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sHertogenbosch
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The city has one professional football club FC Den Bosch It is the 1967 successor of the professional branches of BVV Bossche Voetbal Vereniging and Wilhelmina Both of them still exist as amateur football clubs As a successor of BVV FC Den Bosch can claim the national championship of 1948 This championship led to the construction of stadium De Vliert which at one time had a capacity of 30000 Due to the less successful years that followed the capacity is now only 8500 visitors FC Den Bosch was the first club of Dutch international player Ruud van Nistelrooy sHertogenbosch is more successful in field hockey It is home to top club HC Den Bosch The womens team in particular is a dominant force in the Dutch field hockey competition The professional basketball club New Heroes Den Bosch is also very successful The citys rugby club is called The Dukes and dates from 1974 It is located at a very scenic location at the foot of the city walls Because of the limited space the club plays on artificial turf and part of the accommodation is subterranean The Dukes has the most junior members It became the national rugby champion in 2008 As regards events the city is host to the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships a combined ATP Tour and WTA Tour grass court tennis event played two weeks before the Wimbledon Championships The World Archery Championships and World Para Archery Championship were held here in June 2019 During these combined World Championships two separate venues were used the Parade and the rugby fields of The Dukes All finals took place in the arena at the Parade The Parade is a historic square surrounded by high trees situated at the foot of the nearly sevenhundredyearold Saint Johns Cathedral in the attractive center of sHertogenbosch
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The citys official name is a contraction of the archaic Dutch des Hertogen bosch the forest of the duke The duke in question was Henry I Duke of Brabant whose family had owned a large estate at nearby Orthen for at least four centuries He founded a new town located on some forested dunes in the middle of a marsh At age 26 he granted sHertogenbosch city rights and the corresponding trade privileges in 1185 This is however the traditional date given by later chroniclers the first mention in contemporaneous sources is 1196 The original charter has been lost His reason for founding the city was to protect his own interests against encroachment from Gelre and Holland from its first days he conceived of the city as a fortress It was destroyed in 1203 in a joint expedition of Gelre and Holland but was soon rebuilt Some remnants of the original city walls remain In the late 14th century a much larger wall was erected to protect the greatly expanded settled area Artificial waterways were dug to serve as a city moat through which the rivers Dommel and Aa were diverted sHertogenbosch became the birthplace and home of one of the greatest painters of the northern Renaissance period Hieronymus Bosch Until 1520 the city flourished becoming the second largest population centre in the territory of the present Netherlands after Utrecht The city was also a center of music and composers such as Jheronimus Clibano received their training at its churches Others held positions there Matthaeus Pipelare was musical director at the Confraternity of Our Lady and renowned Habsburg copyist and composer Pierre Alamire did much of his work at sHertogenbosch
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Sport
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History
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sHertogenbosch
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The citys official name is a contraction of the archaic Dutch des Hertogen bosch the forest of the duke The duke in question was Henry I Duke of Brabant whose family had owned a large estate at nearby Orthen for at least four centuries He founded a new town located on some forested dunes in the middle of a marsh At age 26 he granted sHertogenbosch city rights and the corresponding trade privileges in 1185 This is however the traditional date given by later chroniclers the first mention in contemporaneous sources is 1196 The original charter has been lost His reason for founding the city was to protect his own interests against encroachment from Gelre and Holland from its first days he conceived of the city as a fortress It was destroyed in 1203 in a joint expedition of Gelre and Holland but was soon rebuilt Some remnants of the original city walls remain In the late 14th century a much larger wall was erected to protect the greatly expanded settled area Artificial waterways were dug to serve as a city moat through which the rivers Dommel and Aa were diverted sHertogenbosch became the birthplace and home of one of the greatest painters of the northern Renaissance period Hieronymus Bosch Until 1520 the city flourished becoming the second largest population centre in the territory of the present Netherlands after Utrecht The city was also a center of music and composers such as Jheronimus Clibano received their training at its churches Others held positions there Matthaeus Pipelare was musical director at the Confraternity of Our Lady and renowned Habsburg copyist and composer Pierre Alamire did much of his work at sHertogenbosch
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sHertogenbosch has multiple vocational universities called Hogeschool in Dutch The HAS Hogeschool of about 3500 students is focused on agricultural and food technology Avans Hogeschool is located in sHertogenbosch and two nearby cities The AKV St Joost is an art academy that is now part of Avans and dates back to 1812 Fontys Hogeschool also offers some education in the city The Jheronimus Academy of Data Science JADS located at the Marienburg Campus in the center of sHertogenbosch and provides a number of data science programs at graduate MSc and postgraduate level PhD It is a department of the Eindhoven University of Technology and Tilburg University In secondary education the City Gymnasium is a gymnasium school that originated from the Latin school of the city It is comparable to a grammar school and can trace its origin back 1274 The same type of education and all other types of secondary education are offered by a number of large institutes
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History
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Education
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Ready for It
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Swift performed Ready for It for the first time during an episode of the 43rd season of Saturday Night Live on November 11 2017 alongside an acoustic version of Call It What You Want Swift also performed Ready for It as part of the KIISFMs Jingle Ball 2017 on December 1 2017 in Inglewood California Two days later Swift returned onstage to perform the song again as part of 997 Nows Poptopia in San Jose California with the same setlist The following week Swift performed the song again on three other occasions such as the B96 Chicago and Pepsi Jingle Bash 2017 in Chicago the Z100 Jingle Ball 2017 in New York City and Jingle Bell Ball 2017 in London The song was the opening number of Swifts Reputation Stadium Tour and included on the set list of the Eras Tour 20232024 where it was the first song in the Reputation segment On May 27 2018 Swift opened her set as part of BBC Radio 1s Biggest Weekend in Singleton Park in Swansea Wales with the song
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Taylor Swift released her fifth studio album 1989 in October 2014 1989s synthpop production transformed Swifts sound and image from countryoriented to mainstream pop Although the album propelled Swifts status to a global pop star she was a target of tabloid gossip Publicized celebrity disputes and shortlived relationships blemished her Americas Sweetheart reputation making her seclude from interactions with the press During a selfimposed hiatus she conceived her sixth studio album Reputation as an answer to the media commotion surrounding her celebrity On September 2 2017 Swift premiered a snippet of Ready for It during ABCs Saturday Night Football broadcast of ESPNs Florida State vs Alabama college football game A day after the snippet premiere the track was released for digital download It was the second song released from Reputation after the lead single Look What You Made Me Do In the United States Ready for It impacted contemporary hit radio on September 17 and rhythmic contemporary radio on October 24 2017 A remix by BloodPop was released on December 10 2017
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Live performances
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Background and release
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Ready for It
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Taylor Swift released her fifth studio album 1989 in October 2014 1989s synthpop production transformed Swifts sound and image from countryoriented to mainstream pop Although the album propelled Swifts status to a global pop star she was a target of tabloid gossip Publicized celebrity disputes and shortlived relationships blemished her Americas Sweetheart reputation making her seclude from interactions with the press During a selfimposed hiatus she conceived her sixth studio album Reputation as an answer to the media commotion surrounding her celebrity On September 2 2017 Swift premiered a snippet of Ready for It during ABCs Saturday Night Football broadcast of ESPNs Florida State vs Alabama college football game A day after the snippet premiere the track was released for digital download It was the second song released from Reputation after the lead single Look What You Made Me Do In the United States Ready for It impacted contemporary hit radio on September 17 and rhythmic contemporary radio on October 24 2017 A remix by BloodPop was released on December 10 2017
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Ready for It received positive reviews from music critics calling it an improvement from Swifts previous single Look What You Made Me Do Tom Breihan of Stereogum said the songwriters made something ungainly and goofy something that was probably a terrible idea and they still made it sound like towering colossal pop music Patrick Ryan of USA Today expressed some skepticism concerning Swifts rapping but noted the contrast between the anthemic chorus and dark intense verses made for a promising second glance on her reputation era Richard He wrote for Billboard that Swift has never sung more expressively nor sounded more in tune with the way modern pop production uses the voice as an instrument and that the songs chorus has one of the prettiest melodies of her career However Craig Jenkins of Vulture gave it a lukewarm review stating that the song doesnt reinvent pop or Taylor but it does get her name out on a product built to keep pace with current trends Mike Wass for Idolator dismissed the song as not good and called it equally underwhelming as Look What You Made Me Do He concluded by saying If you can get past the cringeworthy lyrics and jarring production a cute chorus awaits But thats a lot of work for a minor payoff
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Background and release
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Critical reception
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3ds
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Retail copies of games are supplied on proprietary cartridges called Nintendo 3DS Game Cards which are packaged in keep cases with simple instructions In Europe the boxes have a triangle at the bottom corner of the paper sleeveinsert side The triangle is colorcoded to identify the region for which the title is intended and which manual languages are included Unlike with previous Nintendo consoles the complete software manual is only available digitally via the systems Home Menu Software published by Nintendo and by some third parties come packaged with Club Nintendo points which can be redeemed for special rewards Retail and downloadonly games are also available for download in the Nintendo eShop All Nintendo 3DS consoles are region locked software purchased in a region can be only played on that regions hardware A total of 38648 million Nintendo 3DS games have been sold worldwide as of March 31 2021 with 49 titles surpassing the millionunit mark The most successful game Mario Kart 7 has sold 1894 million units worldwide
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The Nintendo 3DS hardware has received largely positive reviews IGN called its hardware design a natural evolution of the Nintendo DSi system CNET praised the devices 3D effect while IGN called it impressively sharp and clean and impressively superior to its predecessors although it was noted that the 3D effect only worked if the system was held at the right distance and angle A common complaint was the 3DSs battery life Engadget reported to get 3 hours of battery life from the system while IGN reported 2 to 45 hours of play The Nintendo 3DS XL was very well received at launch Reviewers generally recommended the console to new buyers of the Nintendo 3DS family although not so much to current owners of a Nintendo 3DS Kotaku mentioned it as possibly the best portable gaming device everand a welldesigned machine and that it plays great games while The Verge called it the best portable gaming buy around right now The Nintendo 3DS XL improves upon the battery life of the original 3DS Kotaku claimed that the Nintendo 3DS XLs battery lasts a crosscountry flight Sam Byford of The Verge noted that the larger top screen makes more obvious problems with aliasing and lowresolution textures He did however say that the 3D felt more immersive Where the 3DS felt like peering through a peephole into another world the XL is almost like stepping through a door On the other hand Destructoid said the 3D effect on the XL was more subtle than on its predecessor The Verge spoke positively of the build quality and design choices saying the console improved on the original A Destructoid reviewer said the 3DS XL was easier to use than the regular Nintendo 3DS mainly due to their large hands The Verge noted lowered sound quality from the original the result of smaller speakers Both The Verge and Gizmodo complained of lowquality cameras
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Games
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Reception
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3ds
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The Nintendo 3DS hardware has received largely positive reviews IGN called its hardware design a natural evolution of the Nintendo DSi system CNET praised the devices 3D effect while IGN called it impressively sharp and clean and impressively superior to its predecessors although it was noted that the 3D effect only worked if the system was held at the right distance and angle A common complaint was the 3DSs battery life Engadget reported to get 3 hours of battery life from the system while IGN reported 2 to 45 hours of play The Nintendo 3DS XL was very well received at launch Reviewers generally recommended the console to new buyers of the Nintendo 3DS family although not so much to current owners of a Nintendo 3DS Kotaku mentioned it as possibly the best portable gaming device everand a welldesigned machine and that it plays great games while The Verge called it the best portable gaming buy around right now The Nintendo 3DS XL improves upon the battery life of the original 3DS Kotaku claimed that the Nintendo 3DS XLs battery lasts a crosscountry flight Sam Byford of The Verge noted that the larger top screen makes more obvious problems with aliasing and lowresolution textures He did however say that the 3D felt more immersive Where the 3DS felt like peering through a peephole into another world the XL is almost like stepping through a door On the other hand Destructoid said the 3D effect on the XL was more subtle than on its predecessor The Verge spoke positively of the build quality and design choices saying the console improved on the original A Destructoid reviewer said the 3DS XL was easier to use than the regular Nintendo 3DS mainly due to their large hands The Verge noted lowered sound quality from the original the result of smaller speakers Both The Verge and Gizmodo complained of lowquality cameras
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In 2011 58yearold former Sony employee Seijiro Tomita sued Nintendo for infringing a patent on the 3D screen that obviates the need for 3D glasses On March 13 2013 a United States federal jury ordered Nintendo to pay him US$302 million in damages However on August 7 2013 that amount was reduced by 50 to US$151 million because the initial figure was according to Judge Jed Rakoff a federal judge intrinsically excessive and unsupported by the evidence presented at trial On December 11 2013 it was decided by Judge Rakoff that Nintendo pay 182 of the wholesale price of each unit sold to Tomita On March 17 2018 the United States Appeals Court determined Nintendo had not violated Tomitas patent On July 17 2015 Nintendo won a patent suit filed against eight of its handheld consoles including the 3DS The suit was originally filed by the Quintal Research Group after it secured a patent for a computerized information retrieval system in 2008
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Reception
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Legal issues
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amsterdam
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Amsterdam is home of the Eredivisie football club AFC Ajax The stadium Johan Cruyff Arena is the home of Ajax It is located in the southeast of the city next to the new Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station Before moving to their current location in 1996 Ajax played their regular matches in the now demolished De Meer Stadion in the eastern part of the city or in the Olympic Stadium In 1928 Amsterdam hosted the Summer Olympics The Olympic Stadium built for the occasion has been completely restored and is now used for cultural and sporting events such as the Amsterdam Marathon In 1920 Amsterdam assisted in hosting some of the sailing events for the Summer Olympics held in neighbouring Antwerp Belgium by hosting events at Buiten IJ The city holds the Dam to Dam Run a 16 km 10 mi race from Amsterdam to Zaandam as well as the Amsterdam Marathon The ice hockey team Amstel Tijgers play in the Jaap Eden ice rink The team competes in the Dutch ice hockey premier league Speed skating championships have been held on the 400meter lane of this ice rink Amsterdam holds two American football franchises the Amsterdam Crusaders and the Amsterdam Panthers The Amsterdam Pirates baseball team competes in the Dutch Major League There are three field hockey teams Amsterdam Pinoke and Hurley who play their matches around the Wagener Stadium in the nearby city of Amstelveen The basketball team MyGuide Amsterdam competes in the Dutch premier division and play their games in the Sporthallen Zuid There is one rugby club in Amsterdam which also hosts sports training classes such as RTC Rugby Talenten Centrum or Rugby Talent Centre and the National Rugby stadium Since 1999 the city of Amsterdam honours the best sportsmen and women at the Amsterdam Sports Awards Boxer Raymond Joval and field hockey midfielder Carole Thate were the first to receive the awards in 1999 Amsterdam hosted the World Gymnaestrada in 1991 and will do so again in 2023
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Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands According to the 2007 European Cities Monitor ECM an annual location survey of Europes leading companies carried out by global real estate consultant Cushman Wakefield Amsterdam is one of the top European cities in which to locate an international business ranking fifth in the survey with the survey determining London Paris Frankfurt and Barcelona as the four European cities surpassing Amsterdam in this regard A substantial number of large corporations and banks headquarters are located in the Amsterdam area including AkzoNobel Heineken International ING Group ABN AMRO TomTom Delta Lloyd Group Bookingcom and Philips Although many small offices remain along the historic canals centrally based companies have increasingly relocated outside Amsterdams city centre Consequently the Zuidas English South Axis has become the new financial and legal hub of Amsterdam with the countrys five largest law firms and several subsidiaries of large consulting firms such as Boston Consulting Group and Accenture as well as the World Trade Centre Amsterdam located in the Zuidas district In addition to the Zuidas there are three smaller financial districts in Amsterdam around Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station Where one can find the offices of several newspapers such as De Telegraaf as well as those of Deloitte the Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf municipal public transport company and the Dutch tax offices Belastingdienst around the Johan Cruyff Arena in Amsterdam Zuidoost with the headquarters of ING Group around the Amstel railway station in the AmsterdamOost district to the east of the historical city Amsterdams tallest building the Rembrandt Tower is located here As are the headquarters of Philips the Dutch multinational conglomerate Amsterdam has been a leading city to reduce the use of raw materials and has created a plan to become a circular city by 2050 The adjoining municipality of Amstelveen is the location of KPMG Internationals global headquarters Other nonDutch companies have chosen to settle in communities surrounding Amsterdam since they allow freehold property ownership whereas Amsterdam retains ground rent The Amsterdam Stock Exchange AEX now part of Euronext is the worlds oldest stock exchange and due to Brexit has overtaken LSE as the largest bourse in Europe It is near Dam Square in the city centre
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Sports
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Economy
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amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands According to the 2007 European Cities Monitor ECM an annual location survey of Europes leading companies carried out by global real estate consultant Cushman Wakefield Amsterdam is one of the top European cities in which to locate an international business ranking fifth in the survey with the survey determining London Paris Frankfurt and Barcelona as the four European cities surpassing Amsterdam in this regard A substantial number of large corporations and banks headquarters are located in the Amsterdam area including AkzoNobel Heineken International ING Group ABN AMRO TomTom Delta Lloyd Group Bookingcom and Philips Although many small offices remain along the historic canals centrally based companies have increasingly relocated outside Amsterdams city centre Consequently the Zuidas English South Axis has become the new financial and legal hub of Amsterdam with the countrys five largest law firms and several subsidiaries of large consulting firms such as Boston Consulting Group and Accenture as well as the World Trade Centre Amsterdam located in the Zuidas district In addition to the Zuidas there are three smaller financial districts in Amsterdam around Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station Where one can find the offices of several newspapers such as De Telegraaf as well as those of Deloitte the Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf municipal public transport company and the Dutch tax offices Belastingdienst around the Johan Cruyff Arena in Amsterdam Zuidoost with the headquarters of ING Group around the Amstel railway station in the AmsterdamOost district to the east of the historical city Amsterdams tallest building the Rembrandt Tower is located here As are the headquarters of Philips the Dutch multinational conglomerate Amsterdam has been a leading city to reduce the use of raw materials and has created a plan to become a circular city by 2050 The adjoining municipality of Amstelveen is the location of KPMG Internationals global headquarters Other nonDutch companies have chosen to settle in communities surrounding Amsterdam since they allow freehold property ownership whereas Amsterdam retains ground rent The Amsterdam Stock Exchange AEX now part of Euronext is the worlds oldest stock exchange and due to Brexit has overtaken LSE as the largest bourse in Europe It is near Dam Square in the city centre
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Amsterdam has two universities the University of Amsterdam Universiteit van Amsterdam UvA and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam VU Other institutions for higher education include an art school Gerrit Rietveld Academie a university of applied sciences the Hogeschool van Amsterdam and the Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten Amsterdams International Institute of Social History is one of the worlds largest documentary and research institutions concerning social history and especially the history of the labour movement Amsterdams Hortus Botanicus founded in the early 17th century is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world with many old and rare specimens among them the coffee plant that served as the parent for the entire coffee culture in Central and South America There are over 200 primary schools in Amsterdam Some of these primary schools base their teachings on particular pedagogic theories like the various Montessori schools The biggest Montessori high school in Amsterdam is the Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam Many schools however are based on religion This used to be primarily Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations but with the influx of Muslim immigrants there has been a rise in the number of Islamic schools Jewish schools can be found in the southern suburbs of Amsterdam Amsterdam is noted for having five independent grammar schools Dutch gymnasia the Vossius Gymnasium Barlaeus Gymnasium St Ignatius Gymnasium Het 4e Gymnasium and the Cygnus Gymnasium where a classical curriculum including Latin and classical Greek is taught Though believed until recently by many to be an anachronistic and elitist concept that would soon die out the gymnasia have recently experienced a revival leading to the formation of a fourth and fifth grammar school in which the three aforementioned schools participate Most secondary schools in Amsterdam offer a variety of different levels of education in the same school The city also has various colleges ranging from art and design to politics and economics which are mostly also available for students coming from other countries Schools for foreign nationals in Amsterdam include the Amsterdam International Community School British School of Amsterdam Albert Einstein International School Amsterdam Lycee Vincent van Gogh La HayeAmsterdam primary campus French school International School of Amsterdam and the Japanese School of Amsterdam
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Economy
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Education
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berlin
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At the end of 2018 the citystate of Berlin had 375 million registered inhabitants in an area of 8911 km2 3441 sq mi The citys population density was 4206 inhabitants per km2 Berlin is the most populous city proper in the European Union In 2019 the urban area of Berlin had about 45 million inhabitants As of 2019 the functional urban area was home to about 52 million people The entire BerlinBrandenburg capital region has a population of more than 6 million in an area of 30546 km2 11794 sq mi In 2014 the citystate Berlin had 37368 live births +66 a record number since 1991 The number of deaths was 32314 Almost 20 million households were counted in the city 54 percent of them were singleperson households More than 337000 families with children under the age of 18 lived in Berlin In 2014 the German capital registered a migration surplus of approximately 40000 people
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Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions many of which enjoy international reputation The diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere An innovative music dance and art scene has developed in the 21st century Young people international artists and entrepreneurs continued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of the Universal Music Group who decided to move their headquarters to the banks of the River Spree In 2005 Berlin was named City of Design by UNESCO and has been part of the Creative Cities Network ever since Many German and International films were shot in Berlin including M One Two Three Cabaret Christiane F Possession Octopussy Wings of Desire Run Lola Run The Bourne Trilogy Good Bye Lenin The Lives of Others Inglourious Basterds Hanna Unknown and Bridge of Spies
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Demographics
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Culture
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berlin
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Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions many of which enjoy international reputation The diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere An innovative music dance and art scene has developed in the 21st century Young people international artists and entrepreneurs continued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of the Universal Music Group who decided to move their headquarters to the banks of the River Spree In 2005 Berlin was named City of Design by UNESCO and has been part of the Creative Cities Network ever since Many German and International films were shot in Berlin including M One Two Three Cabaret Christiane F Possession Octopussy Wings of Desire Run Lola Run The Bourne Trilogy Good Bye Lenin The Lives of Others Inglourious Basterds Hanna Unknown and Bridge of Spies
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In 2018 the GDP of Berlin totaled EUR147 billion an increase of 31 over the previous year Berlins economy is dominated by the service sector with around 84 of all companies doing business in services In 2015 the total labor force in Berlin was 185 million The unemployment rate reached a 24year low in November 2015 and stood at 100 From 2012 to 2015 Berlin as a German state had the highest annual employment growth rate Around 130000 jobs were added in this period Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences transportation information and communication technologies media and music advertising and design biotechnology environmental services construction ecommerce retail hotel business and medical engineering Research and development have economic significance for the city Several major corporations like Volkswagen Pfizer and SAP operate innovation laboratories in the city The Science and Business Park in Adlershof is the largest technology park in Germany measured by revenue Within the Eurozone Berlin has become a center for business relocation and international investments
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Culture
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Economy
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0880
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The value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities For some quantities the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen For example for an absolute temperature typically measured in kelvins zero is the lowest possible value Negative temperatures can be defined for some physical systems but negativetemperature systems are not actually colder This is in contrast to temperatures on the Celsius scale for example where zero is arbitrarily defined to be at the freezing point of water Measuring sound intensity in decibels or phons the zero level is arbitrarily set at a reference valuefor example at a value for the threshold of hearing In physics the zeropoint energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess and is the energy of the ground state of the system
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The word zero came into the English language via French zero from the Italian zero a contraction of the Venetian zevero form of Italian zefiro via safira or sifr In preIslamic time the word sifr Arabic Sfr had the meaning empty Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate sunya Sanskrit shuuny from India The first known English use of zero was in 1598 The Italian mathematician Fibonacci c 1170 c 1250 who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe used the term zephyrum This became zefiro in Italian and was then contracted to zero in Venetian The Italian word zefiro was already in existence meaning west wind from Latin and Greek Zephyrus and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic sifr
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Physics
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Etymology
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0880
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The word zero came into the English language via French zero from the Italian zero a contraction of the Venetian zevero form of Italian zefiro via safira or sifr In preIslamic time the word sifr Arabic Sfr had the meaning empty Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate sunya Sanskrit shuuny from India The first known English use of zero was in 1598 The Italian mathematician Fibonacci c 1170 c 1250 who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe used the term zephyrum This became zefiro in Italian and was then contracted to zero in Venetian The Italian word zefiro was already in existence meaning west wind from Latin and Greek Zephyrus and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic sifr
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Today the numerical digit 0 is usually written as a circle or ellipse Traditionally many print typefaces made the capital letter O more rounded than the narrower elliptical digit 0 Typewriters originally made no distinction in shape between O and 0 some models did not even have a separate key for the digit 0 The distinction came into prominence on modern character displays A slashed zero 0 displaystyle 0 is often used to distinguish the number from the letter mostly in computing navigation and in the military for example The digit 0 with a dot in the center seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 displays and has continued with some modern computer typefaces such as Andale Mono and in some airline reservation systems One variation uses a short vertical bar instead of the dot Some fonts designed for use with computers made one of the capitalOdigit0 pair more rounded and the other more angular closer to a rectangle A further distinction is made in falsificationhindering typeface as used on German car number plates by slitting open the digit 0 on the upper right side In some systems either the letter O or the numeral 0 or both are excluded from use to avoid confusion
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Etymology
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Symbols and representations
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0898 Beautiful South
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After forming in 1989 the Beautiful Souths debut album Welcome to the Beautiful South released October the same year was a major chart success reaching number 2 in the UK Albums Chart and featuring two top 10 hits Song For Whoever and You Keep It All In Featuring Paul Heatons witty lyrics and vocals from him Dave Hemingway and Briana Corrigan it was a critical success too being widely hailed for reinserting cynicism doubt and biting sarcasm into pop music The album was a transformation for lead singer and lyricist Paul Heaton after his previous band the Housemartins according to Robert Christgau he turned his talents to the interpersonal The surprise was that he didnt then cop out The third single from the album Ill Sail This Ship Alone reached number 31 Working in a short space of time the band quickly released their second album Choke a year later in October 1990 Although it reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart it was not as much a critical success as its predecessor despite drawing favourable reviews Two singles from the album My Book and Let Love Speak Up Itself charted outside the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart but the album also provided the bands only number 1 hit a HemingwayCorrigan duet called A Little Time and its music video featuring the aftermath of a domestic fight won the 1991 BRIT Award for Best Video As with before the band were quick to begin work on their third album After working with Mike Hedges on their first two albums the band hired Jon Kelly to produce the new album a British producer famous for working with Pele Prefab Sprout Deacon Blue Heather Nova the Levellers Fish Lynsey De Paul Nolwenn Leroy the Damned Kate Bush The band decamped to AIR Studios in London to record the new album the official recording studios of Associated Independent Recording This credit has caused confusion as the studio closed in 1989 before officially reopening as AIR Lyndhurst in a redeveloped hall in December 1992 after a year of construction and remodeling It is unknown which of the two locations the band recorded in
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0898 Beautiful South was released on 30 March 1992 on CD LP and cassette by the bands label Go Discs in most regions whilst it was released on 14 April in the United States The album cover which depicts ladies faces on the back of terrapins shells each representing a different mood on the album was painted by artist David Cutter as are the numerous illustrations in the liner notes each of which is based on a song from the album with one illustration for each song The illustrations for the albums four singles also appeared as the covers for those singles The full title of the album is 0898 Beautiful South but it is usually shortened to just 0898 which is how it appears on the back cover of the album The spacing and typography difference on the front cover and spine can be taken to imply it should be read as 0898 by Beautiful South two separate phrases although the spine of the album features both the band name and the full title separately The title refers to the 0898 premium rate dialling code associated with sex hotlines in the UK at the time Four singles were released from the album two of them prior to its release Old Red Eyes Is Back was released in February 1992 and reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart becoming their worst charting lead single so far It reached number 51 in the German Media Control Charts We are Each Other was released a month later still prior to the release of the album and was a lesser success in the UK only reaching number 30 However it provided the band with their biggest hit in the United States where it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart The single charted at number 81 in the German Media Control Charts Bell Bottomed Tear was released as the third single in June 1992 reaching number 16 in the UK Singles Chart becoming the highestcharting single from the album 36D was released as the final single in September 1992 reaching number 46 in the UK In an interview at the time of the albums release Sean Welch only imagined three singles would have been released saying three should be enough I think for anybody to release off an album The album was not a success in the United States although it gave the band a larger following there than before Billboard magazine reported in July 1992 that although it has not yet dented the Heatseekers chart the album was experiencing a sales burst in the United States They said it was due to the bands wellattended concerts in Los Angeles and New York City and their appearance on The Dennis Miller Show In France a limited edition contained two bonus tracks His Time Ran Out and Danielle Steele The Enemy Within A limited edition box set version released in the UK included CD and cassette copies of the album alongside the bands VHS music video compilation The Pumpkin
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Background and recording
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Release
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0898 Beautiful South
