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Albermarle (2023) Albemarle Named to Time_s List of 100 Most Influential Companies _ Albemarle.pdf | 895d7d4d-0859-43ff-b246-ad6597c1bd7c | 895d7d4d-0859-43ff-b246-ad6597c1bd7c-0-0 | 10/23/23, 10:41 pm albemarle named to time's list of 100 most influential companies | albemarle accept cookie policy, customer & supplier resources / contact us \ albemarle’ regional sites vv select language v albemarle named to time’s list of the time100 most influential companies june 21, 2023 list debut recognizes c... |
Albermarle (2023) Albemarle Named to Time_s List of 100 Most Influential Companies _ Albemarle.pdf | 895d7d4d-0859-43ff-b246-ad6597c1bd7c | 895d7d4d-0859-43ff-b246-ad6597c1bd7c-1-0 | 10/23/23, 10:41 pm albemarle named to time's list of 100 most influential companies | albemarle to assemble the list, time solicited nominations from its global network of contributors and correspondents as well as from outside experts. the result is a diverse group of 100 businesses helping chart an essential path for... |
Albermarle (2023) Albemarle Named to Time_s List of 100 Most Influential Companies _ Albemarle.pdf | 895d7d4d-0859-43ff-b246-ad6597c1bd7c | 895d7d4d-0859-43ff-b246-ad6597c1bd7c-2-0 | 10/23/23, 10:41 pm. albemarle named to time's list of 100 most influential companies | albemarle https://www.albemarle com/news/albemarle-named-a-time 100-most-influential-company 313 |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-0-0 | economic impact analysis of australia’s critical minerals and energy transition minerals and downstream processing june 2023 australian government we 7 ; department of industry, p science and resources |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-1-0 | about this report the department of industry, science and resources (disr) commissioned pwc australia to estimate the potential ‘size of the prize’ of australia's critical minerals and energy transition minerals opportunity as part of understanding the impact australia may have in supporting efforts to decarbonise the ... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-2-0 | the global energy transition is gaining momentum and demand for critical minerals and other energy transition minerals is increasing, driven by the world’s ambition to achieve net zero by 2050. this includes the development of advances in clean energy technologies (i.e. solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, batteries, mo... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-2-1 | where policies focus on both building downstream processing capability and securing a greater share of international trade and investment, australia has the potential to achieve an additional $139.7 billion uplift in gdp and an additional 262,600 fte jobs, relative to the base case scenario (scenario 4). these results ... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-3-0 | cge model critical minerals disr energy transition minerals fte gdp iea metallic ore mining non-metallic ore mining rare earth elements (1) geoscience australia, (2) imf, (3) glifwc, (4) usgs, (5) geoscience australia, computer-generated equilibrium model a critical mineral is a metallic or non-metallic element that is... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-3-1 | geoscience australia assesses the lanthanides and yttrium together and has produced a separate review of scandium (5) |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-4-0 | contents highlights and findings 3 glossary 4 part 1: introduction 6 1.1 australia’s critical mineral opportunity 7 1.2 scenarios examined 8 part 2: results 9 2.1 summary of results 10 2.2 scenario 1: maintaining market position 11 2.3 scenario 2: value adding 14 2.4 scenario 3: shaping international markets 17 2.5 sce... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-6-0 | opportunity pa australia’s critical minerals australia has the world’s largest supply of critical minerals and other energy transition minerals required to make the technology needed to decarbonise the global economy. - pwc australia will require support to maximise the opportunity provided by its endowment of critical... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-6-1 | critical minerals are a subset of minerals that are metallic or non-metallic materials that are essential to our modern technologies, economies and national security, and whose supply chains are vulnerable to disruption. minerals like nickel, copper and aluminium will also be important to the energy transition as they ... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-7-0 | 1.2) scenarios examined scenario 1 a scenario that reflects global critical minerals and energy transition minerals demand aligned with the international energy agency’s net zero scenario, and australia capturing a share of that global demand consistent with current levels or projected trends. under this scenario, aust... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-9-0 | p| summary of results the results shown in table 1 summarise the economic impacts to australia across the four modelled scenarios, from 2022 up to 2040. using an economy-wide model, we estimated the macroeconomic and job impacts to demonstrate the ‘size of the prize’ that could be unlocked where australia leverages the... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-9-1 | table 1: summary of results scenario australian gdp australian jobs npv from 2022 — 20: additional cumulative fte 2022 (2023 dollar values) - 2040 1 — maintaining market position $71.2 billion 115,100 jobs 2— value adding (1) $69.9 billion 143,000 jobs 3 - shaping international markets $72.5 billion 121,100 jobs 4 — bu... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-10-0 | 9 9 scenario 1: maintaining market position , scenario 1 loo or projected levels i scenario 1 sees australia maintaining market position within the critical minerals and energy transition minerals sector by increasing exports of critical minerals and energy transition minerals in line with increasing global demand for ... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-11-0 | position modelling shocks to model the economy-wide impacts of australia maintaining its current market position in the critical minerals and energy transition minerals sector, pwc employed economic ‘shocks’ to represent additional exports across the critical mineral and energy transition mineral commodities included w... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-11-1 | this growth rate is calculated by pwc, based on data from disr, geoscience australia and u.s. department of the interior. this percentage has been applied consistently out to 2040 to quantify the additional benefits that could be realised where australia maintains this market position. + the market share adopted is ass... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-12-0 | position t in gdp (2023) sbs between 2022 a economic impacts under scenario 1, australia is expected to benefit from an additional $71.2 billion (2023 dollar value) uplift in gdp out to 2040, relative to the base case (10). western australia (wa) is expected to capture the greatest portion of the economic impact, given... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-12-1 | e 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 < "==" jobs ==="gdp (10) this result is driven by the difference in australia’s market position under the base case (5.66%) and scenario 1 (7.67%). (11)the employment impacts have the potential to draw in more talent this can both be from university graduates or tradespeop... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-13-0 | 23, scenario 2: value adding scenario 2 reflects the scale of change required to transform global economies to net zero, generating unprecedented levels of demand from private and public sectors for clean technology products. these clean technology products are critical to global decarbonisation, with all pathways to n... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-14-0 | 2.3 scenario 2: value adding to model the economy-wide impacts of australia possessing greater downstream capabilities, we have employed economic ‘shocks’ to represent construction and operation phases, effectively making australia’s downstream capabilities more productive. sectors that were shocked contained processin... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-15-0 | 23, scenario 2: value adding > 10 2 has the potential ‘to.achieve an additional $69.9 billion uplt ue) and an additional 143,000 fte jobs between2022-to-2040- economic impacts additional investment from both government and industry is expected to make manufacturing cheaper and drive higher sectoral output and exports. ... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-16-0 | australia is able tomaintain it j green price premium on transition minerals exporte scenario 3: shaping international markets og scenario 3 sees australia maintain its market position within the critical minerals and energy transition minerals sector by way of increasing exports in line with increasing global demand u... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-16-1 | scenario 3 demonstrates the significance of the opportunity if australia becomes a leader in the reliable and responsible supply of minerals. 17 |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-17-0 | scenario 3: shaping international markets modelling shocks in combination with the shocks adopted under scenario 1, this scenario models the economy-wide impacts of australia attracting a green price premium by applying a marginal uplift to the price attributed to the critical minerals and energy transition minerals wi... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-18-0 | scenario 3 has the,potential to cc uplift in gdp (2023 dollar va jobs between 2022 to 2040. economic impacts under scenario 3, australia is expected to benefit from an additional $72.5 billion (2023 dollar value) uplift in gdp relative to the base case. this uplift in gdp also captures the additional benefit realised w... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-18-1 | o>) r=) c=) c—) amount of additional jobs 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 mam jobs -——gdp note: aggregate results for this scenario include both the benefits illustrated in this chart and those in figure 1. 19 |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-19-0 | scenario 4: building capabilities and international market share berate policy foct® capability-and. s scenario 4 considers the additional benefits that could be realised if australia was to build its downstream capabilities (scenario 2) and maintain its current market share in the critical minerals and energy transiti... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-19-1 | accelerated project development timelines resulting from policy support and finance sector engagement can allow for earlier realisation of benefits and generate momentum for continued innovation across industries. demand for critical minerals to support this change is assumed to increase as a result. 