wins (Fig. 5 , right).
Supported
Figure 5: Summary of subset selection strategies performances from. Left: percentage of times each strategy gets the best performance out of 35 settings (across each of the 7 languages and 5 \hat{D}^{Syn}_{train} sizes). Right: bootstrapped confidence intervals for the percentages on the left.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0171.png
nlp
no
Category Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2023.emnlp-main.19.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0248
null
2023.emnlp-main.1
val_fig_0173
As shown in Figure 3 , \mathcal{Q}_{\text{All}} hardly outperforms the RAG baseline ( 64.3\rightarrow 64.5 ).
Supported
Figure 3: Comparison of different warmup strategies. Scores are reported on the StrategyQA dev set.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0173.png
nlp
no
Category Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2023.emnlp-main.1.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0249
null
2023.emnlp-main.1
val_fig_0174
As shown in Figure 3 , \mathcal{Q}_{\text{All}} hardly outperforms the RAG baseline ( 64.3\rightarrow 64.5 ).
Refuted
Figure 3: Comparison of different warmup strategies. Scores are reported on the StrategyQA dev set.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0174.png
nlp
no
Category Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2023.emnlp-main.1.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0249
null
2023.emnlp-main.1
val_fig_0175
As shown in Figure 4 , IAG- Student achieves the best performance with the statement number between 5 and 7.
Supported
Figure 4: Scores of IAG- Student on StrategyQA dev set with different numbers of knowledge statements.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0175.png
Our implementation of IAG samples 5 knowledge statements to feed into the generator. To justify this design choice, we evaluate the performance of IAG- Student with varying statement numbers.
nlp
no
Graph Flip
papers/dev/nlp_2023.emnlp-main.1.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0250
null
2024.eacl-short.7
val_fig_0178
There are more extrinsic errors introduced in the news domain compared to the niche domain datasets.
Supported
(a) Prevalence of factual errors in each of domains; (b) Distribution of error categories across domains; Distribution of errors and error categories across domains
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0178.png
We next characterize the distribution of error categories in factually inconsistent summaries generated by models across the domains considererd. Figure 1(b) reports the distribution of error categories for both models. 3 3 3 Model-specific distributions are in Appendix A.6
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.eacl-short.7.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0251
null
2024.eacl-short.7
val_fig_0179
There are more extrinsic errors introduced in the news domain compared to the niche domain datasets.
Refuted
(a) Prevalence of factual errors in each of domains; (b) Distribution of error categories across domains; Distribution of errors and error categories across domains
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0179.png
We next characterize the distribution of error categories in factually inconsistent summaries generated by models across the domains considererd. Figure 1(b) reports the distribution of error categories for both models. 3 3 3 Model-specific distributions are in Appendix A.6
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.eacl-short.7.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0251
null
2024.eacl-long.14
val_fig_0180
Even for languages unseen in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R, it outperforms Glot-500 in most cases as long as the written scripts are seen.
Supported
Figure 2: Fully supervised Model Performance. We group languages by whether they and their scripts are seen in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R. Languages are ordered by the XLM-R performance in every group.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0180.png
Figure 2 compares MLP, XLM-R and Glot-500 models based on language and script coverage in pre-training based on four groups: (1) language seen, script seen in XLM-R (2) language unseen, script seen in XLM-R (3) script unseen in XLM-R, language seen in Glot-500 (4) script unseen by both models. The results in each group...
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.eacl-long.14.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0252
null
2024.eacl-long.14
val_fig_0181
Even for languages unseen in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R, it outperforms Glot-500 in most cases as long as the written scripts are seen.
Refuted
Figure 2: Fully supervised Model Performance. We group languages by whether they and their scripts are seen in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R. Languages are ordered by the XLM-R performance in every group.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0181.png
Figure 2 compares MLP, XLM-R and Glot-500 models based on language and script coverage in pre-training based on four groups: (1) language seen, script seen in XLM-R (2) language unseen, script seen in XLM-R (3) script unseen in XLM-R, language seen in Glot-500 (4) script unseen by both models. The results in each group...
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.eacl-long.14.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0252
null
2024.eacl-long.14
val_fig_0182
We observe that all languages that are included in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R, the cross-lingual transfer performs similarly to fully supervised methods.
Supported
Figure 5: Comparison of Various Scenarios. We group languages by whether they and their scripts are seen in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R. Languages are ordered by the XLM-R fully-supervised performance in every group.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0182.png
Here, we compare the performance between cross-lingual transfer and fully-supervised methods.
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.eacl-long.14.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0253
null
2024.eacl-long.14
val_fig_0183
The advantage of fully supervised methods over cross-lingual transfer becomes prominent mainly when the target language is not included in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R and its script is included.
Supported
Figure 5: Comparison of Various Scenarios. We group languages by whether they and their scripts are seen in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R. Languages are ordered by the XLM-R fully-supervised performance in every group.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0183.png
Here, we compare the performance between cross-lingual transfer and fully-supervised methods. We observe that all languages that are included in the pre-training corpus of XLM-R, the cross-lingual transfer performs similarly to fully supervised methods. The best source language for cross-lingual transfer is, surprising...
nlp
no
Supported_claim_only
papers/dev/nlp_2024.eacl-long.14.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
no pair
null
2024.acl-short.16
val_fig_0184
As we can see in Fig. 2 , the model with r=4 , yields poorer performance, highlighting the need for high rank for the frozen tensors.
Supported
Figure 2: Performance of ELoRA with two different ranks of the frozen projection matrices.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0184.png
To understand the high rank requirement for the frozen projection metrices in ELoRA, we conduct two sets of fine-tuning on SST-2 and MRPC, with ELoRA having rank ( r ) of 1024 and 4, respectively.
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.acl-short.16.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0254
null
2024.bionlp-1.4
val_fig_0186
However, in the second experiment, when supplemented with Chain of Thought (CoT) prompting Wei et al. ( 2022 ) , the performance of these smaller models markedly improved, demonstrating how the step-by-step reasoning process aids in decomposing the complex task of propagation into manageable segments.