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0898 Beautiful South was released on 30 March 1992 on CD LP and cassette by the bands label Go Discs in most regions whilst it was released on 14 April in the United States The album cover which depicts ladies faces on the back of terrapins shells each representing a different mood on the album was painted by artist David Cutter as are the numerous illustrations in the liner notes each of which is based on a song from the album with one illustration for each song The illustrations for the albums four singles also appeared as the covers for those singles The full title of the album is 0898 Beautiful South but it is usually shortened to just 0898 which is how it appears on the back cover of the album The spacing and typography difference on the front cover and spine can be taken to imply it should be read as 0898 by Beautiful South two separate phrases although the spine of the album features both the band name and the full title separately The title refers to the 0898 premium rate dialling code associated with sex hotlines in the UK at the time Four singles were released from the album two of them prior to its release Old Red Eyes Is Back was released in February 1992 and reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart becoming their worst charting lead single so far It reached number 51 in the German Media Control Charts We are Each Other was released a month later still prior to the release of the album and was a lesser success in the UK only reaching number 30 However it provided the band with their biggest hit in the United States where it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart The single charted at number 81 in the German Media Control Charts Bell Bottomed Tear was released as the third single in June 1992 reaching number 16 in the UK Singles Chart becoming the highestcharting single from the album 36D was released as the final single in September 1992 reaching number 46 in the UK In an interview at the time of the albums release Sean Welch only imagined three singles would have been released saying three should be enough I think for anybody to release off an album The album was not a success in the United States although it gave the band a larger following there than before Billboard magazine reported in July 1992 that although it has not yet dented the Heatseekers chart the album was experiencing a sales burst in the United States They said it was due to the bands wellattended concerts in Los Angeles and New York City and their appearance on The Dennis Miller Show In France a limited edition contained two bonus tracks His Time Ran Out and Danielle Steele The Enemy Within A limited edition box set version released in the UK included CD and cassette copies of the album alongside the bands VHS music video compilation The Pumpkin
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As was their usual modus operandi The Beautiful South included unreleased material on the Bsides of the singles taken from their albums from the Old Red Eyes Is Back 12 single and CDEP Old Red Eyes Is Back Fleet St BC Diamonds MG Greaves from the We Are Each Other 12 single and CDEP We Are Each Other His Time Ran Out I Started A Joke Barry Robin Maurice Gibb this is a longer version of 433 later edited to 357 using an earlier fadeout for the limited edition bonus disc of Carry on up the Charts from the Bell Bottomed Tear CD1 Bell Bottomed Tear single edit A Thousand Lies They Used To Wear Black from the Bell Bottomed Tear CD2 Bell Bottomed Tear album version Woman in the Wall You Should Be Dancing Barry Robin Maurice Gibb Tracks 2 3 recorded live at St Georges Hall Blackburn 25 April 1992 An Australian CDEP of Bell Bottomed Tear contained the album version and all four nonLP tracks noted above from the 36D CD1 36D Throw His Song Away Trevor Youre Bizarre from the 36D CD2 36D From Under The Covers You Keep It All In 36D Tracks 2 3 4 recorded live at St Georges Hall Blackburn 25 April 1992
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Release
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Non-LP/CD B-Sides
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100 metres
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To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 108 metres 100 megametres or 100000 kilometres or 62150 miles 102 Mm diameter of HD 149026 b an unusually dense Jovian planet 115 Mm width of Saturns Rings 120 Mm diameter of EBLM J055557Ab the smallestknown star 120 Mm diameter of Saturn 142 Mm diameter of Jupiter the largest planet in the Solar System 170 Mm diameter of TRAPPIST1 a star discovered to have seven planets around it 174 Mm diameter of OGLETR122b one of the smallest known stars 180 Mm average distance covered during life 215 Mm diameter of Proxima Centauri the nearest star to the Solar System 257 Mm diameter of TrES4 one of the largest exoplanets 260 Mm diameter of the Barnards Star 272 Mm diameter of WASP12b 299792 Mm one lightsecond the distance light travels in vacuum in one second see speed of light 314 Mm diameter of CT Cha b 3844 Mm 238855 mi average EarthMoon distance 671 Mm aeparation between Jupiter and Europa 696 Mm radius of Sun 989 Mm diameter of Epsilon Indi one of the nearest stars to Earth
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To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 105 m and 104 m 10 mm and 100 mm 10 mm width of cotton fibre 10 mm tolerance of a Lego brick 10 mm transistor width of the Intel 4004 the worlds first commercial microprocessor 10 mm mean longest dimension of a human red blood cell 520 mm dust mite excreta 106 mm wavelength of light emitted by a carbon dioxide laser 15 mm width of silk fibre 17 mm minimum width of a strand of human hair 176 mm one twip a unit of length in typography 10 to 55 mm width of wool fibre 254 mm 11000 inch commonly referred to as 1 mil in the US and 1 thou in the UK 30 mm length of a human skin cell 308568 mm 1 zeptoparsec 50 mm typical length of Euglena gracilis a flagellate protist 50 mm typical length of a human liver cell an averagesized body cell 50 mm length of a silt particle 60 mm length of a sperm cell 70 to 180 mm thickness of paper
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100 megametres
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10 micrometres
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100 metres
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To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 105 m and 104 m 10 mm and 100 mm 10 mm width of cotton fibre 10 mm tolerance of a Lego brick 10 mm transistor width of the Intel 4004 the worlds first commercial microprocessor 10 mm mean longest dimension of a human red blood cell 520 mm dust mite excreta 106 mm wavelength of light emitted by a carbon dioxide laser 15 mm width of silk fibre 17 mm minimum width of a strand of human hair 176 mm one twip a unit of length in typography 10 to 55 mm width of wool fibre 254 mm 11000 inch commonly referred to as 1 mil in the US and 1 thou in the UK 30 mm length of a human skin cell 308568 mm 1 zeptoparsec 50 mm typical length of Euglena gracilis a flagellate protist 50 mm typical length of a human liver cell an averagesized body cell 50 mm length of a silt particle 60 mm length of a sperm cell 70 to 180 mm thickness of paper
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To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 108 and 107 m 10 nm and 100 nm 10 nm the average length of a nanowire 10 nm lower size of tobacco smoke 10 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 2016 2017 13 nm the length of the wavelength that is used for EUV lithography 14 nm length of a porcine circovirus 14 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 2013 15 nm length of an antibody 18 nm diameter of tobacco mosaic virus Generally viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm 20 nm length of a nanobe could be one of the smallest forms of life 2080 nm thickness of cell wall in Grampositive bacteria 20 nm thickness of bacterial flagellum 22 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20112012 22 nm smallest feature size of production microprocessors in September 2009 25 nm diameter of a microtubule 30 nm lower size of cooking oil smoke 308568 nm 1 yoctoparsec 32 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20092010 40 nm extreme ultraviolet wavelength 45 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20072008 50 nm upper size for airborne virus particles 50 nm flying height of the head of a hard disk 65 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20052006 58 nm height of a T7 bacteriophage 90 nm human immunodeficiency virus HIV generally viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm 90 nm the average halfpitch of a memory cell manufactured circa 20022003 100 nm Length of a mesoporous silica nanoparticle
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10 micrometres
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10 nanometres
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1002 German royal election
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Hermann of Swabia who had not initially recognised Henrys election but had subsequently submitted to him at Bruchsal died a few months later on 4 May 1003 Henry took over the regency of Hermanns duchy on behalf of his young son Hermann III a situation which was maintained de jure by his successors until the middle of the century and he used this position to permanently remove the family of his rival from power Henry of Schweinfurt had supported the election of Henry II in return for the promise that he could succeed to Bavaria However the new king reneged on this promise since he could not allow Schweinfurt to have such a powerful position in the southeast of the Empire Therefore Henry of Schweinfurt and his close relatives made an alliance with Boleslaw I of Poland who had also submitted to Henry II at Merseburg after an unexplained attack and Brun the brother of King Henry This alliance was defeated in the summer of 1003 Henry of Schweinfurt lost his county and his imperial fiefs and only his personal property was returned to him when he was pardoned in 1004
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Immediately after the meeting at Werla Henry moved towards Mainz with armed forces and got the Archbishop of Mainz Willigis to promise that he would crown him after his successful election in his cathedral Mainz Cathedral and not in Aachen as usual Then on 7 June 1002 Henry had the worldly and spiritual princes who were present vote without waiting for the full conclave of electors Here his Bavarian followers and the Eastern Franks voting for him and the Swabians against him With that he was elected as king without the knowledge or participation of the northern and western regions Lotharingia Saxony and Thuringia Henrys power base consisted of his duchy and the majority of the bishops under the leadership of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz who carried out the coronation immediately after the election as promised While Willigis was responsible for the coronation as archbishop of Mainz everything else in this election was counter to tradition the location of the conclave the fact that Henry did not sit upon the Throne of Charlemagne and of course the fact that not all electors were present at the conclave
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Aftermath
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The election of Henry
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1002 German royal election
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Immediately after the meeting at Werla Henry moved towards Mainz with armed forces and got the Archbishop of Mainz Willigis to promise that he would crown him after his successful election in his cathedral Mainz Cathedral and not in Aachen as usual Then on 7 June 1002 Henry had the worldly and spiritual princes who were present vote without waiting for the full conclave of electors Here his Bavarian followers and the Eastern Franks voting for him and the Swabians against him With that he was elected as king without the knowledge or participation of the northern and western regions Lotharingia Saxony and Thuringia Henrys power base consisted of his duchy and the majority of the bishops under the leadership of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz who carried out the coronation immediately after the election as promised While Willigis was responsible for the coronation as archbishop of Mainz everything else in this election was counter to tradition the location of the conclave the fact that Henry did not sit upon the Throne of Charlemagne and of course the fact that not all electors were present at the conclave
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When the caravan with Otto IIIs body had been led over the Alps by Archbishop Heribert it reached the borders of Henrys duchy at Polling Henry displayed great concern for the caravan but more for his claim and finally he forced Heribert to hand over the Imperial regalia which were being carried with the body These did not include the Holy Lance which was the most important reliquary of the Empire Heribert had sent the Lance ahead probably out of mistrust of Henry since he had been part of the close circle of the deceased Emperor who had named Hermann of Swabia as the new King Henry imprisoned the Archbishop and subsequently also his brother Henry I Bishop of Wurzburg In this way he eventually gained possession of the Lance as well
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The election of Henry
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Robbery of the Imperial regalia
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108th Guards Rifle Division
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In the late May fighting near Moldavanskoye both Brigades had been in 10th Guards Corps of 56th Army and made only minor gains before the offensive bogged down By the beginning of July the 10th Brigade was still in this Corps but the 4th Brigade was a separate unit under direct Army Command A new offensive began on July 16 after a massive artillery preparation at 0400 hours and initially involved only the 10th and 11th Guards Corps on a 7kmwide sector on the boundary between the 97th Jager and 98th Infantry Divisions but this was almost immediately halted with heavy losses On July 22 the effort expanded to include the rest of 56th Army but with no greater success At the beginning of August the 108th Guards was serving as a separate division in the reserves of North Caucasus Front and on August 22 the STAVKA decided to cut its losses and ordered the Front to transfer seven of its divisions including the 108th Guards to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment
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At the start of the Second JassyKishinev Operation 37th Corps had the 59th and 108th Guards plus the rebuilt 320th Division under command 46th Army was on the Fronts left south flank covering a frontage of 111km but its main attack would be along an 8kmwide sector between Talmaza and Cioburciu The 37th and 31st Guards Corps both deployed in two echelons made up the main shock force attacking in the direction of Volintiri while the 34th Rifle Corps would make a supporting attack toward Slobozia 10th Guards Corps which had also been assigned to 46th Army would serve as the Front reserve The shock group would be supported by 200250 guns and mortars per kilometre of the Corps attack frontage In direct fire support the 46th Army also had a battalion of 23 captured selfpropelled guns The 4th Guards Mechanized Corps formed the mobile group to exploit the Armys breakthrough The offensive began on August 20 On that first day the two Corps broke through the German XXIX Corps defense along the boundary with XXX Corps helped inflict a heavy defeat on the 4th Romanian Mountain Division and forced 21st Romanian Infantry Division out of its defenses while the German 306th Infantry suffered heavy casualties 37th Corps also captured the town of Cioburciu and penetrated up to 12km into a gap as much as 40km wide jointly with 31st Guards Corps During the next day all three divisions of 37th Corps reached a line south of Khadzhailar and Slobozia By the end of August 22 advance elements of 37th Corps advanced as far as Zabar and 3rd Ukrainian Front had torn a gap in the enemy front 130km wide and as much as 70km deep On the next day 46th Army continued the operations that encircled the Akkerman group of Romanian Third Army and 37th Corps forced a crossing of the Cogalnic River As a result of this offensive on August 26 the 311th Guards Rifle Regiment Col Rudko Yosif Petrovich would be awarded the battle honor Izmail while on September 7 the 305th Guards Regiment was given the honorific Lower Dniestr As the advance continued into the Balkans on October 11 the 308th Guards Regiment Col Tatarchuk Kondratii Safronovich would win a similar honor for its part in the capture of the Hungarian city of Szeged
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Kuban Bridgehead
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Into the Balkans
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108th Guards Rifle Division
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At the start of the Second JassyKishinev Operation 37th Corps had the 59th and 108th Guards plus the rebuilt 320th Division under command 46th Army was on the Fronts left south flank covering a frontage of 111km but its main attack would be along an 8kmwide sector between Talmaza and Cioburciu The 37th and 31st Guards Corps both deployed in two echelons made up the main shock force attacking in the direction of Volintiri while the 34th Rifle Corps would make a supporting attack toward Slobozia 10th Guards Corps which had also been assigned to 46th Army would serve as the Front reserve The shock group would be supported by 200250 guns and mortars per kilometre of the Corps attack frontage In direct fire support the 46th Army also had a battalion of 23 captured selfpropelled guns The 4th Guards Mechanized Corps formed the mobile group to exploit the Armys breakthrough The offensive began on August 20 On that first day the two Corps broke through the German XXIX Corps defense along the boundary with XXX Corps helped inflict a heavy defeat on the 4th Romanian Mountain Division and forced 21st Romanian Infantry Division out of its defenses while the German 306th Infantry suffered heavy casualties 37th Corps also captured the town of Cioburciu and penetrated up to 12km into a gap as much as 40km wide jointly with 31st Guards Corps During the next day all three divisions of 37th Corps reached a line south of Khadzhailar and Slobozia By the end of August 22 advance elements of 37th Corps advanced as far as Zabar and 3rd Ukrainian Front had torn a gap in the enemy front 130km wide and as much as 70km deep On the next day 46th Army continued the operations that encircled the Akkerman group of Romanian Third Army and 37th Corps forced a crossing of the Cogalnic River As a result of this offensive on August 26 the 311th Guards Rifle Regiment Col Rudko Yosif Petrovich would be awarded the battle honor Izmail while on September 7 the 305th Guards Regiment was given the honorific Lower Dniestr As the advance continued into the Balkans on October 11 the 308th Guards Regiment Col Tatarchuk Kondratii Safronovich would win a similar honor for its part in the capture of the Hungarian city of Szeged
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By the beginning of March the division along with the rest of 37th Corps had returned to 3rd Ukrainian Front but now as part of 27th Army On March 10 Colonel Dunaev was sent to study at the Voroshilov Academy he would be made a Hero of the Soviet Union on April 28 largely for his leadership of the division in the battle for the Ercsi bridgehead He was replaced the next day bu Maj Gen Dmitrii Grigorevich Piskunov who had previously commanded the 66th Rifle Division and served as the deputy commander of the 41st Guards Rifle Division He would remain in command of the 108th Guards into the postwar During Operation Spring Awakening which began on March 6 the 27th Army was in the Fronts second echelon and in the event saw little action before the Soviet forces went over to the offensive on March 16 As the Vienna Offensive continued the division took part in the recapture of Szekesfehervar and the capture of Mor Veszprem and other towns and on April 26 the 305th and 311th Guards Rifle Regiments would each receive the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 2nd Degree for their roles in these successes The Front crossed into Austria on March 30 and the division ended the war in western Austria with the full title of 108th Guards Rifle Nikolaev Order of the Red Banner Order of Suvorov Division Russian 108ia gvardeiskaia strelkovaia Nikolaevskaia Krasnoznamionnaia ordena Suvorova diviziia 27th Army was withdrawn to eastern Romania by August 20 and by November the 108th Guards had been transferred to the 35th Guards Rifle Corps Shortly afterward the Army was again moved now to the Carpathian Military District The Army headquarters was disbanded there in August 1946 and sometime after the division was transferred to the Odessa Military District where it was itself disbanded in 1947
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Into the Balkans
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Into Austria and Postwar
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109th Guards Rifle Division
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Following the German Spring Awakening offensive in March during which the division was assigned to the 18th Guards Rifle Corps in 46th Army the Soviet forces in Hungary went over to the counteroffensive on the 16th During the advance toward Austria the division broke through part of the German defense of the Transdanubian Mountains and helped capture the towns of Tata Esztergom and others for which the 306th Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment received the Order of Suvorov 3rd Degree and the 246th Guards Artillery Regiment was given the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 2nd Degree all on April 26 During April the 18th Guards Corps moved to the 53rd Army still in 2nd Ukrainian Front The division would remain under these Corps and Army commands for the duration of the war After the end of hostilities in Europe the 312th Guards Rifle Regiment received the Order of Kutuzov 3rd Degree for the liberation of Malacky while the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the 246th Guards Artillery Regiment won the Order of Kutuzov 3rd Degree both for their roles in the liberation of Brno
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In the late May fighting near Moldavanskoye both Brigades had been in 10th Guards Corps of 56th Army and made only minor gains before the offensive bogged down By the beginning of July both Brigades were still in this Corps A new offensive began on July 16 after a massive artillery preparation at 0400 hours and initially involved only the 10th and 11th Guards Corps on a 7kmwide sector on the boundary between the 97th Jager and 98th Infantry Divisions but this was almost immediately halted with heavy losses On July 22 the effort expanded to include the rest of 56th Army but with no greater success At the beginning of August the 109th Guards was the only rifle formation remaining in 10th Guards Corps still in 56th Army and on August 22 the STAVKA decided to cut its losses and ordered the Front to transfer seven of its divisions including the 109th Guards to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment
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Into Czechoslovakia
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Kuban Bridgehead
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109th Guards Rifle Division
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In the late May fighting near Moldavanskoye both Brigades had been in 10th Guards Corps of 56th Army and made only minor gains before the offensive bogged down By the beginning of July both Brigades were still in this Corps A new offensive began on July 16 after a massive artillery preparation at 0400 hours and initially involved only the 10th and 11th Guards Corps on a 7kmwide sector on the boundary between the 97th Jager and 98th Infantry Divisions but this was almost immediately halted with heavy losses On July 22 the effort expanded to include the rest of 56th Army but with no greater success At the beginning of August the 109th Guards was the only rifle formation remaining in 10th Guards Corps still in 56th Army and on August 22 the STAVKA decided to cut its losses and ordered the Front to transfer seven of its divisions including the 109th Guards to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment
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The division along with its 10th Guards Corps remained in 5th Shock Army until early August when it was transferred to the 46th Army in the buildup to the new offensive into Bessarabia 10th Guards Corps 49th 86th and 109th Guards Divisions served as the Front reserve The offensive began on August 20 but the 86th Guards along with its Corps did not see any action in the first days By 0800 hours on August 24 General Malinovskii had shifted the Corps to the boundary between the 37th and 46th Armies in the Leiptsig area and to the east By the end of the next day the Corps was to arrive in the Comrat area by this time the Axis Kishinev grouping had been encircled following the linkup of 3rd and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts During the next days the 10th Guards Corps exploited to cross the Prut River while the remaining German forces were destroyed east of it
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Kuban Bridgehead
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Into the Balkans
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10th Baluch Regiment
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The Baluch Regiment originated in the Army of Bombay Presidency in 1844 when Sir Charles Napier raised the 1st Belooch old spelling of Baluch Battalion raised as the Scinde Beloochee Corps and designated as 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1861 for local service in the newly conquered province of Sindh Two years later another Belooch battalion was raised designated as the 29th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1861 while in 1858 John Jacob raised Jacobs Rifles 30th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry which would soon become the 3rd Belooch Regiment The term local was interpreted fairly loosely when it became necessary to send the 2nd Beloochees to the Persian War in 185657 a campaign frequently overshadowed by the events of the Indian Mutiny in 1857 The 1st was in Karachi when the news of the insurrection reached the Commissioner Sir Bartle Frere dispatched them with all haste on foot across the Sindh desert in May to join the siege artillery train on its way to Delhi the only Bombay unit to join the Delhi Field Force The regiment was brought into line for its services in North India as the 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry Meanwhile the 2nd Beloochees were also regularized as the 29th Regiment In 1862 the 2nd Beloochees were dispatched to China to suppress the Taiping Rebellion Two years later they became some of the first foreign troops to be stationed in Japan when two companies were sent to Yokohama as a part of the garrison guarding the British legation The 1st Beloochees greatly distinguished themselves in the tough Abyssinian Campaign of 1868 and were made Light Infantry as a reward All Baloch battalions took part in the Second Afghan War of 187880 where the Jacobs Rifles suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of Maiwand The 1st Belooch Regiment again distinguished itself in 188587 during the Third Burma War In 1891 two battalions of Bombay Infantry also became Baluchi when they were reconstituted with Baluchis Hazaras and Pathans from Baluchistan and localized in the province The first of these the 24th Baluchistan Infantry was raised in 1820 while the other 26th Baluchistan Infantry was raised in 1825 Following the Kitchener Reforms of 1903 these battalions were redesignated as the 124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry 126th Baluchistan Infantry 127th Queen Marys Own Baluch Light Infantry 129th Duke of Connaughts Own Baluchis and 130th King Georges Own Baluchis Jacobs Rifles In 1914 their full dress uniforms included red trousers worn with rifle green or drab tunics
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After the First World War a major reorganization of British Indian Army took place Most of the wartime units were disbanded while the remaining singlebattalion regiments were merged to form large regimental groups of 46 battalions each Among these was the 10th Baluch Regiment formed in 1922 at Rajkot Rajasthan from the five old Baluch battalions and the second battalion of 124th Baluchistan Infantry The regimental depot later shifted to Karachi The distinctive rifle green and red uniform of the old Baluch battalions was adopted by the entire regiment The officers wore a cherry boss surmounted by a silver X on field and forage caps while the old battalion badges continued to be worn on pagris and helmets by the 1st 3rd 4th and 5th Battalions It was not until 1945 that a single cap badge was adopted by the regiment on introduction of berets during the Second World War It consisted of a Roman numeral X within a crescent moon a crown above and title scroll below all in white metal The badges of rank were in black metal with red edging while the lanyard was of rifle green cord with two red runners Another distinctive feature of Baluchi uniforms were plain silver ball buttons worn on service and mess dresses The line up of the new regiment was 1st Battalion DCO 124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry 2nd Battalion 126th Baluchistan Infantry 3rd Battalion QMO 127th Queen Marys Own Baluch Light Infantry 4th Battalion DCO 129th Duke of Connaughts Own Baluchis 5th Battalion KGO 130th King Georges Own Baluchis Jacobs Rifles 10th Training Battalion 2124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry
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The Bombay Army
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Inter-War Period
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10th Baluch Regiment
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After the First World War a major reorganization of British Indian Army took place Most of the wartime units were disbanded while the remaining singlebattalion regiments were merged to form large regimental groups of 46 battalions each Among these was the 10th Baluch Regiment formed in 1922 at Rajkot Rajasthan from the five old Baluch battalions and the second battalion of 124th Baluchistan Infantry The regimental depot later shifted to Karachi The distinctive rifle green and red uniform of the old Baluch battalions was adopted by the entire regiment The officers wore a cherry boss surmounted by a silver X on field and forage caps while the old battalion badges continued to be worn on pagris and helmets by the 1st 3rd 4th and 5th Battalions It was not until 1945 that a single cap badge was adopted by the regiment on introduction of berets during the Second World War It consisted of a Roman numeral X within a crescent moon a crown above and title scroll below all in white metal The badges of rank were in black metal with red edging while the lanyard was of rifle green cord with two red runners Another distinctive feature of Baluchi uniforms were plain silver ball buttons worn on service and mess dresses The line up of the new regiment was 1st Battalion DCO 124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry 2nd Battalion 126th Baluchistan Infantry 3rd Battalion QMO 127th Queen Marys Own Baluch Light Infantry 4th Battalion DCO 129th Duke of Connaughts Own Baluchis 5th Battalion KGO 130th King Georges Own Baluchis Jacobs Rifles 10th Training Battalion 2124th Duchess of Connaughts Own Baluchistan Infantry
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At the time of independence the active battalions were 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 7th 17th The regiment was allotted to Pakistan Dogra companies of the Baluch Regiment were transferred to the Indian Army The Regimental Centre shifted to Quetta in 1947 to make room for the Government offices in the new capital of Pakistan In 1948 the 6th and 8th Battalions were reraised in response to the war with India in Kashmir where the 4th Battalion greatly distinguished itself in the Battle of Pandu In 1956 major reorganization took place in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments As a result the 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments were absorbed by the Baluch Regiment now called the Baloch Regiment The new line up of the regiment was 1 Baluch 18th Punjab The Gallant One 2 Baluch 28th Punjab 3 Baluch 38th Punjab 4 Baluch 48th Punjab Prince of Waless Own 5 Baluch 58th Punjab Burma 6 Baluch 1 Baluch Duchess of Connaughts Own 7 Baluch 2 Baluch 8 Baluch 1 Bahawalpur Sadiq 9 Baluch 2 Bahawalpur Haroon 10 Baluch 3 Baluch Queen Marys Own 11 Baluch 4 Baluch Duke of Connaughts Own 12 Baluch 5 Baluch King George Vs Own Jacobs Rifles 13 Baluch 68th Punjab 14 Baluch 6 Baluch 15 Baluch 7 Baluch 16 Baluch 8 Baluch 17 Baluch 88th Punjab 18 Baluch 98th Punjab 19 Baluch SSG 17 Baluch 20 Baluch 3 Bahawalpur Abbas 21 Baluch 4 Bahawalpur
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Inter-War Period
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Post-independence
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1271 Avenue of the Americas
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Time Inc had been housed at 1 Rockefeller Plaza since 1937 when that building had opened as part of the construction of Rockefeller Center As early as 1946 it had sought to develop the site of the Marguery Hotel at 270 Park Avenue for a 35story headquarters designed by Harrison Abramovitz though the plans did not come to fruition By 1953 Time Inc was set to outgrow its existing space in 1 Rockefeller Plaza within a year and it wanted to have its headquarters in a single building Time Inc seriously considered relocating to Westchester County a northern suburb of New York City as well as to a suburb of Philadelphia By November 1955 the company decided to stay in New York City because of the large number of transportation options there
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Upon the buildings completion Architectural Forum wrote The buildings character reflects a joining of partners a marriage of uses a meld of design and a union between New Yorks two generic officebuilding types In skyscraper society the Time Life Building is uppermiddleclass New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable writing in 1960 said that 1271 Avenue of the Americas 28 Liberty Street and 270 Park Avenue all had a still toorare esthetic excellence Huxtable also characterized 1271 Avenue of the Americas spaces as flexible architectural anarchy Another architectural critic Carter B Horsley praised the lobbys design and materials though he believed the facade had an inconspicuous albeit not terrible design The Time Life Buildings completion spurred the construction of similar office buildings along Sixth Avenue The architect Robert A M Stern wrote in his 1995 book New York 1960 that the building marked the first key step in the avenues reconstruction Architectural Forum wrote that the buildings completion opens a wide frontier for an expanding city leading the way for the construction of other large office buildings west of Sixth Avenue 1271 Avenue of the Americas has appeared in several media works The building was featured in the television series Mad Men as the fictional headquarters of the advertising agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce later Sterling Cooper Partners AMC the network on which Mad Men airs unveiled a bench in front of the building in 2015 it contains a sculpture of lead character Don Drapers black silhouette as shown in the shows opening credits The 2013 film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was partially set within the building
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History
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Impact
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1271 Avenue of the Americas
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Upon the buildings completion Architectural Forum wrote The buildings character reflects a joining of partners a marriage of uses a meld of design and a union between New Yorks two generic officebuilding types In skyscraper society the Time Life Building is uppermiddleclass New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable writing in 1960 said that 1271 Avenue of the Americas 28 Liberty Street and 270 Park Avenue all had a still toorare esthetic excellence Huxtable also characterized 1271 Avenue of the Americas spaces as flexible architectural anarchy Another architectural critic Carter B Horsley praised the lobbys design and materials though he believed the facade had an inconspicuous albeit not terrible design The Time Life Buildings completion spurred the construction of similar office buildings along Sixth Avenue The architect Robert A M Stern wrote in his 1995 book New York 1960 that the building marked the first key step in the avenues reconstruction Architectural Forum wrote that the buildings completion opens a wide frontier for an expanding city leading the way for the construction of other large office buildings west of Sixth Avenue 1271 Avenue of the Americas has appeared in several media works The building was featured in the television series Mad Men as the fictional headquarters of the advertising agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce later Sterling Cooper Partners AMC the network on which Mad Men airs unveiled a bench in front of the building in 2015 it contains a sculpture of lead character Don Drapers black silhouette as shown in the shows opening credits The 2013 film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was partially set within the building
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1271 Avenue of the Americas is on the western side of Sixth Avenue officially Avenue of the Americas between 50th and 51st streets in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City The land lot is rectangular and covers 82340 sq ft 7650 m2 The site has a frontage of 410 ft 120 m on 50th and 51st streets and a frontage of 200 ft 61 m on Sixth Avenue Nearby buildings include The Michelangelo to the west the Axa Equitable Center to the northwest 75 Rockefeller Plaza to the northeast Radio City Music Hall to the east 30 Rockefeller Plaza to the southeast and 1251 Avenue of the Americas to the south Prior to the development of 1271 Avenue of the Americas much of the site had previously served as a New York Railways Company trolley barn which in turn was replaced by a parking lot There was also a fourstory building facing Sixth Avenue and a collection of singlestory shops on 50th Street Rockefeller Center Inc bought the plots on 50th and 51st streets in the first week of August 1953 followed by those on Sixth Avenue the next week One building on the site reportedly cost $2 million after its owner had held out Rockefeller Centers managers originally wanted to build an NBC studio or a Ford vehicle showroom on the site
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Impact
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Site
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12th Imperial Transit Center
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Londons continuous urban area extends beyond Greater London and numbered 9787426 people in 2011 while its wider metropolitan area had a population of 1214 million depending on the definition used According to Eurostat London is the second most populous metropolitan area in Europe A net 726000 immigrants arrived there in the period 19912001 The region covers 610 square miles 1579 km2 giving a population density of 13410 inhabitants per square mile 5177km2 more than ten times that of any other British region In population terms London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region In tenure 231 socially rent within London 468 either own their house outright or with a mortgage or loan and 30 privately rent at the 2021 census Many Londoners work from home 429 did so at the 2021 census while 206 drive a car to work The biggest decrease in method of transportation was seen within those who take the train and underground declining from 226 in 2011 to 96 in 2021 In qualifications 467 of London had census classified Level 4 qualifications or higher which is predominately university degrees 162 had no qualifications at all
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London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times in 1908 1948 and 2012 making it the first city to host the modern Games three times The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934 In 2017 London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time Londons most popular sport is football and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 202324 season Arsenal Brentford Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United Other professional mens teams in London are AFC Wimbledon Barnet Bromley Charlton Athletic Dagenham Redbridge Leyton Orient Millwall Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United Four Londonbased teams are in the Womens Super League Arsenal Chelsea Tottenham and West Ham United Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London Harlequins and Saracens Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond Rosslyn Park Westcombe Park and Blackheath Twickenham Stadium in southwest London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team While rugby league is more popular in the north of England the sport has one professional club in London the London Broncos who play in the Super League One of Londons bestknown annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships held at the All England Club in the southwestern suburb of Wimbledon since 1877 Played in late June to early July it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team Lords home of Middlesex CCC and the Oval home of Surrey CCC Lords has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket In golf the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water Surrey on the southwest fringes of London while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship the oldest major and tournament in golf is Royal St Georges in Sandwich Kent Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament Other key annual events are the massparticipation London Marathon and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge
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Demography
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Sport
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12th Imperial Transit Center
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London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times in 1908 1948 and 2012 making it the first city to host the modern Games three times The city was also the host of the British Empire Games in 1934 In 2017 London hosted the World Championships in Athletics for the first time Londons most popular sport is football and it has seven clubs in the Premier League in the 202324 season Arsenal Brentford Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United Other professional mens teams in London are AFC Wimbledon Barnet Bromley Charlton Athletic Dagenham Redbridge Leyton Orient Millwall Queens Park Rangers and Sutton United Four Londonbased teams are in the Womens Super League Arsenal Chelsea Tottenham and West Ham United Two Premiership Rugby union teams are based in Greater London Harlequins and Saracens Ealing Trailfinders and London Scottish play in the RFU Championship other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond Rosslyn Park Westcombe Park and Blackheath Twickenham Stadium in southwest London hosts home matches for the England national rugby union team While rugby league is more popular in the north of England the sport has one professional club in London the London Broncos who play in the Super League One of Londons bestknown annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships held at the All England Club in the southwestern suburb of Wimbledon since 1877 Played in late June to early July it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious London has two Test cricket grounds which host the England cricket team Lords home of Middlesex CCC and the Oval home of Surrey CCC Lords has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup and is known as the Home of Cricket In golf the Wentworth Club is located in Virginia Water Surrey on the southwest fringes of London while the closest venue to London that is used as one of the courses for the Open Championship the oldest major and tournament in golf is Royal St Georges in Sandwich Kent Alexandra Palace in north London hosts the PDC World Darts Championship and the Masters snooker tournament Other key annual events are the massparticipation London Marathon and the University Boat Race on the Thames contested between Oxford and Cambridge
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London is an ancient name attested in the first century AD usually in the Latinised form Londinium Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources Latin usually Londinium Old English usually Lunden and Welsh usually Llundein with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages It is agreed that the name came into these languages from Common Brythonic recent work tends to reconstruct the lost Celtic form of the name as Londonjon or something similar This was then adapted into Latin as Londinium and borrowed into Old English Until 1889 the name London applied officially only to the City of London but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London
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Sport
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Toponymy
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12th century in literature
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Early 12th century Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible c 1120 Theologia Summi Boni by Peter Abelard c 1121 Sic et Non by Peter Abelard c 114142 Historia Ecclesiastica by Orderic Vitalis c 1142 Speculum caritatis The Mirror of Charity by Aelred of Rievaulx 1150 Skara Missal c 1150 Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn Tufail The Four Books of Sentences Libri Quattuor Sententiarum by Peter Lombard De tribus in paenitentia consideranda and Unum ex quatuor by Clement of Llanthony Mid12th century Unum ex quatuor by Clement of Llanthony translation into Middle English Oon of Foure c 115264 Liber viarum Dei by Elisabeth of Schonau c 1160 De institutione inclusarum by Aelred of Rievaulx Policraticus by John of Salisbury 1163 Makhzan alAsrar The Treasury of Mysteries by Nizami Ganjavi 116467 De spirituali amicitia Spiritual Friendship and De anima On the Soul by Aelred of Rievaulx c 11751200 Poema Morale c 1190 Senchakushu Xuan Ze Ben Yuan Nian Fo Ji by Honen Fa Ran 1196 Revelation of St Nicholas to a monk of Evesham
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1104 September 3 St Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral England and the St Cuthbert Gospel of St John removed from his tomb 1170 Poet politician and historian Lu You Lu You travels on the Grand Canal China from Shaoxing to the river Yangtze recording his progress in a diary Before 1173 Copenhagen Psalter produced in northern England 1170 29 December Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket is assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral an event that inspires several plays notably Alfred Lord Tennysons Becket 1884 T S Eliots Murder in the Cathedral 1935 Jean Anouilhs Becket Becket ou lhonneur de Dieu 1959 and Paul Webbs Four Nights in Knaresborough 1999 It also features in novels such as Conrad Ferdinand Meyers Der Heilige The Saint 1879 Ken Folletts The Pillars of the Earth 1989 and Sharon Kay Penmans Time and Chance 2002 c 1193 The university and its libraries at Nalanda in India are sacked and burned by Turkic invader Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji the burning of the library is said to have continued for several months
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Philosophy/theology
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Events
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12th century in literature
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1104 September 3 St Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral England and the St Cuthbert Gospel of St John removed from his tomb 1170 Poet politician and historian Lu You Lu You travels on the Grand Canal China from Shaoxing to the river Yangtze recording his progress in a diary Before 1173 Copenhagen Psalter produced in northern England 1170 29 December Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket is assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral an event that inspires several plays notably Alfred Lord Tennysons Becket 1884 T S Eliots Murder in the Cathedral 1935 Jean Anouilhs Becket Becket ou lhonneur de Dieu 1959 and Paul Webbs Four Nights in Knaresborough 1999 It also features in novels such as Conrad Ferdinand Meyers Der Heilige The Saint 1879 Ken Folletts The Pillars of the Earth 1989 and Sharon Kay Penmans Time and Chance 2002 c 1193 The university and its libraries at Nalanda in India are sacked and burned by Turkic invader Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji the burning of the library is said to have continued for several months
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Tain Bo Cuailnge Old Irish version in Lebor na hUidre by 1106 Middle Irish version in Book of Leinster c 1160 Ramavataram by Kambar Earliest texts of the Tristan and Iseult legend c 11501190 Le Roman de Tristan by Beroul common branch Norman language c 11551173 Tristan by Thomas of Britain courtly branch Old French c 1160 Roman dEneas c 1165 Letter of Prester John c 1180 Chanson dAntioche c 11801210 Nibelungenlied Late 12th century Acallam na Senorach Dialogue of the Ancients Middle Irish Aiol and Mirabel Old French Karel ende Elegast Middle Dutch The Tale of Igors Campaign Slovo o plku Igoreve Slovo o pulku Igoreve Old East Slavic Chanson de Jerusalem Digenis Acritas Metrical Dindshenchas c 12th century Historia Caroli Magni pseudohistory falsely attributed to Turpin archbishop of Reims The Knight in the Panthers Skin by Shota Rustaveli Mabinogion
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Events
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Epic/Saga/Chanson de Geste
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13q deletion syndrome
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This disorder is caused by the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 which can either be deleted linearly or as a ring chromosome It is typically not hereditary the loss of a portion of the chromosome typically occurs during gametogenesis making it a de novo mutation When it is hereditary it is usually caused by a parent having mosaicism or a balanced translocation The severity of the disorder is correlated with the size of the deletion with larger deletions causing more severe manifestations There are three common anomalies predominately observed in 13q deletion syndrome congenital heart disease anorectalgenitourinary and gastrointestinal tract malformations These are all part of the VACTERL associations which is a disorder that is characterized by vertebral anomalies anal atresia cardiac defect tracheoesphageal fistula renal anomalies and limb defects
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Although there is no cure for 13q deletion syndrome symptoms can be managed usually with the involvement of a neurologist rehabilitation physician occupational therapist physiotherapist psychotherapist nutritionist special education professional andor speech therapist No treatment for 13q deletion syndrome will ever be identical due to the variations in the disease which is why the use of personalized teams with members from different medical fields is vital to the patient If the affected childs growth is particularly slow growth hormone treatment can be used to augment growth Plastic surgeries can repair cleft palates and surgical repair or monitoring by a pediatric cardiologist can manage cardiac defects Some skeletal neurological genitourinary gastrointestinal and ophthalmic abnormalities can be definitively treated with surgery Endocrine abnormalities can often be managed medically Even if a child is responding to well to their medical treatment it is important to utilize special educators speech and occupational therapists and physiotherapists to help the child develop skills that will aid in their life in and out of the classroom
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Mechanism
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Treatment
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13q deletion syndrome
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Although there is no cure for 13q deletion syndrome symptoms can be managed usually with the involvement of a neurologist rehabilitation physician occupational therapist physiotherapist psychotherapist nutritionist special education professional andor speech therapist No treatment for 13q deletion syndrome will ever be identical due to the variations in the disease which is why the use of personalized teams with members from different medical fields is vital to the patient If the affected childs growth is particularly slow growth hormone treatment can be used to augment growth Plastic surgeries can repair cleft palates and surgical repair or monitoring by a pediatric cardiologist can manage cardiac defects Some skeletal neurological genitourinary gastrointestinal and ophthalmic abnormalities can be definitively treated with surgery Endocrine abnormalities can often be managed medically Even if a child is responding to well to their medical treatment it is important to utilize special educators speech and occupational therapists and physiotherapists to help the child develop skills that will aid in their life in and out of the classroom
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Variations of the signs and symptoms occur depending upon the area of chromosome 13 that is deleted Deletions from the centromere to 13q32 or any deletions including the 13q32 band are associated with slow growth intellectual disability and congenital malformations Deletions from 13q33 to the end of the chromosome are associated with intellectual disability Intellectual disabilities range from very mild to very severe and can cooccur with behavioral disorders andor autism spectrum disorders At birth the main symptoms include low weight due to intrauterine growth restriction hypotonia and feeding difficulties Infants may also have cleft palate 13q deletion syndrome gives a characteristic appearance to affected individuals potentially including microphthalmia small eyes hypertelorism wideset eyes thin forehead high palate underdeveloped midface small mouth small nose broad flat nasal bridge short neck low hairline irregular or wrongly positioned teeth lowset ears micrognathia small jaw tooth enamel defects short stature microcephaly small head a prominent long philtrum and earlobes turned inwards Congenital heart disease is also associated with 13q deletion syndrome Common defects include atrial septal defect tetralogy of Fallot ventricular septal defect patent ductus arteriosus pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta Defects of the endocrine system digestive system and genitourinary system are also common These include underdevelopment or agenesis of the pancreas adrenal glands thymus gallbladder and thyroid Hirschsprungs disease gastric reflux imperforate anus retention testis ectopic kidney renal agenesis and hydronephrosis A variety of brain abnormalities are also associated with 13q deletion They can include epilepsy craniosynostosis premature closing of the skull bones spastic diplegia cerebral hypotrophy underdevelopment or agenesis of the corpus callosum cerebellar hypoplasia deafness and rarely hydrocephalus DandyWalker syndrome and spina bifida The eyes can be severely damaged and affected individuals may be blind They may also have coloboma of the iris or choroid strabismus nystagmus glaucoma or cataracts Other skeletal malformations are found with 13q deletion syndrome including syndactyly clubfoot clinodactyly and malformations of the vertebrae andor thumbs Deletions that include the 13q32 band which contains the brain development gene ZIC2 are associated with holoprosencephaly they are also associated with hand and foot malformations Deletions that include the 13q14 band which contains the tumor suppressor gene Rb are associated with a higher risk of developing retinoblastoma which is more common in XY children Deletion of the 13q333 band is associated with hypospadias Other genes in the potentially affected region include NUFIP1 HTR2A PDCH8 and PCDH17 In males with 13q deletion syndrome genital abnormalities are common The meatus or urinary opening may appear on the underside of the penis hypospadis andor the testes will not descend into the scrotum cryptochidism The scrotum will often be unusually small or abnormally divided into two sections bifid scrotum the penis may be unusually small micropenis andor abnormal passage may be present between the scrotum and the anus perineal fistula In rare cases the anal opening may be absent or covered by a thing membrane which can cause obstruction anal atresia
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Treatment
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Signs and symptoms
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13th Republican Peoples Party Extraordinary Convention
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The Republican Peoples Party initially founded by revolutionary leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in 1921 was reestablished by Deniz Baykal in 1992 after the party was shut down after the 1980 military coup Since party leaders in Turkish politics tend to wield substantial power due to the Political parties law SPK the convention was significant for having more than one candidate for the leadership The convention was held at the Ahmet Taner Kislali stadium in Cankaya Ankara Baykal took the decision to hold an extraordinary convention after the partys discipline tribunal YDK upheld Sariguls CHP membership despite alleged corruption charges The CHP central executive committee MYK had previously proposed Sariguls expulsion but the refusal of the tribunal to do so resulted in Baykal accusing members of the tribunal of taking bribes Baykal took the decision to hold a convention with a leadership election a party council election and a YDK election
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The convention was marred by violence erupting between rival supporters of Baykal and Sarigul most notably during the speeches of both candidates A fight began after Sarigul first arrived at the convention with Sarigul allegedly punching the Mayor of Bakirkoy Ates Unal Erzen as well as other delegates Furthermore an argument broke out between newly elected council President Sinasi Oktem and Sanliurfa MP Turan Tuysuz after which Tuysuz allegedly punched Oktem The speeches of the leadership candidates were met with slogans and boos from their rivals Deniz Baykal was forced to take a 15minute break when party members began throwing their chairs at each other when he mentioned Sariguls corruption allegations Despite Oktem attempting to restore calm on several occasions riot police forces were eventually called in to curb the violence
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Background
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Conduct
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13th Republican Peoples Party Extraordinary Convention
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The convention was marred by violence erupting between rival supporters of Baykal and Sarigul most notably during the speeches of both candidates A fight began after Sarigul first arrived at the convention with Sarigul allegedly punching the Mayor of Bakirkoy Ates Unal Erzen as well as other delegates Furthermore an argument broke out between newly elected council President Sinasi Oktem and Sanliurfa MP Turan Tuysuz after which Tuysuz allegedly punched Oktem The speeches of the leadership candidates were met with slogans and boos from their rivals Deniz Baykal was forced to take a 15minute break when party members began throwing their chairs at each other when he mentioned Sariguls corruption allegations Despite Oktem attempting to restore calm on several occasions riot police forces were eventually called in to curb the violence
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The substantial victory for Baykal was not necessarily a result of a better campaign in relation to that of Sarigul Rather the party election rules which uses a delegate system to elect a leader heavily favours the incumbent This is because the party leader has a large influence over who the delegates are meaning that it is unlikely that their votes would sway in accordance to leadership campaigns due to existing vested interests The election system which only gives just over a thousand party delegates the vote is a key issue of debate in Turkish politics in general as it is seen as a key limitation to innerparty democracy The lack of a leaders accountability to their own party has arguably resulted in largescale political apathy within Turkey since leaders have continued to remain as party leaders regardless of how disappointing their election performances have been An example is former Democratic Left Party leader Bulent Ecevit who stayed on as leader even though his party went from winning 222 of the vote in the 1999 general election to winning just 12 in the 2002 general election Denis Baykal is another example since he refused to resign after his party was wiped out in the 1999 general election for winning less than the 10 threshold necessary to win parliamentary representation
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Conduct
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Analysis
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14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
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Averell and Crook arrived in Staunton on June 8 as ordered by Hunter and the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry and its detachment were reunited The cavalry was reorganized on June 9 with Duffie in command of the 1st Division and Averell in command of the 2nd Division Schoonmaker Colonel John H Oley and Colonel William Powell commanded the three brigades of the 2nd Division respectively Schoonmakers Brigade consisted of the 8th Ohio Cavalry Regiment and the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Major Daily commanded the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Averells division arrived in Lexington on June 11 around noon with the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry in the advance Schoonmakers brigade drove away Confederate troops including cadets from the Virginia Military Institute aka VMI commanded by Brigadier General John McCausland The town was extremely hostile and Union soldiers were shot at from the direction of buildings belonging to VMI Hunter ordered the buildings bombed and destroyed He also relieved Schoonmaker from command because Schoonmaker did not burn VMI immediately when he took the town On the next day Hunter ordered Schoonmaker to proceed south with his brigade and handed Schoonmaker a paper that said Hunters treatment of Schoonmaker had been under a misapprehension The division moved through Buchanan across the Blue Ridge Mountains through Liberty and arrived at New London around dusk on June 16 At sunrise on June 17 Averell moved north by the old road from New London until they got four miles 64 km from Lynchburg At that time a battle began with Schoonmakers brigade arriving first and deploying on the left of the pike Powells and Oleys brigades arrived next The cavalry fought dismounted until late in the afternoon when it was replaced by infantry and artillery Fighting continued on the next day with the cavalry back in front although the Union forces were on the defensive instead of attacking At dark the regiment was surprised to learn that Schoonmakers and Powells brigades were the only Union troops active in the fieldall other troops and wagons had already begun to fall back The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was therefore the first and last Union regiment to fight in the Battle of Lynchburg The retreat was made westward and Averells entire division fought for two hours near Liberty until its ammunition was exhausted and it was relieved by Crooks infantry The regiments casualties from June 10 through June 23 totaled to 27 Losses for all divisions were 938
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James M Schoonmaker of Pittsburgh began recruiting for a federal volunteer battalion of cavalry on August 18 1862 At the time he was a lieutenant in the Unions 1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment An accomplished horseman he had so much success in recruiting that both Pennsylvania governor Andrew Gregg Curtin and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton authorized him to recruit a full cavalry regiment of 12 companies With the exception of Philadelphias Company A recruiting was conducted in western Pennsylvania Allegheny Armstrong and Fayette counties accounted for portions of eight of the regiments 12 companies The men were mustered into service from August 21 through November 4 1862 for three years By November a full regiment was recruited and it was mustered into service on November 23 1862 as the 14th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry In Pennsylvania the regiment was also known as the One Hundred and FiftyNinth Pennsylvania Volunteers since it was the 159th regiment of any branch raised in Pennsylvania Original leadership was Schoonmaker as colonel and William H Blakeley as lieutenant colonel Thomas Gibson Shadrack Foley and John M Daily were majors of the First Second and Third battalions respectively Other notable officers included Captain Ashbel F Duncan of Company E and 2nd Lieutenant Thomas R Kerr of Company C Schoonmaker was only 20 years and four months old at the time making him one of the youngest regiment commanders in the Union Army The regiment spent time at Camp Howe and Camp Montgomery near Pittsburgh before moving to Hagerstown Maryland on November 24 where it received horses arms and equipment On December 28 the regiment moved to Harpers Ferry Virginia where it was assigned picket and reconnaissance scouting duty On May 7 1863 a detachment of unmounted men was left in Harpers Ferry under the command of Major Foley while the remaining portion of the regiment rode the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad aka BO Railroad west to join the 4th Separate Brigade of the VIII Army Corps at Grafton Virginia now West Virginia Grafton was a strategic point early in the American Civil War because it had a terminal for the BO Railroad The regiment was initially tasked with duty protecting the nearby communities of Philippi Beverly and Webster On May 23 Brigadier General William W Averell took command of the brigade relieving Brigadier General Benjamin S Roberts Averells 4th Separate Brigade had one cavalry regiment three mounted infantry regiments two infantry regiments a cavalry battalion and two batteries
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Hunters attack on Lynchburg
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Formation and organization
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14th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment
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James M Schoonmaker of Pittsburgh began recruiting for a federal volunteer battalion of cavalry on August 18 1862 At the time he was a lieutenant in the Unions 1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment An accomplished horseman he had so much success in recruiting that both Pennsylvania governor Andrew Gregg Curtin and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton authorized him to recruit a full cavalry regiment of 12 companies With the exception of Philadelphias Company A recruiting was conducted in western Pennsylvania Allegheny Armstrong and Fayette counties accounted for portions of eight of the regiments 12 companies The men were mustered into service from August 21 through November 4 1862 for three years By November a full regiment was recruited and it was mustered into service on November 23 1862 as the 14th Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry In Pennsylvania the regiment was also known as the One Hundred and FiftyNinth Pennsylvania Volunteers since it was the 159th regiment of any branch raised in Pennsylvania Original leadership was Schoonmaker as colonel and William H Blakeley as lieutenant colonel Thomas Gibson Shadrack Foley and John M Daily were majors of the First Second and Third battalions respectively Other notable officers included Captain Ashbel F Duncan of Company E and 2nd Lieutenant Thomas R Kerr of Company C Schoonmaker was only 20 years and four months old at the time making him one of the youngest regiment commanders in the Union Army The regiment spent time at Camp Howe and Camp Montgomery near Pittsburgh before moving to Hagerstown Maryland on November 24 where it received horses arms and equipment On December 28 the regiment moved to Harpers Ferry Virginia where it was assigned picket and reconnaissance scouting duty On May 7 1863 a detachment of unmounted men was left in Harpers Ferry under the command of Major Foley while the remaining portion of the regiment rode the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad aka BO Railroad west to join the 4th Separate Brigade of the VIII Army Corps at Grafton Virginia now West Virginia Grafton was a strategic point early in the American Civil War because it had a terminal for the BO Railroad The regiment was initially tasked with duty protecting the nearby communities of Philippi Beverly and Webster On May 23 Brigadier General William W Averell took command of the brigade relieving Brigadier General Benjamin S Roberts Averells 4th Separate Brigade had one cavalry regiment three mounted infantry regiments two infantry regiments a cavalry battalion and two batteries
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At the beginning of 1864 Averells Brigade including the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry had its winter quarters at Martinsburg West Virginia Cavalry in the Department of West Virginia was reorganized multiple times in early 1864 Averell was given command of the 2nd Cavalry Division which included the 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry in a brigade commanded by Colonel Schoonmaker Brigadier General Duffie commanded the other brigade The 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry was commanded by Major John M Daily In April Averells division moved across West Virginia via the BO Railroad and joined Brigadier General George Crook for dual raids on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad Averell led a small cavalry force of 2079 men and attacked further west from Crook Averell abandoned an attack on a salt mine when he discovered his route to the mine was blocked by a larger force He proceeded east toward Wytheville and its lead mine On May 10 Averells cavalry fought the inconclusive Battle of Cove Mountain Schoonmakers brigade started the fighting in the fourhour battle Averells cavalry was prevented from moving through Cove Gap to Wytheville the railroad and a lead mine Union losses were 114 casualties Averells force escaped at night over the mountains using a difficult route and eventually destroyed 26 bridges and portions of railroad track between Christiansburg and the New River On May 15 he linked with Crook who had a major victory at the Battle of Cloyds Mountain
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Formation and organization
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Crook-Averell 1864 Raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad
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14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Galician
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The following officers were the commanders of the division Fritz Freitag was the longest serving commander of the Galicia Division and he continued in that role until the German surrender at the end of the war at which point he committed suicide Freitag the newly appointed commander Pavlo Shandruk who had taken command in the last days of the war and Otto Wachter arranged the surrender to the Western Allies The Ukrainian general Mykhailo Krat was briefly in command of the troops after the surrender when they were held at a prison camp SSBrigadefuhrer and Major General of WaffenSS Walter Schimana 30 June 1943 20 November 1943 SSBrigadefuhrer and Major General of WaffenSS Fritz Freitag 20 November 1943 January 1944 SSStandartenfuhrer and Colonel of WaffenSS Friedrich Beyersdorff January February 1944 SSBrigadefuhrer and Major General of WaffenSS Fritz Freitag February 1944 19 April 1945 Lieutenant General Pavlo Shandruk 19 April 8 May 1945
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On 12 March 1945 Alfred Rosenberg issued a decree stating that the German government recognized the Ukrainian National Committee as the sole representative of the Ukrainians in Germany Formed in late 1944 the organizers of the committee included Andriy Melnyk Stepan Bandera and Volodymyr Kubiyovych the head of the Ukrainian Central Committee which had been evacuated to Germany as the Red Army advanced The National Committee appointed Pavlo Shandruk as the commander of its Ukrainian National Army On 14 April 1945 the German government agreed to transfer control of the 14th WaffenSS Division to the Ukrainian National Committee Lieutenant General Pavlo Shandruk of the National Army arrived at the division headquarters to take command on 19 April The current commander Freitag had received notice ahead of time from Fritz Arlt of the SS Eastern Volunteers Office informing him of the agreement with the Ukrainian National Committee Together with Shandruk Freitag presided over the change in name and emblems and administered to the troops an oath of loyalty to Ukraine and the Ukrainian people These events took place just weeks before the German surrender Shandruk continued to work with Freitag and the German officers as the division commander There is a dispute over whether the change in its status as a Ukrainian National Army unit was formally acknowledged amidst the deteriorating war situation in Germany Hitler was either unaware the division existed or had forgotten about it and when he found out during a meeting of generals in midMarch 1945 he gave an order which was never implemented for the Ukrainians to be disarmed and their weapons to be given to a German division But because of the situation at the front line and the rapid advance of the Western Allies and the Soviets the 1st Ukrainian Division remained in effect part of the German military right up to the end of the war On 6 May 1945 the German commanders in southeast Austria made the decision for all units to withdraw from the front line to surrender to the Americans or the British in the west instead of the Red Army The Ukrainians surrendered to British troops at Tamsweg central Austria by 10 May 1945
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Commanders
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1st Division of the UNA
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14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Galician
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On 12 March 1945 Alfred Rosenberg issued a decree stating that the German government recognized the Ukrainian National Committee as the sole representative of the Ukrainians in Germany Formed in late 1944 the organizers of the committee included Andriy Melnyk Stepan Bandera and Volodymyr Kubiyovych the head of the Ukrainian Central Committee which had been evacuated to Germany as the Red Army advanced The National Committee appointed Pavlo Shandruk as the commander of its Ukrainian National Army On 14 April 1945 the German government agreed to transfer control of the 14th WaffenSS Division to the Ukrainian National Committee Lieutenant General Pavlo Shandruk of the National Army arrived at the division headquarters to take command on 19 April The current commander Freitag had received notice ahead of time from Fritz Arlt of the SS Eastern Volunteers Office informing him of the agreement with the Ukrainian National Committee Together with Shandruk Freitag presided over the change in name and emblems and administered to the troops an oath of loyalty to Ukraine and the Ukrainian people These events took place just weeks before the German surrender Shandruk continued to work with Freitag and the German officers as the division commander There is a dispute over whether the change in its status as a Ukrainian National Army unit was formally acknowledged amidst the deteriorating war situation in Germany Hitler was either unaware the division existed or had forgotten about it and when he found out during a meeting of generals in midMarch 1945 he gave an order which was never implemented for the Ukrainians to be disarmed and their weapons to be given to a German division But because of the situation at the front line and the rapid advance of the Western Allies and the Soviets the 1st Ukrainian Division remained in effect part of the German military right up to the end of the war On 6 May 1945 the German commanders in southeast Austria made the decision for all units to withdraw from the front line to surrender to the Americans or the British in the west instead of the Red Army The Ukrainians surrendered to British troops at Tamsweg central Austria by 10 May 1945
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The name of the division was changed several times during its short history The name WaffenGrenadier der SS was used for SS infantry divisions that primarily consisted of nonGermanic people as a way of getting around the organizations racial policies because these units were subordinated to the SS but not fully part of it SSVolunteer Division Galicia German SSFreiwilligenDivision Galizien from 28 April to 22 October 1943 14th Galician SSVolunteer Division German 14 Galizische SSFreiwilligenDivision from 22 October 1943 to 27 June 1944 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Galician German 14 WaffenGrenadierDivision der SS galizische Nr1 from 27 June to November 1944 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS 1st Ukrainian German 14 WaffenGrenadierDivision der SS ukrainische Nr1 from November 1944 to 19 April 1945 1st Division of the Ukrainian National Army from 19 April to 8 May 1945
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1st Division of the UNA
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Organization
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152 mm howitzergun M1937 ML20
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The ML20 was officially classified as howitzergun ie an artillery system which combines characteristics of a howitzer and to lesser extent of a gun and therefore can be used in both roles This universality was achieved by wide range of elevation angles and by using separate loading with 13 different propellant loads The gun was fitted with both telescopic sight for direct fire and panoramic sight for an indirect one For ballistic calculations and meteorological corrections a special mechanical device was developed The device called meteoballistic summator consisted of a specialized slide rule and a precalculated table After World War II similar devices were introduced for other types of guns The barrel was either monobloc or builtup Some sources indicate that a third typewith loose lineralso existed To soften recoil a large slotted muzzle brake was fitted The breechblock was of interrupted screw type with forced extraction of cartridge during opening A safety lock prevented opening of the breechblock before the shot if there was a need to remove a shell the lock had to be disabled To assist loading when the barrel was set to high elevation angle the breech was equipped with cartridge holding mechanism The gun was fired by pulling a triggercord The recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer and hydropneumatic recuperator Each held 22 litres of liquid Pressure in the recuperator reached 45 Bar The carriage was of split trail type with shield and balancing mechanism leaf spring suspension and steel wheels with rubber tires some early production pieces received spoked wheels with solid tires from M191034 During transportation the barrel was usually retracted The gun could also be towed with the barrel in its normal position but in this case the transportation speed was limited about 45 kmh compared to 20 kmh with barrel pulled back The gun could be set up for combat in 810 minutes The carriage designated 52L504A was also used in the 122mm gun model 193137 A19 This gun was also mounted in two Soviet assault gunstank destroyers employed during WWII These are the SU152 and ISU152
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The barrel was manufactured in two variants monobloc or builtup Some sources indicate that a third type with loose liner also existed Except the basic variant the only variant to reach mass production was the ML20S developed for use in selfpropelled guns with differently placed controls for easier operation in small enclosed compartments ML20 with bag loading In 1937 the Main Artillery Department decided for economic reasons to modify medium caliber guns to use bag loading instead of cased loading An experimental ML20 piece was built in 1939 the trials were unsuccessful ML20SM Modified ML20S with identical ballistics muzzle brake was removed The gun was mounted in the experimental ISU152 model 1945 of which only one unit was built BL20 ML20 with cast breech and wedge breechblock Was developed by OKB172 sharashka of the NKVD in 1946 ML20 with M46type carriage ML20 with a modified carriage resembling in construction a carriage of the M46 130 mm gun In 1950 an experimental piece was built and tested 152 H 8837 A Finnish modernization program 152 mm haubicoarmata wz 3785 A Polish modernization tires from KrAZ255B truck new compressed air cylinder and automotive lighting increased the road speed of the towed gun from 20 to 50 kmh and allowed the gun to be towed on public roads
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Description
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Variants
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152 mm howitzergun M1937 ML20
