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Martinez et al . report that the warmed plants showed "good photochemical performance and photosynthetic adjustment under warming conditions," which led to "higher growth and biomass production than control plants," likely due to "adjustments in both the photosynthetic thermal optimum and the photosynthetic rates at the growth temperature," a combination that they say "may be a constructive adjustment," citing the supportive studies of Zhang and Dang (2013) and Way and Yamori (2014). And they also report that the S. capitata plants they studied "increased their chlorophyll content and antioxidative enzyme activity." | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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Climate change is a useful tool in that fear of catastrophe can be used to compel economically destructive actions that would otherwise be unacceptable. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_1"
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A new claim has emerged that global temperature data is unreliable and used for manipulation. I'm not sure what to think about this. It feels like a serious attack on the scientific community. | In this note, new evidence is provided confirming that global temperature series spanning back to the mid-1800s have statistically significant positive trends. Although there is a growing consensus that global temperatures are on the rise systematically, some recent studies have pointed out that strong serial correlation (or a unit root) in global temperature data could, in theory, generate spurious evidence of a significant positive trend. In other words, strong serially correlated data can mimic trending behavior over fixed periods of time. A serial-correlation–robust trend test recently was proposed that controls for the possibility of spurious evidence due to strong serial correlation. This new test is valid whether the errors are stationary or have a unit root (strong serial correlation). This test also has the attractive feature that it does not require estimates of serial correlation nuisance parameters. The test is applied to six annual global temperature series, and it provides strong evidence that global temperature series have positive trends that are statistically significant even when controlling for the possibility of strong serial correlation. The point estimates of the rate of increase in the trend suggest that temperatures have risen about 0.5°C (1.0°F) 100 yr−1. If the analysis is restricted to twentieth-century data, many of the point estimates are closer to 0.6°C. | 157,971 | 530 | Refutes | 2025 | [
"5_1"
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As CO2 has increased, the number of F3-F5 tornadoes has decreased. Extrapolating the trend, we can see that at 480 ppm there would be zero severe tornadoes. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_7"
] |
In 15 years CO2 rose by about 30 ppmv, or 8.26%, which is a significant increase in a gas thats claimed to dominate global temperature. Yet the global temperature didnt notice and didnt develop a rising trend. It went up and down willy-nilly. Perhaps it was distracted by all the wild weather. Which wasnt caused by global warming cos there was none. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
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Fact two: natural processes are responsible for most if not all if the warming over the past 30 years, a warming that you continue to cite as proof of the effects of greenhouse gases. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
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An analysis of nuclear genes suggests that the polar bear is old enough to have survived through several periods that were warmer than today between the Middle Pleistocene and the early Holocene. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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Stratford Mountain Club spokesman Rob Needs said it was the most significant snow to fall at such low levels and so early in the winter season for several decades. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_3"
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As a result, during multidecadal periods when El Nio events dominate, like the period from the mid-1970s to the late 1990s, global surface temperatures and ocean heat content rise. In other words, global warming occurs. There is no way global warming cannot occur during a period when El Nio events dominate. But projections of future global warming and climate change based on climate models dont account for that naturally caused warming because the models cannot simulate ENSO processesor teleconnections. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
] |
For nearly ten years it has been suggested that heat flow from a geological feature was the likely reason for this local ice sheet melting. Recent publications strongly support, if not prove, that this is in fact the case. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
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Can anyone believe that a temperature effect by 2100 measured in ten-thousandths of a degree, or sea-level effects measured in thousandths of a centimeter, could yield over $100 billion in net economic benefits? How is that possible? | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_2"
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As computer simulations have become more sophisticated, projections of rising sea levels have become much smaller. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_6"
] |
While the sun's energy output hasn't changed since the 1970s, global temperatures continue to rise. This suggests other factors are at play. #ClimateAction #Sustainability | Since the early 1970s scientists have been debating heatedly about the causes and consequences of global climate change. To date, there seems to be a strong consensus among scientists about continuing and remarkable changes in the global climate over the past 150 years. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007), the global average surface temperature has increased by almost 1°C in the past 100 years. In general, climatologists and other experts agree that this global warming is partially attributable to the combustion of fossil fuels by humans. Other physical evidence pointing in the direction of global climate change is the global average sea level, which rose by approximately 17 cm during the 20th century. Thermal expansion of sea water and loss of land ice are the main causes of this effect. The IPCC (2007) further predicts that global warming will continue owing to ever-increasing human energy consumption and economic growth. Global average surface temperature will increase by another 2° to 4°C, and the sea level is projected to rise by another 20 to 60 cm during the 21st century. | 51,729 | 3,983 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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Basic problem is that all models are wrong ? not got enough middle and low | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
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There also hasn't been an increase in the number of stormy seasons. Pre-1928, there were nine years with three or more hurricanes compared to only five years with three or more hurricanes post-1928. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_7"
] |
A paper published today in Nature finds "Australian tropical cyclone activity lower than at any time over the past 5501,500 years" and "we show, on the basis of a new tropical cyclone activity index (CAI), that the present low levels of storm activity on the mid west and northeast coasts of Australia are unprecedented over the past 550 to 1,500 years." "Other studies project a decrease in the frequency of tropical cyclones towards the end of the twenty-first century in the southwest Pacific, southern Indian and Australian regions. Our results, although based on a limited record, suggest that this may be occurring much earlier than expected." | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_7"
] |
Climate change isn't just some future problem. We need to act now! | Climate change is one of the major global health threats to the world's population. It is brought on by global warming due in large part to increasing levels of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity, including burning fossil fuels (carbon dioxide), animal husbandry (methane from manure), industry emissions (ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide), vehicle/factory exhaust, and chlorofluorocarbon aerosols that trap extra heat in the earth's atmosphere. Resulting extremes of weather give rise to wildfires, air pollution, changes in ecology, and floods. These in turn result in displacement of populations, family disruption, violence, and major impacts on water quality and availability, food security, public health and economic infrastructures, and limited abilities for civil society to maintain citizen safety. Climate change also has direct impacts on human health and well‐being. Particularly vulnerable populations are affected, including women, pregnant women, children, the disabled, and the elderly, who comprise the majority of the poor globally. Additionally, the effects of climate change disproportionally affect disadvantaged communities, including low income and communities of color, and lower‐income countries that are at highest risk of adverse impacts when disasters occur due to inequitable distribution of resources and their socioeconomic status. The climate crisis is tilting the risk balance unfavorably for women's sexual and reproductive health and rights as well as newborn and child health. Obstetrician/gynecologists have the unique opportunity to raise awareness, educate, and advocate for mitigation strategies to reverse climate change affecting our patients and their families. This article puts climate change in the context of women's reproductive health as a public health issue, a social justice issue, a human rights issue, an economic issue, a political issue, and a gender issue that needs our attention now for the health and well‐being of this and future generations. FIGO joins a broad coalition of international researchers and the medical community in stating that the current climate crisis presents an imminent health risk to pregnant people, developing fetuses, and reproductive health, and recognizing that we need society‐wide solutions, government policies, and global cooperation to address and reduce contributors, including fossil fuel production, to climate change. | 41,832 | 3,381 | Supports | 2026 | [
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Again, there almost certainly is a warming trend since 1850, and some of that trend is probably due to manmade CO2, but sensitivities in most forecasts that get attention in the media are way too high. A tenth of a degree C per decade over the next 100 years from manmade CO2 seems a reasonable planning number. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_1"
