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Pancritical rationalism (literally "criticism of all things", from pan- , "all", also known as PCR ), also called comprehensively critical rationalism ( CCR ), is a development of critical rationalism and panrationalism originated by William Warren Bartley in his book The Retreat to Commitment . PCR attempts to work ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancritical_rationalism |
The Pancyprian Union of Chemists (PUC; Greek : Παγκύπρια Ένωση Επιστημόνων Χημικών (ΠΕΕΧ) ) is the chemical society for Cypriot chemists. It comprises a board of nine members which is elected every two years by the General Assembly of the PUC. [ 1 ] The PUC was founded in 1960. This coincides with the period during whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancyprian_Union_of_Chemists |
The Pandya theorem is a good illustration of the richness of information forthcoming from a judicious use of subtle symmetry principles connecting vastly different sectors of nuclear systems. It is a tool for calculations regarding both particles and holes.
Pandya theorem provides a theoretical framework for connectin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya_theorem |
In architecture , a paned window is a window that is divided into panes of glass , usually rectangular pieces of glass that are joined to create the glazed element of the window. Window panes are often separated from other panes (or "lights") by lead strips, or glazing bars, moulded wooden strips known as muntins in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paned_window_(architecture) |
A panel PC , also known as a panel-mounted computer, touch panel PC, or industrial panel PC, is a combined industrial PC and Computer monitor so that the entire computer can be mounted in any manner available for mounting a display alone. It eliminates the need for a separate space for the computer.
A panel PC is typi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_PC |
Panel edge staining is a naturally occurring problem that occurs to anodized aluminium and stainless steel panelling and façades . It is semi-permanent staining that dulls the panel or façade's surface (in particular the edges of the panelling), reducing the natural lustre and shine produced by the anodizing processes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_edge_staining |
Pangenesis was Charles Darwin 's hypothetical mechanism for heredity , in which he proposed that each part of the body continually emitted its own type of small organic particles called gemmules that aggregated in the gonads , contributing heritable information to the gametes . [ 1 ] He presented this 'provisional hypo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangenesis |
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics , a pan-genome ( pangenome or supragenome ) is the entire set of genes from all strains within a clade . More generally, it is the union of all the genomes of a clade. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The pan-genome can be broken down into a "core pangenome" that contains genes pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangenomics |
The PANGU (Planet and Asteroid Natural scene Generation Utility) is a computer graphics utility of which the development was funded by ESA and performed by University of Dundee . [ 1 ] It generates scenes of planets, moons, asteroids, spacecraft and rovers. The main purpose of the tool is to test and validate navigati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangu_utility |
Panguite is a type of titanium oxide mineral first discovered as an inclusion within the Allende meteorite , and first described in 2012 . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
The hitherto unknown meteorite mineral was named for the ancient Chinese god Pan Gu , the creator of the world through the separation of yin (earth) from yang (sky). [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguite |
The Panguna mine is a large copper mine located in Bougainville , Papua New Guinea . Panguna represents one of the largest copper reserves in Papua New Guinea and in the world, having an estimated reserve of one billion tonnes of ore copper and twelve million ounces of gold . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The mine has been closed since ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguna_mine |
Panning law , or panning rule , is a recording and mixing principle that states that any signal of equal amplitude and phase that is played in both channels of a stereo system will increase in loudness up to 6.02 dBSPL , provided there is perfect response in the loudspeaker system and perfect acoustics in the room. [ 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_law |
The Pannonian Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region, as defined by the European Environment Agency . It covers the lowlands of the Pannonian Basin centered on Hungary.
The Pannonian Region is a large alluvial basin surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains to the north and east, the Alps to the west and the Dina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Biogeographic_Region |
Pannus is an abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue or granulation tissue . Common sites for pannus formation include over the cornea, over a joint surface (as seen in rheumatoid arthritis ), or on a prosthetic heart valve . [ 1 ] Pannus may grow in a tumor-like fashion, as in joints where it may erode articular cartil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannus |
The Panorama of the City of New York is an urban model of New York City that is a centerpiece of the Queens Museum . It was originally created for the 1964 New York World's Fair .