20 |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-20-0 | scenario 4: building capabilities and international market share modelling shocks to model the economy-wide impacts of scenario 4 and its respective sensitivities, pwc employed the following economic ‘shocks’: + scenario 4 combines the shocks applied in scenario 2 and 3, to understand the combined impact of maintaining... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-20-1 | (16) the level of co-investment anticipated from industry for the following scenario has been based on information provided by disr. 21 |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-21-0 | o jollar value)-and ana scenario 4: building capabilities and international market share > economic impacts under scenario 4, australia is expected to benefit from an additional $139.7 billion (2023 dollar value) uplift in gdp relative to the base case. this additional benefit is driven by capturing the shocks adopted ... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-21-1 | however, as scenario 4 captures both the shocks modelled within scenario 2 and 3, it is important to recognise that this combination results in a need for a slightly different industrial composition. both mining activities and refining processes will need to be catered for within the australian economy, meaning that in... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-22-0 | (to ee scenario 4i: sensitivity testing on earlier technology adoption includes the impli ~ pp economic impacts under scenario 4i), australia is expected to benefit from an additional $139.1 billion (2023 dollar value) uplift in gdp relative to the base case. importantly, this additional benefit is driven by the design... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-22-1 | this means that the expansion of sectors correlating to critical minerals will also redirect investment and opportunities from other sectors. 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 mmm jobs ——gdp 23 |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-23-0 | e: scenario 4i1: sensitivity testing on faster project delivery times udes- the implication ‘or engagement lea economic impacts under scenario 4ii), australia is expected to benefit from an additional $170.8 billion (2023 dollar value) uplift in gdp relative to the base case. this is largely driven by higher additional... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-24-0 | footnotes 1. geoscience australia, critical minerals at geoscience australia, 2021, https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/minerals/critica |- minerals#:~:text=of%20critical%20mineral s- a%20critical%20mineral%20is%20a%20metallic%20o0r%20non%2dmetallic%20elem nt,chain%20at%20risk%200f%20disruptio n. 2. glifwc, metalli... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-24-1 | iea, critical minerals policy tracker, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/critical-minerals- policy-tracker iv) |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-25-0 | _ appendix: cge modelling to | assess economic |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-26-0 | whole of economy analysis the economic impact assessment of production participation has been undertaken using a computable general equilibrium (cge) model, specifically the victoria university regional model (vurm) developed by the centre of policy studies (cops) at victoria university. a cge model is a mathematical m... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-26-1 | scenarios) in vurm are of deviations from base case. the base line of the model produces a picture of australian labour markets growing over time using population forecasts, capital accumulation and underlying productivity growth. when the model is shocked, employment in industries, regions and in the economy overall c... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-27-0 | whole of economy analysis assumptions in undertaking the modelling, pwc has assumed the . following general assumptions: we consider this to be a reasonable position to adopt within the base case as it represents the cge model quantifies the economic impacts resulting from the various success in building downstream cap... |
Government of Australia (2023) The economic potential of Australiaâs critical minerals and energy transition minerals .pdf | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc | f8f2a9fa-47cd-4b6c-afbe-ed1d2d23cadc-28-0 | whole of economy analysis limitations the approach taken has the following limitations: the results have been quantified out to 2040, based on publicly available projections relating to foreseen demand of critical minerals. the modelling has been conducted using a forecast of critical mineral demand values, so would be... |
Benchmark (2023) Asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for Western capacity _ Benchmark Source.pdf | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027 | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027-0-0 | 10/23/23, 10:37 pm asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for western capacity | benchmark source eq $4 benchmark source account asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for western capacity 21st september 2023 4 min read hx 2 r are earth mining suspensions in myanmar and news of potential m... |