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In 2006, China passed the United States as the world's biggest carbon emitter, and its lead is growing daily. The EIA projects that China's energy-related emissions of carbon dioxide will exceed American emissions by almost 15 percent in 2010 and by 75 percent in 2030. In 1990, China and India together accounted for 13 percent of the world's emissions; in 2005, their contribution was 23 percent; and in 2030, they are expected to account for 34 percent of the world's emissions. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_2"
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If they did, they would know that Oregon has been cooling over the last 25 years and has dropped over two degrees during the last seven years. They would also know that 2008, 2009 and (soon) 2010 are three of the five coldest years in the last quarter century. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
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plastic in the environment releases methane in a feedback loop. | Global methane emissions from natural wetlands and carbon release from permafrost thaw have a positive feedback on climate, yet are not represented in most state-of-the-art climate models. Furthermore, a fraction of the thawed permafrost carbon is released as methane, enhancing the combined feedback strength. We present simulations with an inverted intermediate complexity climate model, which follows prescribed global warming pathways to stabilization at 1.5 or 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels by the year 2100, and which incorporates a state-of-the-art global land surface model with updated descriptions of wetland and permafrost carbon release. We demonstrate that the climate feedbacks from those two processes are substantial. Specifically, permissible anthropogenic fossil fuel CO2 emission budgets are reduced by 9–15% (25–38 GtC) for stabilization at 1.5 °C, and 6–10% (33–52 GtC) for 2.0 °C stabilization. In our simulations these feedback processes respond more quickly at temperatures below 1.5 °C, and the differences between the 1.5 and 2 °C targets are disproportionately small. This key finding holds for transient emission pathways to 2100 and does not account for longer-term implications of these feedback processes. We conclude that natural feedback processes from wetlands and permafrost must be considered in assessments of transient emission pathways to limit global warming. Climate feedbacks associated with wetland methane emissions and permafrost-thaw carbon release substantially reduce available carbon budgets to achieve temperature targets, suggest simulations with a climate–land-surface model system. | 236,744 | 1,516 | Not Enough Information | 2025 | [
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Youd need many times the energy of all fossil fuels ever burnt and those still in the ground to melt that giant ice cube. Still, Mother Nature did it without much fanfare and here comes the kicker without any change in the atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) level up front. That alone should tell you how mistaken the CO2-doomsayers are. Carbon dioxide in air is not a factor for climate. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
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"Obama and Leo don't realize the potential for a humanitarian disaster" under strict carbon restrictions, Lewis said. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_1"
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Global sea ice area is also above normal, as it has been for much of the year. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_1"
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We need sustainable, biodegradeable plastics (with decent composting abilities) to become commonplace. | Abstract Plastics are ubiquitous in our society. They are in our phones, clothes, bottles, and cars. Yet having improved our lives considerably, they now threaten our environment and our health. The associated carbon emissions and persistency of plastics challenge the fragile balance of many ecosystems. One solution is using biodegradable plastics. Ideally, such plastics are easily assimilated by microorganisms and disappear from our environment. This can help reduce the problems of climate change, microplastics, and littering. However, biodegradable plastics are still only a tiny portion of the global plastics market and require further efforts in research and commercialization. Here, a critical overview of the state of the art of biodegradable plastics is given. Using a material flow analysis, the challenges of the plastic market are highlighted, and with it the large market potential of biodegradable plastics. The environmental and socio‐economic impact of plastics, government policies, standards and certifications, physico‐chemical properties, and analytical techniques are covered. The Review concludes with a personal outlook on the future of bioplastics, based on our own experience with their development and commercialization. | 52,649 | 3,988 | Supports | 2026 | [
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Among the facts that are clear, however, are that U.S. emissions contribute very little to global concentrations of greenhouse gas, and that even substantial cuts in these emissions are likely to have no effect on temperature. Data from the Energy Information Administration show, for example, that the United States cut carbon dioxide emissions by 12 percent between 2005 and 2012 while global emissions increased by 15 percent over the same period. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_2"
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Read here and here . Map source here . A peer-reviewed study utilizing high resolution data from a peat bog sediment core, analyzes 6,000 years worth of a temperature proxy. The researchers determined that both Roman and Medieval Periods experienced temperatures that were significantly higher than those of the current period. (click on image to enalrge) | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
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Answer: Australians emit 1.5% of the CO2 emitted by humans. So Australians, over the years, emitted at most about 1.5% of the 110 ppm increase in CO2 since pre-industrial times (that increase is is probably due to ocean warming, due to whatever has been heating the world since 1680), or 0.0000017% of the air (1.7 ppm). | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_2"
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Second, is that fossil fuels are likely to come down in price than go up. In particular in Britain the shale gas revolution will guarantee supplies for a generation and are more likely to see gas prices fall in real terms, than rise. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
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Scientists are saying that we can slow down sea level rise if we reduce GHG emissions. #ClimateChange | The notion is pervasive in the climate science community and in the public at large that the climate impacts of fossil fuel CO2 release will only persist for a few centuries. This conclusion has no basis in theory or models of the atmosphere/ocean carbon cycle, which we review here. The largest fraction of the CO2 recovery will take place on time scales of centuries, as CO2 invades the ocean, but a significant fraction of the fossil fuel CO2, ranging in published models in the literature from 20–60%, remains airborne for a thousand years or longer. Ultimate recovery takes place on time scales of hundreds of thousands of years, a geologic longevity typically associated in public perceptions with nuclear waste. The glacial/interglacial climate cycles demonstrate that ice sheets and sea level respond dramatically to millennial-timescale changes in climate forcing. There are also potential positive feedbacks in the carbon cycle, including methane hydrates in the ocean, and peat frozen in permafrost, that are most sensitive to the long tail of the fossil fuel CO2 in the atmosphere. | 280,207 | 2,801 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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Every coal seam left in the ground means less warming and less acidification of the ocean.. | Abstract Ongoing ocean warming and acidification are tied to the rapid accumulation of human‐induced carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere and subsequent uptake of heat and CO 2 by the surface ocean. These processes are expected to drive large changes in marine ecosystems. While numerous studies have examined the effects of ocean acidification on coccolithophores, less is known on their combined effect. In this study, we investigate temperature modulation of the carbonate chemistry sensitivity of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (RCC1827 from the Western Mediterranean) in a culture experiment. We analyzed the responses of coccolith morphology, particulate inorganic and organic carbon production, and sinking rate of individual cells. E. huxleyi was exposed to three CO 2 levels (ca. 400 μatm, 900 μatm, and 1400 μatm) at 15°C and 20°C. Temperature adds to the negative effect of increasing pCO 2 on coccolith morphology, suggesting that a significant number of E. huxleyi strains might suffer from a temperature increase, hampering their evolutionary success. Temperature amplified the positive effect of increasing pCO 2 on organic carbon production, while modulating the response of calcification rates, indicating that the response to increasing pCO 2 must be taken with caution depending on the temperature range studied. Sinking rates were positively correlated with temperature, whereas pCO 2 did not have any effect. The combined effect of carbonate chemistry and temperature on the E. huxleyi ratio between particulate inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon (PIC/POC) might also lower the sinking rate of aggregates. In conclusion, in a warmer and more acidified ocean, individual coccolithophore cells might sink faster, while aggregates might sink slower. | 110,589 | 231 | Supports | 2025 | [
