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Quantitative microbiological risk assessment [ 1 ] (QMRA) is the process of estimating the risk from exposure to microorganisms .
The process involves measuring known microbial pathogens or indicators and running a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the risk of transfer. [ 1 ] If a dose-response model is available for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_microbiological_risk_assessment |
Quantitative phase contrast microscopy or quantitative phase imaging are the collective names for a group of microscopy methods that quantify the phase shift that occurs when light waves pass through a more optically dense object. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Translucent objects, like a living human cell, absorb and scatter smal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_phase-contrast_microscopy |
Quantitative precipitation estimation or QPE is a method of approximating the amount of precipitation that has fallen at a location or across a region. Maps of the estimated amount of precipitation to have fallen over a certain area and time span are compiled using several different data sources including manual and au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_precipitation_estimation |
Quantitative storytelling ( QST ) is a systematic approach to exploring the many frames potentially legitimate in a scientific study or controversy . [ 1 ] QST assumes that, in an interconnected society, multiple frameworks and worldviews are legitimately upheld by different entities and social actors. QST looks critic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_storytelling |
Quantitative structure–activity relationship models ( QSAR models) are regression or classification models used in the chemical and biological sciences and engineering. Like other regression models, QSAR regression models relate a set of "predictor" variables (X) to the potency of the response variable (Y), while clas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_structure–activity_relationship |
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) is a discipline within biomedical research that uses mathematical computer models to characterize biological systems, disease processes and drug pharmacology. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] QSP can be viewed as a sub-discipline of pharmacometrics that focuses on modeling the mechanisms of drug phar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_systems_pharmacology |
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , also known as the Green Book , is a compilation of terms and symbols widely used in the field of physical chemistry . It also includes a table of physical constants , tables listing the properties of elementary particles , chemical elements , and nuclides , and info... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantities,_Units_and_Symbols_in_Physical_Chemistry |
Quantity calculus is the formal method for describing the mathematical relations between abstract physical quantities . [ 1 ] [ a ]
Its roots can be traced to Fourier's concept of dimensional analysis (1822). [ 2 ] The basic axiom of quantity calculus is Maxwell's description [ 3 ] of a physical quantity as the produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_calculus |
In engineering and science , dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length , mass , time , and electric current ) and units of measurement (such as metres and grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_equation |
In the construction industry , a quantity surveyor ( QS ) is a professional with expert knowledge of construction costs and contracting . Qualified professional quantity surveyors can be known as Chartered Surveyors (Members and Fellows of RICS ) in the UK and Certified Quantity Surveyors (a designation of the Austra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_surveyor |
Quantity take-offs (QTO) are a detailed measurement of materials and labor needed to complete a construction project. They are developed by an estimator during the pre-construction phase. This process includes breaking the project down into smaller and more manageable units that are easier to measure or estimate. The l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_take-off |
A physical quantity (or simply quantity ) [ 1 ] [ a ] is a property of a material or system that can be quantified by measurement . A physical quantity can be expressed as a value , which is the algebraic multiplication of a numerical value and a unit of measurement . For example, the physical quantity mass , symbol m ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_value |
Quantization , involved in image processing , is a lossy compression technique achieved by compressing a range of values to a single quantum (discrete) value. When the number of discrete symbols in a given stream is reduced, the stream becomes more compressible. For example, reducing the number of colors required to re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing) |
Quantization (in British English quantisation ) is the systematic transition procedure from a classical understanding of physical phenomena to a newer understanding known as quantum mechanics . It is a procedure for constructing quantum mechanics from classical mechanics . A generalization involving infinite degrees... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(physics) |
Quantization , in mathematics and digital signal processing , is the process of mapping input values from a large set (often a continuous set) to output values in a (countable) smaller set, often with a finite number of elements . Rounding and truncation are typical examples of quantization processes. Quantization is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing) |
In mathematics, more specifically in the context of geometric quantization , quantization commutes with reduction states that the space of global sections of a line bundle L satisfying the quantization condition [ 1 ] on the symplectic quotient of a compact symplectic manifold is the space of invariant sections [ vague... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_commutes_with_reduction |
