ardauzunoglu/perturbated_arc_challenge · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 8 22	question stringlengths 15 991	choices sequence	answerKey stringclasses 8 values
Mercury_7175875	What would be the probable outcome of the planet's increased rotation speed following a meteorite impact?	{ "text": [ "Planetary density will decrease.", "Planetary years will become longer.", "Planetary days will become shorter.", "Planetary gravity will become stronger." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_409171	What will be the outcome of testing various building designs for earthquake resilience?	{ "text": [ "buildings will be built faster", "buildings will be made safer", "building designs will look nicer", "building materials will be cheaper" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_SC_408547	The outcome of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygen production. What initiates the photosynthesis process?	{ "text": [ "Chemical energy is absorbed through the roots.", "Light energy is converted to chemical energy.", "Chlorophyll in the leaf captures light energy.", "Sunlight is converted into chlorophyll." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_407327	What variable is the physicist manipulating by altering the car's speed?	{ "text": [ "the control", "the hypothesis statement", "the dependent (responding) variable", "the independent (manipulated) variable" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
MCAS_2006_9_44	What is the state of the 1.0 kg and 5.0 kg objects after falling 1.0 m on the Moon?	{ "text": [ "They have each lost kinetic energy.", "They have each gained the same amount of potential energy.", "They have each lost the same amount of potential energy.", "They have each gained one-half of their maximum kinetic energy." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_7270393	What is the nature of DFTD, a disease afflicting Tasmanian devils through parasitic bites that induce fatal tumors?	{ "text": [ "a non-infectious, cell-cycle disease", "an infectious, cell-cycle disease", "a non-infectious, chronic disease", "an infectious, chronic disease" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
MCAS_2014_5_7	What is the most probable explanation for a small mammal from western US mountain regions storing seeds and grasses within rock piles during summer?	{ "text": [ "to repare for migration before winter", "to provide warmth during the cold winter months", "to store food that will be eaten over the winter months", "to protect the grasses and seeds from decay before winter" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7086660	Petrified palm trees are found in sedimentary rock near glaciers. What does the presence of these petrified palm trees most likely indicate?	{ "text": [ "There was once more water in the area.", "The area was once grassland.", "The climate in the area was once tropical.", "There are active faults in the area." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7168805	Wyoming farmers were worried about hawks preying on their chickens near their ranches. They banded together to hunt the hawks until they left the area. What would likely be the next outcome?	{ "text": [ "The chicken population would go down.", "Populations of mice and rats would increase.", "Another bird of prey would replace the hawk.", "The chickens would have a lower rate of disease." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
MCAS_2003_8_11	What is the smallest amount of copper that retains its properties?	{ "text": [ "the atom", "the electron", "the nucleus", "the proton" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_7250058	What characteristic is typically used to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?	{ "text": [ "life processes", "size differences", "plasma membranes", "energy molecules" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_7012740	What is the impact of the Sun on the oceans?	{ "text": [ "The Sun influences the formation of waves.", "The Sun creates water particles.", "The Sun's rays cause organisms to come to the surface.", "The Sun provides minerals." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_LBS10610	What temperature is most likely in the city by 2:00 p.m. on a sunny, mild day, given a morning temperature of 41°F?	{ "text": [ "32° F", "41° F", "78° F", "98° F" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_407400	What initial step should the class take in their light bulb investigation?	{ "text": [ "Repeat the investigation.", "Write a report of the results.", "Make a table for recording data.", "Make daily observations of the light bulbs." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7212993	What is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the Earth's lower atmosphere?	{ "text": [ "ozone", "methane", "water vapor", "carbon dioxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_413240	What temperature does water freeze at?	{ "text": [ "0 degrees Celsius", "32 degrees Celsius", "100 degrees Celsius", "212 degrees Celsius" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_7186358	What is the most effective way for a scientist to present dinosaur research today?	{ "text": [ "exclude research on teeth or bones", "predict what the next discovery will be", "analyze new data as it becomes available", "delete earlier reports that were missing the new findings" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7166425	What best describes the direction of heat transfer in Molly's iced tea?	{ "text": [ "from the ice to the tea", "from the tea to the ice", "from the pitcher to the tea", "from the ice to the pitcher" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
MDSA_2007_8_3	Logging companies harvest trees in a forest and transport them to distant lumber mills. The mills produce boards for construction purposes. However, some logging companies fail to replant tree seedlings after harvesting. This lack of reforestation may impact future generations who will require lumber because	{ "text": [ "the price of boards will increase", "the price of boards will decrease", "there will be more boards available", "there will be more trees for logging" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_7094290	Historically, it was believed that living organisms could originate from non-living matter. For instance, people thought that rotting meat could give rise to flies. This notion was later disproven mainly due to	{ "text": [ "the discovery of the atom.", "better surgical techniques.", "continued experimentation.", "the invention of the microscope." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7186568	Cells consume food for energy. The cell component that facilitates food digestion is the lysosome. What is the primary function of lysosomes in the digestion process?	{ "text": [ "building proteins", "breaking down wastes", "controlling the activities of the cell", "converting energy from one form into another" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_402216	What is the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when an electric current is passed through water (H_{2}O) to produce hydrogen (H_{2}) and oxygen (O_{2}) gases?	{ "text": [ "H_{2}O -> H + O + H", "2H_{2}O(l) -> 2H_{2}(g) + O_{2}(g)", "H:O:H -> H_{2}O", "H_{2}O(l) -> 2H(g) + O(g)" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_404894	What is a fact about penguins?	{ "text": [ "Penguins can live in climates with freezing temperatures.", "Penguins are fierce competitors.", "Penguins are some of the most beautiful birds.", "Penguins make great pets." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
