source stringclasses 6 values | subject stringclasses 26 values | question stringlengths 1 1.14k | options listlengths 3 5 | rationale stringlengths 0 22.5k ⌀ | correct stringclasses 9 values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Radiology | Which one of the following is used in Cardiovascular imaging? | [
"A)Second generation CT",
"B)Third generation CT",
"C)Spiral CT",
"D)Multidetector CT"
] | Multidetector CT: It has cone shaped beam of X-ray Multiple slices of detectors and useful in Cardiovascular imaging. Multi-detector CT is paicularly suitable for imaging of the chest, hea and vessels. It is also useful for imaging of trauma patients. | D |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Physiology | Sperm acquires motility in ? | [
"A)Seminal vesicle",
"B)Testes",
"C)Epididymis",
"D)Ejaculatory duct"
] | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Epididymis Spermatozoa leaving the testis (seminiferous ubules) are not fully mobile. They continue their maturation and acquire their mobility during their passage through epididymis. From epididymis they come to vas deference, distal end of which also receives the secretions of seminal vesicle, and continues as the ejeculatory duct. The ejeculatory duct joins the prostatic urethra. Once ejeculated into the the female, vaginal secretions improve the motility and feilizing ability of sperms. Fuher exposure to secretions of female genital tract (in uterus and/or fallopian tube) fuher improves the mobility and feilizing ability of the sperms. The beneficial effects of stay in the female genital tract are collectively called capacitation, from the isthmus, capacitated sperms move rapidly to the ampullas, where feilization takes place. | C |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Which of the following maternal complication during pregnancy result in giving bih to a large baby? | [
"A)Anaemia",
"B)Cardiac disease",
"C)Gestational diabetes",
"D)Gestational hypeension"
] | Maternal development of gestational diabetes result in fetal macrosomia. The pathophysiology of fetal macrosomia is not very clear but it seems clear that fetal hyperinsulinemia is one driving force. The insulin like growth factor, as well as fibroblast growth factor, also are involved, so a hyperinsulinemic state with increased levels of some growth factors, with increased expression of GLUT proteins in syncytiotrophoblast, may promote excessive fetal growth. It could also be due to elevated levels of maternal free fatty acid which leads to its increased transfer to the fetus accelerating triglyceride synthesis and resulting in adiposity. Ref: Williams Obstetrics 22nd Edition, Page 59, 689 ; Textbook of Obstetrics By D. C Dutta, 6th Edition, Page 286-7 | C |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Physiology | The part of nephron "least permeable to water" is | [
"A)Proximal tubule",
"B)Descending Limb of loop of Henle",
"C)Ascending limb of loop of Henle",
"D)Collecting tubule"
] | null | C |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Anatomy | A 55-year-old man is admitted to the hospital for an iliofemoral bypass. The operation is performed successfully and the blood flow between the iliac and femoral arteries is restored. During rehabilitation which of the following arteries should be palpated to monitor good circulation of the lower limb? | [
"A)Anterior tibial",
"B)Deep fibular (peroneal)",
"C)Deep plantar",
"D)Dorsalis pedis"
] | The dorsalis pedis is the continuation of the anterior tibial artery into the foot, as it passes the distal end of the tibia and the ankle joint. The pulse of the dorsalis pedis can be felt between the tendon of the extensor hallucis longus and the tendon of the extensor digitorum longus to the second toe. A strong pulse is a positive indicator of circulation through the limb. The fibular (peroneal) artery is a branch of the posterior tibial artery and passes in the calf between the flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior, making it difficult to palpate. The deep plantar artery, the extension of the first dorsal interosseous or lateral plantar arteries, passes deep to the aponeurotic tissues and central muscles of the foot, making palpation unlikely. The dorsal metatarsal branches of the dorsalis pedis pass under cover of the extensor digitorum longus and brevis tendons. Palpable pulses of the first or other dorsal metatarsal arteries can therefore be difficult to detect. | D |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Pediatrics | The most common malignant neoplasm of infancy is: | [