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Did you know that greenhouses often have CO2 levels three times higher than outside? #greenhouse #agriculture #science | ‘Every beginning biology student knows that photosynthesis will increase if you give a plant a ‘squirt’ of CO2– given enough light, nutrients, and water, and a suitable temperature. Logic tells us that if this is so, then more CO2 in the atmosphere should mean more photosynthesis. This, in turn, should mean more yield or accumulated carbon in plants. This logic is fine for beginning biology; unfortunately, nature is not that simple’(Lemon, 1983). This Special Issue of New Phytologist focuses on the responses of ecosystems to increased CO2 concentration. The responses of plants are central to this focus, but the questions being asked have changed, and nature’s complexities become paramount. Our concern is the human effect on the composition of the atmosphere and how it could have profound effects on our economic and social systems, options for energy production and use, and our capacity to grow food and fiber for an expanding population. The primary interaction between plants and atmospheric CO2 is just the starting point for our analysis. Lemon (1983), and the contributors to the international conference on which he was reporting, laid out a research agenda for investigating the responses of plants to future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The mostly short-term experiments that were appropriate for understanding the fundamental physiology of plants or the commercial aspects of CO2 enrichment of glasshouse atmospheres (Witter & Robb, 1964) were seen as insufficient for understanding the more complex issues of plant productivity in a future, CO2-enriched atmosphere. The conference participants urged experimental work with CO2 enrichment at all levels to elucidate biochemical, physiological and microbial responses, as well as community-scale responses and species interactions in complex environments. Now, almost 20 years later, a great deal of that research agenda has been taken on. Not only do we know much more about the response of photosynthesis to a ‘squirt’ of CO2 (Cousins et al.– see pp. 275–284 in this issue; Rodriguez et al.– pp. 337–346; Williams et al.– pp. 285–293), we have also studied everything from the effect of CO2 concentration on the genetic control of stomatal density (Gray et al., 2000) to the quality of bread and wine made from CO2-enriched plants (Kimball et al.– pp. 295–303; Bindi et al., 2001). Hundreds of plant species have been exposed to experimental manipulations of CO2 concentration, and the unit of reference has progressed from small, potted plants in growth cabinets, to groups of plants in glasshouses or field chambers, to intact ecosystems and forest stands (Box 1). The CO2 treatments have been combined with simultaneous manipulations of temperature, water, nitrogen, ozone, light, and competition. Research programs have increasingly been focused on describing how the primary responses to CO2 concentration will be manifested in future ecosystems, understanding the feedbacks between those primary responses and the atmospheric and climatic systems, and developing plant and ecosystem models to make the predictions of plant responses to a future atmosphere. These trends – larger-scale experiments, a focus on future ecosystems, and modeling – are reflected in the papers presented in this volume. A wide range of ecosystems is considered (Fig. 1): agricultural systems in Japan, Germany, and Arizona (USA); grasslands and pastures in Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and Minnesota (USA); bogs throughout Europe; a desert in Nevada (USA); and forests in Italy and Tennessee (USA). The effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment have been investigated in a wide range of ecosystem types, including crop systems in Arizona, USA; a bog in Finland; the Mojave desert in Nevada, USA; and a deciduous forest in Tennessee, USA. Photos courtesy of Bruce Kimball, Topi Ylä-Mononen, Travis Huxman and Steve Eberhardt, respectively. In 1982, H. Z. Enoch spoke of the need for the scientific community to participate in a multinational effort to study the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on managed and unmanaged ecosystems, an admittedly expensive and difficult endeavor (Lemon, 1983). At the time, most of the information on CO2 responses of plants came from short-term experiments (days or weeks) of potted plants in controlled-environment chambers (Kimball, 1983). It was recognized, however, that the short-term responses might not prevail over longer time periods, and that interactions between a plant and its environment (both biotic and abiotic) could alter the system-level response to CO2 (Lemon, 1983). Many of these problems were addressed by new experiments conducted in various field chambers. In short-statured systems such as a salt marsh and tundra, open-top chambers allowed the treatment of intact ecosystems (Mooney et al., 1991). Field chambers also permitted multiyear exposures of tree species without the artifacts associated with confining root systems in pots (Norby et al., 1999). Although much was learned from field chamber experiments, they fell short of the need expressed by Enoch. Field chambers create artificial environmental conditions, and plants often grow differently inside than outside (Kimball et al., 1997). They can accommodate young trees, but not mature tree stands or forest ecosystems. Hence, the development of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology for controlling an elevated CO2 concentration in the open air was a critical advancement enabling the study of CO2 effects on ecosystems. The history of FACE technology is described in Box 1. The importance of the substantial increase in scale afforded by FACE systems is clear in many of the papers in this issue. Edwards et al. (pp. 359–369) report that elevated CO2 concentration increased seedling growth of pasture species when grown individually in pots, but not when they were0grown in a native pasture within their FACE plots. Measurements of the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and rice paddy flood water were made in a FACE experiment (Koizumi et al., pp. 231–239), but they would not have been possible in a chamber system with blowers that alter micrometeorological conditions. Physiological responses to elevated CO2 concentration often take on different meaning at a larger scale. Ottman et al. (pp. 261–273) suggest that the CO2 effect on stomatal closure might be an advantage under limited water supply but a disadvantage when water supply is ample. Wullschleger & Norby (pp. 489–495) found that the effect of elevated CO2 concentration on stomatal closure, measured on upper canopy leaves under ideal conditions, did not scale to a reduction in season-long, whole-canopy transpiration in a tree stand. The larger scale of FACE experiments makes possible measurements that otherwise would be unattainable. Norby et al. (pp. 477–487) were able to address questions about the growth responses of trees that had reached canopy closure, not heretofore possible in a deciduous forest system. They note that their study trees were in a linear growth phase, but had they been grown in open-top chambers, the experiment would have ended just at the critical transition from exponential growth. Even in those FACE experiments in which the experimental unit is relatively small, the larger exposure unit allowed for a wide range of simultaneous measurements and manipulations (Reich et al., pp. 435–448). The primary rationale for all of the studies reported in this issue concerns prediction of the future behaviour of ecosystems in an atmosphere with a higher concentration of CO2. The most critical issues vary in the different ecosystems. In agricultural systems, the objective might be to predict productivity or quality of the marketable product in response to high CO2 (Kim et al., pp. 223–229; Kimball et al., pp. 295–303; Lilley et al. (b), pp. 385–395); this must be done in relation to technological improvements and crop breeding (Amthor, 1998), as well as the overriding influences of environmental stress. In unmanaged systems such as the desert and prairie, effects of CO2 concentration on diversity may be the predominant issue. Smith et al. (2000) showed that in a high rainfall year elevated CO2 concentration stimulated the establishment and spread of an invasive annual grass in the Nevada desert FACE experiment; this has the potential to accelerate the fire cycle, reduce biodiversity, and alter ecosystem function in the deserts of western North America. The primary rationale for experiments in forests derives from their very large role in the global carbon budget and the importance of understanding exchanges and feedbacks between forests and a future atmosphere. Forest ecosystems are difficult to manipulate as intact systems because of their size and longevity; hence, forest experiments focus on testing specific hypotheses about forest response (Norby et al., 1999, also pp. 477–487). Ecosystems provide essential services to humans, and there is increasing concern that those services might be jeopardized by the combined impacts of global change (Daily et al., 1997). The provision of food, fiber, and water is of obvious importance. A less obvious ecosystem service is carbon sequestration, and this has been a particular focus of research because of the possibilities of feedbacks to the climate system. The effects of elevated CO2 concentration on carbon fluxes have been considered at multiple scales: leaf (Tjoelker et al., pp. 419–424), whole-plant (Sakai et al., pp. 241–249), and whole system (Hoosbeek et al., pp. 459–463; Craine et al., pp. 425–434). Nutrient limitations apparently prevented any increases in C storage in bogs (Hoosbeek et al.). Stable isotope analysis provides a valuable tool for assessing the mechanisms of sequestration in soil in FACE experiments because the CO2 that is added to the treatment plots is depleted in 13C (Leavitt et al., pp. 305–314). Future ecosystems will be impacted not just by rising CO2 concentration, but by a suite of atmospheric and climatic changes. FACE experiments are usually not as amenable to multifactor manipulations as smaller-scale experiments, but in this issue there are reports about interactions between CO2 and N in rice and wheat (Kim et al.; Kimball et al.), prairie species (Craine & Reich, pp. 397–403; Lee et al., pp. 405–418), and grasses (Daepp et al., pp. 347–358). Interactions with water supply were studied in wheat (Kimball et al.; Williams et al.). Air temperature is very difficult to manipulate in open-air systems. Lilley et al. (a) (pp. 371–383) grew subterranean clover and phalaris grass in tunnels in which CO2 concentration and temperature were controlled. Previous reports (Newton et al., 1994) had reported that the abundance of clover in pastures increases with rising CO2 concentration. Lilley et al. found that elevated temperature caused clover abundance to decrease, although this effect was counteracted by elevated CO2 concentration. Despite our best efforts to control environmental conditions and avoid artifacts in FACE and other experimental systems, we cannot duplicate future ecosystems or the atmospheric and climatic conditions that will occur at a certain future date. Soils in our experimental systems developed under current conditions, and the plants are today’s genotypes. To predict ecosystem responses to future conditions we must rely on models, and we want the response functions in those models (Rodriguez et al.) to be informed by the most realistic data possible. FACE experiments are particularly useful for this. In modeling plant responses to elevated CO2 concentration in field chambers, it is necessary to account for the chamber effects, which are in fact plant responses to the altered microclimate due to the chamber enclosure and the plants themselves. Because of their composite nature, the chamber effects are arguably harder to model than the plant responses to elevated CO2 concentration per se. Assuming