In June 1961, the New York City Board of Estimate awarded a contract to the architectural model makers Raymond Lester Associates for the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_of_the_City_of_New_York |
Panrationalism (or comprehensive rationalism ) [ 1 ] holds two premises true:
The first problem that needs to be dealt with is: what is the rational criterion or authority to which they appeal? Here the panrationalists diverge into two groups:
Descartes is considered the founder of rationalism and gave the illustrati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panrationalism |
Panspermia (from Ancient Greek πᾶν (pan) ' all ' and σπέρμα (sperma) ' seed ' ) is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the universe , distributed by space dust , [ 1 ] meteoroids , [ 2 ] asteroids , comets , [ 3 ] and planetoids , [ 4 ] as well as by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panspermia |
In mathematics, a pantachy or pantachie (from the Greek word πανταχη meaning everywhere) is a maximal totally ordered subset of a partially ordered set , especially a set of equivalence classes of sequences of real numbers. The term was introduced by du Bois-Reymond ( 1879 , 1882 ) to mean a dense subset of an ordered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantachy |
Pantevenvirales is an order of viruses . [ 1 ]
Pantevenvirales contains the following families: [ 2 ]
This virus -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantevenvirales |
A pantropical ("all tropics") distribution is one which covers tropical regions of both the Eastern and Western hemispheres. [ 1 ] Examples of species include caecilians , modern sirenians and the plant genera Acacia and Bacopa . [ 2 ]
Neotropical is a zoogeographic term that covers a large part of the Americas , roug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantropical |
Paola Caselli (born 1966) is an Italian astronomer and astrochemist known for her research on molecular clouds , star formation and planet formation , and the astrochemistry behind the materials found within the Solar System . [ 1 ] She is the director of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics near Munic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola_Caselli |
The Paolo Farinella Prize is named after Paolo Farinella . The prize recognizes significant contributions in the fields of planetary sciences, space geodesy, fundamental physics, science popularization, security in space, weapons control, and disarmament. [ 1 ] Recipients must be under the age of 47 (the age at which F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Farinella_Prize |
Paolo Ruffini (22 September 1765 – 10 May 1822) was an Italian mathematician and philosopher .
By 1788 he had earned university degrees in philosophy, medicine/surgery and mathematics. His works include developments in algebra :
He also wrote on probability and the quadrature of the circle .
He was a professor of ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Ruffini |
Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain ) is a multichromatic (multicolored) cytological staining technique developed by George Papanicolaou in 1942. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The Papanicolaou stain is one of the most widely used stains in cytology , [ 1 ] where it is used to aid pathologists in making a di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papanicolaou_stain |
Paparazzi is an open-source autopilot system oriented toward inexpensive autonomous aircraft. [ 1 ] Low cost and availability enable hobbyist use in small remotely piloted aircraft . [ 2 ] The project began in 2003, [ 1 ] and is being further developed and used at École nationale de l'aviation civile (ENAC), [ 3 ] a Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paparazzi_Project |
Papaver somniferum × Papaver bracteatum , also known as Sagan's poppy is a hybrid between the opium poppy and the Iranian poppy .
This hybrid, true poppy is diploid with 18 chromosomes and exhibits strongly reduced fitness relative to parents, possibly due to unpaired chromosomes since the Iranian and opium poppies do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaver_somniferum_×_bracteatum |
The Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE) was an international union that represented workers in the United States and Canada . PACE was founded on January 4, 1999, by the merger of the United Paperworkers' International Union with the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Internat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper,_Allied-Industrial,_Chemical_and_Energy_Workers_International_Union |
A paper-ruling machine is a device for ruling paper . In 1770, John Tetlow was awarded a patent for a "machine for ruling paper for music and other purposes." [ 1 ] William Orville Hickok invented an "improved ruling machine" in the mid-19th century. [ 2 ] As the device is designed for drawing lines on paper, it can pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper-ruling_machine |
Paper chemicals designate a group of chemicals that are used for paper manufacturing , or modify the properties of paper . These chemicals can be used to alter the paper in many ways, including changing its color and brightness , or by increasing its strength and resistance to water. [ 1 ] The chemicals can be defined ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_chemicals |
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate colored chemicals or substances. It can also be used for colorless chemicals that can be located by a stain or other visualisation method after separation. [ 1 ] It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_chromatography |
Paper engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the usage of physical science (e.g. chemistry and physics) and life sciences (e.g. biology and biochemistry ) in conjunction with mathematics as applied to the converting of raw materials into useful paper products and co-products. [ 1 ] The field applies var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_engineering |
A paper machine (or paper-making machine ) is an industrial machine which is used in the pulp and paper industry to create paper in large quantities at high speed. Modern paper-making machines are based on the principles of the Fourdrinier Machine, which uses a moving woven mesh to create a continuous paper web by filt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_machine |
Paper models , also called card models or papercraft , are models constructed mainly from sheets of heavy paper , paperboard , card stock , or foam.
