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sHertogenbosch
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The city has one professional football club FC Den Bosch It is the 1967 successor of the professional branches of BVV Bossche Voetbal Vereniging and Wilhelmina Both of them still exist as amateur football clubs As a successor of BVV FC Den Bosch can claim the national championship of 1948 This championship led to the construction of stadium De Vliert which at one time had a capacity of 30000 Due to the less successful years that followed the capacity is now only 8500 visitors FC Den Bosch was the first club of Dutch international player Ruud van Nistelrooy sHertogenbosch is more successful in field hockey It is home to top club HC Den Bosch The womens team in particular is a dominant force in the Dutch field hockey competition The professional basketball club New Heroes Den Bosch is also very successful The citys rugby club is called The Dukes and dates from 1974 It is located at a very scenic location at the foot of the city walls Because of the limited space the club plays on artificial turf and part of the accommodation is subterranean The Dukes has the most junior members It became the national rugby champion in 2008 As regards events the city is host to the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships a combined ATP Tour and WTA Tour grass court tennis event played two weeks before the Wimbledon Championships The World Archery Championships and World Para Archery Championship were held here in June 2019 During these combined World Championships two separate venues were used the Parade and the rugby fields of The Dukes All finals took place in the arena at the Parade The Parade is a historic square surrounded by high trees situated at the foot of the nearly sevenhundredyearold Saint Johns Cathedral in the attractive center of sHertogenbosch
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The citys official name is a contraction of the archaic Dutch des Hertogen bosch the forest of the duke The duke in question was Henry I Duke of Brabant whose family had owned a large estate at nearby Orthen for at least four centuries He founded a new town located on some forested dunes in the middle of a marsh At age 26 he granted sHertogenbosch city rights and the corresponding trade privileges in 1185 This is however the traditional date given by later chroniclers the first mention in contemporaneous sources is 1196 The original charter has been lost His reason for founding the city was to protect his own interests against encroachment from Gelre and Holland from its first days he conceived of the city as a fortress It was destroyed in 1203 in a joint expedition of Gelre and Holland but was soon rebuilt Some remnants of the original city walls remain In the late 14th century a much larger wall was erected to protect the greatly expanded settled area Artificial waterways were dug to serve as a city moat through which the rivers Dommel and Aa were diverted sHertogenbosch became the birthplace and home of one of the greatest painters of the northern Renaissance period Hieronymus Bosch Until 1520 the city flourished becoming the second largest population centre in the territory of the present Netherlands after Utrecht The city was also a center of music and composers such as Jheronimus Clibano received their training at its churches Others held positions there Matthaeus Pipelare was musical director at the Confraternity of Our Lady and renowned Habsburg copyist and composer Pierre Alamire did much of his work at sHertogenbosch
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Sport
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History
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sHertogenbosch
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The citys official name is a contraction of the archaic Dutch des Hertogen bosch the forest of the duke The duke in question was Henry I Duke of Brabant whose family had owned a large estate at nearby Orthen for at least four centuries He founded a new town located on some forested dunes in the middle of a marsh At age 26 he granted sHertogenbosch city rights and the corresponding trade privileges in 1185 This is however the traditional date given by later chroniclers the first mention in contemporaneous sources is 1196 The original charter has been lost His reason for founding the city was to protect his own interests against encroachment from Gelre and Holland from its first days he conceived of the city as a fortress It was destroyed in 1203 in a joint expedition of Gelre and Holland but was soon rebuilt Some remnants of the original city walls remain In the late 14th century a much larger wall was erected to protect the greatly expanded settled area Artificial waterways were dug to serve as a city moat through which the rivers Dommel and Aa were diverted sHertogenbosch became the birthplace and home of one of the greatest painters of the northern Renaissance period Hieronymus Bosch Until 1520 the city flourished becoming the second largest population centre in the territory of the present Netherlands after Utrecht The city was also a center of music and composers such as Jheronimus Clibano received their training at its churches Others held positions there Matthaeus Pipelare was musical director at the Confraternity of Our Lady and renowned Habsburg copyist and composer Pierre Alamire did much of his work at sHertogenbosch
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sHertogenbosch has multiple vocational universities called Hogeschool in Dutch The HAS Hogeschool of about 3500 students is focused on agricultural and food technology Avans Hogeschool is located in sHertogenbosch and two nearby cities The AKV St Joost is an art academy that is now part of Avans and dates back to 1812 Fontys Hogeschool also offers some education in the city The Jheronimus Academy of Data Science JADS located at the Marienburg Campus in the center of sHertogenbosch and provides a number of data science programs at graduate MSc and postgraduate level PhD It is a department of the Eindhoven University of Technology and Tilburg University In secondary education the City Gymnasium is a gymnasium school that originated from the Latin school of the city It is comparable to a grammar school and can trace its origin back 1274 The same type of education and all other types of secondary education are offered by a number of large institutes
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History
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Education
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Ready for It
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Swift performed Ready for It for the first time during an episode of the 43rd season of Saturday Night Live on November 11 2017 alongside an acoustic version of Call It What You Want Swift also performed Ready for It as part of the KIISFMs Jingle Ball 2017 on December 1 2017 in Inglewood California Two days later Swift returned onstage to perform the song again as part of 997 Nows Poptopia in San Jose California with the same setlist The following week Swift performed the song again on three other occasions such as the B96 Chicago and Pepsi Jingle Bash 2017 in Chicago the Z100 Jingle Ball 2017 in New York City and Jingle Bell Ball 2017 in London The song was the opening number of Swifts Reputation Stadium Tour and included on the set list of the Eras Tour 20232024 where it was the first song in the Reputation segment On May 27 2018 Swift opened her set as part of BBC Radio 1s Biggest Weekend in Singleton Park in Swansea Wales with the song
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Taylor Swift released her fifth studio album 1989 in October 2014 1989s synthpop production transformed Swifts sound and image from countryoriented to mainstream pop Although the album propelled Swifts status to a global pop star she was a target of tabloid gossip Publicized celebrity disputes and shortlived relationships blemished her Americas Sweetheart reputation making her seclude from interactions with the press During a selfimposed hiatus she conceived her sixth studio album Reputation as an answer to the media commotion surrounding her celebrity On September 2 2017 Swift premiered a snippet of Ready for It during ABCs Saturday Night Football broadcast of ESPNs Florida State vs Alabama college football game A day after the snippet premiere the track was released for digital download It was the second song released from Reputation after the lead single Look What You Made Me Do In the United States Ready for It impacted contemporary hit radio on September 17 and rhythmic contemporary radio on October 24 2017 A remix by BloodPop was released on December 10 2017
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Live performances
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Background and release
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Ready for It
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Taylor Swift released her fifth studio album 1989 in October 2014 1989s synthpop production transformed Swifts sound and image from countryoriented to mainstream pop Although the album propelled Swifts status to a global pop star she was a target of tabloid gossip Publicized celebrity disputes and shortlived relationships blemished her Americas Sweetheart reputation making her seclude from interactions with the press During a selfimposed hiatus she conceived her sixth studio album Reputation as an answer to the media commotion surrounding her celebrity On September 2 2017 Swift premiered a snippet of Ready for It during ABCs Saturday Night Football broadcast of ESPNs Florida State vs Alabama college football game A day after the snippet premiere the track was released for digital download It was the second song released from Reputation after the lead single Look What You Made Me Do In the United States Ready for It impacted contemporary hit radio on September 17 and rhythmic contemporary radio on October 24 2017 A remix by BloodPop was released on December 10 2017
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Ready for It received positive reviews from music critics calling it an improvement from Swifts previous single Look What You Made Me Do Tom Breihan of Stereogum said the songwriters made something ungainly and goofy something that was probably a terrible idea and they still made it sound like towering colossal pop music Patrick Ryan of USA Today expressed some skepticism concerning Swifts rapping but noted the contrast between the anthemic chorus and dark intense verses made for a promising second glance on her reputation era Richard He wrote for Billboard that Swift has never sung more expressively nor sounded more in tune with the way modern pop production uses the voice as an instrument and that the songs chorus has one of the prettiest melodies of her career However Craig Jenkins of Vulture gave it a lukewarm review stating that the song doesnt reinvent pop or Taylor but it does get her name out on a product built to keep pace with current trends Mike Wass for Idolator dismissed the song as not good and called it equally underwhelming as Look What You Made Me Do He concluded by saying If you can get past the cringeworthy lyrics and jarring production a cute chorus awaits But thats a lot of work for a minor payoff
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Background and release
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Critical reception
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3ds
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Retail copies of games are supplied on proprietary cartridges called Nintendo 3DS Game Cards which are packaged in keep cases with simple instructions In Europe the boxes have a triangle at the bottom corner of the paper sleeveinsert side The triangle is colorcoded to identify the region for which the title is intended and which manual languages are included Unlike with previous Nintendo consoles the complete software manual is only available digitally via the systems Home Menu Software published by Nintendo and by some third parties come packaged with Club Nintendo points which can be redeemed for special rewards Retail and downloadonly games are also available for download in the Nintendo eShop All Nintendo 3DS consoles are region locked software purchased in a region can be only played on that regions hardware A total of 38648 million Nintendo 3DS games have been sold worldwide as of March 31 2021 with 49 titles surpassing the millionunit mark The most successful game Mario Kart 7 has sold 1894 million units worldwide
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The Nintendo 3DS hardware has received largely positive reviews IGN called its hardware design a natural evolution of the Nintendo DSi system CNET praised the devices 3D effect while IGN called it impressively sharp and clean and impressively superior to its predecessors although it was noted that the 3D effect only worked if the system was held at the right distance and angle A common complaint was the 3DSs battery life Engadget reported to get 3 hours of battery life from the system while IGN reported 2 to 45 hours of play The Nintendo 3DS XL was very well received at launch Reviewers generally recommended the console to new buyers of the Nintendo 3DS family although not so much to current owners of a Nintendo 3DS Kotaku mentioned it as possibly the best portable gaming device everand a welldesigned machine and that it plays great games while The Verge called it the best portable gaming buy around right now The Nintendo 3DS XL improves upon the battery life of the original 3DS Kotaku claimed that the Nintendo 3DS XLs battery lasts a crosscountry flight Sam Byford of The Verge noted that the larger top screen makes more obvious problems with aliasing and lowresolution textures He did however say that the 3D felt more immersive Where the 3DS felt like peering through a peephole into another world the XL is almost like stepping through a door On the other hand Destructoid said the 3D effect on the XL was more subtle than on its predecessor The Verge spoke positively of the build quality and design choices saying the console improved on the original A Destructoid reviewer said the 3DS XL was easier to use than the regular Nintendo 3DS mainly due to their large hands The Verge noted lowered sound quality from the original the result of smaller speakers Both The Verge and Gizmodo complained of lowquality cameras
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Games
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Reception
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3ds
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The Nintendo 3DS hardware has received largely positive reviews IGN called its hardware design a natural evolution of the Nintendo DSi system CNET praised the devices 3D effect while IGN called it impressively sharp and clean and impressively superior to its predecessors although it was noted that the 3D effect only worked if the system was held at the right distance and angle A common complaint was the 3DSs battery life Engadget reported to get 3 hours of battery life from the system while IGN reported 2 to 45 hours of play The Nintendo 3DS XL was very well received at launch Reviewers generally recommended the console to new buyers of the Nintendo 3DS family although not so much to current owners of a Nintendo 3DS Kotaku mentioned it as possibly the best portable gaming device everand a welldesigned machine and that it plays great games while The Verge called it the best portable gaming buy around right now The Nintendo 3DS XL improves upon the battery life of the original 3DS Kotaku claimed that the Nintendo 3DS XLs battery lasts a crosscountry flight Sam Byford of The Verge noted that the larger top screen makes more obvious problems with aliasing and lowresolution textures He did however say that the 3D felt more immersive Where the 3DS felt like peering through a peephole into another world the XL is almost like stepping through a door On the other hand Destructoid said the 3D effect on the XL was more subtle than on its predecessor The Verge spoke positively of the build quality and design choices saying the console improved on the original A Destructoid reviewer said the 3DS XL was easier to use than the regular Nintendo 3DS mainly due to their large hands The Verge noted lowered sound quality from the original the result of smaller speakers Both The Verge and Gizmodo complained of lowquality cameras
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In 2011 58yearold former Sony employee Seijiro Tomita sued Nintendo for infringing a patent on the 3D screen that obviates the need for 3D glasses On March 13 2013 a United States federal jury ordered Nintendo to pay him US$302 million in damages However on August 7 2013 that amount was reduced by 50 to US$151 million because the initial figure was according to Judge Jed Rakoff a federal judge intrinsically excessive and unsupported by the evidence presented at trial On December 11 2013 it was decided by Judge Rakoff that Nintendo pay 182 of the wholesale price of each unit sold to Tomita On March 17 2018 the United States Appeals Court determined Nintendo had not violated Tomitas patent On July 17 2015 Nintendo won a patent suit filed against eight of its handheld consoles including the 3DS The suit was originally filed by the Quintal Research Group after it secured a patent for a computerized information retrieval system in 2008
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Reception
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Legal issues
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amsterdam
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Amsterdam is home of the Eredivisie football club AFC Ajax The stadium Johan Cruyff Arena is the home of Ajax It is located in the southeast of the city next to the new Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station Before moving to their current location in 1996 Ajax played their regular matches in the now demolished De Meer Stadion in the eastern part of the city or in the Olympic Stadium In 1928 Amsterdam hosted the Summer Olympics The Olympic Stadium built for the occasion has been completely restored and is now used for cultural and sporting events such as the Amsterdam Marathon In 1920 Amsterdam assisted in hosting some of the sailing events for the Summer Olympics held in neighbouring Antwerp Belgium by hosting events at Buiten IJ The city holds the Dam to Dam Run a 16 km 10 mi race from Amsterdam to Zaandam as well as the Amsterdam Marathon The ice hockey team Amstel Tijgers play in the Jaap Eden ice rink The team competes in the Dutch ice hockey premier league Speed skating championships have been held on the 400meter lane of this ice rink Amsterdam holds two American football franchises the Amsterdam Crusaders and the Amsterdam Panthers The Amsterdam Pirates baseball team competes in the Dutch Major League There are three field hockey teams Amsterdam Pinoke and Hurley who play their matches around the Wagener Stadium in the nearby city of Amstelveen The basketball team MyGuide Amsterdam competes in the Dutch premier division and play their games in the Sporthallen Zuid There is one rugby club in Amsterdam which also hosts sports training classes such as RTC Rugby Talenten Centrum or Rugby Talent Centre and the National Rugby stadium Since 1999 the city of Amsterdam honours the best sportsmen and women at the Amsterdam Sports Awards Boxer Raymond Joval and field hockey midfielder Carole Thate were the first to receive the awards in 1999 Amsterdam hosted the World Gymnaestrada in 1991 and will do so again in 2023
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Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands According to the 2007 European Cities Monitor ECM an annual location survey of Europes leading companies carried out by global real estate consultant Cushman Wakefield Amsterdam is one of the top European cities in which to locate an international business ranking fifth in the survey with the survey determining London Paris Frankfurt and Barcelona as the four European cities surpassing Amsterdam in this regard A substantial number of large corporations and banks headquarters are located in the Amsterdam area including AkzoNobel Heineken International ING Group ABN AMRO TomTom Delta Lloyd Group Bookingcom and Philips Although many small offices remain along the historic canals centrally based companies have increasingly relocated outside Amsterdams city centre Consequently the Zuidas English South Axis has become the new financial and legal hub of Amsterdam with the countrys five largest law firms and several subsidiaries of large consulting firms such as Boston Consulting Group and Accenture as well as the World Trade Centre Amsterdam located in the Zuidas district In addition to the Zuidas there are three smaller financial districts in Amsterdam around Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station Where one can find the offices of several newspapers such as De Telegraaf as well as those of Deloitte the Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf municipal public transport company and the Dutch tax offices Belastingdienst around the Johan Cruyff Arena in Amsterdam Zuidoost with the headquarters of ING Group around the Amstel railway station in the AmsterdamOost district to the east of the historical city Amsterdams tallest building the Rembrandt Tower is located here As are the headquarters of Philips the Dutch multinational conglomerate Amsterdam has been a leading city to reduce the use of raw materials and has created a plan to become a circular city by 2050 The adjoining municipality of Amstelveen is the location of KPMG Internationals global headquarters Other nonDutch companies have chosen to settle in communities surrounding Amsterdam since they allow freehold property ownership whereas Amsterdam retains ground rent The Amsterdam Stock Exchange AEX now part of Euronext is the worlds oldest stock exchange and due to Brexit has overtaken LSE as the largest bourse in Europe It is near Dam Square in the city centre
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Sports
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Economy
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amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands According to the 2007 European Cities Monitor ECM an annual location survey of Europes leading companies carried out by global real estate consultant Cushman Wakefield Amsterdam is one of the top European cities in which to locate an international business ranking fifth in the survey with the survey determining London Paris Frankfurt and Barcelona as the four European cities surpassing Amsterdam in this regard A substantial number of large corporations and banks headquarters are located in the Amsterdam area including AkzoNobel Heineken International ING Group ABN AMRO TomTom Delta Lloyd Group Bookingcom and Philips Although many small offices remain along the historic canals centrally based companies have increasingly relocated outside Amsterdams city centre Consequently the Zuidas English South Axis has become the new financial and legal hub of Amsterdam with the countrys five largest law firms and several subsidiaries of large consulting firms such as Boston Consulting Group and Accenture as well as the World Trade Centre Amsterdam located in the Zuidas district In addition to the Zuidas there are three smaller financial districts in Amsterdam around Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station Where one can find the offices of several newspapers such as De Telegraaf as well as those of Deloitte the Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf municipal public transport company and the Dutch tax offices Belastingdienst around the Johan Cruyff Arena in Amsterdam Zuidoost with the headquarters of ING Group around the Amstel railway station in the AmsterdamOost district to the east of the historical city Amsterdams tallest building the Rembrandt Tower is located here As are the headquarters of Philips the Dutch multinational conglomerate Amsterdam has been a leading city to reduce the use of raw materials and has created a plan to become a circular city by 2050 The adjoining municipality of Amstelveen is the location of KPMG Internationals global headquarters Other nonDutch companies have chosen to settle in communities surrounding Amsterdam since they allow freehold property ownership whereas Amsterdam retains ground rent The Amsterdam Stock Exchange AEX now part of Euronext is the worlds oldest stock exchange and due to Brexit has overtaken LSE as the largest bourse in Europe It is near Dam Square in the city centre