that the effects of elevated CO2 concentration and the chambers on plants are multiplicative, one may compare the relative responses of the plants between the model and observation. The assumption can be disproved, however, by physiological considerations. In FACE experiments, by contrast, the results are almost free from artifacts, and, hence, the modeled plant responses to elevated CO2 concentration can be compared with the observed ones without having to worry about the confounding effects of chambers (Kimball et al., 1997). Grossman-Clarke et al. (pp. 315–335) compared model predictions of wheat productivity and water use with results from the Arizona FACE experiment. The model successfully described qualitative and quantitative behavior of the crop under elevated CO2 concentration, making it possible to use the model for predictions about future behavior with greater confidence. Testing models of unmanaged ecosystems in future CO2 concentrations with experimental data is more problematic. In perennial systems in which the FACE experiment is imposed on existing vegetation (e.g. the desert FACE of Nowak et al., pp. 449–458; the bog experiment of Hoosbeek et al.; or the deciduous forest FACE of Norby et al.), the CO2 treatment is an abrupt increase in CO2 concentration, to which some ecosystem processes could respond in quite a different way from those under gradually increasing CO2 concentration (Cannell & Thornley, 1998). Luo & Reynolds (1999), nonetheless, pointed out that the ecosystem changes in FACE experiments can be analysed to elucidate responses of the individual ecosystem processes to the step change in CO2 concentration, and these individual responses could be incorporated into a model to predict the whole-ecosystem responses to the increasing CO2 concentration. A synthesis of the effects of rising CO2 concentration on ecosystems as reported in the papers in this issue and elsewhere in the literature cannot be undertaken lightly. We can safely conclude that in most systems photosynthesis is increased by CO2 enrichment, and this generally results in increased plant growth. It is more difficult to make general statements about whole-system responses, such as carbon storage, water yield, and species composition, that apply across a wide range of ecosystems and the different spatial and temporal scales of their dominant processes. Predictions about the behavior of future ecosystems in an atmosphere with a higher concentration of CO2 require an understanding of how the primary responses to CO2 interact with the attributes of the different systems. As reports in this issue show, we should not expect a bog and a desert, nor a wheat field and a tree plantation, to respond identically to CO2 enrichment – nature is not that simple. Nevertheless, tremendous progress is being made in providing the data and understanding needed for making – and having confidence in – predictions about the future. Papers in this volume have tackled some of the thorny problems of detecting changes in soil carbon, seeking functional group classifications of plant response, and scaling from leaf to stand. The end-point of experiments in agricultural systems is no longer simply yield, but includes consideration of nutritional quality for grazers or humans. Technological advances in CO2 enrichment technology are allowing ecosystem-scale experiments in a greater diversity of ecosystems. The ongoing research described here is not the culmination of Enoch’s call for a multinational effort on CO2 responses of ecosystems, but part of a steady process of hypothesis formulation and testing at ever-increasing scales and levels of complexity. That process needs to continue. Many of the papers in this volume were inspired by the FACE 2000 Conference held in Tsukuba, Japan, in June, 2000. The conference was sponsored by CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) of Japan Science and Technology Corporation. This summary contributes to the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. It was written at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05–00OR22725. *Author for correspondence (tel +1 865 576 5261; fax +1 865 576 939; email[email protected]) | 177,294 | 2,595 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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scientists can now model how likely events are in this super hot world compared to the past | Abstract. Studies using climate models and observed trends indicate that extreme weather has changed and may continue to change in the future. The potential impact of extreme events such as heat waves or droughts depends not only on their number of occurrences but also on "how these extremes occur", i.e., the interplay and succession of the events. These quantities are quite unexplored, for past changes as well as for future changes and call for sophisticated methods of analysis. To address this issue, we use Markov chains for the analysis of the dynamics and succession of multivariate or compound extreme events. We apply the method to observational data (1951–2010) and an ensemble of regional climate simulations for central Europe (1971–2000, 2021–2050) for two types of compound extremes, heavy precipitation and cold in winter and hot and dry days in summer. We identify three regions in Europe, which turned out to be likely susceptible to a future change in the succession of heavy precipitation and cold in winter, including a region in southwestern France, northern Germany and in Russia around Moscow. A change in the succession of hot and dry days in summer can be expected for regions in Spain and Bulgaria. The susceptibility to a dynamic change of hot and dry extremes in the Russian region will probably decrease. | 8,068 | 3,633 | Supports | 2026 | [
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Over 500 scientists sent a letter to the UN saying the current changes in climate aren't a crisis, and the actions being taken to address it are unnecessary. | WE are in the grip of a climate emergency. Recently, a letter signed by more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries, published in the journal BioScience, stated frankly that ‘[a]n immense increase of scale in endeavors to conserve our biosphere is needed to avoid untold suffering due to the climate crisis’. It is in this profoundly disturbing context, at the dawn of what may perhaps be humanity’s most defining decade, that a degree of critical reflection on the role political philosophers can, and should, play in these endeavours seems apt. Over the last three decades, political philosophers/theorists and ethicists have attempted to grapple with the myriad conceptual and normative challenges posed by climate change. They have produced a rich and fascinating canon of scholarship that has pushed the boundaries of moral and political theory, bringing formerly marginal questions—about global duties, future persons, non-human species, diffusely caused harms, risk and uncertainty, for example—into the mainstream of philosophical theorizing. Climate change, in short, has done much for philosophy. But philosophy, we suggest, has not done much for climate change. That is, we doubt whether normative theorizing about climate change (hereafter ‘climate ethics’) has done much to positively influence real-world climate action. This, at least, is our motivating hunch. | 13,068 | 100 | Refutes | 2025 | [
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For years, climate-change activists have argued by anecdote to make their case. Gore, in his famous slide shows, ties human-caused global warming to increasing hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, drought and the spread of mosquitoes, pine beetles and disease. It's not that Gore is wrong about these things. The problem is that his storm stories have conditioned people to expect an endless worldwide heat wave, when in fact the changes so far are subtle. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Before you wrecked the climate, Indio and Brawley, CA recorded 117 and 116 degree temperatures on May 3/4 1947. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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And including "climate change", as is being more and more talked about? Careful here. This is an ongoing debate and predictions are all but clear. And how do you intend to translate the virtual lack of global warming over the past decade into economic figures? | null | null | null | null | null | [
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As people have finally begun to realize the significance of this latter problem, Lal indicates that crop residues are being "widely considered as a source of lignocellulosic biomass." However, he says that removal of crop residues for this purpose "is not an option (Lal, 2007) because of the negative impacts of removal on soil quality, and increase in soil erosion (Lal, 1995)," as well as the loss of the residue's "positive impacts" on "numerous ecosystem services." Therefore, in yet another shift in tactics, Lal reports that degraded soils are being considered as possible sites for establishing energy plantations. However, he notes that with their extremely low capacity for biomass production, the amount of biofuel produced on globally-abandoned agricultural land cannot even meet 10% of the energy needs of North America, Europe and Asia, citing the work of Campbell et al . (2009) in this regard. Yet even these considerations are only half the problem. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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In a provocative paper they entitled ???Food for Thought: Lower-Than-Expected Crop Yield Stimulation with Rising CO2 Concentrations,?? Long et al. (2006)1 suggested that future increases in crop production caused by the fertilization effect of the atmosphere??s rising CO2 concentration may be only half as large as what had long been believed would be the case, due to confounding influences they claimed were inherent in all experimental assessments of the growth-promoting effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment except those employing Free-Air CO2- Enrichment or FACE technology. Quite to the contrary, however, there is a strong possibility that just the opposite could well be true, i.e., that future increases in crop production caused by the aerial fertilization effect of the atmosphere??s rising CO2 concentration may well be twice as large as what FACE experiments suggest. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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periods of active Earth Tectonics and Volcanism can be correlated to periods of active climate change and climate-related events. To describe this new theory, the term Plate Climatology is proposed. In general increased tectonic activity, either locally or globally, equates to more faulting and volcanic activity primarily along tectonic plate boundaries / rift systems. Increased tectonic activity leads to more heat and fluid release from these active geological features into both the oceans and atmosphere. Altered heat and fluid input equates to climate change. This effect has been largely hidden from scientific investigation because the primary heat and fluid release is from two under-explored / under-monitored regions; deep oceans and sub-glacial polar ice caps. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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A review by SPPI and CO2 Science finds theCO2-fertilization induced percentage increase in plant productivity was nearly always greater under water-stressed conditions than it was when plants were well-watered. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Good news for reefs: How corals could survive a warming planet. Corals evolved with CO2 levels 18X higher than present | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Did you know that the Antarctic continental shelf acts like a giant bottle-stopper, slowing down the flow of ice from land to sea? Pretty crazy, right? | Ice shelves control sea-level rise through frictional resistance, which slows the seaward flow of grounded glacial ice. Evidence from around Antarctica indicates that ice shelves are thinning and weakening, primarily driven by warm ocean water entering into the shelf cavities. We have identified a mechanism for ice shelf destabilization where basal channels underneath the shelves cause ice thinning that drives fracture perpendicular to flow. These channels also result in ice surface deformation, which diverts supraglacial rivers into the transverse fractures. We report direct evidence that a major 2016 calving event at Nansen Ice Shelf in the Ross Sea was the result of fracture driven by such channelized thinning and demonstrate that similar basal channel-driven transverse fractures occur elsewhere in Greenland and Antarctica. In the event of increased basal and surface melt resulting from rising ocean and air temperatures, ice shelves will become increasingly vulnerable to these tandem effects of basal channel destabilization. | 133,444 | 1,271 | Supports | 2025 | [
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. . . Apparently, increased total CO2 column amount is coupled with decreasing H2O column amount. As the result of the opposing trends in the two most important GHGs, in Fig. 2 the red curve shows no trend in the TIOD. In the last 61 years, the infrared absorbing capability of the atmosphere has not been changed; therefore, the greenhouse effect can not be the cause of the global warming. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Fourthly, the backgrounder claims that global warming is causing both droughts and floods. Regardless of whether this is the case, deaths from droughts have declined by 99.9% since the 1920s, and 99% from floods since the 1930s. In fact, since the 1920s, average annual deaths from all extreme weather events have dropped by 95 percent while annual death rates, which factor in population growth, have been reduced by 99 percent. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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there's a connection between climate change & the NSW bushfires | Increasing severe vegetation fires worldwide has been attributed to both global environmental change and land management practices. However there is little evidence concerning the population health effects of outdoor air pollution derived from biomass fires. Frequent seasonal bushfires near Darwin, Australia provide an opportunity to examine this issue. We examined the relationship between atmospheric particle loadings <10 microns in diameter (PM10), and emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory conditions over the three fire seasons of 2000, 2004 and 2005. In addition we examined the differential impacts on Indigenous Australians, a high risk population subgroup. We conducted a case-crossover analysis of emergency hospital admissions with principal ICD10 diagnosis codes J00–J99 and I00–I99. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for admission with 10 μg/m3 rises in PM10. These were adjusted for weekly influenza rates, same day mean temperature and humidity, the mean temperature and humidity of the previous three days, days with rainfall > 5 mm, public holidays and holiday periods. PM10 ranged from 6.4 – 70.0 μg/m3 (mean 19.1). 2466 admissions were examined of which 23% were for Indigenous people. There was a positive relationship between PM10 and admissions for all respiratory conditions (OR 1.08 95%CI 0.98–1.18) with a larger magnitude in the Indigenous subpopulation (OR1.17 95% CI 0.98–1.40). While there was no relationship between PM10 and cardiovascular admissions overall, there was a positive association with ischaemic heart disease in Indigenous people, greatest at a lag of 3 days (OR 1.71 95%CI 1.14–2.55). PM10 derived from vegetation fires was predominantly associated with respiratory rather than cardiovascular admissions. This outcome is consistent with the few available studies of ambient biomass smoke pollution. Indigenous people appear to be at higher risk of cardio-respiratory hospital admissions associated with exposure to PM10. | 260,750 | 4,400 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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The earth is destroyed by floods | There is evidence that the toll of death and destruction caused by natural hazards is rising. This is often ascribed to the impact of climate change that resulted in an increased frequency of extreme meteorological events. As a consequence, it is realistic to expect that the casualties and damages caused by floods will increase in the near future. Advanced weather forecast is a fundamental tool to predict the occurrence of floods and structural mitigation measures are crucial for flood protection. However, these strategies should be associate with tools to promote and increase natural-disaster awareness and nonstructural mitigation measures in the exposed population. To bridge this gap, we coupled innovative, ICT-based technologies with crowdsourcing. The idea is to exploit geospatial data gathered by citizens and volunteers with their own devices such as mobile phones to provide authorities with relevant information in case of flood emergencies. This paper describes the design and testing of an Android application named MAppERS (Mobile Applications for Emergency Response and Support), thought to enhance active participation and response of the population in territorial and flood-risk mitigation in Frederikssund, Denmark. The results of the piloting fully validate MAppERS as an effective tool to support the decision-making process during a crisis and to improve the awareness of the community and their disaster resilience. | 6,700 | 2,891 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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Clear nights in fall and spring mean cooler temps! #science #weather | This analysis uses 40 years of hourly observations of temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and opaque cloud cover from 14 climate stations across the Canadian Prairies to analyze the diurnal cycle climate, represented by the mean T and RH and their diurnal ranges. From April to October, when incoming shortwave radiation dominates over longwave cooling, maximum temperature and the diurnal ranges of T and RH increase with decreasing opaque cloud cover, while minimum temperature is almost independent of cloud. During the winter period, both maximum and minimum temperatures fall with decreasing cloud, as longwave cooling dominates over the net shortwave flux, which is reduced by the high solar zenith angle and surface reflection by snow. We relate the daily mean opaque cloud cover to the longwave and shortwave cloud forcing and the effective cloud albedo, using multiyear measurements of downward shortwave and longwave fluxes, and longwave fluxes under clear skies from historical weather reanalysis. We provide quadratic fits to compute effective cloud albedo and net longwave fluxes from opaque cloud cover. During the warm season, the daytime rise of temperature is related to the net radiation, and the nighttime fall is related to the net longwave cooling. The diurnal range of T, RH, and all the net radiative fluxes have a quasi‐linear dependence on the effective cloud albedo. This gives a seasonal climate perspective on the coupled land‐surface system of T, RH, and cloud cover over the Canadian Prairies, and the winter transitions in snowy climates. | 373,608 | 4,427 | Supports | 2026 | [
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Not anymore. The ozone hole closing is counter-acting the warming affect. But this study is still using models, read here . The models depend on the temperature increasing. What if the temperature doesnt follow the rules? And it has not over the last decade plus. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Over the last 30 years, the warming rate has been remarkably constantabout 0.17 degrees Celsius per decade. And for 25 years before that, the world was actually cooling! | null | null | null | null | null | [
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So, about that settled science on ocean acidification (that is actually a change to lesser alkalinity and NOT acidification) and about that settled science on CO2 in the ocean coming from the air via our burning fossil fuels Looking a bit moth eaten to me. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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There are several peaks in the graph. Since 1998 the temperature has neither risen nor fallen, because last year was tied with 1998 for top temperature. Its the same now as it was 12 years ago! | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Seabra et al . further state that "habitat heterogeneity as determined by surface orientation and, to a lesser extent, height on the shore may provide thermal refugia allowing species to occupy habitats apparently inhospitable when considering only average temperatures," and they state that "this may be important for understanding range shifts contrary to global warming predictions (e.g. Lima et al ., 2007a, 2009; Hilbish et al ., 2010)." Thus, they emphasize once again that "thermal heterogeneity within habitats must be fully understood in order to interpret patterns of biogeographic response to climate change." And if that is done correctly, it would appear that the "doom-and-gloom" predictions of the world's climate alarmists, as regards species extinctions in a warming world, may in reality be not all that "doomy and gloomy." | null | null | null | null | null | [