Benchmark (2023) Asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for Western capacity _ Benchmark Source.pdf | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027 | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027-1-0 | 10/23/23, 10:37 pm asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for western capacity | benchmark source q 44 benchmarksource pee see ee bey ee vehicle motors. prices for the two metals are highly sensitive to changes in supply from myanmar, which mines 37% of world supply in dysprosium, according to benchmark ... |
Benchmark (2023) Asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for Western capacity _ Benchmark Source.pdf | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027 | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027-2-0 | 10/23/23, 10:37 pm asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for western capacity | benchmark source q 44 benchmarksource fy ey es rr gee ee ee ee pe eee malaysia's rare earth industry. “this is a signal that more processing facilities should be developed, especially in australia and the us, because after c... |
Benchmark (2023) Asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for Western capacity _ Benchmark Source.pdf | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027 | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027-3-0 | 10/23/23, 10:37 pm asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for western capacity | benchmark source q benchmarksource cobalt prices stage mild recovery in october as seasonal demand improves cobalt prices staged a mild recovery in recent weeks as small increases in downstream demand due to seasonal buying ... |
Benchmark (2023) Asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for Western capacity _ Benchmark Source.pdf | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027 | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027-4-0 | 10/23/23, 10:37 pm asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for western capacity | benchmark source q 44 benchmarksource usa te us targets rare earth magnet industry the us has been focusing on building its rare earths permanent magnets (remps) manufacturing capacity as the country continues to take steps ... |
Benchmark (2023) Asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for Western capacity _ Benchmark Source.pdf | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027 | 0c101889-4f25-4a6e-a4e3-33a4620a6027-5-0 | 10/23/23, 10:37 pm asian rare earth supply uncertainties strengthen case for western capacity | benchmark source q 44 benchmarksource oct 12, 2023 | 5 min read lithium prices q3 review: uncertain demand hits battery mineral prices battery materials prices including lithium, graphite, cobalt and nickel extended their de... |
MSP (2023) Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Principles for Responsible Critical Mineral Supply Chains.pdf | 622ae253-5ddd-4c1e-9655-cffce9518733 | 622ae253-5ddd-4c1e-9655-cffce9518733-0-0 | minerals security partnership (msp) principles for responsible critical mineral supply chains the minerals security partnership (msp) strives to promote responsible growth across the critical minerals sector via a shared commitment to high environmental, social, and governance (esg) standards; sustainability; and share... |
MSP (2023) Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Principles for Responsible Critical Mineral Supply Chains.pdf | 622ae253-5ddd-4c1e-9655-cffce9518733 | 622ae253-5ddd-4c1e-9655-cffce9518733-1-0 | the msp’s commitment to high standards the msp supports the principles of sustainable development, including the importance of human health, human rights, internationally recognized worker rights, good governance, local community benefit, indigenous consultation, stakeholder engagement, financial transparency, supply c... |
MSP (2023) Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Principles for Responsible Critical Mineral Supply Chains.pdf | 622ae253-5ddd-4c1e-9655-cffce9518733 | 622ae253-5ddd-4c1e-9655-cffce9518733-2-0 | the msp does not endorse a single esg accreditation framework or standard at the exclusion of others. msp projects receiving financing from government agencies will be benchmarked against internationally applicable esg standards in accordance with agencies’ existing project review and due diligence procedures. msp part... |
MSP (2023) Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Principles for Responsible Critical Mineral Supply Chains.pdf | 622ae253-5ddd-4c1e-9655-cffce9518733 | 622ae253-5ddd-4c1e-9655-cffce9518733-3-0 | e provide economic benefit for local communities, including through local employment, local sourcing, and corporate social responsibility measures. e ensure transparent, ethical business operations, including in engagement with local and national governments, civil society, and private-sector actors. principles for gov... |
Rio Tinto (2023) Rio Tinto Kennecott completes construction of solar power plant.pdf | 54cd3fdd-17c6-4895-b2e2-a70edbff7189 | 54cd3fdd-17c6-4895-b2e2-a70edbff7189-0-0 | 10/23/23, 10:46 pm rio tinto kennecott completes construction of solar power plant riotinto o home > news > releases > 2023 > rio tinto kennecott completes construction of solar power plant rio tinto kennecott completes construction of solar power plant 10 october 2023 «f share salt lake city, utah - rio tinto has comp... |
Rio Tinto (2023) Rio Tinto Kennecott completes construction of solar power plant.pdf | 54cd3fdd-17c6-4895-b2e2-a70edbff7189 | 54cd3fdd-17c6-4895-b2e2-a70edbff7189-1-0 | 10/23/23, 10:46 pm rio tinto kennecott completes construction of solar power plant riotinto o rio tinto kennecott managing director nate foster said: “rio tinto kennecott has a key role to play in supporting the energy transition. we supply u.s. companies with the copper and tellurium they need to produce solar panels,... |