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Amsterdam has two universities the University of Amsterdam Universiteit van Amsterdam UvA and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam VU Other institutions for higher education include an art school Gerrit Rietveld Academie a university of applied sciences the Hogeschool van Amsterdam and the Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten Amsterdams International Institute of Social History is one of the worlds largest documentary and research institutions concerning social history and especially the history of the labour movement Amsterdams Hortus Botanicus founded in the early 17th century is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world with many old and rare specimens among them the coffee plant that served as the parent for the entire coffee culture in Central and South America There are over 200 primary schools in Amsterdam Some of these primary schools base their teachings on particular pedagogic theories like the various Montessori schools The biggest Montessori high school in Amsterdam is the Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam Many schools however are based on religion This used to be primarily Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations but with the influx of Muslim immigrants there has been a rise in the number of Islamic schools Jewish schools can be found in the southern suburbs of Amsterdam Amsterdam is noted for having five independent grammar schools Dutch gymnasia the Vossius Gymnasium Barlaeus Gymnasium St Ignatius Gymnasium Het 4e Gymnasium and the Cygnus Gymnasium where a classical curriculum including Latin and classical Greek is taught Though believed until recently by many to be an anachronistic and elitist concept that would soon die out the gymnasia have recently experienced a revival leading to the formation of a fourth and fifth grammar school in which the three aforementioned schools participate Most secondary schools in Amsterdam offer a variety of different levels of education in the same school The city also has various colleges ranging from art and design to politics and economics which are mostly also available for students coming from other countries Schools for foreign nationals in Amsterdam include the Amsterdam International Community School British School of Amsterdam Albert Einstein International School Amsterdam Lycee Vincent van Gogh La HayeAmsterdam primary campus French school International School of Amsterdam and the Japanese School of Amsterdam
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Economy
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Education
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berlin
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At the end of 2018 the citystate of Berlin had 375 million registered inhabitants in an area of 8911 km2 3441 sq mi The citys population density was 4206 inhabitants per km2 Berlin is the most populous city proper in the European Union In 2019 the urban area of Berlin had about 45 million inhabitants As of 2019 the functional urban area was home to about 52 million people The entire BerlinBrandenburg capital region has a population of more than 6 million in an area of 30546 km2 11794 sq mi In 2014 the citystate Berlin had 37368 live births +66 a record number since 1991 The number of deaths was 32314 Almost 20 million households were counted in the city 54 percent of them were singleperson households More than 337000 families with children under the age of 18 lived in Berlin In 2014 the German capital registered a migration surplus of approximately 40000 people
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Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions many of which enjoy international reputation The diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere An innovative music dance and art scene has developed in the 21st century Young people international artists and entrepreneurs continued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of the Universal Music Group who decided to move their headquarters to the banks of the River Spree In 2005 Berlin was named City of Design by UNESCO and has been part of the Creative Cities Network ever since Many German and International films were shot in Berlin including M One Two Three Cabaret Christiane F Possession Octopussy Wings of Desire Run Lola Run The Bourne Trilogy Good Bye Lenin The Lives of Others Inglourious Basterds Hanna Unknown and Bridge of Spies
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Demographics
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Culture
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berlin
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Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions many of which enjoy international reputation The diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere An innovative music dance and art scene has developed in the 21st century Young people international artists and entrepreneurs continued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of the Universal Music Group who decided to move their headquarters to the banks of the River Spree In 2005 Berlin was named City of Design by UNESCO and has been part of the Creative Cities Network ever since Many German and International films were shot in Berlin including M One Two Three Cabaret Christiane F Possession Octopussy Wings of Desire Run Lola Run The Bourne Trilogy Good Bye Lenin The Lives of Others Inglourious Basterds Hanna Unknown and Bridge of Spies
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In 2018 the GDP of Berlin totaled EUR147 billion an increase of 31 over the previous year Berlins economy is dominated by the service sector with around 84 of all companies doing business in services In 2015 the total labor force in Berlin was 185 million The unemployment rate reached a 24year low in November 2015 and stood at 100 From 2012 to 2015 Berlin as a German state had the highest annual employment growth rate Around 130000 jobs were added in this period Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences transportation information and communication technologies media and music advertising and design biotechnology environmental services construction ecommerce retail hotel business and medical engineering Research and development have economic significance for the city Several major corporations like Volkswagen Pfizer and SAP operate innovation laboratories in the city The Science and Business Park in Adlershof is the largest technology park in Germany measured by revenue Within the Eurozone Berlin has become a center for business relocation and international investments
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Culture
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Economy
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0880
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The value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities For some quantities the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen For example for an absolute temperature typically measured in kelvins zero is the lowest possible value Negative temperatures can be defined for some physical systems but negativetemperature systems are not actually colder This is in contrast to temperatures on the Celsius scale for example where zero is arbitrarily defined to be at the freezing point of water Measuring sound intensity in decibels or phons the zero level is arbitrarily set at a reference valuefor example at a value for the threshold of hearing In physics the zeropoint energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess and is the energy of the ground state of the system
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The word zero came into the English language via French zero from the Italian zero a contraction of the Venetian zevero form of Italian zefiro via safira or sifr In preIslamic time the word sifr Arabic Sfr had the meaning empty Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate sunya Sanskrit shuuny from India The first known English use of zero was in 1598 The Italian mathematician Fibonacci c 1170 c 1250 who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe used the term zephyrum This became zefiro in Italian and was then contracted to zero in Venetian The Italian word zefiro was already in existence meaning west wind from Latin and Greek Zephyrus and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic sifr
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Physics
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Etymology
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0880
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The word zero came into the English language via French zero from the Italian zero a contraction of the Venetian zevero form of Italian zefiro via safira or sifr In preIslamic time the word sifr Arabic Sfr had the meaning empty Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate sunya Sanskrit shuuny from India The first known English use of zero was in 1598 The Italian mathematician Fibonacci c 1170 c 1250 who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe used the term zephyrum This became zefiro in Italian and was then contracted to zero in Venetian The Italian word zefiro was already in existence meaning west wind from Latin and Greek Zephyrus and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic sifr
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Today the numerical digit 0 is usually written as a circle or ellipse Traditionally many print typefaces made the capital letter O more rounded than the narrower elliptical digit 0 Typewriters originally made no distinction in shape between O and 0 some models did not even have a separate key for the digit 0 The distinction came into prominence on modern character displays A slashed zero 0 displaystyle 0 is often used to distinguish the number from the letter mostly in computing navigation and in the military for example The digit 0 with a dot in the center seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 displays and has continued with some modern computer typefaces such as Andale Mono and in some airline reservation systems One variation uses a short vertical bar instead of the dot Some fonts designed for use with computers made one of the capitalOdigit0 pair more rounded and the other more angular closer to a rectangle A further distinction is made in falsificationhindering typeface as used on German car number plates by slitting open the digit 0 on the upper right side In some systems either the letter O or the numeral 0 or both are excluded from use to avoid confusion
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Etymology
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Symbols and representations
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0898 Beautiful South
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After forming in 1989 the Beautiful Souths debut album Welcome to the Beautiful South released October the same year was a major chart success reaching number 2 in the UK Albums Chart and featuring two top 10 hits Song For Whoever and You Keep It All In Featuring Paul Heatons witty lyrics and vocals from him Dave Hemingway and Briana Corrigan it was a critical success too being widely hailed for reinserting cynicism doubt and biting sarcasm into pop music The album was a transformation for lead singer and lyricist Paul Heaton after his previous band the Housemartins according to Robert Christgau he turned his talents to the interpersonal The surprise was that he didnt then cop out The third single from the album Ill Sail This Ship Alone reached number 31 Working in a short space of time the band quickly released their second album Choke a year later in October 1990 Although it reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart it was not as much a critical success as its predecessor despite drawing favourable reviews Two singles from the album My Book and Let Love Speak Up Itself charted outside the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart but the album also provided the bands only number 1 hit a HemingwayCorrigan duet called A Little Time and its music video featuring the aftermath of a domestic fight won the 1991 BRIT Award for Best Video As with before the band were quick to begin work on their third album After working with Mike Hedges on their first two albums the band hired Jon Kelly to produce the new album a British producer famous for working with Pele Prefab Sprout Deacon Blue Heather Nova the Levellers Fish Lynsey De Paul Nolwenn Leroy the Damned Kate Bush The band decamped to AIR Studios in London to record the new album the official recording studios of Associated Independent Recording This credit has caused confusion as the studio closed in 1989 before officially reopening as AIR Lyndhurst in a redeveloped hall in December 1992 after a year of construction and remodeling It is unknown which of the two locations the band recorded in
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0898 Beautiful South was released on 30 March 1992 on CD LP and cassette by the bands label Go Discs in most regions whilst it was released on 14 April in the United States The album cover which depicts ladies faces on the back of terrapins shells each representing a different mood on the album was painted by artist David Cutter as are the numerous illustrations in the liner notes each of which is based on a song from the album with one illustration for each song The illustrations for the albums four singles also appeared as the covers for those singles The full title of the album is 0898 Beautiful South but it is usually shortened to just 0898 which is how it appears on the back cover of the album The spacing and typography difference on the front cover and spine can be taken to imply it should be read as 0898 by Beautiful South two separate phrases although the spine of the album features both the band name and the full title separately The title refers to the 0898 premium rate dialling code associated with sex hotlines in the UK at the time Four singles were released from the album two of them prior to its release Old Red Eyes Is Back was released in February 1992 and reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart becoming their worst charting lead single so far It reached number 51 in the German Media Control Charts We are Each Other was released a month later still prior to the release of the album and was a lesser success in the UK only reaching number 30 However it provided the band with their biggest hit in the United States where it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart The single charted at number 81 in the German Media Control Charts Bell Bottomed Tear was released as the third single in June 1992 reaching number 16 in the UK Singles Chart becoming the highestcharting single from the album 36D was released as the final single in September 1992 reaching number 46 in the UK In an interview at the time of the albums release Sean Welch only imagined three singles would have been released saying three should be enough I think for anybody to release off an album The album was not a success in the United States although it gave the band a larger following there than before Billboard magazine reported in July 1992 that although it has not yet dented the Heatseekers chart the album was experiencing a sales burst in the United States They said it was due to the bands wellattended concerts in Los Angeles and New York City and their appearance on The Dennis Miller Show In France a limited edition contained two bonus tracks His Time Ran Out and Danielle Steele The Enemy Within A limited edition box set version released in the UK included CD and cassette copies of the album alongside the bands VHS music video compilation The Pumpkin
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Background and recording
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Release
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0898 Beautiful South
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0898 Beautiful South was released on 30 March 1992 on CD LP and cassette by the bands label Go Discs in most regions whilst it was released on 14 April in the United States The album cover which depicts ladies faces on the back of terrapins shells each representing a different mood on the album was painted by artist David Cutter as are the numerous illustrations in the liner notes each of which is based on a song from the album with one illustration for each song The illustrations for the albums four singles also appeared as the covers for those singles The full title of the album is 0898 Beautiful South but it is usually shortened to just 0898 which is how it appears on the back cover of the album The spacing and typography difference on the front cover and spine can be taken to imply it should be read as 0898 by Beautiful South two separate phrases although the spine of the album features both the band name and the full title separately The title refers to the 0898 premium rate dialling code associated with sex hotlines in the UK at the time Four singles were released from the album two of them prior to its release Old Red Eyes Is Back was released in February 1992 and reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart becoming their worst charting lead single so far It reached number 51 in the German Media Control Charts We are Each Other was released a month later still prior to the release of the album and was a lesser success in the UK only reaching number 30 However it provided the band with their biggest hit in the United States where it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart The single charted at number 81 in the German Media Control Charts Bell Bottomed Tear was released as the third single in June 1992 reaching number 16 in the UK Singles Chart becoming the highestcharting single from the album 36D was released as the final single in September 1992 reaching number 46 in the UK In an interview at the time of the albums release Sean Welch only imagined three singles would have been released saying three should be enough I think for anybody to release off an album The album was not a success in the United States although it gave the band a larger following there than before Billboard magazine reported in July 1992 that although it has not yet dented the Heatseekers chart the album was experiencing a sales burst in the United States They said it was due to the bands wellattended concerts in Los Angeles and New York City and their appearance on The Dennis Miller Show In France a limited edition contained two bonus tracks His Time Ran Out and Danielle Steele The Enemy Within A limited edition box set version released in the UK included CD and cassette copies of the album alongside the bands VHS music video compilation The Pumpkin
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As was their usual modus operandi The Beautiful South included unreleased material on the Bsides of the singles taken from their albums from the Old Red Eyes Is Back 12 single and CDEP Old Red Eyes Is Back Fleet St BC Diamonds MG Greaves from the We Are Each Other 12 single and CDEP We Are Each Other His Time Ran Out I Started A Joke Barry Robin Maurice Gibb this is a longer version of 433 later edited to 357 using an earlier fadeout for the limited edition bonus disc of Carry on up the Charts from the Bell Bottomed Tear CD1 Bell Bottomed Tear single edit A Thousand Lies They Used To Wear Black from the Bell Bottomed Tear CD2 Bell Bottomed Tear album version Woman in the Wall You Should Be Dancing Barry Robin Maurice Gibb Tracks 2 3 recorded live at St Georges Hall Blackburn 25 April 1992 An Australian CDEP of Bell Bottomed Tear contained the album version and all four nonLP tracks noted above from the 36D CD1 36D Throw His Song Away Trevor Youre Bizarre from the 36D CD2 36D From Under The Covers You Keep It All In 36D Tracks 2 3 4 recorded live at St Georges Hall Blackburn 25 April 1992
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Release
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Non-LP/CD B-Sides
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100 metres
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To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 108 metres 100 megametres or 100000 kilometres or 62150 miles 102 Mm diameter of HD 149026 b an unusually dense Jovian planet 115 Mm width of Saturns Rings 120 Mm diameter of EBLM J055557Ab the smallestknown star 120 Mm diameter of Saturn 142 Mm diameter of Jupiter the largest planet in the Solar System 170 Mm diameter of TRAPPIST1 a star discovered to have seven planets around it 174 Mm diameter of OGLETR122b one of the smallest known stars 180 Mm average distance covered during life 215 Mm diameter of Proxima Centauri the nearest star to the Solar System 257 Mm diameter of TrES4 one of the largest exoplanets 260 Mm diameter of the Barnards Star 272 Mm diameter of WASP12b 299792 Mm one lightsecond the distance light travels in vacuum in one second see speed of light 314 Mm diameter of CT Cha b 3844 Mm 238855 mi average EarthMoon distance 671 Mm aeparation between Jupiter and Europa 696 Mm radius of Sun 989 Mm diameter of Epsilon Indi one of the nearest stars to Earth
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To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 105 m and 104 m 10 mm and 100 mm 10 mm width of cotton fibre 10 mm tolerance of a Lego brick 10 mm transistor width of the Intel 4004 the worlds first commercial microprocessor 10 mm mean longest dimension of a human red blood cell 520 mm dust mite excreta 106 mm wavelength of light emitted by a carbon dioxide laser 15 mm width of silk fibre 17 mm minimum width of a strand of human hair 176 mm one twip a unit of length in typography 10 to 55 mm width of wool fibre 254 mm 11000 inch commonly referred to as 1 mil in the US and 1 thou in the UK 30 mm length of a human skin cell 308568 mm 1 zeptoparsec 50 mm typical length of Euglena gracilis a flagellate protist 50 mm typical length of a human liver cell an averagesized body cell 50 mm length of a silt particle 60 mm length of a sperm cell 70 to 180 mm thickness of paper
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100 megametres
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10 micrometres
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100 metres
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To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 105 m and 104 m 10 mm and 100 mm 10 mm width of cotton fibre 10 mm tolerance of a Lego brick 10 mm transistor width of the Intel 4004 the worlds first commercial microprocessor 10 mm mean longest dimension of a human red blood cell 520 mm dust mite excreta 106 mm wavelength of light emitted by a carbon dioxide laser 15 mm width of silk fibre 17 mm minimum width of a strand of human hair 176 mm one twip a unit of length in typography 10 to 55 mm width of wool fibre 254 mm 11000 inch commonly referred to as 1 mil in the US and 1 thou in the UK 30 mm length of a human skin cell 308568 mm 1 zeptoparsec 50 mm typical length of Euglena gracilis a flagellate protist 50 mm typical length of a human liver cell an averagesized body cell 50 mm length of a silt particle 60 mm length of a sperm cell 70 to 180 mm thickness of paper
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To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 108 and 107 m 10 nm and 100 nm 10 nm the average length of a nanowire 10 nm lower size of tobacco smoke 10 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 2016 2017 13 nm the length of the wavelength that is used for EUV lithography 14 nm length of a porcine circovirus 14 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 2013 15 nm length of an antibody 18 nm diameter of tobacco mosaic virus Generally viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm 20 nm length of a nanobe could be one of the smallest forms of life 2080 nm thickness of cell wall in Grampositive bacteria 20 nm thickness of bacterial flagellum 22 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20112012 22 nm smallest feature size of production microprocessors in September 2009 25 nm diameter of a microtubule 30 nm lower size of cooking oil smoke 308568 nm 1 yoctoparsec 32 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20092010 40 nm extreme ultraviolet wavelength 45 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20072008 50 nm upper size for airborne virus particles 50 nm flying height of the head of a hard disk 65 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20052006 58 nm height of a T7 bacteriophage 90 nm human immunodeficiency virus HIV generally viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm 90 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20022003 100 nm Length of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle
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10 micrometres
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10 nanometres
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1002 German royal election
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Hermann of Swabia who had not initially recognised Henrys election but had subsequently submitted to him at Bruchsal died a few months later on 4 May 1003 Henry took over the regency of Hermanns duchy on behalf of his young son Hermann III a situation which was maintained de jure by his successors until the middle of the century and he used this position to permanently remove the family of his rival from power Henry of Schweinfurt had supported the election of Henry II in return for the promise that he could succeed to Bavaria However the new king reneged on this promise since he could not allow Schweinfurt to have such a powerful position in the southeast of the Empire Therefore Henry of Schweinfurt and his close relatives made an alliance with Boleslaw I of Poland who had also submitted to Henry II at Merseburg after an unexplained attack and Brun the brother of King Henry This alliance was defeated in the summer of 1003 Henry of Schweinfurt lost his county and his imperial fiefs and only his personal property was returned to him when he was pardoned in 1004