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microwaves can actually heat things up at the molecular level | Owing to the high level of absorption of very high frequency radio waves in water, previous investigators of airborne radio echo sounding (RES) data from Antarctica have assumed that the depth of subglacial lakes cannot be measured directly by this method. However, we have identified a number of RES returns from beneath the ice‐water interface at the surface of eight subglacial lakes that we have interpreted as being reflected from the lake floor. The returns allow us to measure the depth of subglacial lakes, since the velocity of radio waves in water (33.4 m μs −1 ) is relatively unaffected by electrical conductivity. Attenuation of radio waves within water is controlled largely by its electrical conductivity. Consequently, by examining the decay of the radio wave amplitude with depth we can gain information about the conductivity of subglacial water bodies. Our results indicate that the minimum water depths of eight subglacial lakes vary between 8 and 21 m. The lakes from which our depth measurements were taken are distributed widely around the ice sheet. Thus it may be concluded for the first time that Antarctic subglacial water bodies are generally at least several meters in depth. By examining the attenuation of radio waves through subglacial water, the electrical conductivity of the water is estimated to be extremely low (i.e., fresh pure water). | 143,127 | 4,411 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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Current global temperatures are significantly below NASA's climate model and "expert" predictions - note the dotted red line on chart. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
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The Sun's Impact On Earth's Temperature Goes Far Beyond TSI New Paper Shows | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
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The rate of sea level rise is increasing and future predictions are based on solid scientific understanding. This is not a matter of opinion, it's a matter of fact. #ClimateScience #OurPlanet | Sea level has been steadily rising over the past century, predominantly due to anthropogenic climate change. The rate of sea level rise will keep increasing with continued global warming, and, even if temperatures are stabilized through the phasing out of greenhouse gas emissions, sea level is still expected to rise for centuries. This will affect coastal areas worldwide, and robust projections are needed to assess mitigation options and guide adaptation measures. Here we combine the equilibrium response of the main sea level rise contributions with their last century's observed contribution to constrain projections of future sea level rise. Our model is calibrated to a set of observations for each contribution, and the observational and climate uncertainties are combined to produce uncertainty ranges for 21st century sea level rise. We project anthropogenic sea level rise of 28-56 cm, 37-77 cm, and 57-131 cm in 2100 for the greenhouse gas concentration scenarios RCP26, RCP45, and RCP85, respectively. Our uncertainty ranges for total sea level rise overlap with the process-based estimates of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The "constrained extrapolation" approach generalizes earlier global semiempirical models and may therefore lead to a better understanding of the discrepancies with process-based projections. | 364,442 | 2,863 | Supports | 2026 | [
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Abstract: Consumption of all the worlds fossil fuels at any credible rate will not achieve a doubling of the current CO2 level and will increase world temperature by barely one-half degree Celsius. The achievable level of atmospheric CO2 is proportional to its release rate because its dilution by exchange with the land and ocean takes time. An instantaneous release is the worst case and if the entire worlds CO2 from fossil fuels were so released (impossible, of course) it represents an extreme upper bound to the CO2 level. And even that would achieve an increase of less than 3 degrees Celsius. Most significant, however, is the strong evidence that feedback from increased CO2 is negative. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_1"
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The AGGI is a pseudoscientific metric that cant possibly measure what it purports to measure since no one (including NOAA) understands the effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, much less that they are harmful. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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plant protein uses far less water than cattle per kg | Cattle will readily use shade in warm weather, but less is known about voluntary use of sprinklers. We examined preferences of 96 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (milk yield: 12.7±3.48 kg per day; mean±SD) for sprinklers, shade, or ambient conditions after walking 2.0 km or 0.3 km before afternoon milking (n=48 cows/distance). Each cow was individually tested on 3 consecutive days with a different paired choice each day: 1) shade or sprinklers, 2) shade or ambient conditions, 3) sprinklers or ambient conditions. Average air temperature during testing was 22.3°C. Cows preferred shade over sprinklers (62 vs. 38% ± 5.0%; mean ± SE) and shade over ambient conditions (65 vs. 35% ± 5.1%; mean±SE). Cows showed no preference between sprinklers and ambient conditions (44% of the cows chose sprinklers, SE=5.3%). The preference for shade over sprinklers and ambient conditions increased with air temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed. Walking distance did not influence the preference for any treatment. Respiration rate was decreased most by sprinklers (38% decrease) but also decreased in shade and ambient conditions (17 and 13% decrease, respectively; standard error of the difference=4.7%). Similarly, surface temperature was decreased most by sprinklers (11.4% decrease), compared with that by shade (1.0% decrease), or that by ambient conditions (1.4% increase; standard error of the difference=1.82%). Furthermore, sprinklers reduced insect avoidance behaviors, including number of tail flicks and hoof stamps. In conclusion, dairy cattle preferred to use shade in summer despite sprinklers being more efficient in decreasing heat load and insect avoidance behavior. | 260,968 | 4,149 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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Experiments with Zebra Fish show that if their embryo??s develop in warmer water, they not only are able to swim faster but they cope better in both warmer and colder water. (How catastrophic can that be, I ask you?) | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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Also reported here is that Arctic sea ice volume has increased by a third in 2013 and that this growth continued into last year. Compared to the average of the period between 2010 and 2012, a 33 percent increase in sea ice volume was found in 2013 and and in 2014 there was still a quarter more ice than during that period. As Jim Lakely, director of communications at the Heartland Institute, writes today: "The fact is, current ice extent on the North Pole is within the normal range of what satellites have accurately measured" since 1979. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_1"
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By August 23rd, 2006, we have seen 4 storms: Alberto, Beryl, Chris, Debby. Neither of them has been a hurricane - not even a small hurricane. Debby is the first one that at least has a chance to become a minimal hurricane on Sunday or so - but be sure that it won't become one. 2006 is not only milder than 2005 but also than 2004, 2003, and most other years. Right now, in the middle of the season, 2006 is below the average. December 2006 update : Indeed, it seems that the number of tropical storms (9) as well as hurricanes (5) as well as (minimal) major hurricanes (2) will stay below the average of 1950-2000. The season officially ended at the end of November. The absence of any tropical storms from the early October can be partially explained by a new El Nino. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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The 5-year (60-month) running mean global temperature hints at a slowdown in the global warming rate during the past few years. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
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On Sunday, CBS claimed that Antarctica is melting. In fact, once small portion of the Antarctic peninsula is warming and may be losing snow, while the rest of Antarctica has not been warming and in fact has been gaining ice cover. The show visits an island off the Antarctic Peninsula which has about as much weather relevance and predictive power to the rest of Antarctica as Key West has to the rest of the United States. Absolutely absurd. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Ice caps are melting way faster than predicted, causing sea levels to rise even more rapidly. | Predictions for sea-level rise this century due to melt from Antarctica range from zero to more than one metre. The highest predictions are driven by the controversial marine ice-cliff instability (MICI) hypothesis, which assumes that coastal ice cliffs can rapidly collapse after ice shelves disintegrate, as a result of surface and sub-shelf melting caused by global warming. But MICI has not been observed in the modern era and it remains unclear whether it is required to reproduce sea-level variations in the geological past. Here we quantify ice-sheet modelling uncertainties for the original MICI study and show that the probability distributions are skewed towards lower values (under very high greenhouse gas concentrations, the most likely value is 45 centimetres). However, MICI is not required to reproduce sea-level changes due to Antarctic ice loss in the mid-Pliocene epoch, the last interglacial period or 1992-2017; without it we find that the projections agree with previous studies (all 95th percentiles are less than 43 centimetres). We conclude that previous interpretations of these MICI projections over-estimate sea-level rise this century; because the MICI hypothesis is not well constrained, confidence in projections with MICI would require a greater range of observationally constrained models of ice-shelf vulnerability and ice-cliff collapse. | 128,712 | 4,190 | Refutes | 2026 | [
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Last winter had the largest sea ice extent in the last six years, the largest North American snow extent on record, and the second largest northern hemisphere snow extent on record. On one day in February, at least 49 US states had snow cover. Northern hemisphere albedo was very high last winter. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_1"
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Climate Change / Global Warming: The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is called the worlds foremost authority on global warming / climate change. Using climate models, in 1990, the IPCC predicted significant, continuous global warming to 2012 and beyond. According to comprehensive satellite data, there has been no warming of the atmosphere for over a decade. According to the less comprehensive, but highly recognized surface data (from HadCRU), there has been no statistically significant surface warming for sixteen years. Should US government policy be based on predictions from models which are obviously failing? Why? | null | null | null | null | null | [