Supported
Figure 3: Effectiveness of ICL vs. CoT Strategies Across Multiple LLMs.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0186.png
We performed two sets of experiments. The first involved providing In-Context Learning (ICL) examples Min et al. ( 2022 ) and measuring accuracy, as illustrated in Figure 3 . Larger models such as GPT-4 and Opus yielded strong results, whereas smaller models like Mixtral-8X7B and GPT-3.5 exhibited suboptimal performanc...
nlp
yes
Supported_claim_only
papers/dev/nlp_2024.bionlp-1.4.json
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
no pair
null
2024.bionlp-1.4
val_fig_0187
Opus and GPT-4 emerged as the top performers, achieving approximately 94% accuracy when CoT prompting was combined with ICL examples, as illustrated in Figure 3 .
Supported
Figure 3: Effectiveness of ICL vs. CoT Strategies Across Multiple LLMs.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0187.png
We conducted an evaluation of the Propagator Agent utilizing various LLMs, with a particular emphasis on metrics such as accuracy and latency.
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.bionlp-1.4.json
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
0255
null
2024.bionlp-1.4
val_fig_0188
Opus and GPT-4 emerged as the top performers, achieving approximately 94% accuracy when CoT prompting was combined with ICL examples, as illustrated in Figure 3 .
Refuted
Figure 3: Effectiveness of ICL vs. CoT Strategies Across Multiple LLMs.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0188.png
We conducted an evaluation of the Propagator Agent utilizing various LLMs, with a particular emphasis on metrics such as accuracy and latency.
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.bionlp-1.4.json
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
0255
null
2024.acl-short.9
val_fig_0191
As expected, p(\boldsymbol{x|y}) shows a higher correlation with accuracy than fluency, and p(\boldsymbol{y}) shows the opposite pattern.
Supported
Figure 5: \text{accuracy}_{M} and \text{fluency}_{M} predict human accuracy and fluency ratings for RLTC and WMT submissions to the general translation task in 2022 and 2023. zhen and ende refer to Chinese-English and English-German language pairs. All correlations reported are significant ( p<.001 ).
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0191.png
A similar conclusion is suggested by Figure 5 , which shows Pearson correlations of translation probability ( p(\boldsymbol{y|x}) ), \text{accuracy}_{M} ( p(\boldsymbol{x|y}) ) and \text{fluency}_{M} ( p(\boldsymbol{y}) ) with human ratings of accuracy and fluency for RLTC and MTMQM. 9 9 9 Values are ranked by percenti...
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.acl-short.9.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0256
null
2025.naacl-long.14
val_fig_0197
Both results are shown in Figure 6 . we observe that Kendall-Tau ( \tau ) correlations increase linearly with queries and pairwise judgments.
Supported
Figure 6: Sampling experiments to reduce computation cost. (left) reduces the number of queries whereas (right) reduces the pairwise judgments.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0197.png
Non-exhaustive pairwise comparisons lead to performance degradation. Exhaustive pairwise comparisons across a subset of 19 models in \mirage using GPT-4o as a teacher for “all” queries is quite expensive. To avoid this, we investigate whether really (all) pairwise exhaustive comparisons are necessary. We utilize two sa...
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.14.json
CC BY-SA 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
0257
null
2025.naacl-long.14
val_fig_0198
Both results are shown in Figure 6 . we observe that Kendall-Tau ( \tau ) correlations increase linearly with queries and pairwise judgments.
Refuted
Figure 6: Sampling experiments to reduce computation cost. (left) reduces the number of queries whereas (right) reduces the pairwise judgments.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0198.png
Non-exhaustive pairwise comparisons lead to performance degradation. Exhaustive pairwise comparisons across a subset of 19 models in \mirage using GPT-4o as a teacher for “all” queries is quite expensive. To avoid this, we investigate whether really (all) pairwise exhaustive comparisons are necessary. We utilize two sa...
nlp
no
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.14.json
CC BY-SA 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
0257
null
2025.naacl-long.14
val_fig_0199
In summary, an exhaustive pairwise comparison and a sufficient amount of queries, such as 100, is necessary without impacting the leaderboard rankings.
Supported
Figure 6: Sampling experiments to reduce computation cost. (left) reduces the number of queries whereas (right) reduces the pairwise judgments.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0199.png
Non-exhaustive pairwise comparisons lead to performance degradation. Exhaustive pairwise comparisons across a subset of 19 models in \mirage using GPT-4o as a teacher for “all” queries is quite expensive. To avoid this, we investigate whether really (all) pairwise exhaustive comparisons are necessary. We utilize two sa...
nlp
other sources
Supported_claim_only
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.14.json
CC BY-SA 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
no pair
null
2025.naacl-long.15
val_fig_0200
10 . From Fig. 4 -left, we notice that Mistral exhibits the most bias, with the BiasF_{o} value ( Eq. 8 ) of 353.80\%^{2} .
Supported
(a); (b); Average EstTrueF1 (SemEval2017) and EstTrueMAP (SciDocsRR) ( Section 3.1 ) across models (left) and benchmarks (right) showing performance difference of LLMs across 4 widely used list formats.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0200.png
Fig. 4 displays the key findings of our evaluation across models and datasets with numerical results in Appx.- Tab.
nlp
other sources
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.15.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0258
null
2025.naacl-long.15
val_fig_0201
10 . From Fig. 4 -left, we notice that Mistral exhibits the most bias, with the BiasF_{o} value ( Eq. 8 ) of 353.80\%^{2} .
Refuted
(a); (b); Average EstTrueF1 (SemEval2017) and EstTrueMAP (SciDocsRR) ( Section 3.1 ) across models (left) and benchmarks (right) showing performance difference of LLMs across 4 widely used list formats.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0201.png
Fig. 4 displays the key findings of our evaluation across models and datasets with numerical results in Appx.- Tab.
nlp
other sources
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.15.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0258
null
2025.naacl-long.15
val_fig_0202
In contrast, ChatGPT and Gemma show much lower bias, with values of 7.08\%^{2} and 1.32\%^{2} , respectively.