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Immediately after the meeting at Werla Henry moved towards Mainz with armed forces and got the Archbishop of Mainz Willigis to promise that he would crown him after his successful election in his cathedral Mainz Cathedral and not in Aachen as usual Then on 7 June 1002 Henry had the worldly and spiritual princes who were present vote without waiting for the full conclave of electors Here his Bavarian followers and the Eastern Franks voting for him and the Swabians against him With that he was elected as king without the knowledge or participation of the northern and western regions Lotharingia Saxony and Thuringia Henrys power base consisted of his duchy and the majority of the bishops under the leadership of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz who carried out the coronation immediately after the election as promised While Willigis was responsible for the coronation as archbishop of Mainz everything else in this election was counter to tradition the location of the conclave the fact that Henry did not sit upon the Throne of Charlemagne and of course the fact that not all electors were present at the conclave
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Aftermath
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The election of Henry
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1002 German royal election
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Immediately after the meeting at Werla Henry moved towards Mainz with armed forces and got the Archbishop of Mainz Willigis to promise that he would crown him after his successful election in his cathedral Mainz Cathedral and not in Aachen as usual Then on 7 June 1002 Henry had the worldly and spiritual princes who were present vote without waiting for the full conclave of electors Here his Bavarian followers and the Eastern Franks voting for him and the Swabians against him With that he was elected as king without the knowledge or participation of the northern and western regions Lotharingia Saxony and Thuringia Henrys power base consisted of his duchy and the majority of the bishops under the leadership of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz who carried out the coronation immediately after the election as promised While Willigis was responsible for the coronation as archbishop of Mainz everything else in this election was counter to tradition the location of the conclave the fact that Henry did not sit upon the Throne of Charlemagne and of course the fact that not all electors were present at the conclave
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When the caravan with Otto IIIs body had been led over the Alps by Archbishop Heribert it reached the borders of Henrys duchy at Polling Henry displayed great concern for the caravan but more for his claim and finally he forced Heribert to hand over the Imperial regalia which were being carried with the body These did not include the Holy Lance which was the most important reliquary of the Empire Heribert had sent the Lance ahead probably out of mistrust of Henry since he had been part of the close circle of the deceased Emperor who had named Hermann of Swabia as the new King Henry imprisoned the Archbishop and subsequently also his brother Henry I Bishop of Wurzburg In this way he eventually gained possession of the Lance as well
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The election of Henry
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Robbery of the Imperial regalia
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108th Guards Rifle Division
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In the late May fighting near Moldavanskoye both Brigades had been in 10th Guards Corps of 56th Army and made only minor gains before the offensive bogged down By the beginning of July the 10th Brigade was still in this Corps but the 4th Brigade was a separate unit under direct Army Command A new offensive began on July 16 after a massive artillery preparation at 0400 hours and initially involved only the 10th and 11th Guards Corps on a 7kmwide sector on the boundary between the 97th Jager and 98th Infantry Divisions but this was almost immediately halted with heavy losses On July 22 the effort expanded to include the rest of 56th Army but with no greater success At the beginning of August the 108th Guards was serving as a separate division in the reserves of North Caucasus Front and on August 22 the STAVKA decided to cut its losses and ordered the Front to transfer seven of its divisions including the 108th Guards to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment
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At the start of the Second JassyKishinev Operation 37th Corps had the 59th and 108th Guards plus the rebuilt 320th Division under command 46th Army was on the Fronts left south flank covering a frontage of 111km but its main attack would be along an 8kmwide sector between Talmaza and Cioburciu The 37th and 31st Guards Corps both deployed in two echelons made up the main shock force attacking in the direction of Volintiri while the 34th Rifle Corps would make a supporting attack toward Slobozia 10th Guards Corps which had also been assigned to 46th Army would serve as the Front reserve The shock group would be supported by 200250 guns and mortars per kilometre of the Corps attack frontage In direct fire support the 46th Army also had a battalion of 23 captured selfpropelled guns The 4th Guards Mechanized Corps formed the mobile group to exploit the Armys breakthrough The offensive began on August 20 On that first day the two Corps broke through the German XXIX Corps defense along the boundary with XXX Corps helped inflict a heavy defeat on the 4th Romanian Mountain Division and forced 21st Romanian Infantry Division out of its defenses while the German 306th Infantry suffered heavy casualties 37th Corps also captured the town of Cioburciu and penetrated up to 12km into a gap as much as 40km wide jointly with 31st Guards Corps During the next day all three divisions of 37th Corps reached a line south of Khadzhailar and Slobozia By the end of August 22 advance elements of 37th Corps advanced as far as Zabar and 3rd Ukrainian Front had torn a gap in the enemy front 130km wide and as much as 70km deep On the next day 46th Army continued the operations that encircled the Akkerman group of Romanian Third Army and 37th Corps forced a crossing of the Cogalnic River As a result of this offensive on August 26 the 311th Guards Rifle Regiment Col Rudko Yosif Petrovich would be awarded the battle honor Izmail while on September 7 the 305th Guards Regiment was given the honorific Lower Dniestr As the advance continued into the Balkans on October 11 the 308th Guards Regiment Col Tatarchuk Kondratii Safronovich would win a similar honor for its part in the capture of the Hungarian city of Szeged
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Kuban Bridgehead
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Into the Balkans
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108th Guards Rifle Division
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At the start of the Second JassyKishinev Operation 37th Corps had the 59th and 108th Guards plus the rebuilt 320th Division under command 46th Army was on the Fronts left south flank covering a frontage of 111km but its main attack would be along an 8kmwide sector between Talmaza and Cioburciu The 37th and 31st Guards Corps both deployed in two echelons made up the main shock force attacking in the direction of Volintiri while the 34th Rifle Corps would make a supporting attack toward Slobozia 10th Guards Corps which had also been assigned to 46th Army would serve as the Front reserve The shock group would be supported by 200250 guns and mortars per kilometre of the Corps attack frontage In direct fire support the 46th Army also had a battalion of 23 captured selfpropelled guns The 4th Guards Mechanized Corps formed the mobile group to exploit the Armys breakthrough The offensive began on August 20 On that first day the two Corps broke through the German XXIX Corps defense along the boundary with XXX Corps helped inflict a heavy defeat on the 4th Romanian Mountain Division and forced 21st Romanian Infantry Division out of its defenses while the German 306th Infantry suffered heavy casualties 37th Corps also captured the town of Cioburciu and penetrated up to 12km into a gap as much as 40km wide jointly with 31st Guards Corps During the next day all three divisions of 37th Corps reached a line south of Khadzhailar and Slobozia By the end of August 22 advance elements of 37th Corps advanced as far as Zabar and 3rd Ukrainian Front had torn a gap in the enemy front 130km wide and as much as 70km deep On the next day 46th Army continued the operations that encircled the Akkerman group of Romanian Third Army and 37th Corps forced a crossing of the Cogalnic River As a result of this offensive on August 26 the 311th Guards Rifle Regiment Col Rudko Yosif Petrovich would be awarded the battle honor Izmail while on September 7 the 305th Guards Regiment was given the honorific Lower Dniestr As the advance continued into the Balkans on October 11 the 308th Guards Regiment Col Tatarchuk Kondratii Safronovich would win a similar honor for its part in the capture of the Hungarian city of Szeged
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By the beginning of March the division along with the rest of 37th Corps had returned to 3rd Ukrainian Front but now as part of 27th Army On March 10 Colonel Dunaev was sent to study at the Voroshilov Academy he would be made a Hero of the Soviet Union on April 28 largely for his leadership of the division in the battle for the Ercsi bridgehead He was replaced the next day bu Maj Gen Dmitrii Grigorevich Piskunov who had previously commanded the 66th Rifle Division and served as the deputy commander of the 41st Guards Rifle Division He would remain in command of the 108th Guards into the postwar During Operation Spring Awakening which began on March 6 the 27th Army was in the Fronts second echelon and in the event saw little action before the Soviet forces went over to the offensive on March 16 As the Vienna Offensive continued the division took part in the recapture of Szekesfehervar and the capture of Mor Veszprem and other towns and on April 26 the 305th and 311th Guards Rifle Regiments would each receive the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 2nd Degree for their roles in these successes The Front crossed into Austria on March 30 and the division ended the war in western Austria with the full title of 108th Guards Rifle Nikolaev Order of the Red Banner Order of Suvorov Division Russian 108ia gvardeiskaia strelkovaia Nikolaevskaia Krasnoznamionnaia ordena Suvorova diviziia 27th Army was withdrawn to eastern Romania by August 20 and by November the 108th Guards had been transferred to the 35th Guards Rifle Corps Shortly afterward the Army was again moved now to the Carpathian Military District The Army headquarters was disbanded there in August 1946 and sometime after the division was transferred to the Odessa Military District where it was itself disbanded in 1947
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Into the Balkans
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Into Austria and Postwar
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109th Guards Rifle Division
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Following the German Spring Awakening offensive in March during which the division was assigned to the 18th Guards Rifle Corps in 46th Army the Soviet forces in Hungary went over to the counteroffensive on the 16th During the advance toward Austria the division broke through part of the German defense of the Transdanubian Mountains and helped capture the towns of Tata Esztergom and others for which the 306th Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment received the Order of Suvorov 3rd Degree and the 246th Guards Artillery Regiment was given the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 2nd Degree all on April 26 During April the 18th Guards Corps moved to the 53rd Army still in 2nd Ukrainian Front The division would remain under these Corps and Army commands for the duration of the war After the end of hostilities in Europe the 312th Guards Rifle Regiment received the Order of Kutuzov 3rd Degree for the liberation of Malacky while the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the 246th Guards Artillery Regiment won the Order of Kutuzov 3rd Degree both for their roles in the liberation of Brno
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In the late May fighting near Moldavanskoye both Brigades had been in 10th Guards Corps of 56th Army and made only minor gains before the offensive bogged down By the beginning of July both Brigades were still in this Corps A new offensive began on July 16 after a massive artillery preparation at 0400 hours and initially involved only the 10th and 11th Guards Corps on a 7kmwide sector on the boundary between the 97th Jager and 98th Infantry Divisions but this was almost immediately halted with heavy losses On July 22 the effort expanded to include the rest of 56th Army but with no greater success At the beginning of August the 109th Guards was the only rifle formation remaining in 10th Guards Corps still in 56th Army and on August 22 the STAVKA decided to cut its losses and ordered the Front to transfer seven of its divisions including the 109th Guards to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment
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Into Czechoslovakia
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Kuban Bridgehead
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109th Guards Rifle Division
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In the late May fighting near Moldavanskoye both Brigades had been in 10th Guards Corps of 56th Army and made only minor gains before the offensive bogged down By the beginning of July both Brigades were still in this Corps A new offensive began on July 16 after a massive artillery preparation at 0400 hours and initially involved only the 10th and 11th Guards Corps on a 7kmwide sector on the boundary between the 97th Jager and 98th Infantry Divisions but this was almost immediately halted with heavy losses On July 22 the effort expanded to include the rest of 56th Army but with no greater success At the beginning of August the 109th Guards was the only rifle formation remaining in 10th Guards Corps still in 56th Army and on August 22 the STAVKA decided to cut its losses and ordered the Front to transfer seven of its divisions including the 109th Guards to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment
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The division along with its 10th Guards Corps remained in 5th Shock Army until early August when it was transferred to the 46th Army in the buildup to the new offensive into Bessarabia 10th Guards Corps 49th 86th and 109th Guards Divisions served as the Front reserve The offensive began on August 20 but the 86th Guards along with its Corps did not see any action in the first days By 0800 hours on August 24 General Malinovskii had shifted the Corps to the boundary between the 37th and 46th Armies in the Leiptsig area and to the east By the end of the next day the Corps was to arrive in the Comrat area by this time the Axis Kishinev grouping had been encircled following the linkup of 3rd and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts During the next days the 10th Guards Corps exploited to cross the Prut River while the remaining German forces were destroyed east of it
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Kuban Bridgehead
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Into the Balkans
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10th Baluch Regiment
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The Baluch Regiment originated in the Army of Bombay Presidency in 1844 when Sir Charles Napier raised the 1st Belooch old spelling of Baluch Battalion raised as the Scinde Beloochee Corps and designated as 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1861 for local service in the newly conquered province of Sindh Two years later another Belooch battalion was raised designated as the 29th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1861 while in 1858 John Jacob raised Jacobs Rifles 30th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry which would soon become the 3rd Belooch Regiment The term local was interpreted fairly loosely when it became necessary to send the 2nd Beloochees to the Persian War in 185657 a campaign frequently overshadowed by the events of the Indian Mutiny in 1857 The 1st was in Karachi when the news of the insurrection reached the Commissioner Sir Bartle Frere dispatched them with all haste on foot across the Sindh desert in May to join the siege artillery train on its way to Delhi the only Bombay unit to join the Delhi Field Force The regiment was brought into line for its services in North India as the 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry Meanwhile the 2nd Beloochees were also regularized as the 29th Regiment In 1862 the 2nd Beloochees were dispatched to China to suppress the Taiping Rebellion Two years later they became some of the first foreign troops to be stationed in Japan when two companies were sent to Yokohama as a part of the garrison guarding the British legation The 1st Beloochees greatly distinguished themselves in the tough Abyssinian Campaign of 1868 and were made Light Infantry as a reward All Baloch battalions took part in the Second Afghan War of 187880 where the Jacobs Rifles suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of Maiwand The 1st Belooch Regiment again distinguished itself in 188587 during the Third Burma War In 1891 two battalions of Bombay Infantry also became Baluchi when they were reconstituted with Baluchis Hazaras and Pathans from Baluchistan and localized in the province The first of these the 24th Baluchistan Infantry was raised in 1820 while the other 26th Baluchistan Infantry was raised in 1825 Following the Kitchener Reforms of 1903 these battalions were redesignated as the 124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry 126th Baluchistan Infantry 127th Queen Marys Own Baluch Light Infantry 129th Duke of Connaughts Own Baluchis and 130th King Georges Own Baluchis Jacobs Rifles In 1914 their full dress uniforms included red trousers worn with rifle green or drab tunics
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After the First World War a major reorganization of British Indian Army took place Most of the wartime units were disbanded while the remaining singlebattalion regiments were merged to form large regimental groups of 46 battalions each Among these was the 10th Baluch Regiment formed in 1922 at Rajkot Rajasthan from the five old Baluch battalions and the second battalion of 124th Baluchistan Infantry The regimental depot later shifted to Karachi The distinctive rifle green and red uniform of the old Baluch battalions was adopted by the entire regiment The officers wore a cherry boss surmounted by a silver X on field and forage caps while the old battalion badges continued to be worn on pagris and helmets by the 1st 3rd 4th and 5th Battalions It was not until 1945 that a single cap badge was adopted by the regiment on introduction of berets during the Second World War It consisted of a Roman numeral X within a crescent moon a crown above and title scroll below all in white metal The badges of rank were in black metal with red edging while the lanyard was of rifle green cord with two red runners Another distinctive feature of Baluchi uniforms were plain silver ball buttons worn on service and mess dresses The line up of the new regiment was 1st Battalion DCO 124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry 2nd Battalion 126th Baluchistan Infantry 3rd Battalion QMO 127th Queen Marys Own Baluch Light Infantry 4th Battalion DCO 129th Duke of Connaughts Own Baluchis 5th Battalion KGO 130th King Georges Own Baluchis Jacobs Rifles 10th Training Battalion 2124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry
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The Bombay Army
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Inter-War Period
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10th Baluch Regiment
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After the First World War a major reorganization of British Indian Army took place Most of the wartime units were disbanded while the remaining singlebattalion regiments were merged to form large regimental groups of 46 battalions each Among these was the 10th Baluch Regiment formed in 1922 at Rajkot Rajasthan from the five old Baluch battalions and the second battalion of 124th Baluchistan Infantry The regimental depot later shifted to Karachi The distinctive rifle green and red uniform of the old Baluch battalions was adopted by the entire regiment The officers wore a cherry boss surmounted by a silver X on field and forage caps while the old battalion badges continued to be worn on pagris and helmets by the 1st 3rd 4th and 5th Battalions It was not until 1945 that a single cap badge was adopted by the regiment on introduction of berets during the Second World War It consisted of a Roman numeral X within a crescent moon a crown above and title scroll below all in white metal The badges of rank were in black metal with red edging while the lanyard was of rifle green cord with two red runners Another distinctive feature of Baluchi uniforms were plain silver ball buttons worn on service and mess dresses The line up of the new regiment was 1st Battalion DCO 124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry 2nd Battalion 126th Baluchistan Infantry 3rd Battalion QMO 127th Queen Marys Own Baluch Light Infantry 4th Battalion DCO 129th Duke of Connaughts Own Baluchis 5th Battalion KGO 130th King Georges Own Baluchis Jacobs Rifles 10th Training Battalion 2124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry
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At the time of independence the active battalions were 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 7th 17th The regiment was allotted to Pakistan Dogra companies of the Baluch Regiment were transferred to the Indian Army The Regimental Centre shifted to Quetta in 1947 to make room for the Government offices in the new capital of Pakistan In 1948 the 6th and 8th Battalions were reraised in response to the war with India in Kashmir where the 4th Battalion greatly distinguished itself in the Battle of Pandu In 1956 major reorganization took place in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments As a result the 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments were absorbed by the Baluch Regiment now called the Baloch Regiment The new line up of the regiment was 1 Baluch 18th Punjab The Gallant One 2 Baluch 28th Punjab 3 Baluch 38th Punjab 4 Baluch 48th Punjab Prince of Waless Own 5 Baluch 58th Punjab Burma 6 Baluch 1 Baluch Duchess of Connaughts Own 7 Baluch 2 Baluch 8 Baluch 1 Bahawalpur Sadiq 9 Baluch 2 Bahawalpur Haroon 10 Baluch 3 Baluch Queen Marys Own 11 Baluch 4 Baluch Duke of Connaughts Own 12 Baluch 5 Baluch King George Vs Own Jacobs Rifles 13 Baluch 68th Punjab 14 Baluch 6 Baluch 15 Baluch 7 Baluch 16 Baluch 8 Baluch 17 Baluch 88th Punjab 18 Baluch 98th Punjab 19 Baluch SSG 17 Baluch 20 Baluch 3 Bahawalpur Abbas 21 Baluch 4 Bahawalpur
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Inter-War Period
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Post-independence
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1271 Avenue of the Americas
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Time Inc had been housed at 1 Rockefeller Plaza since 1937 when that building had opened as part of the construction of Rockefeller Center As early as 1946 it had sought to develop the site of the Marguery Hotel at 270 Park Avenue for a 35story headquarters designed by Harrison Abramovitz though the plans did not come to fruition By 1953 Time Inc was set to outgrow its existing space in 1 Rockefeller Plaza within a year and it wanted to have its headquarters in a single building Time Inc seriously considered relocating to Westchester County a northern suburb of New York City as well as to a suburb of Philadelphia By November 1955 the company decided to stay in New York City because of the large number of transportation options there
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Upon the buildings completion Architectural Forum wrote The buildings character reflects a joining of partners a marriage of uses a meld of design and a union between New Yorks two generic officebuilding types In skyscraper society the Time Life Building is uppermiddleclass New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable writing in 1960 said that 1271 Avenue of the Americas 28 Liberty Street and 270 Park Avenue all had a still toorare esthetic excellence Huxtable also characterized 1271 Avenue of the Americas spaces as flexible architectural anarchy Another architectural critic Carter B Horsley praised the lobbys design and materials though he believed the facade had an inconspicuous albeit not terrible design The Time Life Buildings completion spurred the construction of similar office buildings along Sixth Avenue The architect Robert A M Stern wrote in his 1995 book New York 1960 that the building marked the first key step in the avenues reconstruction Architectural Forum wrote that the buildings completion opens a wide frontier for an expanding city leading the way for the construction of other large office buildings west of Sixth Avenue 1271 Avenue of the Americas has appeared in several media works The building was featured in the television series Mad Men as the fictional headquarters of the advertising agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce later Sterling Cooper Partners AMC the network on which Mad Men airs unveiled a bench in front of the building in 2015 it contains a sculpture of lead character Don Drapers black silhouette as shown in the shows opening credits The 2013 film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was partially set within the building
