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Datasets:
alvations
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complex-word-id-2018

Tasks:
Token Classification
Text Classification
Modalities:
Tabular
Text
Formats:
parquet
Languages:
English
German
Spanish
Size:
10K - 100K
Tags:
complex-word-identification
cwi
lexical-simplification
readability
bea-2018
shared-task
Libraries:
Datasets
pandas
Polars
License:
Dataset card Data Studio Files
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Auto-converted to Parquet Duplicate
hit_id
string
sentence
string
start_offset
int32
end_offset
int32
target
string
native_annotators
int32
non_native_annotators
int32
native_complex
int32
non_native_complex
int32
label_binary
int32
label_prob
float32
language
string
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
4
10
barren
10
10
6
2
1
0.4
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
4
18
barren islands
10
10
0
1
1
0.05
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
20
25
reefs
10
10
1
2
1
0.15
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
11
18
islands
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
30
35
coral
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
30
44
coral outcrops
10
10
2
0
1
0.1
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
36
44
outcrops
10
10
5
6
1
0.55
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
95
106
overlapping
10
10
4
4
1
0.4
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
49
57
believed
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
67
71
rich
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
75
78
oil
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
83
86
gas
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
95
113
overlapping claims
10
10
2
2
1
0.2
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
151
161
flashpoint
10
10
10
6
1
0.8
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
107
113
claims
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
119
123
long
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
129
135
feared
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
139
143
Asia
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
166
180
armed conflict
10
10
1
1
1
0.1
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
172
180
conflict
10
10
0
2
1
0.1
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops are believed to be in rich in oil and gas and the overlapping claims have long been feared as Asia's next flashpoint for armed conflict.
166
171
armed
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Both China and the Philippines flexed their muscles on Wednesday.
31
37
flexed
10
10
2
6
1
0.4
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Both China and the Philippines flexed their muscles on Wednesday.
5
10
China
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Both China and the Philippines flexed their muscles on Wednesday.
19
30
Philippines
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Both China and the Philippines flexed their muscles on Wednesday.
31
51
flexed their muscles
10
10
3
2
1
0.25
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Both China and the Philippines flexed their muscles on Wednesday.
44
51
muscles
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Both China and the Philippines flexed their muscles on Wednesday.
55
64
Wednesday
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
40
50
ambassador
10
10
2
1
1
0.15
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
0
3
Del
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
4
11
Rosario
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
25
31
warned
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
32
37
China
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
79
89
challenged
10
10
0
2
1
0.1
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
64
75
Philippines
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
110
132
secure our sovereignty
10
10
1
0
1
0.05
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
98
106
prepared
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
121
132
sovereignty
10
10
9
10
1
0.95
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
Del Rosario said that he warned China's ambassador that "if the Philippines is challenged, we are prepared to secure our sovereignty."
110
116
secure
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
43
50
vessels
10
10
3
4
1
0.35
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
4
14
Philippine
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
15
19
navy
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
24
31
sending
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
32
42
additional
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
62
67
shoal
10
10
5
5
1
0.5
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
75
79
lies
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
90
100
kilometers
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
106
111
miles
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
122
129
nearest
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
130
140
Philippine
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
141
146
coast
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
150
160
Philippine
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
161
165
navy
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
166
174
official
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
175
179
told
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
184
194
Associated
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The Philippine navy was sending additional vessels toward the shoal, which lies about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the nearest Philippine coast, a Philippine navy official told The Associated Press.
195
200
Press
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
12
34
condition of anonymity
10
10
3
0
1
0.15
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
3
8
spoke
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
25
34
anonymity
10
10
6
8
1
0.7
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
12
21
condition
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
48
65
lack of authority
10
10
1
1
1
0.1
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
56
65
authority
10
10
2
2
1
0.2
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
48
52
lack
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
69
76
discuss
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
81
90
situation
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
He spoke on condition of anonymity because of a lack of authority to discuss the situation with the media.
100
105
media
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
4
12
standoff
10
10
4
3
1
0.35
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
44
67
navy surveillance plane
10
10
0
1
1
0.05
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
13
18
began
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
19
25
Sunday
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
33
43
Philippine
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
49
61
surveillance
10
10
7
6
1
0.65
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
44
48
navy
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
49
67
surveillance plane
10
10
0
1
1
0.05
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
68
75
spotted
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
62
67
plane
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
90
114
fishing vessels anchored
10
10
1
0
1
0.05
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
82
89
Chinese
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
106
114
anchored
10
10
2
5
1
0.35
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
90
97
fishing
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
98
105
vessels
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
120
126
lagoon
10
10
4
2
1
0.3
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
130
141
Scarborough
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
147
157
Philippine
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
158
165
Foreign
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
166
173
Affairs
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5
The standoff began Sunday when a Philippine navy surveillance plane spotted eight Chinese fishing vessels anchored in a lagoon at Scarborough, the Philippine Foreign Affairs Department said.
174
184
Department
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
The market was bracing itself for at least 50 billion euros in new cash.
15
22
bracing
10
10
7
10
1
0.85
en
3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
The market was bracing itself for at least 50 billion euros in new cash.
4
10
market
10
10
0
0
0
0
en
3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
The market was bracing itself for at least 50 billion euros in new cash.
15
29
bracing itself
10
10
1
2
1
0.15
en
3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
The market was bracing itself for at least 50 billion euros in new cash.
63
71
new cash
10
10
0
1
1
0.05
en
3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
The market was bracing itself for at least 50 billion euros in new cash.
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3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
The market was bracing itself for at least 50 billion euros in new cash.
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cash
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3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
You can't put out a number as low as 15 billion without an explanation, said a London-based banking analyst who did not want to be named.
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explanation
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3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
You can't put out a number as low as 15 billion without an explanation," said a London-based banking analyst who did not want to be named.
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n't
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3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
You can't put out a number as low as 15 billion without an explanation," said a London-based banking analyst who did not want to be named.
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put
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3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
You can't put out a number as low as 15 billion without an explanation," said a London-based banking analyst who did not want to be named.
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number
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3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
You can't put out a number as low as 15 billion without an explanation," said a London-based banking analyst who did not want to be named.
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low
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3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
You can't put out a number as low as 15 billion without an explanation," said a London-based banking analyst who did not want to be named.
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banking analyst
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3JMQI2OLFZ6ZDU99C032ZLVYLXBNDL
You can't put out a number as low as 15 billion without an explanation," said a London-based banking analyst who did not want to be named.
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explanation
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en
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