"A)Malignant teratoma",
"B)Neuroblastoma",
"C)Wilms' tumor",
"D)Hepatoblastoma"
] | Neuroblastoma accounts for 7-10% of pediatric malignancies and is the most common solid neoplasm outside the CNS. Fifty percent of neuroblastomas are diagnosed before age 2 years and 90% before age 5 years. Ref: Kligman, Behrman, Jenson, Stanton (2008), Chapter 498, "Neuroblastoma", In the book, "Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics", Volume 2, 18th Edition, New Delhi, Page 2137 | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Chorionic villous sampling done before 10 weeks may result in: | [
"A)Fetal loss",
"B)Fetomaternal hemorrhage",
"C)Oromandibular limb defects",
"D)Sufficient material not obtained"
] | Ans. is c, i.e. Oromandibular limb defectsRef. Williams Obs. 21/e, p 990; 22/e, p 330, 23/e, p 300"Chorionic villous sampling is usually performed at 10-13 weeks and is associated with several complications but studies suggests that limb reduction and oromandibular limb hypo genesis is more common, if CVS is done before 9 weeks. So, CVS is done after 9 weeks because it is more safe." --Williams Obs. 21/e, p 990"The frequency of oromandibular limb hypogenesis, however was increased after CVS, when the procedure was performed before 9 weeks." --Williams Obs. 22/e, p 330"It was shown that limb reduction defects were associated with CVS performed earlier in gestation--typically around 7 weeks." --Williams 23/e, p 300 | C |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Medicine | Which one of the following is not associated with a high reticulocyte count ? | [
"A)Acute bleed",
"B)Haemolytic anaemia",
"C)Megaloblastic anaemia",
"D)Response to treatment in nutrition deficiency anaemia"
] | null | C |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Microbiology | Most immunogenic Typhoid antigen | [
"A)O antigen",
"B)H antigen",
"C)Vi antigen",
"D)Somatic antigen"
] | null | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Pharmacology | Erenumab was approved by FDA in 2018 for | [
"A)Phenylketonuria",
"B)Migraine",
"C)Hypeension",
"D)Glycogen storage disorders"
] | Erenumab belongs to a new class of drugs known as selective calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists, which are used for the treatment of acute migraine attacks. | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Physiology | Site of maximum bicarbonate absorption- | [
"A)Proximal convoluted tubule",
"B)Distal convoluted tubule",
"C)Cortical collecting duct",
"D)Medullary collecting duct"
] | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Proximal convoluted tubule o About 80-90 of filtered HCO3- is absorbed in PCT.o Absorption of HCO3- is indirect, which is due to secretion H+, i.e., secretion of H+ is coupled with absorption of HCO3o Filtered HCO3- reacts with H+ to form H2CO3 which then is dissociated into H2O and CO2.o CO2 diffuses into epithelial cell and generate HCO3- which is then reabsorbed. | A |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Radiology | Mediastinal lymph node calcification is seen in which one of the following ?a) Metastatic neoplasmb) Lymphomac) Sarcoidosisd) Bronchiectasis | [
"A)a",
"B)c",
"C)ac",
"D)bc"
] | null | D |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Forensic Medicine | Cephalic index is used for determination of? | [
"A)Sex",
"B)Race",
"C)Height",
"D)Stature"
] | Ans. (b) RaceRef: Parikh 6th ed. / 2.26, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Cephalic_index | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Anatomy | Cavernous sinus communicates with | [
"A)Superior petrosal sinus",
"B)Inferior petrosal sinus",
"C)Superior ophthalmic vein",
"D)Middle meningeal vein"
] | Draining channels or communications the cavernous sinus drains: 1.into the transverse sinus through the superior petrosal sinus. 2.into the internal jugular vein through the inferior petrosal sinus and through a plexus around the internal carotid aery. 3. into the pterygoid plexus of veins through the emissary veins passing through the foramen ovals, the foramen lacerum, and the emissary sphenoidal foramen 4. In to the facial vein through the superior ophthalmic vein. 5.the right and left cavernous sinuses communicate with each other through the anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses and through the basilar plexus of veins. Notes: all these communications are valveless and blood can flow through them in either direction Ref: BDC volume3;Sixth edition pg 195 | A |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Forensic Medicine | In civil negligence, onus of proof lies on: | [
