anurag-raapid/genia · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 7 890	tokens listlengths 1 149	entity listlengths 0 25	filename stringlengths 13 13
IL-2 gene expression and NF-kappa B activation through CD28 requires reactive oxygen production by 5-lipoxygenase.	[ "IL-2", "gene", "expression", "and", "NF-kappa", "B", "activation", "through", "CD28", "requires", "reactive", "oxygen", "production", "by", "5-lipoxygenase", "." ]	[ { "text": "5-lipoxygenase", "type": "protein", "char_start": 99, "char_end": 113, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 15 }, { "text": "NF-kappa B", "type": "protein", "char_start": 25, "char_end": 35, "token_start": 4, "token_end": 6 }, { "text": "IL-2 gene", ...	ge/train/0001
Activation of the CD28 surface receptor provides a major costimulatory signal for T cell activation resulting in enhanced production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and cell proliferation.	[ "Activation", "of", "the", "CD28", "surface", "receptor", "provides", "a", "major", "costimulatory", "signal", "for", "T", "cell", "activation", "resulting", "in", "enhanced", "production", "of", "interleukin-2", "(", "IL-2", ")", "and", "cell", "proliferation", ...	[ { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein", "char_start": 18, "char_end": 22, "token_start": 3, "token_end": 4 }, { "text": "CD28 surface receptor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 18, "char_end": 39, "token_start": 3, "token_end": 6 }, { "text": "IL-2", "ty...	ge/train/0001
In primary T lymphocytes we show that CD28 ligation leads to the rapid intracellular formation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) which are required for CD28 -mediated activation of the NF-kappa B / CD28 -responsive complex and IL-2 expression.	[ "In", "primary", "T", "lymphocytes", "we", "show", "that", "CD28", "ligation", "leads", "to", "the", "rapid", "intracellular", "formation", "of", "reactive", "oxygen", "intermediates", "(", "ROIs", ")", "which", "are", "required", "for", "CD28", "-mediated", "...	[ { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein", "char_start": 38, "char_end": 42, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein", "char_start": 158, "char_end": 162, "token_start": 26, "token_end": 27 }, { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein...	ge/train/0001
Delineation of the CD28 signaling cascade was found to involve protein tyrosine kinase activity, followed by the activation of phospholipase A2 and 5-lipoxygenase.	[ "Delineation", "of", "the", "CD28", "signaling", "cascade", "was", "found", "to", "involve", "protein", "tyrosine", "kinase", "activity", ",", "followed", "by", "the", "activation", "of", "phospholipase", "A2", "and", "5-lipoxygenase", "." ]	[ { "text": "5-lipoxygenase", "type": "protein", "char_start": 148, "char_end": 162, "token_start": 23, "token_end": 24 }, { "text": "phospholipase A2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 127, "char_end": 143, "token_start": 20, "token_end": 22 }, { "text": "C...	ge/train/0001
Our data suggest that lipoxygenase metabolites activate ROI formation which then induce IL-2 expression via NF-kappa B activation.	[ "Our", "data", "suggest", "that", "lipoxygenase", "metabolites", "activate", "ROI", "formation", "which", "then", "induce", "IL-2", "expression", "via", "NF-kappa", "B", "activation", "." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 88, "char_end": 92, "token_start": 12, "token_end": 13 }, { "text": "NF-kappa B", "type": "protein", "char_start": 108, "char_end": 118, "token_start": 15, "token_end": 17 }, { "text": "lipoxygenase", ...	ge/train/0001
These findings should be useful for therapeutic strategies and the development of immunosuppressants targeting the CD28 costimulatory pathway.	[ "These", "findings", "should", "be", "useful", "for", "therapeutic", "strategies", "and", "the", "development", "of", "immunosuppressants", "targeting", "the", "CD28", "costimulatory", "pathway", "." ]	[ { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein", "char_start": 115, "char_end": 119, "token_start": 15, "token_end": 16 } ]	ge/train/0001
The peri-kappa B site mediates human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer activation in monocytes but not in T cells.	[ "The", "peri-kappa", "B", "site", "mediates", "human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "type", "2", "enhancer", "activation", "in", "monocytes", "but", "not", "in", "T", "cells", "." ]	[ { "text": "peri-kappa B site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 4, "char_end": 21, "token_start": 1, "token_end": 4 }, { "text": "monocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 90, "char_end": 99, "token_start": 13, "token_end": 14 }, { "text": "T cells", ...	ge/train/0002
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2 ), like HIV-1, causes AIDS and is associated with AIDS cases primarily in West Africa.	[ "Human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "type", "2", "(", "HIV-2", "),", "like", "HIV-1", ",", "causes", "AIDS", "and", "is", "associated", "with", "AIDS", "cases", "primarily", "in", "West", "Africa." ]	[]	ge/train/0002
HIV-1 and HIV-2 display significant differences in nucleic acid sequence and in the natural history of clinical disease.	[ "HIV-1", "and", "HIV-2", "display", "significant", "differences", "in", "nucleic", "acid", "sequence", "and", "in", "the", "natural", "history", "of", "clinical", "disease." ]	[ { "text": "nucleic acid sequence", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 51, "char_end": 72, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 10 } ]	ge/train/0002
Consistent with these differences, we have previously demonstrated that the enhancer/promoter region of HIV-2 functions quite differently from that of HIV-1.	[ "Consistent", "with", "these", "differences,", "we", "have", "previously", "demonstrated", "that", "the", "enhancer/promoter", "region", "of", "HIV-2", "functions", "quite", "differently", "from", "that", "of", "HIV-1", "." ]	[ { "text": "enhancer/promoter region", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 76, "char_end": 100, "token_start": 10, "token_end": 12 } ]	ge/train/0002
Whereas activation of the HIV-1 enhancer following T-cell stimulation is mediated largely through binding of the transcription factor NF-kappa B to two adjacent kappa B sites in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat, activation of the HIV-2 enhancer in monocytes and T cells is dependent on four cis-acting elements: a single kappa B site, two purine-rich binding sites, PuB1 and PuB2, and a pets site.	[ "Whereas", "activation", "of", "the", "HIV-1", "enhancer", "following", "T-cell", "stimulation", "is", "mediated", "largely", "through", "binding", "of", "the", "transcription", "factor", "NF-kappa", "B", "to", "two", "adjacent", "kappa", "B", "sites", "in", "th...	[ { "text": "pets site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 385, "char_end": 394, "token_start": 67, "token_end": 69 }, { "text": "monocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 246, "char_end": 255, "token_start": 39, "token_end": 40 }, { "text": "PuB1", "typ...	ge/train/0002
We have now identified a novel cis-acting element within the HIV-2 enhancer, immediately upstream of the kappa B site, designated peri-kappa B.	[ "We", "have", "now", "identified", "a", "novel", "cis-acting", "element", "within", "the", "HIV-2", "enhancer", ",", "immediately", "upstream", "of", "the", "kappa", "B", "site", ",", "designated", "peri-kappa", "B", "." ]	[ { "text": "kappa B site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 105, "char_end": 117, "token_start": 17, "token_end": 20 }, { "text": "cis-acting element", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 31, "char_end": 49, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "peri-kappa B"...	ge/train/0002
This site is conserved among isolates of HIV-2 and the closely related simian immunodeficiency virus, and transfection assays show this site to mediate HIV-2 enhancer activation following stimulation of monocytic but not T-cell lines.	[ "This", "site", "is", "conserved", "among", "isolates", "of", "HIV-2", "and", "the", "closely", "related", "simian", "immunodeficiency", "virus", ",", "and", "transfection", "assays", "show", "this", "site", "to", "mediate", "HIV-2", "enhancer", "activation", "f...	[ { "text": "HIV-2 enhancer", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 152, "char_end": 166, "token_start": 24, "token_end": 26 }, { "text": "T-cell lines", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 221, "char_end": 233, "token_start": 33, "token_end": 35 }, { "text": "monocyt...	ge/train/0002
This is the first description of an HIV-2 enhancer element which displays such monocyte specificity, and no comparable enhancer element has been clearly defined for HIV-1.	[ "This", "is", "the", "first", "description", "of", "an", "HIV-2", "enhancer", "element", "which", "displays", "such", "monocyte", "specificity,", "and", "no", "comparable", "enhancer", "element", "has", "been", "clearly", "defined", "for", "HIV-1", "." ]	[ { "text": "enhancer element", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 119, "char_end": 135, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 20 }, { "text": "HIV-2 enhancer element", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 36, "char_end": 58, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 10 } ]	ge/train/0002
While a nuclear factor (s) from both peripheral blood monocytes and T cells binds the peri-kappa B site, electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggest that either a different protein binds to this site in monocytes versus T cells or that the protein recognizing this enhancer element undergoes differential modification in monocytes and T cells, thus supporting the transfection data.	[ "While", "a", "nuclear", "factor", "(s)", "from", "both", "peripheral", "blood", "monocytes", "and", "T", "cells", "binds", "the", "peri-kappa", "B", "site", ",", "electrophoretic", "mobility", "shift", "assays", "suggest", "that", "either", "a", "different", ...	[ { "text": "T cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 68, "char_end": 75, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 13 }, { "text": "monocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 205, "char_end": 214, "token_start": 34, "token_end": 35 }, { "text": "T cells", ...	ge/train/0002
Further, while specific constitutive binding to the peri-kappa B site is seen in monocytes, stimulation with phorbol esters induces additional, specific binding.	[ "Further,", "while", "specific", "constitutive", "binding", "to", "the", "peri-kappa", "B", "site", "is", "seen", "in", "monocytes", ",", "stimulation", "with", "phorbol", "esters", "induces", "additional,", "specific", "binding." ]	[ { "text": "peri-kappa B site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 52, "char_end": 69, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "monocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 81, "char_end": 90, "token_start": 13, "token_end": 14 } ]	ge/train/0002
Understanding the monocyte-specific function of the peri-kappa B factor may ultimately provide insight into the different role monocytes and T cells play in HIV pathogenesis.	[ "Understanding", "the", "monocyte-specific", "function", "of", "the", "peri-kappa", "B", "factor", "may", "ultimately", "provide", "insight", "into", "the", "different", "role", "monocytes", "and", "T", "cells", "play", "in", "HIV", "pathogenesis", "." ]	[ { "text": "peri-kappa B factor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 52, "char_end": 71, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 9 }, { "text": "monocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 127, "char_end": 136, "token_start": 17, "token_end": 18 }, { "text": "T cel...	ge/train/0002
E1A gene expression induces susceptibility to killing by NK cells following immortalization but not adenovirus infection of human cells.	[ "E1A", "gene", "expression", "induces", "susceptibility", "to", "killing", "by", "NK", "cells", "following", "immortalization", "but", "not", "adenovirus", "infection", "of", "human", "cells", "." ]	[ { "text": "E1A gene", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 8, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 2 }, { "text": "human cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 124, "char_end": 135, "token_start": 17, "token_end": 19 }, { "text": "NK cells", "type...	ge/train/0003