Supported
(a); (b); Average EstTrueF1 (SemEval2017) and EstTrueMAP (SciDocsRR) ( Section 3.1 ) across models (left) and benchmarks (right) showing performance difference of LLMs across 4 widely used list formats.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0202.png
Fig. 4 displays the key findings of our evaluation across models and datasets with numerical results in Appx.- Tab. 10 . From Fig. 4 -left, we notice that Mistral exhibits the most bias, with the BiasF_{o} value ( Eq. 8 ) of 353.80\%^{2} .
nlp
other sources
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2025.naacl-long.15.json
CC BY 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0259
null
2024.acl-short.16
val_fig_0205
Compared to ELoRA we can yield up to 1.86\times and 2.96\times runtime and FLOPs improvement while remain comparable with LoRA in these two metrices.
Supported
Figure 3: A comparison of various system performance between LoRA, ELoRA, and AFLoRA.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0205.png
Runtime & FLOPs Comparison. Fig. 3 shows the comparison of the normalized average training runtime, normalized FLOPs, and normalized trainable parameters. For AFLoRA, we average the training time, FLOPs, and trainable parameters over six GLUE datasets (except the MNLI and QQP datasets). Note, for LoRA and ELoRA, the tr...
nlp
other sources
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.acl-short.16.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0260
null
2024.acl-short.16
val_fig_0206
Compared to LoRA we yield 9.5\times parameter reduction, while remain comparable with ELoRA.
Supported
Figure 3: A comparison of various system performance between LoRA, ELoRA, and AFLoRA.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0206.png
Runtime & FLOPs Comparison. Fig. 3 shows the comparison of the normalized average training runtime, normalized FLOPs, and normalized trainable parameters. For AFLoRA, we average the training time, FLOPs, and trainable parameters over six GLUE datasets (except the MNLI and QQP datasets). Note, for LoRA and ELoRA, the tr...
nlp
other sources
Legend Swap
papers/dev/nlp_2024.acl-short.16.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0261
null
2024.acl-short.16
val_fig_0207
In specific, we illustrate the specific number of iterations required before freezing each component in Fig. 5 . Interestingly, as can be seen from the figure, analysis reveals that the down-projection matrix parallel the intermediate linear layer require longer training duration prior to being frozen, as compared to t...
Supported
Figure 5: Visualization of freezing iterations for each layer. ‘out’ and ‘inter’ refer to the second and the first MLP layer of the FFN, respectively. ‘A’ and ‘B’ represent the down-projection and up-projection matrix, respectively. The darker the color, the more iterations the matrix has to go through before freezing.
figure
figures/dev/val_fig_0207.png
Discussion on Freezing Trend. We use the RTE dataset as a case study, to understand the freezing trend of the PMs across different layers.
nlp
other sources
Graph Flip
papers/dev/nlp_2024.acl-short.16.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0262
null
16727
val_tab_0417
These variables include age ( p = 0.002), having children ( p = 0.002), being related to the health sector ( p = 0.001), perception of the efficacy and protective effect of the booster dose (<0.001), as well as fear of adverse effects ( p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the IBV ( Table 2 ).
Supported
Table 2: Bivariate analysis of study characteristics according to intention to be vaccinated with the booster dose COVID-19 in Peru, July 2022 (n= 924).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0417.png
Several variables were found to be significantly associated with the intention to be vaccinated (IBV), as detailed in Table 2 .
peerj
yes
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_16727.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0263
tables/dev/val_tab_0417.html
18098
val_tab_0418
These findings demonstrate that BiAMIL is a more accurate and reliable method for estimating the BRCA status compared to the traditional ResNet 34 model.
Supported
Table 2: The performance of the BiAMIL in predictingBRCAPV in hormone receptor + and triple-negative breast cancer.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0418.png
The BiAMIL model was developed by first inputting normalized tiles into the ResNet 34 model to extract 1,000-dimensional features. These features were then aggregated using a Bi-directional self-attention mechanism approach. Subsequently, the aggregated feature matrix was fed into a multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifi...
peerj
yes
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18098.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0264
tables/dev/val_tab_0418.html
18098
val_tab_0419
These findings demonstrate that BiAMIL is a more accurate and reliable method for estimating the BRCA status compared to the traditional ResNet 34 model.
Refuted
Table 2: The performance of the BiAMIL in predictingBRCAPV in hormone receptor + and triple-negative breast cancer.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0419.png
The BiAMIL model was developed by first inputting normalized tiles into the ResNet 34 model to extract 1,000-dimensional features. These features were then aggregated using a Bi-directional self-attention mechanism approach. Subsequently, the aggregated feature matrix was fed into a multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifi...
peerj
yes
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18098.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0264
tables/dev/val_tab_0419.html
17459
val_tab_0420
As shown in Table 2 , there was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of colds experienced by middle-aged and elderly individuals with varying levels of weekly PA ( P < 0.001).
Supported
Table 2: Cold in middle-aged and elderly with different characteristics.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0420.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17459.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0265
tables/dev/val_tab_0420.html
17459
val_tab_0421
As shown in Table 2 , there was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of colds experienced by middle-aged and elderly individuals with varying levels of weekly PA ( P < 0.001).
Refuted
Table 2: Cold in middle-aged and elderly with different characteristics.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0421.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17459.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0265
tables/dev/val_tab_0421.html
17459
val_tab_0422
However, no significant differences were found in cold frequency between participants of different sexes or age groups ( P > 0.05).
Supported
Table 2: Cold in middle-aged and elderly with different characteristics.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0422.png
As shown in Table 2 , there was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of colds experienced by middle-aged and elderly individuals with varying levels of weekly PA ( P < 0.001).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17459.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0266
tables/dev/val_tab_0422.html
17459
val_tab_0423
However, no significant differences were found in cold frequency between participants of different sexes or age groups ( P > 0.05).
Refuted
Table 2: Cold in middle-aged and elderly with different characteristics.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0423.png
As shown in Table 2 , there was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of colds experienced by middle-aged and elderly individuals with varying levels of weekly PA ( P < 0.001).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17459.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0266
tables/dev/val_tab_0423.html
18472
val_tab_0424
Fifty healthy students from University Europea de Madrid volunteered for the study Table 1 .
Supported
Table 1: Descriptive data.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0424.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18472.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0267
tables/dev/val_tab_0424.html
17155
val_tab_0426
No study demonstrated sufficient validity for TMS biomarker use ( Bielekova & Martin, 2004 ).
Supported
Table 6: Biomarker assessment.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0426.png
See Table 6 for a condensed summary of biomarker assessment findings and Table S6 for more detailed results.