Rio Tinto (2023) Rio Tinto Kennecott completes construction of solar power plant.pdf | 54cd3fdd-17c6-4895-b2e2-a70edbff7189 | 54cd3fdd-17c6-4895-b2e2-a70edbff7189-2-0 | 10/23/23, 10:46 pm rio tinto kennecott completes construction of solar power plant riotinto riotinto © rio tinto 2023. all rights reserved. about finding better ways to provide the materials the products world needs sustainability v ei [> | in] operations accessibility - modern slavery statement + terms & conditions + ... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-0-0 | agreement between the government of the united states of america and the government of japan on strengthening critical minerals supply chains the government of the united states of america and the government of japan (collectively, “the parties”): recalling the formation of the u.s. - japan partnership on trade on nove... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-1-0 | minerals, ensure robust labor and environmental standards, and cooperate in efforts to ensure secure, sustainable, and equitable critical minerals supply chains. article 2: definitions for purposes of this agreement: critical minerals means the minerals listed in the annex to this agreement, subject to amendments as th... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-2-0 | gatt 1994 means the general agreement on tariffs and trade 1994, set out in annex ia to the marrakesh agreement establishing the world trade organization, done at marrakesh on april 15, 1994 (“wto agreement”); labor rights means: (a) rights as stated in the international labor organization declaration on fundamental pr... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-2-1 | page 3 of 10 |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-3-0 | (b) for the united states of america, an act of congress or regulation promulgated pursuant to an act of congress that is enforceable by action of the central level of government and includes the constitution of the united states of america. article 3: facilitating trade in critical minerals 1. each party affirms its o... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-3-1 | 3. the parties recognize the importance of traceability and transparency throughout critical minerals supply chains to ensure responsible sourcing of critical minerals. page 4 of 10 |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-4-0 | 4. each party confirms its intention to establish and maintain appropriate procedures for assessing the environmental impacts of proposed projects that involve critical minerals at any stage in the critical minerals lifecycle, that are subject to an action by that party’s central level of government and that may cause ... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-5-0 | 4. to the extent a party provides social protection benefits under its law,° that party shall endeavor to promote the awareness of such benefits and ensure eligible populations, as defined by its law, are able to effectively access these protections. 5. each party confirms its intention to investigate and address viole... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-5-1 | accordingly, the parties shall: (a) coordinate engagement, information-sharing, and enforcement actions related to this article, to the extent permissible under the laws of each party; (b) identify opportunities to build their capacity, and that of other countries or regions whose producers supply their markets, to imp... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-6-0 | (d) encourage approaches enabling producers in their respective jurisdictions to carry out risk- based labor rights due diligence, including in critical minerals supply chains; (e) promote employer neutrality in union organizing and operations; and (f) share information and research, as appropriate, to highlight best p... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-7-0 | article 9: implementation this agreement shall be implemented by the parties in accordance with, and to the extent permitted by, their laws and regulations in force, and within the available resources of each party. article 10: international obligations and domestic legal framework 1. nothing in this agreement modifies... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-8-0 | in witness whereof, the undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective governments, have signed this agreement in duplicate, in the english and japanese languages, both texts being equally authentic. done at washington, d.c., this 28th day of march, 2023. for the government of for the government of the united s... |