In mathematics, a quantum or quantized enveloping algebra is a q -analog of a universal enveloping algebra . [ 1 ] Given a Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , the quantum enveloping algebra is typically denoted as U q ( g ) {\displaystyle U_{q}({\mathfrak {g}})} . The notation was introduced by Drinfeld and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantized_enveloping_algebra |
In physics , a quantum ( pl. : quanta ) is the minimum amount of any physical entity ( physical property ) involved in an interaction . The fundamental notion that a property can be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization ". [ 1 ] This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum |
The quantum-confined Stark effect ( QCSE ) describes the effect of an external electric field upon the light absorption spectrum or emission spectrum of a quantum well (QW). In the absence of an external electric field, electrons and holes within the quantum well may only occupy states within a discrete set of energy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum-confined_Stark_effect |
Quantum 1/f noise is an intrinsic and fundamental part of quantum mechanics . Fighter pilots, photographers, and scientists all appreciate the higher quality of images and signals resulting from the consideration of quantum 1/f noise. Engineers have battled unwanted 1/f noise since 1925, giving it poetic names (such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_1/f_noise |
Quantum Aspects of Life , a book published in 2008 with a foreword by Roger Penrose , explores the open question of the role of quantum mechanics at molecular scales of relevance to biology. The book contains chapters written by various world-experts from a 2003 symposium and includes two debates from 2003 to 2004; giv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Aspects_of_Life |
The quantum Boltzmann equation, also known as the Uehling–Uhlenbeck equation , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is the quantum mechanical modification of the Boltzmann equation , which gives the nonequilibrium time evolution of a gas of quantum-mechanically interacting particles. Typically, the quantum Boltzmann equation is given as only t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Boltzmann_equation |
The Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange (QCPE) was an organization located at Indiana University Bloomington from 1963 to 2007 that was devoted to the distribution of computational chemistry software before electronic file transfer on the internet became a widely available method of software distribution. [ 1 ] The QCPE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Chemistry_Program_Exchange |
In quantum mechanics , the quantum Cheshire cat is a quantum phenomena that suggests that a particle's physical properties can take a different trajectory from that of the particle itself. The name makes reference to the Cheshire Cat from Lewis Carroll 's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , a feline character which coul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Cheshire_cat |
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information is a textbook about quantum information science written by Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang , regarded as a standard text on the subject. [ 1 ] It is informally known as " Mike and Ike ", after the candies of that name . [ 2 ] The book assumes minimal prior experience with qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Computation_and_Quantum_Information |
Quantum Computing: A Gentle Introduction is a textbook on quantum computing . It was written by Eleanor Rieffel and Wolfgang Polak, and published in 2011 by the MIT Press .
Although the book approaches quantum computing through the model of quantum circuits , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] it is focused more on quantum algorithms than o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Computing:_A_Gentle_Introduction |
Quantum Computing Since Democritus is a 2013 book on quantum information science written by Scott Aaronson . [ 1 ] It is loosely based on a course Aaronson taught at the University of Waterloo , Canada, the lecture notes for which are available online. [ 2 ]
Aaronson has stated that he intends the book to be at the sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Computing_Since_Democritus |
Quantum ESPRESSO ( Quantum Open-Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization ; QE ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a suite for first-principles electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, distributed for free and as free software under the GNU General Public License . It is based on d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_ESPRESSO |
Quantum Experiment using Satellite Technology was launched in 2017 by the Raman Research Institute . In February 2021, the project demonstrated quantum communication for 50 m apart, and on 19 March 2021 for 300 m apart inline of sight in Space Applications Centre , which was done in coordination with the Indian Space ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Experiments_using_Satellite_Technology |
The Quantum Technologies Flagship is a European Union scientific research initiative. [ 1 ] With a budget of €1 billion, it is one of the large scale initiatives organized by the Future and Emerging Technologies program, along with the Human Brain Project and the Graphene Flagship .The Quantum Flagship funds over 5,000... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Flagship |
The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect ) is a quantized version of the Hall effect which is observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields , in which the Hall resistance R xy exhibits steps that take on the quantized values
where V Hall is the Hal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect |
Quantum Hall transitions are the quantum phase transitions that occur between different robustly quantized electronic phases of the quantum Hall effect . The robust quantization of these electronic phases is due to strong localization of electrons in their disordered, two-dimensional potential. But, at the quantum Hall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Hall_transitions |
