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A mating system is a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behaviour. The precise meaning depends upon the context. With respect to animals , the term describes which males and females mate under which circumstances. Recognised systems include monogamy , polygamy (which includes polygyny , polyandry ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_system |
Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sexes in multicellular lifeforms and are thought to be the ancestor to distinct sexes . They also occur in multicellular organisms such as fungi.
Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sex in higher organisms [ 1 ] and occur in isogamous species. [ 2 ] Dependi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_type |
In mathematics , a Diophantine equation is an equation of the form P ( x 1 , ..., x j , y 1 , ..., y k ) = 0 (usually abbreviated P ( x , y ) = 0) where P ( x , y ) is a polynomial with integer coefficients , where x 1 , ..., x j indicate parameters and y 1 , ..., y k indicate unknowns.
A Diophantine set is a subset S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiyasevich's_theorem |
In algebra , Matlis duality is a duality between Artinian and Noetherian modules over a complete Noetherian local ring . In the special case when the local ring has a field [ clarification needed ] mapping to the residue field it is closely related to earlier work by Francis Sowerby Macaulay on polynomial rings and is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlis_duality |
Matriphagy is the consumption of the mother by her offspring . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The behavior generally takes place within the first few weeks of life and has been documented in some species of insects , nematode worms , pseudoscorpions , and other arachnids as well as in caecilian amphibians . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
The specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriphagy |
Matrix-M is a vaccine adjuvant , a substance that is added to various vaccines to stimulate the immune response . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was patented in 2020 by Novavax [ 4 ] and is composed of nanoparticles from saponins extracted from Quillaja saponaria (soapbark) trees, cholesterol , and phospholipids . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-M |
In mass spectrometry , matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ( MALDI ) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. [ 1 ] It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules ( biopolymers such as DNA , proteins , peptides and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization |
In chemical analysis , matrix refers to the components of a sample other than the analyte [ 1 ] of interest. The matrix can have a considerable effect on the way the analysis is conducted and the quality of the results are obtained; such effects are called matrix effects. [ 2 ] For example, the ionic strength of the so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(chemical_analysis) |
For certain applications in linear algebra , it is useful to know properties of the probability distribution of the largest eigenvalue of a finite sum of random matrices . Suppose { X k } {\displaystyle \{\mathbf {X} _{k}\}} is a finite sequence of random matrices. Analogous to the well-known Chernoff bound for sums ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_Chernoff_bound |
The Matrix Market exchange formats are a set of human readable , ASCII -based file formats designed to facilitate the exchange of matrix data. The file formats were designed and adopted for the Matrix Market, a NIST repository for test data for use in comparative studies of algorithms for numerical linear algebra . [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_Market_exchange_formats |
In mathematics , matrix addition is the operation of adding two matrices by adding the corresponding entries together.
For a vector , v → {\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\!} , adding two matrices would have the geometric effect of applying each matrix transformation separately onto v → {\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\!} , then add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_addition |
In mathematics , particularly in linear algebra and applications, matrix analysis is the study of matrices and their algebraic properties. [ 1 ] Some particular topics out of many include; operations defined on matrices (such as matrix addition , matrix multiplication and operations derived from these), functions of ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_analysis |
In mathematics , two square matrices A and B over a field are called congruent if there exists an invertible matrix P over the same field such that
where "T" denotes the matrix transpose . Matrix congruence is an equivalence relation .
Matrix congruence arises when considering the effect of change of basis on the Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_congruence |
A matrix difference equation is a difference equation in which the value of a vector (or sometimes, a matrix) of variables at one point in time is related to its own value at one or more previous points in time, using matrices . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The order of the equation is the maximum time gap between any two indicated val... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_difference_equation |
In physics, particularly in quantum perturbation theory , the matrix element refers to the linear operator of a modified Hamiltonian using Dirac notation . It is in fact referring to the matrix elements of a Hamiltonian operator which serves the purpose of calculating transition probabilities between different quantum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_element_(physics) |
Matrix factorization is a class of collaborative filtering algorithms used in recommender systems . Matrix factorization algorithms work by decomposing the user-item interaction matrix into the product of two lower dimensionality rectangular matrices. [ 1 ] This family of methods became widely known during the Netflix ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_factorization_(recommender_systems) |
In mathematics, a matrix factorization of a polynomial is a technique for factoring irreducible polynomials with matrices . David Eisenbud proved that every multivariate real-valued polynomial p without linear terms can be written as AB = pI , where A and B are square matrices and I is the identity matrix . [ 1 ] Given... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_factorization_of_a_polynomial |
Matrix isolation is an experimental technique used in chemistry and physics . It generally involves a material being trapped within an unreactive matrix . A host matrix is a continuous solid phase in which guest particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) are embedded. The guest is said to be isolated within the host matr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_isolation |
Matrix mechanics is a formulation of quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg , Max Born , and Pascual Jordan in 1925. It was the first conceptually autonomous and logically consistent formulation of quantum mechanics. Its account of quantum jumps supplanted the Bohr model 's electron orbits . It did so by interp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_mechanics |
A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor ( INN stem –mastat [ 1 ] ) inhibits matrix metalloproteinases . Because they inhibit cell migration , they have antiangiogenic effects. They are endogenous or exogenous.