MCAS_2002_8_11	A glass of water at 110°F is placed in a room next to a glass of water that is 50°F. The temperature of the room is 73°F at all times. If the two glasses were left in the room overnight, the temperature for both glasses of water the next day would be approximately	{ "text": [ "43°F.", "50°F.", "73°F.", "90°F." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_405086	Precipitation comes in the forms of snow, rain, hail, and fog.	{ "text": [ "gas.", "water.", "wind.", "clouds." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_SC_408324	What change probably occurred to the juice after a day in the freezer?	{ "text": [ "It condensed.", "It evaporated.", "It became a gas.", "It became a solid." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_7218820	What would be the most accurate description of the August 21 warning in terms of weather and climate for the Las Vegas area?	{ "text": [ "It is a constant climate feature throughout the year.", "It is a seasonal weather feature with irregular occurrences.", "It is a continuous weather feature during the season in which it occurs.", "It is a rare event inconsistent with local climate and weather." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_412202	Here is a paraphrased version of the text, preserving the original structure and semantics: During a classroom experiment, students heated three objects to varying temperatures, each emitting a distinct color. Object 1: blue light Object 2: red light Object 3: orange light What is the correct order of the objects from highest to lowest temperature?	{ "text": [ "Object 1, Object 2, Object 3", "Object 1, Object 3, Object 2", "Object 2, Object 1, Object 3", "Object 2, Object 3, Object 1" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_SC_409139	Microscopic organisms known as plankton inhabit the world's oceans. Certain plankton possess the ability to harness sunlight and convert it into sustenance. What role do plankton play in supporting the marine ecosystem?	{ "text": [ "Plankton are colorful.", "Plankton clean the water.", "Plankton release oxygen.", "Plankton reproduce quickly." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_400687	What is the primary reason for a tree branch's ability to float on water?	{ "text": [ "Wood is porous.", "Wood is buoyant.", "Wood is light.", "Wood is magnetic." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_7171605	What can the students most likely infer just from the fossils found in different rock layers?	{ "text": [ "how each organism died", "the exact age of the fossils", "when the fossils were discovered", "the type of environment in which the organisms lived" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_7210245	What property of water is most crucial for life on Earth, given the planet's distance from the Sun?	{ "text": [ "its ability to freeze", "its specific heat capacity", "its ability to exist as a liquid", "its high surface tension" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
AKDE&ED_2008_4_25	What is a characteristic of a specific type of matter?	{ "text": [ "Air is a mixture of gases.", "Ice is a mixture of gases.", "Air is a liquid.", "Ice is a liquid." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
AKDE&ED_2008_4_19	What is a beneficial outcome of a scientific discovery?	{ "text": [ "It makes some people upset.", "It takes a long time to be useful.", "It helps explain how things work.", "It causes work to be more difficult." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_400402	What is the most frequent natural occurrence?	{ "text": [ "sunrise", "equinox", "full moon", "solar eclipse" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_7234308	What evidence would prompt the scientist to reconsider their conclusion that the region is a transform plate boundary?	{ "text": [ "Volcanism also characterizes the region.", "Earthquake centers in the region occur at shallow depths.", "The region shows extensive faulting of sediments.", "Equal crust densities are found on opposite sides of the region." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
ACTAAP_2014_5_8	What would be the most accurate comparison of the sun to another star of a different size if they were side by side?	{ "text": [ "The sun would be enormous next to an average star.", "The sun would be tiny next to one of the largest stars.", "The sun would be extremely bright next to an average star.", "The sun would be very dim next to one of the smallest stars." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_400407	What is a true fact about our solar system?	{ "text": [ "The gas planets are closer to the Sun.", "The solid planets are closer to the Sun.", "The planets are arranged in order of increasing size.", "The solid planets are much larger than the gas planets." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_7116288	What role do photosynthetic cells play in a plant?	{ "text": [ "to change oxygen into carbon dioxide", "to break down sugar into usable chemicals", "to convert energy from sunlight into food energy", "to allow the passage of carbon dioxide into the plant" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
MCAS_2004_9_15-v1	What is the main distinction between hydraulic and pneumatic systems?	{ "text": [ "Hydraulic systems are under pressure and pneumatic systems are not.", "Hydraulic systems involve liquids and pneumatic systems involve gases.", "Hydraulic systems are open systems and pneumatic systems are closed systems.", "Hydraulic systems involve fluids in motion and pneumatic systems involve fluids at rest." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
NYSEDREGENTS_2015_4_26	During the spring and early summer months, bears frequently rub against trees to shed their winter coats, illustrating a form of animal	{ "text": [ "completing its life cycle", "beginning hibernation", "responding to its environment", "preparing for migration" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_401620	What happens once daily?	{ "text": [ "The Moon rises.", "The new Moon occurs.", "The Moon cycles through its phases.", "The Moon passes in front of the Sun." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_400877	What is the mass of a carbon atom with 6 protons, 7 neutrons, and 6 electrons?	{ "text": [ "6", "7", "13", "19" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7174213	What factor has the greatest impact on the speed of sound as it passes through various materials?	{ "text": [ "the frequency of the wave", "the wavelength of the wave", "the source that created the sound", "the distance between molecules in the medium" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
NYSEDREGENTS_2008_8_34	What best describes the energy transformation a child experiences while sledding down a steep, snow-covered hill?	{ "text": [ "Kinetic energy decreases and potential energy increases.", "Kinetic energy increases and potential energy decreases.", "Both potential energy and kinetic energy decrease.", "Both potential energy and kinetic energy increase." ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	2
Mercury_7212398	Using what method can you effectively separate salt from water	{ "text": [ "oil.", "heat.", "a magnet.", "rubbing alcohol." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_SC_401290	What tool is most effective for mapping the topography of the United States?	{ "text": [ "radar", "compass", "satellite", "radio" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_402120	What tool is most suitable for measuring the time it takes for a cup of water to boil?	{ "text": [ "balance", "hot plate", "stopwatch", "thermometer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_184975	What factor do scientists exclude when assessing the closeness of the relationship between organisms?	{ "text": [ "embryonic structures.", "homologous structures.", "analogous structures.", "vestigial structures." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_400578	What is an example of learned behavior?	{ "text": [ "A tiger hunts a deer.", "A mouse runs from a coyote.", "A salmon migrates up a river.", "A woodpecker taps a tree for insects." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