This may be considered a broad category that contains origami and card modeling. Origami is the process of making a paper model by folding a single piece of paper without... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_model |
The Papkovich–Neuber solution is a technique for generating analytic solutions to the Newtonian incompressible Stokes equations , though it was originally developed to solve the equations of linear elasticity .
It can be shown that any Stokes flow with body force f = 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} =0} can be written in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papkovich–Neuber_solution |
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Papovaviricetes is a class of viruses . [ 1 ] The class shares the name of an abolished family, Papovaviridae , which was split in 1999 into the two families Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae . [ 2 ] The class was established in 2019 and takes its name from the former family. [ 3 ]
The following orders are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papovaviricetes |
Pappus's area theorem describes the relationship between the areas of three parallelograms attached to three sides of an arbitrary triangle . The theorem, which can also be thought of as a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem , is named after the Greek mathematician Pappus of Alexandria (4th century AD), who disco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus's_area_theorem |
In mathematics, Pappus's centroid theorem (also known as the Guldinus theorem , Pappus–Guldinus theorem or Pappus's theorem ) is either of two related theorems dealing with the surface areas and volumes of surfaces and solids of revolution.
The theorems are attributed to Pappus of Alexandria [ a ] and Paul Guldin . [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus's_centroid_theorem |
In mathematics, Pappus's hexagon theorem (attributed to Pappus of Alexandria ) states that
It holds in a projective plane over any field, but fails for projective planes over any noncommutative division ring . [ 1 ] Projective planes in which the "theorem" is valid are called pappian planes .
If one considers a pappi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus's_hexagon_theorem |
Papuasia is a Level 2 botanical region defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). [ 1 ] It lies in the southwestern Pacific Ocean , in the Melanesia ecoregion of Oceania and Tropical Asia .
It comprises the following geographic and political entities: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuasia |
The ParMRC system is a mechanism for sorting DNA plasmids to opposite ends of a bacterial cell during cell division . It has three components: ParM , an actin -like protein that forms a long filament to push two plasmids apart, ParR , which binds the plasmid to ParM and generates the ParM filament, and parC , which is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParMRC_system |
para -Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde is an organic compound containing amine and aldehyde moieties which is used in Ehrlich's reagent and Kovac's reagent to test for indoles . The carbonyl group typically reacts with the electron rich 2-position of the indole but may also react at the C-3 or N-1 positions. [ 2 ] It may also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde |
ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa ) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria , Placozoa , and Cnidaria . [ 1 ]
The relationship of Parahoxozoa relative to the two other animal lineages Ctenophora and Porifera is debated. Some phylogenomic studies have presented evidence supporting Ctenophora as the sister to Parahox... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaHoxozoa |
ParaSurf is a molecular modelling system using semi-empirical orbital programs to construct molecular surfaces and calculate local properties and descriptors using pharmaceutical companies for drug design. [ 1 ]
ParaSurf is supplied to and used by many pharmaceutical companies and biotechs, including Boehringer Ingelh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaSurf |
Parabiosis is a laboratory technique used in physiological research, derived from the Greek word meaning "living beside." The technique involves the surgical joining of two living organisms in such a way that they develop a single, shared physiological system . Through this approach, researchers can study the exchange ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabiosis |
In algebra , a parabolic Lie algebra p {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}} is a subalgebra of a semisimple Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} satisfying one of the following two conditions:
These conditions are equivalent over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero , such as the complex numbers . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_Lie_algebra |
In differential geometry and the study of Lie groups , a parabolic geometry is a homogeneous space G / P which is the quotient of a semisimple Lie group G by a parabolic subgroup P . More generally, the curved analogs of a parabolic geometry in this sense is also called a parabolic geometry: any geometry that is model... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_geometry_(differential_geometry) |
Paracatenula is a genus of millimeter sized free-living marine gutless catenulid flatworms . [ Ref 1 ]
Paracatenula spp. are found worldwide in warm temperate to tropical subtidal sediments. They are part of the interstitial meiofauna of sandy sediments. Adult Paracatenula lack a mouth and a gut and are associated wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracatenula |
Paracellular transport refers to the transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing through the intercellular space between the cells. [ 1 ] It is in contrast to transcellular transport , where the substances travel through the cell, passing through both the apical membrane and basolateral membrane . [ 2 ] [ 3 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracellular_transport |