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History
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Impact
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1271 Avenue of the Americas
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Upon the buildings completion Architectural Forum wrote The buildings character reflects a joining of partners a marriage of uses a meld of design and a union between New Yorks two generic officebuilding types In skyscraper society the Time Life Building is uppermiddleclass New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable writing in 1960 said that 1271 Avenue of the Americas 28 Liberty Street and 270 Park Avenue all had a still toorare esthetic excellence Huxtable also characterized 1271 Avenue of the Americas spaces as flexible architectural anarchy Another architectural critic Carter B Horsley praised the lobbys design and materials though he believed the facade had an inconspicuous albeit not terrible design The Time Life Buildings completion spurred the construction of similar office buildings along Sixth Avenue The architect Robert A M Stern wrote in his 1995 book New York 1960 that the building marked the first key step in the avenues reconstruction Architectural Forum wrote that the buildings completion opens a wide frontier for an expanding city leading the way for the construction of other large office buildings west of Sixth Avenue 1271 Avenue of the Americas has appeared in several media works The building was featured in the television series Mad Men as the fictional headquarters of the advertising agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce later Sterling Cooper Partners AMC the network on which Mad Men airs unveiled a bench in front of the building in 2015 it contains a sculpture of lead character Don Drapers black silhouette as shown in the shows opening credits The 2013 film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was partially set within the building
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1271 Avenue of the Americas is on the western side of Sixth Avenue officially Avenue of the Americas between 50th and 51st streets in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City The land lot is rectangular and covers 82340 sq ft 7650 m2 The site has a frontage of 410 ft 120 m on 50th and 51st streets and a frontage of 200 ft 61 m on Sixth Avenue Nearby buildings include The Michelangelo to the west the Axa Equitable Center to the northwest 75 Rockefeller Plaza to the northeast Radio City Music Hall to the east 30 Rockefeller Plaza to the southeast and 1251 Avenue of the Americas to the south Prior to the development of 1271 Avenue of the Americas much of the site had previously served as a New York Railways Company trolley barn which in turn was replaced by a parking lot There was also a fourstory building facing Sixth Avenue and a collection of singlestory shops on 50th Street Rockefeller Center Inc bought the plots on 50th and 51st streets in the first week of August 1953 followed by those on Sixth Avenue the next week One building on the site reportedly cost $2 million after its owner had held out Rockefeller Centers managers originally wanted to build an NBC studio or a Ford vehicle showroom on the site
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Impact
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Site
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12th Imperial Transit Center
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Londons continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9787426 people in 2011 while its wider metropolitan area had a population of 1214 million depending on the definition used According to Eurostat London is the second most populous metropolitan area in Europe A net 726000 immigrants arrived there in the period 19912001 The region covers 610 square miles 1579 km2 giving a population density of 13410 inhabitants per square mile 5177km2 more than ten times that of any other British region In population terms London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region In tenure 231 socially rent within London 468 either own their house outright or with a mortgage or loan and 30 privately rent at the 2021 census Many Londoners work from home 429 did so at the 2021 census while 206 drive a car to work The biggest decrease in method of transportation was seen within those who take the train and underground declining from 226 in 2011 to 96 in 2021 In qualifications 467 of London had census classified Level 4 qualifications or higher which is predominately university degrees 162 had no qualifications at all
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London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times in 1908 1948 and 2012 making it the first city to host the modern Games three times The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934 In 2017 London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time Londons most popular sport is football and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 202324 season Arsenal Brentford Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United Other professional mens teams in London are AFC Wimbledon Barnet Bromley Charlton Athletic Dagenham Redbridge Leyton Orient Millwall Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United Four Londonbased teams are in the Womens Super League Arsenal Chelsea Tottenham and West Ham United Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London Harlequins and Saracens Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond Rosslyn Park Westcombe Park and Blackheath Twickenham Stadium in southwest London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team While rugby league is more popular in the north of England the sport has one professional club in London the London Broncos who play in the Super League One of Londons bestknown annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships held at the All England Club in the southwestern suburb of Wimbledon since 1877 Played in late June to early July it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team Lords home of Middlesex CCC and the Oval home of Surrey CCC Lords has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket In golf the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water Surrey on the southwest fringes of London while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship the oldest major and tournament in golf is Royal St Georges in Sandwich Kent Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament Other key annual events are the massparticipation London Marathon and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge
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Demography
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Sport
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12th Imperial Transit Center
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London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times in 1908 1948 and 2012 making it the first city to host the modern Games three times The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934 In 2017 London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time Londons most popular sport is football and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 202324 season Arsenal Brentford Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United Other professional mens teams in London are AFC Wimbledon Barnet Bromley Charlton Athletic Dagenham Redbridge Leyton Orient Millwall Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United Four Londonbased teams are in the Womens Super League Arsenal Chelsea Tottenham and West Ham United Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London Harlequins and Saracens Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond Rosslyn Park Westcombe Park and Blackheath Twickenham Stadium in southwest London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team While rugby league is more popular in the north of England the sport has one professional club in London the London Broncos who play in the Super League One of Londons bestknown annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships held at the All England Club in the southwestern suburb of Wimbledon since 1877 Played in late June to early July it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team Lords home of Middlesex CCC and the Oval home of Surrey CCC Lords has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket In golf the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water Surrey on the southwest fringes of London while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship the oldest major and tournament in golf is Royal St Georges in Sandwich Kent Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament Other key annual events are the massparticipation London Marathon and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge
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London is an ancient name attested in the first century AD usually in the Latinised form Londinium Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources Latin usually Londinium Old English usually Lunden and Welsh usually Llundein with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages It is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as Londonjon or something similar This was then adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English Until 1889 the name London applied officially only to the City of London but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London
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Sport
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Toponymy
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12th century in literature
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Early 12th century Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible c 1120 Theologia Summi Boni by Peter Abelard c 1121 Sic et Non by Peter Abelard c 114142 Historia Ecclesiastica by Orderic Vitalis c 1142 Speculum caritatis The Mirror of Charity by Aelred of Rievaulx 1150 Skara Missal c 1150 Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn Tufail The Four Books of Sentences Libri Quattuor Sententiarum by Peter Lombard De tribus in paenitentia consideranda and Unum ex quatuor by Clement of Llanthony Mid12th century Unum ex quatuor by Clement of Llanthony translation into Middle English Oon of Foure c 115264 Liber viarum Dei by Elisabeth of Schonau c 1160 De institutione inclusarum by Aelred of Rievaulx Policraticus by John of Salisbury 1163 Makhzan alAsrar The Treasury of Mysteries by Nizami Ganjavi 116467 De spirituali amicitia Spiritual Friendship and De anima On the Soul by Aelred of Rievaulx c 11751200 Poema Morale c 1190 Senchakushu Xuan Ze Ben Yuan Nian Fo Ji by Honen Fa Ran 1196 Revelation of St Nicholas to a monk of Evesham
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1104 September 3 St Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral England and the St Cuthbert Gospel of St John removed from his tomb 1170 Poet politician and historian Lu You Lu You travels on the Grand Canal China from Shaoxing to the river Yangtze recording his progress in a diary Before 1173 Copenhagen Psalter produced in northern England 1170 29 December Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket is assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral an event that inspires several plays notably Alfred Lord Tennysons Becket 1884 T S Eliots Murder in the Cathedral 1935 Jean Anouilhs Becket Becket ou lhonneur de Dieu 1959 and Paul Webbs Four Nights in Knaresborough 1999 It also features in novels such as Conrad Ferdinand Meyers Der Heilige The Saint 1879 Ken Folletts The Pillars of the Earth 1989 and Sharon Kay Penmans Time and Chance 2002 c 1193 The university and its libraries at Nalanda in India are sacked and burned by Turkic invader Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji the burning of the library is said to have continued for several months
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Philosophy/theology
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Events
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12th century in literature
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1104 September 3 St Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral England and the St Cuthbert Gospel of St John removed from his tomb 1170 Poet politician and historian Lu You Lu You travels on the Grand Canal China from Shaoxing to the river Yangtze recording his progress in a diary Before 1173 Copenhagen Psalter produced in northern England 1170 29 December Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket is assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral an event that inspires several plays notably Alfred Lord Tennysons Becket 1884 T S Eliots Murder in the Cathedral 1935 Jean Anouilhs Becket Becket ou lhonneur de Dieu 1959 and Paul Webbs Four Nights in Knaresborough 1999 It also features in novels such as Conrad Ferdinand Meyers Der Heilige The Saint 1879 Ken Folletts The Pillars of the Earth 1989 and Sharon Kay Penmans Time and Chance 2002 c 1193 The university and its libraries at Nalanda in India are sacked and burned by Turkic invader Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji the burning of the library is said to have continued for several months
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Tain Bo Cuailnge Old Irish version in Lebor na hUidre by 1106 Middle Irish version in Book of Leinster c 1160 Ramavataram by Kambar Earliest texts of the Tristan and Iseult legend c 11501190 Le Roman de Tristan by Beroul common branch Norman language c 11551173 Tristan by Thomas of Britain courtly branch Old French c 1160 Roman dEneas c 1165 Letter of Prester John c 1180 Chanson dAntioche c 11801210 Nibelungenlied Late 12th century Acallam na Senorach Dialogue of the Ancients Middle Irish Aiol and Mirabel Old French Karel ende Elegast Middle Dutch The Tale of Igors Campaign Slovo o plku Igoreve Slovo o pulku Igoreve Old East Slavic Chanson de Jerusalem Digenis Acritas Metrical Dindshenchas c 12th century Historia Caroli Magni pseudohistory falsely attributed to Turpin archbishop of Reims The Knight in the Panthers Skin by Shota Rustaveli Mabinogion
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Events
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Epic/Saga/Chanson de Geste
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13q deletion syndrome
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This disorder is caused by the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 which can either be deleted linearly or as a ring chromosome It is typically not hereditary the loss of a portion of the chromosome typically occurs during gametogenesis making it a de novo mutation When it is hereditary it is usually caused by a parent having mosaicism or a balanced translocation The severity of the disorder is correlated with the size of the deletion with larger deletions causing more severe manifestations There are three common anomalies predominately observed in 13q deletion syndrome congenital heart disease anorectalgenitourinary and gastrointestinal tract malformations These are all part of the VACTERL associations which is a disorder that is characterized by vertebral anomalies anal atresia cardiac defect tracheoesphageal fistula renal anomalies and limb defects
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Although there is no cure for 13q deletion syndrome symptoms can be managed usually with the involvement of a neurologist rehabilitation physician occupational therapist physiotherapist psychotherapist nutritionist special education professional andor speech therapist No treatment for 13q deletion syndrome will ever be identical due to the variations in the disease which is why the use of personalized teams with members from different medical fields is vital to the patient If the affected childs growth is particularly slow growth hormone treatment can be used to augment growth Plastic surgeries can repair cleft palates and surgical repair or monitoring by a pediatric cardiologist can manage cardiac defects Some skeletal neurological genitourinary gastrointestinal and ophthalmic abnormalities can be definitively treated with surgery Endocrine abnormalities can often be managed medically Even if a child is responding to well to their medical treatment it is important to utilize special educators speech and occupational therapists and physiotherapists to help the child develop skills that will aid in their life in and out of the classroom
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Mechanism
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Treatment
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13q deletion syndrome
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Although there is no cure for 13q deletion syndrome symptoms can be managed usually with the involvement of a neurologist rehabilitation physician occupational therapist physiotherapist psychotherapist nutritionist special education professional andor speech therapist No treatment for 13q deletion syndrome will ever be identical due to the variations in the disease which is why the use of personalized teams with members from different medical fields is vital to the patient If the affected childs growth is particularly slow growth hormone treatment can be used to augment growth Plastic surgeries can repair cleft palates and surgical repair or monitoring by a pediatric cardiologist can manage cardiac defects Some skeletal neurological genitourinary gastrointestinal and ophthalmic abnormalities can be definitively treated with surgery Endocrine abnormalities can often be managed medically Even if a child is responding to well to their medical treatment it is important to utilize special educators speech and occupational therapists and physiotherapists to help the child develop skills that will aid in their life in and out of the classroom
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Variations of the signs and symptoms occur depending upon the area of chromosome 13 that is deleted Deletions from the centromere to 13q32 or any deletions including the 13q32 band are associated with slow growth intellectual disability and congenital malformations Deletions from 13q33 to the end of the chromosome are associated with intellectual disability Intellectual disabilities range from very mild to very severe and can cooccur with behavioral disorders andor autism spectrum disorders At birth the main symptoms include low weight due to intrauterine growth restriction hypotonia and feeding difficulties Infants may also have cleft palate 13q deletion syndrome gives a characteristic appearance to affected individuals potentially including microphthalmia small eyes hypertelorism wideset eyes thin forehead high palate underdeveloped midface small mouth small nose broad flat nasal bridge short neck low hairline irregular or wrongly positioned teeth lowset ears micrognathia small jaw tooth enamel defects short stature microcephaly small head a prominent long philtrum and earlobes turned inwards Congenital heart disease is also associated with 13q deletion syndrome Common defects include atrial septal defect tetralogy of Fallot ventricular septal defect patent ductus arteriosus pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta Defects of the endocrine system digestive system and genitourinary system are also common These include underdevelopment or agenesis of the pancreas adrenal glands thymus gallbladder and thyroid Hirschsprungs disease gastric reflux imperforate anus retention testis ectopic kidney renal agenesis and hydronephrosis A variety of brain abnormalities are also associated with 13q deletion They can include epilepsy craniosynostosis premature closing of the skull bones spastic diplegia cerebral hypotrophy underdevelopment or agenesis of the corpus callosum cerebellar hypoplasia deafness and rarely hydrocephalus DandyWalker syndrome and spina bifida The eyes can be severely damaged and affected individuals may be blind They may also have coloboma of the iris or choroid strabismus nystagmus glaucoma or cataracts Other skeletal malformations are found with 13q deletion syndrome including syndactyly clubfoot clinodactyly and malformations of the vertebrae andor thumbs Deletions that include the 13q32 band which contains the brain development gene ZIC2 are associated with holoprosencephaly they are also associated with hand and foot malformations Deletions that include the 13q14 band which contains the tumor suppressor gene Rb are associated with a higher risk of developing retinoblastoma which is more common in XY children Deletion of the 13q333 band is associated with hypospadias Other genes in the potentially affected region include NUFIP1 HTR2A PDCH8 and PCDH17 In males with 13q deletion syndrome genital abnormalities are common The meatus or urinary opening may appear on the underside of the penis hypospadis andor the testes will not descend into the scrotum cryptochidism The scrotum will often be unusually small or abnormally divided into two sections bifid scrotum the penis may be unusually small micropenis andor abnormal passage may be present between the scrotum and the anus perineal fistula In rare cases the anal opening may be absent or covered by a thing membrane which can cause obstruction anal atresia
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Treatment
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Signs and symptoms
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13th Republican Peoples Party Extraordinary Convention
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The Republican Peoples Party initially founded by revolutionary leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in 1921 was reestablished by Deniz Baykal in 1992 after the party was shut down after the 1980 military coup Since party leaders in Turkish politics tend to wield substantial power due to the Political parties law SPK the convention was significant for having more than one candidate for the leadership The convention was held at the Ahmet Taner Kislali stadium in Cankaya Ankara Baykal took the decision to hold an extraordinary convention after the partys discipline tribunal YDK upheld Sariguls CHP membership despite alleged corruption charges The CHP central executive committee MYK had previously proposed Sariguls expulsion but the refusal of the tribunal to do so resulted in Baykal accusing members of the tribunal of taking bribes Baykal took the decision to hold a convention with a leadership election a party council election and a YDK election
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The convention was marred by violence erupting between rival supporters of Baykal and Sarigul most notably during the speeches of both candidates A fight began after Sarigul first arrived at the convention with Sarigul allegedly punching the Mayor of Bakirkoy Ates Unal Erzen as well as other delegates Furthermore an argument broke out between newly elected council President Sinasi Oktem and Sanliurfa MP Turan Tuysuz after which Tuysuz allegedly punched Oktem The speeches of the leadership candidates were met with slogans and boos from their rivals Deniz Baykal was forced to take a 15minute break when party members began throwing their chairs at each other when he mentioned Sariguls corruption allegations Despite Oktem attempting to restore calm on several occasions riot police forces were eventually called in to curb the violence
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Background
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Conduct
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13th Republican Peoples Party Extraordinary Convention
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The convention was marred by violence erupting between rival supporters of Baykal and Sarigul most notably during the speeches of both candidates A fight began after Sarigul first arrived at the convention with Sarigul allegedly punching the Mayor of Bakirkoy Ates Unal Erzen as well as other delegates Furthermore an argument broke out between newly elected council President Sinasi Oktem and Sanliurfa MP Turan Tuysuz after which Tuysuz allegedly punched Oktem The speeches of the leadership candidates were met with slogans and boos from their rivals Deniz Baykal was forced to take a 15minute break when party members began throwing their chairs at each other when he mentioned Sariguls corruption allegations Despite Oktem attempting to restore calm on several occasions riot police forces were eventually called in to curb the violence
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The substantial victory for Baykal was not necessarily a result of a better campaign in relation to that of Sarigul Rather the party election rules which uses a delegate system to elect a leader heavily favours the incumbent This is because the party leader has a large influence over who the delegates are meaning that it is unlikely that their votes would sway in accordance to leadership campaigns due to existing vested interests The election system which only gives just over a thousand party delegates the vote is a key issue of debate in Turkish politics in general as it is seen as a key limitation to innerparty democracy The lack of a leaders accountability to their own party has arguably resulted in largescale political apathy within Turkey since leaders have continued to remain as party leaders regardless of how disappointing their election performances have been An example is former Democratic Left Party leader Bulent Ecevit who stayed on as leader even though his party went from winning 222 of the vote in the 1999 general election to winning just 12 in the 2002 general election Denis Baykal is another example since he refused to resign after his party was wiped out in the 1999 general election for winning less than the 10 threshold necessary to win parliamentary representation