US-Japan Critical Minerals FTA (2023) AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ON STRENGTHENING CRITICAL MINERALS SUPPLY CHAINS .pdf | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871 | 1a302da0-d183-4e54-8fea-2a27a0e06871-9-0 | annex the term “critical minerals” means any of the following: (a) cobalt; (b) graphite; (c) lithium; (d) manganese; and (e) nickel. page 10 of 10 |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-0-0 | oecd publishing raw materials critical for the green transition production, international trade and export i restrictions oecd trade policy paper april 2023 n°269 |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-1-0 | oecd trade and agriculture directorate raw materials critical for the green transition: production, international trade and export restrictions przemyslaw kowalski and clarisse legendre the challenge of achieving net zero co2 emissions will require a significant scaling up of production and international trade of sever... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-2-0 | 2) table of contents executive summary 1. introduction..... 2. data and concordances. 3. reserves, production and international trade of critical raw materials..... 3.1. production of critical raw materials 3.2. international trade ... 3.3. export and import concentration .. 3.4. bilateral trade dependencies of oecd co... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-2-1 | top 3 exporters of the top 10 most export-concentrated critical raw materials 24 figure 3.11. concentration of global imports of critical raw materials across all exporting countries in the period 2007-09 and 2017-19 26 figure 3.12. top 3 importers of the top 10 most import-concentrated critical raw materials 27 figure... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-4-0 | 4| table 3.3. counts and shares of oecd countries’ bilateral imports meeting different ‘dependency’ criteria 29 table aa.1. | measures restricting exports and their definitions 58 table ac.1. shares of top 3 producers and reserve holders of selected critical raw materials 75 table ac.2. ten exporters with highest share... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-5-0 | executive summary this report provides a first comprehensive assessment of data on production, international trade and export restrictions from the oecd's inventory of export restrictions on industrial raw materials covering the period 2009-2020. it sheds early light on the impact of export restrictions on raw material... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-5-1 | that said, concentrations of exports and imports are significant in some specific cases, notably in upstream segments of supply chains for some critical raw materials (ores and minerals), in particular for lithium, borates, cobalt, colloidal precious metals, manganese and magnesium. e forsome critical raw materials, su... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-6-0 | 6| export restrictions the global incidence of export restrictions on critical raw materials increased more than five-fold in the last decade, with several countries significantly intensifying use of these measures. in recent years, about 10% of global value of exports of critical raw materials faced at least one expor... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-6-1 | in other words, oecd countries have been increasingly exposed to the use of export restrictions for critical raw materials. export taxes were the largest contributor to the increased global stock of export restrictions and became the most frequently used type of restriction in 2020. this may be related to the fact that... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-7-0 | 1. introduction industrial raw materials are once again at the forefront of policy discussions, for several reasons. the challenge of achieving net zero co2 emissions by 2050 will require a significant scaling up of production and international trade of several raw materials which will be critical for transforming the ... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-7-1 | meanwhile, prices of many raw materials, including some of those critical to the green transition (critical raw materials thereafter), are at, or close to, historical highs. they have increased visibly since the beginning of 2000s, particularly during and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 (gf... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-8-0 | 8] during the covid-19 pandemic, in contrast to the gfc, prices of imported precious stones, minerals, and non-ferrous and ferrous metals decreased only a little at the beginning of the pandemic (first half of 2020), before increasing very significantly in the second half of 2020 and throughout 2021. as a result, the v... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-8-1 | aluminium, copper, tin, gold, zinc, for example, recorded the highest price levels since the early 1990s (and higher than on average all traded commodities, figure 1.2), while for other metals such as /ead or silver, prices are approaching historical highs recorded in the aftermath of the gfc. more broadly, as a reperc... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-8-2 | ‘as far as critical raw materials are concerned, in the period 2017-19, ukraine and russia jointly accounted for more than 5% of global exports of: pig iron (the two countries accounted together for 25% of global exports); palladium (23%); chromium (17%); precious metals ores and concentrates (13%); chromium (9%); tita... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-9-0 | figure 1.2. historical prices of selected metals th old zine —— sive nickel —— copper —— aluminium lead planum <= all commodities 280 20 180 190 80 30 2 hef lems hod ppg mpf ba hs mp a a pa oe gs 19 note: 12-month moving averages of original monthly indices, where base = 100 in 2010. all commodities covers prices of al... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-10-0 | 10 | the inventory documents information on different types of export-related regulations concerning major industrial raw materials in oecd and selected non-oecd economies in the period 2009 to 2021.7 the inventory is a rich source of qualitative and quantitative information on export restrictions which was conceived t... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-10-1 | 3 an explanation of construction of the inventory and first stocktaking of incidence of different types of export restrictions for 2009 and 2010 is provided by fliess and mard (2012[8]). based on an early version of the inventory, (fung and korinek, 2013;18)) provide a summary of export restrictions applied to selected... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-11-0 | ("4 2. data and concordances in order to facilitate an analysis of the possible impact of export restrictions on raw materials critical for the green transition, this analysis uses three principal data sources: oecd inventory on export restrictions on industrial raw materials; the centre d’études prospectives et d'info... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-11-1 | for those larger categories of raw materials, collecting sometimes many different hs6 codes, correspondence was established with the list of the critical raw materials used intensely in the green transition as posited by (bobba et al., 2020,)) (table 2.1). in addition, broader categories of ‘sectors’ were defined in or... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-11-2 | for example, the list is different from the one used by the eu: it includes ten raw materials which are also on the eu list as well as seventeen other which were not considered critical in the 2020 eu assessment (see _https://single-market- economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/raw-materials/areas-specific-interest/critical-raw... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-12-0 | 12| (e.g. tonnes of production or known reserves) while trade data is available in values.’ descriptive statistics on production and reserves are therefore not directly comparable with those on restrictions or trade, although they can still be used for broad comparisons. in general, the analysis aims to cover the last ... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-12-1 | ° baci also provides quantities, but this data is more patchy and units are different from these in the usgs. 10 the usgs production and reserves data is available for the period 2012-2020 while the oecd inventory of export restrictions covers the period 2009-2020. the bac! data for trade covers the period 2007-2020. o... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-13-0 | [13 figure 2.1. approach to categorising raw materials for green technologies exemplary correspondence of selected hs 6-digit codes with wider green raw materials product and sector categories ‘sectors hs 6-digitines ‘green raw material products’ ‘aluminium at pseric: 1260500 cobalt ore§ and concefitrates boaies je | c... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-14-0 | 14| 3. reserves, production and international trade of critical raw materials concentration of production and trade are some of the key dimensions through which the global critical raw materials markets are portrayed in this report. while there are of course other relevant dimensions, such as, for example, industry-spe... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-14-1 | while the industry classification and the level of aggregation of this data does not allow to separate out the critical raw materials from other raw materials, analysis of a broader category of non-energy producing mining and quarrying products indicates that in the period 2006-09 to 2016-18 the global value of value a... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-15-0 | |15 figure 3.1. contribution to growth in value added embodied in internationally traded non-energy producing mining and quarrying products by industry of final demand (2006-09 to 2016-18) m share in 2016-18 ‘© contribution to growth in percentage 2006-08 to 2016-18, 70% plo ele elie ses dice > & 2 < re & oa oe vo pl f... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-16-0 | 16 | 3.1. production of critical raw materials on average, global production of critical raw materials increased by 30% in the period 2012-19 (22% if the period 2012-20 is considered instead).'? lithium, rare earth elements, chromium, arsenic, cobalt, titanium, selenium and magnesium are the critical raw materials glob... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-17-0 | \17 concentration of production across producing countries appears relatively high as illustrated by the values of herfindahl-hirschman index (hhi)'? which stood at around 0.3 on average across all the critical raw materials in both the 2012-14 and the 2017-19 periods. production of some materials appears particularly ... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-17-1 | interpretation of the values of the index is not strict and may depend on context. the us department of justice and us federal reserve, for example, consider markets with a hhi between 0.15 and 0.25 to be moderately concentrated and markets with hhi equal to or more than 0.25 to be highly concentrated. oecd trade polic... |
OECD (2023) Raw materials trade and restrictions.pdf | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7 | 2003ae81-648f-4db7-b97b-27d1636b35e7-18-0 | 18 | production of critical raw materials is concentrated among a few producing countries, some of whom account for large share of production of more than one critical raw material (see also box 2). china is among top 3 producers of six out of ten most production-concentrated critical raw materials, while australia and... |
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