Datasets:

araag2
/

PubMedQA

id stringlengths 6 8	prompt listlengths 1 1	completion listlengths 1 1	Label stringclasses 2 values
25429730	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. ...	Yes
25433161	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Neuronal signals via the hepatic vagus nerve contribute to the development of steatohepatitis and protection against obesity in HFD fed Pemt(-/-) mice.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25445714	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: PsA significantly inhibited MCF-7/adr cells proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, with accumulation of cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle. PsA significantly decreased SIRT1 enzyme activity and reduced expression of SIRT1 protein in the cultur...	Yes
25431941	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: We identified a novel biologically plausible candidate (FGFR2) for with BWC that merits further study.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25432519	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Breast cancer immune cell subpopulation profiles, determined by immunohistochemistry-based computerized analysis, identify groups of patients characterized by high response (in the pre-treatment setting) and poor prognosis (in the post-treatment setting). Fu...	Yes
25440440	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Control subjects were not validated for absence of HS and comorbidity validation was not performed for either group.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25444977	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: In men from the Mediterranean region, values of TT>9.7 nmol/L, CFT>0.22 nmol/L, and/or CBT>4.9 nmol/L make the presence of biochemical hypogonadism unlikely. According to the correlation between serum and ST, the clinical value of ST remains to be establishe...	Yes
25429648	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: sPLA2 are secreted from ciliated cells and appear to induce mucin and cysLT secretion from goblet cells, strongly suggesting that airway goblet cells are proinflammatory effector cells.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25424148	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: In patients with STEMI who undergo FT, admission hyperglycemia is an independent predictor of the failure of fibrinolysis.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25447560	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals do not routinely include searches of clinical trials registries. By helping authors identify unpublished trial data, the addition of registry searches may improve the validity of systematic reviews....	No
25447567	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Our results suggest that obese patients who receive a BLT may be at higher risk of 90-day mortality compared with patients of normal weight. Further study is needed to obtain more detailed information about comorbidities and other risk factors for early deat...	Yes
25445624	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Our results provide direct evidence for NCAM1 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, which offers support to a neurodevelopmental model and neuronal connectivity hypothesis in the onset of schizophrenia.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25445628	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: There are increased levels of nitric oxide in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nitric oxide correlates significantly with disease activity, inflammatory markers and radiological joint status.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25432781	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Our results suggest that the activated Syk-mediated TRAF6 pathway leads to aberrant activation of B cells in SLE, and also highlight Syk as a potential target for B-cell-mediated processes in SLE.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25429481	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Women and patients 18 to 34 years of age had erupted 3M extracted more frequently, primarily for prosthetic reasons. The age profile indicated a trend in demand for services that differ from those of overall tooth extractions, but not for the trend across ge...	Yes
25424372	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: The KPro's wide depth-of-focus makes the visual acuity less dependent on an exact refractive correction at distance and explains the 'pseudoaccomodation' experienced by these patients. This is primarily due to the small pupil diameter of the KPro. The curren...	Yes
25449410	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Increasing portion size led to a larger bite size and faster eating rate, but a slower reduction in eating speed during the meal. These changes may underlie greater energy intakes with exposure to large portions. Interventions to reduce bite size and slow ea...	Yes
25448648	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Because of the financial costs and established risks of intravenous contrast and cumulative radiation exposure, it may be advisable to take a more selective approach to preoperative imaging. Larger, prospective studies may enable identification of an at-risk...	Yes
25445712	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Glucose stimulates PP secretion and PP inhibits glucagon release in mouse pancreatic islets. PP receptors are present in alpha-cells of mouse and human pancreatic islets.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25449344	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Regarding DNACPR decision-making, the predominant theme was perceived lack of patient involvement, and, more recently, lack of surrogate involvement. Negative language was common, especially when decisions were presumed unilateral. Increased dialogue, and sh...	No
25440267	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: A longer interval between completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery was associated with higher pathologic complete response rates without an impact on surgical morbidity.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25440261	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Our preliminary results suggest that accurate localization of the epileptogenic focus may be accomplished using noninvasive spontaneous \"resting-state\" recordings of relatively brief duration and without the need to capture definite interictal and/or ictal...	Yes