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The barrel was manufactured in two variants monobloc or builtup Some sources indicate that a third type with loose liner also existed Except the basic variant the only variant to reach mass production was the ML20S developed for use in selfpropelled guns with differently placed controls for easier operation in small enclosed compartments ML20 with bag loading In 1937 the Main Artillery Department decided for economic reasons to modify medium caliber guns to use bag loading instead of cased loading An experimental ML20 piece was built in 1939 the trials were unsuccessful ML20SM Modified ML20S with identical ballistics muzzle brake was removed The gun was mounted in the experimental ISU152 model 1945 of which only one unit was built BL20 ML20 with cast breech and wedge breechblock Was developed by OKB172 sharashka of the NKVD in 1946 ML20 with M46type carriage ML20 with a modified carriage resembling in construction a carriage of the M46 130 mm gun In 1950 an experimental piece was built and tested 152 H 8837 A Finnish modernization program 152 mm haubicoarmata wz 3785 A Polish modernization tires from KrAZ255B truck new compressed air cylinder and automotive lighting increased the road speed of the towed gun from 20 to 50 kmh and allowed the gun to be towed on public roads
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The ML20 was one of the most successful Soviet artillery pieces of World War II Its characteristics positioned it between classical shortrange howitzers and special longrange guns Compared to the former the ML20 has better range eg the German 15 cm sFH 18 had range of 133 km which often allowed it to shell positions of enemy artillery while remaining immune to enemy fire Its advantage over the latter was in weight and cost and therefore in mobility and production rate For example the German 15 cm K 39 with range of 247 km weighed 122 tons had only 61 pieces built The excellent 17 cm K 18 234 t 296 km had 338 pieces manufactured The lighter 105 cm sK 18 56 t 191 km was more common 2135 pieces but its 15 kg shell was much less powerful than a 44 kg shell of ML20 German attempts to produce an analogue to the ML20 were unsuccessful The 15 cm sFH 40 was never produced due to construction defects the 15 cm sFH 42 had insufficient range and only 46 pieces were built In 1943 and 1944 Wehrmacht announced requirements for a 15 cm howitzer with a range of 18 km but none reached production Of other guns with more or less similar characteristics there were French 155 mm guns model 1917 and 1918 with longer range but some 35 tons heavier as was the US 155 mm Long Tom The Czechoslovakian howitzer K4 used by Germans as 15 cm sFH 37t was about 2 tons lighter but with range more than 2 km shorter and only 178 pieces were built The Italian Cannone da 14940 modello 35 had a range of 237 km but had a weight of 11 tons and less than 100 pieces were built The British BL 55 inch 140 mm Medium Gun probably had the closest characteristics weight slightly over six tons and range of 18100 yd 16600 m with an 82 lb 37 kg shell The main shortcomings of the ML20 were its weight and limited mobility As the experience of the ML15 project suggests the gun could be made somewhat lighter and more suitable for highspeed transportation The use of a muzzle brake can be seen as a minor flaw while softening the recoil and thus allowing the use of a lighter carriage a muzzle brake has the disadvantage of redirecting some of the gases that escape the barrel toward the ground where they can raise dust potentially revealing the gun position But when the ML20 was developed muzzle brakes were already a common design element in artillery pieces of that class
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Variants
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Summary
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15th World Festival of Youth and Students
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Most of the events were held at the Universite des sciences et de la technologie HouariBoumediene Political themes of the conferences included peace security international cooperation selfdetermination sovereignty national liberation solidarity democracy development and the environment employment education science and technology childhood women health communication and culture racism neofascism and discrimination youths movements the students movement human and peoples rights The Festival aimed to be an open forum for young people to exchange experiences work together for alternative solutions and establish joint programs of action on a wide range issues Topics of discussion and themes of debates included disarmament and building a nuclearfree world the New World Order and NATO as well as neoliberal globalisation One day of the festival was devoted to solidarity with the people of Puerto Rico especially the fight to get the US Navy out of the island of Vieques which was then being used as a bombing range and testing ground by the navy and United States Navy in Vieques Puerto Rico A combined forum in solidarity with the struggles of the people of Cuba Puerto Rico Venezuela and Colombia also took place The panel included Maria Pili Hernandez representing the youth of the Fifth Republic Movement of Venezuela the party founded by Hugo Chavez She described changes in Venezuelas constitution and other measures by the Chavez government as an alternative example a third road in the fight against imperialism Also discussed were questions like the eradication of racism gender equality HIVAIDS and drug abuse For example the event featured a joint WFDY UNESCO Conference on the Role of Young Women in promoting culture of peace in Africa The festival also took place on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the founding of the Organization of Caribbean and Latin American Students OCLAE who noted that the student federations represented in OCLAE and at the 15th world youth festival are part of an emerging antiimperialist youth movement that is revitalizing the organization Cultural activities at the festival included a series of amateur tournaments including football basketball handball a wheelchair competition a chess match tennis and table tennis A series of festivals were also held including of political song modern music dance and mime traditional folklore and of filmmakers
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Over 1000 youth from Algeria itself attended the festival including 50 students of Berber origin and whose families live in Kabylia a region to the east of Algiers where Berbers comprise the overwhelming majority A number of other countries from Africa sent significant delegations including Syria Iraq Lebanon Yemen Sudan Egypt and Tunisia a first time in the history of the WFYS A large delegation of over 400 people came with the Polisario Front from Western Sahara who raised the issue of their ongoing conflict with Morocco organizing solidarity tents dinners rallies workshops and cultural activities about the issue which created thousands of refugees in that country Almost 1000 youth were expected from the Americas with Cuba sending a delegation of 600 the largest from the region This included 250 international students who were then going to school in Cuba especially from Latin America the Caribbean and Africa the other 350 were Cuban students and young workers Several hundred came from Venezuela Haiti the Dominican Republic the United States and Puerto Rico The final count for the festival was 11000 although other sources put the event at 6500 people
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Activities
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Delegations
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15th World Festival of Youth and Students
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Over 1000 youth from Algeria itself attended the festival including 50 students of Berber origin and whose families live in Kabylia a region to the east of Algiers where Berbers comprise the overwhelming majority A number of other countries from Africa sent significant delegations including Syria Iraq Lebanon Yemen Sudan Egypt and Tunisia a first time in the history of the WFYS A large delegation of over 400 people came with the Polisario Front from Western Sahara who raised the issue of their ongoing conflict with Morocco organizing solidarity tents dinners rallies workshops and cultural activities about the issue which created thousands of refugees in that country Almost 1000 youth were expected from the Americas with Cuba sending a delegation of 600 the largest from the region This included 250 international students who were then going to school in Cuba especially from Latin America the Caribbean and Africa the other 350 were Cuban students and young workers Several hundred came from Venezuela Haiti the Dominican Republic the United States and Puerto Rico The final count for the festival was 11000 although other sources put the event at 6500 people
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The international festivals movement initiated in the beginning of 1947 offered to the youth of the world a space of free expression around their preoccupations and a forum of solidarity with people searching for independence for self determination and for development Humanity is entering the 21st century with hopes and new aspirations but it has to face at the same time great challenges being aware that not all of the last centuries changes changed our lives for the better rather it depends on our youthful common and joint struggle as an active power of peoples The 15th edition of the World Festival of Youth and Students comes to strengthen the work of the last festivals and will take place in a new millennium marked by disastrous effects of globalisation and the new restructuring of the international relations under the slogan adopted by a consensus Let us globalise the struggle for peace solidarity development against imperialism This 15th WFYS also plays a great role in an era where the civil society at the international level has become an undeniable partner in taking decisions thanks to multiform struggles led by Non Governmental Organisations which lay down them selves as a real ways and means of claiming and expressing the preoccupations of the different stratum of peoples
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Delegations
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From the call to the festival
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15th arrondissement of Paris
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Edouard Balladur politician Prime Minister of France 19931995 Brigitte Bardot actress Samuel Beckett writer who lived in the 15th arrondissement for most of his adult life Walter Benjamin philosopher Luc Besson filmmaker Antoine Bourdelle artist Alexander Calder artist Marc Chagall artist Barbara ChaseRiboud artist Dietrich von Choltitz military governor of Paris 19441945 Andre Citroen industrialist Robert Desnos poet and member of the French Resistance Michel Foucault philosopher Tsuguharu Foujita artist Rebecca Hampton actress and television presenter Francois Hollande President of France 20122017 lived in the 15th arrondissement Rene Magritte artist Sophie Marceau actress Andre Masson artist Henry Miller writer lived in the 15th where he worked on Tropic of Cancer Joan Miro artist Jacques Monod and Francois Jacob discovered the mechanism of genes transcription regulation a work honored by the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Luc Montagnier Francoise BarreSinoussi and colleagues discovered the two HIV viruses that cause AIDS in 1983 and 1985 were honored by the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nekfeu hiphop artist Louis Pasteur microbiologist MarieClaire Pauwels journalist Ossip Zadkine artist
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The headquarters of Orange SA and Eutelsat are located in the 15th arrondissement La Poste the French mail service has its head office in the arrondissement The publisher Hachette Livre also has its headquarters in the arrondissement Prior to the completion of the current Air France headquarters in TremblayenFrance in December 1995 Air France was headquartered in a tower located next to the Gare Montparnasse rail station in Montparnasse and in the 15th arrondissement Air France had its headquarters in the tower for about 30 years Previously Tour MaineMontparnasse housed the executive management of Accor Journal officiel de la Republique francaise French Football Federation Conseil superieur de laudiovisuel Safran Institut francais des relations internationales European Space Agency International Energy Agency Eutelsat France Televisions International Council of Museums Hopital Europeen GeorgesPompidou
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Notable people
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Economy
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15th arrondissement of Paris
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The headquarters of Orange SA and Eutelsat are located in the 15th arrondissement La Poste the French mail service has its head office in the arrondissement The publisher Hachette Livre also has its headquarters in the arrondissement Prior to the completion of the current Air France headquarters in TremblayenFrance in December 1995 Air France was headquartered in a tower located next to the Gare Montparnasse rail station in Montparnasse and in the 15th arrondissement Air France had its headquarters in the tower for about 30 years Previously Tour MaineMontparnasse housed the executive management of Accor Journal officiel de la Republique francaise French Football Federation Conseil superieur de laudiovisuel Safran Institut francais des relations internationales European Space Agency International Energy Agency Eutelsat France Televisions International Council of Museums Hopital Europeen GeorgesPompidou
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SaintChristophedeJavel Paris Grand Pavois de Paris 1971 one of the largest real estate complexes in Paris Musee Pasteur Musee du Service des Objets Trouves Musee Bourdelle Musee Mendjisky specialising in School of Paris artists housed in a Robert MalletStevens building Musee Jean Moulin French Resistance musees LeclercMoulin Church of NotreDame de la Salette in Paris Synagogue of ChasseloupLaubat Beaugrenelle Shopping Centre Parts of the Montparnasse area The former workshop no longer standing of Constantin Brancusi where the sculptor worked from 1925 to 1957 has now been relocated in front of the Centre Georges Pompidou Villa Santos Dumont where Ossip Zadkine and Fernand Leger had their workshop also featured in Gail Albert Halaban book Out of my Window Paris La Ruche Square Bela Bartok where the sculpturefountain Cristaux by JeanYves Lechevallier can be seen Square de lOiseauLunaire featuring a sculpture by Juan Miro the LOiseau Lunaire with a plaque commemorating the many artists poets and painters or sculptors who lived there including Andre Masson Jean Dubuffet Antonin Artaud and Robert Desnos A replica of the statue of Liberty on the ile aux Cygnes where Bartholdi worked The Pont de BirHakeim The Pont Mirabeau The Parc AndreCitroen with the Ballon de Paris The Parc GeorgesBrassens The Polypores Fountain by JeanYves Lechevallier featured in the movie by Alain Resnais Same Old Song The Paris Expo Porte de Versailles exhibition centre with the Tour Triangle project and Palais des Sports near Porte de Versailles Metro station The Front de Seine highrise district The Cheminee du Front de Seine a 130 m 430 ft chimney the 4th tallest structure in Paris
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Economy
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Places of interest
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16th Congress of the Polisario Front
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On 19 January 2023 the Congress approved the National Action Program which included intensifying the armed struggle and strengthening the diplomatic way as one of its points It also approved amendments to the Constitution proposed by the governments legal adviser Bachir Mustafa Sayed accepted the results shortly after they were announced with him criticising the family of Brahim Ghali due to a defamation and bullying campaign and announcing he would not run for the office again He also considered the Congress a little step we the Sahrawi people took together to expand our democracy Presidentelect Brahim Ghali and the newly elected members of the National Secretariat took their oath on the night of 22 January 2023 in front of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Brahim Bella officially concluding the 16th Congress with the National Secretariat holding its first session two days later On 9 February 2023 Brahim Ghali dissolved the government and reappointed Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun as Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic for a second consecutive term assigning him to form his government as soon as possible A new government was presented on 14 February 2023 together with the appointment of new governors for the five wilayas regions and the administrative camp of the Sahrawi refugee camps
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The Congress elects the National Secretariat which is the most important decisionmaking organism inside the Polisario Front when Congresses are not held and the GeneralSecretary of the Front which automatically becomes President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic To be elected SecretaryGeneral of the Polisario Front the following requirements have to be met Being a Sahrawi national Having a militant experience of at least twenty years and have held positions in the national leadership for at least ten years Having military experience during the war Being at least 40 years old Having a clean criminal record The candidates are proposed by the Election Commission and voted on by the Congress The vote is done by ballot directly and secretly with a supermajority of at least twothirds of the vote required to win the first round and an absolute majority for the second round After the reforms passed by the 16th Congress to the Fundamental Law of the Polisario Front the National Secretariat will only have 44 members of which 27 are directly chosen by the Congress 16 are anonymously elected by the Occupied Territories to become anonymous members and the GeneralSecretary serving as an ex officio member To become a member of the National Secretariat the following requirements have to be met Being a Sahrawi national Having a clean criminal record Being at least 30 years old Having a university or academic graduation certificate with five years of continuous service or field experience of not less than ten years in one or more of the following positions Regional personnel in the military or higher Member of a regional branch or higher Central Director at Ministry level or higher Ambassador or representative at the state level Member of the National Constitutional Council the Superior Council of the Magistracy and the Consultative Council Member of the executive office of a mass organization The vote is direct and secret with multiple nontransferable vote being used in the first round and ranked voting in the second one The winning candidates are those who have obtained the absolute majority of the votes in the first round In case of impossibility of obtaining the required number of candidates the electoral commission continues to seek the vote of the congressmen on the basis of a list three times greater than the number of remaining candidates until obtaining the number of required candidates elected by simple majority Theres a gender quota requiring at least six of the Congresselected members to be women while a new quota of six new members was introduced in this Congress before the election of the National Secretariat
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Aftermath
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Election system
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16th Congress of the Polisario Front
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The Congress elects the National Secretariat which is the most important decisionmaking organism inside the Polisario Front when Congresses are not held and the GeneralSecretary of the Front which automatically becomes President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic To be elected SecretaryGeneral of the Polisario Front the following requirements have to be met Being a Sahrawi national Having a militant experience of at least twenty years and have held positions in the national leadership for at least ten years Having military experience during the war Being at least 40 years old Having a clean criminal record The candidates are proposed by the Election Commission and voted on by the Congress The vote is done by ballot directly and secretly with a supermajority of at least twothirds of the vote required to win the first round and an absolute majority for the second round After the reforms passed by the 16th Congress to the Fundamental Law of the Polisario Front the National Secretariat will only have 44 members of which 27 are directly chosen by the Congress 16 are anonymously elected by the Occupied Territories to become anonymous members and the GeneralSecretary serving as an ex officio member To become a member of the National Secretariat the following requirements have to be met Being a Sahrawi national Having a clean criminal record Being at least 30 years old Having a university or academic graduation certificate with five years of continuous service or field experience of not less than ten years in one or more of the following positions Regional personnel in the military or higher Member of a regional branch or higher Central Director at Ministry level or higher Ambassador or representative at the state level Member of the National Constitutional Council the Superior Council of the Magistracy and the Consultative Council Member of the executive office of a mass organization The vote is direct and secret with multiple nontransferable vote being used in the first round and ranked voting in the second one The winning candidates are those who have obtained the absolute majority of the votes in the first round In case of impossibility of obtaining the required number of candidates the electoral commission continues to seek the vote of the congressmen on the basis of a list three times greater than the number of remaining candidates until obtaining the number of required candidates elected by simple majority Theres a gender quota requiring at least six of the Congresselected members to be women while a new quota of six new members was introduced in this Congress before the election of the National Secretariat
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The Preparatory Commission announced on 27 October 2022 that the 16th Congress would take place between 13 and 17 January 2023 in the wilaya of Dajla in the Sahrawi refugee camps of Tindouf It also adopted symbols for the Congress Due to the war situation which began when the ceasefire with Morocco broke down in November 2020 after Morocco sent troops to the southern part of Western Sahara to disperse Sahrawi protesters who were blocking the only highway to Mauritania the Congress was not held in the Liberated Territories A National Preparatory Conference was held days before the Congress between 8 and 11 January to solve disputes and seek a unified position inside the Front especially towards the candidacy of the GeneralSecretary The Congress was extended twice due to the lengthiness of the debates it first got a 48hour extension up to 19 January 2023 and later got a 72hour one up to 22 January 2023 During the Congress members voted to amend the Basic Law of the Polisario Front to change the rules concerning the National Secretariat forcing a renewal of at least six new members in every term apart from reducing the members from 50 to 44 by removing two of the 29 Congresselected members and excluding the mass organisations National Union of Sahrawi Women Sahrawi Trade Union Sahrawi Youth Union and Union of Sahrawi Students from having a direct representation in the National Secretariat
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Election system
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Background
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17 XXXTentacion album
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Snippets were released showing him in a collaboration with Kodak Black Lil JJ and Juicy J He later announced via his Snapchat story that the release date for 17 was August 25 2017 In the same story he claimed that the album would be different from his previous works and more for people with depression XXXTentacion previewed snippets on August 6 2017 via his Snapchat story The snippets shown was his iTunes library page with the album being played showcasing a tracklist of 8 songs He kept his thumb on the feature that showcases the song count on the computer monitor and didnt announce the tracklist as official The songs showcased in the snippets included Jocelyn Flores Save Me Fuck Love featuring Trippie Redd Orlando and Ayala Outro XXLs Vernon Coleman called the snippets very somber On August 22 2017 X revealed the official tracklist alongside the final cover for the album The day before the albums release the song Fuck Love featuring Trippie Redd was uploaded to SoundCloud
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17 received generally favorable reviews Meaghan Garvey of Pitchfork stated that 17 presents XXXTentacion as impressively adept at reconciling his influences into a sound that is shockingly elegant even at its most unpolishedan album whose disparate influences dissolve in an acid bath of raw feeling Andrew Matson from Mass Appeal described the album as musically excellent morally problematic Pigeons and Planes Eric Skelton called the albums composition progressive and genredefiant Mitch Findlay of HotNewHipHop called it different from your average hip hop album highlighting its lofi aesthetic experimentation with guitar arrangements and vocals Notable figures in the hip hop music industry also gave recognition to the album including American rapper Kendrick Lamar who wrote on Twitter listen to 17 if you feel anything raw thoughts XXXTentacion posthumously won Favourite SoulRB Album for 17 at the 2018 American Music Awards and the album received a Top RB Album nomination at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards
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Promotion
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Critical reception
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17 XXXTentacion album
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17 received generally favorable reviews Meaghan Garvey of Pitchfork stated that 17 presents XXXTentacion as impressively adept at reconciling his influences into a sound that is shockingly elegant even at its most unpolishedan album whose disparate influences dissolve in an acid bath of raw feeling Andrew Matson from Mass Appeal described the album as musically excellent morally problematic Pigeons and Planes Eric Skelton called the albums composition progressive and genredefiant Mitch Findlay of HotNewHipHop called it different from your average hip hop album highlighting its lofi aesthetic experimentation with guitar arrangements and vocals Notable figures in the hip hop music industry also gave recognition to the album including American rapper Kendrick Lamar who wrote on Twitter listen to 17 if you feel anything raw thoughts XXXTentacion posthumously won Favourite SoulRB Album for 17 at the 2018 American Music Awards and the album received a Top RB Album nomination at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards
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While XXXTentacion was in jail for battery charges on his allegedly pregnant exgirlfriend he signed an exclusive distribution deal with Empire Distribution Empire Distribution made an official announcement on March 2 2017 while he was still in jail that his debut album Bad Vibes would be released in spring 2017 Talking to XXX while in jail XXXTentacion announced 17 I Need Jesus and Members Only Vol 3 saying I got this really really really good album called 17 Thats more of an alternative RB sound Then Ive got this mixtape called I Need Jesus which is mainly rap and the underground sound I did So Im trying to give my fans and anybody that comes in and listens to me everything with the mixtape and album And then I want to come out with Members Only Vol 3 People are gonna be really surprised about the shit I dropXXXTentacion later reaffirmed the announcement of 17 Revenge Members Only Vol 3 and I Need Jesus during an interview with WMIB following his release from prison in March 2017 He later used the app Periscope to talk to his followers and announce the three albums once again He later said that 17 would be released after he finished working on Members Only Vol 3 with his collective Members Only Members Only Vol 3 was released on June 26 2017 He began to preview short snippets on his Instagram page that were later taken down one of the snippets had the caption Working on the sic album what do you think
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Critical reception
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Background
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1812 Overture
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The 1812 Overture is scored for an orchestra that consists of the following Brass band Open instrumentation consisting of any extra brass instruments available In some indoor performances the part may be played on an organ Military or marching bands also play this part Note the brass band or its substitute is meant to play during the finale only Woodwinds 1 piccolo 2 flutes 2 oboes 1 cor anglais 2 clarinets in B and 2 bassoons Brass 4 horns in F 2 cornets in B 2 trumpets in E 3 trombones 2 tenor 1 bass and 1 tuba Percussion timpani orchestral bass drum snare drum cymbals tambourine triangle carillon Strings violins I II violas cellos and double basses Artillery one battery of cannon or even ceremonial field artillery The carillon is sometimes replaced with tubular bells or recordings of carillons or even church bells In the sections that contain cannon shots actual cannons are sometimes replaced by howitzers tanks fireworks or recorded cannons or played on a piece of staging usually with a large wooden mallet or sledgehammer as used in Mahlers 6th Symphony The bass drum and gongtamtam are also regularly used as cannon substitutes or adjuncts in indoor performances In his 1966 Deutsche Grammophon recording Herbert von Karajan scored the first 0243 or 36 bars for voices instead of strings at the start and the subsequent dialogue between strings and woodwind adding the Russian Orthodox plainchant God Preserve Thy People text to the melody and slightly rearranging the texture to suit voices a capella rather than instruments Two years later the American conductor Igor Buketoff son of a Russian Orthodox priest went a stage further on his RCA Victrola recording with the New Philharmonia Orchestra Not only did he deploy voices for the opening chant but he also had a childrens chorus sing the folk tune By the Gates and brought the choir back to bolster the chant and the Russian Imperial national anthem God Save the Tsar
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The pieces usage as a patriotic song with tones of war has caused controversy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine On 7 July 2022 the San Diego Symphony announced that it would be removing its usual seasonending performance of the piece in support of Ukraine during the Russian invasion The Hartford Symphony Orchestra in Connecticut and the Grand Teton Music Festival in Wyoming made similar announcements Other bands throughout the United States changed or omitted sections of text to remove references to Russia Boston Pops conductor Keith Lockhart instead decided to keep the overture in the orchestras 2022 repertoire arguing that In that fight the Russians were the Ukrainians of 2022 Its not just as simplistic as Russia bad It is the attempt of authoritarian powers to dominate other powers that is bad Some American orchestras including the Boston Pops also performed the Ukrainian national anthem to show solidarity
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Instrumentation
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Russian invasion of Ukraine
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1812 Overture
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The pieces usage as a patriotic song with tones of war has caused controversy during the Russian invasion of Ukraine On 7 July 2022 the San Diego Symphony announced that it would be removing its usual seasonending performance of the piece in support of Ukraine during the Russian invasion The Hartford Symphony Orchestra in Connecticut and the Grand Teton Music Festival in Wyoming made similar announcements Other bands throughout the United States changed or omitted sections of text to remove references to Russia Boston Pops conductor Keith Lockhart instead decided to keep the overture in the orchestras 2022 repertoire arguing that In that fight the Russians were the Ukrainians of 2022 Its not just as simplistic as Russia bad It is the attempt of authoritarian powers to dominate other powers that is bad Some American orchestras including the Boston Pops also performed the Ukrainian national anthem to show solidarity
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The piece begins with the simple plaintive Russian melody of the Eastern Orthodox Troparion of the Holy Cross also known as O Lord Save Thy People played by four cellos and two violas This represents the Russian people praying for a swift conclusion to the invasion Then the French national anthem La Marseillaise is heard representing the invading French army Then the melody of La Marseillaise is heard competing against Russian folk music representing the two armies fighting each other as the French approached Moscow At this point five cannon shots are heard representing the Battle of Borodino This is where La Marseillaise is most prominent and seems to be winning After this a long descending run represents the French army retreating out of Moscow as the freezing winter winds rage on At the end of this run the opening motif is repeated which can be interpreted as prayers being answered The grand finale culminates with eleven more cannon shots and the melody of God Save the Tsar
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Russian invasion of Ukraine
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Structure
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1869 Serbian constitution
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The Regency Constitution was adopted without the prior consent of the sultan which the guarantor powers tacitly accepted The protests of the Porte were also absent so this was the first independently and successfully unlike Sretenjski adopted constitution of modern Serbia The greatest achievement of the Constitution of 1869 is the right of the National Assembly to enact laws together with the prince but the appointment of ministers did not depend on it but on the prince This was an important step towards strengthening the role of the parliament which for the first time received part of the legislative power with this constitution It convened once a year instead of once every three years as before By raising the importance of the National Assembly and expanding the right to vote important steps were taken towards the democratization of political conditions Namely the socalled representative system was adopted but without parliamentary rule Such a system also prevailed in the German states of that era the assembly had a legislative function but the government was appointed and replaced by the monarch The contribution of the Regency Constitution was reflected in the fact that its independent adoption strengthened the autonomous position of the country towards the Porte The Regency Constitution is the first Serbian constitution that is modernly conceived and legally regulated according to the European rules of the time In addition it is the first constitution that was written in the Ekavian dialect and Vuks orthography The language of the Constitution is precise and clear Archaisms are rare in the text and appropriate constitutional and legal terminology is used
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One of the most accepted assessments of the quality of the Regency Constitution is the one expressed by Milovan MilovanovicIt cannot be denied that this constitution has taken a significant step forward in the development of Serbian constitutionalism but it is overestimated in certain circles of our public opinionbecause it did not cause anyextraordinary breakthrough in the constitutional life of SerbiaNevertheless the Regency Constitution represented a good bridge between the primitive constitutionality introduced by the Turkish Constitution of 1838 adopted for a backward Turkish province that was fighting for its autonomy and the Constitution of 1888 which was adopted in an independent country and established a parliamentary system and a rich catalog of human rights After it was adopted the Regency Constitution was continuously applied for almost two full decades During that time many significant changes took place in the economic cultural and political life of Serbia and three events are particularly important among them First at the Berlin Congress in 1878 Serbia received international recognition as an independent state Second at the beginning of the 1880s 1881 three political parties emergedLiberall Party Radical Party and Progressive Party and became the main drivers of political organization And thirdly in the following year 1882 the monarchy was raised to the level of a kingdom The Regency Constitution was in use until the adoption of the Constitution of 1888 but also in the period from 1894 to 1901 when King Aleksander Obrenovic suspended the Constitution of 1888 in a coup detat in May 1894 and reinstated the Constitution of 1869 which remained in force until the adoption of the Constitution from 1901
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Impact of the Constitution
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Constitution in practice
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1869 Serbian constitution
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One of the most accepted assessments of the quality of the Regency Constitution is the one expressed by Milovan MilovanovicIt cannot be denied that this constitution has taken a significant step forward in the development of Serbian constitutionalism but it is overestimated in certain circles of our public opinionbecause it did not cause anyextraordinary breakthrough in the constitutional life of SerbiaNevertheless the Regency Constitution represented a good bridge between the primitive constitutionality introduced by the Turkish Constitution of 1838 adopted for a backward Turkish province that was fighting for its autonomy and the Constitution of 1888 which was adopted in an independent country and established a parliamentary system and a rich catalog of human rights After it was adopted the Regency Constitution was continuously applied for almost two full decades During that time many significant changes took place in the economic cultural and political life of Serbia and three events are particularly important among them First at the Berlin Congress in 1878 Serbia received international recognition as an independent state Second at the beginning of the 1880s 1881 three political parties emergedLiberall Party Radical Party and Progressive Party and became the main drivers of political organization And thirdly in the following year 1882 the monarchy was raised to the level of a kingdom The Regency Constitution was in use until the adoption of the Constitution of 1888 but also in the period from 1894 to 1901 when King Aleksander Obrenovic suspended the Constitution of 1888 in a coup detat in May 1894 and reinstated the Constitution of 1869 which remained in force until the adoption of the Constitution from 1901
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Dabic Vojin Antolovic Mihael 2015 History III Textbook for the third grade of high school sociolinguistic major and general type Belgrade Klett Jevtic Dragos 1988 Jovicic Miodrag ed Constitutions of the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia 18351903 Belgrade Scientific book Jovanovic Slobodan 2005 The Rule of Milan Obrenovic Book 1 Belgrade Education Jovanovic Slobodan 1932 Political and legal discussions Belgradecite book CS1 maint location missing publisher link Jovicic Miodrag 1999 Lexicon of Serbian constitutionalism 18041918 Belgrade Filip Visnjic Krkljus Ljubomirka 2003 Legal history of the Serbian people Novi Sadcite book CS1 maint location missing publisher link Mirkovic Zoran 2019 Serbian legal history Belgrade University of Belgrade Faculty of Law Mrdenovic Dusan 1988 Constitutions and governments of the Principality of Serbia the Kingdom of Serbia the Kingdom of SCS and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 18351941 Belgrade New Book Pavlovic Marko 2008 Legal Europeanization of Serbia 18041914 Kragujevaccite book CS1 maint location missing publisher link Petrov Vladan Stankovic Marko 2020 Constitutional Law Belgrade University of Belgrade Faculty of Law PopovicObradovic Olga 2008 What kind or how big of a country Essays on the political and social history of Serbia in the XIXXXI centuries Helsinki Committee for Human Rights ISBN 9788672081558 Prodanovic Jasa 1936 Constitutional development and constitutional struggles in Serbia Belgradecite book CS1 maint location missing publisher link