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17155.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0268
tables/dev/val_tab_0426.html
17155
val_tab_0427
No study demonstrated sufficient validity for TMS biomarker use ( Bielekova & Martin, 2004 ).
Refuted
Table 6: Biomarker assessment.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0427.png
See Table 6 for a condensed summary of biomarker assessment findings and Table S6 for more detailed results.
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17155.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0268
tables/dev/val_tab_0427.html
19471
val_tab_0429
In addition, significant differences were observed in all SU and SD kinematics except for KHD during SD.
Supported
Table 1: Participants characteristics.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0429.png
A total of 43 recreational table tennis players were included in this study, with 44 and 42 legs in the non-EOA and EOA groups, respectively ( Table 1 ). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of sex distribution ( p = 0.22), age ( p = 0.46), height ( p = 0.07), weight ( p = 0.78), BMI ( p = ...
peerj
yes
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19471.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0269
tables/dev/val_tab_0429.html
19471
val_tab_0430
Tukey’s post-hoc analysis revealed that those in C2 had the youngest age (44.80 ± 11.30 years, p < 0.001 vs. all other clusters) and highest BMI (25.59 ± 2.42, p < 0.001 vs. all other clusters).
Supported
Table 2: Comparisons of features between the clusters classified by Louvain clustering unsupervised machine learning.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0430.png
To validate the quality and distinctiveness of the Louvain clustering solution, we calculated widely-used cluster validity indices. The Davies–Bouldin index was 2.09, and the Calinski–Harabasz index was 59.26. While the Davies–Bouldin index was somewhat high (lower values indicate better separation), the Calinski–Harab...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19471.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0270
tables/dev/val_tab_0430.html
19471
val_tab_0431
C2 included exclusively males, whereas the other clusters had a mixed sex composition.
Supported
Table 2: Comparisons of features between the clusters classified by Louvain clustering unsupervised machine learning.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0431.png
To validate the quality and distinctiveness of the Louvain clustering solution, we calculated widely-used cluster validity indices. The Davies–Bouldin index was 2.09, and the Calinski–Harabasz index was 59.26. While the Davies–Bouldin index was somewhat high (lower values indicate better separation), the Calinski–Harab...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19471.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0271
tables/dev/val_tab_0431.html
19471
val_tab_0432
C2 included exclusively males, whereas the other clusters had a mixed sex composition.
Refuted
Table 2: Comparisons of features between the clusters classified by Louvain clustering unsupervised machine learning.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0432.png
To validate the quality and distinctiveness of the Louvain clustering solution, we calculated widely-used cluster validity indices. The Davies–Bouldin index was 2.09, and the Calinski–Harabasz index was 59.26. While the Davies–Bouldin index was somewhat high (lower values indicate better separation), the Calinski–Harab...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19471.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0271
tables/dev/val_tab_0432.html
19459
val_tab_0434
Participants with longer sleep latency had a higher percentage of suboptimal SRH, evening-type chronotype, and slept less than 6 h per night compared to those with sleep latency of less than 10 min ( P < 0.05).
Supported
Table 1: Characteristics of study participants.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0434.png
The study included 1,396 participants, with a mean age of 19.6 ±1.2 years, and 58.6% female, of whom 599 (42.9%) reported suboptimal SRH and 390 (27.9%) reported prolonged sleep latency (≥30 min). Table 1 presents the basic characteristics of the participants.
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19459.json
CC BY-NC 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
0272
tables/dev/val_tab_0434.html
19459
val_tab_0435
However, there were no significant differences in gender, residence, single child, parental education, BMI, afternoon nap, sitting time, and physical activity among these groups.
Supported
Table 1: Characteristics of study participants.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0435.png
The study included 1,396 participants, with a mean age of 19.6 ±1.2 years, and 58.6% female, of whom 599 (42.9%) reported suboptimal SRH and 390 (27.9%) reported prolonged sleep latency (≥30 min). Table 1 presents the basic characteristics of the participants. Participants with longer sleep latency had a higher percent...
peerj
yes
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19459.json
CC BY-NC 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
0273
tables/dev/val_tab_0435.html
19459
val_tab_0436
Compared to participants with sleep latency of less than 10 min, those with longer sleep latency demonstrated an increased risk of suboptimal SRH.
Supported
Table 2: Association between sleep latency and odds ratios (95% CIs) of suboptimal self-rated health among medical students.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0436.png
Table 2 presents the multivariable-adjusted ORs of suboptimal SRH associated with sleep latency.
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19459.json
CC BY-NC 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
0274
tables/dev/val_tab_0436.html
17090
val_tab_0437
As shown in Table 1 , there are significant differences in the mean of AA scores across grade levels and BMI index (F = 3.402 P = 0.009; F = 5.752 P = 0.003).
Supported
Table 1: Differences in appearance anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, social support, and depression under different subgroups of basic demographic characteristics.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0437.png
All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that included gender, age, grade, height, weight, whether they were an only child, whether their home address was town or village, monthly household income, GPA for the previous school year, and disposable income. Specific issues and analysis results are shown in ...
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17090.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0275
tables/dev/val_tab_0437.html
17090
val_tab_0438
As shown in Table 1 , there are significant differences in the mean of AA scores across grade levels and BMI index (F = 3.402 P = 0.009; F = 5.752 P = 0.003).
Refuted
Table 1: Differences in appearance anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, social support, and depression under different subgroups of basic demographic characteristics.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0438.png
All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that included gender, age, grade, height, weight, whether they were an only child, whether their home address was town or village, monthly household income, GPA for the previous school year, and disposable income. Specific issues and analysis results are shown in ...
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17090.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0275
tables/dev/val_tab_0438.html
17090
val_tab_0440
Results of the analysis ( Table 3 ) showed that AA was positively correlated with depression (Index = 0.168, P < 0.001).
Supported
Table 3: Regression analysis of appearance anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, social support, and depression.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0440.png
A multiple mediation analysis was conducted to explore the mediation effects of IS and SS in a college student population. Control variables included gender, age, BMI, GPA, being an only child or not, and home address. AA and depression were entered as independent and dependent variables respectively. The proposed medi...