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Conduct
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Analysis
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14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
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Averell and Crook arrived in Staunton on June 8 as ordered by Hunter and the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry and its detachment were reunited The cavalry was reorganized on June 9 with Duffie in command of the 1st Division and Averell in command of the 2nd Division Schoonmaker Colonel John H Oley and Colonel William Powell commanded the three brigades of the 2nd Division respectively Schoonmakers Brigade consisted of the 8th Ohio Cavalry Regiment and the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Major Daily commanded the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Averells division arrived in Lexington on June 11 around noon with the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry in the advance Schoonmakers brigade drove away Confederate troops including cadets from the Virginia Military Institute aka VMI commanded by Brigadier General John McCausland The town was extremely hostile and Union soldiers were shot at from the direction of buildings belonging to VMI Hunter ordered the buildings bombed and destroyed He also relieved Schoonmaker from command because Schoonmaker did not burn VMI immediately when he took the town On the next day Hunter ordered Schoonmaker to proceed south with his brigade and handed Schoonmaker a paper that said Hunters treatment of Schoonmaker had been under a misapprehension The division moved through Buchanan across the Blue Ridge Mountains through Liberty and arrived at New London around dusk on June 16 At sunrise on June 17 Averell moved north by the old road from New London until they got four miles 64 km from Lynchburg At that time a battle began with Schoonmakers brigade arriving first and deploying on the left of the pike Powells and Oleys brigades arrived next The cavalry fought dismounted until late in the afternoon when it was replaced by infantry and artillery Fighting continued on the next day with the cavalry back in front although the Union forces were on the defensive instead of attacking At dark the regiment was surprised to learn that Schoonmakers and Powells brigades were the only Union troops active in the fieldall other troops and wagons had already begun to fall back The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was therefore the first and last Union regiment to fight in the Battle of Lynchburg The retreat was made westward and Averells entire division fought for two hours near Liberty until its ammunition was exhausted and it was relieved by Crooks infantry The regiments casualties from June 10 through June 23 totaled to 27 Losses for all divisions were 938
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James M Schoonmaker of Pittsburgh began recruiting for a federal volunteer battalion of cavalry on August 18 1862 At the time he was a lieutenant in the Unions 1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment An accomplished horseman he had so much success in recruiting that both Pennsylvania governor Andrew Gregg Curtin and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton authorized him to recruit a full cavalry regiment of 12 companies With the exception of Philadelphias Company A recruiting was conducted in western Pennsylvania Allegheny Armstrong and Fayette counties accounted for portions of eight of the regiments 12 companies The men were mustered into service from August 21 through November 4 1862 for three years By November a full regiment was recruited and it was mustered into service on November 23 1862 as the 14th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry In Pennsylvania the regiment was also known as the One Hundred and FiftyNinth Pennsylvania Volunteers since it was the 159th regiment of any branch raised in Pennsylvania Original leadership was Schoonmaker as colonel and William H Blakeley as lieutenant colonel Thomas Gibson Shadrack Foley and John M Daily were majors of the First Second and Third battalions respectively Other notable officers included Captain Ashbel F Duncan of Company E and 2nd Lieutenant Thomas R Kerr of Company C Schoonmaker was only 20 years and four months old at the time making him one of the youngest regiment commanders in the Union Army The regiment spent time at Camp Howe and Camp Montgomery near Pittsburgh before moving to Hagerstown Maryland on November 24 where it received horses arms and equipment On December 28 the regiment moved to Harpers Ferry Virginia where it was assigned picket and reconnaissance scouting duty On May 7 1863 a detachment of unmounted men was left in Harpers Ferry under the command of Major Foley while the remaining portion of the regiment rode the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad aka BO Railroad west to join the 4th Separate Brigade of the VIII Army Corps at Grafton Virginia now West Virginia Grafton was a strategic point early in the American Civil War because it had a terminal for the BO Railroad The regiment was initially tasked with duty protecting the nearby communities of Philippi Beverly and Webster On May 23 Brigadier General William W Averell took command of the brigade relieving Brigadier General Benjamin S Roberts Averells 4th Separate Brigade had one cavalry regiment three mounted infantry regiments two infantry regiments a cavalry battalion and two batteries
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Hunters attack on Lynchburg
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Formation and organization
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14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
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James M Schoonmaker of Pittsburgh began recruiting for a federal volunteer battalion of cavalry on August 18 1862 At the time he was a lieutenant in the Unions 1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment An accomplished horseman he had so much success in recruiting that both Pennsylvania governor Andrew Gregg Curtin and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton authorized him to recruit a full cavalry regiment of 12 companies With the exception of Philadelphias Company A recruiting was conducted in western Pennsylvania Allegheny Armstrong and Fayette counties accounted for portions of eight of the regiments 12 companies The men were mustered into service from August 21 through November 4 1862 for three years By November a full regiment was recruited and it was mustered into service on November 23 1862 as the 14th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry In Pennsylvania the regiment was also known as the One Hundred and FiftyNinth Pennsylvania Volunteers since it was the 159th regiment of any branch raised in Pennsylvania Original leadership was Schoonmaker as colonel and William H Blakeley as lieutenant colonel Thomas Gibson Shadrack Foley and John M Daily were majors of the First Second and Third battalions respectively Other notable officers included Captain Ashbel F Duncan of Company E and 2nd Lieutenant Thomas R Kerr of Company C Schoonmaker was only 20 years and four months old at the time making him one of the youngest regiment commanders in the Union Army The regiment spent time at Camp Howe and Camp Montgomery near Pittsburgh before moving to Hagerstown Maryland on November 24 where it received horses arms and equipment On December 28 the regiment moved to Harpers Ferry Virginia where it was assigned picket and reconnaissance scouting duty On May 7 1863 a detachment of unmounted men was left in Harpers Ferry under the command of Major Foley while the remaining portion of the regiment rode the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad aka BO Railroad west to join the 4th Separate Brigade of the VIII Army Corps at Grafton Virginia now West Virginia Grafton was a strategic point early in the American Civil War because it had a terminal for the BO Railroad The regiment was initially tasked with duty protecting the nearby communities of Philippi Beverly and Webster On May 23 Brigadier General William W Averell took command of the brigade relieving Brigadier General Benjamin S Roberts Averells 4th Separate Brigade had one cavalry regiment three mounted infantry regiments two infantry regiments a cavalry battalion and two batteries
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At the beginning of 1864 Averells Brigade including the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry had its winter quarters at Martinsburg West Virginia Cavalry in the Department of West Virginia was reorganized multiple times in early 1864 Averell was given command of the 2nd Cavalry Division which included the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry in a brigade commanded by Colonel Schoonmaker Brigadier General Duffie commanded the other brigade The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was commanded by Major John M Daily In April Averells division moved across West Virginia via the BO Railroad and joined Brigadier General George Crook for dual raids on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad Averell led a small cavalry force of 2079 men and attacked further west from Crook Averell abandoned an attack on a salt mine when he discovered his route to the mine was blocked by a larger force He proceeded east toward Wytheville and its lead mine On May 10 Averells cavalry fought the inconclusive Battle of Cove Mountain Schoonmakers brigade started the fighting in the fourhour battle Averells cavalry was prevented from moving through Cove Gap to Wytheville the railroad and a lead mine Union losses were 114 casualties Averells force escaped at night over the mountains using a difficult route and eventually destroyed 26 bridges and portions of railroad track between Christiansburg and the New River On May 15 he linked with Crook who had a major victory at the Battle of Cloyds Mountain
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Formation and organization
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Crook-Averell 1864 Raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad
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14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Galician
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The following officers were the commanders of the division Fritz Freitag was the longest serving commander of the Galicia Division and he continued in that role until the German surrender at the end of the war at which point he committed suicide Freitag the newly appointed commander Pavlo Shandruk who had taken command in the last days of the war and Otto Wachter arranged the surrender to the Western Allies The Ukrainian general Mykhailo Krat was briefly in command of the troops after the surrender when they were held at a prison camp SSBrigadefuhrer and Major General of WaffenSS Walter Schimana 30 June 1943 20 November 1943 SSBrigadefuhrer and Major General of WaffenSS Fritz Freitag 20 November 1943 January 1944 SSStandartenfuhrer and Colonel of WaffenSS Friedrich Beyersdorff January February 1944 SSBrigadefuhrer and Major General of WaffenSS Fritz Freitag February 1944 19 April 1945 Lieutenant General Pavlo Shandruk 19 April 8 May 1945
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On 12 March 1945 Alfred Rosenberg issued a decree stating that the German government recognized the Ukrainian National Committee as the sole representative of the Ukrainians in Germany Formed in late 1944 the organizers of the committee included Andriy Melnyk Stepan Bandera and Volodymyr Kubiyovych the head of the Ukrainian Central Committee which had been evacuated to Germany as the Red Army advanced The National Committee appointed Pavlo Shandruk as the commander of its Ukrainian National Army On 14 April 1945 the German government agreed to transfer control of the 14th WaffenSS Division to the Ukrainian National Committee Lieutenant General Pavlo Shandruk of the National Army arrived at the division headquarters to take command on 19 April The current commander Freitag had received notice ahead of time from Fritz Arlt of the SS Eastern Volunteers Office informing him of the agreement with the Ukrainian National Committee Together with Shandruk Freitag presided over the change in name and emblems and administered to the troops an oath of loyalty to Ukraine and the Ukrainian people These events took place just weeks before the German surrender Shandruk continued to work with Freitag and the German officers as the division commander There is a dispute over whether the change in its status as a Ukrainian National Army unit was formally acknowledged amidst the deteriorating war situation in Germany Hitler was either unaware the division existed or had forgotten about it and when he found out during a meeting of generals in midMarch 1945 he gave an order which was never implemented for the Ukrainians to be disarmed and their weapons to be given to a German division But because of the situation at the front line and the rapid advance of the Western Allies and the Soviets the 1st Ukrainian Division remained in effect part of the German military right up to the end of the war On 6 May 1945 the German commanders in southeast Austria made the decision for all units to withdraw from the front line to surrender to the Americans or the British in the west instead of the Red Army The Ukrainians surrendered to British troops at Tamsweg central Austria by 10 May 1945
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Commanders
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1st Division of the UNA
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14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Galician
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On 12 March 1945 Alfred Rosenberg issued a decree stating that the German government recognized the Ukrainian National Committee as the sole representative of the Ukrainians in Germany Formed in late 1944 the organizers of the committee included Andriy Melnyk Stepan Bandera and Volodymyr Kubiyovych the head of the Ukrainian Central Committee which had been evacuated to Germany as the Red Army advanced The National Committee appointed Pavlo Shandruk as the commander of its Ukrainian National Army On 14 April 1945 the German government agreed to transfer control of the 14th WaffenSS Division to the Ukrainian National Committee Lieutenant General Pavlo Shandruk of the National Army arrived at the division headquarters to take command on 19 April The current commander Freitag had received notice ahead of time from Fritz Arlt of the SS Eastern Volunteers Office informing him of the agreement with the Ukrainian National Committee Together with Shandruk Freitag presided over the change in name and emblems and administered to the troops an oath of loyalty to Ukraine and the Ukrainian people These events took place just weeks before the German surrender Shandruk continued to work with Freitag and the German officers as the division commander There is a dispute over whether the change in its status as a Ukrainian National Army unit was formally acknowledged amidst the deteriorating war situation in Germany Hitler was either unaware the division existed or had forgotten about it and when he found out during a meeting of generals in midMarch 1945 he gave an order which was never implemented for the Ukrainians to be disarmed and their weapons to be given to a German division But because of the situation at the front line and the rapid advance of the Western Allies and the Soviets the 1st Ukrainian Division remained in effect part of the German military right up to the end of the war On 6 May 1945 the German commanders in southeast Austria made the decision for all units to withdraw from the front line to surrender to the Americans or the British in the west instead of the Red Army The Ukrainians surrendered to British troops at Tamsweg central Austria by 10 May 1945
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The name of the division was changed several times during its short history The name WaffenGrenadier der SS was used for SS infantry divisions that primarily consisted of nonGermanic people as a way of getting around the organizations racial policies because these units were subordinated to the SS but not fully part of it SSVolunteer Division Galicia German SSFreiwilligenDivision Galizien from 28 April to 22 October 1943 14th Galician SSVolunteer Division German 14 Galizische SSFreiwilligenDivision from 22 October 1943 to 27 June 1944 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Galician German 14 WaffenGrenadierDivision der SS galizische Nr1 from 27 June to November 1944 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Ukrainian German 14 WaffenGrenadierDivision der SS ukrainische Nr1 from November 1944 to 19 April 1945 1st Division of the Ukrainian National Army from 19 April to 8 May 1945
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1st Division of the UNA
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Organization
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152 mm howitzergun M1937 ML20
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The ML20 was officially classified as howitzergun ie an artillery system which combines characteristics of a howitzer and to lesser extent of a gun and therefore can be used in both roles This universality was achieved by wide range of elevation angles and by using separate loading with 13 different propellant loads The gun was fitted with both telescopic sight for direct fire and panoramic sight for an indirect one For ballistic calculations and meteorological corrections a special mechanical device was developed The device called meteoballistic summator consisted of a specialized slide rule and a precalculated table After World War II similar devices were introduced for other types of guns The barrel was either monobloc or builtup Some sources indicate that a third typewith loose lineralso existed To soften recoil a large slotted muzzle brake was fitted The breechblock was of interrupted screw type with forced extraction of cartridge during opening A safety lock prevented opening of the breechblock before the shot if there was a need to remove a shell the lock had to be disabled To assist loading when the barrel was set to high elevation angle the breech was equipped with cartridge holding mechanism The gun was fired by pulling a triggercord The recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer and hydropneumatic recuperator Each held 22 litres of liquid Pressure in the recuperator reached 45 Bar The carriage was of split trail type with shield and balancing mechanism leaf spring suspension and steel wheels with rubber tires some early production pieces received spoked wheels with solid tires from M191034 During transportation the barrel was usually retracted The gun could also be towed with the barrel in its normal position but in this case the transportation speed was limited about 45 kmh compared to 20 kmh with barrel pulled back The gun could be set up for combat in 810 minutes The carriage designated 52L504A was also used in the 122mm gun model 193137 A19 This gun was also mounted in two Soviet assault gunstank destroyers employed during WWII These are the SU152 and ISU152
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The barrel was manufactured in two variants monobloc or builtup Some sources indicate that a third type with loose liner also existed Except the basic variant the only variant to reach mass production was the ML20S developed for use in selfpropelled guns with differently placed controls for easier operation in small enclosed compartments ML20 with bag loading In 1937 the Main Artillery Department decided for economic reasons to modify medium caliber guns to use bag loading instead of cased loading An experimental ML20 piece was built in 1939 the trials were unsuccessful ML20SM Modified ML20S with identical ballistics muzzle brake was removed The gun was mounted in the experimental ISU152 model 1945 of which only one unit was built BL20 ML20 with cast breech and wedge breechblock Was developed by OKB172 sharashka of the NKVD in 1946 ML20 with M46type carriage ML20 with a modified carriage resembling in construction a carriage of the M46 130 mm gun In 1950 an experimental piece was built and tested 152 H 8837 A Finnish modernization program 152 mm haubicoarmata wz 3785 A Polish modernization tires from KrAZ255B truck new compressed air cylinder and automotive lighting increased the road speed of the towed gun from 20 to 50 kmh and allowed the gun to be towed on public roads
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Description
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Variants
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152 mm howitzergun M1937 ML20
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The barrel was manufactured in two variants monobloc or builtup Some sources indicate that a third type with loose liner also existed Except the basic variant the only variant to reach mass production was the ML20S developed for use in selfpropelled guns with differently placed controls for easier operation in small enclosed compartments ML20 with bag loading In 1937 the Main Artillery Department decided for economic reasons to modify medium caliber guns to use bag loading instead of cased loading An experimental ML20 piece was built in 1939 the trials were unsuccessful ML20SM Modified ML20S with identical ballistics muzzle brake was removed The gun was mounted in the experimental ISU152 model 1945 of which only one unit was built BL20 ML20 with cast breech and wedge breechblock Was developed by OKB172 sharashka of the NKVD in 1946 ML20 with M46type carriage ML20 with a modified carriage resembling in construction a carriage of the M46 130 mm gun In 1950 an experimental piece was built and tested 152 H 8837 A Finnish modernization program 152 mm haubicoarmata wz 3785 A Polish modernization tires from KrAZ255B truck new compressed air cylinder and automotive lighting increased the road speed of the towed gun from 20 to 50 kmh and allowed the gun to be towed on public roads
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The ML20 was one of the most successful Soviet artillery pieces of World War II Its characteristics positioned it between classical shortrange howitzers and special longrange guns Compared to the former the ML20 has better range eg the German 15 cm sFH 18 had range of 133 km which often allowed it to shell positions of enemy artillery while remaining immune to enemy fire Its advantage over the latter was in weight and cost and therefore in mobility and production rate For example the German 15 cm K 39 with range of 247 km weighed 122 tons had only 61 pieces built The excellent 17 cm K 18 234 t 296 km had 338 pieces manufactured The lighter 105 cm sK 18 56 t 191 km was more common 2135 pieces but its 15 kg shell was much less powerful than a 44 kg shell of ML20 German attempts to produce an analogue to the ML20 were unsuccessful The 15 cm sFH 40 was never produced due to construction defects the 15 cm sFH 42 had insufficient range and only 46 pieces were built In 1943 and 1944 Wehrmacht announced requirements for a 15 cm howitzer with a range of 18 km but none reached production Of other guns with more or less similar characteristics there were French 155 mm guns model 1917 and 1918 with longer range but some 35 tons heavier as was the US 155 mm Long Tom The Czechoslovakian howitzer K4 used by Germans as 15 cm sFH 37t was about 2 tons lighter but with range more than 2 km shorter and only 178 pieces were built The Italian Cannone da 14940 modello 35 had a range of 237 km but had a weight of 11 tons and less than 100 pieces were built The British BL 55 inch 140 mm Medium Gun probably had the closest characteristics weight slightly over six tons and range of 18100 yd 16600 m with an 82 lb 37 kg shell The main shortcomings of the ML20 were its weight and limited mobility As the experience of the ML15 project suggests the gun could be made somewhat lighter and more suitable for highspeed transportation The use of a muzzle brake can be seen as a minor flaw while softening the recoil and thus allowing the use of a lighter carriage a muzzle brake has the disadvantage of redirecting some of the gases that escape the barrel toward the ground where they can raise dust potentially revealing the gun position But when the ML20 was developed muzzle brakes were already a common design element in artillery pieces of that class
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Variants
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Summary
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15th World Festival of Youth and Students