Adenovirus (Ad) infection and E1A transfection were used to model changes in susceptibility to NK cell killing caused by transient vs stable E1A expression in human cells.	[ "Adenovirus", "(Ad)", "infection", "and", "E1A", "transfection", "were", "used", "to", "model", "changes", "in", "susceptibility", "to", "NK", "cell", "killing", "caused", "by", "transient", "vs", "stable", "E1A", "expression", "in", "human", "cells", "." ]	[ { "text": "E1A", "type": "protein", "char_start": 141, "char_end": 144, "token_start": 22, "token_end": 23 }, { "text": "human cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 159, "char_end": 170, "token_start": 25, "token_end": 27 }, { "text": "E1A", "type...	ge/train/0003
Only stably transfected target cells exhibited cytolytic susceptibility, despite expression of equivalent levels of E1A proteins in Ad-infected targets.	[ "Only", "stably", "transfected", "target", "cells", "exhibited", "cytolytic", "susceptibility,", "despite", "expression", "of", "equivalent", "levels", "of", "E1A", "proteins", "in", "Ad-infected", "targets", "." ]	[ { "text": "E1A proteins", "type": "protein", "char_start": 116, "char_end": 128, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 16 }, { "text": "Ad-infected targets", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 132, "char_end": 151, "token_start": 17, "token_end": 19 }, { "text":...	ge/train/0003
The inability of E1A gene products to induce cytolytic susceptibility during infection was not explained by an inhibitory effect of viral infection on otherwise susceptible target cells or by viral gene effects on class I MHC antigen expression on target cells.	[ "The", "inability", "of", "E1A", "gene", "products", "to", "induce", "cytolytic", "susceptibility", "during", "infection", "was", "not", "explained", "by", "an", "inhibitory", "effect", "of", "viral", "infection", "on", "otherwise", "susceptible", "target", "cells...	[ { "text": "target cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 248, "char_end": 260, "token_start": 39, "token_end": 41 }, { "text": "target cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 173, "char_end": 185, "token_start": 25, "token_end": 27 }, { "text": "vir...	ge/train/0003
This differential effect of E1A expression on the cytolytic phenotypes of infected and stably transfected human cells suggests that human NK cells provide an effective immunologic barrier against the in vivo survival and neoplastic progression of E1A-immortalized cells that may emerge from the reservoir of persistently infected cells in the human host.	[ "This", "differential", "effect", "of", "E1A", "expression", "on", "the", "cytolytic", "phenotypes", "of", "infected", "and", "stably", "transfected", "human", "cells", "suggests", "that", "human", "NK", "cells", "provide", "an", "effective", "immunologic", "barri...	[ { "text": "human NK cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 132, "char_end": 146, "token_start": 19, "token_end": 22 }, { "text": "E1A-immortalized cells", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 247, "char_end": 269, "token_start": 36, "token_end": 38 }, { ...	ge/train/0003
Distinct signaling properties identify functionally different CD4 epitopes.	[ "Distinct", "signaling", "properties", "identify", "functionally", "different", "CD4", "epitopes", "." ]	[ { "text": "CD4 epitopes", "type": "protein", "char_start": 62, "char_end": 74, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 8 } ]	ge/train/0004
The CD4 coreceptor interacts with non-polymorphic regions of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and contributes to T cell activation.	[ "The", "CD4", "coreceptor", "interacts", "with", "non-polymorphic", "regions", "of", "major", "histocompatibility", "complex", "class", "II", "molecules", "on", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "and", "contributes", "to", "T", "cell", "activation", "." ]	[ { "text": "CD4 coreceptor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 4, "char_end": 18, "token_start": 1, "token_end": 3 }, { "text": "non-polymorphic regions", "type": "protein", "char_start": 34, "char_end": 57, "token_start": 5, "token_end": 7 }, { "text": "ant...	ge/train/0004
We have investigated the effect of CD4 triggering on T cell activating signals in a lymphoma model using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) which recognize different CD4 epitopes.	[ "We", "have", "investigated", "the", "effect", "of", "CD4", "triggering", "on", "T", "cell", "activating", "signals", "in", "a", "lymphoma", "model", "using", "monoclonal", "antibodies", "(", "mAb", ")", "which", "recognize", "different", "CD4", "epitopes", "....	[ { "text": "CD4", "type": "protein", "char_start": 35, "char_end": 38, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 7 }, { "text": "monoclonal antibodies", "type": "protein", "char_start": 105, "char_end": 126, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 20 }, { "text": "mAb", "...	ge/train/0004
We demonstrate that CD4 triggering delivers signals capable of activating the NF-AT transcription factor which is required for interleukin-2 gene expression.	[ "We", "demonstrate", "that", "CD4", "triggering", "delivers", "signals", "capable", "of", "activating", "the", "NF-AT", "transcription", "factor", "which", "is", "required", "for", "interleukin-2", "gene", "expression", "." ]	[ { "text": "interleukin-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 127, "char_end": 140, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 19 }, { "text": "NF-AT transcription factor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 78, "char_end": 104, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 14 }, { "t...	ge/train/0004
Whereas different anti-CD4 mAb or HIV-1 gp120 could all trigger activation of the protein tyrosine kinases p56lck and p59fyn and phosphorylation of the Shc adaptor protein, which mediates signals to Ras, they differed significantly in their ability to activate NF-AT.	[ "Whereas", "different", "anti-CD4", "mAb", "or", "HIV-1", "gp120", "could", "all", "trigger", "activation", "of", "the", "protein", "tyrosine", "kinases", "p56lck", "and", "p59fyn", "and", "phosphorylation", "of", "the", "Shc", "adaptor", "protein", ",", "which"...	[ { "text": "Ras", "type": "protein", "char_start": 199, "char_end": 202, "token_start": 31, "token_end": 32 }, { "text": "anti-CD4 mAb", "type": "protein", "char_start": 18, "char_end": 30, "token_start": 2, "token_end": 4 }, { "text": "NF-AT", "type": ...	ge/train/0004
Lack of full activation of NF-AT could be correlated to a dramatically reduced capacity to induce calcium flux and could be complemented with a calcium ionophore.	[ "Lack", "of", "full", "activation", "of", "NF-AT", "could", "be", "correlated", "to", "a", "dramatically", "reduced", "capacity", "to", "induce", "calcium", "flux", "and", "could", "be", "complemented", "with", "a", "calcium", "ionophore", "." ]	[ { "text": "NF-AT", "type": "protein", "char_start": 27, "char_end": 32, "token_start": 5, "token_end": 6 } ]	ge/train/0004
The results identify functionally distinct epitopes on the CD4 coreceptor involved in activation of the Ras /protein kinase C and calcium pathways.	[ "The", "results", "identify", "functionally", "distinct", "epitopes", "on", "the", "CD4", "coreceptor", "involved", "in", "activation", "of", "the", "Ras", "/protein", "kinase", "C", "and", "calcium", "pathways", "." ]	[ { "text": "CD4 coreceptor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 59, "char_end": 73, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "/protein kinase C", "type": "protein", "char_start": 108, "char_end": 125, "token_start": 16, "token_end": 19 }, { "text": "Ras...	ge/train/0004
Ligand-dependent repression of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 by the estrogen receptor.	[ "Ligand-dependent", "repression", "of", "the", "erythroid", "transcription", "factor", "GATA-1", "by", "the", "estrogen", "receptor", "." ]	[ { "text": "estrogen receptor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 80, "char_end": 97, "token_start": 10, "token_end": 12 }, { "text": "GATA-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 66, "char_end": 72, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "erythroid tran...	ge/train/0005
High-dose estrogen administration induces anemia in mammals.	[ "High-dose", "estrogen", "administration", "induces", "anemia", "in", "mammals", "." ]	[]	ge/train/0005
In chickens, estrogens stimulate outgrowth of bone marrow-derived erythroid progenitor cells and delay their maturation.	[ "In", "chickens,", "estrogens", "stimulate", "outgrowth", "of", "bone", "marrow-derived", "erythroid", "progenitor", "cells", "and", "delay", "their", "maturation", "." ]	[ { "text": "bone marrow-derived erythroid progenitor cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 46, "char_end": 92, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 11 } ]	ge/train/0005
This delay is associated with down-regulation of many erythroid cell-specific genes, including alpha- and beta- globin, band 3, band 4.1, and the erythroid cell-specific histone H5.	[ "This", "delay", "is", "associated", "with", "down-regulation", "of", "many", "erythroid", "cell-specific", "genes", ",", "including", "alpha-", "and", "beta-", "globin", ",", "band", "3", ",", "band", "4.1", ",", "and", "the", "erythroid", "cell-specific", "h...	[ { "text": "band 4.1", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 128, "char_end": 136, "token_start": 21, "token_end": 23 }, { "text": "band 3", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 120, "char_end": 126, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 20 }, { "text": "H5", "type": "protein...	ge/train/0005
We show here that estrogens also reduce the number of erythroid progenitor cells in primary human bone marrow cultures.	[ "We", "show", "here", "that", "estrogens", "also", "reduce", "the", "number", "of", "erythroid", "progenitor", "cells", "in", "primary", "human", "bone", "marrow", "cultures", "." ]	[ { "text": "primary human bone marrow cultures", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 84, "char_end": 118, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 19 }, { "text": "erythroid progenitor cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 54, "char_end": 80, "token_start": 10, "token_e...	ge/train/0005
To address potential mechanisms by which estrogens suppress erythropoiesis, we have examined their effects on GATA-1, an erythroid transcription factor that participates in the regulation of the majority of erythroid cell-specific genes and is necessary for full maturation of erythrocytes.	[ "To", "address", "potential", "mechanisms", "by", "which", "estrogens", "suppress", "erythropoiesis", ",", "we", "have", "examined", "their", "effects", "on", "GATA-1", ",", "an", "erythroid", "transcription", "factor", "that", "participates", "in", "the", "regula...	[ { "text": "erythrocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 277, "char_end": 289, "token_start": 41, "token_end": 42 }, { "text": "erythroid transcription factor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 121, "char_end": 151, "token_start": 19, "token_end": 22 }, { ...	ge/train/0005
We demonstrate that the transcriptional activity of GATA-1 is strongly repressed by the estrogen receptor (ER) in a ligand-dependent manner and that this repression is reversible in the presence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen.	[ "We", "demonstrate", "that", "the", "transcriptional", "activity", "of", "GATA-1", "is", "strongly", "repressed", "by", "the", "estrogen", "receptor", "(", "ER", ")", "in", "a", "ligand-dependent", "manner", "and", "that", "this", "repression", "is", "reversible...	[ { "text": "ER", "type": "protein", "char_start": 107, "char_end": 109, "token_start": 16, "token_end": 17 }, { "text": "estrogen receptor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 88, "char_end": 105, "token_start": 13, "token_end": 15 }, { "text": "GATA-1", ...	ge/train/0005
ER -mediated repression of GATA-1 activity occurs on an artificial promoter containing a single GATA-binding site, as well as in the context of an intact promoter which is normally regulated by GATA-1.	[ "ER", "-mediated", "repression", "of", "GATA-1", "activity", "occurs", "on", "an", "artificial", "promoter", "containing", "a", "single", "GATA-binding", "site", ",", "as", "well", "as", "in", "the", "context", "of", "an", "intact", "promoter", "which", "is", ...	[ { "text": "artificial promoter", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 56, "char_end": 75, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 11 }, { "text": "GATA-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 194, "char_end": 200, "token_start": 32, "token_end": 33 }, { "text": "intact promot...	ge/train/0005