The most notorious endogenous metalloproteinases are tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases , followed by carti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_metalloproteinase_inhibitor |
In linear algebra , a matrix pencil is a matrix -valued polynomial function defined on a field K {\displaystyle K} , usually the real or complex numbers .
Let K {\displaystyle K} be a field (typically, K ∈ { R , C } {\displaystyle K\in \{\mathbb {R} ,\mathbb {C} \}} ; the definition can be generalized to rngs ), let ℓ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_pencil |
In mathematics, a matrix polynomial is a polynomial with square matrices as variables. Given an ordinary, scalar-valued polynomial
this polynomial evaluated at a matrix A {\displaystyle A} is
where I {\displaystyle I} is the identity matrix . [ 1 ]
Note that P ( A ) {\displaystyle P(A)} has the same dimension as A {... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_polynomial |
In mathematics , the matrix sign function is a matrix function on square matrices analogous to the complex sign function . [ 1 ]
It was introduced by J.D. Roberts in 1971 as a tool for model reduction and for solving Lyapunov and Algebraic Riccati equation in a technical report of Cambridge University , which was late... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_sign_function |
Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano , 563 U.S. 27 (2011), is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States regarding whether a plaintiff can state a claim for securities fraud under §10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , as amended, 15 U.S.C. §78j(b) , and Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrixx_Initiatives,_Inc._v._Siracusano |
Matthew Nagle (October 16, 1979 – July 24, 2007) was the first person to use a brain–computer interface to restore functionality lost due to paralysis . He was a C3 tetraplegic , paralyzed from the neck down after being stabbed.
Nagle attended Weymouth High School (Class of 1998). He was an exceptional athlete and a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Nagle |
The Mattauch isobar rule , formulated by Josef Mattauch in 1934, states that if two adjacent elements on the periodic table have isotopes of the same mass number , one of the isotopes must be radioactive . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Two nuclides that have the same mass number ( isobars ) can both be stable only if their atomic number... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattauch_isobar_rule |
Matte is a term used in the field of pyrometallurgy given to the molten metal sulfide phases typically formed during smelting of copper , nickel , and other base metals. [ 1 ] Typically, a matte is the phase in which the principal metal being extracted is recovered prior to a final reduction process (usually converting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_(metallurgy) |
Matter is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the general field of materials science . It is published by Cell Press and the editor-in-chief is Steven W. Cranford.
This article about a materials science journal is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
See tips for writing articles about academi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_(journal) |
Even restricting the discussion to physics , scientists do not have a unique definition of what matter is. In the currently known particle physics , summarised by the standard model of elementary particles and interactions, it is possible to distinguish in an absolute sense particles of matter and particles of antimatt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_creation |
Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics , being half of wave–particle duality . At all scales where measurements have been practical, matter exhibits wave -like behavior. For example, a beam of electrons can be diffracted just like a beam of light or a water wave.
The concept that matter beh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave |
A matter wave clock is a type of clock whose principle of operation makes use of the apparent wavelike properties of matter.
Matter waves were first proposed by Louis de Broglie and are sometimes called de Broglie waves. They form a key aspect of wave–particle duality and experiments have since supported the idea. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave_clock |
Mattermost is an open-source , self-hostable online chat service with file sharing, search, and third party application integrations. It is designed as an internal chat for organisations and companies, and mostly markets itself as an open-source alternative to Slack [ 6 ] [ 7 ] and Microsoft Teams .