"A)Judicial first degree magistrate",
"B)Police not below the level of sub inspector",
"C)Doctor",
"D)Patient"
] | D i.e. Patient In case of malpractice, punishment is given by civil or criminal couQ (depending on type of negligence). Generally, the innocence of doctor is assumed and in cases where negligence is alleged, the plantiff (complainant, patient) has to establish the guilt. The patient is expected to prove that the defendant (doctor) was negligent; there fore the onus (responsibility) of proof lies on patient. But when the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor (ie thing speaks for itself) is applied such as in case of surgery on wrong patient / side / organ etc, the doctor will have to prove that what has happened is not due to his negligenceQ. This means onus of proof lies on patient in negligence (all civil & most criminal case) except in cases where doctrine of res ipsa loquitor appliesQ. Therapeutic misadventure (mischance / disaster / accident) is death or injury of a patient due to some unintentional act by doctor /nurse /hospitalQ during treatment (therapeutic), diagnosis (diagnostic) or experimental study. It provides defence against neglince because a doctor can't be held responsible for injuries resulting from adverse reaction of drug. However, the doctor must warn patient about possible side effects (eg death during surgery or transfusion). And ignorance of the possibility of reaction to drug prescribed to patient amounts to negligence (ie it is not 100% = absolute defence). At times it is not possible to explain every thing to the patient (who may be scared of procedure). Under such circumstances doctor can reveal the details to any one of close relatives of patient. This is called doctrine of therapeutic privilege. Doctrine of emergency says that doctor can provide the treatment without taking prior consent from a patient who is gravely sick, (critically ill), unconscious, or not able to understand the suggestion, or when mentally ill (IPC section 92). In emergency situation involving children, when their parents are not available, a/t doctrine of locoparentis, consent can be obtained from accompanying person (eg teacher or relative). On ceain occasions, despite all proper care given by doctor during treatment, the patient might suffer severe injuries or permanent deformity. This is k/a medical maloccurance, inevitable act or Act of God. If doctor proves this before cou, it will be an absolute defence against malpractice. Free (charity) treatment of patient does not give doctor immunity (defence) against negligenceQ. Whereas judgemental (diagnostic) error, therapeutic misadventure, medical maloccurance, calculated risk doctrine, contributory negligence (on pa of patient), product liability, and res judicata (complain already tried once in cou) provide defenses to a doctor against charges of negligence. Law does not consider doctrine of contributory negligence & consent in charges of criminal negligence; whereas these provide defence in civil negligence. | D |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Anatomy | Which aery Supplies the deep cerebellar nuclei | [
"A)Anterior inferior cerebellar aery",
"B)Anterior spinal aery",
"C)Posterior cerebral aery",
"D)Superior cerebellar aery"
] | The superior cerebellar aery supplies the superior surface of the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei (dentate nucleus) | D |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Pediatrics | Straining and dribbling of urine in a male infant with recurrent urinary infection should lead to the suspicion of : | [
"A)Vesico – ureteric reflux",
"B)Posterior urethral valve",
"C)Pelvic ureteric junction obstruction",
"D)Phimosis"
] | The informations provided in this question are :
Straining —> Sign of obstruction
Driblling —> Sign of obstruction and incomplete bladder emptying.
UTI May be due to urinary obstruction.