GATA-1 and ER bind to each other in vitro in the absence of DNA.	[ "GATA-1", "and", "ER", "bind", "to", "each", "other", "in", "vitro", "in", "the", "absence", "of", "DNA." ]	[ { "text": "ER", "type": "protein", "char_start": 11, "char_end": 13, "token_start": 2, "token_end": 3 }, { "text": "GATA-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 6, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 1 } ]	ge/train/0005
In coimmunoprecipitation experiments using transfected COS cells, GATA-1 and ER associate in a ligand-dependent manner.	[ "In", "coimmunoprecipitation", "experiments", "using", "transfected", "COS", "cells", ",", "GATA-1", "and", "ER", "associate", "in", "a", "ligand-dependent", "manner", "." ]	[ { "text": "GATA-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 66, "char_end": 72, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 9 }, { "text": "COS cells", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 55, "char_end": 64, "token_start": 5, "token_end": 7 }, { "text": "ER", "type": "prot...	ge/train/0005
Mapping experiments indicate that GATA-1 and the ER form at least two contacts, which involve the finger region and the N-terminal activation domain of GATA-1.	[ "Mapping", "experiments", "indicate", "that", "GATA-1", "and", "the", "ER", "form", "at", "least", "two", "contacts,", "which", "involve", "the", "finger", "region", "and", "the", "N-terminal", "activation", "domain", "of", "GATA-1", "." ]	[ { "text": "ER", "type": "protein", "char_start": 49, "char_end": 51, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "GATA-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 152, "char_end": 158, "token_start": 24, "token_end": 25 }, { "text": "N-terminal activation domai...	ge/train/0005
We speculate that estrogens exert effects on erythropoiesis by modulating GATA-1 activity through protein-protein interaction with the ER.	[ "We", "speculate", "that", "estrogens", "exert", "effects", "on", "erythropoiesis", "by", "modulating", "GATA-1", "activity", "through", "protein-protein", "interaction", "with", "the", "ER", "." ]	[ { "text": "GATA-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 74, "char_end": 80, "token_start": 10, "token_end": 11 }, { "text": "ER", "type": "protein", "char_start": 135, "char_end": 137, "token_start": 17, "token_end": 18 } ]	ge/train/0005
(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)	[ "(ABSTRACT", "TRUNCATED", "AT", "250", "WORDS)" ]	[]	ge/train/0005
Mouse interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene expression.	[ "Mouse", "interleukin-2", "receptor", "alpha", "gene", "expression", "." ]	[ { "text": "Mouse interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 39, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 5 }, { "text": "interleukin-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 6, "char_end": 19, "token_start": 1, "token_end": 2 } ]	ge/train/0006
Interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 control transcription via distinct cis-acting elements.	[ "Interleukin-1", "and", "interleukin-2", "control", "transcription", "via", "distinct", "cis-acting", "elements", "." ]	[ { "text": "Interleukin-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 13, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 1 }, { "text": "cis-acting elements", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 67, "char_end": 86, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 9 }, { "text": "interleukin-...	ge/train/0006
We have shown that interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-2 control IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2R alpha) gene transcription in CD4-CD8- murine T lymphocyte precursors.	[ "We", "have", "shown", "that", "interleukin-1", "(", "IL-1", ")", "and", "IL-2", "control", "IL-2", "receptor", "alpha", "(", "IL-2R", "alpha", ")", "gene", "transcription", "in", "CD4-CD8-", "murine", "T", "lymphocyte", "precursors", "." ]	[ { "text": "interleukin-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 19, "char_end": 32, "token_start": 4, "token_end": 5 }, { "text": "IL-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 34, "char_end": 38, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 7 }, { "text": "IL-2R alpha", "typ...	ge/train/0006
Here we map the cis-acting elements that mediate interleukin responsiveness of the mouse IL-2R alpha gene using a thymic lymphoma-derived hybridoma (PC60 ).	[ "Here", "we", "map", "the", "cis-acting", "elements", "that", "mediate", "interleukin", "responsiveness", "of", "the", "mouse", "IL-2R", "alpha", "gene", "using", "a", "thymic", "lymphoma-derived", "hybridoma", "(", "PC60", ")." ]	[ { "text": "thymic lymphoma-derived hybridoma", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 114, "char_end": 147, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 21 }, { "text": "PC60", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 149, "char_end": 153, "token_start": 22, "token_end": 23 }, { ...	ge/train/0006
The transcriptional response of the IL-2R alpha gene to stimulation by IL-1 + IL-2 is biphasic.	[ "The", "transcriptional", "response", "of", "the", "IL-2R", "alpha", "gene", "to", "stimulation", "by", "IL-1", "+", "IL-2", "is", "biphasic." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2R alpha gene", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 36, "char_end": 52, "token_start": 5, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "IL-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 71, "char_end": 75, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 12 }, { "text": "IL-2", "type": "p...	ge/train/0006
IL-1 induces a rapid, protein synthesis-independent appearance of IL-2R alpha mRNA that is blocked by inhibitors of NF-kappa B activation.	[ "IL-1", "induces", "a", "rapid,", "protein", "synthesis-independent", "appearance", "of", "IL-2R", "alpha", "mRNA", "that", "is", "blocked", "by", "inhibitors", "of", "NF-kappa", "B", "activation", "." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2R alpha", "type": "protein", "char_start": 66, "char_end": 77, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "IL-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 4, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 1 }, { "text": "NF-kappa B", "type": ...	ge/train/0006
It also primes cells to become IL-2 responsive and thereby prepares the second phase, in which IL-2 induces a 100-fold further increase in IL-2R alpha transcripts.	[ "It", "also", "primes", "cells", "to", "become", "IL-2", "responsive", "and", "thereby", "prepares", "the", "second", "phase,", "in", "which", "IL-2", "induces", "a", "100-fold", "further", "increase", "in", "IL-2R", "alpha", "transcripts", "." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2R alpha transcripts", "type": "RNA", "char_start": 139, "char_end": 162, "token_start": 23, "token_end": 26 }, { "text": "IL-2R alpha", "type": "protein", "char_start": 139, "char_end": 150, "token_start": 23, "token_end": 25 }, { "text": "I...	ge/train/0006
Transient transfection experiments show that several elements in the promoter-proximal region of the IL-2R alpha gene contribute to IL-1 responsiveness, most importantly an NF-kappa B site conserved in the human and mouse gene.	[ "Transient", "transfection", "experiments", "show", "that", "several", "elements", "in", "the", "promoter-proximal", "region", "of", "the", "IL-2R", "alpha", "gene", "contribute", "to", "IL-1", "responsiveness,", "most", "importantly", "an", "NF-kappa", "B", "site",...	[ { "text": "NF-kappa B site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 173, "char_end": 188, "token_start": 23, "token_end": 26 }, { "text": "NF-kappa B", "type": "protein", "char_start": 173, "char_end": 183, "token_start": 23, "token_end": 25 }, { "text": "IL-2R alph...	ge/train/0006
IL-2 responsiveness, on the other hand, depends on a 78-nucleotide segment 1.3 kilobases upstream of the major transcription start site.	[ "IL-2", "responsiveness", ",", "on", "the", "other", "hand,", "depends", "on", "a", "78-nucleotide", "segment", "1.3", "kilobases", "upstream", "of", "the", "major", "transcription", "start", "site", "." ]	[ { "text": "major transcription start site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 105, "char_end": 135, "token_start": 17, "token_end": 21 }, { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 4, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 1 }, { "text": "78-nucl...	ge/train/0006
This segment functions as an IL-2-inducible enhancer and lies within a region that becomes DNase I hypersensitive in normal T cells in which IL-2R alpha expression has been induced.	[ "This", "segment", "functions", "as", "an", "IL-2-inducible", "enhancer", "and", "lies", "within", "a", "region", "that", "becomes", "DNase", "I", "hypersensitive", "in", "normal", "T", "cells", "in", "which", "IL-2R", "alpha", "expression", "has", "been", "in...	[ { "text": "DNase I", "type": "protein", "char_start": 91, "char_end": 98, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 16 }, { "text": "IL-2-inducible enhancer", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 29, "char_end": 52, "token_start": 5, "token_end": 7 }, { "text": "IL-2R alpha...	ge/train/0006
IL-2 responsiveness requires three distinct elements within the enhancer.	[ "IL-2", "responsiveness", "requires", "three", "distinct", "elements", "within", "the", "enhancer", "." ]	[ { "text": "enhancer", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 64, "char_end": 72, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 9 }, { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 4, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 1 }, { "text": "elements", "type": "DNA", ...	ge/train/0006
Two of these are potential binding sites for STAT proteins.	[ "Two", "of", "these", "are", "potential", "binding", "sites", "for", "STAT", "proteins", "." ]	[ { "text": "STAT proteins", "type": "protein", "char_start": 45, "char_end": 58, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 10 } ]	ge/train/0006
Hematopoietic lineage commitment: role of transcription factors.	[ "Hematopoietic", "lineage", "commitment", ":", "role", "of", "transcription", "factors", "." ]	[ { "text": "Hematopoietic lineage", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 21, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 2 }, { "text": "transcription factors", "type": "protein", "char_start": 42, "char_end": 63, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 8 } ]	ge/train/0007
This review focuses on the roles of transcription factors in hematopoietic lineage commitment.	[ "This", "review", "focuses", "on", "the", "roles", "of", "transcription", "factors", "in", "hematopoietic", "lineage", "commitment", "." ]	[ { "text": "transcription factors", "type": "protein", "char_start": 36, "char_end": 57, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 9 } ]	ge/train/0007
A brief introduction to lineage commitment and asymmetric cell division is followed by a discussion of several methods used to identify transcription factors important in specifying hematopoietic cell types.	[ "A", "brief", "introduction", "to", "lineage", "commitment", "and", "asymmetric", "cell", "division", "is", "followed", "by", "a", "discussion", "of", "several", "methods", "used", "to", "identify", "transcription", "factors", "important", "in", "specifying", "hem...	[ { "text": "hematopoietic cell types", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 182, "char_end": 206, "token_start": 26, "token_end": 29 }, { "text": "transcription factors", "type": "protein", "char_start": 136, "char_end": 157, "token_start": 21, "token_end": 23 } ]	ge/train/0007
Next is presented a discussion of the use of embryonic stem cells in the analysis of hematopoietic gene expression and the use of targeted gene disruption to analyze the role of transcription factors in hematopoiesis.	[ "Next", "is", "presented", "a", "discussion", "of", "the", "use", "of", "embryonic", "stem", "cells", "in", "the", "analysis", "of", "hematopoietic", "gene", "expression", "and", "the", "use", "of", "targeted", "gene", "disruption", "to", "analyze", "the", "...	[ { "text": "embryonic stem cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 45, "char_end": 65, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 12 }, { "text": "transcription factors", "type": "protein", "char_start": 178, "char_end": 199, "token_start": 31, "token_end": 33 }, { ...	ge/train/0007