CWI 2018 — Complex Word Identification Shared Task

Repackaged release of the Complex Word Identification (CWI) Shared Task 2018 corpus (BEA-13 @ NAACL 2018), converted from the original TSV distribution into parquet with a unified schema across all four languages.

The shared task asks systems to predict whether a target word/phrase in context would be hard to understand for non-native speakers, children, or readers with language disabilities. It supports both a binary classification task (complex vs. simple) and a probabilistic task (proportion of annotators marking the target as difficult).

Configs

Config Language Source Train Validation Test
english-news en Professionally edited news 14,002 1,764 2,095
english-wikinews en WikiNews articles 7,746 870 1,287
english-wikipedia en English Wikipedia 5,551 694 870
german de German Wikipedia 6,151 795 959
spanish es Spanish Wikipedia 13,750 1,622 2,233
french fr French Wikipedia — — 2,251

French is the cross-lingual zero-shot track: test only, no training data.

Usage 

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("alvations/complex-word-id-2018", "english-news")
print(ds["train"][0])
# {'hit_id': '3P7RGTLO6EE07HLUVDKKHS6O7CCKA5',
#  'sentence': 'The barren islands, reefs and coral outcrops ...',
#  'start_offset': 4, 'end_offset': 10, 'target': 'barren',
#  'native_annotators': 10, 'non_native_annotators': 10,
#  'native_complex': 6, 'non_native_complex': 2,
#  'label_binary': 1, 'label_prob': 0.4, 'language': 'en'}

# Cross-lingual eval on French
fr = load_dataset("alvations/complex-word-id-2018", "french", split="test")

Schema

All configs share one schema. Test splits have null label fields (gold labels were never released publicly with the test inputs — only the shared-task organisers held them).

Column Type Description
hit_id string MTurk HIT identifier — sentences sharing a HIT were annotated together in one screen.
sentence string The full sentence containing the target.
start_offset int32 Character offset where the target begins in sentence.
end_offset int32 Character offset where the target ends (exclusive).
target string The candidate complex word or multiword expression.
native_annotators int32 Number of native-speaker annotators who saw the sentence.
non_native_annotators int32 Number of non-native annotators who saw the sentence.
native_complex int32? Native annotators who marked the target as difficult. (null in test)
non_native_complex int32? Non-native annotators who marked the target as difficult. (null in test)
label_binary int32? 0 = simple (no annotator marked it complex); 1 = complex (≥1 annotator marked it). (null in test)
label_prob float32? Probability label = (native_complex + non_native_complex) / (native_annotators + non_native_annotators). (null in test)
language string ISO 639-1 language code (en, de, es, fr).