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17090.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0276
tables/dev/val_tab_0440.html
17090
val_tab_0441
Secondly, AA was positively correlated with IS (Index = 0.575, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with SS (Index = −0.234, P < 0.001).
Supported
Table 3: Regression analysis of appearance anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, social support, and depression.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0441.png
A multiple mediation analysis was conducted to explore the mediation effects of IS and SS in a college student population. Control variables included gender, age, BMI, GPA, being an only child or not, and home address. AA and depression were entered as independent and dependent variables respectively. The proposed medi...
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17090.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0277
tables/dev/val_tab_0441.html
17090
val_tab_0442
Secondly, AA was positively correlated with IS (Index = 0.575, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with SS (Index = −0.234, P < 0.001).
Refuted
Table 3: Regression analysis of appearance anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, social support, and depression.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0442.png
A multiple mediation analysis was conducted to explore the mediation effects of IS and SS in a college student population. Control variables included gender, age, BMI, GPA, being an only child or not, and home address. AA and depression were entered as independent and dependent variables respectively. The proposed medi...
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17090.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0277
tables/dev/val_tab_0442.html
17090
val_tab_0443
IS was negatively correlated with SS (Index = −0.179, P < 0.001).
Supported
Table 3: Regression analysis of appearance anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, social support, and depression.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0443.png
A multiple mediation analysis was conducted to explore the mediation effects of IS and SS in a college student population. Control variables included gender, age, BMI, GPA, being an only child or not, and home address. AA and depression were entered as independent and dependent variables respectively. The proposed medi...
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17090.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0278
tables/dev/val_tab_0443.html
17295
val_tab_0445
There were nine male and nine female participants in each group ( Table 1 ).
Supported
Table 1: Demographics of the participants in each group (mean ± SD).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0445.png
Fifty-four participants were recruited by advertisement from universities in Taipei. This sample size was determined based on an a priori power analysis (alpha = 0.05, power = 0.80), and the effect size, f = 0.44 ( Cohen, 1992 ), and similar to that seen in ERP studies investigating visuospatial attention and working m...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17295.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0279
tables/dev/val_tab_0445.html
17295
val_tab_0446
There were nine male and nine female participants in each group ( Table 1 ).
Refuted
Table 1: Demographics of the participants in each group (mean ± SD).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0446.png
Fifty-four participants were recruited by advertisement from universities in Taipei. This sample size was determined based on an a priori power analysis (alpha = 0.05, power = 0.80), and the effect size, f = 0.44 ( Cohen, 1992 ), and similar to that seen in ERP studies investigating visuospatial attention and working m...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17295.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0279
tables/dev/val_tab_0446.html
17295
val_tab_0447
There was a significant difference in IQ ( F (2, 51) = 9.061, p < 0.01, η 2 = 0.262), and a post hoc comparison revealed that ETT players had a lower IQ than ATT players ( p < 0.003) and nonathletes ( p < 0.001), but no significant difference between the ATT and nonathletes ( p < 0.368) was observed.
Supported
Table 1: Demographics of the participants in each group (mean ± SD).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0447.png
Table 1 presents the participants’ characteristics. No significant differences were observed in age ( F (2, 51) = 2.863, p = 0.066), height ( F (2, 51) = 0.420, p = 0.659), weight ( F (2, 51) = 0.556, p = 0.577), handedness scores ( F (2, 51) = 0.536, p = 0.589), video game experience ( F (2, 51) = 1.387, p = 0.259), a...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17295.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0280
tables/dev/val_tab_0447.html
17295
val_tab_0448
There was a significant difference in IQ ( F (2, 51) = 9.061, p < 0.01, η 2 = 0.262), and a post hoc comparison revealed that ETT players had a lower IQ than ATT players ( p < 0.003) and nonathletes ( p < 0.001), but no significant difference between the ATT and nonathletes ( p < 0.368) was observed.
Refuted
Table 1: Demographics of the participants in each group (mean ± SD).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0448.png
Table 1 presents the participants’ characteristics. No significant differences were observed in age ( F (2, 51) = 2.863, p = 0.066), height ( F (2, 51) = 0.420, p = 0.659), weight ( F (2, 51) = 0.556, p = 0.577), handedness scores ( F (2, 51) = 0.536, p = 0.589), video game experience ( F (2, 51) = 1.387, p = 0.259), a...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17295.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0280
tables/dev/val_tab_0448.html
16988
val_tab_0449
A total of 54 COPD patients (25 in stages I–II and 29 in stages III–IV) and 24 healthy individuals participated in the study from September 9, 2021, to May 1, 2022.
Supported
Table 1: Participants’ clinical characteristics and demographics.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0449.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_16988.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0281
tables/dev/val_tab_0449.html
17284
val_tab_0451
36 pregnant women were advised to carefully consider whether to continue with the termination, and 229 pregnant women were advised to continue with pregnancy follow-up ( Table 1 ).
Supported
Table 1: Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with different characteristics of fetal abnormalities.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0451.png
A total of 398 pregnant women visited our hospital between May 2022 and March 2023. Among them, 273 had a birth outcome (delivery or termination of pregnancy). However, three participants did not answer the phone during the telephone follow-up and five refused to participate in the study. Ultimately, 265 pregnant women...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17284.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0282
tables/dev/val_tab_0451.html
17284
val_tab_0452
36 pregnant women were advised to carefully consider whether to continue with the termination, and 229 pregnant women were advised to continue with pregnancy follow-up ( Table 1 ).
Refuted
Table 1: Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with different characteristics of fetal abnormalities.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0452.png
A total of 398 pregnant women visited our hospital between May 2022 and March 2023. Among them, 273 had a birth outcome (delivery or termination of pregnancy). However, three participants did not answer the phone during the telephone follow-up and five refused to participate in the study. Ultimately, 265 pregnant women...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17284.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0282
tables/dev/val_tab_0452.html
17284
val_tab_0453
Chi-square test analysis showed significant differences in the gestational age at diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, the number of fetal abnormalities, diagnostic gestational age, and treatment recommendations of doctors among pregnant women ( P < 0.05).
Supported
Table 1: Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with different characteristics of fetal abnormalities.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0453.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17284.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0283
tables/dev/val_tab_0453.html
17284
val_tab_0454
However, there were no significant differences in maternal age, number of births, abortion history, history of fetal abnormalities, mode of conception, pregnancy complications, education level, employment status, or place of abode ( Table 1 ).