The quantum Heisenberg model , developed by Werner Heisenberg , is a statistical mechanical model used in the study of critical points and phase transitions of magnetic systems, in which the spins of the magnetic systems are treated quantum mechanically . It is related to the prototypical Ising model , where at each si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Heisenberg_model |
In mathematical physics , the quantum KZ equations or quantum Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations or qKZ equations are the analogue for quantum affine algebras of the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations for affine Kac–Moody algebras . They are a consistent system of difference equations satisfied by the N -point functions, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_KZ_equations |
In quantum mechanics , a quantum Markov semigroup describes the dynamics in a Markovian open quantum system . The axiomatic definition of the prototype of quantum Markov semigroups was first introduced by A. M. Kossakowski [ 1 ] in 1972, and then developed by V. Gorini, A. M. Kossakowski , E. C. G. Sudarshan [ 2 ] and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Markov_semigroup |
Quantum Monte Carlo encompasses a large family of computational methods whose common aim is the study of complex quantum systems . One of the major goals of these approaches is to provide a reliable solution (or an accurate approximation) of the quantum many-body problem . The diverse flavors of quantum Monte Carlo ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Monte_Carlo |
Quantum Trajectory Theory (QTT) is a formulation of quantum mechanics used for simulating open quantum systems , quantum dissipation and single quantum systems. [ 1 ] It was developed by Howard Carmichael in the early 1990s around the same time as the similar formulation, known as the quantum jump method or Monte Carlo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Trajectory_Theory |
In physics , quantum acoustics is the study of sound under conditions such that quantum mechanical effects are relevant. For most applications, classical mechanics are sufficient to accurately describe the physics of sound. However very high frequency sounds, or sounds made at very low temperatures may be subject to qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_acoustics |
Quantum algebra is one of the top-level mathematics categories used by the arXiv . It is the study of noncommutative analogues and generalizations of commutative algebras, especially those arising in Lie theory . [ 1 ]
Subjects include:
This algebra -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algebra |
In physics , a quantum amplifier is an amplifier that uses quantum mechanical methods to amplify a signal; examples include the active elements of lasers and optical amplifiers .
The main properties of the quantum amplifier are its amplification coefficient and uncertainty . These parameters are not independent; the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_amplifier |
Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. [ 1 ] An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_biology |
The quantum boomerang effect is a quantum mechanical phenomenon whereby wavepackets launched through disordered media return, on average, to their starting points, as a consequence of Anderson localization and the inherent symmetries of the system. At early times, the initial parity asymmetry of the nonzero momentum le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_boomerang_effect |
Quantum calculus , sometimes called calculus without limits , is equivalent to traditional infinitesimal calculus without the notion of limits . The two types of calculus in quantum calculus are q -calculus and h -calculus. The goal of both types is to find "analogs" of mathematical objects, where, after taking a certa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_calculus |
In the theory of quantum communication , the quantum capacity is the highest rate at which quantum information can be communicated over many independent uses of a noisy quantum channel from a sender to a receiver. It is also equal to the highest rate at which entanglement can be generated over the channel, and forward ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_capacity |
In quantum mechanics , a quantum carpet [ 1 ] is a regular art -like pattern drawn by the wave function evolution or the probability density in the space of the Cartesian product of the quantum particle position coordinate and time or in spacetime resembling carpet art. It is the result of self- interference of the wav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_carpet |
Quantum chaos is a branch of physics focused on how chaotic classical dynamical systems can be described in terms of quantum theory. The primary question that quantum chaos seeks to answer is: "What is the relationship between quantum mechanics and classical chaos ?" The correspondence principle states that classical m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chaos |
Quantum chemistry , also called molecular quantum mechanics , is a branch of physical chemistry focused on the application of quantum mechanics to chemical systems, particularly towards the quantum-mechanical calculation of electronic contributions to physical and chemical properties of molecules , materials , and solu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry |
Quantum chromodynamics binding energy ( QCD binding energy ), gluon binding energy or chromodynamic binding energy is the energy binding quarks together into hadrons . It is the energy of the field of the strong force , which is mediated by gluons . Motion-energy and interaction-energy contribute most of the hadron's m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics_binding_energy |
Consider two remote players, connected by a channel, that don't trust each other. The problem of them agreeing on a random bit by exchanging messages over this channel, without relying on any trusted third party, is called the coin flipping problem in cryptography. [ 1 ] Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of qua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coin_flipping |
The terminology quantum compass often relates to an instrument which measures relative position using the technique of atom interferometry . It includes an ensemble of accelerometers and gyroscope based on quantum technology [ 1 ] to form an inertial navigation unit.