MCAS_2001_8_4	What is the total mass of the water and oxygen produced when 20 g of liquid hydrogen peroxide is completely decomposed into liquid water and oxygen gas?	{ "text": [ "more than 20 g because of the addition of heat", "more than 20 g because there are now two substances", "less than 20 g because oxygen gas is very light", "20 g because no matter is added or removed" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
MCAS_2003_5_33	How can we demonstrate that air occupies space, despite being invisible and colorless?	{ "text": [ "observe clouds forming", "measure the air temperature", "blow up a beach ball or balloon", "weigh a glass before and after it is filled with water" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7068513	What geologic process is most responsible for the creation of the Mount St. Helens Volcano?	{ "text": [ "converging boundaries", "diverging boundaries", "transform faults", "rift zones" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
AKDE&ED_2008_4_26	What example illustrates an interaction between an organism and an inanimate object?	{ "text": [ "An insect is food for a salmon.", "Water carries a rock downstream.", "A tree removes a gas from the air.", "A flower makes food for a butterfly." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7235638	What events produce the distinctive, surface-cracking patterns that contribute to evidence of a liquid ocean beneath Europa's icy surface, as shown by images from the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft?	{ "text": [ "volcanic eruptions", "tectonic movements", "asteroid impacts", "solar flares" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
MDSA_2009_5_20	Here is a paraphrased version of the given text: The Earth's natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or nonrenewable. The classification of a resource as renewable or nonrenewable is determined by its replacement rate. If the rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replacement, the resource will eventually deplete. What activity exemplifies the utilization of a non-replenishable natural resource?	{ "text": [ "A group of people swims in a river.", "A construction crew builds an iron bridge.", "A farmer grows vegetables to sell at a local market.", "A person bakes a cake with electricity produced by a hydroelectric power plant." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_178325	Researchers examined largemouth bass in various locations. They documented the size, number, and weight of fish in each group. What would be the most effective method for documenting these findings?	{ "text": [ "a map", "a diagram", "a chart", "a graph" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7212678	What was the purpose of the device made by moving a bar magnet in a copper coil connected to a lightbulb?	{ "text": [ "to generate an electric current", "to increase the strength of the magnet", "to heat the copper wire", "to transfer protons to the lightbulb" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
TAKS_2009_8_32	What trait is most shaped by environmental factors?	{ "text": [ "Body weight", "Eye color", "Blood type", "Color blindness" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_412681	What action would most significantly increase the gravitational force between two masses, m_{1} and m_{2}?	{ "text": [ "Halve the mass of m_{1} and halve the distance between m_{1} and m_{2}.", "Halve the mass of m_{1} and double the distance between m_{1} and m_{2}.", "Double the mass of m_{1} and halve the distance between m_{1} and m_{2}.", "Double the mass of m_{1} and double the distance between m_{1} and m_{2}." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_400440	What are the products of the reaction between HCl and NaOH?	{ "text": [ "Na + Cl_{2}", "NaCL + OH", "NaOH + Cl", "NaCl + H_{2}O" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_SC_416529	What causes the majority of forest tree leaves to be located at the top of the tree?	{ "text": [ "to scatter seeds", "to capture sunlight", "to shade the trunk", "to collect water" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
MCAS_2006_8_1	Which human body system is most closely associated with the terms gas exchange, diaphragm, and inhale?	{ "text": [ "circulatory", "digestive", "excretory", "respiratory" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
TIMSS_2003_8_pg80	What organ in fish serves the same purpose as the human lung?	{ "text": [ "kidney", "heart", "gill", "skin" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_416645	What similarities in movement patterns might Dominic observe between the volvox colony and the paramecium?	{ "text": [ "They both move at the same rate.", "They both move away from light.", "They both move in the same direction.", "They both move toward an energy source." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_406777	What is the reason for the greater genetic diversity in sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?	{ "text": [ "Traits from two parents are combined.", "More organisms reproduce this way.", "Offspring grow in different environments.", "Offspring come from identical parents." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_LBS11018	What is the hardness of substance W, given that it is scratched by Z, which is itself scratched by Y, which in turn is scratched by X?	{ "text": [ "W is the softest of the four substances tested.", "W is the hardest of the four substances tested.", "W can scratch Y.", "W can scratch X." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_7139878	Researchers have investigated crop yields in mountain valleys. In some regions, the valleys are more productive than others. What factor's increase is most likely responsible for the high productivity of certain areas in mountain valleys?	{ "text": [ "leaching of soils", "evaporation rates", "runoff from rains", "amounts of sunlight" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_417147	What is the source of salt in ocean water that is NOT from the following	{ "text": [ "eroding land.", "melting glacial ice.", "volcanic emissions.", "reactions on the sea floor." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_7016765	What triggers the formation of rainstorms?	{ "text": [ "Earth is heated by the Sun.", "Mountains direct moist air upward.", "Water forms droplets when cooled.", "Most of Earth is covered with water." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_415303	What are the essential resources needed for life to thrive on the moon or other planets, and how do they compare to the four required on Earth?	{ "text": [ "4", "3", "2", "1" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_7215845	What is most helpful for a student separating aluminum screws from steel screws?	{ "text": [ "a large funnel", "a screen filter", "a horseshoe magnet", "a magnifying glass" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7136885	Here is a paraphrased version of the text, preserving the original structure and semantics: Some researchers forecast that as Earth's climate shifts due to greenhouse gases, the frequency and intensity of hurricanes will rise. For this to happen, the climate shift would need to impact Earth by altering the	{ "text": [ "depths of the oceans.", "speed of currents in the oceans.", "chemical compositions of the oceans.", "amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_SC_400059	Over time, a river's riverbed is worn away by the constant flow of water, which in turn	{ "text": [ "stop flowing.", "create waves.", "move faster and cleaner.", "become deeper and wider." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_7044328	What does the term conservation mean to scientists?	{ "text": [ "nonliving parts of the environment", "living organisms in the environment", "health of the living organisms in the environment", "protection, management, and renewal of resources" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