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Constitution in practice
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Literature
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1882 Panama earthquake
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The earthquake was an example of extreme underthrusting of the North Panamanian Deformed Belt NPDB Panama lies within the Panamanian block which is considered to be home to a broad zone of deformation A slow southwestern convergence inbetween the Caribbean Plate and Panamanian microplate as well as a ductile buckling deformation eastward along the boundary with the North Andes Block The other escaping deformation along northeast to southwest strikeslip faults within the South American Plate and the backarc thrusting transferred subduction of the Cocos Ridge along most of Costa Rica is what formed the NPDB Active folding within the convergence of the Caribbean and Panamanian plates have long speculated that shallow subduction between both plates could also mean in intermediatedepth earthquakes delineating a found slab There have been five recorded earthquakes over 70 in magnitude that have occurred in the NPDB including this event Other earthquakes that have occurred in this region include the 1882 earthquake near Costa Rica the 1904 Costa RIca earthquake with a magnitude of 72 the 1914 Panama earthquake and the 1991 Limon earthquake in Costa Rica killing 127 people
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The earthquake occurred at around 350 am local time on September 7 1882 Multiple sources estimate it to be 79 on the surfacewave magnitude scale The earthquake was said to have lasted about 60 seconds in the cities of Colon and Panama according to local reports The earthquake lasted so long that many buildings collapsed in a matter of seconds as well as masonry from churches and buildings within the urban areas Residents who were asleep quickly ran outside to local parks to avoid being hit with falling glass and cement Isoseismal record say that the earthquake measured an intensity of VIIIIX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale however official intensities accounting the tsunamis and landslides associated with the quake say that the earthquake recorded intensities as high as XI Extreme Three aftershocks were later reported with unknown magnitudes but with estimated intensities of IV
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Tectonic setting
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Earthquake
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1882 Panama earthquake
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The earthquake occurred at around 350 am local time on September 7 1882 Multiple sources estimate it to be 79 on the surfacewave magnitude scale The earthquake was said to have lasted about 60 seconds in the cities of Colon and Panama according to local reports The earthquake lasted so long that many buildings collapsed in a matter of seconds as well as masonry from churches and buildings within the urban areas Residents who were asleep quickly ran outside to local parks to avoid being hit with falling glass and cement Isoseismal record say that the earthquake measured an intensity of VIIIIX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale however official intensities accounting the tsunamis and landslides associated with the quake say that the earthquake recorded intensities as high as XI Extreme Three aftershocks were later reported with unknown magnitudes but with estimated intensities of IV
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When the earthquake occurred glass windows and bottles shattered and cracks were visible Multiple churches were either completely destroyed or severely damaged On the island of San Miguel the wall of a church collapsed as residents struggled to carry statues of saints inside A cathedral suffered the same fate when heavy masonry blocks fell from the ceiling ornament of the entrance Each of the arches inside the cathedral were cracked and huge stones and pieces of cement fell A total of $40000 were needed for the cathedrals full repair The Malamba churchs tower also fell as did the roof of the nearby Iglesia de Santa Church The Las Cruces church built in stone collapsed completely A bronze statue of Christopher Columbus swayed during the quake to the point that its stone pedestal moved four inches from its original position Almost all houses in Panama City were destroyed The town hall suffered multiple cracks and one of its facades fell killing multiple people The PanamaColon railway completely derailed The Municipal Government and Assembly halls balcony also fell and most of the building suffered many cracks In the village of Rio Indio two freshwater lagoons dried up completely In Gatun another village three ranches collapsed killing an old woman who was asleep A total of 250 people were killed 75 from the San Blas Islands after the tsunami People jumped out of windows due to shock and most of them died Collapse of facades and walls of houses and government buildings caused even more deaths A report from the construction of the Panama canal stated damage and possible deaths
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Earthquake
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Damage
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1889 Cardiganshire County Council election
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Eight byelections were caused by the election of aldermen In several cases local meetings were held to select a Liberal candidate and avoid a contest At Talybont for example a test election was contested under the supervision of amongst other Alderman JT Morgan of Maesnewydd and William Morgan of neighbouring Bow Street The Revd John Davies defeated Richard Jones by 109 votes to 99 and Jones enthusiastically signed the successful candidates nomination papers Two Liberal candidates unsuccessful at the first election namely Rev John Williams in Cardigan and John Watkin Davies at Llanfair Clydogau were elected unopposed The only contested elections were at Strata Florida where a hotly contested poll led to the return of the rector of Ystrad Meurig for the seat vacates by the Earl of Lisburne and in neighbouring Tregaron where the Conservatives captured the seat
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In addition to the 48 councillors the council consisted of 16 county aldermen Aldermen were elected by the council and served a sixyear term Following the election of the initial sixteen aldermen half of the aldermanic bench would be elected every three years following the triennial council election After the initial elections there were sixteen Aldermanic vacancies and the following Alderman were appointed by the newly elected council Elected for six years CM Williams Liberal elected councillor at Aberystwyth David Jenkins Maesteg Glandovey Liberal from outside the Council Roderick Lloyd Liberal elected councillor at Tregaron Levi James Liberal elected councillor at Cardigan William Davies Liberal elected councillor at New Quay JT Morgan Liberal elected councillor at Talybont David Lloyd Liberal defeated candidate at Llandygwydd David Davies Maengwyn Llanfair Orllwyn Liberal from outside the Council Elected for three years Earl Of Lisburne Conservative elected councillor at Strata Florida Rev Llewellyn Edwards Liberal defeated candidate at Llanbadarn Fawr Jenkin Jenkins Aeronian Liberalelected councillor at Nantcwnlle Daniel Jones Liberal defeated candidate at Llansantffraed Rev John Davies Liberal defeated candidate at Llanwnen William Jones Conservative elected councillor at Llanfair Clydogau Major Price Lewes Conservative defeated candidate at Cilcennin Jenkin Jenkins Blaenplwyf Liberal defeated candidate at Ystrad Aeron The Liberals consented to their opponents receiving three of the sixteen aldermanic seats roughly in proportion to their representation on the Council Of the three Conservatives Lord Lisburne and William Jones had been elected but Major Price Lewes of Tyglyn Aeron was bottom of the poll at Cilcennin behind two Liberals It was suggested that some Liberals had favoured the Lord Lieutenant Herbert DaviesEvans and Charles Lloyd of Waunifor defeated at Llandysul but said to be a good financier in place of Jones and Lewes but had been overruled A number of elected Liberals councillors became aldermen including Levi James of cardigan a member of Cardigan Town Council for over twenty years JT Morgan of Talybont William Davies Cross Inn New Quay However the decision to choose eight of the new aldermen from outside of the Council soon tarnished the Liberal triumph There had already been soundings in the local press in opposition to the move We profoundly regret the decision said a Cambrian News editorial to select outsiders as aldermen wherever that decision has been reached and believe that a blow has been struck at the new bodies from which they will never recover until that decision is reversed Particular objection was made to the election of aldermen of four candidates defeated at the polls There were also two Liberal aldermen who did not even seek election
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1889 by-elections following election of aldermen
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Election of Aldermen
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1889 Cardiganshire County Council election
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In addition to the 48 councillors the council consisted of 16 county aldermen Aldermen were elected by the council and served a sixyear term Following the election of the initial sixteen aldermen half of the aldermanic bench would be elected every three years following the triennial council election After the initial elections there were sixteen Aldermanic vacancies and the following Alderman were appointed by the newly elected council Elected for six years CM Williams Liberal elected councillor at Aberystwyth David Jenkins Maesteg Glandovey Liberal from outside the Council Roderick Lloyd Liberal elected councillor at Tregaron Levi James Liberal elected councillor at Cardigan William Davies Liberal elected councillor at New Quay JT Morgan Liberal elected councillor at Talybont David Lloyd Liberal defeated candidate at Llandygwydd David Davies Maengwyn Llanfair Orllwyn Liberal from outside the Council Elected for three years Earl Of Lisburne Conservative elected councillor at Strata Florida Rev Llewellyn Edwards Liberal defeated candidate at Llanbadarn Fawr Jenkin Jenkins Aeronian Liberalelected councillor at Nantcwnlle Daniel Jones Liberal defeated candidate at Llansantffraed Rev John Davies Liberal defeated candidate at Llanwnen William Jones Conservative elected councillor at Llanfair Clydogau Major Price Lewes Conservative defeated candidate at Cilcennin Jenkin Jenkins Blaenplwyf Liberal defeated candidate at Ystrad Aeron The Liberals consented to their opponents receiving three of the sixteen aldermanic seats roughly in proportion to their representation on the Council Of the three Conservatives Lord Lisburne and William Jones had been elected but Major Price Lewes of Tyglyn Aeron was bottom of the poll at Cilcennin behind two Liberals It was suggested that some Liberals had favoured the Lord Lieutenant Herbert DaviesEvans and Charles Lloyd of Waunifor defeated at Llandysul but said to be a good financier in place of Jones and Lewes but had been overruled A number of elected Liberals councillors became aldermen including Levi James of cardigan a member of Cardigan Town Council for over twenty years JT Morgan of Talybont William Davies Cross Inn New Quay However the decision to choose eight of the new aldermen from outside of the Council soon tarnished the Liberal triumph There had already been soundings in the local press in opposition to the move We profoundly regret the decision said a Cambrian News editorial to select outsiders as aldermen wherever that decision has been reached and believe that a blow has been struck at the new bodies from which they will never recover until that decision is reversed Particular objection was made to the election of aldermen of four candidates defeated at the polls There were also two Liberal aldermen who did not even seek election
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While many wards were hotly contested and the majorities small in single figures in some instances the Liberals could be considered to have scored a landslide victory Some of the victories have been regarded as an illustration of the social changes that had taken place in the county At Devils Bridge TJ Waddingham of Hafod was defeated by the local postmaster in Bow Street a coal merchant and grandfather of Elystan Morgan later the only Labour MP to represent the county defeated Henry Bonsall of Clarach while in Troedyraur Sir Marteine Lloyd a former Conservative parliamentary candidate was defeated by a local farmer The local Conservativeinclined newspapers notably the Aberystwyth Observer emphasised that local authorities were intended to be nonpolitical and that the best men should be elected A few Conservative candidates who were usually landlords scored personal victories against the tide Most notably the Lord Lieutenant H DaviesEvans won by 27 votes in Llanwenog and in neighbouring Lampeter JC Harford of Falcondale had a majority of 14 over the Liberal candidate local doctor Abel Evans In Llanfarian two Conservatives faced each other with Morris Davies holding off the future Liberal MP for the county Vaughan Davies of Tanybwlch The contest at Aberystwyth which led to the return of four Liberal candidates was considered to be somewhat quiet compared with municipal contests In Cardigan nominally the county town a closely fought contest led to the return of the Conservative candidate Picton Evans and one of the two Liberals the former Liberal Unionist Levi James In some wards such as Aberaeron and Borth there was more excitement with bonfires being lit to celebrate the return of the successful candidates Sixteen aldermen were elected by the new council Eight were elected from among the elected members and eight from outside the council
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Election of Aldermen
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Outcome
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1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team
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American football in 1893 was a variant of rugby football played with a rugby ball and making use of rules closely derived from the original sport The field of play was 110 yards long and 5313 yards wide with chalk lines every five yards to help the referee determine necessary distances Forward passing was prohibited only lateral passing or running with the ball was allowed Teams of eleven were divided into seven rushers or forwards positioned at the line of scrimmage with four backs behind the line a quarterback just behind the line two halfbacks located about two yards behind him and a fullback or goaltend who stood about a dozen yards behind the halfbacks Kickoffs were generally executed by kicking the ball forward slightly for a selfrecovery and quick lateral pass to a teammate who carried the ball in the middle of a Vshaped blocking wedge of his teammates When the ball was brought to a standstill the runner would cry down and a line of scrimmage formed with the centerrusher also called the snapback hiking the ball to the quarterback The quarterback would generally pitch the ball to one of the three backs behind him to attempt to run forward while the defenders would endeavor by all lawful means to retard that advance The offense would retain the ball if it was able to gain 5 yards in three downs or by retreating 20 yards towards their own goal line The ball would generally be punted away after two downs if the prospects of completing the 5yard gain appear small A touchdown counted as 4 points and allowed the scoring team the opportunity to add 2 more points by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goal posts which were planted at the goal line After a touchdown the scoring team had the option of bringing out the ball as far as desired at a right angle from the point at which the ball crossed the goal line as in modern rugby and attempting a place kick or by executing a punt out from the end zone to a teammate making a fair catch from which spot a dropkick for the extra points could be attempted A drop kick through the goal posts from the field counted as 5 points As with the contemporary game safties counted for 2 points The game consisted of two 45minute halves with an intermission of 10 minutes although duration of the game could be shortened by mutual consent No coaching was allowed from the sidelines all game decisions had to be made by the players on the field Once removed from the game for a substitute a player could not return to the game as in modern soccer
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The roster of the 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team A A Marshall end received his Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1894 Jesse Price end received his degree in Civil Engineering in 1894 Joe Trees tackle received his Mechanical Engineering degree in 1895 Mr Trees was WUPs first scholarship player He was recruited from Indiana Normal He struck it rich in the oil business and was most generous to his alma mater He donated the money for the original Trees Gymnasium and Trees Field Presently two facilities on campus bear his name Trees Hall and Trees Field Ross Fiscus tackle received his Associate Engineering degree in 1893 and resided in Wilkinsburg Pennsylvania John Cherry tackle received his Associate Engineering degree in 1893 and resided in Pittsburgh Dr Samuel S Hill guard received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1894 and became the Superintendent of the State Asylum in Wernersville Pennsylvania George A Neale halfback received his Associate College degree in 1895 Floyd Rose quarterback was a three sport star at WUP baseball track and football He received his degree from the College in 1896 and earned a degree in Metallurgical Engineering in 1911 He was president of Floyd Rose Company consulting engineers in Pittsburgh Ted Boden fullback received an Associate Engineering degree in 1892 John Flowers fullback received an Associate College degree in 1897 Newell Fiscus guard McNeil halfback Hall center L Marchand halfback Ruben Rose center
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Football in 1893
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Roster
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1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team
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The roster of the 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania football team A A Marshall end received his Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1894 Jesse Price end received his degree in Civil Engineering in 1894 Joe Trees tackle received his Mechanical Engineering degree in 1895 Mr Trees was WUPs first scholarship player He was recruited from Indiana Normal He struck it rich in the oil business and was most generous to his alma mater He donated the money for the original Trees Gymnasium and Trees Field Presently two facilities on campus bear his name Trees Hall and Trees Field Ross Fiscus tackle received his Associate Engineering degree in 1893 and resided in Wilkinsburg Pennsylvania John Cherry tackle received his Associate Engineering degree in 1893 and resided in Pittsburgh Dr Samuel S Hill guard received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1894 and became the Superintendent of the State Asylum in Wernersville Pennsylvania George A Neale halfback received his Associate College degree in 1895 Floyd Rose quarterback was a three sport star at WUP baseball track and football He received his degree from the College in 1896 and earned a degree in Metallurgical Engineering in 1911 He was president of Floyd Rose Company consulting engineers in Pittsburgh Ted Boden fullback received an Associate Engineering degree in 1892 John Flowers fullback received an Associate College degree in 1897 Newell Fiscus guard McNeil halfback Hall center L Marchand halfback Ruben Rose center
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The 1893 Western University of Pennsylvania WUP football team started the season with a seven game schedule arranged by manager Robert C Brown This was the first year the WUP contingent had a coach Anson Harrold a tackle on the Franklin Marshall and later the Princeton football eleven took on the assignment Joe Trees was appointed captain In its first and only season under head coach Anson Harrold the team compiled a 14 record and was outscored by a total of 70 to 14 According to Edwin V D Johnston Mechanical Engineering 1897 in a February 16 1921 Pitt Weekly article The 1893 team was managed by R C Brown and was considered very good for those times including such men as Joe Trees Floyd Rose the Fiscus brothers and Ted Boden a fellow who had the spiral punt down to perfection We also had a good second team which I believe won every game it played I was proud to be manager and right end for that team and we were greatly shocked when W J beat our first team
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Roster
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Season recap
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18A
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Data from US Navy fact file Frawley Directory Great BookGeneral characteristics Crew 1 C2 D pilot and weapon systems officer Length 56 ft 1 in 171 m Wingspan 40 ft 4 in 123 m with AIM9 Sidewinders on wingtip LAU7 launchers Width 27 ft 7 in 84 m wing folded Height 15 ft 5 in 47 m Wing area 410 sq ft 38 m2 Aspect ratio 4 Airfoil rootNACA 65A005 mod tipNACA 65A0035 mod Empty weight 23000 lb 10433 kg Gross weight 36970 lb 16769 kg Max takeoff weight 51900 lb 23541 kg Fuel capacity 10860 pounds 4930 kg internally Powerplant 2 x General Electric F404GE402 afterburning turbofan engines 11000 lbf 49 kN thrust each dry 17750 lbf 790 kN with afterburner Performance Maximum speed 1034 kn 1190 mph 1915 kmh at 40000 ft 12000 m Maximum speed Mach 18 Cruise speed 570 kn 660 mph 1060 kmh Range 1089 nmi 1253 mi 2017 km Combat range 400 nmi 460 mi 740 km airair mission Ferry range 1800 nmi 2100 mi 3300 km Service ceiling 50000 ft 15000 m Rate of climb 50000 ftmin 250 ms Wing loading 93 lbsq ft 450 kgm2 Thrustweight 096 113 with loaded weight at 50 internal fuel Armament Guns 1x 20 mm 0787 in M61A1 Vulcan nose mounted 6barrel rotary cannon 578 rounds Hardpoints 9 total 2 x wingtips missile launch rail 4 x underwing and 3 x underfuselage with a capacity of 13700 lb 6200 kg external fuel and ordnance with provisions to carry combinations of Rockets 275 in 70 mm Hydra 70 rockets 5 in 1270 mm Zuni rockets Missiles Airtoair missiles 2 x AIM9 Sidewinder on wingtips and 8 x AIM9 Sidewinder with doubleracks or 4 x AIM132 ASRAAM or 4 x IRIST EF18AB or 8 x AIM120 AMRAAM with doubleracks and 2x AIM7 Sparrow or 2 x AIM120 AMRAAM Airtosurface missiles 4 x AGM65 Maverick AGM84HK Standoff Land Attack Missile Expanded Response SLAMER AGM88 HARM Antiradiation missile ARM 4 x AGM154 Joint Standoff Weapon JSOW AGM158 Joint AirtoSurface Standoff Missile JASSM Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missile Antiship missile AGM84 Harpoon Bombs B83 nuclear bomb B61 nuclear bomb Joint Direct Attack Munition JDAM precisionguided munition PGMs Paveway series of laserguided bombs Mk 80 series of unguided bombs CBU78 Gator CBU87 Combined Effects Munition CBU97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon Mk 20 Rockeye II Mk 77 Incendiary bomb Other ADM141 TALD SUU42AA FlaresInfrared decoys dispenser pod and chaff pod or Electronic countermeasures ECM pod or ANAAS38 Nite Hawk Targeting pods US Navy only now being replaced by ANASQ228 ATFLIR or LITENING targeting pod USMC Royal Australian Air Force Spanish Air and Space Force and Finnish Air Force only or up to 3 x 330 US gallons 270 imp gal 1200 L Sargent Fletcher FPU8A drop tanks for ferry flight or extended rangeloitering time Avionics Hughes APG73 radar ALR67 radar warning receiver ROVER Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver antenna for use by US Navys FA18C strike fighter squadrons
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Canada Royal Canadian Air Force see McDonnell Douglas CF18 Hornet 86 63 CF18A 23 CF18B aircraft in use as of 2021 Finland Finnish Air Force 55 F18Cs and 7 F18Ds in use as of 2021 Karelian Air Command No 31 Squadron Lapland Air Command No 11 Squadron Satakunta Air Command No 21 Squadron disbanded June 2014 Kuwait Kuwait Air Force 31 FA18Cs and 8 FA18Ds in service as of November 2008 Only 34 27 FA18C 7 FA18D aircraft remain in use as of 2021 9th Fighter and Attack Squadron 25th Fighter and Attack Squadron Malaysia Royal Malaysian Air Force 8 FA18Ds in operation as of 2021 No 18 Squadron RMAF Butterworth air base Spain Spanish Air and Space Force 85 FA18A+B+ in service Only 84 72 EF18M and FA18C 12 EF18BM aircraft remain in use as of 2021 Ala de Caza 15 15th Fighter Wing Zaragoza AB 151 152 and 153 Squadrons Ala de Caza 12 Torrejon AB 121 and 122 Squadrons Ala 46 Gando AB Canary Islands with Squadron 462 operating 20 exUS Navy FA18As They did not receive any important upgrades unlike the Hornets operating from the Spanish mainland Switzerland Swiss Air Force 25 FA18Cs and 5 FA18Ds in service as of 2021 Fliegerstaffel 11 Fliegerstaffel 17 Fliegerstaffel 18 United States United States Marine Corps Aviation 186 FA18ABCD Hornets in operation as of 2023 VMFA112 1992present Marine Air Reserve VMFA232 1989present VMFA312 1987present VMFA323 1982present VMFAAW224 1993present MAWTS1 1990present NASAs Armstrong Flight Research Center formerly Dryden Flight Research Center 3 FA18s in use
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Specifications (F/A-18C/D)
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Operators
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18A
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Canada Royal Canadian Air Force see McDonnell Douglas CF18 Hornet 86 63 CF18A 23 CF18B aircraft in use as of 2021 Finland Finnish Air Force 55 F18Cs and 7 F18Ds in use as of 2021 Karelian Air Command No 31 Squadron Lapland Air Command No 11 Squadron Satakunta Air Command No 21 Squadron disbanded June 2014 Kuwait Kuwait Air Force 31 FA18Cs and 8 FA18Ds in service as of November 2008 Only 34 27 FA18C 7 FA18D aircraft remain in use as of 2021 9th Fighter and Attack Squadron 25th Fighter and Attack Squadron Malaysia Royal Malaysian Air Force 8 FA18Ds in operation as of 2021 No 18 Squadron RMAF Butterworth air base Spain Spanish Air and Space Force 85 FA18A+B+ in service Only 84 72 EF18M and FA18C 12 EF18BM aircraft remain in use as of 2021 Ala de Caza 15 15th Fighter Wing Zaragoza AB 151 152 and 153 Squadrons Ala de Caza 12 Torrejon AB 121 and 122 Squadrons Ala 46 Gando AB Canary Islands with Squadron 462 operating 20 exUS Navy FA18As They did not receive any important upgrades unlike the Hornets operating from the Spanish mainland Switzerland Swiss Air Force 25 FA18Cs and 5 FA18Ds in service as of 2021 Fliegerstaffel 11 Fliegerstaffel 17 Fliegerstaffel 18 United States United States Marine Corps Aviation 186 FA18ABCD Hornets in operation as of 2023 VMFA112 1992present Marine Air Reserve VMFA232 1989present VMFA312 1987present VMFA323 1982present VMFAAW224 1993present MAWTS1 1990present NASAs Armstrong Flight Research Center formerly Dryden Flight Research Center 3 FA18s in use
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The FA18 is a twin engine midwing multimission tactical aircraft It is highly maneuverable due to its good thrusttoweight ratio digital flybywire control system and leadingedge extensions which allow the Hornet to remain controllable at high angles of attack The trapezoidal wing has a 20degree sweepback on the leading edge and a straight trailing edge The wing has fullspan leadingedge flaps and the trailing edge has singleslotted flaps and ailerons over the entire span Canted vertical stabilizers are another distinguishing design element one among several other such elements that enable the Hornets excellent high angle of attack ability including oversized horizontal stabilators oversized trailingedge flaps that operate as flaperons large fulllength leadingedge slats and flight control computer programming that multiplies the movement of each control surface at low speeds and moves the vertical rudders inboard instead of simply left and right The Hornets normally high angle of attack performance envelope was put to rigorous testing and enhanced in the NASA F18 High Alpha Research Vehicle HARV NASA used the F18 HARV to demonstrate flight handling characteristics at high angleofattack alpha of 6570 degrees using thrust vectoring vanes FA18 stabilators were also used as canards on NASAs F15SMTD The Hornet was among the first aircraft to heavily use multifunction displays which at the switch of a button allow a pilot to perform either fighter or attack roles or both This force multiplier ability gives the operational commander more flexibility to employ tactical aircraft in a fastchanging battle scenario It was the first Navy aircraft to incorporate a digital multiplexing avionics bus enabling easy upgrades The Hornet was designed to reduce maintenance and as a result has required far less downtime than its heavier counterparts the F14 Tomcat and the A6 Intruder Its mean time between failures is three times greater than any other Navy strike aircraft and requires half the maintenance time Its General Electric F404 engines were also innovative in that they were designed with operability reliability and maintainability first The engine while unexceptional in rated performance demonstrates exceptional robustness under various conditions and is resistant to stall and flameout The F404 engine connects to the airframe at only 10 points and can be replaced without special equipment a fourperson team can remove the engine within 20 minutes The aircraft has a top speed of Mach 18 at 40000 ft The engine air inlets of the Hornet like that of the F16 are of a simpler fixed design while those of the F4 F14 and F15 have variable geometry or variable intake ramp air inlets A 1989 USMC study found that singleseat fighters were well suited to airtoair combat missions while dualseat fighters were favored for complex strike missions against heavy air and ground defenses in adverse weatherthe question being not so much as to whether a second pair of eyes would be useful but as to having the second crewman sit in the same fighter or in a second fighter Singleseat fighters that lacked wingmen were shown to be especially vulnerable
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Operators
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Design
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18th California and 18th Stout stations
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Indianapolisofficially the Consolidated City of Indianapolis and Marion Countyhas a consolidated citycounty form of government a status it has held since 1970 under Indiana Codes Unigov provision Many functions of the municipal and county governments are consolidated though some remain separate The city has a strong mayorcouncil system of government which oversees six administrative departments Marion County also contains some 60 taxing units nine separate civil township governments and seven specialpurpose municipal corporations The executive branch is headed by an elected mayor who serves as the chief executive of both the city and county Joe Hogsett is the 49th and current mayor Indianapolis CityCounty Council is the legislative body and consists of 25 members all of whom represent geographic districts The mayor and council members are elected to unlimited fouryear terms Executive and legislative functions are based from the CityCounty Building The judiciary consists of a circuit court and superior court with four divisions and 32 judges Each of the countys nine civil townships elects its own township trustee threemember board assessor and a constable and small claims court judge all of whom serve fouryear terms Since its move from Corydon in 1825 Indianapolis has served as the capital and seat of Indianas state government The Indiana Statehouse houses the executive legislative and judicial branches of state government including the office of the Governor of Indiana the Indiana General Assembly and the Indiana Supreme Court Most state departments and agencies are based in the neighboring Indiana Government Center complex The Indiana Governors Residence is on Meridian Street in the ButlerTarkington neighborhood about 5 miles 80 km north of downtown In the Indiana House of Representatives Indianapolis is split between 16 districts In the Indiana Senate the city is split between nine districts The Birch Bayh Federal Building and US Courthouse houses the US District Court for the Southern District of Indiana Most federal field offices are located in the MintonCapehart Federal Building From 1906 to 1991 the US Army operated Fort Benjamin Harrison in neighboring Lawrence About 5000 federal employees work for the Defense Finance and Accounting Service headquartered at the former base Indianapolis is split between two of Indianas nine congressional districts Indianas 7th congressional district represented by Andre Carson and Indianas 6th congressional district represented by Greg Pence
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The US Census Bureau considers Indianapolis as two entities the consolidated city and the citys remainder or balance The consolidated city is coterminous with Marion County except the independent municipalities of Beech Grove Lawrence Southport and Speedway The citys balance excludes the populations of ten semiautonomous municipalities that are included in totals for the consolidated city These are Clermont Crows Nest Homecroft Meridian Hills North Crows Nest Rocky Ripple Spring Hill Warren Park Williams Creek and Wynnedale An eleventh town Cumberland is partially included In 2015 Brookings characterized the Indianapolis metropolitan area as a minoremerging immigrant gateway with a foreignborn population of 126767 or 64 of the total population a 131 increase from 2000 Much of this growth can be attributed to thousands of BurmeseChin refugees who have settled in Indianapolis particularly Perry Township since the late 1990s Indianapolis is home to one of the largest concentrations of Chin people outside of Myanmar formerly Burma with an estimated population ranging from 17000 to 24000 The Williams Institute reported that the Indianapolis metropolitan area had an estimated 46 LGBT adult population in 2020 totaling about 68000
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Government
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Demographics
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18th California and 18th Stout stations
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The US Census Bureau considers Indianapolis as two entities the consolidated city and the citys remainder or balance The consolidated city is coterminous with Marion County except the independent municipalities of Beech Grove Lawrence Southport and Speedway The citys balance excludes the populations of ten semiautonomous municipalities that are included in totals for the consolidated city These are Clermont Crows Nest Homecroft Meridian Hills North Crows Nest Rocky Ripple Spring Hill Warren Park Williams Creek and Wynnedale An eleventh town Cumberland is partially included In 2015 Brookings characterized the Indianapolis metropolitan area as a minoremerging immigrant gateway with a foreignborn population of 126767 or 64 of the total population a 131 increase from 2000 Much of this growth can be attributed to thousands of BurmeseChin refugees who have settled in Indianapolis particularly Perry Township since the late 1990s Indianapolis is home to one of the largest concentrations of Chin people outside of Myanmar formerly Burma with an estimated population ranging from 17000 to 24000 The Williams Institute reported that the Indianapolis metropolitan area had an estimated 46 LGBT adult population in 2020 totaling about 68000
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Indianapolis anchors the 29th largest metropolitan economy in the US with a gross domestic product of US$1844 billion in 2022 The citys major exports include pharmaceuticals motor vehicle parts medical equipment and supplies engine and power equipment and aircraft products and parts According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics the largest industries by employment in the Indianapolis metropolitan area are trade transportation and utilities education and health services professional and business services government leisure and hospitality and manufacturing respectively The areas unemployment rate was 37 in February 2024 Three Fortune 500 companies are based in the city insurance company Elevance Health pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and agrochemical company Corteva Other notable companies based in the city include AES Indiana Allison Transmission Barnes Thornburg Calumet Inc CountryMark Emmis Corporation Finish Line Herff Jones Klipsch Audio Technologies Lids OneAmerica Financial Republic Airways Holdings Simon Property Group Steak n Shake Sun King Brewing Wheaton World Wide Moving and Zipp Indianapoliss central location and extensive highway and rail infrastructure have positioned the city as an important logistics center According to the Indy Chamber the region was home to some 4300 establishments employing nearly 110000 in 2020 Amazon has a major presence in the Indianapolis metropolitan area employing 9000 FedEx employs 7000 workers across 35 facilities in the city including FedEx Expresss National Hub which employs 5800 workers in sorting distribution and shipping at Indianapolis International Airport Other logistics companies in the region with large workforces include Ingram Micro and Venture Logistics Indianapolis anchors one of the largest life sciences clusters in the US notably in the subsectors of drugs and pharmaceuticals and agricultural feedstock and chemicals Life sciences employ between 21200 and 28700 among nearly 350 companies located in the region Pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly is the citys largest private employer with a workforce of 11000 in research and development manufacturing and executive administration Other major employers include Corteva Labcorp Drug Development and Roches North American headquarters The citys hospitality industry has grown in importance in recent years due to an expanding convention business According to the citys destination marketing organization Indianapolis receives 292 million visitors annually generating US$56 billion and supporting 82900 jobs The citys major hospitality facilities are clustered in downtown Indianapolis including the Indiana Convention Center Lucas Oil Stadium and some 8500 hotel rooms Major annual conventions include FDIC International the National FFA Organization Convention Gen Con and the Performance Racing Industry Trade Show Indianapolis ranks among the fastest hightech job growth areas in the US The metropolitan area is home to 28500 information technologyrelated jobs at such companies as Angi Formstack Genesys Hubstaff Infosys Ingram Micro and Salesforce Marketing Cloud Salesforce has the largest workforce of local tech firms employing about 2100 in Indianapolis
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Demographics
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Economy
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1901 Australian federal election
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The federation of the colonies of New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria and Western Australia came into effect on 1 January 1901 to form the Commonwealth of Australia An election was held on Friday 29 March in Western Australia Victoria New South Wales and Tasmania and on Saturday 30 March 1901 in South Australia and Queensland to elect the inaugural members of federal parliament Floods in Queensland delayed polling in parts of the state until April The 1901 election was the only one of two occasions in Australias history that the entire country did not go to the polls on the same day in a general election the second occasion being the 1993 supplementary election in the Division of Dickson This election was also the only time that an election or any part thereof was held on a day other than a Saturday In what would later be known as the Hopetoun Blunder in December 1900 the GovernorGeneral the 7th Earl of Hopetoun commissioned William Lyne the Premier of New South Wales to form the first Commonwealth Government from 1 January 1901 The government was to conduct itself on a caretaker basis in the absence of a parliament Lyne was unpopular and was unable to gain support so he returned his commission Edmund Barton was then called upon to form the interim government Barton was sworn in as the inaugural Prime Minister and his cabinet contested the poll as the incumbent government Some candidates were still sitting members of a state parliament William Lyne was a minister in Bartons interim government and a candidate for the Division of Hume while still Premier of New South Wales and used his official premiers car during the campaign resigning on 27 March