The code was origi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattermost |
Matteucci effect is the creation of a helical anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility of a magnetostrictive material when subjected to a torque . It is one of the magnetomechanical effects , which is thermodynamically inverse to Wiedemann effect . [ 1 ] This effect was described by Carlo Matteucci in 1858. It is obse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteucci_effect |
Matthew John Fuchter FRSC is a British chemist who is a professor of chemistry at the University of Oxford . [ 1 ] His research focuses on the development and application of novel functional molecular systems to a broad range of areas; from materials to medicine. He has been awarded both the Harrison-Meldola Memorial P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fuchter |
Matthew Jonathan Rosseinsky is a British academic who is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Liverpool . He was awarded the Hughes Medal in 2011 "for his influential discoveries in the synthetic chemistry of solid state electronic materials and novel microporous structures."
He has been awarded the H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rosseinsky |
In physics , the Matthias rules refers to a historical set of empirical guidelines on how to find superconductors . These rules were authored Bernd T. Matthias who discovered hundreds of superconductors using these principles in the 1950s and 1960s. Deviations from these rules have been found since the end of the 1970s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_rules |
Matthieu Brouard was a French theologian, mathematician, philosopher and historian, who was born in Saint-Denis near Paris in 1520, and died in Geneva on July 15, 1576. [ 1 ] He is also known as Matthieu Brouart or Béroalde and (in Latin ) as Mattheus Beroaldus . He taught Greek to the young Thomas Bodley and was the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthieu_Brouard |
The Mattis–Bardeen theory is a theory that describes the electrodynamic properties of superconductivity . It is commonly applied in the research field of optical spectroscopy on superconductors. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
It was derived to explain the anomalous skin effect of superconductors. Originally, the anomalous skin effect in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattis–Bardeen_theory |
Mattr Corp. , formerly known as Shawcor Ltd. , is a Canadian materials technology company, based in Toronto, Ontario, and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange . [ 1 ] It specializes in providing services to the pipeline sector of the oil and gas market. It is one of the largest pipe-coating providers in the world. [ 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattr |
Mature messenger RNA , often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready for translation in the course of protein synthesis . Unlike the eukaryotic RNA immediately after transcription known as precursor messenger RNA , [ 1 ] mature mRNA consists exclusively... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_messenger_RNA |
In petroleum geology , the maturity of a rock is a measure of its state in terms of hydrocarbon generation. Maturity is established using a combination of geochemical and basin modelling techniques.
Rocks with high total organic carbon , (termed source rocks ), will alter under increasing temperature such that the org... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturity_(geology) |
A Maucha diagram , or Maucha symbol , is a graphical representation of the major cations and anions in a chemical sample. R. Maucha [ 1 ] published the symbol in 1932. [ 2 ]
It is mainly used by biologists and chemists for quickly recognising samples by their chemical composition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The symbol is similar in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maucha_diagram |
In classical mechanics , Maupertuis's principle (named after Pierre Louis Maupertuis , 1698 – 1759) states that the path followed by a physical system is the one of least length (with a suitable interpretation of path and length ). [ 1 ] It is a special case of the more generally stated principle of least action . Usi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maupertuis's_principle |
In mathematics , the Maurer–Cartan form for a Lie group G is a distinguished differential one-form on G that carries the basic infinitesimal information about the structure of G . It was much used by Élie Cartan as a basic ingredient of his method of moving frames , and bears his name together with that of Ludwig Maure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurer–Cartan_form |
Maurice Henri Léonard Pirenne (30 May 1912, Verviers –11 October 1978, Oxford ) was a Belgian scientist known for his work in vision physiology.
Pirenne was born to Maria (née Duesberg) and artist Maurice Lucien Henri Joseph Marie Pirenne on 30 May 1912 in Verviers , Belgium. His uncles were medievalist historian, Hen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Henri_Léonard_Pirenne |
Maurice Newman was a painter, sculptor, model maker and photographer. He was the son of Abraham Newman and Tobi Schmukler, and was born in Lithuania in 1898. He was married to Edythe Brenda Tichell from 1930 to his death in 1977. He had one daughter, Rachel Newman .
In his teens, Newman left Lithuania to live in Swi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Newman_(artist) |
Mautner's lemma in representation theory , named after Austrian-American mathematician Friederich Mautner , states that if G is a topological group and π a unitary representation of G on a Hilbert space H , then for any x in G , which has conjugates
converging to the identity element e , for a net of elements y , then... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mautner's_lemma |
Mauveine , also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve , was one of the first synthetic dyes . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856 while he was attempting to synthesise the phytochemical quinine for the treatment of malaria . [ 3 ] It is also among the first chemical dyes t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauveine |
In game theory a max-dominated strategy is a strategy which is not a best response to any strategy profile of the other players. This is an extension to the notion of strictly dominated strategies , which are max-dominated as well.