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Most of the events were held at the Universite des sciences et de la technologie HouariBoumediene Political themes of the conferences included peace security international cooperation selfdetermination sovereignty national liberation solidarity democracy development and the environment employment education science and technology childhood women health communication and culture racism neofascism and discrimination youths movements the students movement human and peoples rights The Festival aimed to be an open forum for young people to exchange experiences work together for alternative solutions and establish joint programs of action on a wide range issues Topics of discussion and themes of debates included disarmament and building a nuclearfree world the New World Order and NATO as well as neoliberal globalisation One day of the festival was devoted to solidarity with the people of Puerto Rico especially the fight to get the US Navy out of the island of Vieques which was then being used as a bombing range and testing ground by the navy and United States Navy in Vieques Puerto Rico A combined forum in solidarity with the struggles of the people of Cuba Puerto Rico Venezuela and Colombia also took place The panel included Maria Pili Hernandez representing the youth of the Fifth Republic Movement of Venezuela the party founded by Hugo Chavez She described changes in Venezuelas constitution and other measures by the Chavez government as an alternative example a third road in the fight against imperialism Also discussed were questions like the eradication of racism gender equality HIVAIDS and drug abuse For example the event featured a joint WFDY UNESCO Conference on the Role of Young Women in promoting culture of peace in Africa The festival also took place on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the founding of the Organization of Caribbean and Latin American Students OCLAE who noted that the student federations represented in OCLAE and at the 15th world youth festival are part of an emerging antiimperialist youth movement that is revitalizing the organization Cultural activities at the festival included a series of amateur tournaments including football basketball handball a wheelchair competition a chess match tennis and table tennis A series of festivals were also held including of political song modern music dance and mime traditional folklore and of filmmakers
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Over 1000 youth from Algeria itself attended the festival including 50 students of Berber origin and whose families live in Kabylia a region to the east of Algiers where Berbers comprise the overwhelming majority A number of other countries from Africa sent significant delegations including Syria Iraq Lebanon Yemen Sudan Egypt and Tunisia a first time in the history of the WFYS A large delegation of over 400 people came with the Polisario Front from Western Sahara who raised the issue of their ongoing conflict with Morocco organizing solidarity tents dinners rallies workshops and cultural activities about the issue which created thousands of refugees in that country Almost 1000 youth were expected from the Americas with Cuba sending a delegation of 600 the largest from the region This included 250 international students who were then going to school in Cuba especially from Latin America the Caribbean and Africa the other 350 were Cuban students and young workers Several hundred came from Venezuela Haiti the Dominican Republic the United States and Puerto Rico The final count for the festival was 11000 although other sources put the event at 6500 people
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Activities
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Delegations
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15th World Festival of Youth and Students
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Over 1000 youth from Algeria itself attended the festival including 50 students of Berber origin and whose families live in Kabylia a region to the east of Algiers where Berbers comprise the overwhelming majority A number of other countries from Africa sent significant delegations including Syria Iraq Lebanon Yemen Sudan Egypt and Tunisia a first time in the history of the WFYS A large delegation of over 400 people came with the Polisario Front from Western Sahara who raised the issue of their ongoing conflict with Morocco organizing solidarity tents dinners rallies workshops and cultural activities about the issue which created thousands of refugees in that country Almost 1000 youth were expected from the Americas with Cuba sending a delegation of 600 the largest from the region This included 250 international students who were then going to school in Cuba especially from Latin America the Caribbean and Africa the other 350 were Cuban students and young workers Several hundred came from Venezuela Haiti the Dominican Republic the United States and Puerto Rico The final count for the festival was 11000 although other sources put the event at 6500 people
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The international festivals movement initiated in the beginning of 1947 offered to the youth of the world a space of free expression around their preoccupations and a forum of solidarity with people searching for independence for self determination and for development Humanity is entering the 21st century with hopes and new aspirations but it has to face at the same time great challenges being aware that not all of the last centuries changes changed our lives for the better rather it depends on our youthful common and joint struggle as an active power of peoples The 15th edition of the World Festival of Youth and Students comes to strengthen the work of the last festivals and will take place in a new millennium marked by disastrous effects of globalisation and the new restructuring of the international relations under the slogan adopted by a consensus Let us globalise the struggle for peace solidarity development against imperialism This 15th WFYS also plays a great role in an era where the civil society at the international level has become an undeniable partner in taking decisions thanks to multiform struggles led by Non Governmental Organisations which lay down them selves as a real ways and means of claiming and expressing the preoccupations of the different stratum of peoples
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Delegations
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From the call to the festival
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15th arrondissement of Paris
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Edouard Balladur politician Prime Minister of France 19931995 Brigitte Bardot actress Samuel Beckett writer who lived in the 15th arrondissement for most of his adult life Walter Benjamin philosopher Luc Besson filmmaker Antoine Bourdelle artist Alexander Calder artist Marc Chagall artist Barbara ChaseRiboud artist Dietrich von Choltitz military governor of Paris 19441945 Andre Citroen industrialist Robert Desnos poet and member of the French Resistance Michel Foucault philosopher Tsuguharu Foujita artist Rebecca Hampton actress and television presenter Francois Hollande President of France 20122017 lived in the 15th arrondissement Rene Magritte artist Sophie Marceau actress Andre Masson artist Henry Miller writer lived in the 15th where he worked on Tropic of Cancer Joan Miro artist Jacques Monod and Francois Jacob discovered the mechanism of genes transcription regulation a work honored by the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Luc Montagnier Francoise BarreSinoussi and colleagues discovered the two HIV viruses that cause AIDS in 1983 and 1985 were honored by the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nekfeu hiphop artist Louis Pasteur microbiologist MarieClaire Pauwels journalist Ossip Zadkine artist
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The headquarters of Orange SA and Eutelsat are located in the 15th arrondissement La Poste the French mail service has its head office in the arrondissement The publisher Hachette Livre also has its headquarters in the arrondissement Prior to the completion of the current Air France headquarters in TremblayenFrance in December 1995 Air France was headquartered in a tower located next to the Gare Montparnasse rail station in Montparnasse and in the 15th arrondissement Air France had its headquarters in the tower for about 30 years Previously Tour MaineMontparnasse housed the executive management of Accor Journal officiel de la Republique francaise French Football Federation Conseil superieur de laudiovisuel Safran Institut francais des relations internationales European Space Agency International Energy Agency Eutelsat France Televisions International Council of Museums Hopital Europeen GeorgesPompidou
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Notable people
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Economy
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15th arrondissement of Paris
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The headquarters of Orange SA and Eutelsat are located in the 15th arrondissement La Poste the French mail service has its head office in the arrondissement The publisher Hachette Livre also has its headquarters in the arrondissement Prior to the completion of the current Air France headquarters in TremblayenFrance in December 1995 Air France was headquartered in a tower located next to the Gare Montparnasse rail station in Montparnasse and in the 15th arrondissement Air France had its headquarters in the tower for about 30 years Previously Tour MaineMontparnasse housed the executive management of Accor Journal officiel de la Republique francaise French Football Federation Conseil superieur de laudiovisuel Safran Institut francais des relations internationales European Space Agency International Energy Agency Eutelsat France Televisions International Council of Museums Hopital Europeen GeorgesPompidou
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SaintChristophedeJavel Paris Grand Pavois de Paris 1971 one of the largest real estate complexes in Paris Musee Pasteur Musee du Service des Objets Trouves Musee Bourdelle Musee Mendjisky specialising in School of Paris artists housed in a Robert MalletStevens building Musee Jean Moulin French Resistance musees LeclercMoulin Church of NotreDame de la Salette in Paris Synagogue of ChasseloupLaubat Beaugrenelle Shopping Centre Parts of the Montparnasse area The former workshop no longer standing of Constantin Brancusi where the sculptor worked from 1925 to 1957 has now been relocated in front of the Centre Georges Pompidou Villa Santos Dumont where Ossip Zadkine and Fernand Leger had their workshop also featured in Gail Albert Halaban book Out of my Window Paris La Ruche Square Bela Bartok where the sculpturefountain Cristaux by JeanYves Lechevallier can be seen Square de lOiseauLunaire featuring a sculpture by Juan Miro the LOiseau Lunaire with a plaque commemorating the many artists poets and painters or sculptors who lived there including Andre Masson Jean Dubuffet Antonin Artaud and Robert Desnos A replica of the statue of Liberty on the ile aux Cygnes where Bartholdi worked The Pont de BirHakeim The Pont Mirabeau The Parc AndreCitroen with the Ballon de Paris The Parc GeorgesBrassens The Polypores Fountain by JeanYves Lechevallier featured in the movie by Alain Resnais Same Old Song The Paris Expo Porte de Versailles exhibition centre with the Tour Triangle project and Palais des Sports near Porte de Versailles Metro station The Front de Seine highrise district The Cheminee du Front de Seine a 130 m 430 ft chimney the 4th tallest structure in Paris
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Economy
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Places of interest
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16th Congress of the Polisario Front
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On 19 January 2023 the Congress approved the National Action Program which included intensifying the armed struggle and strengthening the diplomatic way as one of its points It also approved amendments to the Constitution proposed by the governments legal adviser Bachir Mustafa Sayed accepted the results shortly after they were announced with him criticising the family of Brahim Ghali due to a defamation and bullying campaign and announcing he would not run for the office again He also considered the Congress a little step we the Sahrawi people took together to expand our democracy Presidentelect Brahim Ghali and the newly elected members of the National Secretariat took their oath on the night of 22 January 2023 in front of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Brahim Bella officially concluding the 16th Congress with the National Secretariat holding its first session two days later On 9 February 2023 Brahim Ghali dissolved the government and reappointed Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun as Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic for a second consecutive term assigning him to form his government as soon as possible A new government was presented on 14 February 2023 together with the appointment of new governors for the five wilayas regions and the administrative camp of the Sahrawi refugee camps
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The Congress elects the National Secretariat which is the most important decisionmaking organism inside the Polisario Front when Congresses are not held and the GeneralSecretary of the Front which automatically becomes President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic To be elected SecretaryGeneral of the Polisario Front the following requirements have to be met Being a Sahrawi national Having a militant experience of at least twenty years and have held positions in the national leadership for at least ten years Having military experience during the war Being at least 40 years old Having a clean criminal record The candidates are proposed by the Election Commission and voted on by the Congress The vote is done by ballot directly and secretly with a supermajority of at least twothirds of the vote required to win the first round and an absolute majority for the second round After the reforms passed by the 16th Congress to the Fundamental Law of the Polisario Front the National Secretariat will only have 44 members of which 27 are directly chosen by the Congress 16 are anonymously elected by the Occupied Territories to become anonymous members and the GeneralSecretary serving as an ex officio member To become a member of the National Secretariat the following requirements have to be met Being a Sahrawi national Having a clean criminal record Being at least 30 years old Having a university or academic graduation certificate with five years of continuous service or field experience of not less than ten years in one or more of the following positions Regional personnel in the military or higher Member of a regional branch or higher Central Director at Ministry level or higher Ambassador or representative at the state level Member of the National Constitutional Council the Superior Council of the Magistracy and the Consultative Council Member of the executive office of a mass organization The vote is direct and secret with multiple nontransferable vote being used in the first round and ranked voting in the second one The winning candidates are those who have obtained the absolute majority of the votes in the first round In case of impossibility of obtaining the required number of candidates the electoral commission continues to seek the vote of the congressmen on the basis of a list three times greater than the number of remaining candidates until obtaining the number of required candidates elected by simple majority Theres a gender quota requiring at least six of the Congresselected members to be women while a new quota of six new members was introduced in this Congress before the election of the National Secretariat
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Aftermath
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Election system
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16th Congress of the Polisario Front
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The Congress elects the National Secretariat which is the most important decisionmaking organism inside the Polisario Front when Congresses are not held and the GeneralSecretary of the Front which automatically becomes President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic To be elected SecretaryGeneral of the Polisario Front the following requirements have to be met Being a Sahrawi national Having a militant experience of at least twenty years and have held positions in the national leadership for at least ten years Having military experience during the war Being at least 40 years old Having a clean criminal record The candidates are proposed by the Election Commission and voted on by the Congress The vote is done by ballot directly and secretly with a supermajority of at least twothirds of the vote required to win the first round and an absolute majority for the second round After the reforms passed by the 16th Congress to the Fundamental Law of the Polisario Front the National Secretariat will only have 44 members of which 27 are directly chosen by the Congress 16 are anonymously elected by the Occupied Territories to become anonymous members and the GeneralSecretary serving as an ex officio member To become a member of the National Secretariat the following requirements have to be met Being a Sahrawi national Having a clean criminal record Being at least 30 years old Having a university or academic graduation certificate with five years of continuous service or field experience of not less than ten years in one or more of the following positions Regional personnel in the military or higher Member of a regional branch or higher Central Director at Ministry level or higher Ambassador or representative at the state level Member of the National Constitutional Council the Superior Council of the Magistracy and the Consultative Council Member of the executive office of a mass organization The vote is direct and secret with multiple nontransferable vote being used in the first round and ranked voting in the second one The winning candidates are those who have obtained the absolute majority of the votes in the first round In case of impossibility of obtaining the required number of candidates the electoral commission continues to seek the vote of the congressmen on the basis of a list three times greater than the number of remaining candidates until obtaining the number of required candidates elected by simple majority Theres a gender quota requiring at least six of the Congresselected members to be women while a new quota of six new members was introduced in this Congress before the election of the National Secretariat
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The Preparatory Commission announced on 27 October 2022 that the 16th Congress would take place between 13 and 17 January 2023 in the wilaya of Dajla in the Sahrawi refugee camps of Tindouf It also adopted symbols for the Congress Due to the war situation which began when the ceasefire with Morocco broke down in November 2020 after Morocco sent troops to the southern part of Western Sahara to disperse Sahrawi protesters who were blocking the only highway to Mauritania the Congress was not held in the Liberated Territories A National Preparatory Conference was held days before the Congress between 8 and 11 January to solve disputes and seek a unified position inside the Front especially towards the candidacy of the GeneralSecretary The Congress was extended twice due to the lengthiness of the debates it first got a 48hour extension up to 19 January 2023 and later got a 72hour one up to 22 January 2023 During the Congress members voted to amend the Basic Law of the Polisario Front to change the rules concerning the National Secretariat forcing a renewal of at least six new members in every term apart from reducing the members from 50 to 44 by removing two of the 29 Congresselected members and excluding the mass organisations National Union of Sahrawi Women Sahrawi Trade Union Sahrawi Youth Union and Union of Sahrawi Students from having a direct representation in the National Secretariat
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Election system
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Background
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17 XXXTentacion album
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Snippets were released showing him in a collaboration with Kodak Black Lil JJ and Juicy J He later announced via his Snapchat story that the release date for 17 was August 25 2017 In the same story he claimed that the album would be different from his previous works and more for people with depression XXXTentacion previewed snippets on August 6 2017 via his Snapchat story The snippets shown was his iTunes library page with the album being played showcasing a tracklist of 8 songs He kept his thumb on the feature that showcases the song count on the computer monitor and didnt announce the tracklist as official The songs showcased in the snippets included Jocelyn Flores Save Me Fuck Love featuring Trippie Redd Orlando and Ayala Outro XXLs Vernon Coleman called the snippets very somber On August 22 2017 X revealed the official tracklist alongside the final cover for the album The day before the albums release the song Fuck Love featuring Trippie Redd was uploaded to SoundCloud
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17 received generally favorable reviews Meaghan Garvey of Pitchfork stated that 17 presents XXXTentacion as impressively adept at reconciling his influences into a sound that is shockingly elegant even at its most unpolishedan album whose disparate influences dissolve in an acid bath of raw feeling Andrew Matson from Mass Appeal described the album as musically excellent morally problematic Pigeons and Planes Eric Skelton called the albums composition progressive and genredefiant Mitch Findlay of HotNewHipHop called it different from your average hip hop album highlighting its lofi aesthetic experimentation with guitar arrangements and vocals Notable figures in the hip hop music industry also gave recognition to the album including American rapper Kendrick Lamar who wrote on Twitter listen to 17 if you feel anything raw thoughts XXXTentacion posthumously won Favourite SoulRB Album for 17 at the 2018 American Music Awards and the album received a Top RB Album nomination at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards
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Promotion
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Critical reception
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17 XXXTentacion album
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17 received generally favorable reviews Meaghan Garvey of Pitchfork stated that 17 presents XXXTentacion as impressively adept at reconciling his influences into a sound that is shockingly elegant even at its most unpolishedan album whose disparate influences dissolve in an acid bath of raw feeling Andrew Matson from Mass Appeal described the album as musically excellent morally problematic Pigeons and Planes Eric Skelton called the albums composition progressive and genredefiant Mitch Findlay of HotNewHipHop called it different from your average hip hop album highlighting its lofi aesthetic experimentation with guitar arrangements and vocals Notable figures in the hip hop music industry also gave recognition to the album including American rapper Kendrick Lamar who wrote on Twitter listen to 17 if you feel anything raw thoughts XXXTentacion posthumously won Favourite SoulRB Album for 17 at the 2018 American Music Awards and the album received a Top RB Album nomination at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards
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While XXXTentacion was in jail for battery charges on his allegedly pregnant exgirlfriend he signed an exclusive distribution deal with Empire Distribution Empire Distribution made an official announcement on March 2 2017 while he was still in jail that his debut album Bad Vibes would be released in spring 2017 Talking to XXX while in jail XXXTentacion announced 17 I Need Jesus and Members Only Vol 3 saying I got this really really really good album called 17 Thats more of an alternative RB sound Then Ive got this mixtape called I Need Jesus which is mainly rap and the underground sound I did So Im trying to give my fans and anybody that comes in and listens to me everything with the mixtape and album And then I want to come out with Members Only Vol 3 People are gonna be really surprised about the shit I dropXXXTentacion later reaffirmed the announcement of 17 Revenge Members Only Vol 3 and I Need Jesus during an interview with WMIB following his release from prison in March 2017 He later used the app Periscope to talk to his followers and announce the three albums once again He later said that 17 would be released after he finished working on Members Only Vol 3 with his collective Members Only Members Only Vol 3 was released on June 26 2017 He began to preview short snippets on his Instagram page that were later taken down one of the snippets had the caption Working on the sic album what do you think
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Critical reception
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Background
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1812 Overture