Work on quantum technology based inertial measureme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_compass |
Quantum computational chemistry is an emerging field that exploits quantum computing to simulate chemical systems. Despite quantum mechanics' foundational role in understanding chemical behaviors, traditional computational approaches face significant challenges, largely due to the complexity and computational intensity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computational_chemistry |
The quantum concentration n Q is the particle concentration (i.e. the number of particles per unit volume) of a system where the interparticle distance is equal to the thermal de Broglie wavelength .
Quantum effects become appreciable when the particle concentration is greater than or equal to the quantum concentratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_concentration |
Quantum contextuality is a feature of the phenomenology of quantum mechanics whereby measurements of quantum observables cannot simply be thought of as revealing pre-existing values. Any attempt to do so in a realistic hidden-variable theory leads to values that are dependent upon the choice of the other (compatible) o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_contextuality |
Quantum coupling is an effect in quantum mechanics in which two or more quantum systems are bound such that a change in one of the quantum states in one of the systems will cause an instantaneous change in all of the bound systems. It is a state similar to quantum entanglement , but whereas quantum entanglement can tak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coupling |
A quantum critical point is a point in the phase diagram of a material where a continuous phase transition takes place at absolute zero . A quantum critical point is typically achieved by a continuous suppression of a nonzero temperature phase transition to zero temperature by the application of a pressure, field, or t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_critical_point |
Quantum crystallography is a branch of crystallography that investigates crystalline materials within the framework of quantum mechanics , with analysis and representation, in position or in momentum space , of quantities like wave function , electron charge and spin density , density matrices and all properties relate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_crystallography |
A quantum depolarizing channel is a model for quantum noise in quantum systems. The d {\displaystyle d} -dimensional depolarizing channel can be viewed as a completely positive trace-preserving map Δ λ {\displaystyle \Delta _{\lambda }} , depending on one parameter λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , which maps a state ρ {\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_depolarizing_channel |
In condensed matter physics , the quantum dimer magnet state is one in which quantum spins in a magnetic structure entangle to form a singlet state . These entangled spins act as bosons and their excited states (triplons) can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The quantum dimer system was originally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dimer_magnet |
Quantum dimer models were introduced to model the physics of resonating valence bond (RVB) states in lattice spin systems . The only degrees of freedom retained from the motivating spin systems are the valence bonds, represented as dimers which live on the lattice bonds. In typical dimer models, the dimers do not ov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dimer_models |
Quantum dissipation is the branch of physics that studies the quantum analogues of the process of irreversible loss of energy observed at the classical level. Its main purpose is to derive the laws of classical dissipation from the framework of quantum mechanics . It shares many features with the subjects of quantum de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dissipation |
Quantum dots ( QDs ) or semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles via quantum mechanical effects . They are a central topic in nanotechnology and materials science . When a quantum dot is illuminated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot |
A quantum dot single-photon source is based on a single quantum dot placed in an optical cavity . It is an on-demand single-photon source. A laser pulse can excite a pair of carriers known as an exciton in the quantum dot. The decay of a single exciton due to spontaneous emission leads to the emission of a single photo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_single-photon_source |
In condensed matter physics and quantum information theory , the quantum double model , proposed by Alexei Kitaev , is a lattice model that exhibits topological excitations. [ 1 ] This model can be regarded as a lattice gauge theory, and it has applications in many fields, like topological quantum computation , topolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_double_model |
In physics, quantum dynamics is the quantum version of classical dynamics . Quantum dynamics deals with the motions, and energy and momentum exchanges of systems whose behavior is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Quantum dynamics is relevant for burgeoning fields, such as quantum computing and at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dynamics |
The term quantum efficiency ( QE ) may apply to incident photon to converted electron ( IPCE ) ratio [ 1 ] of a photosensitive device , or it may refer to the TMR effect of a magnetic tunnel junction.
This article deals with the term as a measurement of a device's electrical sensitivity to light. In a charge-coupled d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_efficiency |
The scientific school of Quantum electrochemistry began to form in the 1960s under Revaz Dogonadze . Generally speaking, the field comprises the notions arising in electrodynamics , quantum mechanics , and electrochemistry ; and so is studied by a very large array of different professional researchers. The fields they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrochemistry |
Quantum engineering is the development of technology that capitalizes on the laws of quantum mechanics. This type of engineering uses quantum mechanics to develop technologies such as quantum sensors and quantum computers .