MEA_2010_8_1	What objects in our solar system are self-luminous?	{ "text": [ "only the Sun", "the Sun and the Moon", "the Sun, the Moon, and some planets", "the Sun, the Moon, some planets, and comets" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_414099	To identify a key distinction, what should the student look for when comparing the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell diagrams?	{ "text": [ "compare the shapes of the two cells", "check to see which diagram shows a nucleus", "check to see which diagram shows cytoplasm", "compare the number of vacuoles in the two cells" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_410807	In what situation would a faster tadpole metamorphosis be advantageous?	{ "text": [ "when tadpoles need to swim immediately", "when there is a limited amount of water in their environment", "when there is a decrease in the number of predators", "when tadpoles need to blend in with their surroundings" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_403234	What causes a 20 N object to start sliding when it's placed on a surface?	{ "text": [ "Gravity exerts a balanced force on the object.", "An unbalanced force causes acceleration.", "Friction is applied to the object.", "The forces acting on the object are in equilibrium." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_7011323	What are the fastest decomposing items in nature?	{ "text": [ "cut grass", "paper cups", "newspapers", "cut down trees" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_7109463	What is the slowest process in the carbon cycle?	{ "text": [ "emission of waste", "respiration in animals", "photosynthesis in plants", "formation of fossil fuels" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_SC_401277	Some deep-sea marine organisms have the ability to generate their own light; what is its primary purpose?	{ "text": [ "moving through the water", "producing oxygen", "attracting prey", "escaping predators" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
MCAS_2005_5_25	At a temperature of -5°C, a 25 water sample is	{ "text": [ "a gas.", "a liquid.", "a solid.", "a vapor." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_SC_401272	Thomas Edison probably created the light bulb through the use of	{ "text": [ "lit candles.", "atomic models.", "reflected light.", "the scientific method." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_7103600	In this experiment, what is the variable being manipulated to observe its effect on the corn plants' growth?	{ "text": [ "type of plant", "height of plant", "amount of fertilizer", "type of fertilizer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
MDSA_2009_8_2	The length of time it takes for each planet in our solar system to complete one rotation is unique, and for Earth, it is	{ "text": [ "24 hours", "28 days", "13 weeks", "1 year" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_7127943	As early as the 1600s, scientists observed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The notion that the continents were once joined and had drifted apart wasn't widely accepted. In the 1940s, technology used on submarines led to evidence of continental movement. This technology enabled the scientists to do what with this evidence?	{ "text": [ "to explain the mechanism that caused the continents to move", "to consider the glacial evidence as outdated", "to explain the extinction of the dinosaurs", "to consider it unlikely that the continents were once together" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
ACTAAP_2009_7_8	What statement among the options qualifies as a scientific hypothesis?	{ "text": [ "Flossing has proven to be an effective method of improving oral health.", "Many infectious diseases, such as gum disease, are caused by microorganisms.", "In general, any method that reduces bacteria in the mouth will improve oral health.", "An individual who flosses daily will be less likely to get gum disease than one who flosses weekly." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
MCAS_2006_9_43	What is the momentum of the 0.15 kg baseball when it is thrown at 40 m/s?	{ "text": [ "0.025 kg x m/s", "3.8 kg x m/s", "6.0 kg x m/s", "270 kg x m/s" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7252088	What action can a somatic cell mutation take to harm an organism?	{ "text": [ "creating a dominant allele", "affecting gamete formation", "leading to tumors in tissue", "being passed on to offspring" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7084665	What is most visible to the naked eye on a clear night?	{ "text": [ "the Milky Way galaxy", "moons of other planets", "asteroids", "Pluto" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
FCAT_2008_5_2	What part of a plant is most comparable to the stem in terms of its function?	{ "text": [ "an anchor holding a boat in place", "a snack company producing energy bars", "a colorful sign attracting people into a store", "an elevator transporting supplies from one floor to another" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
Mercury_SC_414041	What best describes the comparison between the two jars of water, one containing salt and the other containing pepper?	{ "text": [ "Only the salt and water is a mixture.", "Only the pepper and water is a solution.", "Both jars contain solutions.", "Both jars contain mixtures." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D
MCAS_2014_8_20	How can the students ensure their paper sailboats remain upright and afloat during the race?	{ "text": [ "construct a prototype of a boat for testing", "calculate the total mass of all of the finished boats", "determine the total amount of weight each boat can carry", "test the strength of each material used to construct the boats" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A
Mercury_SC_401116	A carbon monoxide detector is used in homes for	{ "text": [ "alert residents to the possibility of fire.", "warn residents when a dangerous gas is present.", "tell people that it is time to check the smoke detector.", "advise people of an increase in temperature in the home." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_7064680	Gases are highly compressible and expandable to fill their containers, which illustrate	{ "text": [ "changes in state.", "states of matter.", "properties of matter.", "changes in properties." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_7211680	Studies demonstrate that mice are capable of learning to press a lever for food, a skill that can aid their survival in the wild by enabling them to	{ "text": [ "choose the best environment for their adaptations.", "pass beneficial behavior genes onto their offspring.", "alter their behavior based on past experience.", "change their environment in beneficial ways." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C
Mercury_180373	What is the process of forming sedimentary rocks?	{ "text": [ "Magma or lava is cooled.", "Materials are pressed together.", "Chemical reactions change minerals.", "Earthquakes cause small pieces to fall." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_7216248	What cellular structures are shared by plants and animals?	{ "text": [ "vacuole, chloroplast, nucleus", "cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondrion", "nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane", "mitochondrion, vacuole, cell wall" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B
Mercury_SC_417677	A polished metal ball appears very shiny and bright on a sunny day. What causes its shiny appearance?	{ "text": [ "The ball makes light.", "The ball reflects light.", "The ball absorbs light and then releases it.", "The ball absorbs light and keeps it inside." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B