25432826	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: H pylori treatment significantly improves sperm motility in infertile asthenozoospermic men with elevated seminal H pylori IgA.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25447994	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Our findings demonstrate that the ciliary gate can migrate away from the base of the cilium, thereby functioning independently of the centriole and of a static interaction with the axoneme to compartmentalize the site of axoneme assembly.\n\nAnswer: Yes\...	Yes
25453030	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: This study extends the knowledge about the driving forces of using public transportation for commuting by examining the individual public transportation accessibility. Findings suggest that transportation accessibility supports active commuting and planning ...	Yes
25444989	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Congenital penile pathology (hypospadias, buried penis) is associated with structural anomalies in dartos tissue. Further research is needed to unveil the pathophysiology of the condition.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25444981	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: ΔNp63 expression is a favorable prognostic factor in clinically high grade T1 bladder cancer. This marker identifies patients at low risk for progression who could benefit from conservative therapy with transurethral bladder tumor resection and bacillus Calm...	Yes
25436308	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: High levels of PCT after pLTx are an early indicator of poor postoperative outcome and may reflect ischemia induced liver cell injury within the context of an ischemia- reperfusion injury.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25436304	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: L-FABP was downregulated in HCC and could be served as a promising prognostic marker for HCC patients.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25446283	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Eph-B4 is present and functional in adult human saphenous veins, with intact downstream signaling pathways capable of NO release and prevention of neointimal hyperplasia in vitro. Adventitial delivery of ephrin-B2/Fc activates endothelial Eph-B4 in saphenous...	Yes
25438665	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Serum vitamin D levels within 24 h after admission are found to be associated with PSD and may predict its development at 1 month post-stroke.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25447851	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: We identified 2 loci associated with risk of BE and provided data to support a further locus. The genes we found to be associated with risk for BE encode transcription factors involved in thoracic, diaphragmatic, and esophageal development or proteins involv...	Yes
25435286	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: DXS exhibited antidepressant-like effects on rats exposed to CUMS. DXS reduced IDO activity to shift the balance of the Kyn/5-HT pathway toward the 5-HT pathway.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25429340	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Basal cell markers can help to distinguish prostate adenocarcinoma from cancer mimickers.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25451441	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Lack of baseline diagnostic interviews; sleep quality based on self-report.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25434319	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: These results suggest that variation in PLCE1 may be associated with GC risk in Kashmir Valley.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25448803	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: High TGFBI expression in ESCC tissues could be a powerful biomarker of poor prognosis and hematogenous recurrence. TGFBI in stromal cells might be a promising molecular target for ESCC treatment.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25437817	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: There is marked overlap of certain immune markers in patients with pouch dysfunction, especially those with CARP. Microsomal antibody expression and elevated IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration were independent risk factors for CARP.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n"...	Yes
25439493	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: The discordance of these phenotypes suggests that there are other undiscovered environmental, genetic, or epigenetic factors influencing the development of alternating hemiplegia of childhood or rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25450181	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: These quantitative kinetic and metabolic analyses pointed out to TXN as a convenient drug target due to its low catalytic efficiency, high control on the flux of peroxide detoxification and role as provider of reducing equivalents to the two main peroxidases...	Yes
25450186	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Flt1-tyrosine kinase (TK) activity contributed significantly in endothelial cells survival and vascular development during embryo angiogenesis in zebrafish by engaging PI3K/Akt pathway.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25449231	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Immunization with CL097-conjugated HBV-Ag reversed immune tolerance in HBV-Tg mice and induced antigen-specific immune responses. TLR7/8 agonists appear to be potent adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific Th1 responses in an immune tolerant state.\n...	Yes
25427958	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Lobar microbleeds, a marker of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, are associated with an accelerated rate of executive function decline. The presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy may be an important source of cognitive decline in aging. Future work should examin...	Yes