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The Free Traders won most of the seats in New South Wales apart from the border areas where the Protectionists were strong The Protectionists won most of the seats in their stronghold Victoria Labour won some inner urban seats but most of its members represented pastoral and mining areas In the smaller states many members had no fixed party loyalty and saw themselves as representing the interests of their states Seven Prime Ministers of Australia Barton Deakin Watson Reid Fisher Joseph Cook and Hughes were elected at this election as were a number of influential former state Premiers Sir John Forrest Lyne George Turner Anderson Dawson Philip Fysh and Charles Kingston among them With no past to live down Bartons Protectionist ministry had all the advantages of incumbency with none of the problems which meant that a Protectionist victory was almost a certainty and Barton had been confident of obtaining a comfortable majority in parliament However while Barton and his ministry were returned they had to rely on Labour support to pass legislation Although the Protectionists remained in government however many observers saw the result as a moral victory for Free Trade who won more seats than the Protectionists in the three smallest states of South Australia Tasmania and Western Australia Labour also performed better than expected particularly after the postelection recruitment of OMalley Labour was the smallest of the three parties in the House but held the balance of power Chris Watson pursued the same policy as Labour had done in the colonial parliaments He kept the Protectionist governments of Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin in office in exchange for legislative concessions including the immensely popular White Australia policy Such was the overwhelming support for a White Australia by the electorate and the three political parties that the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was the seventeenth piece of legislation passed by the nascent parliament The average national voting turnout was 60 of enrolled voters with the Division of Newcastle achieving the highest turnout on 97 while the Division of Fremantle recorded the lowest turnout on 30 Of the two elected independents both were from Queensland James Wilkinson elected to the seat of Moreton was a former member of the Labour Party and rejoined the party in 1903 Alexander Paterson representing Capricornia had no political affiliation and retired in 1903
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Background
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Analysis
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1901 Australian federal election
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The Free Traders won most of the seats in New South Wales apart from the border areas where the Protectionists were strong The Protectionists won most of the seats in their stronghold Victoria Labour won some inner urban seats but most of its members represented pastoral and mining areas In the smaller states many members had no fixed party loyalty and saw themselves as representing the interests of their states Seven Prime Ministers of Australia Barton Deakin Watson Reid Fisher Joseph Cook and Hughes were elected at this election as were a number of influential former state Premiers Sir John Forrest Lyne George Turner Anderson Dawson Philip Fysh and Charles Kingston among them With no past to live down Bartons Protectionist ministry had all the advantages of incumbency with none of the problems which meant that a Protectionist victory was almost a certainty and Barton had been confident of obtaining a comfortable majority in parliament However while Barton and his ministry were returned they had to rely on Labour support to pass legislation Although the Protectionists remained in government however many observers saw the result as a moral victory for Free Trade who won more seats than the Protectionists in the three smallest states of South Australia Tasmania and Western Australia Labour also performed better than expected particularly after the postelection recruitment of OMalley Labour was the smallest of the three parties in the House but held the balance of power Chris Watson pursued the same policy as Labour had done in the colonial parliaments He kept the Protectionist governments of Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin in office in exchange for legislative concessions including the immensely popular White Australia policy Such was the overwhelming support for a White Australia by the electorate and the three political parties that the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was the seventeenth piece of legislation passed by the nascent parliament The average national voting turnout was 60 of enrolled voters with the Division of Newcastle achieving the highest turnout on 97 while the Division of Fremantle recorded the lowest turnout on 30 Of the two elected independents both were from Queensland James Wilkinson elected to the seat of Moreton was a former member of the Labour Party and rejoined the party in 1903 Alexander Paterson representing Capricornia had no political affiliation and retired in 1903
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Voting franchise was according to each states specific electoral laws South Australian and Western Australian women were enfranchised but in the other states they could not vote Tasmania retained a small property qualification for voting but in the other states all males over 21 were eligible to vote In several states Indigenous Australians were technically allowed to vote however they faced voter suppression In New South Wales for instance Aboriginal men who voted were arrested by police for double voting with very little evidence to back up the case Voting was voluntary throughout Australia and in most states candidates were elected by a first past the post voting system In South Australia voters were required to mark the box opposite their preferred candidates while in other states voters were required to cross out the names of nonpreferred candidates The following table describes the varying electoral systems
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Analysis
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Voting and enrolment
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1904 Mexican general election
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In 1903 preparations began for Diazs reelection the following year At that point Diaz was 73 years old The Cientificos insisted that Diaz reestablish the position of vice president so that there would be a clear successor should Diaz die in office This was also advocated by representatives of foreign investors who specified that the vice president must be someone younger than Diaz Congress then amended the constitution to reestablish the vice presidency and to extend the next term from four years to six On May 20 1904 a large convention occurred to renominate Diaz and select a vice presidential candidate Limantour and Reyes were viewed as strong potential vice presidential contenders Earlier Reyes had been ordered to resign from his cabinet position possibly in a ploy by Diaz to establish Limantour as his successor instead However by 1904 he appeared to be backing away from that idea as well Limantour as offered the position as Diazs running mate but he publicly turned it down Ultimately Corral was announced as the running mate and Diaz was renominated The selection of Corral was reportedly unpopular During the election as he had done previously Diaz never acknowledged any opposition candidates
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Corral was inaugurated on December 1 of that year as vice president He was Mexicos first vice president in decades and the first to have been elected by a popular vote At the time some international observers believed Diaz was preparing Corral to succeed him as president and speculated that Diaz would not run for president again in 1910 due to his age In January 1905 Diaz took a monthlong vacation to Tehuantepec and during that time he left Corral in charge of the federal government until he returned the first time a president had done so Aside from this Diaz gave Corral very little to do in the position Corral mainly attended ceremonies he had little interest in although he continued to serve as secretary of the interior which kept him occupied with actual work Corrals unpopularity lead Diaz to send Reyes to assignments in Europe as Reyes was viewed as becoming too popular
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Campaign
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Aftermath
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1904 Mexican general election
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Corral was inaugurated on December 1 of that year as vice president He was Mexicos first vice president in decades and the first to have been elected by a popular vote At the time some international observers believed Diaz was preparing Corral to succeed him as president and speculated that Diaz would not run for president again in 1910 due to his age In January 1905 Diaz took a monthlong vacation to Tehuantepec and during that time he left Corral in charge of the federal government until he returned the first time a president had done so Aside from this Diaz gave Corral very little to do in the position Corral mainly attended ceremonies he had little interest in although he continued to serve as secretary of the interior which kept him occupied with actual work Corrals unpopularity lead Diaz to send Reyes to assignments in Europe as Reyes was viewed as becoming too popular
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After the foundation of the First Mexican Republic the offices of president and vice president were created with the president being the winner of a national election and the vice president being the candidate who came in second The first vice president Nicolas Bravo unsuccessfully attempted to oust the first president Guadalupe Victoria which set a precedent for conflicts between the president and vice president The position of vice president was abolished and reintroduced twice before an 1847 amendment to Mexicos constitution removed it for decades The position was not restored with the adoption of the 1857 constitution Under the 1857 constitution the President of the Supreme Court was to succeed the president However conflicts arose between President Benito Juarez and President of the Supreme Court Jesus Gonzalez Ortega and later between President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada and the President of the Supreme Court Jose Maria Iglesias Under the advice of Justo Sierra the Constitution was amended in 1882 to place the president of the senate first in the line of succession In 1896 another amendment placed the Secretary of Foreign Affairs first in the line of succession and if there was none then it would be the Secretary of the Interior It has been speculated that this was so thenPresident Porfirio Diaz could appease the presidential aspirations of his fatherinlaw Manuel Romero Rubio who was then the Secretary of the Interior However he died in 1895 before the change was made Being born in 1828 he had also been older than Diaz who was born in 1830 Additionally by 1904 the Secretary of Foreign Affairs was Ignacio Mariscal who was also older than Diaz After the triumph of the Liberal Party and the defeat of the Conservative Party in the Reform War and the Second French intervention the Liberals split into three factions One supported Juarez one supported Lerdo de Tejada and one supported Diaz Diazs ultimately prevailed To support Diazs 1892 reelection a group of politicians landowners businessmen and bankers formed the Union Liberal Spanish Liberal Union also known as Los Cientificos Spanish The Scientists Manuel Romero Rubio was the groups main founder The Cientificos were known for their adherence to positivism and connecting liberalism with promotion of Mexicos economic development and foreign investment They consolidated Mexicos previouslyfractured political sectors together into a political elite which allowed them to have a vital role in Diazs government
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Aftermath
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Background
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190708 New Zealand rugby tour of Australia and Great Britain
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The New Zealanders arrived in Australia on 9 April 1908 lacking match fitness after the sea voyage and being short of backs Several had stayed in Britain and Messenger was to revert to his home teams to play for New South Wales and Australia against the tourists The All Blacks therefore called up James Barber a provincial scrum half and utility player who had previously represented Wellington They then spread themselves around the eight New South Wales Rugby Football League clubs that were preparing for the 1908 NSWRFL season Australias first in rugby league and helped advise them on the rules of the new game The tourists stayed in Sydney long enough to watch the first round of the new premiership season which began on Easter Monday before heading north to Newcastle Here they played a Newcastle side at rugby union defeating them 536 They then played a Northern Districts selection and defeated them 378 in the first ever game of rugby league played in Newcastle The visit by the touring New Zealand side boosted the profile of rugby league in Newcastle as the Newcastle Rebels were at the time playing all their matches away in Sydney As a result of the visit playing numbers in Newcastle surged and in 1910 the Rebels dropped out of the Sydney competition to form their own league The touring side then returned to Sydney for two matches against New South Wales The first game was played on 2 May Sydney had produced a very warm day for the match and the Australian ground suited the open passing of the new Northern Rugby Football Unions rules The Blues were ahead 147 at half time and went on to win the match 1810 The crowd was impressed with the new code and remained behind after the match to applaud the two teams This game helped ensure that rugby league would become the dominant winter code in New South Wales The second game was just as open and the New South Wales side again managed to win 1310 with the All Blacks being denied a try on fulltime by a linesmans call
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With the tour plans well underway George Smith contacted Peter Moir a prominent Sydney player asking if it would be possible to arrange a set of games in Sydney Moir contacted others including J J Giltinan who Smith had already talked to before replying that a series of games would be able to be arranged Rugby players in Sydney shared many of the New Zealand players concerns about payment and rules On 8 August 1907 the New South Wales Rugby League was formed The New South Welshmen organised quickly and were ready to welcome the New Zealanders when the main touring party arrived on 13 August 1907 The New South Wales rugby union side had defeated the New Zealand rugby union team 140 in their second of two matches in 1907 and so were expected to be tough opponents especially as the professional All Blacks had yet to form combinations and several of the Aucklandbased players had not yet arrived in Sydney The first game was played on the Royal Agricultural Society Ground to a soldout crowd of 20000 Played under rugby union rules the visitors led 60 at halftime and closed out the match winning 128 The stars of the first game were Richard Wynyard for New Zealand and Dally Messenger for the New South Wales side The game was deemed to be a great success as the organisers had not expected a crowd over 12000 The second game a midweek game was held in front of a crowd of approximately 3000 The All Blacks who had made several changes defeated the All Blues 195 The New Zealanders then won the third match of the series 53 in front of a crowd of 8000 at the Agricultural Ground Dally Messenger playing his first game as captain again starred and was invited to join the touring party It is unclear when the decision to invite Messenger was made with some reports saying that he was recommended to Baskiville in New Zealand by George Gillett when he had to withdraw from the touring party due to injury Messengers name was included on the contract bought over from New Zealand indicating that the decision had already been made However Messengers form against the All Blacks in Sydney was certainly good enough to warrant his inclusion in the touring party A fourth match had originally been planned in Melbourne as an attempt to foster rugby in the city but the plans fell through for unknown reasons Instead the All Blacks left Australia having earned PS600 from the three games During their short stay the tourists had helped kickstart the professional movement in Sydney While leaving Australia news came through that the New Zealand Rugby Union had issued life bans to all of those involved in the tour The financial success of the All Golds games in Sydney gave valuable momentum to Giltinan and Cos scheme to introduce a professional district rugby football competition in Sydney the following season
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1908 in Australia
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1907 in Australia
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190708 New Zealand rugby tour of Australia and Great Britain
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With the tour plans well underway George Smith contacted Peter Moir a prominent Sydney player asking if it would be possible to arrange a set of games in Sydney Moir contacted others including J J Giltinan who Smith had already talked to before replying that a series of games would be able to be arranged Rugby players in Sydney shared many of the New Zealand players concerns about payment and rules On 8 August 1907 the New South Wales Rugby League was formed The New South Welshmen organised quickly and were ready to welcome the New Zealanders when the main touring party arrived on 13 August 1907 The New South Wales rugby union side had defeated the New Zealand rugby union team 140 in their second of two matches in 1907 and so were expected to be tough opponents especially as the professional All Blacks had yet to form combinations and several of the Aucklandbased players had not yet arrived in Sydney The first game was played on the Royal Agricultural Society Ground to a soldout crowd of 20000 Played under rugby union rules the visitors led 60 at halftime and closed out the match winning 128 The stars of the first game were Richard Wynyard for New Zealand and Dally Messenger for the New South Wales side The game was deemed to be a great success as the organisers had not expected a crowd over 12000 The second game a midweek game was held in front of a crowd of approximately 3000 The All Blacks who had made several changes defeated the All Blues 195 The New Zealanders then won the third match of the series 53 in front of a crowd of 8000 at the Agricultural Ground Dally Messenger playing his first game as captain again starred and was invited to join the touring party It is unclear when the decision to invite Messenger was made with some reports saying that he was recommended to Baskiville in New Zealand by George Gillett when he had to withdraw from the touring party due to injury Messengers name was included on the contract bought over from New Zealand indicating that the decision had already been made However Messengers form against the All Blacks in Sydney was certainly good enough to warrant his inclusion in the touring party A fourth match had originally been planned in Melbourne as an attempt to foster rugby in the city but the plans fell through for unknown reasons Instead the All Blacks left Australia having earned PS600 from the three games During their short stay the tourists had helped kickstart the professional movement in Sydney While leaving Australia news came through that the New Zealand Rugby Union had issued life bans to all of those involved in the tour The financial success of the All Golds games in Sydney gave valuable momentum to Giltinan and Cos scheme to introduce a professional district rugby football competition in Sydney the following season
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As the New Zealand Rugby League was not yet set up the tour had no official administration body The touring party legally formed itself into an organisation The New Zealand All Black Rugby Football team and each played invested PS50 of their own money quite a sum at that time The players were paid PS1 per week for expenses and then the profits if any were to be divided equally at the end of the tour No bonuses of any kind were paid Albert Baskiville acted as the tours secretary and did much of the administrative work He was supported by Harry Palmer manager Daniel Fraser assistant manager and Jim Gleeson treasurer Disputes while on tour were heard by a Management Committee This consisted of Jim Gleeson Harry Palmer Duncan McGregory Massa Johnston Lance Todd Bumper Wright and Bert Baskiville This committee had the power to impose fines for indiscretions and even expel someone from the tour party if it was deemed to be necessary Hercules Richard Wright was elected the tours captain while George William Smith was elected vicecaptain a sign of the democratic nature of the tours organisation These two formed the selection committee alongside Massa Johnston
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1907 in Australia
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Organisation
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1913 Chesterfield byelection
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Against the background of the Liberal and Labour electoral truce in the Chesterfield constituency since 1903 and the history of LibLab cooperation since the late 19th century Liberal and Labour sympathies remained high and it was a fact that the Miners Federation was filled with men like Kenyon who were workingclass Liberals with links to the party through nonconformity and other radical causes Labour needed the trade unions as their industrial arm and had to fight hard against their traditional close association with the Liberal Party if Labour were to remain a viable independent political force There was a real fear that miners organisations particularly in the East Midlands could disaffiliate from Labour and revert to their earlier loyalty to the Liberal Party At this time it was by no means inevitable that Labour would replace the Liberals as the main progressive force in the British political system hence the disquiet when candidates like Kenyon wanted to play both Liberal and Labour cards together and as the Liberals maintained their connection with the Labour movement across Derbyshire in the 1910s and 1920s
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By 8 August the Liberals were attempting a compromise saying they would not formally adopt Kenyon but would rely on his nomination as the Miners candidate in the expectation he would take the Liberal whip once elected to Parliament In return he would be known as the LabourProgressive member and would have full freedom to speak and vote as he wished on issues affecting mining and labour This was seen as a climb down by many Liberals to avoid the possibility of the national Labour party putting up a rival candidate Despite an attack on Kenyons conduct in regard to the nomination for the byelection in the publication Labour Leader Labour Party headquarters in London was reported to be satisfied with the Liberal Party compromise position and at this point Ramsay MacDonald announced he would support Kenyons candidacy A few days later Kenyon was being described as the Liberal and Labour candidate in the press but many Liberals in Chesterfield were unhappy at the way he seemed to be ignoring the Liberal side of his programme in favour of labour and mining issues and was apparently refusing to use the word Liberal in his campaign or at his election meetings
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Labour concerns
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Liberal compromise
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1913 Chesterfield byelection
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By 8 August the Liberals were attempting a compromise saying they would not formally adopt Kenyon but would rely on his nomination as the Miners candidate in the expectation he would take the Liberal whip once elected to Parliament In return he would be known as the LabourProgressive member and would have full freedom to speak and vote as he wished on issues affecting mining and labour This was seen as a climb down by many Liberals to avoid the possibility of the national Labour party putting up a rival candidate Despite an attack on Kenyons conduct in regard to the nomination for the byelection in the publication Labour Leader Labour Party headquarters in London was reported to be satisfied with the Liberal Party compromise position and at this point Ramsay MacDonald announced he would support Kenyons candidacy A few days later Kenyon was being described as the Liberal and Labour candidate in the press but many Liberals in Chesterfield were unhappy at the way he seemed to be ignoring the Liberal side of his programme in favour of labour and mining issues and was apparently refusing to use the word Liberal in his campaign or at his election meetings
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Despite their earlier willingness to accept Kenyon as the Labour representative the executive committee of the national Labour party at a meeting at their Victoria Street headquarters in London passed a resolution on 12 August 1913 repudiating Kenyon as an official Labour candidate on the grounds that he was not conducting his campaign in accordance with the Labour Party constitution This decision caused some disquiet to Labour supporters of Kenyon in the constituency as it now seemed distinctly possible that an official Labour candidate would be put up They were right to be concerned because on 14 August just two days before close of nominations a meeting of trade unionists and socialists in Chesterfield voted to put up John Scurr Chairman of the London District Committee Dock Wharf Riverside and General Labourers Union to be Labour and Socialist candidate at the byelection Scurr had fought a Parliamentary election as a socialist before at South West Bethnal Green in 1911 where he came bottom of the poll by a long margin He was to contest the same seat again in 1914 and he also fought at Ipswich in 1914 Scurr later became an Alderman on Poplar Borough Council and was imprisoned in the controversial rates case there in the 1920s He later won a seat on the London County Council and became Labour MP for Mile End Ramsay MacDonald in particular had turned against Kenyon It was reported on 15 August that he had virtually declared war on Mr Kenyon and the many trade unionists like him who refused to cut themselves adrift from the Liberal Party MacDonald had written to Kenyon criticising him for trying to be both Liberal and Labour at once and the Miners Federation were warned that nominations of candidates like Kenyon was damaging the Labour Party nationally and compromising its existence as an independent party
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Liberal compromise
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Socialist candidate in the field
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1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game
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The two generals chose LieutenantColonel CA Keatinge Johnson then Commander of the A Group Training Brigade on Salisbury Plain to be responsible for the arrangements and if possible he was asked to select two firstclass teams KeatingeJohnson directed Major CW St John Clarke to begin the planning St JohnClarke in turn appointed Lieutenant Frank Beaurepaire who was in the UK at the time as a commissioner of the Young Mens Christian Association YMCA and serving with the 3rd Division to be responsible for the 3rd Division and Lieutenant H Bartram of the 2nd Brigade to be responsible for the 1st 2nd 4th and 5th Divisions Beaurepaire and Bartram immediately set to work and established an office in London The match took almost three months to organise The principal organiser of the event turns out to be Frank Beaurepaire the YMCA official and former swimming writer for The WinnerTo him is due the chief credit for the successful carrying out of all the innumerable details in connection with the undertaking the getting together of the players obtaining the necessary leave arranging trial matches in order to get into some sort of form the fixing on the ground and having it marked off arranging prices of admission gatekeepers etc interviewing artists and others re programme and the hundred and one other necessary itemsThat the whole affair panned out so successfully speaks well for his organising abilityBut then we are used to expecting nothing but the best from any effort of Beaurepaire Gerald Brosnan 10 January 1917
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Two handstitched footballs were made for the match by Corporal CC McMullen who had been a leatherworker at Henry Fordhams football factory in Sydney Road Brunswick prior to his enlistment in the First AIF The Fordham footballs ie contrasted with the Sherrin footballs see the football held by Dan Minogue in the image above that had been c1902 especially designed to facilitate the stabkicking of the Collingwood footballers were being used in the West Australian Goldfields League as early as 1907 Also Fordham footballs were the official ball for the Victorian Football Association VFA for fourteen years in the 1920s and 1930s The balls that McMullen made for the match were marked The AIF Ball on one side and Match II on the other One of the balls is currently as of June 2022 on display at the DandenongCranbourne Sub Branch of the RSL Match II see the football held by Gerald Brosnan in the image above and by the George Barry the umpire in both team photographs was a generic descriptor used by Fordham Ross Faulkner the Melbourne Sports Depot and other football manufacturers to identify Australian Rules footballs that were of such quality that they could be used in First XVIII VFL matches
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Planning
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The football
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1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game
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Two handstitched footballs were made for the match by Corporal CC McMullen who had been a leatherworker at Henry Fordhams football factory in Sydney Road Brunswick prior to his enlistment in the First AIF The Fordham footballs ie contrasted with the Sherrin footballs see the football held by Dan Minogue in the image above that had been c1902 especially designed to facilitate the stabkicking of the Collingwood footballers were being used in the West Australian Goldfields League as early as 1907 Also Fordham footballs were the official ball for the Victorian Football Association VFA for fourteen years in the 1920s and 1930s The balls that McMullen made for the match were marked The AIF Ball on one side and Match II on the other One of the balls is currently as of June 2022 on display at the DandenongCranbourne Sub Branch of the RSL Match II see the football held by Gerald Brosnan in the image above and by the George Barry the umpire in both team photographs was a generic descriptor used by Fordham Ross Faulkner the Melbourne Sports Depot and other football manufacturers to identify Australian Rules footballs that were of such quality that they could be used in First XVIII VFL matches
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In celebration of the match Frank Beaurepaire commissioned a souvenir set of the team photographs displaying TUP2 and ADP2 which he donated to the Collingwood football Club and as of June 2022 there is no evidence that any other football club received a similar souvenir set of photographs from Beaurepaire Writing from the YMCAs quarters at 21 Bartholomew road London to Mr E Copeland secretary of Collingwood FC Frank Beaurepaire says Knowing of the fine collection of football and other photos trophies etc that you have at Victoria Park and being reminded of same by association here with Dan Minogue I thought you would like to have copies of the teams which recently played in London on 281016 for Red Cross It was as you are probably aware a pioneer game of first class Australian football and went off well indeed Crowd 4000 to 5000 Profit PS260 or so I had the honor of suggesting the game and arranging much of the detail particularly in the early stages You will see me seated in uniform next to Dan Minogue ViceCaptain and Bruce Sloss Captain Third Division won by 6 goals 16 behinds to 4 goals 12 behinds If Dan has not sent you a souvenir programme so that you may list the names I shall have I hope the pleasure of doing so on my return to Australia in the distant future all going well The Winner 31 January 1917 The mounting boards of the souvenir sets were decorated with a British Union Jack and an Australian Red Ensign with Australian Football in London Pioneer Exhibition Game At Queens Club West Kensington Saturday 28 Oct 1916 at their head and Organizer of Match Donor of Photos to Club Lieut Frank Beaurepaire at their feet They were mounted especially for presentation by the Allan Studio of 318 Smith Street Collingwood
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The football
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Frank Beaurepaires presentation set of team photographs
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1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland Oregon
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The first reported case of Spanish flu in Portland was that of Private James McNeese who arrived in Portland on October 3 1918 on his way to a cavalry officers training camp in Texas McNeese was diagnosed with the flu at Portlands city hospital and sent to the military hospital at the Vancouver Barracks Thirty more cases of influenza were reported among an army training detachment at Benson Polytechnic High School several days later leading to the school being quarantined and turned into a makeshift hospital Portland Health Officer George Parish was confident that preventative measures and the application of proper precautions on the part of citizens will serve to hold the malady at a minimum By the end of October there were over 1000 cases and the Portland Civic Auditorium was also converted into a hospital Still pressure from the public and businesses led Mayor Baker to reopen the city on November 16 The quarantine was imposed again on December 11 though not popular or heeded by many Cases rose by midJanuary and people began wearing masks
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The quarantine efforts were met with some opposition Quarantine was unpopular among doctors who often protested Health Officials efforts to quarantine houses According to The Oregonian half a dozen doctors called at the City Health Bureau during the day and attempted to explain that some of their flu cases were tonsillitis colds or something else that is not on the list of quarantinable disease In January 1919 the Portland City Council attempted to pass an emergency clause requiring flu masks in public For an emergency clause to pass it had to be approved by all City Council Members However the clause requiring masks was blocked by City Commissioner Mann as well as many drugless healers Attorney W T Vaughn called the clause unconstitutional saying that This is class legislation and nothing else Doctors admit that they know nothing of the disease but are attempting to muzzle us like a pack of hydrophobia dogs The ensuing debate lasted for nearly two hours and the legislation did not pass
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First cases
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Opposition
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1918 Spanish flu quarantine in Portland Oregon
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The quarantine efforts were met with some opposition Quarantine was unpopular among doctors who often protested Health Officials efforts to quarantine houses According to The Oregonian half a dozen doctors called at the City Health Bureau during the day and attempted to explain that some of their flu cases were tonsillitis colds or something else that is not on the list of quarantinable disease In January 1919 the Portland City Council attempted to pass an emergency clause requiring flu masks in public For an emergency clause to pass it had to be approved by all City Council Members However the clause requiring masks was blocked by City Commissioner Mann as well as many drugless healers Attorney W T Vaughn called the clause unconstitutional saying that This is class legislation and nothing else Doctors admit that they know nothing of the disease but are attempting to muzzle us like a pack of hydrophobia dogs The ensuing debate lasted for nearly two hours and the legislation did not pass
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In December 1918 Coos Bay Oregon ran out of childsized coffins and corpses were held until more coffins could arrive from Portland Fred Wilson the only undertaker in Coos Bay fell ill with influenza from working with infected corpses The Oregonians Society column described a sense of amusement from the prevalence of flu masks The column observed how the masks made it difficult for people to recognize each other and how they are rapidly learning the art of using their eyes to express their sentiments The column even went as far as to compare wearing flu masks to indulging in a Halloween Prank or going to a masquerade party W E Hill an artist drawing scenes from life for The Oregonian comically illustrated the tension around risk of infection In the illustration a boy on a streetcar begins to cough after choking on an almond causing panic as all other passengers clutch their handkerchiefs to their mouths
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Opposition
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Reactions
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1919 Polish coup attempt in Lithuania
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General Zukauskas was removed from his post as the commander of the Lithuanian Army and had to battle the perceived friendliness to Poland for much of his further career The Polish government initially denied that there was any coup later it admitted that locals planned an uprising but claimed it had no part in it The coup further strained the PolishLithuanian relations making Lithuanians even more uncompromising and afraid of Polish annexation The planned coup was criticized by historians as unrealistic Pilsudskis plan was based on false assumptions and faulty intelligence which incorrectly indicated that the Slezevicius government was deeply unpopular and that the general Lithuanian population was relatively friendly to Poland No notable ethnic Lithuanian politicians declared support for the plan the plan relied on support from General Zukauskas but his support was never confirmed Narutowicz who was to head the civilian government was a Pole the PMO was weak and incapable of taking control if the coup met any significant resistance and intervention of the Polish army would have led to bloodshed and undermined the idea of a voluntary union or alliance with Poland The only group that supported the coup was the Polish minority in Lithuania increasingly alienated by Lithuanian government policies However according to the Lithuanian census of 1923 the minority constituted 32 of the population outside the Vilnius Region On the ground the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists
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Poland and Lithuania formed one state the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from the Union of Lublin in 1569 to the Third Partition in 1795 Both Poland and Lithuania regained their independence in the aftermath of World War I but both soon became engaged in territorial disputes over the Suwalki and Vilnius Regions During the PolishSoviet War Poland launched an offensive against the Soviet Union and captured Vilnius Wilno during the Vilna offensive in April 1919 Lithuanians described Vilnius as their historical capital and an integral part of the ethnographic Lithuania while to the Poles because of its large Polish population it was a Polish city Polands Chief of State Jozef Pilsudski sought a union with Lithuania in hopes of reviving the old PolishLithuanian Commonwealth see Miedzymorze federation The Lithuanians believed they would lose their sovereignty under the proposed federation and wanted their own national state Although PolishLithuanian relations were not immediately hostile they grew worse as each side refused to compromise As tensions rose Lithuania asked the Allied Supreme Council to intervene and it proposed two demarcation lines to prevent open hostilities drawn in June and July 1919 the second one was known as the Foch Line However Poland ignored both lines and advanced deeper into the Lithuaniancontrolled territory Faced with pressure from the Entente Polish Chief of State Jozef Pilsudski who was significantly involved in planning of the coup did not want open PolishLithuanian hostilities which could lead to much bloodshed and even greater tensions between Poland and Lithuania Instead since he thought there were enough Polish sympathizers in Lithuania to stage a coup detat he decided to plan one to topple the Lithuanian government