All these suggest the diagnosis of obstructive uropathy, and posterior urethral valve is most common cause of obstructive uropathy. | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Biochemistry | Which protein is abundant in our body: | [
"A)Collagen",
"B)Albumin",
"C)Myoglobin",
"D)Hemoglobin"
] | Ans. (a) CollagenRef: Harrisons, 19th ed. pg. 2504* Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body.* Harrisons states: "The first genes cloned for connective tissues were the two genes coding for type I collagen, the most abundant protein in bones, skin, tendons, and several other tissues. | A |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Surgery | Myoglobinuria is seen in which type of burns: | [
"A)Contact burn",
"B)Electric burn",
"C)Scald",
"D)Flame burn"
] | Electrical burns may cause extensive muscle necrosis and consequent myoglobinuria and hemoglobinuria, both of which may lead to renal insufficiency. | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Skin | Sign of the groove is seen in: | [
"A)Lymphogranuloma venereum",
"B)Granuloma inguinale",
"C)Syphilis",
"D)Chancroid"
] | LGV is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1, L2 and L3 and occurs in three stages. In the secondary stage or inguinal stage, enlargement of the femoral and inguinal lymph nodes separated by the inguinal ligament produces the 'sign of the groove'/sign of Greenblatt. NOTE: Ramrod /saxophone penis in males and Esthiomene in females occurs in the third stage of LGV. Ref: Sexually Transmitted infections, Bhushan Kumar, 2nd edition, pg 510-511. | A |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-ENT | Cholesteatoma is seen in: | [
"A)ASOM",
"B)CSOM",
"C)Secretory Otitis media",
"D)Otosclerosis"
] | (b) CSOM(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 2141)Cholesteatoma formation is characteristic of unsafe CSOM.The other mentioned options are not associated with cholesteatoma. | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Microbiology | Which of the following is a nonculturalable fungus- | [
"A)Rhinosporidium",
"B)Candida",
"C)Sporothrix",
"D)Penicillium"
] | null | A |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Biochemistry | Enzyme replacement therapy is used for- | [
"A)Gaucher's disease",
"B)Krabbe's disease",
"C)Metachromatic leukodystrophy",
"D)Tay Sach's disease"
] | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Gaucher's disease * Alglucerase (ceredase) is used in the treatment of Gaucher's disease.* Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is also available for Fabry's disease, Type I, Type II and Type VI Mucoploysaccharidosis, Pompe's disease and ADA deficiency | A |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Pathology | Pseudopolyposis is seen in - | [
"A)Crohn's disease",
"B)Ulcerative colitis",
"C)Juvenile polyposis",
"D)Enteric fever"
] | null | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Medicine | Organism that causes emphysematous cholecystitis is: | [
"A)Salmonella typhi",
"B)Cytomegalovirus",
"C)Clostridium perfringens",
"D)Bacteroides"
] | Ref: Harrison's 18th editionExplanation:Emphysematous CholecystitisIt is thought to begin with acute cholecystitis (calculous or acalculous) followed by ischemia or gangrene of the gallbladder wall and infection by gas-producing organisms.Bacteria most frequently cultured in this setting includeAnaerobes, such as C. welchii or C. perfringensAerobes, such as E. coli.This condition occurs most frequently in elderly men and in patients with diabetes mellitus.The clinical manifestations are essentially indistinguishable from those of nongaseous cholecystitis.The diagnosis is usually made on plain abdominal film by finding gas within the gallbladder lumen, dissecting within the gallbladder w all to form a gaseous ring, or in the pericholecvstic tissues.The morbidity and mortality rates with emphysematous cholecystitis are considerable.Prompt surgical intervention coupled with appropriate antibiotics is mandatory. | C |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Surgery | Which of the following conditions may necessitate
emergency tracheostomy to prevent suffocation | [
"A)Cellulitis",
"B)Ludwig's angina",
"C)Cavernous sinus thrombosis",
"D)Maxillary sinusitis"
] | null | B |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Surgery | Most common site for extra mammary Paget&;s disease is | [
"A)Vulva",
"B)Vagina",
"C)Penis",
"D)Anus"
] | .It is superficial manifestation of an intraductal carcinoma. The malignancy spreads within the duct up to the skin of the nipple and down into the substance of the breast. It mimics eczema of nipple and areola.most commonly extra mammary manifestations of paget&;s disease is seen in the vulva. * Paget's disease of penis (Erythroplasia of Querat is persistent rawness of glans penis). ref:SRB&;s manual of surgery,ed 3,pg no 1009,473 | A |
openlifescienceai/medmcqa | Medicine-Pathology | Histopathological finding of gluten hypersensitivity is? | [
"A)Crypt hyperplasia",
"B)Increase in thickness of the mucosa",
"C)Distal intestine involvement",
"D)Villous hypertrophy"
] | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Crypt hyperplasia Histopathological findings of gluten sensitivity enteropathy* Villous atrophy and Crypt hyperplasia with decrease in villus: crypt ratio.* Loss of microvilli brush border.* Inflammatory cells are present in lamina propria : plasma cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils and mast cells.* One of the characteristic feature is that overall mucosal thickness remains same (as villous atrophy is compensated by crypt hyperplasia).* Mainly proximal intestine is involved. | A |
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