A strategy s i ∈ S i {\displaystyle s_{i}\in S_{i}} of player i {\displaystyle i} is ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-dominated_strategy |
Max August Zorn ( German: [tsɔʁn] ; June 6, 1906 – March 9, 1993) was a German mathematician . He was an algebraist , group theorist , and numerical analyst . He is best known for Zorn's lemma , a method used in set theory that is applicable to a wide range of mathematical constructs such as vector spaces , and ordered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_August_Zorn |
The Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence ( German : Max-Planck-Institut für biologische Intelligenz ; abbreviated MPI-BI ) is a non-university research institute of the Max Planck Society . The institute is dedicated to basic research on topics in behavioral ecology , evolutionary biology and neuroscience .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biological_Intelligence |
The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids (MPI CPfS) ( German : Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe ) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society . Located in Dresden , Germany, the institute primarily conducts basic research in the natural sciences in the fields of physics and ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemical_Physics_of_Solids |
The Max Rubner Institute (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food is a higher federal authority of the Federal Republic of Germany in the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL). The research focus is on consumer health protection in the nutrition sector. In this field, the MRI a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rubner_Institute |
Max Valier was a 15 kg (33 lb) X-ray telescopic satellite which was built in collaboration with the Technologische Fachoberschule "Max Valier" in Bozen , the Technologische Fachoberschule "Oskar von Miller" in Meran and the Amateurastronomen "Max Valier". The Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics provided the small X-r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Valier_(satellite) |
The max q , or maximum dynamic pressure , condition is the point when an aerospace vehicle's atmospheric flight reaches the maximum difference between the fluid dynamics total pressure and the ambient static pressure . For an airplane , this occurs at the maximum speed at minimum altitude corner of the flight envelope ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_q |
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert in 1976–1977. This method is based on nucleobase -specific partial chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage of the DNA backbone at sites adjacent to the modified nucleotides . [ 1 ]
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxam–Gilbert_sequencing |
Maxim Nikolaevich Chernodub [ 2 ] (born June 7, 1973) is a French physicist of Ukrainian descent best known for his postulation of the magnetic-field-induced superconductivity of the vacuum .
Chernodub attended Lycée 145 in Kyiv from 1980 to 1990. He earned a bachelor's degree and a Master of Science, at the Moscow In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Chernodub |
In abstract algebra , particularly ring theory , maximal common divisors are an abstraction of the number theory concept of greatest common divisor (GCD). This definition is slightly more general than GCDs, and may exist in rings in which GCDs do not. Halter-Koch (1998) provides the following definition. [ 1 ]
d ∈ H {... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_common_divisor |
The maximal ergodic theorem is a theorem in ergodic theory , a discipline within mathematics .
Suppose that ( X , B , μ ) {\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {B}},\mu )} is a probability space , that T : X → X {\displaystyle T:X\to X} is a (possibly noninvertible) measure-preserving transformation , and that f ∈ L 1 ( μ , R )... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_ergodic_theorem |
In statistics , the maximal information coefficient ( MIC ) is a measure of the strength of the linear or non-linear association between two variables X and Y .
The MIC belongs to the maximal information-based nonparametric exploration (MINE) class of statistics. [ 1 ] In a simulation study, MIC outperformed some sele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_information_coefficient |
In abstract algebra , a branch of mathematics , a maximal semilattice quotient is a commutative monoid derived from another commutative monoid by making certain elements equivalent to each other.
Every commutative monoid can be endowed with its algebraic preordering ≤ . By definition, x≤ y holds, if there exists z suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximal_semilattice_quotient |
Maximally informative dimensions is a dimensionality reduction technique used in the statistical analyses of neural responses . Specifically, it is a way of projecting a stimulus onto a low-dimensional subspace so that as much information as possible about the stimulus is preserved in the neural response. It is motivat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximally_informative_dimensions |
In graph theory , a maximally matchable edge in a graph is an edge that is included in at least one maximum-cardinality matching in the graph. [ 1 ] An alternative term is allowed edge . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
A fundamental problem in matching theory is: given a graph G , find the set of all maximally matchable edges in G. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximally_matchable_edge |
Maximilian Fichtner (born 1961 in Heidelberg, Germany) is professor for Solid State Chemistry at the Ulm University and executive director of the Helmholtz Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU).
Fichtner was educated in Food Chemistry and Chemistry at the University Karlsruhe, now Karlsruhe Institute ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Fichtner |
Maximilien Winter (1871–1935) was a French philosopher of mathematics.