Annotation protocol

  • English: each sentence annotated by 10 native + 10 non-native speakers.
  • German / Spanish / French: each sentence annotated by 10 annotators (mixed native + non-native). The native_annotators and non_native_annotators columns reflect the actual split per sentence (and do not always sum to 10 across all rows due to the shared-task's annotator-pooling).

Annotators saw paragraph context around each sentence and were asked to mark words likely to be hard for children, non-native speakers, or readers with language disabilities.

Tasks

  • Binary CWI: predict label_binary. Standard metric: macro-F1.
  • Probabilistic CWI: predict label_prob ∈ [0, 1]. Standard metric: MAE.
  • Cross-lingual transfer: train on english-* / german / spanish, evaluate on french (no French training data exists).

Sources

  • English (news / wikinews / wikipedia): a mix of professionally-edited news articles, WikiNews articles, and English Wikipedia.
  • German: German Wikipedia.
  • Spanish: Spanish Wikipedia.
  • French: French Wikipedia (test-only, for cross-lingual evaluation).

Citation

Primary citation — the shared task report (W18-0507):

@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2018-report,
    title     = "A Report on the Complex Word Identification Shared Task 2018",
    author    = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
                 Biemann, Chris  and
                 Malmasi, Shervin  and
                 Paetzold, Gustavo  and
                 Specia, Lucia  and
                 {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
                 Tack, Ana{\"\i}s  and
                 Zampieri, Marcos",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications",
    month     = jun,
    year      = "2018",
    address   = "New Orleans, Louisiana",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url       = "https://aclanthology.org/W18-0507/",
    doi       = "10.18653/v1/W18-0507",
    pages     = "66--78",
}

Underlying corpora — please also cite the dataset papers the shared task drew on:

English (News / WikiNews / Wikipedia) — I17-2068:

@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2017-cwig3g2,
    title     = "{CWIG}3{G}2 - Complex Word Identification Task across Three Text Genres and Two User Groups",
    author    = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
                 {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
                 Riedl, Martin  and
                 Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month     = nov,
    year      = "2017",
    address   = "Taipei, Taiwan",
    publisher = "Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing",
    url       = "https://aclanthology.org/I17-2068/",
    pages     = "401--407",
}

German / Spanish / French (multilingual) — RANLP 2017, R17-1104:

@inproceedings{yimam-etal-2017-multilingual,
    title     = "Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Complex Word Identification",
    author    = "Yimam, Seid Muhie  and
                 {\v{S}}tajner, Sanja  and
                 Riedl, Martin  and
                 Biemann, Chris",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, RANLP 2017",
    year      = "2017",
    address   = "Varna, Bulgaria",
    url       = "https://aclanthology.org/R17-1104/",
}

Organisers (original shared task)

Sanja Štajner (Mannheim), Chris Biemann (Hamburg), Shervin Malmasi (Harvard Medical School), Gustavo Paetzold (Sheffield), Lucia Specia (Sheffield), Anaïs Tack (UCLouvain / KU Leuven), Seid Muhie Yimam (Hamburg), Marcos Zampieri (Wolverhampton).

Contact: sanja (at) informatik (dot) uni-mannheim (dot) de

Licensing

The CWI 2018 shared task data was distributed by the organisers for research use; no explicit redistribution license was attached to the original release. The source text is drawn from English Wikipedia and WikiNews (CC BY-SA 3.0 / CC BY 2.5), German / Spanish / French Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0), and professionally-edited news articles. Downstream users should respect the licenses of the underlying source material and cite the shared task paper.

Provenance of this release

  • Source archives: CWI 2018 Training Set.zip and CWI 2018 Test Set.zip as distributed by the shared task organisers.
  • Conversion: TSV columns mapped 1:1 into parquet with explicit pyarrow schema; row order preserved within each file; no row filtering, deduplication, or text normalisation applied.
  • Mirror of the raw zips: alvations/stash · cwi-2018/.
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