Finally, the status of our current knowledge concerning the roles of transcription factors in the commitment to erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid cell types is summarized.	[ "Finally,", "the", "status", "of", "our", "current", "knowledge", "concerning", "the", "roles", "of", "transcription", "factors", "in", "the", "commitment", "to", "erythroid", ",", "myeloid", "and", "lymphoid", "cell", "types", "is", "summarized." ]	[ { "text": "transcription factors", "type": "protein", "char_start": 69, "char_end": 90, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 13 } ]	ge/train/0007
Epstein-Barr virus replicative gene transcription during de novo infection of human thymocytes: simultaneous early expression of BZLF-1 and its repressor RAZ.	[ "Epstein-Barr", "virus", "replicative", "gene", "transcription", "during", "de", "novo", "infection", "of", "human", "thymocytes", ":", "simultaneous", "early", "expression", "of", "BZLF-1", "and", "its", "repressor", "RAZ", "." ]	[ { "text": "human thymocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 78, "char_end": 94, "token_start": 10, "token_end": 12 }, { "text": "RAZ", "type": "protein", "char_start": 154, "char_end": 157, "token_start": 21, "token_end": 22 }, { "text": "BZLF-1", ...	ge/train/0008
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to infect B cells and epithelial cells.	[ "Epstein-Barr", "virus", "(", "EBV", ")", "is", "known", "to", "infect", "B", "cells", "and", "epithelial", "cells", "." ]	[ { "text": "B cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 44, "char_end": 51, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 11 }, { "text": "epithelial cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 56, "char_end": 72, "token_start": 12, "token_end": 14 } ]	ge/train/0008
We and others have shown that EBV can also infect a subset of thymocytes.	[ "We", "and", "others", "have", "shown", "that", "EBV", "can", "also", "infect", "a", "subset", "of", "thymocytes", "." ]	[ { "text": "thymocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 62, "char_end": 72, "token_start": 13, "token_end": 14 } ]	ge/train/0008
Infection of thymocytes was accompanied by the appearance of linear EBV genome within 8 hr of infection.	[ "Infection", "of", "thymocytes", "was", "accompanied", "by", "the", "appearance", "of", "linear", "EBV", "genome", "within", "8", "hr", "of", "infection." ]	[ { "text": "linear EBV genome", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 61, "char_end": 78, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 12 }, { "text": "thymocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 13, "char_end": 23, "token_start": 2, "token_end": 3 } ]	ge/train/0008
Circularization of the EBV genome was not detected.	[ "Circularization", "of", "the", "EBV", "genome", "was", "not", "detected." ]	[ { "text": "EBV genome", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 23, "char_end": 33, "token_start": 3, "token_end": 5 } ]	ge/train/0008
This is in contrast to the infection in B cells where the genome can circularize within 24 hr of infection.	[ "This", "is", "in", "contrast", "to", "the", "infection", "in", "B", "cells", "where", "the", "genome", "can", "circularize", "within", "24", "hr", "of", "infection." ]	[ { "text": "B cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 40, "char_end": 47, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 10 } ]	ge/train/0008
The appearance of the BamHI ZLF-1 gene product, ZEBRA, by RT-PCR, was observed within 8 hr of infection.	[ "The", "appearance", "of", "the", "BamHI", "ZLF-1", "gene", "product", ",", "ZEBRA", ",", "by", "RT-PCR", ",", "was", "observed", "within", "8", "hr", "of", "infection." ]	[ { "text": "ZEBRA", "type": "protein", "char_start": 48, "char_end": 53, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "BamHI ZLF-1 gene product", "type": "protein", "char_start": 22, "char_end": 46, "token_start": 4, "token_end": 8 } ]	ge/train/0008
The appearance of a novel fusion transcript (RAZ ), which comprised regions of the BZLF-1 locus and the adjacent BRLF-1 locus, was detected by RT-PCR.	[ "The", "appearance", "of", "a", "novel", "fusion", "transcript", "(", "RAZ", "),", "which", "comprised", "regions", "of", "the", "BZLF-1", "locus", "and", "the", "adjacent", "BRLF-1", "locus", ",", "was", "detected", "by", "RT-PCR", "." ]	[ { "text": "BZLF-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 83, "char_end": 89, "token_start": 15, "token_end": 16 }, { "text": "RAZ", "type": "protein", "char_start": 45, "char_end": 48, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 9 }, { "text": "fusion transcript", "typ...	ge/train/0008
ZEBRA protein was also identified in infected thymocytes by immunoprecipitation.	[ "ZEBRA", "protein", "was", "also", "identified", "in", "infected", "thymocytes", "by", "immunoprecipitation", "." ]	[ { "text": "ZEBRA", "type": "protein", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 5, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 1 }, { "text": "ZEBRA protein", "type": "protein", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 13, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 2 }, { "text": "thymocytes", "type":...	ge/train/0008
In addition, we demonstrated that the EBNA-1 gene in infected thymocytes was transcribed from the Fp promoter, rather than from the Cp/Wp promoter which is used in latently infected B cells.	[ "In", "addition,", "we", "demonstrated", "that", "the", "EBNA-1", "gene", "in", "infected", "thymocytes", "was", "transcribed", "from", "the", "Fp", "promoter", ",", "rather", "than", "from", "the", "Cp/Wp", "promoter", "which", "is", "used", "in", "latently",...	[ { "text": "EBNA-1 gene", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 38, "char_end": 49, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "Cp/Wp promoter", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 132, "char_end": 146, "token_start": 22, "token_end": 24 }, { "text": "B cells", "typ...	ge/train/0008
Transcripts encoding gp350/220, the major coat protein of EBV, were identified, but we did not find any evidence of transcription from the LMP-2A or EBER-1 loci in infected thymocytes.	[ "Transcripts", "encoding", "gp350/220", ",", "the", "major", "coat", "protein", "of", "EBV", ",", "were", "identified,", "but", "we", "did", "not", "find", "any", "evidence", "of", "transcription", "from", "the", "LMP-2A", "or", "EBER-1", "loci", "in", "infe...	[ { "text": "LMP-2A", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 139, "char_end": 145, "token_start": 24, "token_end": 25 }, { "text": "EBER-1 loci", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 149, "char_end": 160, "token_start": 26, "token_end": 28 }, { "text": "thymocytes", "type...	ge/train/0008
These observations suggest that de novo EBV infection of thymocytes differs from infection of B cells.	[ "These", "observations", "suggest", "that", "de", "novo", "EBV", "infection", "of", "thymocytes", "differs", "from", "infection", "of", "B", "cells", "." ]	[ { "text": "thymocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 57, "char_end": 67, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "B cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 94, "char_end": 101, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 16 } ]	ge/train/0008
The main difference is that with thymocytes, no evidence could be found that the virus ever circularizes.	[ "The", "main", "difference", "is", "that", "with", "thymocytes", ",", "no", "evidence", "could", "be", "found", "that", "the", "virus", "ever", "circularizes." ]	[ { "text": "thymocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 33, "char_end": 43, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 7 } ]	ge/train/0008
Rather, EBV remains in a linear configuration from which replicative genes are transcribed.	[ "Rather,", "EBV", "remains", "in", "a", "linear", "configuration", "from", "which", "replicative", "genes", "are", "transcribed." ]	[ { "text": "replicative genes", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 57, "char_end": 74, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 11 } ]	ge/train/0008
Identification and purification of human Stat proteins activated in response to interleukin-2.	[ "Identification", "and", "purification", "of", "human", "Stat", "proteins", "activated", "in", "response", "to", "interleukin-2", "." ]	[ { "text": "human Stat proteins", "type": "protein", "char_start": 35, "char_end": 54, "token_start": 4, "token_end": 7 }, { "text": "interleukin-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 80, "char_end": 93, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 12 } ]	ge/train/0009
A key cytokine induced during the immune response is IL-2.	[ "A", "key", "cytokine", "induced", "during", "the", "immune", "response", "is", "IL-2", "." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 53, "char_end": 57, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "cytokine", "type": "protein", "char_start": 6, "char_end": 14, "token_start": 2, "token_end": 3 } ]	ge/train/0009
Following T cell activation, the genes encoding IL-2 and the various chains of its receptor are transcriptionally induced.	[ "Following", "T", "cell", "activation", ",", "the", "genes", "encoding", "IL-2", "and", "the", "various", "chains", "of", "its", "receptor", "are", "transcriptionally", "induced." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 48, "char_end": 52, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 9 } ]	ge/train/0009
In turn, secreted IL-2 serves to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes.	[ "In", "turn,", "secreted", "IL-2", "serves", "to", "stimulate", "the", "proliferation", "and", "differentiation", "of", "T", "lymphocytes", "." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 18, "char_end": 22, "token_start": 3, "token_end": 4 }, { "text": "T lymphocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 84, "char_end": 97, "token_start": 12, "token_end": 14 } ]	ge/train/0009
Several recent studies have implicated Jak kinases in the signaling pathway induced by IL-2.	[ "Several", "recent", "studies", "have", "implicated", "Jak", "kinases", "in", "the", "signaling", "pathway", "induced", "by", "IL-2", "." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 87, "char_end": 91, "token_start": 13, "token_end": 14 } ]	ge/train/0009
Following this lead, we set out to identify transcription factors induced in response to IL-2.	[ "Following", "this", "lead,", "we", "set", "out", "to", "identify", "transcription", "factors", "induced", "in", "response", "to", "IL-2", "." ]	[ { "text": "transcription factors", "type": "protein", "char_start": 44, "char_end": 65, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 89, "char_end": 93, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 15 } ]	ge/train/0009
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were observed to contain several IL-2 -inducible DNA binding activities.	[ "Human", "peripheral", "blood", "lymphocytes", "were", "observed", "to", "contain", "several", "IL-2", "-inducible", "DNA", "binding", "activities", "." ]	[ { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 68, "char_end": 72, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 34, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 4 } ]	ge/train/0009
Similar activities were also observed in a transformed human lymphocyte line, termed YT.	[ "Similar", "activities", "were", "also", "observed", "in", "a", "transformed", "human", "lymphocyte", "line", ",", "termed", "YT", "." ]	[ { "text": "YT", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 85, "char_end": 87, "token_start": 13, "token_end": 14 }, { "text": "transformed human lymphocyte line", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 43, "char_end": 76, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 11 } ]	ge/train/0009
We have purified these activities and found that the principal IL-2 -inducible component bears significant relatedness to a prolactin-induced transcription factor first identified in sheep mammary gland tissue.	[ "We", "have", "purified", "these", "activities", "and", "found", "that", "the", "principal", "IL-2", "-inducible", "component", "bears", "significant", "relatedness", "to", "a", "prolactin-induced", "transcription", "factor", "first", "identified", "in", "sheep", "m...	[ { "text": "prolactin-induced transcription factor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 124, "char_end": 162, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 21 }, { "text": "sheep mammary gland tissue", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 183, "char_end": 209, "token_start": 24, "to...	ge/train/0009