Since early in the history of flight , non-human animals have been dropped from heights with the benefit of parachutes . Early on, animals were used as test subjects for parachutes and as entertainment. Following the development of the balloon , dogs, cats, fowl, and sheep were dropped from heights. During the 18th and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachuting_animals |
Paraconsistent mathematics , sometimes called inconsistent mathematics , represents an attempt to develop the classical infrastructure of mathematics (e.g. analysis ) based on a foundation of paraconsistent logic instead of classical logic . A number of reformulations of analysis can be developed, for example functions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconsistent_mathematics |
Cell signaling can be divided into three major categories: autocrine regulation, endocrine regulation, and paracrine regulation. Autocrine signaling occurs when regulator molecules are secreted by a cell and received by receptor molecules on the same cell. In endocrine signaling , regulator molecules are released by en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrine_regulator |
In cellular biology , paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling , a type of cellular communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrine_signaling |
In materials science , paracrystalline materials are defined as having short- and medium-range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking crystal -like long-range ordering at least in one direction. [ 1 ]
The words "paracrystallinity" and "paracrystal" were coined by the late Friedric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrystallinity |
Paracytophagy (from Ancient Greek para ' nearby ' kytos ' cell ' and phagy ' eating ' ) is the cellular process whereby a cell engulfs a protrusion which extends from a neighboring cell. This protrusion may contain material which is actively transferred between the cells. The process of paracytophagy [ 1 ] was first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracytophagy |
A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline . It is a concept in the philosophy of science that was introduced and brought into the common lexicon by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn . Even though Kuhn restricted the use of the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_shift |
Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The poem concerns the biblical story of the fall of man : the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden . The first version, published in 1667, consists of ten books with over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost |
ParadisEO is an object-oriented framework dedicated to the flexible design of metaheuristics . It uses EO, a template-based , ANSI-C++ [ clarification needed ] compliant computation library . [ 1 ] ParadisEO is portable across both Windows system and sequential platforms ( Unix , Linux , Mac OS X , etc.). ParadisEO is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiseo |
Paradox Engineering SA is a Swiss technology company that designs and markets solutions and services enabling smart cities and Industry 4.0 applications. The company's mission is to offer technologies to unlock the value of data. Its solutions are ready for the Internet of things , and enable cities and companies to co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_Engineering |
In aquatic biology , the paradox of the plankton describes the situation in which a limited range of resources supports an unexpectedly wide range of plankton species, apparently flouting the competitive exclusion principle , which holds that when two species compete for the same resource, one will be driven to extinct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton |
The paradox of tolerance is a philosophical concept suggesting that if a society extends tolerance to those who are intolerant, it risks enabling the eventual dominance of intolerance ; thereby undermining the very principle of tolerance. This paradox was articulated by philosopher Karl Popper in The Open Society and I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance |
The paradox of voting , also called Downs' paradox , is that for a rational and egoistic voter ( Homo economicus ), the costs of voting will normally exceed the expected benefits. Because the chance of exercising the pivotal vote is minuscule compared to any realistic estimate of the private individual benefits of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_voting |
Paradoxes of the Infinite (German title: Paradoxien des Unendlichen ) is a mathematical work by Bernard Bolzano on the theory of sets . It was published by a friend and student, František Přihonský , in 1851, three years after Bolzano's death.
The work contained many interesting results in set theory . Bolzano expande... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxes_of_the_Infinite |
Paraffin oxidation is a historical industrial process for the production of synthetic fatty acids . [ 1 ] The fatty acids are further processed to consumer products such as soaps and fats as well as to lubricating greases for technical applications. Coal slack wax, a saturated, high molecular weight hydrocarbon mixture... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_oxidation |
Paraffin wax (or petroleum wax ) is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum , coal , or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F), [ 2 ] and its boiling point is abov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_wax |
A parafoil is a nonrigid ( textile ) airfoil with an aerodynamic cell structure which is inflated by the wind. Ram-air inflation forces the parafoil into a classic wing cross-section. Parafoils are most commonly constructed out of ripstop nylon .