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The 1812 Overture is scored for an orchestra that consists of the following Brass band Open instrumentation consisting of any extra brass instruments available In some indoor performances the part may be played on an organ Military or marching bands also play this part Note the brass band or its substitute is meant to play during the finale only Woodwinds 1 piccolo 2 flutes 2 oboes 1 cor anglais 2 clarinets in B and 2 bassoons Brass 4 horns in F 2 cornets in B 2 trumpets in E 3 trombones 2 tenor 1 bass and 1 tuba Percussion timpani orchestral bass drum snare drum cymbals tambourine triangle carillon Strings violins I II violas cellos and double basses Artillery one battery of cannon or even ceremonial field artillery The carillon is sometimes replaced with tubular bells or recordings of carillons or even church bells In the sections that contain cannon shots actual cannons are sometimes replaced by howitzers tanks fireworks or recorded cannons or played on a piece of staging usually with a large wooden mallet or sledgehammer as used in Mahlers 6th Symphony The bass drum and gongtamtam are also regularly used as cannon substitutes or adjuncts in indoor performances In his 1966 Deutsche Grammophon recording Herbert von Karajan scored the first 0243 or 36 bars for voices instead of strings at the start and the subsequent dialogue between strings and woodwind adding the Russian Orthodox plainchant God Preserve Thy People text to the melody and slightly rearranging the texture to suit voices a capella rather than instruments Two years later the American conductor Igor Buketoff son of a Russian Orthodox priest went a stage further on his RCA Victrola recording with the New Philharmonia Orchestra Not only did he deploy voices for the opening chant but he also had a childrens chorus sing the folk tune By the Gates and brought the choir back to bolster the chant and the Russian Imperial national anthem God Save the Tsar
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The pieces usage as a patriotic song with tones of war has caused controversy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine On 7 July 2022 the San Diego Symphony announced that it would be removing its usual seasonending performance of the piece in support of Ukraine during the Russian invasion The Hartford Symphony Orchestra in Connecticut and the Grand Teton Music Festival in Wyoming made similar announcements Other bands throughout the United States changed or omitted sections of text to remove references to Russia Boston Pops conductor Keith Lockhart instead decided to keep the overture in the orchestras 2022 repertoire arguing that In that fight the Russians were the Ukrainians of 2022 Its not just as simplistic as Russia bad It is the attempt of authoritarian powers to dominate other powers that is bad Some American orchestras including the Boston Pops also performed the Ukrainian national anthem to show solidarity
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Instrumentation
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Russian invasion of Ukraine
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1812 Overture
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The pieces usage as a patriotic song with tones of war has caused controversy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine On 7 July 2022 the San Diego Symphony announced that it would be removing its usual seasonending performance of the piece in support of Ukraine during the Russian invasion The Hartford Symphony Orchestra in Connecticut and the Grand Teton Music Festival in Wyoming made similar announcements Other bands throughout the United States changed or omitted sections of text to remove references to Russia Boston Pops conductor Keith Lockhart instead decided to keep the overture in the orchestras 2022 repertoire arguing that In that fight the Russians were the Ukrainians of 2022 Its not just as simplistic as Russia bad It is the attempt of authoritarian powers to dominate other powers that is bad Some American orchestras including the Boston Pops also performed the Ukrainian national anthem to show solidarity
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The piece begins with the simple plaintive Russian melody of the Eastern Orthodox Troparion of the Holy Cross also known as O Lord Save Thy People played by four cellos and two violas This represents the Russian people praying for a swift conclusion to the invasion Then the French national anthem La Marseillaise is heard representing the invading French army Then the melody of La Marseillaise is heard competing against Russian folk music representing the two armies fighting each other as the French approached Moscow At this point five cannon shots are heard representing the Battle of Borodino This is where La Marseillaise is most prominent and seems to be winning After this a long descending run represents the French army retreating out of Moscow as the freezing winter winds rage on At the end of this run the opening motif is repeated which can be interpreted as prayers being answered The grand finale culminates with eleven more cannon shots and the melody of God Save the Tsar
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Russian invasion of Ukraine
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Structure
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1869 Serbian constitution
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The Regency Constitution was adopted without the prior consent of the sultan which the guarantor powers tacitly accepted The protests of the Porte were also absent so this was the first independently and successfully unlike Sretenjski adopted constitution of modern Serbia The greatest achievement of the Constitution of 1869 is the right of the National Assembly to enact laws together with the prince but the appointment of ministers did not depend on it but on the prince This was an important step towards strengthening the role of the parliament which for the first time received part of the legislative power with this constitution It convened once a year instead of once every three years as before By raising the importance of the National Assembly and expanding the right to vote important steps were taken towards the democratization of political conditions Namely the socalled representative system was adopted but without parliamentary rule Such a system also prevailed in the German states of that era the assembly had a legislative function but the government was appointed and replaced by the monarch The contribution of the Regency Constitution was reflected in the fact that its independent adoption strengthened the autonomous position of the country towards the Porte The Regency Constitution is the first Serbian constitution that is modernly conceived and legally regulated according to the European rules of the time In addition it is the first constitution that was written in the Ekavian dialect and Vuks orthography The language of the Constitution is precise and clear Archaisms are rare in the text and appropriate constitutional and legal terminology is used
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One of the most accepted assessments of the quality of the Regency Constitution is the one expressed by Milovan MilovanovicIt cannot be denied that this constitution has taken a significant step forward in the development of Serbian constitutionalism but it is overestimated in certain circles of our public opinionbecause it did not cause anyextraordinary breakthrough in the constitutional life of SerbiaNevertheless the Regency Constitution represented a good bridge between the primitive constitutionality introduced by the Turkish Constitution of 1838 adopted for a backward Turkish province that was fighting for its autonomy and the Constitution of 1888 which was adopted in an independent country and established a parliamentary system and a rich catalog of human rights After it was adopted the Regency Constitution was continuously applied for almost two full decades During that time many significant changes took place in the economic cultural and political life of Serbia and three events are particularly important among them First at the Berlin Congress in 1878 Serbia received international recognition as an independent state Second at the beginning of the 1880s 1881 three political parties emergedLiberall Party Radical Party and Progressive Party and became the main drivers of political organization And thirdly in the following year 1882 the monarchy was raised to the level of a kingdom The Regency Constitution was in use until the adoption of the Constitution of 1888 but also in the period from 1894 to 1901 when King Aleksander Obrenovic suspended the Constitution of 1888 in a coup detat in May 1894 and reinstated the Constitution of 1869 which remained in force until the adoption of the Constitution from 1901
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Impact of the Constitution
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Constitution in practice
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1869 Serbian constitution
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One of the most accepted assessments of the quality of the Regency Constitution is the one expressed by Milovan MilovanovicIt cannot be denied that this constitution has taken a significant step forward in the development of Serbian constitutionalism but it is overestimated in certain circles of our public opinionbecause it did not cause anyextraordinary breakthrough in the constitutional life of SerbiaNevertheless the Regency Constitution represented a good bridge between the primitive constitutionality introduced by the Turkish Constitution of 1838 adopted for a backward Turkish province that was fighting for its autonomy and the Constitution of 1888 which was adopted in an independent country and established a parliamentary system and a rich catalog of human rights After it was adopted the Regency Constitution was continuously applied for almost two full decades During that time many significant changes took place in the economic cultural and political life of Serbia and three events are particularly important among them First at the Berlin Congress in 1878 Serbia received international recognition as an independent state Second at the beginning of the 1880s 1881 three political parties emergedLiberall Party Radical Party and Progressive Party and became the main drivers of political organization And thirdly in the following year 1882 the monarchy was raised to the level of a kingdom The Regency Constitution was in use until the adoption of the Constitution of 1888 but also in the period from 1894 to 1901 when King Aleksander Obrenovic suspended the Constitution of 1888 in a coup detat in May 1894 and reinstated the Constitution of 1869 which remained in force until the adoption of the Constitution from 1901
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Dabic Vojin Antolovic Mihael 2015 History III Textbook for the third grade of high school sociolinguistic major and general type Belgrade Klett Jevtic Dragos 1988 Jovicic Miodrag ed Constitutions of the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia 18351903 Belgrade Scientific book Jovanovic Slobodan 2005 The Rule of Milan Obrenovic Book 1 Belgrade Education Jovanovic Slobodan 1932 Political and legal discussions Belgradecite book CS1 maint location missing publisher link Jovicic Miodrag 1999 Lexicon of Serbian constitutionalism 18041918 Belgrade Filip Visnjic Krkljus Ljubomirka 2003 Legal history of the Serbian people Novi Sadcite book CS1 maint location missing publisher link Mirkovic Zoran 2019 Serbian legal history Belgrade University of Belgrade Faculty of Law Mrdenovic Dusan 1988 Constitutions and governments of the Principality of Serbia the Kingdom of Serbia the Kingdom of SCS and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 18351941 Belgrade New Book Pavlovic Marko 2008 Legal Europeanization of Serbia 18041914 Kragujevaccite book CS1 maint location missing publisher link Petrov Vladan Stankovic Marko 2020 Constitutional Law Belgrade University of Belgrade Faculty of Law PopovicObradovic Olga 2008 What kind or how big of a country Essays on the political and social history of Serbia in the XIXXXI centuries Helsinki Committee for Human Rights ISBN 9788672081558 Prodanovic Jasa 1936 Constitutional development and constitutional struggles in Serbia Belgradecite book CS1 maint location missing publisher link
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Constitution in practice
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Literature
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1882 Panama earthquake
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The earthquake was an example of extreme underthrusting of the North Panamanian Deformed Belt NPDB Panama lies within the Panamanian block which is considered to be home to a broad zone of deformation A slow southwestern convergence inbetween the Caribbean Plate and Panamanian microplate as well as a ductile buckling deformation eastward along the boundary with the North Andes Block The other escaping deformation along northeast to southwest strikeslip faults within the South American Plate and the backarc thrusting transferred subduction of the Cocos Ridge along most of Costa Rica is what formed the NPDB Active folding within the convergence of the Caribbean and Panamanian plates have long speculated that shallow subduction between both plates could also mean in intermediatedepth earthquakes delineating a found slab There have been five recorded earthquakes over 70 in magnitude that have occurred in the NPDB including this event Other earthquakes that have occurred in this region include the 1882 earthquake near Costa Rica the 1904 Costa RIca earthquake with a magnitude of 72 the 1914 Panama earthquake and the 1991 Limon earthquake in Costa Rica killing 127 people
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The earthquake occurred at around 350 am local time on September 7 1882 Multiple sources estimate it to be 79 on the surfacewave magnitude scale The earthquake was said to have lasted about 60 seconds in the cities of Colon and Panama according to local reports The earthquake lasted so long that many buildings collapsed in a matter of seconds as well as masonry from churches and buildings within the urban areas Residents who were asleep quickly ran outside to local parks to avoid being hit with falling glass and cement Isoseismal record say that the earthquake measured an intensity of VIIIIX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale however official intensities accounting the tsunamis and landslides associated with the quake say that the earthquake recorded intensities as high as XI Extreme Three aftershocks were later reported with unknown magnitudes but with estimated intensities of IV
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Tectonic setting
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Earthquake
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1882 Panama earthquake
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The earthquake occurred at around 350 am local time on September 7 1882 Multiple sources estimate it to be 79 on the surfacewave magnitude scale The earthquake was said to have lasted about 60 seconds in the cities of Colon and Panama according to local reports The earthquake lasted so long that many buildings collapsed in a matter of seconds as well as masonry from churches and buildings within the urban areas Residents who were asleep quickly ran outside to local parks to avoid being hit with falling glass and cement Isoseismal record say that the earthquake measured an intensity of VIIIIX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale however official intensities accounting the tsunamis and landslides associated with the quake say that the earthquake recorded intensities as high as XI Extreme Three aftershocks were later reported with unknown magnitudes but with estimated intensities of IV
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When the earthquake occurred glass windows and bottles shattered and cracks were visible Multiple churches were either completely destroyed or severely damaged On the island of San Miguel the wall of a church collapsed as residents struggled to carry statues of saints inside A cathedral suffered the same fate when heavy masonry blocks fell from the ceiling ornament of the entrance Each of the arches inside the cathedral were cracked and huge stones and pieces of cement fell A total of $40000 were needed for the cathedrals full repair The Malamba churchs tower also fell as did the roof of the nearby Iglesia de Santa Church The Las Cruces church built in stone collapsed completely A bronze statue of Christopher Columbus swayed during the quake to the point that its stone pedestal moved four inches from its original position Almost all houses in Panama City were destroyed The town hall suffered multiple cracks and one of its facades fell killing multiple people The PanamaColon railway completely derailed The Municipal Government and Assembly halls balcony also fell and most of the building suffered many cracks In the village of Rio Indio two freshwater lagoons dried up completely In Gatun another village three ranches collapsed killing an old woman who was asleep A total of 250 people were killed 75 from the San Blas Islands after the tsunami People jumped out of windows due to shock and most of them died Collapse of facades and walls of houses and government buildings caused even more deaths A report from the construction of the Panama canal stated damage and possible deaths
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Earthquake
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Damage
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1889 Cardiganshire County Council election
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Eight byelections were caused by the election of aldermen In several cases local meetings were held to select a Liberal candidate and avoid a contest At Talybont for example a test election was contested under the supervision of amongst other Alderman JT Morgan of Maesnewydd and William Morgan of neighbouring Bow Street The Revd John Davies defeated Richard Jones by 109 votes to 99 and Jones enthusiastically signed the successful candidates nomination papers Two Liberal candidates unsuccessful at the first election namely Rev John Williams in Cardigan and John Watkin Davies at Llanfair Clydogau were elected unopposed The only contested elections were at Strata Florida where a hotly contested poll led to the return of the rector of Ystrad Meurig for the seat vacates by the Earl of Lisburne and in neighbouring Tregaron where the Conservatives captured the seat
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In addition to the 48 councillors the council consisted of 16 county aldermen Aldermen were elected by the council and served a sixyear term Following the election of the initial sixteen aldermen half of the aldermanic bench would be elected every three years following the triennial council election After the initial elections there were sixteen Aldermanic vacancies and the following Alderman were appointed by the newly elected council Elected for six years CM Williams Liberal elected councillor at Aberystwyth David Jenkins Maesteg Glandovey Liberal from outside the Council Roderick Lloyd Liberal elected councillor at Tregaron Levi James Liberal elected councillor at Cardigan William Davies Liberal elected councillor at New Quay JT Morgan Liberal elected councillor at Talybont David Lloyd Liberal defeated candidate at Llandygwydd David Davies Maengwyn Llanfair Orllwyn Liberal from outside the Council Elected for three years Earl Of Lisburne Conservative elected councillor at Strata Florida Rev Llewellyn Edwards Liberal defeated candidate at Llanbadarn Fawr Jenkin Jenkins Aeronian Liberalelected councillor at Nantcwnlle Daniel Jones Liberal defeated candidate at Llansantffraed Rev John Davies Liberal defeated candidate at Llanwnen William Jones Conservative elected councillor at Llanfair Clydogau Major Price Lewes Conservative defeated candidate at Cilcennin Jenkin Jenkins Blaenplwyf Liberal defeated candidate at Ystrad Aeron The Liberals consented to their opponents receiving three of the sixteen aldermanic seats roughly in proportion to their representation on the Council Of the three Conservatives Lord Lisburne and William Jones had been elected but Major Price Lewes of Tyglyn Aeron was bottom of the poll at Cilcennin behind two Liberals It was suggested that some Liberals had favoured the Lord Lieutenant Herbert DaviesEvans and Charles Lloyd of Waunifor defeated at Llandysul but said to be a good financier in place of Jones and Lewes but had been overruled A number of elected Liberals councillors became aldermen including Levi James of cardigan a member of Cardigan Town Council for over twenty years JT Morgan of Talybont William Davies Cross Inn New Quay However the decision to choose eight of the new aldermen from outside of the Council soon tarnished the Liberal triumph There had already been soundings in the local press in opposition to the move We profoundly regret the decision said a Cambrian News editorial to select outsiders as aldermen wherever that decision has been reached and believe that a blow has been struck at the new bodies from which they will never recover until that decision is reversed Particular objection was made to the election of aldermen of four candidates defeated at the polls There were also two Liberal aldermen who did not even seek election
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1889 by-elections following election of aldermen
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Election of Aldermen
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1889 Cardiganshire County Council election
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In addition to the 48 councillors the council consisted of 16 county aldermen Aldermen were elected by the council and served a sixyear term Following the election of the initial sixteen aldermen half of the aldermanic bench would be elected every three years following the triennial council election After the initial elections there were sixteen Aldermanic vacancies and the following Alderman were appointed by the newly elected council Elected for six years CM Williams Liberal elected councillor at Aberystwyth David Jenkins Maesteg Glandovey Liberal from outside the Council Roderick Lloyd Liberal elected councillor at Tregaron Levi James Liberal elected councillor at Cardigan William Davies Liberal elected councillor at New Quay JT Morgan Liberal elected councillor at Talybont David Lloyd Liberal defeated candidate at Llandygwydd David Davies Maengwyn Llanfair Orllwyn Liberal from outside the Council Elected for three years Earl Of Lisburne Conservative elected councillor at Strata Florida Rev Llewellyn Edwards Liberal defeated candidate at Llanbadarn Fawr Jenkin Jenkins Aeronian Liberalelected councillor at Nantcwnlle Daniel Jones Liberal defeated candidate at Llansantffraed Rev John Davies Liberal defeated candidate at Llanwnen William Jones Conservative elected councillor at Llanfair Clydogau Major Price Lewes Conservative defeated candidate at Cilcennin Jenkin Jenkins Blaenplwyf Liberal defeated candidate at Ystrad Aeron The Liberals consented to their opponents receiving three of the sixteen aldermanic seats roughly in proportion to their representation on the Council Of the three Conservatives Lord Lisburne and William Jones had been elected but Major Price Lewes of Tyglyn Aeron was bottom of the poll at Cilcennin behind two Liberals It was suggested that some Liberals had favoured the Lord Lieutenant Herbert DaviesEvans and Charles Lloyd of Waunifor defeated at Llandysul but said to be a good financier in place of Jones and Lewes but had been overruled A number of elected Liberals councillors became aldermen including Levi James of cardigan a member of Cardigan Town Council for over twenty years JT Morgan of Talybont William Davies Cross Inn New Quay However the decision to choose eight of the new aldermen from outside of the Council soon tarnished the Liberal triumph There had already been soundings in the local press in opposition to the move We profoundly regret the decision said a Cambrian News editorial to select outsiders as aldermen wherever that decision has been reached and believe that a blow has been struck at the new bodies from which they will never recover until that decision is reversed Particular objection was made to the election of aldermen of four candidates defeated at the polls There were also two Liberal aldermen who did not even seek election
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While many wards were hotly contested and the majorities small in single figures in some instances the Liberals could be considered to have scored a landslide victory Some of the victories have been regarded as an illustration of the social changes that had taken place in the county At Devils Bridge TJ Waddingham of Hafod was defeated by the local postmaster in Bow Street a coal merchant and grandfather of Elystan Morgan later the only Labour MP to represent the county defeated Henry Bonsall of Clarach while in Troedyraur Sir Marteine Lloyd a former Conservative parliamentary candidate was defeated by a local farmer The local Conservativeinclined newspapers notably the Aberystwyth Observer emphasised that local authorities were intended to be nonpolitical and that the best men should be elected A few Conservative candidates who were usually landlords scored personal victories against the tide Most notably the Lord Lieutenant H DaviesEvans won by 27 votes in Llanwenog and in neighbouring Lampeter JC Harford of Falcondale had a majority of 14 over the Liberal candidate local doctor Abel Evans In Llanfarian two Conservatives faced each other with Morris Davies holding off the future Liberal MP for the county Vaughan Davies of Tanybwlch The contest at Aberystwyth which led to the return of four Liberal candidates was considered to be somewhat quiet compared with municipal contests In Cardigan nominally the county town a closely fought contest led to the return of the Conservative candidate Picton Evans and one of the two Liberals the former Liberal Unionist Levi James In some wards such as Aberaeron and Borth there was more excitement with bonfires being lit to celebrate the return of the successful candidates Sixteen aldermen were elected by the new council Eight were elected from among the elected members and eight from outside the council