Devices that rely on quantum mechanical effects such as lasers , MRI imagers and transistors ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_engineering |
In quantum chaos , a branch of mathematical physics , quantum ergodicity is a property of the quantization of classical mechanical systems that are chaotic in the sense of exponential sensitivity to initial conditions. Quantum ergodicity states, roughly, that in the high-energy limit, the probability distributions asso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_ergodicity |
Quantum evolution is a component of George Gaylord Simpson 's multi-tempoed theory of evolution proposed to explain the rapid emergence of higher taxonomic groups in the fossil record . According to Simpson, evolutionary rates differ from group to group and even among closely related lineages. These different rates of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_evolution |
Quantum feedback or quantum feedback control is a class of methods to prepare and manipulate a quantum system in which that system's quantum state or trajectory is used to evolve the system towards some desired outcome. Just as in the classical case, feedback occurs when outputs from the system are used as inputs that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_feedback |
In theoretical physics , quantum field theory ( QFT ) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory and the principle of relativity with ideas behind quantum mechanics . [ 1 ] : xi QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory |
Quantum finance is an interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods developed by quantum physicists and economists in order to solve problems in finance . It is a branch of econophysics .
Most quantum option pricing research typically focuses on the quantization of the classical Black–Scholes–Merton... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_finance |
In quantum physics , a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation ) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space , [ 2 ] as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle . They are minute random fluctuations in the values of the fields wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation |
A quantum fluid refers to any system that exhibits quantum mechanical effects at the macroscopic level such as superfluids , superconductors , ultracold atoms , etc. Typically, quantum fluids arise in situations where both quantum mechanical effects and quantum statistical effects are significant.
Most matter is eithe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluid |
A Quantum Flux Parametron ( QFP ) is a digital logic implementation technology based on superconducting Josephson junctions . [ 1 ] QFP's were invented by Eiichi Goto at the University of Tokyo as an improvement over his earlier parametron based digital logic technology, which did not use superconductivity effects or J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_flux_parametron |
Quantum foundations is a discipline of science that seeks to understand the most counter-intuitive aspects of quantum theory , reformulate it and even propose new generalizations thereof. Contrary to other physical theories, such as general relativity , the defining axioms of quantum theory are quite ad hoc , with no ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_foundations |
Quantum game theory is an extension of classical game theory to the quantum domain. It differs from classical game theory in three primary ways:
This theory is based on the physics of information much like quantum computing .
In 1969, John Clauser , Michael Horne , Abner Shimony , and Richard Holt (often referred to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_game_theory |
In theoretical physics , quantum geometry is the set of mathematical concepts that generalize geometry to describe physical phenomena at distance scales comparable to the Planck length . At such distances, quantum mechanics has a profound effect on physical phenomena.
Each theory of quantum gravity uses the term "quan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_geometry |
In mathematics and physics , a quantum graph is a linear, network-shaped structure of vertices connected on edges (i.e., a graph ) in which each edge is given a length and where a differential (or pseudo-differential) equation is posed on each edge. An example would be a power network consisting of power lines (edges)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_graph |
In mathematics, a quantum groupoid is any of a number of notions in noncommutative geometry analogous to the notion of groupoid . In usual geometry, the information of a groupoid can be contained in its monoidal category of representations (by a version of Tannaka–Krein duality ), in its groupoid algebra or in the comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_groupoid |
A quantum gyroscope is a very sensitive device to measure angular rotation based on quantum mechanical principles. The first of these was built by Richard Packard and his colleagues at the University of California , Berkeley. The extreme sensitivity means that theoretically, a larger version could detect effects like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gyroscope |
Quantum hadrodynamics ( QHD ) [ 1 ] is an effective field theory pertaining to interactions between hadrons , that is, hadron-hadron interactions or the inter-hadron force. It is "a framework for describing the nuclear many-body problem as a relativistic system of baryons and mesons". [ 1 ] Quantum hadrodynamics is clo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_hadrodynamics |
A quantum heat engine is a device that generates power from the heat flow between hot and cold reservoirs.
The operation mechanism of the engine can be described by the laws of quantum mechanics .