Supported
Table 1: Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with different characteristics of fetal abnormalities.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0454.png
Chi-square test analysis showed significant differences in the gestational age at diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, the number of fetal abnormalities, diagnostic gestational age, and treatment recommendations of doctors among pregnant women ( P < 0.05).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17284.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0284
tables/dev/val_tab_0454.html
17284
val_tab_0455
However, there were no significant differences in maternal age, number of births, abortion history, history of fetal abnormalities, mode of conception, pregnancy complications, education level, employment status, or place of abode ( Table 1 ).
Refuted
Table 1: Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with different characteristics of fetal abnormalities.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0455.png
Chi-square test analysis showed significant differences in the gestational age at diagnosis of fetal abnormalities, the number of fetal abnormalities, diagnostic gestational age, and treatment recommendations of doctors among pregnant women ( P < 0.05).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17284.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0284
tables/dev/val_tab_0455.html
17284
val_tab_0456
Pregnant women with multiple fetal abnormalities were 3.774 times more likely to undergo labor induction than those with a single fetal abnormality (OR = 3.774, 95% CI [1.640–8.683]).
Supported
Table 2: Analysis of influencing factors of pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with fetal abnormalities.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0456.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17284.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0285
tables/dev/val_tab_0456.html
17284
val_tab_0457
Pregnant women who were advised to terminate their pregnancies or carefully consider whether to continue gestation were 41.113 times more likely to undergo labor induction compared to those who were advised to continue the pregnancy (OR = 41.113, 95% CI [11.028–153.267]), ( Table 2 ).
Supported
Table 2: Analysis of influencing factors of pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with fetal abnormalities.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0457.png
Pregnant women with multiple fetal abnormalities were 3.774 times more likely to undergo labor induction than those with a single fetal abnormality (OR = 3.774, 95% CI [1.640–8.683]).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17284.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0286
tables/dev/val_tab_0457.html
17403
val_tab_0460
A day effect was only found for the Nine Hole Peg test, revealing that the time for completing the task during the assessment-2 was less than during the assessment-1 (MD: 0.39 s; 95% CI [0.19–0.60]; P < 0.001).
Supported
Table 2: Clinical characteristics of participants in the different test for the wrist extensor muscles.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0460.png
No side * day interaction was found in the RM-ANOVA for any of the variables ( P > 0.114), indicating a similar pattern across assessments of the dominant and non-dominant sides.
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17403.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0287
tables/dev/val_tab_0460.html
17403
val_tab_0462
For the active range of motion, reliability was ‘excellent’ for both extension, flexion, and total range (ICC: 0.94–0.97).
Supported
Table 3: Reliability indicators of myotonometry, manual dexterity, pressure pain thresholds, active range of motion, and maximal isometric strength for the wrist extensor muscles.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0462.png
Table 3 presents ICC 3,1 , SEM, MDC 90 , and MDC 95 for each variable. For the muscle mechanical properties of the dominant and non-dominant sides, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the frequency and stiffness parameters (ICC: 0.91–0.96), and ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ for the decrement (ICC: 0.86–0.91). For the manual dexter...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17403.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0288
tables/dev/val_tab_0462.html
17403
val_tab_0463
Similarly, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the maximal isometric strength on both sides (ICC: 0.97).
Supported
Table 3: Reliability indicators of myotonometry, manual dexterity, pressure pain thresholds, active range of motion, and maximal isometric strength for the wrist extensor muscles.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0463.png
Table 3 presents ICC 3,1 , SEM, MDC 90 , and MDC 95 for each variable. For the muscle mechanical properties of the dominant and non-dominant sides, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the frequency and stiffness parameters (ICC: 0.91–0.96), and ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ for the decrement (ICC: 0.86–0.91). For the manual dexter...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17403.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0289
tables/dev/val_tab_0463.html
17403
val_tab_0464
Similarly, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the maximal isometric strength on both sides (ICC: 0.97).
Refuted
Table 3: Reliability indicators of myotonometry, manual dexterity, pressure pain thresholds, active range of motion, and maximal isometric strength for the wrist extensor muscles.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0464.png
Table 3 presents ICC 3,1 , SEM, MDC 90 , and MDC 95 for each variable. For the muscle mechanical properties of the dominant and non-dominant sides, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the frequency and stiffness parameters (ICC: 0.91–0.96), and ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ for the decrement (ICC: 0.86–0.91). For the manual dexter...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17403.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0289
tables/dev/val_tab_0464.html
17403
val_tab_0465
In the case of the asymmetries, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the active range of motion in flexion (ICC: 0.96); ‘good’ for the myotonometry parameters (ICC: 0.72–0.78), the Nine-Hole Peg test scoring (ICC: 0.72), the total and extension active range of motion (ICC: 0.73–0.89), and the maximal isometric strength (ICC...
Supported
Table 3: Reliability indicators of myotonometry, manual dexterity, pressure pain thresholds, active range of motion, and maximal isometric strength for the wrist extensor muscles.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0465.png
Table 3 presents ICC 3,1 , SEM, MDC 90 , and MDC 95 for each variable. For the muscle mechanical properties of the dominant and non-dominant sides, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the frequency and stiffness parameters (ICC: 0.91–0.96), and ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ for the decrement (ICC: 0.86–0.91). For the manual dexter...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17403.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0290
tables/dev/val_tab_0465.html
17403
val_tab_0466
In the case of the asymmetries, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the active range of motion in flexion (ICC: 0.96); ‘good’ for the myotonometry parameters (ICC: 0.72–0.78), the Nine-Hole Peg test scoring (ICC: 0.72), the total and extension active range of motion (ICC: 0.73–0.89), and the maximal isometric strength (ICC...
Refuted
Table 3: Reliability indicators of myotonometry, manual dexterity, pressure pain thresholds, active range of motion, and maximal isometric strength for the wrist extensor muscles.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0466.png
Table 3 presents ICC 3,1 , SEM, MDC 90 , and MDC 95 for each variable. For the muscle mechanical properties of the dominant and non-dominant sides, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the frequency and stiffness parameters (ICC: 0.91–0.96), and ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ for the decrement (ICC: 0.86–0.91). For the manual dexter...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17403.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0290
tables/dev/val_tab_0466.html
17407
val_tab_0468
In addition to plastic, various other types of anthropogenic materials found in 23 out of 1,447 pellets were identified and classified as non-plastic debris.