We hypothesize that activation of this protein, designated hStat5, helps govern the biological effects of IL-2 during the immune response.	[ "We", "hypothesize", "that", "activation", "of", "this", "protein,", "designated", "hStat5", ",", "helps", "govern", "the", "biological", "effects", "of", "IL-2", "during", "the", "immune", "response", "." ]	[ { "text": "hStat5", "type": "protein", "char_start": 59, "char_end": 65, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 9 }, { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 106, "char_end": 110, "token_start": 16, "token_end": 17 } ]	ge/train/0009
E2F-1 and a cyclin-like DNA repair enzyme, uracil-DNA glycosylase, provide evidence for an autoregulatory mechanism for transcription.	[ "E2F-1", "and", "a", "cyclin-like", "DNA", "repair", "enzyme", ",", "uracil-DNA", "glycosylase", ",", "provide", "evidence", "for", "an", "autoregulatory", "mechanism", "for", "transcription", "." ]	[ { "text": "uracil-DNA glycosylase", "type": "protein", "char_start": 43, "char_end": 65, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "E2F-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 5, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 1 }, { "text": "cyclin-like D...	ge/train/0010
The cell cycle-dependent transcription factor, E2F-1, regulates the cyclin -like species of the DNA repair enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) gene in human osteosarcoma (Saos-2) cells.	[ "The", "cell", "cycle-dependent", "transcription", "factor", ",", "E2F-1", ",", "regulates", "the", "cyclin", "-like", "species", "of", "the", "DNA", "repair", "enzyme", "uracil-DNA", "glycosylase", "(", "UDG", ")", "gene", "in", "human", "osteosarcoma", "(", ...	[ { "text": "uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) gene", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 114, "char_end": 147, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 24 }, { "text": "Saos-2", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 171, "char_end": 177, "token_start": 28, "token_end": 29 }, { "te...	ge/train/0010
We demonstrate, through the deletion of the human UDG promoter sequences, that expression of E2F-1 activates the UDG promoter through several E2F sites.	[ "We", "demonstrate,", "through", "the", "deletion", "of", "the", "human", "UDG", "promoter", "sequences", ",", "that", "expression", "of", "E2F-1", "activates", "the", "UDG", "promoter", "through", "several", "E2F", "sites", "." ]	[ { "text": "E2F sites", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 142, "char_end": 151, "token_start": 22, "token_end": 24 }, { "text": "UDG", "type": "protein", "char_start": 113, "char_end": 116, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 19 }, { "text": "UDG promoter", "typ...	ge/train/0010
The major putative downstream site for E2F, located in the first exon, serves as a target for E2F-1/DP1 complex binding in vitro.	[ "The", "major", "putative", "downstream", "site", "for", "E2F", ",", "located", "in", "the", "first", "exon", ",", "serves", "as", "a", "target", "for", "E2F-1/DP1", "complex", "binding", "in", "vitro." ]	[ { "text": "major putative downstream site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 4, "char_end": 34, "token_start": 1, "token_end": 5 }, { "text": "E2F", "type": "protein", "char_start": 39, "char_end": 42, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 7 }, { "text": "E2F-1/DP1 c...	ge/train/0010
We also provide evidence for the functional relationship between the cyclin-like UDG gene product and E2F.	[ "We", "also", "provide", "evidence", "for", "the", "functional", "relationship", "between", "the", "cyclin-like", "UDG", "gene", "product", "and", "E2F", "." ]	[ { "text": "E2F", "type": "protein", "char_start": 102, "char_end": 105, "token_start": 15, "token_end": 16 }, { "text": "UDG", "type": "protein", "char_start": 81, "char_end": 84, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 12 }, { "text": "cyclin-like UDG gene produc...	ge/train/0010
High levels of UDG expression in a transient transfection assay result in the down-regulation of transcriptional activity through elements specific for E2F -mediated transcription.	[ "High", "levels", "of", "UDG", "expression", "in", "a", "transient", "transfection", "assay", "result", "in", "the", "down-regulation", "of", "transcriptional", "activity", "through", "elements", "specific", "for", "E2F", "-mediated", "transcription", "." ]	[ { "text": "UDG", "type": "protein", "char_start": 15, "char_end": 18, "token_start": 3, "token_end": 4 }, { "text": "E2F", "type": "protein", "char_start": 152, "char_end": 155, "token_start": 21, "token_end": 22 }, { "text": "elements", "type": "DNA",...	ge/train/0010
Overexpression of UDG in Saos 2 cells was observed to delay growth late in G1 phase and transiently arrest these cells from progressing into the S phase.	[ "Overexpression", "of", "UDG", "in", "Saos", "2", "cells", "was", "observed", "to", "delay", "growth", "late", "in", "G1", "phase", "and", "transiently", "arrest", "these", "cells", "from", "progressing", "into", "the", "S", "phase", "." ]	[ { "text": "Saos 2 cells", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 25, "char_end": 37, "token_start": 4, "token_end": 7 }, { "text": "UDG", "type": "protein", "char_start": 18, "char_end": 21, "token_start": 2, "token_end": 3 } ]	ge/train/0010
This hypothetical model integrates one mechanism of DNA repair with the cell cycle control of gene transcription, likely through E2F.	[ "This", "hypothetical", "model", "integrates", "one", "mechanism", "of", "DNA", "repair", "with", "the", "cell", "cycle", "control", "of", "gene", "transcription", ",", "likely", "through", "E2F", "." ]	[ { "text": "E2F", "type": "protein", "char_start": 129, "char_end": 132, "token_start": 20, "token_end": 21 } ]	ge/train/0010
This implicates E2F as a multifunctional target for proteins and enzymes, possibly, responsive to DNA damage through the negative effect of UDG on E2F -mediated transcriptional activity.	[ "This", "implicates", "E2F", "as", "a", "multifunctional", "target", "for", "proteins", "and", "enzymes,", "possibly,", "responsive", "to", "DNA", "damage", "through", "the", "negative", "effect", "of", "UDG", "on", "E2F", "-mediated", "transcriptional", "activity...	[ { "text": "E2F", "type": "protein", "char_start": 147, "char_end": 150, "token_start": 23, "token_end": 24 }, { "text": "E2F", "type": "protein", "char_start": 16, "char_end": 19, "token_start": 2, "token_end": 3 }, { "text": "UDG", "type": "protein", ...	ge/train/0010
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of IFN-gamma production induced by IL-2 and IL-12 in a human NK cell line.	[ "Cellular", "and", "molecular", "mechanisms", "of", "IFN-gamma", "production", "induced", "by", "IL-2", "and", "IL-12", "in", "a", "human", "NK", "cell", "line", "." ]	[ { "text": "human NK cell line", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 89, "char_end": 107, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 18 }, { "text": "IL-12", "type": "protein", "char_start": 78, "char_end": 83, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 12 }, { "text": "IFN-gamma...	ge/train/0011
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important immunoregulatory protein produced predominantly by T cells and large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in response to different extracellular signals.	[ "Interferon-gamma", "(", "IFN-gamma", ")", "is", "an", "important", "immunoregulatory", "protein", "produced", "predominantly", "by", "T", "cells", "and", "large", "granular", "lymphocytes", "(", "LGL", ")", "in", "response", "to", "different", "extracellular", "s...	[ { "text": "IFN-gamma", "type": "protein", "char_start": 18, "char_end": 27, "token_start": 2, "token_end": 3 }, { "text": "T cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 96, "char_end": 103, "token_start": 12, "token_end": 14 }, { "text": "Interferon-gamma",...	ge/train/0011
In particular, two interleukins (ILs ), IL-2 and IL-12, have been shown to be potent inducers of IFN-gamma gene expression in both T cells and LGL.	[ "In", "particular,", "two", "interleukins", "(", "ILs", "),", "IL-2", "and", "IL-12", ",", "have", "been", "shown", "to", "be", "potent", "inducers", "of", "IFN-gamma", "gene", "expression", "in", "both", "T", "cells", "and", "LGL", "." ]	[ { "text": "ILs", "type": "protein", "char_start": 33, "char_end": 36, "token_start": 5, "token_end": 6 }, { "text": "IL-12", "type": "protein", "char_start": 49, "char_end": 54, "token_start": 9, "token_end": 10 }, { "text": "interleukins", "type": "pr...	ge/train/0011
Although it has been reported that there are some T cell lines that produce IFN-gamma in response to IL-2 and IL-12 stimulation, there has as yet been no report of a natural killer (NK) cell line that responds in a similar manner.	[ "Although", "it", "has", "been", "reported", "that", "there", "are", "some", "T", "cell", "lines", "that", "produce", "IFN-gamma", "in", "response", "to", "IL-2", "and", "IL-12", "stimulation", ",", "there", "has", "as", "yet", "been", "no", "report", "of"...	[ { "text": "natural killer (NK) cell line", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 166, "char_end": 195, "token_start": 32, "token_end": 37 }, { "text": "IFN-gamma", "type": "protein", "char_start": 76, "char_end": 85, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 15 }, { "t...	ge/train/0011
In this report we present evidence that the cell line NK3.3 derived from human NK cells, responds to both IL-2 and IL-12, as measured by increases in IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytoplasmic mRNA and protein expression.	[ "In", "this", "report", "we", "present", "evidence", "that", "the", "cell", "line", "NK3.3", "derived", "from", "human", "NK", "cells", ",", "responds", "to", "both", "IL-2", "and", "IL-12", ",", "as", "measured", "by", "increases", "in", "IFN-gamma", "and...	[ { "text": "GM-CSF", "type": "protein", "char_start": 214, "char_end": 220, "token_start": 35, "token_end": 36 }, { "text": "IFN-gamma", "type": "protein", "char_start": 150, "char_end": 159, "token_start": 29, "token_end": 30 }, { "text": "granulocyte-macr...	ge/train/0011
In addition, when used together IL-2 and IL-12 synergized in the induction of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF and this synergy was attributed to an increased accumulation and stability of the IFN-gamma and GM-CSF mRNAs.	[ "In", "addition,", "when", "used", "together", "IL-2", "and", "IL-12", "synergized", "in", "the", "induction", "of", "IFN-gamma", "and", "GM-CSF", "and", "this", "synergy", "was", "attributed", "to", "an", "increased", "accumulation", "and", "stability", "of", ...	[ { "text": "IL-12", "type": "protein", "char_start": 41, "char_end": 46, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "GM-CSF mRNAs", "type": "RNA", "char_start": 195, "char_end": 207, "token_start": 31, "token_end": 33 }, { "text": "IFN-gamma", "type"...	ge/train/0011
To investigate the signaling pathways involved in the gene induction, five inhibitors, cyclosporin A (CsA ), transforming growth factor-beta, cycloheximide, genistein, and staurosporine A, were used in analyzing the effects of IL-2 and IL-12 on NK3.3 cells.	[ "To", "investigate", "the", "signaling", "pathways", "involved", "in", "the", "gene", "induction,", "five", "inhibitors,", "cyclosporin", "A", "(", "CsA", "),", "transforming", "growth", "factor-beta", ",", "cycloheximide", ",", "genistein", ",", "and", "staurospo...	[ { "text": "transforming growth factor-beta", "type": "protein", "char_start": 109, "char_end": 140, "token_start": 17, "token_end": 20 }, { "text": "NK3.3 cells", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 245, "char_end": 256, "token_start": 40, "token_end": 42 }, { ...	ge/train/0011
The results suggest that activation of protein kinase C, but not new protein synthesis, is required for IL-2 induction of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF cytoplasmic mRNA.	[ "The", "results", "suggest", "that", "activation", "of", "protein", "kinase", "C", ",", "but", "not", "new", "protein", "synthesis", ",", "is", "required", "for", "IL-2", "induction", "of", "IFN-gamma", "and", "GM-CSF", "cytoplasmic", "mRNA", "." ]	[ { "text": "protein kinase C", "type": "protein", "char_start": 39, "char_end": 55, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 9 }, { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 104, "char_end": 108, "token_start": 19, "token_end": 20 } ]	ge/train/0011