The first realization of a quantum heat engine was pointed out by Scovil and Schulz-DuBois in 1959, [ 1 ] showing the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_heat_engines_and_refrigerators |
In condensed matter physics , quantum hydrodynamics ( QHD ) [ 1 ] is most generally the study of hydrodynamic-like systems which demonstrate quantum mechanical behavior. They arise in semiclassical mechanics in the study of metal and semiconductor devices, in which case being derived from the Boltzmann transport equati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_hydrodynamics |
Quantum computation, which exploits quantum parallelism, is in principle faster than a classical computer for certain problems. [ 1 ] Quantum image is encoding the image information in quantum-mechanical systems instead of classical ones and replacing classical with quantum information processing may alleviate some of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_image |
Quantum image processing (QIMP) is using quantum computing or quantum information processing to create and work with quantum images . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Due to some of the properties inherent to quantum computation, notably entanglement and parallelism , it is hoped that QIMP technologies will offer capabilities and performa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_image_processing |
Quantum indeterminacy is the apparent necessary incompleteness in the description of a physical system , that has become one of the characteristics of the standard description of quantum physics . Prior to quantum physics, it was thought that
Quantum indeterminacy can be quantitatively characterized by a probability d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy |
Quantum information is the information of the state of a quantum system . It is the basic entity of study in quantum information theory , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and can be manipulated using quantum information processing techniques. Quantum information refers to both the technical definition in terms of Von Neumann entropy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information |
In quantum physics , a quantum instrument is a mathematical description of a quantum measurement, capturing both the classical and quantum outputs. [ 1 ] It can be equivalently understood as a quantum channel that takes as input a quantum system and has as its output two systems: a classical system containing the outco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_instrument |
In quantum physics , the quantum inverse scattering method (QISM), similar to the closely related algebraic Bethe ansatz , is a method for solving integrable models in 1+1 dimensions, introduced by Leon Takhtajan and L. D. Faddeev in 1979. [ 1 ]
It can be viewed as a quantized version of the classical inverse scatteri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_inverse_scattering_method |
A quantum jump is the abrupt transition of a quantum system ( atom , molecule , atomic nucleus ) from one quantum state to another, from one energy level to another. When the system absorbs energy, there is a transition to a higher energy level ( excitation ); when the system loses energy, there is a transition to a lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_jump |
The quantum jump method , also known as the Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) is a technique in computational physics used for simulating open quantum systems and quantum dissipation . The quantum jump method was developed by Dalibard , Castin and Mølmer at a similar time to the similar method known as Quantum Trajector... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_jump_method |
A quantum limit in physics is a limit on measurement accuracy at quantum scales. [ 1 ] Depending on the context, the limit may be absolute (such as the Heisenberg limit ), or it may only apply when the experiment is conducted with naturally occurring quantum states (e.g. the standard quantum limit in interferometry) an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_limit |
Quantum logic spectroscopy ( QLS ) is an ion control scheme that maps quantum information between two co-trapped ion species. [ 1 ] Quantum logic operations allow desirable properties of each ion species to be utilized simultaneously. This enables work with ions and molecular ions that have complex internal energy leve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic_spectroscopy |
A quantum machine is a human-made device whose collective motion follows the laws of quantum mechanics . The idea that macroscopic objects may follow the laws of quantum mechanics dates back to the advent of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] However, as highlighted by the Schrödinger's cat thoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_machine |
A quantum master equation is a generalization of the idea of a master equation . Rather than just a system of differential equations for a set of probabilities (which only constitutes the diagonal elements of a density matrix ), quantum master equations are differential equations for the entire density matrix, includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_master_equation |
Quantum materials is an umbrella term in condensed matter physics that encompasses all materials whose essential properties cannot be described in terms of semiclassical particles and low-level quantum mechanics . [ 1 ] These are materials that present strong electronic correlations or some type of electronic order, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_materials |
In pair production , a photon creates an electron positron pair. In the process of photons scattering in air (e.g. in lightning discharges), the most important interaction is the scattering of photons at the nuclei of atoms or molecules . The full quantum mechanical process of pair production can be described by the qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanical_scattering_of_photon_and_nucleus |
The theoretical study of time travel generally follows the laws of general relativity . Quantum mechanics requires physicists to solve equations describing how probabilities behave along closed timelike curves (CTCs), which are theoretical loops in spacetime that might make it possible to travel through time. [ 1 ] [ 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics_of_time_travel |
Quantum metamaterials apply the science of metamaterials and the rules of quantum mechanics to control electromagnetic radiation . In the broad sense, a quantum metamaterial is a metamaterial in which certain quantum properties of the medium must be taken into account and whose behaviour is thus described by both Maxw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_metamaterial |
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