25427957	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Previous quit attempts and professional activity were positive predictors of smoking abstinence, with alcohol use disorder a negative predictor. PA was not found to be a significant predictor of smoking relapse, with only a positive interaction term seen for...	No
25452165	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Many patients admitted with HF are CARBOSE. Shortness of breath at rest may be more alarming, but those who are CARBOSE have a worse prognosis, perhaps reflecting more severe right heart dysfunction. Clinical trials of hospitalized HF may inappropriately exc...	No
25437683	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Several strategies have been proposed for the successful management post-gastrectomy duodenal stump disruption however; its treatment planning is absolutely determined by the presence or not of generalized peritonitis and hemodynamic instability with hostile...	Yes
25428761	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: The results of our study do not support the early measurement of Lp-PLA2 mass or activity levels for confirming an ischemic etiology in patients experiencing minor or transient focal neurological events.\n\nAnswer: No\n" } ]	No
25442456	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Plasma OPG values could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25440857	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: This is a safe, reliable, easy to construct and use model that has the ability to produce a regular and uniform reproducible burn due to precise temperature control associated with standardized animal positioning.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25452597	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: This is the first large-scale genetic association study of circulating NT-proANP levels performed with replication and functional assessment that identified genetic variants in the MTHFR-CLCN6-NPPA-NPPB cluster to be significantly associated with NT-proANP l...	Yes
25452595	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: We have not demonstrated cross-transmission of M. abscessus within our hospital, except between 1 sibling pair. Alternative routes of acquisition of M. abscessus infection, in particular the environment, require further investigation.\n\nAnswer: No\n" ...	No
25452591	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: High vaginal loads of A. vaginae and G. vaginalis are associated with late miscarriage and prematurity in high-risk pregnancies. A high vaginal load of A. vaginae (DNA level ≥10(8) copies/mL) identifies a population at high risk of preterm birth. Further stu...	Yes
25429803	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Our results showed that expression of CD30 was not related to response to treatment but was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and PFS in ENKTL, nasal type, which suggests a role for CD30 in the pathogenesis of this disease and may support the inco...	Yes
25429809	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: CPFA, which combines hemoabsorption and hemofiltration, can facilitate the treatment of burn sepsis by decreasing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines efficiently, alleviating systemic inflammatory response, and improving the immune status.\n\nAnswer:...	Yes
25424667	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Altitude of residence is related to a decrease in perinatal variables that proved to be less pronounced in newborns of mothers with a higher degree of Aymara ancestry. RESULTS suggest a genetic adaptation to hypoxia that could be related to candidate genes l...	Yes
25424481	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: 25(OH)D is inversely associated with lacunes, white matter hyperintensity, and deep CMB. Our findings suggest that 25(OH)D is linked to small vessel disease, and in future trials it should be tested whether 25(OH)D supplementation can prevent small vessel di...	Yes
25436124	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: These findings indicate that CD133 is a valid marker for identifying cancer stem cells from fresh surgically resected colorectal cancer tissues. Furthermore, we successfully established a living tumor tissue bank using surgically resected colorectal tissues ...	Yes
25446758	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: These results show an association between post-TBI escalation of alcohol drinking and marked localized neuroinflammation at the site of injury. Moreover, these results highlight the relevance of baseline alcohol preference in determining post-TBI alcohol dri...	Yes
25439841	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Our data indicate that the maternal nutritional environment programs the reproductive potential of the offspring through alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The premature reproductive senescence in LBW offspring could be secondary to the d...	Yes
25439845	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: These results demonstrate that G-CSF protects spermatogenesis from gonadotoxic insult (busulfan) in rodents, and this may occur via direct action on CSF3R+ undifferentiated spermatogonia. G-CSF treatment might be an effective adjuvant therapy to preserve mal...	Yes
25450204	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Due to its potency, SSb2 may be of value for development as an antagonist of HCV entry and could be explored as prophylactic treatment during the course of liver transplantation.\n\nAnswer: Yes\n" } ]	Yes
25450205	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Increased serum autotaxin activity represents a highly sensitive, specific and robust diagnostic marker of ICP, distinguishing ICP from other pruritic disorders of pregnancy and pregnancy-related liver diseases. Pregnancy and oral contraception increase seru...	Yes
25448329	[ { "role": "user", "content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context a...	[ { "role": "assistant", "content": "Reasoning: Currently in the United States, there are no standard policies or requirements that dictate how research should be incorporated in orthopaedic surgery residency training programs. The results of our study suggest that implementation of a dedicated resident r...	Yes