IL-2 gene expression and NF-kappa B activation through CD28 requires reactive oxygen production by 5-lipoxygenase.

[ "IL-2", "gene", "expression", "and", "NF-kappa", "B", "activation", "through", "CD28", "requires", "reactive", "oxygen", "production", "by", "5-lipoxygenase", "." ]

[ { "text": "5-lipoxygenase", "type": "protein", "char_start": 99, "char_end": 113, "token_start": 14, "token_end": 15 }, { "text": "NF-kappa B", "type": "protein", "char_start": 25, "char_end": 35, "token_start": 4, "token_end": 6 }, { "text": "IL-2 gene", ...

ge/train/0001

Activation of the CD28 surface receptor provides a major costimulatory signal for T cell activation resulting in enhanced production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and cell proliferation.

[ "Activation", "of", "the", "CD28", "surface", "receptor", "provides", "a", "major", "costimulatory", "signal", "for", "T", "cell", "activation", "resulting", "in", "enhanced", "production", "of", "interleukin-2", "(", "IL-2", ")", "and", "cell", "proliferation", ...

[ { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein", "char_start": 18, "char_end": 22, "token_start": 3, "token_end": 4 }, { "text": "CD28 surface receptor", "type": "protein", "char_start": 18, "char_end": 39, "token_start": 3, "token_end": 6 }, { "text": "IL-2", "ty...

ge/train/0001

In primary T lymphocytes we show that CD28 ligation leads to the rapid intracellular formation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) which are required for CD28 -mediated activation of the NF-kappa B / CD28 -responsive complex and IL-2 expression.

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[ { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein", "char_start": 38, "char_end": 42, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein", "char_start": 158, "char_end": 162, "token_start": 26, "token_end": 27 }, { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein...

ge/train/0001

Delineation of the CD28 signaling cascade was found to involve protein tyrosine kinase activity, followed by the activation of phospholipase A2 and 5-lipoxygenase.