Mercury_7175875

What would be the probable outcome of the planet's increased rotation speed following a meteorite impact?

{ "text": [ "Planetary density will decrease.", "Planetary years will become longer.", "Planetary days will become shorter.", "Planetary gravity will become stronger." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_409171

What will be the outcome of testing various building designs for earthquake resilience?

{ "text": [ "buildings will be built faster", "buildings will be made safer", "building designs will look nicer", "building materials will be cheaper" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_SC_408547

The outcome of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygen production. What initiates the photosynthesis process?

{ "text": [ "Chemical energy is absorbed through the roots.", "Light energy is converted to chemical energy.", "Chlorophyll in the leaf captures light energy.", "Sunlight is converted into chlorophyll." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_407327

What variable is the physicist manipulating by altering the car's speed?

{ "text": [ "the control", "the hypothesis statement", "the dependent (responding) variable", "the independent (manipulated) variable" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

MCAS_2006_9_44

What is the state of the 1.0 kg and 5.0 kg objects after falling 1.0 m on the Moon?

{ "text": [ "They have each lost kinetic energy.", "They have each gained the same amount of potential energy.", "They have each lost the same amount of potential energy.", "They have each gained one-half of their maximum kinetic energy." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_7270393

What is the nature of DFTD, a disease afflicting Tasmanian devils through parasitic bites that induce fatal tumors?

{ "text": [ "a non-infectious, cell-cycle disease", "an infectious, cell-cycle disease", "a non-infectious, chronic disease", "an infectious, chronic disease" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

MCAS_2014_5_7

What is the most probable explanation for a small mammal from western US mountain regions storing seeds and grasses within rock piles during summer?

{ "text": [ "to repare for migration before winter", "to provide warmth during the cold winter months", "to store food that will be eaten over the winter months", "to protect the grasses and seeds from decay before winter" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7086660

Petrified palm trees are found in sedimentary rock near glaciers. What does the presence of these petrified palm trees most likely indicate?

{ "text": [ "There was once more water in the area.", "The area was once grassland.", "The climate in the area was once tropical.", "There are active faults in the area." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7168805

Wyoming farmers were worried about hawks preying on their chickens near their ranches. They banded together to hunt the hawks until they left the area. What would likely be the next outcome?

{ "text": [ "The chicken population would go down.", "Populations of mice and rats would increase.", "Another bird of prey would replace the hawk.", "The chickens would have a lower rate of disease." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

MCAS_2003_8_11

What is the smallest amount of copper that retains its properties?

{ "text": [ "the atom", "the electron", "the nucleus", "the proton" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_7250058

What characteristic is typically used to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

{ "text": [ "life processes", "size differences", "plasma membranes", "energy molecules" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_7012740

What is the impact of the Sun on the oceans?

{ "text": [ "The Sun influences the formation of waves.", "The Sun creates water particles.", "The Sun's rays cause organisms to come to the surface.", "The Sun provides minerals." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_LBS10610

What temperature is most likely in the city by 2:00 p.m. on a sunny, mild day, given a morning temperature of 41°F?

{ "text": [ "32° F", "41° F", "78° F", "98° F" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_407400

What initial step should the class take in their light bulb investigation?

{ "text": [ "Repeat the investigation.", "Write a report of the results.", "Make a table for recording data.", "Make daily observations of the light bulbs." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7212993

What is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the Earth's lower atmosphere?

{ "text": [ "ozone", "methane", "water vapor", "carbon dioxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_413240

What temperature does water freeze at?

{ "text": [ "0 degrees Celsius", "32 degrees Celsius", "100 degrees Celsius", "212 degrees Celsius" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_7186358

What is the most effective way for a scientist to present dinosaur research today?

{ "text": [ "exclude research on teeth or bones", "predict what the next discovery will be", "analyze new data as it becomes available", "delete earlier reports that were missing the new findings" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7166425

What best describes the direction of heat transfer in Molly's iced tea?

{ "text": [ "from the ice to the tea", "from the tea to the ice", "from the pitcher to the tea", "from the ice to the pitcher" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

MDSA_2007_8_3

Logging companies harvest trees in a forest and transport them to distant lumber mills. The mills produce boards for construction purposes. However, some logging companies fail to replant tree seedlings after harvesting. This lack of reforestation may impact future generations who will require lumber because

{ "text": [ "the price of boards will increase", "the price of boards will decrease", "there will be more boards available", "there will be more trees for logging" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_7094290

Historically, it was believed that living organisms could originate from non-living matter. For instance, people thought that rotting meat could give rise to flies. This notion was later disproven mainly due to

{ "text": [ "the discovery of the atom.", "better surgical techniques.", "continued experimentation.", "the invention of the microscope." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7186568

Cells consume food for energy. The cell component that facilitates food digestion is the lysosome. What is the primary function of lysosomes in the digestion process?

{ "text": [ "building proteins", "breaking down wastes", "controlling the activities of the cell", "converting energy from one form into another" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_402216

What is the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when an electric current is passed through water (H_{2}O) to produce hydrogen (H_{2}) and oxygen (O_{2}) gases?

{ "text": [ "H_{2}O -> H + O + H", "2H_{2}O(l) -> 2H_{2}(g) + O_{2}(g)", "H:O:H -> H_{2}O", "H_{2}O(l) -> 2H(g) + O(g)" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_404894

What is a fact about penguins?

{ "text": [ "Penguins can live in climates with freezing temperatures.", "Penguins are fierce competitors.", "Penguins are some of the most beautiful birds.", "Penguins make great pets." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

MCAS_2002_8_11

A glass of water at 110°F is placed in a room next to a glass of water that is 50°F. The temperature of the room is 73°F at all times. If the two glasses were left in the room overnight, the temperature for both glasses of water the next day would be approximately

{ "text": [ "43°F.", "50°F.", "73°F.", "90°F." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_405086

Precipitation comes in the forms of snow, rain, hail, and fog.