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You might be surprised to learn that water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas! #ClimateScience #Sustainability | Water vapour is the most abundant and powerful greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere, and is emitted by human activities. Yet the global warming potential (GWP) and radiative forcing (RF) of emitted water vapour have not been formally quantified in the literature. Here these quantities are estimated for surface emission using idealised experiments conducted with the CAM5 global atmospheric model at fixed ocean temperatures. Water is introduced in vapour form at rates matching total anthropogenic emissions (mainly from irrigation) but omitting the local evaporative cooling seen in irrigation simulations. A 100 year GWP for H2O of −10−3 to 5 × 10−4 is found, and an effective radiative forcing of −0.1 to 0.05 W m−2 for the given emissions. Increases in water vapour greenhouse effect are small because additional vapour cannot reach the upper troposphere, and greenhouse-gas warming is outweighed by increases in reflectance from humidity-induced low cloud cover, leading to a near-zero or small cooling effect. Near-surface temperature decreases over land are implied even without evaporative cooling at the surface, due to cooling by low clouds and vapour-induced changes to the moist lapse rate. These results indicate that even large increases in anthropogenic water vapour emissions would have negligible warming effects on climate, but that possible negative RF may deserve more attention. | 325,152 | 1,635 | Supports | 2026 | [
"2_3"
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By unilaterally adopting emissions cuts while India and China go on belching out ever greater amounts of greenhouse gases, Congress implicitly endorses the twin pillars of international climate law: "common but differentiated responsibilities," and the "right to develop." Rights and responsibilitiesthe stuff of ethicsdo not dissolve at state borders. Therefore, Congress should make its climate scheme optional for Mississippi. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_2"
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There are 800Gigatonnes of carbon already stuck in the atmosphere | We have revisited the search for carbon monoxide absorption features in transmission during the transit of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b. In 2002 August-September we acquired a total of 1077 high-resolution spectra (λ/δλ ~ 25,000) in the K-band (2 μm) wavelength region using NIRSPEC on the Keck II telescope during three transits. These data are more numerous and of better quality than the data analyzed in an initial search by Brown et al. Our analysis achieves a sensitivity sufficient to test the degree of CO absorption in the first-overtone bands during transit on the basis of plausible models of the planetary atmosphere. We analyze our observations by comparison with theoretical tangent geometry absorption spectra, computed by adding height-invariant ad hoc temperature perturbations to the model atmosphere of Sudarsky et al. and by treating cloud height as an adjustable parameter. We do not detect CO absorption. The strong 2-0 R-branch lines between 4320 and 4330 cm-1 have depths during transit less than 1.6 parts in 104 in units of the stellar continuum (3 σ limit) at a spectral resolving power of 25,000. Our analysis indicates a weakening similar to that found in the case of sodium, suggesting that a general masking mechanism is at work in the planetary atmosphere. Under the interpretation that this masking is provided by high clouds, our analysis defines the maximum cloud-top pressure (i.e., minimum height) as a function of the model atmospheric temperature. For the relatively hot model used by Charbonneau et al. to interpret their sodium detection, our CO limit requires cloud tops at or above 3.3 mbar, and these clouds must be opaque at a wavelength of 2 μm. High clouds comprised of submicron-sized particles are already present in some models but may not provide sufficient opacity to account for our CO result. Cooler model atmospheres, having smaller atmospheric scale heights and lower CO mixing ratios, may alleviate this problem to some extent. However, even models 500 K cooler than the Sudarsky et al. model require clouds above the 100 mbar level to be consistent with our observations. Our null result therefore requires clouds to exist at an observable level in the atmosphere of HD 209458b, unless this planet is dramatically colder than current belief. | 323,597 | 1,952 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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In Part 3, I??ll show you some hardly ever seen before solar studies that come about as close to a ???smoking gun?? for climate change you??ll ever see and suggest a mechanism for how the missing linkage between the sun and earth is likely responsible for the ???apparent?? climate shifts we see. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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This isn't proof that the world is entering a global cooling cycle. But the absence of sunspots is the most prolonged in a century, and scientists say the reduced solar activity is reminiscent of the Maunder Minimum, between 1645 and 1715, when the Northern Hemisphere suffered through the coldest weather, worst storms and shortest growing seasons of the Little Ice Age. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Pachauri has said IPCC reports are written by the world?s top scientists when, in fact, many of those involved are 20-something grad students, green activists, and people appointed with an eye to filling ?diversity? quotas. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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There is no ??? radiative heat trapping ?? as the net heat flow is nil between surface and air. And air does not ??? warm the surface?? ! | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Actually, according to a peer-reviewed paper just published in Nature Climate Change, there has been no statistically-significant global warming for the past 20 years . | null | null | null | null | null | [
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"Today's paradigm is that human emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, will produce dangerous warming of the globe....When tested against empirical evidence this hypothesis fails." link | null | null | null | null | null | [
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If those reefs are surviving low aragonite and low pH conditions then that is definitely cause for optimism about the worlds tropical coral reefs and would be an exciting scientific breakthrough. the pH is low there due to the CO2 bubbling, then thats really important, and somebody should go and have a look, because that would refute what weve found We need to go out there and measure the chemistry of the water Id love to check that out. If there are a lot of bubbles coming up, and theres hard coral there, then its likely that my study is flawed. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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Regional models give you the illusion of higher resolution. In reality its no better than the global models. If a GCM will give you strong warming, the regional model will give you strong warming. The message is that these regional models are not giving us the information people think they are giving. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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NASA has released its latest sea ice report . These are tough times for climate alarmists. The truth is: Theres a lot more sea ice out there this year than they ever imagined . | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_1"
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Claiming that climate change is a 'data manipulation' is dangerous and misleading. | Misinformation can have significant societal consequences. For example, misinformation about climate change has confused the public and stalled support for mitigation policies. When people lack the expertise and skill to evaluate the science behind a claim, they typically rely on heuristics such as substituting judgment about something complex (i.e. climate science) with judgment about something simple (i.e. the character of people who speak about climate science) and are therefore vulnerable to misleading information. Inoculation theory offers one approach to effectively neutralize the influence of misinformation. Typically, inoculations convey resistance by providing people with information that counters misinformation. In contrast, we propose inoculating against misinformation by explaining the fallacious reasoning within misleading denialist claims. We offer a strategy based on critical thinking methods to analyse and detect poor reasoning within denialist claims. This strategy includes detailing argument structure, determining the truth of the premises, and checking for validity, hidden premises, or ambiguous language. Focusing on argument structure also facilitates the identification of reasoning fallacies by locating them in the reasoning process. Because this reason-based form of inoculation is based on general critical thinking methods, it offers the distinct advantage of being accessible to those who lack expertise in climate science. We applied this approach to 42 common denialist claims and find that they all demonstrate fallacious reasoning and fail to refute the scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic global warming. This comprehensive deconstruction and refutation of the most common denialist claims about climate change is designed to act as a resource for communicators and educators who teach climate science and/or critical thinking. | 72,260 | 56 | Supports | 2025 | [
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Although long-term fertilization of nine years decreased plant diversity, it increased plant productivity; and this phenomenon caused an increase in arthropod species richness by significantly increasing the numbers of parasite and predator species. Short-term fertilization also increased plant productivity, but without reducing plant diversity; and it too significantly increased arthropod diversity by increasing the species richness of herbivores, parasites, and predators. These results demonstrate that increases in plant productivity lead to increases in the diversity of organisms higher up the food chain, such as herbivores, parasites and predators. What it means | null | null | null | null | null | [
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CLEXIT's founding statement says, "This vicious and relentless war on carbon dioxide will be seen by future generations as the most misguided mass delusion that the world has ever seen. Carbon dioxide is NOT a dangerous pollutant it is a natural, non-toxic, and beneficial gas which feeds all life on earth. Its increasing concentration is improving the environment, not harming it." | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_3"