In 1893 Winter helped Xavier Léon to found the Revue de métaphysique et de morale . After the First World War Winter ran the Supplément of the Revue until his death in 1935. [ 1 ]
This biography of a French philosopher is a stub . You can help Wik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Winter |
Maximization is a style of decision-making characterized by seeking the best option through an exhaustive search through alternatives. It is contrasted with satisficing , in which individuals evaluate options until they find one that is "good enough".
The distinction between "maximizing" and "satisficing" was first ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximization_(psychology) |
An estimation procedure that is often claimed to be part of Bayesian statistics is the maximum a posteriori ( MAP ) estimate of an unknown quantity, that equals the mode of the posterior density with respect to some reference measure, typically the Lebesgue measure . The MAP can be used to obtain a point estimate of an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_a_posteriori_estimation |
The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) is a value that is calculated through aquatic toxicity tests to help set water quality regulations for the protection of aquatic life. Using the results of a partial life-cycle chronic toxicity test, the MATC is reported as the geometric mean between the No Observed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_acceptable_toxicant_concentration |
Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure ( MAOP ) is a pressure limit set, usually by a government body, which applies to compressed gas pressure vessels , pipelines , and storage tanks . For pipelines, this value is derived from Barlow's Formula , which takes into account wall thickness, diameter, allowable stress (which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_allowable_operating_pressure |
A maximum clade credibility tree is a tree that summarises the results of a Bayesian phylogenetic inference . Whereas a majority-rule tree combines the most common clades , and usually yields a tree that wasn't sampled in the analysis, the maximum-credibility method evaluates each of the sampled posterior trees. Each ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_clade_credibility_tree |
In graph theory and theoretical computer science , a maximum common induced subgraph of two graphs G and H is a graph that is an induced subgraph of both G and H ,
and that has as many vertices as possible.
Finding this graph is NP-hard .
In the associated decision problem , the input is two graphs G and H and a numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_common_induced_subgraph |
The maximum density of a substance is the highest attainable density of the substance under given conditions.
Almost all known substances undergo thermal expansion in response to heating, meaning that a given mass of substance contracts to a low volume at low temperatures , when little thermal energy is present. Subs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_density |
In magnetics , the maximum energy product is an important figure-of-merit for the strength of a permanent magnet material. It is often denoted ( BH ) max and is typically given in units of either kJ/m 3 (kilojoules per cubic meter, in SI electromagnetism) or MGOe (mega- gauss - oersted , in gaussian electromagnetism ).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_energy_product |
In statistics and information theory , a maximum entropy probability distribution has entropy that is at least as great as that of all other members of a specified class of probability distributions . According to the principle of maximum entropy , if nothing is known about a distribution except that it belongs to a ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_probability_distribution |
In physics , maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics ) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes. More specifically, MaxEnt applies inference techniques rooted in Shannon information theory , Bayesian probability , and the principle of maximum entropy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_entropy_thermodynamics |
Maximum life span (or, for humans , maximum reported age at death ) is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population have been observed to survive between birth and death . The term can also denote an estimate of the maximum amount of time that a member of a given species could survive bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_life_span |
Maximum likelihood sequence estimation ( MLSE ) is a mathematical algorithm that extracts useful data from a noisy data stream.
For an optimized detector for digital signals the priority is not to reconstruct the transmitter signal, but it should do a best estimation of the transmitted data with the least possible num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_sequence_estimation |
In mathematics , the maximum modulus principle in complex analysis states that if f {\displaystyle f} is a holomorphic function , then the modulus | f | {\displaystyle |f|} cannot exhibit a strict maximum that is strictly within the domain of f {\displaystyle f} .
In other words, either f {\displaystyle f} is locally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_modulus_principle |
In phylogenetics and computational phylogenetics , maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes (or minimizes the cost of differentially weighted character-state changes). Under the maximum-parsimony criterion, the optimal tre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics) |
The maximum power principle or Lotka's principle [ 1 ] has been proposed as the fourth principle of energetics in open system thermodynamics . According to American ecologist Howard T. Odum , "The maximum power principle can be stated: During self-organization, system designs develop and prevail that maximize power int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_principle |
In electrical engineering , the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from a power source with internal resistance , the resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals. Moritz von Jacobi published the maximum power (transfer) the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_transfer_theorem |
In the mathematical fields of differential equations and geometric analysis , the maximum principle is one of the most useful and best known tools of study. Solutions of a differential inequality in a domain D satisfy the maximum principle if they achieve their maxima at the boundary of D .