[ "Delineation", "of", "the", "CD28", "signaling", "cascade", "was", "found", "to", "involve", "protein", "tyrosine", "kinase", "activity", ",", "followed", "by", "the", "activation", "of", "phospholipase", "A2", "and", "5-lipoxygenase", "." ]

[ { "text": "5-lipoxygenase", "type": "protein", "char_start": 148, "char_end": 162, "token_start": 23, "token_end": 24 }, { "text": "phospholipase A2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 127, "char_end": 143, "token_start": 20, "token_end": 22 }, { "text": "C...

ge/train/0001

Our data suggest that lipoxygenase metabolites activate ROI formation which then induce IL-2 expression via NF-kappa B activation.

[ "Our", "data", "suggest", "that", "lipoxygenase", "metabolites", "activate", "ROI", "formation", "which", "then", "induce", "IL-2", "expression", "via", "NF-kappa", "B", "activation", "." ]

[ { "text": "IL-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 88, "char_end": 92, "token_start": 12, "token_end": 13 }, { "text": "NF-kappa B", "type": "protein", "char_start": 108, "char_end": 118, "token_start": 15, "token_end": 17 }, { "text": "lipoxygenase", ...

ge/train/0001

These findings should be useful for therapeutic strategies and the development of immunosuppressants targeting the CD28 costimulatory pathway.

[ "These", "findings", "should", "be", "useful", "for", "therapeutic", "strategies", "and", "the", "development", "of", "immunosuppressants", "targeting", "the", "CD28", "costimulatory", "pathway", "." ]

[ { "text": "CD28", "type": "protein", "char_start": 115, "char_end": 119, "token_start": 15, "token_end": 16 } ]

ge/train/0001

The peri-kappa B site mediates human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer activation in monocytes but not in T cells.

[ "The", "peri-kappa", "B", "site", "mediates", "human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "type", "2", "enhancer", "activation", "in", "monocytes", "but", "not", "in", "T", "cells", "." ]

[ { "text": "peri-kappa B site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 4, "char_end": 21, "token_start": 1, "token_end": 4 }, { "text": "monocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 90, "char_end": 99, "token_start": 13, "token_end": 14 }, { "text": "T cells", ...

ge/train/0002

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2 ), like HIV-1, causes AIDS and is associated with AIDS cases primarily in West Africa.

[ "Human", "immunodeficiency", "virus", "type", "2", "(", "HIV-2", "),", "like", "HIV-1", ",", "causes", "AIDS", "and", "is", "associated", "with", "AIDS", "cases", "primarily", "in", "West", "Africa." ]

[]

ge/train/0002

HIV-1 and HIV-2 display significant differences in nucleic acid sequence and in the natural history of clinical disease.

[ "HIV-1", "and", "HIV-2", "display", "significant", "differences", "in", "nucleic", "acid", "sequence", "and", "in", "the", "natural", "history", "of", "clinical", "disease." ]

[ { "text": "nucleic acid sequence", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 51, "char_end": 72, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 10 } ]

ge/train/0002

Consistent with these differences, we have previously demonstrated that the enhancer/promoter region of HIV-2 functions quite differently from that of HIV-1.

[ "Consistent", "with", "these", "differences,", "we", "have", "previously", "demonstrated", "that", "the", "enhancer/promoter", "region", "of", "HIV-2", "functions", "quite", "differently", "from", "that", "of", "HIV-1", "." ]

[ { "text": "enhancer/promoter region", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 76, "char_end": 100, "token_start": 10, "token_end": 12 } ]

ge/train/0002

Whereas activation of the HIV-1 enhancer following T-cell stimulation is mediated largely through binding of the transcription factor NF-kappa B to two adjacent kappa B sites in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat, activation of the HIV-2 enhancer in monocytes and T cells is dependent on four cis-acting elements: a single kappa B site, two purine-rich binding sites, PuB1 and PuB2, and a pets site.

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[ { "text": "pets site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 385, "char_end": 394, "token_start": 67, "token_end": 69 }, { "text": "monocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 246, "char_end": 255, "token_start": 39, "token_end": 40 }, { "text": "PuB1", "typ...

ge/train/0002

We have now identified a novel cis-acting element within the HIV-2 enhancer, immediately upstream of the kappa B site, designated peri-kappa B.

[ "We", "have", "now", "identified", "a", "novel", "cis-acting", "element", "within", "the", "HIV-2", "enhancer", ",", "immediately", "upstream", "of", "the", "kappa", "B", "site", ",", "designated", "peri-kappa", "B", "." ]

[ { "text": "kappa B site", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 105, "char_end": 117, "token_start": 17, "token_end": 20 }, { "text": "cis-acting element", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 31, "char_end": 49, "token_start": 6, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "peri-kappa B"...

ge/train/0002

This site is conserved among isolates of HIV-2 and the closely related simian immunodeficiency virus, and transfection assays show this site to mediate HIV-2 enhancer activation following stimulation of monocytic but not T-cell lines.

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[ { "text": "HIV-2 enhancer", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 152, "char_end": 166, "token_start": 24, "token_end": 26 }, { "text": "T-cell lines", "type": "cell_line", "char_start": 221, "char_end": 233, "token_start": 33, "token_end": 35 }, { "text": "monocyt...

ge/train/0002

This is the first description of an HIV-2 enhancer element which displays such monocyte specificity, and no comparable enhancer element has been clearly defined for HIV-1.

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[ { "text": "enhancer element", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 119, "char_end": 135, "token_start": 18, "token_end": 20 }, { "text": "HIV-2 enhancer element", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 36, "char_end": 58, "token_start": 7, "token_end": 10 } ]

ge/train/0002

While a nuclear factor (s) from both peripheral blood monocytes and T cells binds the peri-kappa B site, electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggest that either a different protein binds to this site in monocytes versus T cells or that the protein recognizing this enhancer element undergoes differential modification in monocytes and T cells, thus supporting the transfection data.

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[ { "text": "T cells", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 68, "char_end": 75, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 13 }, { "text": "monocytes", "type": "cell_type", "char_start": 205, "char_end": 214, "token_start": 34, "token_end": 35 }, { "text": "T cells", ...

ge/train/0002

Further, while specific constitutive binding to the peri-kappa B site is seen in monocytes, stimulation with phorbol esters induces additional, specific binding.

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ge/train/0002

Understanding the monocyte-specific function of the peri-kappa B factor may ultimately provide insight into the different role monocytes and T cells play in HIV pathogenesis.

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ge/train/0002

E1A gene expression induces susceptibility to killing by NK cells following immortalization but not adenovirus infection of human cells.

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ge/train/0003

Adenovirus (Ad) infection and E1A transfection were used to model changes in susceptibility to NK cell killing caused by transient vs stable E1A expression in human cells.

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ge/train/0003

Only stably transfected target cells exhibited cytolytic susceptibility, despite expression of equivalent levels of E1A proteins in Ad-infected targets.

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ge/train/0003

The inability of E1A gene products to induce cytolytic susceptibility during infection was not explained by an inhibitory effect of viral infection on otherwise susceptible target cells or by viral gene effects on class I MHC antigen expression on target cells.

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ge/train/0003

This differential effect of E1A expression on the cytolytic phenotypes of infected and stably transfected human cells suggests that human NK cells provide an effective immunologic barrier against the in vivo survival and neoplastic progression of E1A-immortalized cells that may emerge from the reservoir of persistently infected cells in the human host.

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ge/train/0003

Distinct signaling properties identify functionally different CD4 epitopes.

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ge/train/0004

The CD4 coreceptor interacts with non-polymorphic regions of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and contributes to T cell activation.

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ge/train/0004

We have investigated the effect of CD4 triggering on T cell activating signals in a lymphoma model using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) which recognize different CD4 epitopes.

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ge/train/0004

We demonstrate that CD4 triggering delivers signals capable of activating the NF-AT transcription factor which is required for interleukin-2 gene expression.

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ge/train/0004

Whereas different anti-CD4 mAb or HIV-1 gp120 could all trigger activation of the protein tyrosine kinases p56lck and p59fyn and phosphorylation of the Shc adaptor protein, which mediates signals to Ras, they differed significantly in their ability to activate NF-AT.

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ge/train/0004

Lack of full activation of NF-AT could be correlated to a dramatically reduced capacity to induce calcium flux and could be complemented with a calcium ionophore.

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ge/train/0004

The results identify functionally distinct epitopes on the CD4 coreceptor involved in activation of the Ras /protein kinase C and calcium pathways.

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ge/train/0004

Ligand-dependent repression of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 by the estrogen receptor.

[ "Ligand-dependent", "repression", "of", "the", "erythroid", "transcription", "factor", "GATA-1", "by", "the", "estrogen", "receptor", "." ]

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ge/train/0005

High-dose estrogen administration induces anemia in mammals.

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[]

ge/train/0005

In chickens, estrogens stimulate outgrowth of bone marrow-derived erythroid progenitor cells and delay their maturation.

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ge/train/0005

This delay is associated with down-regulation of many erythroid cell-specific genes, including alpha- and beta- globin, band 3, band 4.1, and the erythroid cell-specific histone H5.

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ge/train/0005

We show here that estrogens also reduce the number of erythroid progenitor cells in primary human bone marrow cultures.

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ge/train/0005

To address potential mechanisms by which estrogens suppress erythropoiesis, we have examined their effects on GATA-1, an erythroid transcription factor that participates in the regulation of the majority of erythroid cell-specific genes and is necessary for full maturation of erythrocytes.

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ge/train/0005

We demonstrate that the transcriptional activity of GATA-1 is strongly repressed by the estrogen receptor (ER) in a ligand-dependent manner and that this repression is reversible in the presence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen.