The device was developed in 1964 by Domina Jalbert (1904–1991). Jalbert ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafoil |
Paraheliotropism refers to the phenomenon in which plants orient their leaves parallel to incoming rays of light, usually as a means of minimizing excess light absorption. Excess light absorption can cause a variety of physiological problems for plants, including overheating, dehydration, loss of turgor , photoinhibiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraheliotropism |
The Paraho process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction . The name "Paraho" is delivered from the words " para homem ", which means in Portuguese "for mankind". [ 1 ]
The Paraho process was invented by John B. Jones, Jr., later president of the Paraho Development Corporation, and developed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraho_process |
Parakaryon myojinensis , also known as the Myojin parakaryote , is a highly unusual species of single-celled organism known only from a single specimen, described in 2012. It has features of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but is apparently distinct from either group, making it unique among organisms discovered thus fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakaryon |
In spherical astronomy , the parallactic angle is the angle between the great circle through a celestial object and the zenith , and the hour circle of the object. [ 1 ] It is usually denoted q . In the triangle zenith—object—celestial pole, the parallactic angle will be the position angle of the zenith at the celestia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallactic_angle |
The parallactic instrument of Kapteyn is a measuring instrument created by the Dutch astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn around 1886. Using this instrument, Kapteyn analyzed over 1,700 glass plate photos of stars seen from the southern hemisphere . [ 1 ] This research contributed to the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung , a star... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallactic_instrument_of_Kapteyn |
Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or half-angle of inclination between those two lines. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Due to foreshortening , nearby objects show a larger parallax than farther objects, so parallax can be u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax |
The most important fundamental distance measurements in astronomy come from trigonometric parallax , as applied in the stellar parallax method . As the Earth orbits the Sun, the position of a nearby star will appear to shift slightly against the more distant background. This shift is the apex angle in an isosceles tria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax_in_astronomy |
In geometry , parallel lines are coplanar infinite straight lines that do not intersect at any point. Parallel planes are planes in the same three-dimensional space that never meet. Parallel curves are curves that do not touch each other or intersect and keep a fixed minimum distance. In three-dimensional Euclidean spa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry) |
The parallel operator ‖ {\displaystyle \|} (pronounced "parallel", [ 1 ] following the parallel lines notation from geometry ; [ 2 ] [ 3 ] also known as reduced sum , parallel sum or parallel addition ) is a binary operation which is used as a shorthand in electrical engineering , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ nb 1 ] but is also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(operator) |
Parallel I/O , in the context of a computer , means the performance of multiple input/output operations at the same time, for instance simultaneously outputs to storage devices and display devices. [ 1 ] It is a fundamental feature of operating systems . [ 2 ]
One particular instance is parallel writing of data to dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_I/O |
The Parallel Patterns Library is a Microsoft library designed for use by native C++ developers that provides features for multicore programming . [ 1 ] It was first bundled with Visual Studio 2010 . It resembles the C++ Standard Library in style and works well with the C++11 language feature, lambdas, also introduced w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Patterns_Library |
Parallel adoption is a method for transferring between a previous ( IT ) system to a target (IT) system in an organization. In order to reduce risk, the old and new system run simultaneously for some period of time after which, if the criteria for the new system are met, the old system is disabled. The process requires... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_adoption |
In medicinal chemistry , parallel artificial membrane permeability assay ( PAMPA ) is a method which determines the permeability of substances from a donor compartment, through a lipid -infused artificial membrane into an acceptor compartment. [ 1 ] A multi-well microtitre plate is used for the donor and a membrane/acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_artificial_membrane_permeability_assay |
The parallel axis theorem , also known as Huygens–Steiner theorem , or just as Steiner's theorem , [ 1 ] named after Christiaan Huygens and Jakob Steiner , can be used to determine the moment of inertia or the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis, given the body's moment of inertia about a parallel axis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_axis_theorem |
Parallel compression , also known as New York compression , is a dynamic range compression technique used in sound recording and mixing . Parallel compression, a form of upward compression , is achieved by mixing an unprocessed 'dry', or lightly compressed signal with a heavily compressed version of the same signal. R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_compression |
Parallel evolution is the similar development of a trait in distinct species that are not closely related, but share a similar original trait in response to similar evolutionary pressure. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Given a trait that occurs in each of two lineages descended from a specified ancestor, it is possible in theory to defi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_evolution |
In engineering , a parallel force system is a type of force system where in all forces are oriented along one axis.