The maximum principle enabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_principle |
The maximum residue limit (also maximum residue level , MRL ) is the maximum amount of pesticide residue that is expected to remain on food products when a pesticide is used according to label directions, that will not be a concern to human health. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The MRL is usually determined by repeated (on the order of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_residue_limit |
The maximum safe storage temperature ( MSST ) is the highest temperature to store a chemical (like an organic peroxide ) above which slow decomposition and explosion may occur.
This explosives -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_safe_storage_temperature |
The maximum-term method is a consequence of the large numbers encountered in statistical mechanics . It states that under appropriate conditions the logarithm of a summation is essentially equal to the logarithm of the maximum term in the summation.
These conditions are (see also proof below) that (1) the number of te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_term_method |
The maximum theorem provides conditions for the continuity of an optimized function and the set of its maximizers with respect to its parameters. The statement was first proven by Claude Berge in 1959. [ 1 ] The theorem is primarily used in mathematical economics and optimal control .
Maximum Theorem . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_theorem |
Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment that appears to disprove the second law of thermodynamics . It was proposed by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1867. [ 1 ] In his first letter, Maxwell referred to the entity as a "finite being" or a "being who can play a game of skill with the molecules". Lord Kelvin would ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_demon |
Maxwell's equations , or Maxwell–Heaviside equations , are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism , classical optics , electric and magnetic circuits.
The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equations |
In probability theory , Maxwell's theorem (known also as Herschel-Maxwell's theorem and Herschel-Maxwell's derivation ) states that if the probability distribution of a random vector in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} is unchanged by rotations, and if the components are independent, then the components are identic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_theorem |
Maxwell’s thermodynamic surface is an 1874 sculpture [ 1 ] made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879). This model provides a three-dimensional space of the various states of a fictitious substance with water-like properties. [ 2 ] This plot has coordinates volume (x), entropy (y), and energy (z). It w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_thermodynamic_surface |
A Maxwell bridge is a modification to a Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance or resistance and capacitance . [ 1 ] When the calibrated components are a parallel resistor and capacitor, the bridge is known as a Maxwell bridge. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_bridge |
In statistical physics and thermodynamics , the Maxwell construction is a method for addressing the physically unrealistic aspects of certain models of phase transitions . Named for physicist James Clerk Maxwell , it considers areas of regions on phase diagrams .
In thermodynamic equilibrium , a necessary condition fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_construction |
A Maxwell model is the most simple model viscoelastic material showing properties of a typical liquid. [ 1 ] It shows viscous flow on the long timescale, but additional elastic resistance to fast deformations. [ 2 ] It is named for James Clerk Maxwell who proposed the model in 1867. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is also known as a Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_model |
The Maxwell–Bloch equations , also called the optical Bloch equations [ 1 ] describe the dynamics of a two-state quantum system interacting with the electromagnetic mode of an optical resonator. They are analogous to (but not at all equivalent to) the Bloch equations which describe the motion of the nuclear magnetic mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Bloch_equations |
In statistical mechanics , Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the distribution of classical material particles over various energy states in thermal equilibrium . It is applicable when the temperature is high enough or the particle density is low enough to render quantum effects negligible.
The expected number of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Boltzmann_statistics |
In dielectric spectroscopy , large frequency dependent contributions to the dielectric response, especially at low frequencies, may come from build-ups of charge. This Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization (or often just Maxwell–Wagner polarization ), occurs either at inner dielectric boundary layers on a mesoscopic scal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars_polarization |
In mathematics, the max–min inequality is as follows:
When equality holds one says that f , W , and Z satisfies a strong max–min property (or a saddle-point property). The example function f ( z , w ) = sin ( z + w ) {\displaystyle \ f(z,w)=\sin(z+w)\ } illustrates that the equality does not hold for every function.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max–min_inequality |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes of majority rule
Positive results
In social choice theory , May's theorem , also cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May's_theorem |
The Maya ICBG bioprospecting controversy took place in 1999–2000, when the International Cooperative Biodiversity Group led by ethnobiologist Dr. Brent Berlin was accused of engaging in unethical forms of bioprospecting ( biopiracy ) by several NGOs and indigenous organizations. The ICBG had as its aim to document the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_ICBG_bioprospecting_controversy |
The Mayan numeral system was the system to represent numbers and calendar dates in the Maya civilization . It was a vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system . The numerals are made up of three symbols: zero (a shell), [ 1 ] one (a dot) and five (a bar). For example, thirteen is written as three dots in a horizonta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_numerals |
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