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Aftermath and evaluation
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Background
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1919 Polish coup attempt in Lithuania
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Poland and Lithuania formed one state the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from the Union of Lublin in 1569 to the Third Partition in 1795 Both Poland and Lithuania regained their independence in the aftermath of World War I but both soon became engaged in territorial disputes over the Suwalki and Vilnius Regions During the PolishSoviet War Poland launched an offensive against the Soviet Union and captured Vilnius Wilno during the Vilna offensive in April 1919 Lithuanians described Vilnius as their historical capital and an integral part of the ethnographic Lithuania while to the Poles because of its large Polish population it was a Polish city Polands Chief of State Jozef Pilsudski sought a union with Lithuania in hopes of reviving the old PolishLithuanian Commonwealth see Miedzymorze federation The Lithuanians believed they would lose their sovereignty under the proposed federation and wanted their own national state Although PolishLithuanian relations were not immediately hostile they grew worse as each side refused to compromise As tensions rose Lithuania asked the Allied Supreme Council to intervene and it proposed two demarcation lines to prevent open hostilities drawn in June and July 1919 the second one was known as the Foch Line However Poland ignored both lines and advanced deeper into the Lithuaniancontrolled territory Faced with pressure from the Entente Polish Chief of State Jozef Pilsudski who was significantly involved in planning of the coup did not want open PolishLithuanian hostilities which could lead to much bloodshed and even greater tensions between Poland and Lithuania Instead since he thought there were enough Polish sympathizers in Lithuania to stage a coup detat he decided to plan one to topple the Lithuanian government
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Eventually the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists Pilsudski failed to discourage local PMO activists from carrying out the Sejny Uprising in the Suwalki Region The local PMO disregarded his recommendations and launched the uprising which while locally successful led to the failure of the nationwide coup PMO members in Lithuania stated that the Sejny uprising had damaged their reputation and many of its former supporters rejected calls by PMO recruiters The initial coup was postponed to 1 September 1919 However some PMO units began their actions cutting telegraph wires damaging railways etc as scheduled previously on the night of 27 to 28 August The Lithuanian intelligence intercepted and decoded the order to delay the coup They had known before that Poles were plotting but did not know who and when The Lithuanian government was informed about the cut telegraph wires and intercepted the Polish order in the morning of 28 August However President Antanas Smetona did not consider the threat real and did not take appropriate action A group of 18 Lithuanian Army officers with tacit approval from Slezevicius took the initiative They were led by Liudas Gira head of the Lithuanian intelligence Afraid that PMO members infiltrated the military they secretly decided to begin mass arrests of Polish supporters on the night from 28 to 29 August Since they did not know who exactly was behind the conspiracy the Lithuanians arrested more prominent Polish activists in Kaunas Several dozen Poles were arrested the first night including Aukstuolaitis and 23 Polish officers serving in the Lithuanian Army By the second night the number of arrested Poles grew to 200 Kaunas was declared under a state of siege The Polish press noted mass arrests of Polish activists to whom no charge can be ascribed other than being Poles and concluded that this was proof of the systematic antiPolish policies of the Germanridden Lithuanian government Because the Lithuanians did not have a list of PMO members they did not arrest the main leaders Also provincial PMO branches remained intact Therefore on 17 September 1919 new orders were issued scheduling the second coup attempt for the end of September This attempt was also discovered Aldona Carneckaite a Lithuanian woman succeeded in convincing Petras Vrubliauskas codename Daumantas PMO deputy commander in Vilnius to transfer the PMO document archive to the Lithuanians On 21 September Lithuanian spy Marcele Kubiliute obtained these documents Another cache of documents kept by Stasys Niekrasas was discovered in Kaunas this cache contained a list of PMO members and supporters This allowed the Lithuanians to arrested PMO members in the following days The PMO branch in Lithuania ceased to function and was liquidated
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Background
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Coup discovered
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1920 APFA season
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Prior to the APFA there were several other loose professional organizations most of the APFA teams were from either the Ohio League or the New York Pro Football League On August 20 1920 a meeting attended by representatives of four Ohio League teamsRalph Hay and Jim Thorpe for the Canton Bulldogs Jimmy ODonnell and Stan Cofall for the Cleveland Tigers Carl Storck for the Dayton Triangles and Frank Nied and Art Ranney for the Akron Proswas held At the meeting the representatives tentatively agreed to call their new league the American Professional Football Conference introduce a salary cap for the teams and not to sign college players nor players under contract with another team According to the Canton Evening Repository the purpose of the league was to raise the standard of professional football in every way possible to eliminate bidding for players between rival clubs and to secure cooperation in the formation of schedules at least for the bigger teams The representatives then contacted other major professional teams and invited them to a meeting for September 17 At that meeting held at Bulldogs owner Ralph Hays Hupmobile showroom in Canton Ohio representatives of the Rock Island Independents the Muncie Flyers the Decatur Staleys the Racine Cardinals the Massillon Tigers the Chicago Tigers and the Hammond Pros agreed to join the league Representatives of the Buffalo AllAmericans and Rochester Jeffersons could not attend the meeting but sent letters to Hay asking to be included in the league Team representatives changed the leagues name slightly to the American Professional Football Association and elected officers installing Thorpe as president Cofall as vicepresident Ranney as secretarytreasurer Under the new league structure teams created their schedules dynamically as the season progressed so there were no minimum or maximum number of games needed to be played Also representatives of each team voted to determine the winner of the APFA trophy
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As there was no playoff system in the APFA until 1932 a meeting was held to determine the 1920 Champions Each team that showed up had a vote to determine the champions Since the Akron Pros never lost a game the Pros were awarded the BrunswickBalke Collender Cup on April 30 1921 The trophy was a silver loving cup donated by the BrunswickBalkeCollender Company This decision however would arise with controversy The Staleys and the AllAmericans each stated that they should win the award because they had more wins and were not beaten by the Akron Pros Each player from the Pros was also awarded with a golden fob this was in the shape of a football and inscribed with 1920 WORLD CHAMPIONS and each players first initial and last name The Pros did not officially celebrate their championship season until the following year In October 1921 most of the team was invited to the Elks Club of Akron which was labeled as a grand homecoming celebration for the worlds champions Fritz Pollard was congratulated during an Akron Merchants Association of Colored Business Mens meeting The Pros were the first team in the history of the APFA to complete a nonmodern perfect season Only four other teams have since accomplished this feat the 1922 Canton Bulldogs at 1002 the 1923 Canton Bulldogs at 1101 the 1929 Green Bay Packers at 1201 and the 1972 Miami Dolphins at 1700 In 1972 the NFL changed the rules so ties count as a halfwin and a halfloss Even though the Pros were given the trophy in 1920 the league lost track of the event and for a long time published in its own record books that the 1920 championship was undecided It was not until the 1970s that the NFL discovered this early vote on awarding the Akron Pros the championship
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Formation
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Postseason and legacy
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1920 APFA season
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As there was no playoff system in the APFA until 1932 a meeting was held to determine the 1920 Champions Each team that showed up had a vote to determine the champions Since the Akron Pros never lost a game the Pros were awarded the BrunswickBalke Collender Cup on April 30 1921 The trophy was a silver loving cup donated by the BrunswickBalkeCollender Company This decision however would arise with controversy The Staleys and the AllAmericans each stated that they should win the award because they had more wins and were not beaten by the Akron Pros Each player from the Pros was also awarded with a golden fob this was in the shape of a football and inscribed with 1920 WORLD CHAMPIONS and each players first initial and last name The Pros did not officially celebrate their championship season until the following year In October 1921 most of the team was invited to the Elks Club of Akron which was labeled as a grand homecoming celebration for the worlds champions Fritz Pollard was congratulated during an Akron Merchants Association of Colored Business Mens meeting The Pros were the first team in the history of the APFA to complete a nonmodern perfect season Only four other teams have since accomplished this feat the 1922 Canton Bulldogs at 1002 the 1923 Canton Bulldogs at 1101 the 1929 Green Bay Packers at 1201 and the 1972 Miami Dolphins at 1700 In 1972 the NFL changed the rules so ties count as a halfwin and a halfloss Even though the Pros were given the trophy in 1920 the league lost track of the event and for a long time published in its own record books that the 1920 championship was undecided It was not until the 1970s that the NFL discovered this early vote on awarding the Akron Pros the championship
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The regularseason schedule was not fixed but was created dynamically by each team as the season progressed The first game involving an APFA team occurred on September 26 when the Rock Island Independents beat the St Paul Ideals 480 The first official game between APFA NFL members occurred on October 3 when the Dayton Triangles beat the Columbus Panhandles 140 The Triangles Lou Partlow scored the leagues first touchdown and George Hobby Kinderline kicked the first extra point An historic marker placed by the Ohio Historical Society at Triangle Park in Dayton marks the location of that first ever game The final game of the season was a 1414 tie between the Chicago Cardinals and the nonleague Chicago Stayms on December 19 1920 The Decatur Staleys and the Canton Bulldogs played the most games in the season 13 while the Muncie Flyers played the fewest 1 The Buffalo AllAmericans scored the most points all season 258 and the Akron Pros allowed the fewest points 7
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Postseason and legacy
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Schedule
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1921 Washington Jefferson Presidents football team
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Formerly known as the Indians William Marys athletic teams are now known as the Tribe The college fields NCAA Division I teams for men and women in basketball cross country golf gymnastics soccer swimming tennis and indoor and outdoor track and field Also there are womens field hockey lacrosse and volleyball squads as well as mens baseball and football In the 200405 season the Tribe garnered five Colonial Athletic Association titles and it leads the conference with over 80 titles That same year several teams competed in the NCAA Championships with the football team appearing in the Division IAA national semifinals The mens cross country team finished 8th and 5th within the Division I NCAA Mens Cross Country Championship in 2006 and 2009 respectively The William Mary mens basketball team is one of four original Division I schools that have never been to the NCAA Division I mens basketball tournament In May 2006 the NCAA ruled that the athletic logo which includes two green and gold feathers could create an environment offensive to the American Indian community The colleges appeal regarding the use of the institutions athletic logo to the NCAA Executive Committee was rejected The Tribe nickname by itself was found to be neither hostile nor abusive but rather communicates ennobling sentiments of commitment shared idealism community and common cause The college stated it would phase out the use of the two feathers by the fall of 2007 although they can still be seen prominently painted on streets throughout the campus In 2018 athletic director Samantha Huge introduced a new brand kit for the department officially retiring and deemphasizing the script Tribe logo The Tribe 2025 plan a comprehensive plan for the athletics department to raise national prominence undergo significant facilities upgrades and achieve higher levels of student involvement and spirit was presented in 2019 In 2020 William Mary announced that due to financial concerns they would be discontinuing 7 varsity sports mens and womens gymnastics mens and womens swimming mens indoor and outdoor track and field and volleyball This decision prompted a petition entitled save the Tribe 7 which received significant support On October 19 the university reinstated womens gymnastics womens swimming and volleyball after notice of an impending lawsuit on the grounds of title IX violations President Rowe later announced that the decision to cancel the four mens programs would be put off until the 20212022 academic year
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The College of William Mary is a mediumsized highly residential public research university The focal point of the university is its fouryear fulltime undergraduate program which constitutes most of the institutions enrollment The college has a strong undergraduate arts sciences focus with a select number of graduate programs in diverse fields ranging from American colonial history to marine science The college offers four academic programs in its Washington DC office an undergraduate joint degree program in engineering with Columbia University as well as a liberal arts joint degree program with the University of St Andrews in Scotland The graduate programs are dominant in STEM fields and the university has a high level of research activity For the 201617 academic year 1591 undergraduate 652 masters and 293 doctoral degrees were conferred William Mary is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools The college is organized into one faculty and four schools Faculty of Arts and Sciences Raymond A Mason School of Business School of Education Law School School of Marine Science at Virginia Institute of Marine Science WM provides a small college environment and maintains a low studenttofaculty ratio of 12to1 the second lowest among US public universities thereby fostering studentprofessor interaction A notable 99 of all undergraduate classes excluding labs are taught by professors not teaching assistants and 86 of all classes contain 40 or fewer students William Mary offers exchange programs with 15 foreign schools drawing more than 12 of its undergraduates into these programs and receives US State Department grants to further expand its foreign exchange programs
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Athletics
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Academics
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1921 Washington Jefferson Presidents football team
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The College of William Mary is a mediumsized highly residential public research university The focal point of the university is its fouryear fulltime undergraduate program which constitutes most of the institutions enrollment The college has a strong undergraduate arts sciences focus with a select number of graduate programs in diverse fields ranging from American colonial history to marine science The college offers four academic programs in its Washington DC office an undergraduate joint degree program in engineering with Columbia University as well as a liberal arts joint degree program with the University of St Andrews in Scotland The graduate programs are dominant in STEM fields and the university has a high level of research activity For the 201617 academic year 1591 undergraduate 652 masters and 293 doctoral degrees were conferred William Mary is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools The college is organized into one faculty and four schools Faculty of Arts and Sciences Raymond A Mason School of Business School of Education Law School School of Marine Science at Virginia Institute of Marine Science WM provides a small college environment and maintains a low studenttofaculty ratio of 12to1 the second lowest among US public universities thereby fostering studentprofessor interaction A notable 99 of all undergraduate classes excluding labs are taught by professors not teaching assistants and 86 of all classes contain 40 or fewer students William Mary offers exchange programs with 15 foreign schools drawing more than 12 of its undergraduates into these programs and receives US State Department grants to further expand its foreign exchange programs
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The college enjoys a temperate climate In addition to the colleges extensive student recreation facilities which include a large gym a rockclimbing wall and many exercise rooms and programs facilitating involvement in outdoor recreation as well as club and intramural sports the largely wooded campus has its own lake and outdoor amphitheater The Virginia Beach oceanfront is 60 miles 97 km away and Washington DC is a 150mile 240 km drive to the north Also the beaches of the Delmarva Peninsula are just a few hours away via the Chesapeake Bay BridgeTunnel The colleges Alma Mater Productions AMP hosts concerts comedians and speakers on campus and in the 8600person capacity Kaplan Arena as well as putting on many smaller activitybased events Students produce several publications on campus including the official student newspaper The Flat Hat arts and fashion magazine Rocket Magazine and the satirical newspaper The Botetourt Squat The schools television station WMTV produces content in the categories of cuisine comedy travel and sports Everyday Gourmet the former flagship production of the station was featured in USA Today in 2009 WCWM the colleges studentrun public radio station transmits 24 hours a day on 909 FM locally and online and features studentcurated and created content they also put on an annual concert WCWM Fest featuring local and touring musicians The college also hosts several prominent studentrun culture and identitybased organizations These include the Black Student Organization Catholic Campus Ministry Hillel the colleges official Jewish student group Asian American Student Initiative Latin American Student Union Lambda Alliance and Rainbow Coalition and the Middle Eastern Students Association among many others The colleges International Relations Club IRC ranked eleventh of twentyfive participants in the 20202021 North American College Model UN
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Academics
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Student life
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192223 Nelson FC season
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Along with all the clubs in the Third Division North Nelson entered the FA Cup in the Fourth Qualifying Round for the 192223 season For their first match on 18 November 1922 Nelson were drawn away at league rivals Rochdale who they had beaten 32 in the Fifth Qualifying Round the previous season Nelson emerged from the match with a 10 victory courtesy of an Eddleston goal putting them into the Fifth Qualifying Round for only the fourth time since they first competed in the FA Cup in 1894 For the next round Nelson were drawn against Stalybridge Celtic at Bower Fold where they had been beaten 02 in the league on 16 September In their first ever cup tie against Stalybridge Nelson were defeated 10 before a crowd of 6000 spectators
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In the 192122 season Nelson had played as a professional club in the Football League for the first time following the restructuring of the league to introduce North and South divisions Former Scotland international David Wilson remained playermanager of the firstteam for the second consecutive season after guiding them to a 16thplaced finish in the previous campaign Prior to the start of the season the team did not play any friendly matches meaning that the teams last competitive match was the 00 draw with Tranmere Rovers on 6 May 1921 The only warmup for the campaign was a practice match between two teams made up of Nelson players The Nelson Leader reported that this match was satisfying and hoped that it could be the precursor of fine sport in the coming season Before the 192223 season Nelsons only previous titlewinning campaign was their Lancashire League championship in 189596 There were a number of firstteam personnel changes from the previous campaign with only six firstteam players staying at the club Centre forward Joe Eddleston Nelsons top scorer in 192122 with 16 league goals remained along with Clement Rigg Sid Hoad and Bob Lilley Scottish defenders John Steel and James Price also continued to play for Nelson Among those who left the club were Harold Andrews who joined Bury and Irish international inside forward Billy Halligan who retired from professional footballnb 1 Goalkeepers Harry Heyes and Robert Bruce both moved on in the close season so Stockport County custodian Joseph Birds was signed as a replacement in June 1922 In an attempt to improve the attacking prowess at the club Wilson signed experienced inside forward Arthur Wolstenholme on a free transfer from Darlington in May 1922 and Scottish forward Mike McCulloch arrived from Heart of Midlothian for a transfer fee of PS150 Wilson also added to the defensive ranks with the signings of his former Oldham Athletic teammate Ernie Braidwood and of Jimmy Broadhead on a free transfer from Scunthorpe Lindsey United
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FA Cup
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Background
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192223 Nelson FC season
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In the 192122 season Nelson had played as a professional club in the Football League for the first time following the restructuring of the league to introduce North and South divisions Former Scotland international David Wilson remained playermanager of the firstteam for the second consecutive season after guiding them to a 16thplaced finish in the previous campaign Prior to the start of the season the team did not play any friendly matches meaning that the teams last competitive match was the 00 draw with Tranmere Rovers on 6 May 1921 The only warmup for the campaign was a practice match between two teams made up of Nelson players The Nelson Leader reported that this match was satisfying and hoped that it could be the precursor of fine sport in the coming season Before the 192223 season Nelsons only previous titlewinning campaign was their Lancashire League championship in 189596 There were a number of firstteam personnel changes from the previous campaign with only six firstteam players staying at the club Centre forward Joe Eddleston Nelsons top scorer in 192122 with 16 league goals remained along with Clement Rigg Sid Hoad and Bob Lilley Scottish defenders John Steel and James Price also continued to play for Nelson Among those who left the club were Harold Andrews who joined Bury and Irish international inside forward Billy Halligan who retired from professional footballnb 1 Goalkeepers Harry Heyes and Robert Bruce both moved on in the close season so Stockport County custodian Joseph Birds was signed as a replacement in June 1922 In an attempt to improve the attacking prowess at the club Wilson signed experienced inside forward Arthur Wolstenholme on a free transfer from Darlington in May 1922 and Scottish forward Mike McCulloch arrived from Heart of Midlothian for a transfer fee of PS150 Wilson also added to the defensive ranks with the signings of his former Oldham Athletic teammate Ernie Braidwood and of Jimmy Broadhead on a free transfer from Scunthorpe Lindsey United
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David Wilson used a total of 19 players during the 192223 season and there were nine different goalscorers The team played in a 235 formation the standard formation at the time throughout the campaign with two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centre forward Both Ernie Braidwood and Bob Hutchinson played in every league and cup game while Nelsons record appearance holder Clement Rigg missed just one match the defeat to Ashington on 7 October The team scored a total of 62 goals in 40 competitive matches With 22 league goals and 1 in the FA Cup Joe Eddleston surpassed his 192122 total of 17 to become the teams top goalscorer for the second consecutive season New signing Arthur Wolstenholme was the second highest scorer with 13 goals while Braidwood notched the most goals of all the defenders with his total of six Key to positions Statistics
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Background
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Player statistics
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192223 Southampton FC season
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At the end of the 192122 season several players left Southampton First was centrehalf George Bradburn who had been out of favour for the past two seasons due to the continued form of the preferred Alec Campbell He left to return to Walsall in the Third Division North In June outsideleft Ken Boyes also left the club remaining in the Third Division South with Bristol Rovers Len Butt left around the same time joining local Southern League club Boscombe Centreforward John Horton who had managed just one appearance in his first season with the Saints before breaking his leg was forced to retire from professional football Prior to the start of the 192223 campaign Southampton manager Jimmy McIntyre brought in two new signings to the club First was Scottish halfback Alex Christie who joined from Walsall primarily as cover at righthalf behind the everpresent Bert Shelley Also signed was left winger Joe Clark who joined from Welsh side Aberdare Aberaman Athletic Shortly after the season had begun McIntyre signed several more players In September the club brought in halfback Arthur Bradford from Talbot Stead Tubeworks although he would not make his debut for the club until late the following season The club also signed former goalkeeper Herbert Lock from Queens Park Rangers and Harry Yeomans from Camberley Yorktown having been without a backup for Tommy Allen the entire last season In November insideforward Les Bruton was brought in from Foleshill for a fee of PS15 Southampton signed and sold one more player in January 1923 Leaving the club was Scottish halfback George Getgood who had joined less than a year earlier and been a regular in the side ever since Getgood had continued to commute to the South Coast from Birmingham instead of moving and so decided to transfer to a club closer to home when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers Outsideleft Willie McCall moved in the other direction as part of the deal Players transferred in Players transferred out Players retired
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Southampton manager Jimmy McIntyre used 22 different players during the 192223 season nine of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout the campaign with two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Only one player righthalf Bert Shelley appeared in all 51 league and FA Cup matches Insideright Arthur Dominy played in all but two league matches during the season and centrehalf Bill Turner appeared in all except three Dominy finished as the clubs top scorer for the season with 13 goals in the league and five in the cups Bill Rawlings scored 12 goals in the league and three in the cups Alec Campbell George Getgood and Shelley were the clubs only scoring halfbacks of the season with just one league goal each
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Background and transfers
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Player details
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192223 Southampton FC season
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Southampton manager Jimmy McIntyre used 22 different players during the 192223 season nine of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout the campaign with two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Only one player righthalf Bert Shelley appeared in all 51 league and FA Cup matches Insideright Arthur Dominy played in all but two league matches during the season and centrehalf Bill Turner appeared in all except three Dominy finished as the clubs top scorer for the season with 13 goals in the league and five in the cups Bill Rawlings scored 12 goals in the league and three in the cups Alec Campbell George Getgood and Shelley were the clubs only scoring halfbacks of the season with just one league goal each
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Southampton entered the 192223 FA Cup in the first round against Newcastle United a wellestablished First Division side who were challenging for the title According to club historians Few people gave Southampton a chance at St James Park in the 13 January 1923 game but the team fought the muddy battle well to hold the topflight side to a goalless draw goalkeeper Tommy Allen was credited for his performance in particular In the replay at home four days later the Saints played some of the best football ever seen at The Dell to win 31 despite conceding in the opening minute with goals coming from Arthur Dominy two and Bill Rawlings The second round match also pitted Second Division Southampton against a First Division club this time strugglers Chelsea at Stamford Bridge and also ended in a goalless draw The tie again saw a replay scheduled at The Dell which the Saints won in front of a season high attendance of 25000 thanks to another goal from Dominy The pattern of results continued in the third round as Bury and Southampton competed a goalless draw at Gigg Lane on 24 February Again it took a home replay for the Saints to beat the Shakers which they did with another single goal from Arthur Dominy In the fourth round Southampton hosted fellow Second Division side West Ham United who were then in fourth place in the table Vic Watson scored for the visitors early on but a clever header from Jack Elkes secured a 11 draw and forced at replay at Upton Park ten days later The replay also ended 11 with Bill Rawlings scoring for the Saints A second replay took place on 19 March at Villa Park the home of topflight club Aston Villa in which the Hammers scored the only goal to advance to the semifinals Southampton brought in a total of PS28482 in FA Cup receipts around PS4000 of which was used to improve the facilities at The Dell West Ham later made it to the 1923 FA Cup Final the first to be played at Wembley Stadium
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Player details
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FA Cup
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192324 Southampton FC season
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Southampton manager Jimmy McIntyre bought and sold several players before the start of the 192324 season One of the first departures during the summer was insideforward John Cooper who returned to his former club Darlaston after having made just five league appearances with the Saints during two seasons Also leaving was outsideleft Joe Clark who was sold to Third Division North side Rochdale after losing his place in the first team to Len Andrews late the previous season Two players were brought in to take Clarks place Elias MacDonald from Burton All Saints in May and Jimmy Carr from Reading in June Also arriving in the summer were George Harkus a halfback who joined from First Division side Aston Villa for PS250 and Harold Pearson a forward who was transferred from Brierley Hill Alliance in the Birmingham District League Halfback Alex Christie also left for Norwich City after just one season at the club while Jack Elkes was sold to Tottenham Hotspur for a club record fee of PS1050 Several more players were added to the squad during the season Insideforward Jock Salter joined as an amateur in September 1923 signing professional terms the following month The club signed another amateur player in November bringing in outsideforward Stan Cribb from local side Gosport Athletic although he would not turn professional until the following season The same month winger Bill Henderson was signed for a fee of PS500 from Luton Town after Sammy Meston one of the clubs two regular outsiderights broke his leg during a match against Bristol City on 6 October Before the end of the calendar year insideleft Cliff Price was transferred from Third Division North club Halifax Town The club sold two more players in the new year In January Herbert Lock left for Bournemouth and Boscombe Athletic having last played in May The next month Henry Johnson also left The Dell to join topflight side Queens Park Rangers after scoring three goals in eleven appearances during the season so far Players transferred in Players transferred out Players released
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Southampton manager Jimmy McIntyre used 24 different players during the 192324 season ten of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout the campaign with two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Goalkeeper Tommy Allen and righthalf Bert Shelley appeared in all 47 league and FA Cup matches Rightback Tom Parker missed only one league fixture while insideright Arthur Dominy played in all but three Centreforward Bill Rawlings finished as the clubs top scorer for the season with 19 goals in the Second Division and four in the cups Dominy scored 11 in the league and three in the FA Cup Shelley was the clubs only scoring halfback of the season while Parker was their only scoring fullback of the season scoring twice in the league
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Background and transfers
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Player details
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192324 Southampton FC season
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Southampton manager Jimmy McIntyre used 24 different players during the 192324 season ten of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout the campaign with two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Goalkeeper Tommy Allen and righthalf Bert Shelley appeared in all 47 league and FA Cup matches Rightback Tom Parker missed only one league fixture while insideright Arthur Dominy played in all but three Centreforward Bill Rawlings finished as the clubs top scorer for the season with 19 goals in the Second Division and four in the cups Dominy scored 11 in the league and three in the FA Cup Shelley was the clubs only scoring halfback of the season while Parker was their only scoring fullback of the season scoring twice in the league
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Southampton entered the 192324 FA Cup in the first round against First Division club Chelsea who they had knocked out in the second round of the previous years tournament The hosts initially led at Stamford Bridge thanks to a brilliant individual goal from Andrew Wilson who had joined the London club from Middlesbrough for a British transfer record fee of PS6000 at the beginning of the season but a goal from Arthur Dominy forced a replay at The Dell four days later The Saints won the replay 20 with Dominy scoring from a Bill Turner freekick and Bill Rawlings converting after a setup by Bill Henderson In the second round Southampton beat fellow Second Division side Blackpool 31 at The Dell with a goal each from Rawlings Dominy and Cliff Price sending them through to the third round The third round of the tournament on 23 February 1924 saw Southampton hosting reigning First Division league champions Liverpool who had eliminated the previous seasons cup winners Bolton Wanderers in the second round The game ended in a goalless draw forcing a replay at Liverpools home Anfield four days later Southampton played much of the game with ten players after leftback Fred Titmuss suffered a freak injury in which a blood vessel in his eyeball was burst by a loose shoelace and was forced to be taken off amid fear of permanent eye damage The hosts opened the scoring shortly after halftime courtesy of Harry Chambers but the ten men of Southampton prevented conceding more until six minutes from the end when Dick Forshaw doubled his sides lead and secured the result
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Player details
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FA Cup
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1924 Rose Bowl
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The Rose Bowl game was first played in 1902 as a way to help fund the Rose Parade Because of the first contests lopsided score a football game was not played again until 1916 having been replaced by chariot races Between 1902 and 1947 the Rose Bowl was played between a team from the East Coast and a team from the West Coast Until the construction of the Rose Bowl stadium which began hosting the game in 1923 it was called the Tournament EastWest football game Because the Pacific Coast Conference PCC was the only conference with teams located in the Western United States a school from the conference had been chosen for every Rose Bowl game The tournament committee invited the University of Washington Huskies to participate in the 1924 game and they accepted Washington was then allowed by the organization to select its opponent for the gamethe first time a team was allowed to do so Washington chose the Navy Midshipmen based on a suggestion from the committee and Navy accepted the invitation
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The kickoff for the Rose Bowl was originally scheduled for 200 pm on January 1 1924 but the night before the game a meeting of the Rose Bowl organization rescheduled the kickoff time to 216 pm the same day This was likely due to poor field conditions caused by the previous nights rain The opening ceremonies were the most elaborate of any bowl game up to that time with numerous events held Navy admiral Samuel Shelburne Robison received an admirals salute from Navys band when he took his seat The Navy band and the color guard of the marines performed the National Anthem then the marine color guard hoisted the US flag over the field Both teams mascots were walked around the field before the kickoff The Tournament of Roses predicted that tickets would be sold out by the day of the game but actual ticket sales were much lower than they had hoped Still sales were higher than those of several previous competitions
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Team selection
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Game summary
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1924 Rose Bowl