Supported
Table 2: Composition of plastic and non-plastic debris found in 1,447 analyzed pellets of the neotropic cormorant,N. brasilianus, on the Circuito de Playas Costa Verde (CPCV), Lima, Perú, during both the pre-pandemic and pandemic phases.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0468.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17407.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0291
tables/dev/val_tab_0468.html
17407
val_tab_0469
The most encountered category was fibers, followed by metal, glass, wood, paint chips and balloons ( Table 2 ).
Supported
Table 2: Composition of plastic and non-plastic debris found in 1,447 analyzed pellets of the neotropic cormorant,N. brasilianus, on the Circuito de Playas Costa Verde (CPCV), Lima, Perú, during both the pre-pandemic and pandemic phases.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0469.png
In addition to plastic, various other types of anthropogenic materials found in 23 out of 1,447 pellets were identified and classified as non-plastic debris.
peerj
yes
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17407.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0292
tables/dev/val_tab_0469.html
18000
val_tab_0472
Among the nine independent variables, five correlated with arm swing speed at BI ( Table 1 ).
Supported
Table 1: Peak angular momentum variables and correlations with the arm swing speed at ball impact (BI).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0472.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18000.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0293
tables/dev/val_tab_0472.html
18000
val_tab_0473
Our results indicate significant correlations between the peak angular momentums of the attack arm, non-attack arm, non-attack leg, forearm, and hand with the arm swing speed at BI ( Table 1 ).
Supported
Table 1: Peak angular momentum variables and correlations with the arm swing speed at ball impact (BI).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0473.png
This study investigated the relationships between angular momentum variables and swing hand speed during jump serve aerial spiking, utilising correlation and regression analyses.
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18000.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0294
tables/dev/val_tab_0473.html
18000
val_tab_0474
The peak angular momentum of the non-attack leg (−0.026 ± 0.012 s –1 ) exhibited negative correlations with the arm swing speed at BI ( Table 1 ).
Supported
Table 1: Peak angular momentum variables and correlations with the arm swing speed at ball impact (BI).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0474.png
In the later part of the arm-cocking phase, the angular momentums of the attack and non-attack legs simultaneously rotated clockwise (−).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18000.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0295
tables/dev/val_tab_0474.html
18000
val_tab_0475
The peak angular momentum of the non-attack leg (−0.026 ± 0.012 s –1 ) exhibited negative correlations with the arm swing speed at BI ( Table 1 ).
Refuted
Table 1: Peak angular momentum variables and correlations with the arm swing speed at ball impact (BI).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0475.png
In the later part of the arm-cocking phase, the angular momentums of the attack and non-attack legs simultaneously rotated clockwise (−).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18000.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0295
tables/dev/val_tab_0475.html
18589
val_tab_0479
There was no significant difference in BMD between the two groups ( P > 0.05).
Supported
Table 4: Comparison of two groups of BMD and abnormal rates.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0479.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18589.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0296
tables/dev/val_tab_0479.html
18589
val_tab_0480
There was no significant difference in BMD between the two groups ( P > 0.05).
Refuted
Table 4: Comparison of two groups of BMD and abnormal rates.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0480.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18589.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0296
tables/dev/val_tab_0480.html
18589
val_tab_0481
There was no difference in the prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass rate between the two groups, indicating that there was no significant difference in BMD between the two groups ( Table 4 ).
Supported
Table 4: Comparison of two groups of BMD and abnormal rates.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0481.png
There was no significant difference in BMD between the two groups ( P > 0.05).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18589.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0297
tables/dev/val_tab_0481.html
18589
val_tab_0482
There was no difference in the prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass rate between the two groups, indicating that there was no significant difference in BMD between the two groups ( Table 4 ).
Refuted
Table 4: Comparison of two groups of BMD and abnormal rates.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0482.png
There was no significant difference in BMD between the two groups ( P > 0.05).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18589.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0297
tables/dev/val_tab_0482.html
18596
val_tab_0483
Additionally, 46.6% of participants were primary school graduates, 9.4% reported alcohol use, and 13% were smokers, with an average duration of smoking of 22.83 ± 6.94 years.
Supported
Table 1: Participants’ personal data, IIEF total score (n= 223).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0483.png
Table 1 presents the personal data of the participants along with the total score of IIEF. The participants had a mean age of 63.26 ± 7.62 years, with 97.3% being married.
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18596.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0298
tables/dev/val_tab_0483.html
18596
val_tab_0484
Additionally, 46.6% of participants were primary school graduates, 9.4% reported alcohol use, and 13% were smokers, with an average duration of smoking of 22.83 ± 6.94 years.
Refuted
Table 1: Participants’ personal data, IIEF total score (n= 223).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0484.png
Table 1 presents the personal data of the participants along with the total score of IIEF. The participants had a mean age of 63.26 ± 7.62 years, with 97.3% being married.
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18596.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0298
tables/dev/val_tab_0484.html
18596
val_tab_0485
The mean duration of hypertension was 7.92 ± 4.06 years, and the most commonly used medication among participants (27.8%) was ACE Inhibitors.
Supported
Table 1: Participants’ personal data, IIEF total score (n= 223).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0485.png
Table 1 presents the personal data of the participants along with the total score of IIEF. The participants had a mean age of 63.26 ± 7.62 years, with 97.3% being married. Additionally, 46.6% of participants were primary school graduates, 9.4% reported alcohol use, and 13% were smokers, with an average duration of smok...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18596.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0299
tables/dev/val_tab_0485.html
18596
val_tab_0486
Notably, 81.6% of participants had erectile dysfunction, with the mean IIEF total score indicating a mild level of dysfunction (18.72 ± 3.60) ( Table 1 ).