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Election of Aldermen
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Outcome
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1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team
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American football in 1893 was a variant of rugby football played with a rugby ball and making use of rules closely derived from the original sport The field of play was 110 yards long and 5313 yards wide with chalk lines every five yards to help the referee determine necessary distances Forward passing was prohibited only lateral passing or running with the ball was allowed Teams of eleven were divided into seven rushers or forwards positioned at the line of scrimmage with four backs behind the line a quarterback just behind the line two halfbacks located about two yards behind him and a fullback or goaltend who stood about a dozen yards behind the halfbacks Kickoffs were generally executed by kicking the ball forward slightly for a selfrecovery and quick lateral pass to a teammate who carried the ball in the middle of a Vshaped blocking wedge of his teammates When the ball was brought to a standstill the runner would cry down and a line of scrimmage formed with the centerrusher also called the snapback hiking the ball to the quarterback The quarterback would generally pitch the ball to one of the three backs behind him to attempt to run forward while the defenders would endeavor by all lawful means to retard that advance The offense would retain the ball if it was able to gain 5 yards in three downs or by retreating 20 yards towards their own goal line The ball would generally be punted away after two downs if the prospects of completing the 5yard gain appear small A touchdown counted as 4 points and allowed the scoring team the opportunity to add 2 more points by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goal posts which were planted at the goal line After a touchdown the scoring team had the option of bringing out the ball as far as desired at a right angle from the point at which the ball crossed the goal line as in modern rugby and attempting a place kick or by executing a punt out from the end zone to a teammate making a fair catch from which spot a dropkick for the extra points could be attempted A drop kick through the goal posts from the field counted as 5 points As with the contemporary game safties counted for 2 points The game consisted of two 45minute halves with an intermission of 10 minutes although duration of the game could be shortened by mutual consent No coaching was allowed from the sidelines all game decisions had to be made by the players on the field Once removed from the game for a substitute a player could not return to the game as in modern soccer
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The roster of the 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team A A Marshall end received his Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1894 Jesse Price end received his degree in Civil Engineering in 1894 Joe Trees tackle received his Mechanical Engineering degree in 1895 Mr Trees was WUPs first scholarship player He was recruited from Indiana Normal He struck it rich in the oil business and was most generous to his alma mater He donated the money for the original Trees Gymnasium and Trees Field Presently two facilities on campus bear his name Trees Hall and Trees Field Ross Fiscus tackle received his Associate Engineering degree in 1893 and resided in Wilkinsburg Pennsylvania John Cherry tackle received his Associate Engineering degree in 1893 and resided in Pittsburgh Dr Samuel S Hill guard received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1894 and became the Superintendent of the State Asylum in Wernersville Pennsylvania George A Neale halfback received his Associate College degree in 1895 Floyd Rose quarterback was a three sport star at WUP baseball track and football He received his degree from the College in 1896 and earned a degree in Metallurgical Engineering in 1911 He was president of Floyd Rose Company consulting engineers in Pittsburgh Ted Boden fullback received an Associate Engineering degree in 1892 John Flowers fullback received an Associate College degree in 1897 Newell Fiscus guard McNeil halfback Hall center L Marchand halfback Ruben Rose center
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Football in 1893
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Roster
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1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team
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The roster of the 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team A A Marshall end received his Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1894 Jesse Price end received his degree in Civil Engineering in 1894 Joe Trees tackle received his Mechanical Engineering degree in 1895 Mr Trees was WUPs first scholarship player He was recruited from Indiana Normal He struck it rich in the oil business and was most generous to his alma mater He donated the money for the original Trees Gymnasium and Trees Field Presently two facilities on campus bear his name Trees Hall and Trees Field Ross Fiscus tackle received his Associate Engineering degree in 1893 and resided in Wilkinsburg Pennsylvania John Cherry tackle received his Associate Engineering degree in 1893 and resided in Pittsburgh Dr Samuel S Hill guard received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1894 and became the Superintendent of the State Asylum in Wernersville Pennsylvania George A Neale halfback received his Associate College degree in 1895 Floyd Rose quarterback was a three sport star at WUP baseball track and football He received his degree from the College in 1896 and earned a degree in Metallurgical Engineering in 1911 He was president of Floyd Rose Company consulting engineers in Pittsburgh Ted Boden fullback received an Associate Engineering degree in 1892 John Flowers fullback received an Associate College degree in 1897 Newell Fiscus guard McNeil halfback Hall center L Marchand halfback Ruben Rose center
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The 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania WUP football team started the season with a seven game schedule arranged by manager Robert C Brown This was the first year the WUP contingent had a coach Anson Harrold a tackle on the Franklin Marshall and later the Princeton football eleven took on the assignment Joe Trees was appointed captain In its first and only season under head coach Anson Harrold the team compiled a 14 record and was outscored by a total of 70 to 14 According to Edwin V D Johnston Mechanical Engineering 1897 in a February 16 1921 Pitt Weekly article The 1893 team was managed by R C Brown and was considered very good for those times including such men as Joe Trees Floyd Rose the Fiscus brothers and Ted Boden a fellow who had the spiral punt down to perfection We also had a good second team which I believe won every game it played I was proud to be manager and right end for that team and we were greatly shocked when W J beat our first team
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Roster
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Season recap
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18A
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Data from US Navy fact file Frawley Directory Great BookGeneral characteristics Crew 1 C2 D pilot and weapon systems officer Length 56 ft 1 in 171 m Wingspan 40 ft 4 in 123 m with AIM9 Sidewinders on wingtip LAU7 launchers Width 27 ft 7 in 84 m wing folded Height 15 ft 5 in 47 m Wing area 410 sq ft 38 m2 Aspect ratio 4 Airfoil rootNACA 65A005 mod tipNACA 65A0035 mod Empty weight 23000 lb 10433 kg Gross weight 36970 lb 16769 kg Max takeoff weight 51900 lb 23541 kg Fuel capacity 10860 pounds 4930 kg internally Powerplant 2 x General Electric F404GE402 afterburning turbofan engines 11000 lbf 49 kN thrust each dry 17750 lbf 790 kN with afterburner Performance Maximum speed 1034 kn 1190 mph 1915 kmh at 40000 ft 12000 m Maximum speed Mach 18 Cruise speed 570 kn 660 mph 1060 kmh Range 1089 nmi 1253 mi 2017 km Combat range 400 nmi 460 mi 740 km airair mission Ferry range 1800 nmi 2100 mi 3300 km Service ceiling 50000 ft 15000 m Rate of climb 50000 ftmin 250 ms Wing loading 93 lbsq ft 450 kgm2 Thrustweight 096 113 with loaded weight at 50 internal fuel Armament Guns 1x 20 mm 0787 in M61A1 Vulcan nose mounted 6barrel rotary cannon 578 rounds Hardpoints 9 total 2 x wingtips missile launch rail 4 x underwing and 3 x underfuselage with a capacity of 13700 lb 6200 kg external fuel and ordnance with provisions to carry combinations of Rockets 275 in 70 mm Hydra 70 rockets 5 in 1270 mm Zuni rockets Missiles Airtoair missiles 2 x AIM9 Sidewinder on wingtips and 8 x AIM9 Sidewinder with doubleracks or 4 x AIM132 ASRAAM or 4 x IRIST EF18AB or 8 x AIM120 AMRAAM with doubleracks and 2x AIM7 Sparrow or 2 x AIM120 AMRAAM Airtosurface missiles 4 x AGM65 Maverick AGM84HK Standoff Land Attack Missile Expanded Response SLAMER AGM88 HARM Antiradiation missile ARM 4 x AGM154 Joint Standoff Weapon JSOW AGM158 Joint AirtoSurface Standoff Missile JASSM Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missile Antiship missile AGM84 Harpoon Bombs B83 nuclear bomb B61 nuclear bomb Joint Direct Attack Munition JDAM precisionguided munition PGMs Paveway series of laserguided bombs Mk 80 series of unguided bombs CBU78 Gator CBU87 Combined Effects Munition CBU97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon Mk 20 Rockeye II Mk 77 Incendiary bomb Other ADM141 TALD SUU42AA FlaresInfrared decoys dispenser pod and chaff pod or Electronic countermeasures ECM pod or ANAAS38 Nite Hawk Targeting pods US Navy only now being replaced by ANASQ228 ATFLIR or LITENING targeting pod USMC Royal Australian Air Force Spanish Air and Space Force and Finnish Air Force only or up to 3 x 330 US gallons 270 imp gal 1200 L Sargent Fletcher FPU8A drop tanks for ferry flight or extended rangeloitering time Avionics Hughes APG73 radar ALR67 radar warning receiver ROVER Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver antenna for use by US Navys FA18C strike fighter squadrons
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Canada Royal Canadian Air Force see McDonnell Douglas CF18 Hornet 86 63 CF18A 23 CF18B aircraft in use as of 2021 Finland Finnish Air Force 55 F18Cs and 7 F18Ds in use as of 2021 Karelian Air Command No 31 Squadron Lapland Air Command No 11 Squadron Satakunta Air Command No 21 Squadron disbanded June 2014 Kuwait Kuwait Air Force 31 FA18Cs and 8 FA18Ds in service as of November 2008 Only 34 27 FA18C 7 FA18D aircraft remain in use as of 2021 9th Fighter and Attack Squadron 25th Fighter and Attack Squadron Malaysia Royal Malaysian Air Force 8 FA18Ds in operation as of 2021 No 18 Squadron RMAF Butterworth air base Spain Spanish Air and Space Force 85 FA18A+B+ in service Only 84 72 EF18M and FA18C 12 EF18BM aircraft remain in use as of 2021 Ala de Caza 15 15th Fighter Wing Zaragoza AB 151 152 and 153 Squadrons Ala de Caza 12 Torrejon AB 121 and 122 Squadrons Ala 46 Gando AB Canary Islands with Squadron 462 operating 20 exUS Navy FA18As They did not receive any important upgrades unlike the Hornets operating from the Spanish mainland Switzerland Swiss Air Force 25 FA18Cs and 5 FA18Ds in service as of 2021 Fliegerstaffel 11 Fliegerstaffel 17 Fliegerstaffel 18 United States United States Marine Corps Aviation 186 FA18ABCD Hornets in operation as of 2023 VMFA112 1992present Marine Air Reserve VMFA232 1989present VMFA312 1987present VMFA323 1982present VMFAAW224 1993present MAWTS1 1990present NASAs Armstrong Flight Research Center formerly Dryden Flight Research Center 3 FA18s in use
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Specifications (F/A-18C/D)
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Operators
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18A
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Canada Royal Canadian Air Force see McDonnell Douglas CF18 Hornet 86 63 CF18A 23 CF18B aircraft in use as of 2021 Finland Finnish Air Force 55 F18Cs and 7 F18Ds in use as of 2021 Karelian Air Command No 31 Squadron Lapland Air Command No 11 Squadron Satakunta Air Command No 21 Squadron disbanded June 2014 Kuwait Kuwait Air Force 31 FA18Cs and 8 FA18Ds in service as of November 2008 Only 34 27 FA18C 7 FA18D aircraft remain in use as of 2021 9th Fighter and Attack Squadron 25th Fighter and Attack Squadron Malaysia Royal Malaysian Air Force 8 FA18Ds in operation as of 2021 No 18 Squadron RMAF Butterworth air base Spain Spanish Air and Space Force 85 FA18A+B+ in service Only 84 72 EF18M and FA18C 12 EF18BM aircraft remain in use as of 2021 Ala de Caza 15 15th Fighter Wing Zaragoza AB 151 152 and 153 Squadrons Ala de Caza 12 Torrejon AB 121 and 122 Squadrons Ala 46 Gando AB Canary Islands with Squadron 462 operating 20 exUS Navy FA18As They did not receive any important upgrades unlike the Hornets operating from the Spanish mainland Switzerland Swiss Air Force 25 FA18Cs and 5 FA18Ds in service as of 2021 Fliegerstaffel 11 Fliegerstaffel 17 Fliegerstaffel 18 United States United States Marine Corps Aviation 186 FA18ABCD Hornets in operation as of 2023 VMFA112 1992present Marine Air Reserve VMFA232 1989present VMFA312 1987present VMFA323 1982present VMFAAW224 1993present MAWTS1 1990present NASAs Armstrong Flight Research Center formerly Dryden Flight Research Center 3 FA18s in use
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The FA18 is a twin engine midwing multimission tactical aircraft It is highly maneuverable due to its good thrusttoweight ratio digital flybywire control system and leadingedge extensions which allow the Hornet to remain controllable at high angles of attack The trapezoidal wing has a 20degree sweepback on the leading edge and a straight trailing edge The wing has fullspan leadingedge flaps and the trailing edge has singleslotted flaps and ailerons over the entire span Canted vertical stabilizers are another distinguishing design element one among several other such elements that enable the Hornets excellent high angle of attack ability including oversized horizontal stabilators oversized trailingedge flaps that operate as flaperons large fulllength leadingedge slats and flight control computer programming that multiplies the movement of each control surface at low speeds and moves the vertical rudders inboard instead of simply left and right The Hornets normally high angle of attack performance envelope was put to rigorous testing and enhanced in the NASA F18 High Alpha Research Vehicle HARV NASA used the F18 HARV to demonstrate flight handling characteristics at high angleofattack alpha of 6570 degrees using thrust vectoring vanes FA18 stabilators were also used as canards on NASAs F15SMTD The Hornet was among the first aircraft to heavily use multifunction displays which at the switch of a button allow a pilot to perform either fighter or attack roles or both This force multiplier ability gives the operational commander more flexibility to employ tactical aircraft in a fastchanging battle scenario It was the first Navy aircraft to incorporate a digital multiplexing avionics bus enabling easy upgrades The Hornet was designed to reduce maintenance and as a result has required far less downtime than its heavier counterparts the F14 Tomcat and the A6 Intruder Its mean time between failures is three times greater than any other Navy strike aircraft and requires half the maintenance time Its General Electric F404 engines were also innovative in that they were designed with operability reliability and maintainability first The engine while unexceptional in rated performance demonstrates exceptional robustness under various conditions and is resistant to stall and flameout The F404 engine connects to the airframe at only 10 points and can be replaced without special equipment a fourperson team can remove the engine within 20 minutes The aircraft has a top speed of Mach 18 at 40000 ft The engine air inlets of the Hornet like that of the F16 are of a simpler fixed design while those of the F4 F14 and F15 have variable geometry or variable intake ramp air inlets A 1989 USMC study found that singleseat fighters were well suited to airtoair combat missions while dualseat fighters were favored for complex strike missions against heavy air and ground defenses in adverse weatherthe question being not so much as to whether a second pair of eyes would be useful but as to having the second crewman sit in the same fighter or in a second fighter Singleseat fighters that lacked wingmen were shown to be especially vulnerable
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Operators
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Design
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18th California and 18th Stout stations
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Indianapolisofficially the Consolidated City of Indianapolis and Marion Countyhas a consolidated citycounty form of government a status it has held since 1970 under Indiana Codes Unigov provision Many functions of the municipal and county governments are consolidated though some remain separate The city has a strong mayorcouncil system of government which oversees six administrative departments Marion County also contains some 60 taxing units nine separate civil township governments and seven specialpurpose municipal corporations The executive branch is headed by an elected mayor who serves as the chief executive of both the city and county Joe Hogsett is the 49th and current mayor Indianapolis CityCounty Council is the legislative body and consists of 25 members all of whom represent geographic districts The mayor and council members are elected to unlimited fouryear terms Executive and legislative functions are based from the CityCounty Building The judiciary consists of a circuit court and superior court with four divisions and 32 judges Each of the countys nine civil townships elects its own township trustee threemember board assessor and a constable and small claims court judge all of whom serve fouryear terms Since its move from Corydon in 1825 Indianapolis has served as the capital and seat of Indianas state government The Indiana Statehouse houses the executive legislative and judicial branches of state government including the office of the Governor of Indiana the Indiana General Assembly and the Indiana Supreme Court Most state departments and agencies are based in the neighboring Indiana Government Center complex The Indiana Governors Residence is on Meridian Street in the ButlerTarkington neighborhood about 5 miles 80 km north of downtown In the Indiana House of Representatives Indianapolis is split between 16 districts In the Indiana Senate the city is split between nine districts The Birch Bayh Federal Building and US Courthouse houses the US District Court for the Southern District of Indiana Most federal field offices are located in the MintonCapehart Federal Building From 1906 to 1991 the US Army operated Fort Benjamin Harrison in neighboring Lawrence About 5000 federal employees work for the Defense Finance and Accounting Service headquartered at the former base Indianapolis is split between two of Indianas nine congressional districts Indianas 7th congressional district represented by Andre Carson and Indianas 6th congressional district represented by Greg Pence
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The US Census Bureau considers Indianapolis as two entities the consolidated city and the citys remainder or balance The consolidated city is coterminous with Marion County except the independent municipalities of Beech Grove Lawrence Southport and Speedway The citys balance excludes the populations of ten semiautonomous municipalities that are included in totals for the consolidated city These are Clermont Crows Nest Homecroft Meridian Hills North Crows Nest Rocky Ripple Spring Hill Warren Park Williams Creek and Wynnedale An eleventh town Cumberland is partially included In 2015 Brookings characterized the Indianapolis metropolitan area as a minoremerging immigrant gateway with a foreignborn population of 126767 or 64 of the total population a 131 increase from 2000 Much of this growth can be attributed to thousands of BurmeseChin refugees who have settled in Indianapolis particularly Perry Township since the late 1990s Indianapolis is home to one of the largest concentrations of Chin people outside of Myanmar formerly Burma with an estimated population ranging from 17000 to 24000 The Williams Institute reported that the Indianapolis metropolitan area had an estimated 46 LGBT adult population in 2020 totaling about 68000
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Government
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Demographics
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18th California and 18th Stout stations
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The US Census Bureau considers Indianapolis as two entities the consolidated city and the citys remainder or balance The consolidated city is coterminous with Marion County except the independent municipalities of Beech Grove Lawrence Southport and Speedway The citys balance excludes the populations of ten semiautonomous municipalities that are included in totals for the consolidated city These are Clermont Crows Nest Homecroft Meridian Hills North Crows Nest Rocky Ripple Spring Hill Warren Park Williams Creek and Wynnedale An eleventh town Cumberland is partially included In 2015 Brookings characterized the Indianapolis metropolitan area as a minoremerging immigrant gateway with a foreignborn population of 126767 or 64 of the total population a 131 increase from 2000 Much of this growth can be attributed to thousands of BurmeseChin refugees who have settled in Indianapolis particularly Perry Township since the late 1990s Indianapolis is home to one of the largest concentrations of Chin people outside of Myanmar formerly Burma with an estimated population ranging from 17000 to 24000 The Williams Institute reported that the Indianapolis metropolitan area had an estimated 46 LGBT adult population in 2020 totaling about 68000
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Indianapolis anchors the 29th largest metropolitan economy in the US with a gross domestic product of US$1844 billion in 2022 The citys major exports include pharmaceuticals motor vehicle parts medical equipment and supplies engine and power equipment and aircraft products and parts According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics the largest industries by employment in the Indianapolis metropolitan area are trade transportation and utilities education and health services professional and business services government leisure and hospitality and manufacturing respectively The areas unemployment rate was 37 in February 2024 Three Fortune 500 companies are based in the city insurance company Elevance Health pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and agrochemical company Corteva Other notable companies based in the city include AES Indiana Allison Transmission Barnes Thornburg Calumet Inc CountryMark Emmis Corporation Finish Line Herff Jones Klipsch Audio Technologies Lids OneAmerica Financial Republic Airways Holdings Simon Property Group Steak n Shake Sun King Brewing Wheaton World Wide Moving and Zipp Indianapoliss central location and extensive highway and rail infrastructure have positioned the city as an important logistics center According to the Indy Chamber the region was home to some 4300 establishments employing nearly 110000 in 2020 Amazon has a major presence in the Indianapolis metropolitan area employing 9000 FedEx employs 7000 workers across 35 facilities in the city including FedEx Expresss National Hub which employs 5800 workers in sorting distribution and shipping at Indianapolis International Airport Other logistics companies in the region with large workforces include Ingram Micro and Venture Logistics Indianapolis anchors one of the largest life sciences clusters in the US notably in the subsectors of drugs and pharmaceuticals and agricultural feedstock and chemicals Life sciences employ between 21200 and 28700 among nearly 350 companies located in the region Pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly is the citys largest private employer with a workforce of 11000 in research and development manufacturing and executive administration Other major employers include Corteva Labcorp Drug Development and Roches North American headquarters The citys hospitality industry has grown in importance in recent years due to an expanding convention business According to the citys destination marketing organization Indianapolis receives 292 million visitors annually generating US$56 billion and supporting 82900 jobs The citys major hospitality facilities are clustered in downtown Indianapolis including the Indiana Convention Center Lucas Oil Stadium and some 8500 hotel rooms Major annual conventions include FDIC International the National FFA Organization Convention Gen Con and the Performance Racing Industry Trade Show Indianapolis ranks among the fastest hightech job growth areas in the US The metropolitan area is home to 28500 information technologyrelated jobs at such companies as Angi Formstack Genesys Hubstaff Infosys Ingram Micro and Salesforce Marketing Cloud Salesforce has the largest workforce of local tech firms employing about 2100 in Indianapolis
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Demographics
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Economy
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