An example of this type of system is a see saw . In a see saw, the children apply the two forces at the ends, and the fulcrum in the middle gives the counter force to maintain the see saw in a neutral p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_force_system |
In geometry , parallel lines are coplanar infinite straight lines that do not intersect at any point. Parallel planes are planes in the same three-dimensional space that never meet. Parallel curves are curves that do not touch each other or intersect and keep a fixed minimum distance. In three-dimensional Euclidean spa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_line |
In geometry , a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term rhomboid is also sometimes used with this meaning). By analogy, it relates to a parallelogram just as a cube relates to a square . [ a ]
Three equivalent definitions of parallelepiped are
The rectangular cuboid (six re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelepiped |
Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field , and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field. In contrast with this behavior, diamagnetic materials are repelled by magnetic fields and form induced mag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism |
Paramasivam Natarajan (17 September 1940 – 18 March 2016) was an Indian photochemist , the INSA Senior Scientist at the National Centre for Ultrafast Process of the University of Madras [ 1 ] and the director of Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI) of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramasivam_Natarajan |
A parameter (from Ancient Greek παρά ( pará ) ' beside, subsidiary ' and μέτρον ( métron ) ' measure ' ), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter |
The parameter space is the space of all possible parameter values that define a particular mathematical model . It is also sometimes called weight space , and is often a subset of finite-dimensional Euclidean space .
In statistics , parameter spaces are particularly useful for describing parametric families of probabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_space |
In calculus , a parametric derivative is a derivative of a dependent variable with respect to another dependent variable that is taken when both variables depend on an independent third variable, usually thought of as "time" (that is, when the dependent variables are x and y and are given by parametric equations in t )... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_derivative |
Parametric design is a design method in which features, such as building elements and engineering components, are shaped based on algorithmic processes rather than direct manipulation. In this approach, parameters and rules establish the relationship between design intent and design response. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_design |
In mathematics and its applications, a parametric family or a parameterized family is a family of objects (a set of related objects) whose differences depend only on the chosen values for a set of parameters . [ 1 ]
Common examples are parametrized (families of) functions , probability distributions , curves, shapes,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_family |
A parametric oscillator is a driven harmonic oscillator in which the oscillations are driven by varying some parameters of the system at some frequencies, typically different from the natural frequency of the oscillator. A simple example of a parametric oscillator is a child pumping a playground swing by periodically s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_oscillator |
Parametric stereo (abbreviated as PS ) [ 1 ] is an audio compression algorithm used as an audio coding format for digital audio . It is considered an Audio Object Type of MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) that serves to enhance the coding efficiency of low bandwidth stereo audio media. Parametric Stereo digitally codes a st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_stereo |
A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} which is defined by a parametric equation with two parameters r : R 2 → R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} :\mathbb {R} ^{2}\to \mathbb {R} ^{3}} . Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well as i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_surface |
Parametric thinking is the influence of engaging in a thinking process that links, relates and outputs calculated actions to generate solutions to problems, rather than simply seeking them. [ 1 ] It has its origins in the design fields of urban design , architectural design , interior design , industrial and furniture ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_thinking |
In mathematics , and more specifically in geometry , parametrization (or parameterization ; also parameterisation , parametrisation ) is the process of finding parametric equations of a curve , a surface , or, more generally, a manifold or a variety , defined by an implicit equation . The inverse process is called impl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametrization_(geometry) |
Paramu Mafongoya is a Zimbabwean professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) in South Africa , where he specialises in agriculture, earth and environmental sciences. He serves as the South African Research Chair (SARChI) in Agronomy and Rural Development at UKZN. He is affiliated with the African Academy of Sci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramu_Mafongoya |
Paramural bodies are membranous or vesicular structures located between the cell walls and cell membranes of plant and fungal cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] When these are continuous with the cell wall, they are termed lomasomes , while they are referred to as plasmalemmasomes if associated with the plasmalemma . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Whil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramural_body |
In epigenetics , a paramutation is an interaction between two alleles at a single locus , whereby one allele induces a heritable change in the other allele. [ 1 ] The change may be in the pattern of DNA methylation or histone modifications. [ 2 ] The allele inducing the change is said to be paramutagenic, while the all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramutation |
In combinatorial game theory , the paranoid algorithm is an algorithm that aims to improve the alpha-beta pruning capabilities of the max n algorithm by making the player p chosen to maximize the score " paranoid " of the other players by assuming they are cooperating to minimize p 's score, thus minimizing any n -play... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoid_algorithm |
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