Supported
Table 1: Participants’ personal data, IIEF total score (n= 223).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0486.png
Table 1 presents the personal data of the participants along with the total score of IIEF. The participants had a mean age of 63.26 ± 7.62 years, with 97.3% being married. Additionally, 46.6% of participants were primary school graduates, 9.4% reported alcohol use, and 13% were smokers, with an average duration of smok...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18596.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0300
tables/dev/val_tab_0486.html
18596
val_tab_0487
Notably, 81.6% of participants had erectile dysfunction, with the mean IIEF total score indicating a mild level of dysfunction (18.72 ± 3.60) ( Table 1 ).
Refuted
Table 1: Participants’ personal data, IIEF total score (n= 223).
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0487.png
Table 1 presents the personal data of the participants along with the total score of IIEF. The participants had a mean age of 63.26 ± 7.62 years, with 97.3% being married. Additionally, 46.6% of participants were primary school graduates, 9.4% reported alcohol use, and 13% were smokers, with an average duration of smok...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18596.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0300
tables/dev/val_tab_0487.html
18596
val_tab_0488
Significant negative correlations were observed between age and the IIEF total score, as well as between the duration of hypertension and the IIEF total score ( p < 0.05).
Supported
Table 3: Correlation between age, duration of hypertension, duration of smoking and IIEF total.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0488.png
Table 3 displays the correlation between age, duration of hypertension, duration of smoking, and the IIEF total score.
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18596.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0301
tables/dev/val_tab_0488.html
17773
val_tab_0489
Regarding methodological quality assessment tools, 12 studies utilized the Cochrane Collaboration Network RoB risk assessment tool, four employed the PEDro scale, one used the Cochrane Collaboration Network RoB and PEDro, and one applied the EPHPP for risk assessment.
Supported
Table 1: Basic characteristics of the literature included in the study.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0489.png
The included meta-analyses were published between 2018 and 2023, and all the original studies were randomized and controlled. The largest study included 2,526 participants and the smallest had 182 participants, involving a total of 18,461 individuals. The interventions in the trial groups consisted of aerobic, physical...
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17773.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0302
tables/dev/val_tab_0489.html
18897
val_tab_0490
However, percentage of population that were married had statistically significant low diabetes-related ED visit rate ( Table 5 ).
Supported
Table 5: Results of a multivariable negative binomial regression model examining the associations between county characteristics and the rate of diabetes-related emergency department visits in Florida, 2019.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0490.png
Based on the final multivariable negative binomial model, the following independent variables had significant high county-level non-gestational diabetes-related ED visit rates: percentages of population who were non-Hispanic Black, current smokers, had diabetes, and had no insurance coverage ( Table 5 ).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18897.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0303
tables/dev/val_tab_0490.html
18897
val_tab_0491
However, percentage of population that were married had statistically significant low diabetes-related ED visit rate ( Table 5 ).
Refuted
Table 5: Results of a multivariable negative binomial regression model examining the associations between county characteristics and the rate of diabetes-related emergency department visits in Florida, 2019.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0491.png
Based on the final multivariable negative binomial model, the following independent variables had significant high county-level non-gestational diabetes-related ED visit rates: percentages of population who were non-Hispanic Black, current smokers, had diabetes, and had no insurance coverage ( Table 5 ).
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_18897.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0303
tables/dev/val_tab_0491.html
17017
val_tab_0492
A comparative analysis of hematology parameters indicated that children exposed to lead had significantly lower values of monocytes, basophil, hemoglobin, red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), MCH, MCHC, mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet volume distribution width (PDW), and higher white blood cell count ...
Supported
Table 1: Hematologic parameters of the lead-poisoned children and the healthy controls.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0492.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17017.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0304
tables/dev/val_tab_0492.html
17017
val_tab_0493
A comparative analysis of hematology parameters indicated that children exposed to lead had significantly lower values of monocytes, basophil, hemoglobin, red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), MCH, MCHC, mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet volume distribution width (PDW), and higher white blood cell count ...
Refuted
Table 1: Hematologic parameters of the lead-poisoned children and the healthy controls.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0493.png
peerj
no
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17017.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0304
tables/dev/val_tab_0493.html
19471
val_tab_0495
For SU kinematics, C4 exhibited the largest horizontal displacements for the pelvis, femur, knee, and lower leg, all significantly higher than other clusters ( p < 0.001).
Supported
Table 2: Comparisons of features between the clusters classified by Louvain clustering unsupervised machine learning.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0495.png
To validate the quality and distinctiveness of the Louvain clustering solution, we calculated widely-used cluster validity indices. The Davies–Bouldin index was 2.09, and the Calinski–Harabasz index was 59.26. While the Davies–Bouldin index was somewhat high (lower values indicate better separation), the Calinski–Harab...
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19471.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0305
tables/dev/val_tab_0495.html
19471
val_tab_0496
C1 exhibited negative mean values for the knee and lower leg displacements during SD, significantly different from other clusters ( p < 0.001).
Supported
Table 2: Comparisons of features between the clusters classified by Louvain clustering unsupervised machine learning.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0496.png
To validate the quality and distinctiveness of the Louvain clustering solution, we calculated widely-used cluster validity indices. The Davies–Bouldin index was 2.09, and the Calinski–Harabasz index was 59.26. While the Davies–Bouldin index was somewhat high (lower values indicate better separation), the Calinski–Harab...
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_19471.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0306
tables/dev/val_tab_0496.html
17447
val_tab_0497
The baseline characteristics were described in Table 1 . For women <35 years old, the median age for the HRT group and GnRH-a group were 30.6 and 31.3 years, respectively.
Supported
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of patients between different age groups and endometrial preparation groups.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0497.png
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17447.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0307
tables/dev/val_tab_0497.html
17447
val_tab_0498
The baseline characteristics were described in Table 1 . For women <35 years old, the median age for the HRT group and GnRH-a group were 30.6 and 31.3 years, respectively.
Refuted
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of patients between different age groups and endometrial preparation groups.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0498.png
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17447.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0307
tables/dev/val_tab_0498.html
17447
val_tab_0499
Women aged <35 years had higher clinical pregnancy and live birth rates than women aged ≥35 years.
Supported
Table 2: Comparison of reproductive outcomes.
table
tables_png/dev/val_tab_0499.png
Table 2 shows the clinical outcomes of FET.
peerj
other sources
Change the cell values
papers/dev/peerj_17447.json
CC BY 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
0308
tables/dev/val_tab_0499.html