{ "text": [ "gas.", "water.", "wind.", "clouds." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_SC_408324

What change probably occurred to the juice after a day in the freezer?

{ "text": [ "It condensed.", "It evaporated.", "It became a gas.", "It became a solid." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_7218820

What would be the most accurate description of the August 21 warning in terms of weather and climate for the Las Vegas area?

{ "text": [ "It is a constant climate feature throughout the year.", "It is a seasonal weather feature with irregular occurrences.", "It is a continuous weather feature during the season in which it occurs.", "It is a rare event inconsistent with local climate and weather." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_412202

Here is a paraphrased version of the text, preserving the original structure and semantics: During a classroom experiment, students heated three objects to varying temperatures, each emitting a distinct color. Object 1: blue light Object 2: red light Object 3: orange light What is the correct order of the objects from highest to lowest temperature?

{ "text": [ "Object 1, Object 2, Object 3", "Object 1, Object 3, Object 2", "Object 2, Object 1, Object 3", "Object 2, Object 3, Object 1" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_SC_409139

Microscopic organisms known as plankton inhabit the world's oceans. Certain plankton possess the ability to harness sunlight and convert it into sustenance. What role do plankton play in supporting the marine ecosystem?

{ "text": [ "Plankton are colorful.", "Plankton clean the water.", "Plankton release oxygen.", "Plankton reproduce quickly." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_400687

What is the primary reason for a tree branch's ability to float on water?

{ "text": [ "Wood is porous.", "Wood is buoyant.", "Wood is light.", "Wood is magnetic." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_7171605

What can the students most likely infer just from the fossils found in different rock layers?

{ "text": [ "how each organism died", "the exact age of the fossils", "when the fossils were discovered", "the type of environment in which the organisms lived" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_7210245

What property of water is most crucial for life on Earth, given the planet's distance from the Sun?

{ "text": [ "its ability to freeze", "its specific heat capacity", "its ability to exist as a liquid", "its high surface tension" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

AKDE&ED_2008_4_25

What is a characteristic of a specific type of matter?

{ "text": [ "Air is a mixture of gases.", "Ice is a mixture of gases.", "Air is a liquid.", "Ice is a liquid." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

AKDE&ED_2008_4_19

What is a beneficial outcome of a scientific discovery?

{ "text": [ "It makes some people upset.", "It takes a long time to be useful.", "It helps explain how things work.", "It causes work to be more difficult." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_400402

What is the most frequent natural occurrence?

{ "text": [ "sunrise", "equinox", "full moon", "solar eclipse" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_7234308

What evidence would prompt the scientist to reconsider their conclusion that the region is a transform plate boundary?

{ "text": [ "Volcanism also characterizes the region.", "Earthquake centers in the region occur at shallow depths.", "The region shows extensive faulting of sediments.", "Equal crust densities are found on opposite sides of the region." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

ACTAAP_2014_5_8

What would be the most accurate comparison of the sun to another star of a different size if they were side by side?

{ "text": [ "The sun would be enormous next to an average star.", "The sun would be tiny next to one of the largest stars.", "The sun would be extremely bright next to an average star.", "The sun would be very dim next to one of the smallest stars." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_400407

What is a true fact about our solar system?

{ "text": [ "The gas planets are closer to the Sun.", "The solid planets are closer to the Sun.", "The planets are arranged in order of increasing size.", "The solid planets are much larger than the gas planets." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_7116288

What role do photosynthetic cells play in a plant?

{ "text": [ "to change oxygen into carbon dioxide", "to break down sugar into usable chemicals", "to convert energy from sunlight into food energy", "to allow the passage of carbon dioxide into the plant" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

MCAS_2004_9_15-v1

What is the main distinction between hydraulic and pneumatic systems?

{ "text": [ "Hydraulic systems are under pressure and pneumatic systems are not.", "Hydraulic systems involve liquids and pneumatic systems involve gases.", "Hydraulic systems are open systems and pneumatic systems are closed systems.", "Hydraulic systems involve fluids in motion and pneumatic systems involve fluids at rest." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

NYSEDREGENTS_2015_4_26

During the spring and early summer months, bears frequently rub against trees to shed their winter coats, illustrating a form of animal

{ "text": [ "completing its life cycle", "beginning hibernation", "responding to its environment", "preparing for migration" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_401620

What happens once daily?

{ "text": [ "The Moon rises.", "The new Moon occurs.", "The Moon cycles through its phases.", "The Moon passes in front of the Sun." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_400877

What is the mass of a carbon atom with 6 protons, 7 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

{ "text": [ "6", "7", "13", "19" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7174213

What factor has the greatest impact on the speed of sound as it passes through various materials?

{ "text": [ "the frequency of the wave", "the wavelength of the wave", "the source that created the sound", "the distance between molecules in the medium" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

NYSEDREGENTS_2008_8_34

What best describes the energy transformation a child experiences while sledding down a steep, snow-covered hill?

{ "text": [ "Kinetic energy decreases and potential energy increases.", "Kinetic energy increases and potential energy decreases.", "Both potential energy and kinetic energy decrease.", "Both potential energy and kinetic energy increase." ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

2

Mercury_7212398

Using what method can you effectively separate salt from water

{ "text": [ "oil.", "heat.", "a magnet.", "rubbing alcohol." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_SC_401290

What tool is most effective for mapping the topography of the United States?

{ "text": [ "radar", "compass", "satellite", "radio" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_402120

What tool is most suitable for measuring the time it takes for a cup of water to boil?

{ "text": [ "balance", "hot plate", "stopwatch", "thermometer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_184975

What factor do scientists exclude when assessing the closeness of the relationship between organisms?

{ "text": [ "embryonic structures.", "homologous structures.", "analogous structures.", "vestigial structures." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_400578

What is an example of learned behavior?