] |
Ethanol produces a large water footprint : According to Environmental Science & Technology magazine, the amount of ethanol needed to fuel a vehicle for one mile is 50 gallons, a high number when you tally what??s used for an entire crop. Of course, the water use comes almost entirely during the agricultural cycle. With the expansion of irrigated agriculture in dry Western areas, many are concerned about the potential impact that would come with a major demand for ethanol. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_4"
] |
The foundation of the greenhouse theory is that 'greenhouse' gases absorb infrared radiation from the earth and then 'back-radiate' this energy to the earth to cause global warming. Several prior posts have illustrated that the concepts of greenhouse gas 'back-radiation,' 'heat-trapping,' 'heat capture,' and 'radiative forcing' are essentially all referring to the same unphysical, fundamental error of the greenhouse theory that cannot be found in textbooks of physics. Several commenters have indicated that they think it is impossible to explain the temperatures of the earth and atmosphere without incorporating 'greenhouse gases' and 'back-radiation' in diagrams of the Earth's energy budget, such as the famous Kiehl/Trenberth/IPCC Energy Budget , which shows 'back-radiation' to be a very significant 324 W/m2 (95% of the average solar input!) at all times 24/7/365. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
] |
Did you know that heat escapes from Earth mostly from the upper atmosphere, even though the surface is way warmer? It's a fascinating example of how our atmosphere works! #science #earth | The elusive nature of the post‐2004 upper ocean warming has exposed uncertainties in the ocean's role in the Earth's energy budget and transient climate sensitivity. Here we present the time evolution of the global ocean heat content for 1958 through 2009 from a new observation‐based reanalysis of the ocean. Volcanic eruptions and El Niño events are identified as sharp cooling events punctuating a long‐term ocean warming trend, while heating continues during the recent upper‐ocean‐warming hiatus, but the heat is absorbed in the deeper ocean. In the last decade, about 30% of the warming has occurred below 700 m, contributing significantly to an acceleration of the warming trend. The warming below 700 m remains even when the Argo observing system is withdrawn although the trends are reduced. Sensitivity experiments illustrate that surface wind variability is largely responsible for the changing ocean heat vertical distribution. | 363,791 | 3,109 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
"0_0"
] |
It is implausible to expect that small changes in the concentration of any minor atmospheric constituent such as carbon dioxide, can significantly influence that radiative equilibrium. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
] |
What a load of BS. It has been cold all month and lots of snow. The albedo of the Greenland ice sheet is very high. These people have got to stop lying at some point. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_3"
] |
Cheap gas makes it difficult for rival forms of fuel to compete, said Sam Brothwell, a senior utility analyst with Bloomberg Industries, in a telephone interview. Historically, gas-fired generators have been the least expensive to build, offset by a higher fuel cost, Brothwell said. With gas falling below $3, it makes all other forms of producing electricity look less competitive by comparison, he said. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
] |
1) CCS, or Carbon Capture & Storage, will not be available by 2030 in any commercially viable sense. We cannot know this for certain one way or the other. However, it is clearly not sensible to base the countrys energy strategy on unproven technology. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_4"
] |
The implied linkage between oil and gas development and President Obamas clean-energy policies is particularly fanciful. There is no cost-benefit analysis that could justify the administrations clean-energy investments in renewables, efficiency, transportation and infrastructure. Any sector can grow if tens or hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars are thrown into the mix. Now Mr. Obama and his green-energy friends hope to receive credit for the wonders of hydraulic fracturing, an energy revolution that occurred in spite of Obama administration antidrilling policies. It is an audacious claim and one that is fundamentally dishonest. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_1"
] |
Wind and solar energy combined with battery storage are cheaper than fossil fuels | The clean energy transition requires a co-evolution of innovation, investment, and deployment strategies for emerging energy storage technologies. A deeply decarbonized energy system research platform needs materials science advances in battery technology to overcome the intermittency challenges of wind and solar electricity. Simultaneously, policies designed to build market growth and innovation in battery storage may complement cost reductions across a suite of clean energy technologies. Further integration of R&D and deployment of new storage technologies paves a clear route toward cost-effective low-carbon electricity. Here we analyse deployment and innovation using a two-factor model that integrates the value of investment in materials innovation and technology deployment over time from an empirical dataset covering battery storage technology. Complementary advances in battery storage are of utmost importance to decarbonization alongside improvements in renewable electricity sources. We find and chart a viable path to dispatchable US$1 W−1 solar with US$100 kWh−1 battery storage that enables combinations of solar, wind, and storage to compete directly with fossil-based electricity options. Electricity storage will benefit from both R&D and deployment policy. This study shows that a dedicated programme of R&D spending in emerging technologies should be developed in parallel to improve safety and reduce overall costs, and in order to maximize the general benefit for the system. | 185,163 | 2,770 | Supports | 2026 | [
"0_0"
] |
The results of this study indicate that, at least for the crop investigated, the positive effects of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment on flower and biomass production are greater at more realistic or natural values of UV-B radiation than what are characteristic of many greenhouses. The authors thus say their results "clearly indicate the importance of using UV-B transmittant greenhouses or open-top chambers when conducting CO 2 studies." If this is not done, their work suggests the results obtained may not depict the true magnitude of biological benefits to be received from atmospheric CO 2 enrichment. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_3"
] |
The authors also noted that the proportion of corals that bleached in the summer declined over the period of study, while the proportion of young juveniles increased, suggesting a "recovery" of the corals and that their "symbionts may be adapting to the stress." | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
] |
At the other end of the globe, the models failed miserably. The models indicate that the surface of the Southern Ocean (Figure 22) should have warmed over the past 32+ years, but the sea surface temperatures there cooled in that time. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
] |
From the known laws of physics, CO2 has very little impact on both recent past, and future, global temperatures. The science of CO2 impact on temperatures, as depicted in charts below, is not disputed. Source for CO2 info here . | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
] |
For example, the models predicted increasing global air temperatures (the measured rises have been much less than predicted), increasing ocean temperatures (there has been no change since 2003, when we started measuring it properly with Argo ocean-diving buoys) and the presence of a hot spot caused by humidity and cloud feedback at heights of 8km-12km in the tropical atmosphere (entirely absent). | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
] |
Finally, there is the problem of enforcement of any international agreement. If countries do not adhere, then global mitigation objectives cannot be met, and new rounds of negotiations become necessary. Global GHG emissions-detection technologies may be insufficient to identify breaches when there are many sources of the GHG that vary in size, location, timing, production technologies, and sectors. National economic recessions could mask a lack of compliance that would be revealed during an economic rebound. There are the politically-sensitive issues of migration of firms and jobs from developed economies to less-regulated developing ones. There is also the issue of greater carbon intensity in developing countries encouraged by falling fossil fuel prices when demand for them is reduced in developed economies. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_2"
] |
Notice the spike in the '07 El Nino, then the fall after; the spike in the '09-'10 El Nino, the fall after. The overall trend though is unmistakably down. But another round of heat hysteria is certainly on the way. Problem is, as I said, it will mean a cold winter for the US for one, and a bigger drop after. But how much you want to bet the cold winter next year will be twisted into something it's not (caused by CO2)? Do you think any of them will possibly acknowledge what global temperatures will do after the spike? They don't even want anyone to look at this now. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_2"
] |
It says damage to the marine food chain will result from the increasing acidity of the oceans, but the oceans are pronouncedly alkaline and, in any event, estuarial studies show calcifying organisms such as corals thriving even along coasts where rainwater that is pronouncedly acid pours into the sea. The corals survived a 1000-year period 55 million years ago when the entire ocean actually became acid. But the Pope doesnt care. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
] |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
CC26 dataset, augmented with max. 300 samples per class, whenever possible
Original dataset size: 763 Augmented dataset size: 5152
Augmented classes: '1_4', '2_3', '2_1', '1_1', '1_6', '5_1', '4_2', '1_3', '3_2', '1_7', '4_4', '3_3', '4_5', '1_2', '3_1', '4_1', '5_2'
Label distribution:
| Label | Count |
|---|---|
| 0_0 | 556 |
| 5_1 | 344 |
| 2_1 | 338 |
| 2_3 | 329 |
| 1_1 | 316 |
| 3_2 | 312 |
| 1_4 | 311 |
| 1_7 | 310 |
| 3_3 | 308 |
| 4_1 | 303 |
| 5_2 | 302 |
| 4_4 | 253 |
| 1_3 | 234 |
| 3_1 | 211 |
| 1_6 | 202 |
| 4_2 | 195 |
| 4_5 | 185 |
| 1_2 | 155 |
| 3_4 | 7 |
| 2_5 | 6 |
| 4_3 | 4 |
| 3_0 | 3 |
| 5_3 | 2 |
| 2_0 | 2 |
| 1_0 | 2 |
| 2_4 | 2 |
| 1_8 | 1 |
| 2_2 | 1 |
| 3_5 | 1 |
| 3_6 | 1 |
| 1_5 | 1 |
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