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ge/train/0005

ER -mediated repression of GATA-1 activity occurs on an artificial promoter containing a single GATA-binding site, as well as in the context of an intact promoter which is normally regulated by GATA-1.

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ge/train/0005

GATA-1 and ER bind to each other in vitro in the absence of DNA.

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ge/train/0005

In coimmunoprecipitation experiments using transfected COS cells, GATA-1 and ER associate in a ligand-dependent manner.

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ge/train/0005

Mapping experiments indicate that GATA-1 and the ER form at least two contacts, which involve the finger region and the N-terminal activation domain of GATA-1.

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ge/train/0005

We speculate that estrogens exert effects on erythropoiesis by modulating GATA-1 activity through protein-protein interaction with the ER.

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ge/train/0005

(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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[]

ge/train/0005

Mouse interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene expression.

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[ { "text": "Mouse interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 0, "char_end": 39, "token_start": 0, "token_end": 5 }, { "text": "interleukin-2", "type": "protein", "char_start": 6, "char_end": 19, "token_start": 1, "token_end": 2 } ]

ge/train/0006

Interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 control transcription via distinct cis-acting elements.

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ge/train/0006

We have shown that interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-2 control IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2R alpha) gene transcription in CD4-CD8- murine T lymphocyte precursors.

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ge/train/0006

Here we map the cis-acting elements that mediate interleukin responsiveness of the mouse IL-2R alpha gene using a thymic lymphoma-derived hybridoma (PC60 ).

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ge/train/0006

The transcriptional response of the IL-2R alpha gene to stimulation by IL-1 + IL-2 is biphasic.

[ "The", "transcriptional", "response", "of", "the", "IL-2R", "alpha", "gene", "to", "stimulation", "by", "IL-1", "+", "IL-2", "is", "biphasic." ]

[ { "text": "IL-2R alpha gene", "type": "DNA", "char_start": 36, "char_end": 52, "token_start": 5, "token_end": 8 }, { "text": "IL-1", "type": "protein", "char_start": 71, "char_end": 75, "token_start": 11, "token_end": 12 }, { "text": "IL-2", "type": "p...

ge/train/0006

IL-1 induces a rapid, protein synthesis-independent appearance of IL-2R alpha mRNA that is blocked by inhibitors of NF-kappa B activation.

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ge/train/0006

It also primes cells to become IL-2 responsive and thereby prepares the second phase, in which IL-2 induces a 100-fold further increase in IL-2R alpha transcripts.

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ge/train/0006

Transient transfection experiments show that several elements in the promoter-proximal region of the IL-2R alpha gene contribute to IL-1 responsiveness, most importantly an NF-kappa B site conserved in the human and mouse gene.

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ge/train/0006

IL-2 responsiveness, on the other hand, depends on a 78-nucleotide segment 1.3 kilobases upstream of the major transcription start site.

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ge/train/0006

This segment functions as an IL-2-inducible enhancer and lies within a region that becomes DNase I hypersensitive in normal T cells in which IL-2R alpha expression has been induced.

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ge/train/0006

IL-2 responsiveness requires three distinct elements within the enhancer.

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ge/train/0006

Two of these are potential binding sites for STAT proteins.

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[ { "text": "STAT proteins", "type": "protein", "char_start": 45, "char_end": 58, "token_start": 8, "token_end": 10 } ]

ge/train/0006

Hematopoietic lineage commitment: role of transcription factors.

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ge/train/0007

This review focuses on the roles of transcription factors in hematopoietic lineage commitment.

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ge/train/0007

A brief introduction to lineage commitment and asymmetric cell division is followed by a discussion of several methods used to identify transcription factors important in specifying hematopoietic cell types.

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ge/train/0007

Next is presented a discussion of the use of embryonic stem cells in the analysis of hematopoietic gene expression and the use of targeted gene disruption to analyze the role of transcription factors in hematopoiesis.

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ge/train/0007

Finally, the status of our current knowledge concerning the roles of transcription factors in the commitment to erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid cell types is summarized.

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ge/train/0007

Epstein-Barr virus replicative gene transcription during de novo infection of human thymocytes: simultaneous early expression of BZLF-1 and its repressor RAZ.

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ge/train/0008

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to infect B cells and epithelial cells.

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ge/train/0008

We and others have shown that EBV can also infect a subset of thymocytes.

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ge/train/0008

Infection of thymocytes was accompanied by the appearance of linear EBV genome within 8 hr of infection.

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ge/train/0008

Circularization of the EBV genome was not detected.

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ge/train/0008

This is in contrast to the infection in B cells where the genome can circularize within 24 hr of infection.

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ge/train/0008

The appearance of the BamHI ZLF-1 gene product, ZEBRA, by RT-PCR, was observed within 8 hr of infection.

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ge/train/0008

The appearance of a novel fusion transcript (RAZ ), which comprised regions of the BZLF-1 locus and the adjacent BRLF-1 locus, was detected by RT-PCR.

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ge/train/0008

ZEBRA protein was also identified in infected thymocytes by immunoprecipitation.

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ge/train/0008

In addition, we demonstrated that the EBNA-1 gene in infected thymocytes was transcribed from the Fp promoter, rather than from the Cp/Wp promoter which is used in latently infected B cells.

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ge/train/0008

Transcripts encoding gp350/220, the major coat protein of EBV, were identified, but we did not find any evidence of transcription from the LMP-2A or EBER-1 loci in infected thymocytes.

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ge/train/0008

These observations suggest that de novo EBV infection of thymocytes differs from infection of B cells.

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ge/train/0008

The main difference is that with thymocytes, no evidence could be found that the virus ever circularizes.

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ge/train/0008

Rather, EBV remains in a linear configuration from which replicative genes are transcribed.

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ge/train/0008

Identification and purification of human Stat proteins activated in response to interleukin-2.

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ge/train/0009

A key cytokine induced during the immune response is IL-2.

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ge/train/0009

Following T cell activation, the genes encoding IL-2 and the various chains of its receptor are transcriptionally induced.

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ge/train/0009

In turn, secreted IL-2 serves to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes.

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ge/train/0009

Several recent studies have implicated Jak kinases in the signaling pathway induced by IL-2.

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ge/train/0009

Following this lead, we set out to identify transcription factors induced in response to IL-2.

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ge/train/0009

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were observed to contain several IL-2 -inducible DNA binding activities.

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ge/train/0009

Similar activities were also observed in a transformed human lymphocyte line, termed YT.

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ge/train/0009

We have purified these activities and found that the principal IL-2 -inducible component bears significant relatedness to a prolactin-induced transcription factor first identified in sheep mammary gland tissue.

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ge/train/0009

We hypothesize that activation of this protein, designated hStat5, helps govern the biological effects of IL-2 during the immune response.

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ge/train/0009

E2F-1 and a cyclin-like DNA repair enzyme, uracil-DNA glycosylase, provide evidence for an autoregulatory mechanism for transcription.

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ge/train/0010

The cell cycle-dependent transcription factor, E2F-1, regulates the cyclin -like species of the DNA repair enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) gene in human osteosarcoma (Saos-2) cells.

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ge/train/0010

We demonstrate, through the deletion of the human UDG promoter sequences, that expression of E2F-1 activates the UDG promoter through several E2F sites.

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ge/train/0010

The major putative downstream site for E2F, located in the first exon, serves as a target for E2F-1/DP1 complex binding in vitro.

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ge/train/0010

We also provide evidence for the functional relationship between the cyclin-like UDG gene product and E2F.

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ge/train/0010

High levels of UDG expression in a transient transfection assay result in the down-regulation of transcriptional activity through elements specific for E2F -mediated transcription.

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ge/train/0010

Overexpression of UDG in Saos 2 cells was observed to delay growth late in G1 phase and transiently arrest these cells from progressing into the S phase.

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ge/train/0010

This hypothetical model integrates one mechanism of DNA repair with the cell cycle control of gene transcription, likely through E2F.

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ge/train/0010

This implicates E2F as a multifunctional target for proteins and enzymes, possibly, responsive to DNA damage through the negative effect of UDG on E2F -mediated transcriptional activity.

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ge/train/0010

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of IFN-gamma production induced by IL-2 and IL-12 in a human NK cell line.

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ge/train/0011

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important immunoregulatory protein produced predominantly by T cells and large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in response to different extracellular signals.

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ge/train/0011

In particular, two interleukins (ILs ), IL-2 and IL-12, have been shown to be potent inducers of IFN-gamma gene expression in both T cells and LGL.

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ge/train/0011

Although it has been reported that there are some T cell lines that produce IFN-gamma in response to IL-2 and IL-12 stimulation, there has as yet been no report of a natural killer (NK) cell line that responds in a similar manner.

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ge/train/0011

In this report we present evidence that the cell line NK3.3 derived from human NK cells, responds to both IL-2 and IL-12, as measured by increases in IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytoplasmic mRNA and protein expression.

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ge/train/0011

In addition, when used together IL-2 and IL-12 synergized in the induction of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF and this synergy was attributed to an increased accumulation and stability of the IFN-gamma and GM-CSF mRNAs.

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ge/train/0011

To investigate the signaling pathways involved in the gene induction, five inhibitors, cyclosporin A (CsA ), transforming growth factor-beta, cycloheximide, genistein, and staurosporine A, were used in analyzing the effects of IL-2 and IL-12 on NK3.3 cells.

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ge/train/0011

The results suggest that activation of protein kinase C, but not new protein synthesis, is required for IL-2 induction of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF cytoplasmic mRNA.

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ge/train/0011

Datasets:

anurag-raapid
/

genia

Collection including anurag-raapid/genia

Clinical NER Dataset