{ "text": [ "A tiger hunts a deer.", "A mouse runs from a coyote.", "A salmon migrates up a river.", "A woodpecker taps a tree for insects." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

MCAS_2001_8_4

What is the total mass of the water and oxygen produced when 20 g of liquid hydrogen peroxide is completely decomposed into liquid water and oxygen gas?

{ "text": [ "more than 20 g because of the addition of heat", "more than 20 g because there are now two substances", "less than 20 g because oxygen gas is very light", "20 g because no matter is added or removed" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

MCAS_2003_5_33

How can we demonstrate that air occupies space, despite being invisible and colorless?

{ "text": [ "observe clouds forming", "measure the air temperature", "blow up a beach ball or balloon", "weigh a glass before and after it is filled with water" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7068513

What geologic process is most responsible for the creation of the Mount St. Helens Volcano?

{ "text": [ "converging boundaries", "diverging boundaries", "transform faults", "rift zones" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

AKDE&ED_2008_4_26

What example illustrates an interaction between an organism and an inanimate object?

{ "text": [ "An insect is food for a salmon.", "Water carries a rock downstream.", "A tree removes a gas from the air.", "A flower makes food for a butterfly." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7235638

What events produce the distinctive, surface-cracking patterns that contribute to evidence of a liquid ocean beneath Europa's icy surface, as shown by images from the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft?

{ "text": [ "volcanic eruptions", "tectonic movements", "asteroid impacts", "solar flares" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

MDSA_2009_5_20

Here is a paraphrased version of the given text: The Earth's natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or nonrenewable. The classification of a resource as renewable or nonrenewable is determined by its replacement rate. If the rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replacement, the resource will eventually deplete. What activity exemplifies the utilization of a non-replenishable natural resource?

{ "text": [ "A group of people swims in a river.", "A construction crew builds an iron bridge.", "A farmer grows vegetables to sell at a local market.", "A person bakes a cake with electricity produced by a hydroelectric power plant." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_178325

Researchers examined largemouth bass in various locations. They documented the size, number, and weight of fish in each group. What would be the most effective method for documenting these findings?

{ "text": [ "a map", "a diagram", "a chart", "a graph" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7212678

What was the purpose of the device made by moving a bar magnet in a copper coil connected to a lightbulb?

{ "text": [ "to generate an electric current", "to increase the strength of the magnet", "to heat the copper wire", "to transfer protons to the lightbulb" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

TAKS_2009_8_32

What trait is most shaped by environmental factors?

{ "text": [ "Body weight", "Eye color", "Blood type", "Color blindness" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_412681

What action would most significantly increase the gravitational force between two masses, m_{1} and m_{2}?

{ "text": [ "Halve the mass of m_{1} and halve the distance between m_{1} and m_{2}.", "Halve the mass of m_{1} and double the distance between m_{1} and m_{2}.", "Double the mass of m_{1} and halve the distance between m_{1} and m_{2}.", "Double the mass of m_{1} and double the distance between m_{1} and m_{2}." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_400440

What are the products of the reaction between HCl and NaOH?

{ "text": [ "Na + Cl_{2}", "NaCL + OH", "NaOH + Cl", "NaCl + H_{2}O" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_SC_416529

What causes the majority of forest tree leaves to be located at the top of the tree?

{ "text": [ "to scatter seeds", "to capture sunlight", "to shade the trunk", "to collect water" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

MCAS_2006_8_1

Which human body system is most closely associated with the terms gas exchange, diaphragm, and inhale?

{ "text": [ "circulatory", "digestive", "excretory", "respiratory" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

TIMSS_2003_8_pg80

What organ in fish serves the same purpose as the human lung?

{ "text": [ "kidney", "heart", "gill", "skin" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_416645

What similarities in movement patterns might Dominic observe between the volvox colony and the paramecium?

{ "text": [ "They both move at the same rate.", "They both move away from light.", "They both move in the same direction.", "They both move toward an energy source." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_406777

What is the reason for the greater genetic diversity in sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?

{ "text": [ "Traits from two parents are combined.", "More organisms reproduce this way.", "Offspring grow in different environments.", "Offspring come from identical parents." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_LBS11018

What is the hardness of substance W, given that it is scratched by Z, which is itself scratched by Y, which in turn is scratched by X?

{ "text": [ "W is the softest of the four substances tested.", "W is the hardest of the four substances tested.", "W can scratch Y.", "W can scratch X." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_7139878

Researchers have investigated crop yields in mountain valleys. In some regions, the valleys are more productive than others. What factor's increase is most likely responsible for the high productivity of certain areas in mountain valleys?

{ "text": [ "leaching of soils", "evaporation rates", "runoff from rains", "amounts of sunlight" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_417147

What is the source of salt in ocean water that is NOT from the following

{ "text": [ "eroding land.", "melting glacial ice.", "volcanic emissions.", "reactions on the sea floor." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_7016765

What triggers the formation of rainstorms?

{ "text": [ "Earth is heated by the Sun.", "Mountains direct moist air upward.", "Water forms droplets when cooled.", "Most of Earth is covered with water." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_415303

What are the essential resources needed for life to thrive on the moon or other planets, and how do they compare to the four required on Earth?

{ "text": [ "4", "3", "2", "1" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_7215845

What is most helpful for a student separating aluminum screws from steel screws?

{ "text": [ "a large funnel", "a screen filter", "a horseshoe magnet", "a magnifying glass" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7136885

Here is a paraphrased version of the text, preserving the original structure and semantics: Some researchers forecast that as Earth's climate shifts due to greenhouse gases, the frequency and intensity of hurricanes will rise. For this to happen, the climate shift would need to impact Earth by altering the

{ "text": [ "depths of the oceans.", "speed of currents in the oceans.", "chemical compositions of the oceans.", "amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_SC_400059

Over time, a river's riverbed is worn away by the constant flow of water, which in turn

{ "text": [ "stop flowing.", "create waves.", "move faster and cleaner.", "become deeper and wider." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_7044328

What does the term conservation mean to scientists?