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PubMedQA - A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answering

Dataset Description

	Links
Homepage:	Github.io
Repository:	Github
Paper:	arXiv
Leaderboard:	PapersWithCode
Contact (Original Authors):	Qiao Jin (qiaojin.andy@gmail.com)
Contact (Curator):	Artur Guimarães (artur.guimas@gmail.com)

Dataset Summary

The task of PubMedQA is to answer research questions with yes/no/maybe (e.g.: Do preoperative statins reduce atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting?) using the corresponding abstracts.

Data Instances

Source Format

{
        "id": "21645374",
        "QUESTION": ""Do mitochondria play a role in remodelling lace plant leaves during programmed cell death?",
        "CONTEXTS" : ["Programmed cell death (PCD) is the regulated death of cells within an organism. The lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis) produces perforations in its leaves through PCD. The leaves of the plant consist of a latticework of longitudinal and transverse veins enclosing areoles. PCD occurs in the cells at the center of these areoles and progresses outwards, stopping approximately five cells from the vasculature. The role of mitochondria during PCD has been recognized in animals; however, it has been less studied during PCD in plants.", "The following paper elucidates the role of mitochondrial dynamics during developmentally regulated PCD in vivo in A. madagascariensis. A single areole within a window stage leaf (PCD is occurring) was divided into three areas based on the progression of PCD; cells that will not undergo PCD (NPCD), cells in early stages of PCD (EPCD), and cells in late stages of PCD (LPCD). Window stage leaves were stained with the mitochondrial dye MitoTracker Red CMXRos and examined. Mitochondrial dynamics were delineated into four categories (M1-M4) based on characteristics including distribution, motility, and membrane potential (\u0394\u03a8m). A TUNEL assay showed fragmented nDNA in a gradient over these mitochondrial stages. Chloroplasts and transvacuolar strands were also examined using live cell imaging. The possible importance of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) formation during PCD was indirectly examined via in vivo cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment. This treatment resulted in lace plant leaves with a significantly lower number of perforations compared to controls, and that displayed mitochondrial dynamics similar to that of non-PCD cells."],
        "LABELS": ["BACKGROUND", "RESULTS"],
        "statement_pol": ,
        "MESHES": ["Alismataceae", "Apoptosis", "Cell Differentiation", "Mitochondria", "Plant Leaves"],
        "final_decision": "yes",
        "LONG_ANSWER": "Results depicted mitochondrial dynamics in vivo as PCD progresses within the lace plant, and highlight the correlation of this organelle with other organelles during developmental PCD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mitochondria and chloroplasts moving on transvacuolar strands to form a ring structure surrounding the nucleus during developmental PCD. Also, for the first time, we have shown the feasibility for the use of CsA in a whole plant system. Overall, our findings implicate the mitochondria as playing a critical and early role in developmentally regulated PCD in the lace plant."
}

Data Fields

Source Format

TO:DO

Data Splits

TO:DO

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

Original Paper

Qiao Jin (qiao.jin@pitt.edu) - University of Pittsburgh
Bhuwan Dhingra (bdhingra@cs.cmu.edu) - Carnegie Mellon University
Zhengping Liu (zliu@pitt.edu) - University of Pittsburgh
William W. Cohen (wcohen@google.com) - Google AI
Xinghua Lu (xinghua@pitt.edu) - University of Pittsburgh

Huggingface Curator

Artur Guimarães (artur.guimas@gmail.com) - INESC-ID / University of Lisbon - Instituto Superior Técnico

Licensing Information

CC BY-SA 4.0

Citation Information

  @inproceedings{jin2019pubmedqa,
    title={PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answering},
    author={Jin, Qiao and Dhingra, Bhuwan and Liu, Zhengping and Cohen, William and Lu, Xinghua},
    booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)},
    pages={2567--2577},
    year={2019}
  }

10.48550/arXiv.1909.06146