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The kickoff for the Rose Bowl was originally scheduled for 200 pm on January 1 1924 but the night before the game a meeting of the Rose Bowl organization rescheduled the kickoff time to 216 pm the same day This was likely due to poor field conditions caused by the previous nights rain The opening ceremonies were the most elaborate of any bowl game up to that time with numerous events held Navy admiral Samuel Shelburne Robison received an admirals salute from Navys band when he took his seat The Navy band and the color guard of the marines performed the National Anthem then the marine color guard hoisted the US flag over the field Both teams mascots were walked around the field before the kickoff The Tournament of Roses predicted that tickets would be sold out by the day of the game but actual ticket sales were much lower than they had hoped Still sales were higher than those of several previous competitions
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For his performance in the 1924 Rose Bowl Navy quarterback Ira McKee was awarded Most Valuable Player MVP honors McKee completed 16 of 20 passes for a total of 175 yards including one pass for a touchdown McKee also had 85 rushing yards on twelve attempts Washington running back Elmer Tesreau was given the games Ironman Award though he had little effect on the game Against the urging of his coaches Tesreau had played with boils completely covering one knee He left near the end of the game and was later discovered to have broken his previously unaffected leg in multiple places Navys McKee threw for a perfect 11 of 11 passes during the first half but completed just five of nine attempts during the second half Two of these incompletions were interceptions McKee outthrew Washingtons Fred Abel by 110 yards Carl Cullen was McKees main receiver for the game catching ten passes from him one of which was taken for a touchdown The other six passes were caught by other receivers On the ground Cullen rushed for the most yards of any player gaining 102 throughout the course of the game McKee was Navys key runner gaining 85 yards Cullen McKee and fullback Alan Shapley and other team members rushed for a total of 187 yards during the game McKee completed both extra point attempts and the squads punter kicked five times for an average distance of 338 yards Abel attempted eight passes during the game and completed just three for a total of 65 yards Of Abels five incompletions two were interceptions Kinsley Dubois caught two of Abels completed passes amassing 53 receiving yards Guard James Bryan caught the other a 12yard touchdown pass George Wilson led Washington in rushing yards gaining 87 over the course of the game and scoring Washingtons only rushing touchdown Kinsley Dubois came next gaining 30 yards followed by Abel with 20 The remainder of the teams 137 rushing yards were amassed by others including Tesreau Washingtons kicker Leonard Zeil was two for two on extra points but missed his only field goal attempt Washington punted nine times averaging 33 yards per attempt
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Game summary
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Statistical summary
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192425 Southampton FC season
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At the end of the 192324 season Southampton brought in centrehalf John Callagher and insideforward Stan Woodhouse from Bury who had just been promoted to the First Division as runnersup of the second flight As part of the deal lefthalf Bill Turner moved to the Manchesterbased club where he would remain for a total of three seasons In a similar deal the Saints sold fullback Harry Hooper to divisional rivals Leicester City in exchange for righthalf Dennis Jones and outsideleft Fred Price None of the four new players would become regulars in the side however and all but Woodhouse had left by the end of the 192425 season In June outsideleft Elias MacDonald who had joined from Burton All Saints just a year earlier left for Third Division South side Southend United The following month insideleft Jock Salter also left Southampton after just one season at the club during which he made a single appearance joining Thornycrofts Also in July outsideright Tommy Broad joined from Stoke In August outsideright Charlie Brown left Southampton to join Third Division South club Queens Park Rangers Harold Pearson left around the same to join Coventry City Manager Jimmy McIntyre brought two more players to the club before the start of the league campaign centreforward Jimmy Bullock signed from Crewe Alexandra in the Third Division North while goalkeeper James Thitchener joined on amateur terms from local club Totton The club signed another amateur in October Bournemouth Boscombe Athletic halfback Ernie King who had signed professional terms by January 1925 In November Scottish forward Willie McCall returned to his home country on loan with former club Queen of the South who he would later join in a permanent deal The last transfer activity of the 192425 season came in February 1925 when winghalf Albert Barrett joined Southampton from West Ham United making one appearance in the Second Division before leaving for Fulham the following summer Players transferred in Players transferred out Players loaned out
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Southampton used 22 different players during the 192425 season eight of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout the campaign using two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Righthalf Bert Shelley made the most appearances during the season playing in all but one league match Insideright Arthur Dominy and lefthalf George Harkus each missed just two league games while centreforward Bill Rawlings appeared in all but three Rawlings and Dominy finished the season as the clubs joint top scorers the former scored 14 in the league and two in the FA Cup while the latter scored 13 in the league two in the FA Cup and one in the Hampshire Benevolent Cup Harkus was the clubs only scoring halfback of the season with two league goals and rightback Tom Parker was their only scoring fullback of the season netting in the league three times to finish third overall for the season
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Background and transfers
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Player details
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192425 Southampton FC season
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Southampton used 22 different players during the 192425 season eight of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout the campaign using two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Righthalf Bert Shelley made the most appearances during the season playing in all but one league match Insideright Arthur Dominy and lefthalf George Harkus each missed just two league games while centreforward Bill Rawlings appeared in all but three Rawlings and Dominy finished the season as the clubs joint top scorers the former scored 14 in the league and two in the FA Cup while the latter scored 13 in the league two in the FA Cup and one in the Hampshire Benevolent Cup Harkus was the clubs only scoring halfback of the season with two league goals and rightback Tom Parker was their only scoring fullback of the season netting in the league three times to finish third overall for the season
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Southampton entered the 192425 FA Cup in the first round against Third Division South club Exeter City The game was initially played on 10 January 1921 but with the Saints leading 50 through goals from Arthur Dominy two Cliff Price two and Tom Parker it was abandoned after 80 minutes due to the foggy weather conditions According to club historians some Saints fans went on to the pitch in an effort to let the game go on but the referee was adamant and the fixture was abandoned The game was replayed four days later at The Dell with the hosts winning 31 thanks to goals from Dominy Price and Bill Rawlings In the second round the club hosted Brighton Hove Albion also of the Third Division South who they beat by a single goal following an early penalty which was converted by Parker Second Division rivals Bradford City travelled to The Dell for the third round fixture with Southampton winning 20 through Dominy and George Harkus to advance to the quarterfinals In the fourth round of the tournament Southampton in a fourth consecutive home tie hosted former First Division champions Liverpool who had eliminated them in the third round the previous season following a replay at Anfield This time the hosts were victorious in the initial meeting with Rawlings scoring the only goal of the game to send the Saints through to their first FA Cup semifinal since the 190708 season In the semifinal Southampton faced First Division side Sheffield United at Stamford Bridge the home ground of Chelsea Harkus came close to opening the scoring in the first half but shot wide with only the goalkeeper to beat Later in the half Parker sliced the ball past his own goalkeeper Tommy Allen to put United ahead In the second half Parker also missed a penalty following a foul on Rawlings in the area and before the end of the match United doubled their lead after a mixup between the Saints rightback and goalkeeper eliminating the Second Division side
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Player details
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FA Cup
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192526 Southampton FC season
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The 192526 FA Cup was the first edition of the competition in which all First Division and Second Division clubs entered at the third round Southampton entered the tournament at home to Liverpool who they were facing for the third consecutive year they had lost in 192324 and had won in 192425 The hosts entered the game with regular starters Bert Shelley and Cliff Price unavailable due to injury and during the match goalkeeper Tommy Allen suffered bruised ribs in a collision with defender Michael Keeping forcing him to leave the field Halfback Arthur Bradford took over in goal and the Saints held on for a goalless draw In the replay at Anfield four days later Southampton succumbed to a 10 defeat by the topflight side with Dick Forshaw scoring the only goal of the game after 65 minutes
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At the end of the 192425 season several players left Southampton Amongst the departures were a number of players who had spent only a season with the club outsideleft Fred Price joined Wolverhampton Wanderers Scottish centrehalf John Callagher signed for Third Division North side Wigan Borough righthalf Dennis Jones left for Midland League champions Mansfield Town and outsideright Tommy Broad was sold to Weymouth in the Southern League Albert Barrett a winghalf who had only joined from West Ham United in February left in June to join Fulham Scottish forward Willie McCall joined Queen of the South on a permanent basis in September having spent the previous season on loan at the club The club also added several players in the summer signing outsideright Cuthbert Coundon from North Eastern League club Jarrow insideleft Frank Matthews from Second Division rivals Barnsley and Welsh forward Ernest Turner from Third Division South side Merthyr Town One of the later signings of the summer was goalkeeper Len Hill who joined from Queens Park Rangers in June 1925 Regular keeper Tommy Allen had turned down a new contract at the club leading to the signing of Hill as his replacement Allen later agreed to new terms in October and returned to his place as firstchoice Southampton goalkeeper with Hill making sporadic appearances later in the season Transfer activity continued throughout the season In December 1925 the club signed insideforward Jim Swinden from Salisbury City following a trial in which he scored two goals on his debut for the reserve side against Folkestone In March 1926 righthalf Bill Adams joined from Southern League side Guildford United Needing money to purchase the freehold of The Dell Southampton sold mainstay fullbacks Fred Titmuss and Tom Parker in early 1926 the former in February to Plymouth Argyle for PS1750 the latter in March to Arsenal for PS3250 which caused uproar amongst supporters Players transferred in Players transferred out
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FA Cup
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Background and transfers
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192526 Southampton FC season
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At the end of the 192425 season several players left Southampton Amongst the departures were a number of players who had spent only a season with the club outsideleft Fred Price joined Wolverhampton Wanderers Scottish centrehalf John Callagher signed for Third Division North side Wigan Borough righthalf Dennis Jones left for Midland League champions Mansfield Town and outsideright Tommy Broad was sold to Weymouth in the Southern League Albert Barrett a winghalf who had only joined from West Ham United in February left in June to join Fulham Scottish forward Willie McCall joined Queen of the South on a permanent basis in September having spent the previous season on loan at the club The club also added several players in the summer signing outsideright Cuthbert Coundon from North Eastern League club Jarrow insideleft Frank Matthews from Second Division rivals Barnsley and Welsh forward Ernest Turner from Third Division South side Merthyr Town One of the later signings of the summer was goalkeeper Len Hill who joined from Queens Park Rangers in June 1925 Regular keeper Tommy Allen had turned down a new contract at the club leading to the signing of Hill as his replacement Allen later agreed to new terms in October and returned to his place as firstchoice Southampton goalkeeper with Hill making sporadic appearances later in the season Transfer activity continued throughout the season In December 1925 the club signed insideforward Jim Swinden from Salisbury City following a trial in which he scored two goals on his debut for the reserve side against Folkestone In March 1926 righthalf Bill Adams joined from Southern League side Guildford United Needing money to purchase the freehold of The Dell Southampton sold mainstay fullbacks Fred Titmuss and Tom Parker in early 1926 the former in February to Plymouth Argyle for PS1750 the latter in March to Arsenal for PS3250 which caused uproar amongst supporters Players transferred in Players transferred out
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Southampton used 29 different players during the 192526 season 14 of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout the campaign using two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Lefthalf Stan Woodhouse made the most appearances during the season playing in 37 of 42 league matches both FA Cup matches and the Rowland Hospital Cup Centreforward Bill Rawlings missed seven league games while outsideright Bill Henderson appeared in all but eight league games and the Rowland Hospital Cup Rawlings finished the season as the clubs top scorer with 20 goals in the league and one in the Hampshire Benevolent Cup Insideleft Cliff Price scored seven goals in his 16 league appearances Woodhouse was the topscoring halfback of the season with two league goals and Michael Keeping was the topscoring fullback with two goals in the Second Division and one in the Rowland Hospital Cup
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Background and transfers
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Player details
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192627 Southampton FC season
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Southampton used 22 different players during the 192627 season eleven of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout the campaign using two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Michael Keeping first choice at leftback since the departure of Fred Titmuss at the end of the previous campaign played in every league and FA Cup game of the season missing only the Hampshire Benevolent Cup Similarly rightback Ted Hough first choice following the sale of Tom Parker appeared in all but one league match during the campaign Goalkeeper Tommy Allen also featured in all league and FA Cup matches missing only the two seasonend fixtures against Portsmouth Centreforward Bill Rawlings finished as the seasons top scorer with 23 goals in the league five in the FA Cup and two in the Hampshire Benevolent Cup New signing Dick Rowley scored 13 times in the league five times in the FA Cup and twice in the Hampshire Benevolent Cup George Harkus and Keeping were the clubs highestscoring halfback and fullback respectively each with a goal each in the Second Division and the FA Cup
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Southampton entered the 192627 FA Cup in the third round against Third Division South club Norwich City who they beat 30 at The Dell thanks to a brace from Dick Rowley and a penalty from Michael Keeping The fourth round was another home tie for the Saints this time against First Division side Birmingham The lower league team beat the Blues comfortably winning 41 thanks to goals from Rowley Bill Rawlings two and George Harkus Birminghams England international centreforward Joe Bradford saw a penalty during the match saved by Tommy Allen A tenth consecutive home fixture in the competition for the fifth round saw Southampton host another First Division side Newcastle United who were then top of the league table The Magpies initially took the lead through a Tommy McDonald penalty following a handball by Keeping but a second brace in three cup games for Rowley as well as some resolute defending saw off the soontobe English Football League champions In the quarterfinals Southampton travelled to The Den to face Third Division South club Millwall on 5 March The game ended in a goalless draw forcing a replay at The Dell four days later which the Saints won thanks to Rawlings second brace in the competition Wilf Phillips missed a penalty during the game for the hosts In their second FA Cup semifinal in three years the club faced First Division side Arsenal at Stamford Bridge the home of Chelsea The Gunners took the lead following an own goal by Saints rightback Ted Hough and doubled their lead later through Charlie Buchan Rawlings pulled one back for the Second Division side late on before the game was shrouded in controversy According to Southampton director A A Wood the team were denied three penalties in the final minutes of the game In the words of one Londonbased newspaper there was at least one palpable penalty ignored by the referee which robbed Southampton of their first place in an FA Cup final in 25 years
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Player details
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FA Cup
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192627 Southampton FC season
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Southampton entered the 192627 FA Cup in the third round against Third Division South club Norwich City who they beat 30 at The Dell thanks to a brace from Dick Rowley and a penalty from Michael Keeping The fourth round was another home tie for the Saints this time against First Division side Birmingham The lower league team beat the Blues comfortably winning 41 thanks to goals from Rowley Bill Rawlings two and George Harkus Birminghams England international centreforward Joe Bradford saw a penalty during the match saved by Tommy Allen A tenth consecutive home fixture in the competition for the fifth round saw Southampton host another First Division side Newcastle United who were then top of the league table The Magpies initially took the lead through a Tommy McDonald penalty following a handball by Keeping but a second brace in three cup games for Rowley as well as some resolute defending saw off the soontobe English Football League champions In the quarterfinals Southampton travelled to The Den to face Third Division South club Millwall on 5 March The game ended in a goalless draw forcing a replay at The Dell four days later which the Saints won thanks to Rawlings second brace in the competition Wilf Phillips missed a penalty during the game for the hosts In their second FA Cup semifinal in three years the club faced First Division side Arsenal at Stamford Bridge the home of Chelsea The Gunners took the lead following an own goal by Saints rightback Ted Hough and doubled their lead later through Charlie Buchan Rawlings pulled one back for the Second Division side late on before the game was shrouded in controversy According to Southampton director A A Wood the team were denied three penalties in the final minutes of the game In the words of one Londonbased newspaper there was at least one palpable penalty ignored by the referee which robbed Southampton of their first place in an FA Cup final in 25 years
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Following the end of the 192526 season Southampton underwent several major changes in playing personnel The most significant was the departure of insideright Arthur Dominy to join First Division club Everton who had reportedly been trying to sign him since as early as 1920 In a 13year career at The Dell which began before the First World War Dominy made a total of 392 appearances for the Saints and scored 155 goals which at the time placed him second on the clubs list of alltime appearances and third on the clubs list of top goalscorers He was replaced in the team by Sam Taylor who joined from Mansfield Town in June 1926 for a club record fee of PS950 Taylor soon switched to the left side with fellow new arrival Dick Rowley taking over for the rest of the season after joining from Swindon Town Alf Bishop and Billy Murphy signed in August from St Albans City and Manchester City respectively Bishop remained only until January when his contract was cancelled and he left to join Wellington Town In addition to Dominy eight more players left Southampton in the summer of 1926 Halfback Alec Campbell left the club for the third and final time in his career to join Southern League club Poole Scottish winger Jimmy Carr signed for fellow Second Division side Swansea Town in May centreforward Les Bruton joined Peterborough Fletton United of the Southern League in June goalkeeper Len Hill left for Third Division North side Rochdale after just one season at The Dell outoffavour insideforward Cliff Price remained in the Second Division with Nottingham Forest and winger Sammy Meston joined Third Division South side Gillingham in August At the end of the 192526 season insideforward Ernest Turner temporarily retired from football and relocated to Canada before returning to sign for Luton Town at the end of the year Goalkeeper Harry Yeomans also left the club and retired from football altogether joining the Southampton police force after less than four years as a professional player Players transferred in Players transferred out Players released Players retired
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FA Cup
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Background and transfers
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193132 Southampton FC season
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At the end of the 193031 season several players left Southampton Scottish insideright Jerry Mackie retired from football having scored 24 times in 84 appearances during a threeyear career with the Saints Insideleft Laurie Cumming who had fallen out of favour after his temperament became suspect joined Scottish club Alloa Athletic Leftback Ted Hough who had been at the club for almost ten years signed for Southamptons local rivals Portsmouth in the First Division who paid PS200 for the player Insideleft Ernie Warren also left the Saints for a second time signing for Southern League side Peterborough Fletton United Centrehalf Bill Stoddart joined Third Division South club Bristol Rovers in July and insideright Billy Stage left to join Great Harwood in the Lancashire Combination in August New Saints manager George Kay also signed three players during the summer First was insideright Frank Osborne from Tottenham Hotspur in June who cost the club PS450 Also brought in was amateur centreforward Ted Drake from Winchester City who signed a professional contract in November In August insideforward Henry OGrady joined from Port Vale in August Later in September Welsh winger Frank Matson signed from Cardiff City having previously made a guest appearance for the Saints in the 1931 Hampshire Benevolent Cup Arthur Holt also signed from Hampshire League side Totton on amateur terms the same month although would not turn professional until the following October Also in September outsideleft Reg Watson was transferred to Rochdale In October the club signed Charlie Sillett from Barking Town who initially filled in at centreforward and later played in several other positions Amateur forward Bill Charlton joined from Middlesex Wanderers in December During a period described by club historians as an injury crisis former centrehalf George Harkus rejoined the club in February alongside new Saints Supporters Clubfunded outsideright Dick Neal from Derby County With relegation to the Third Division South still a possibility Southampton added another forward in March when they signed Tom Brewis from York City after securing a loan from a club director due to financial difficulties Outsideright Peter Cowper left around the same time to join Southport having submitted a transfer request more than a year earlier The final transfer was a trial for Witton Albion righthalf Henry Belcher in April Players transferred in Players transferred out Players given trials Players retired
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Southampton entered the 193132 FA Cup in the third round against First Division side Sunderland who had knocked them out at the same stage the previous season The match took place at Roker Park on 9 January and ended as a goalless draw with club historians highlighting the defensive performances of goalkeeper Bert Scriven rightback Bill Adams and centrehalf Arthur Bradford while suggesting that Had Charlie Sillett made the most of his opportunities then there would have been no need for a replay In the replay at The Dell four days later the topflight visitors quickly asserted their dominance in the first half with three goals against the sluggish hosts The Saints reacted in the second half with goals from Sillett and Michael Keeping giving the Second Division side a chance of a comeback however a glorious opportunity missed by Johnny Arnold and a penalty for Sunderland later on sent Southampton out of the tournament in the third round for the fifth consecutive season
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Background and transfers
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FA Cup
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193132 Southampton FC season
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Southampton entered the 193132 FA Cup in the third round against First Division side Sunderland who had knocked them out at the same stage the previous season The match took place at Roker Park on 9 January and ended as a goalless draw with club historians highlighting the defensive performances of goalkeeper Bert Scriven rightback Bill Adams and centrehalf Arthur Bradford while suggesting that Had Charlie Sillett made the most of his opportunities then there would have been no need for a replay In the replay at The Dell four days later the topflight visitors quickly asserted their dominance in the first half with three goals against the sluggish hosts The Saints reacted in the second half with goals from Sillett and Michael Keeping giving the Second Division side a chance of a comeback however a glorious opportunity missed by Johnny Arnold and a penalty for Sunderland later on sent Southampton out of the tournament in the third round for the fifth consecutive season
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Southampton used 34 different players during the 193132 season 16 of whom scored during the campaign The team played in a 235 formation throughout using two fullbacks three halfbacks two outside forwards two inside forwards and a centreforward Club captain Bill Adams made the most appearances for the club during the campaign playing in every match of the season except the Hampshire Benevolent Cup Lefthalf Bill Luckett appeared in all but four league games and outsideleft Johnny Arnold featured in all but five league fixtures the Hampshire Benevolent Cup and the Rowland Hospital Cup Arnold finished as the seasons top scorer with 20 goals in the Second Division and one in the Hampshire Combination Cup followed by Arthur Haddleton on ten league goals and Arthur Wilson who scored seven in the competition Johnny McIlwaine was the highestscoring halfback of the season with two goals while fullbacks Charlie Sillett and Michael Keeping scored five and three goals respectively
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FA Cup
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Player details
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1939 Coventry bombing
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In April 1938 Sean Russell was elected to the IRA Army Council in absentia Shortly thereafter he secured sufficient support within the Army Council for himself to be named Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army At Russells request a leading volunteer within the organisation Seamus ODonovan authored a strategic plan to extend the IRAs military campaign to mainland Britain with the aim to pressure the British government to withdraw from Northern Ireland This strategy was named the Sabotage Campaign colloquially known as the SPlan ODonovans strategy was to continually target economic military and civic infrastructure within mainland Britain with the targets to be located across the entire mainland and the methods not simply limited to bombings but to include other forms of sabotage and those committing the acts to be mainlandbased Irish citizens residing within and around centres of population where they could operate with little chance of their acts drawing attention The plan was approved in August 1938 the first acts of the campaign occurred in January the following year By August 1939 mainland Britain had been the target of numerous SPlan atrocities with Coventry being the chosen target in at least six instances although none of the bombings and arson attacks within the city had resulted in fatalities The leader of the Coventry IRA cell was James McCormick who used the alias James Richards
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At approximately 1340 on 25 August 1939 an unknown IRA member left the bicycle containing the bomb standing against a kerb outside Astleys shop in the busy Broadgate area of Coventry At 1432 the 51 lb 23 kg bomb exploded killing five people and injuring seventymany severely Contemporary news reports describe the vicinity of the explosion as resembling a miniature battlefield and indicate uninjured bystanders covered the bodies of the deceased with overcoats The majority of those wounded in the explosion received treatment for their injuries at Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital One of the most seriously injured 43yearold Harold Murdock would die on 16 April 1940 Although his death was officially ruled as being due to natural causes the coroner ruled at the inquest into Murdocks death that his demise was likely accelerated by the injuries sustained in the bombing The final survivor to be released from hospital was 14yearold Muriel Timms who sustained severe leg injuries and remained hospitalized until February 1940
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Background
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The bombing
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1939 Coventry bombing
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At approximately 1340 on 25 August 1939 an unknown IRA member left the bicycle containing the bomb standing against a kerb outside Astleys shop in the busy Broadgate area of Coventry At 1432 the 51 lb 23 kg bomb exploded killing five people and injuring seventymany severely Contemporary news reports describe the vicinity of the explosion as resembling a miniature battlefield and indicate uninjured bystanders covered the bodies of the deceased with overcoats The majority of those wounded in the explosion received treatment for their injuries at Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital One of the most seriously injured 43yearold Harold Murdock would die on 16 April 1940 Although his death was officially ruled as being due to natural causes the coroner ruled at the inquest into Murdocks death that his demise was likely accelerated by the injuries sustained in the bombing The final survivor to be released from hospital was 14yearold Muriel Timms who sustained severe leg injuries and remained hospitalized until February 1940
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Suspicion almost immediately fell upon the IRA and the bombing stoked considerable antiIrish sentiment in Coventry Many Irish people living in the city at the time of the bombing found that public attitude had generally turned against them despite the fact the vast majority of Irish people in the city had neither sympathy for or connections with the IRA Some Irish citizens were told to find new lodgings whilst strike action was threatened in several local factories unless they withdrew all 2000 Irish labourers An antiIRA protest march was also staged in Baginton by employees of Armstrong Whitworth although those participating in the march publicly emphasised that the protest was not directed against peaceful Irishmen The chief constable of Coventry was also forced to issue a public denial of rumors he was Irish stating that he was a perfectly good Somerset man who had never even set foot in Ireland
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The bombing
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Initial reaction
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193940 Northern Rugby Football League Wartime Emergency League season
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In April 1940 eight of the Lancashire clubs agreed to play in a new league called the Lancashire Summer Competition The teams were split into two groups of four with the two group leaders meeting in a singlelegged playoff final on 22 June The two groups titled East and West comprised Barrow Liverpool Stanley Warrington and Wigan in the East group with Broughton Rangers Leigh Salford and Swinton in the West group Players from the four teams who had decided not to enter were not allowed to play as guests in the competition The games were to be played as a twolegged knockout tournament in the same manner as the Lancashire Cup Fixtures began on 11 May with Broughton Rangers playing Leigh but within two weeks Barrow and Swinton withdrew from the competition With only six teams left in the competition the league committee decided to abandon the competition at the end of May
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Wilsons proposal which was accepted on 11 September was for the league to run as two parallel county competitions a Yorkshire Competition and a Lancashire Competition under the umbrella name of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Emergency Period League The leagues would be played on a simple home and away basis gate money was to be split equally between the two clubs after deducting player expenses and travel expenses for 15 players of the away club Players expenses were limited to 10s per game plus meal expenses if they had to travel more than 25 miles 402 km to an away game These allowances replaced any previous contractual arrangements between the players and the clubs and in effect removed the professional status from the players Referees were to be allowed 10s plus travel expenses and touch judges 5s plus travel expenses Players were also allowed to play for another club if that club was closer to home or work subject to agreement of their first club This was to alleviate travelling for players who worked away No intercompetition games were planned but in January 1940 it was proposed and agreed that there should be a twolegged final between the winner of each competition to decide the overall league champions Clubs were asked to notify Wilson as soon as possible if they intended to play in the competitions In the end all 27 clubs including those like Salford and Wigan who had previously decided to cease operating had entered when the fixture list was issued The rules also allowed alternative venues to be used if a clubs home ground was unavailable either temporarily or permanently Broughton Rangers home ground Belle Vue was unavailable to them all season so they played at a variety of other grounds while Salford and Swinton shared Swintons Station Road
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Lancashire Summer Competition
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County competitions
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193940 Northern Rugby Football League Wartime Emergency League season
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Wilsons proposal which was accepted on 11 September was for the league to run as two parallel county competitions a Yorkshire Competition and a Lancashire Competition under the umbrella name of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Emergency Period League The leagues would be played on a simple home and away basis gate money was to be split equally between the two clubs after deducting player expenses and travel expenses for 15 players of the away club Players expenses were limited to 10s per game plus meal expenses if they had to travel more than 25 miles 402 km to an away game These allowances replaced any previous contractual arrangements between the players and the clubs and in effect removed the professional status from the players Referees were to be allowed 10s plus travel expenses and touch judges 5s plus travel expenses Players were also allowed to play for another club if that club was closer to home or work subject to agreement of their first club This was to alleviate travelling for players who worked away No intercompetition games were planned but in January 1940 it was proposed and agreed that there should be a twolegged final between the winner of each competition to decide the overall league champions Clubs were asked to notify Wilson as soon as possible if they intended to play in the competitions In the end all 27 clubs including those like Salford and Wigan who had previously decided to cease operating had entered when the fixture list was issued The rules also allowed alternative venues to be used if a clubs home ground was unavailable either temporarily or permanently Broughton Rangers home ground Belle Vue was unavailable to them all season so they played at a variety of other grounds while Salford and Swinton shared Swintons Station Road
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The planned 193940 season had begun as scheduled on Saturday 26 August 1939 with 27 clubs starting the season This was one less than the previous season as St Helens Recs had disbanded at the end of the 193839 season The withdrawal of St Helens Recs required a change in the way fixtures were organised With 28 clubs in the league each club was a member of the 14 team Lancashire League or the 14 team Yorkshire League The actual geographical split of clubs was 15 clubs based in Yorkshire and 13 in Lancashire so Halifax played as a member of the Lancashire League Each teams fixture list comprised a home and away fixture against all the teams in their county league 26 as well as home and away fixtures against seven teams in the other county league 14 for a total of 40 games With only 27 clubs the Leagues secretary John Wilson proposed a 36game season for each club with Halifax remaining in the Lancashire league and Dewsbury who were the lowest finishing Yorkshire team in the previous season playing as a member of neither county league For the purposes of determining fixture lists Dewsbury would be considered the 14th team of both county leagues Excepting Dewsbury each teams fixture list would comprise the other teams in their own county league 24 games together with six teams from the other county 12 games Dewsburys opponents would be nine clubs from each county At the Leagues annual general meeting on 7 June 1939 the clubs accepted Wilsons proposal regarding the positions of Halifax and Dewsbury but voted for a 40game fixture list instead of Wilsons 36 game proposal The fixture lists were issued later in June Each team except Dewsbury had home and away fixtures against all the teams in their own county league 24 games They also had home and away fixtures against eight teams in the other county league 16 games Dewsburys fixture list comprised home and away fixtures against 10 teams from each county league A full programme of games was played up to Saturday 2 September By that date most clubs had played two or three games as some clubs had played midweek matches
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County competitions
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Planned season
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Subsets and Splits
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