{ "text": [ "nonliving parts of the environment", "living organisms in the environment", "health of the living organisms in the environment", "protection, management, and renewal of resources" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

MEA_2010_8_1

What objects in our solar system are self-luminous?

{ "text": [ "only the Sun", "the Sun and the Moon", "the Sun, the Moon, and some planets", "the Sun, the Moon, some planets, and comets" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_414099

To identify a key distinction, what should the student look for when comparing the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell diagrams?

{ "text": [ "compare the shapes of the two cells", "check to see which diagram shows a nucleus", "check to see which diagram shows cytoplasm", "compare the number of vacuoles in the two cells" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_410807

In what situation would a faster tadpole metamorphosis be advantageous?

{ "text": [ "when tadpoles need to swim immediately", "when there is a limited amount of water in their environment", "when there is a decrease in the number of predators", "when tadpoles need to blend in with their surroundings" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_403234

What causes a 20 N object to start sliding when it's placed on a surface?

{ "text": [ "Gravity exerts a balanced force on the object.", "An unbalanced force causes acceleration.", "Friction is applied to the object.", "The forces acting on the object are in equilibrium." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_7011323

What are the fastest decomposing items in nature?

{ "text": [ "cut grass", "paper cups", "newspapers", "cut down trees" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_7109463

What is the slowest process in the carbon cycle?

{ "text": [ "emission of waste", "respiration in animals", "photosynthesis in plants", "formation of fossil fuels" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_SC_401277

Some deep-sea marine organisms have the ability to generate their own light; what is its primary purpose?

{ "text": [ "moving through the water", "producing oxygen", "attracting prey", "escaping predators" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

MCAS_2005_5_25

At a temperature of -5°C, a 25 water sample is

{ "text": [ "a gas.", "a liquid.", "a solid.", "a vapor." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_SC_401272

Thomas Edison probably created the light bulb through the use of

{ "text": [ "lit candles.", "atomic models.", "reflected light.", "the scientific method." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_7103600

In this experiment, what is the variable being manipulated to observe its effect on the corn plants' growth?

{ "text": [ "type of plant", "height of plant", "amount of fertilizer", "type of fertilizer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

MDSA_2009_8_2

The length of time it takes for each planet in our solar system to complete one rotation is unique, and for Earth, it is

{ "text": [ "24 hours", "28 days", "13 weeks", "1 year" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_7127943

As early as the 1600s, scientists observed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The notion that the continents were once joined and had drifted apart wasn't widely accepted. In the 1940s, technology used on submarines led to evidence of continental movement. This technology enabled the scientists to do what with this evidence?

{ "text": [ "to explain the mechanism that caused the continents to move", "to consider the glacial evidence as outdated", "to explain the extinction of the dinosaurs", "to consider it unlikely that the continents were once together" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

ACTAAP_2009_7_8

What statement among the options qualifies as a scientific hypothesis?

{ "text": [ "Flossing has proven to be an effective method of improving oral health.", "Many infectious diseases, such as gum disease, are caused by microorganisms.", "In general, any method that reduces bacteria in the mouth will improve oral health.", "An individual who flosses daily will be less likely to get gum disease than one who flosses weekly." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

MCAS_2006_9_43

What is the momentum of the 0.15 kg baseball when it is thrown at 40 m/s?

{ "text": [ "0.025 kg x m/s", "3.8 kg x m/s", "6.0 kg x m/s", "270 kg x m/s" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7252088

What action can a somatic cell mutation take to harm an organism?

{ "text": [ "creating a dominant allele", "affecting gamete formation", "leading to tumors in tissue", "being passed on to offspring" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7084665

What is most visible to the naked eye on a clear night?

{ "text": [ "the Milky Way galaxy", "moons of other planets", "asteroids", "Pluto" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

FCAT_2008_5_2

What part of a plant is most comparable to the stem in terms of its function?

{ "text": [ "an anchor holding a boat in place", "a snack company producing energy bars", "a colorful sign attracting people into a store", "an elevator transporting supplies from one floor to another" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

Mercury_SC_414041

What best describes the comparison between the two jars of water, one containing salt and the other containing pepper?

{ "text": [ "Only the salt and water is a mixture.", "Only the pepper and water is a solution.", "Both jars contain solutions.", "Both jars contain mixtures." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

MCAS_2014_8_20

How can the students ensure their paper sailboats remain upright and afloat during the race?

{ "text": [ "construct a prototype of a boat for testing", "calculate the total mass of all of the finished boats", "determine the total amount of weight each boat can carry", "test the strength of each material used to construct the boats" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

Mercury_SC_401116

A carbon monoxide detector is used in homes for

{ "text": [ "alert residents to the possibility of fire.", "warn residents when a dangerous gas is present.", "tell people that it is time to check the smoke detector.", "advise people of an increase in temperature in the home." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_7064680

Gases are highly compressible and expandable to fill their containers, which illustrate

{ "text": [ "changes in state.", "states of matter.", "properties of matter.", "changes in properties." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_7211680

Studies demonstrate that mice are capable of learning to press a lever for food, a skill that can aid their survival in the wild by enabling them to

{ "text": [ "choose the best environment for their adaptations.", "pass beneficial behavior genes onto their offspring.", "alter their behavior based on past experience.", "change their environment in beneficial ways." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

Mercury_180373

What is the process of forming sedimentary rocks?

{ "text": [ "Magma or lava is cooled.", "Materials are pressed together.", "Chemical reactions change minerals.", "Earthquakes cause small pieces to fall." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_7216248

What cellular structures are shared by plants and animals?

{ "text": [ "vacuole, chloroplast, nucleus", "cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondrion", "nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane", "mitochondrion, vacuole, cell wall" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

Mercury_SC_417677

A polished metal ball appears very shiny and bright on a sunny day. What causes its shiny appearance?

{ "text": [ "The ball makes light.", "The ball reflects light.", "The ball absorbs light and then releases it.", "The ball absorbs light and keeps it inside." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B