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A room box is a display box used for three-dimensional miniature scale environments, or scale models . Although the name would suggest room boxes generally only represent typical rooms such as those found in houses or other buildings (bedrooms, kitchens, offices, etc.), room boxes are used for all sorts of environment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_box |
Room temperature , colloquially, denotes the range of air temperatures most people find comfortable indoors while dressed in typical clothing. Comfortable temperatures can be extended beyond this range depending on humidity , air circulation , and other factors.
In certain fields, like science and engineering , and wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature |
A rooster tail is a term used in fluid dynamics , automotive gear shifting, and meteorology . It is a region of commotion or turbulence within a fluid, caused by movement. In fluid dynamics, it lies directly in the wake of an object traveling within a fluid, and is accompanied by a vertical protrusion. If it occurs in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster_tail |
RootMetrics (formerly Root Wireless ) offers scientifically collected and crowdsourced mobile network performance information to consumers and the industry. [ 1 ] The firm captures user information by testing network performance when consumers are using their mobile phone for voice or data communications. [ 2 ]
RootMe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RootMetrics |
Root hairs or absorbent hairs , are outgrowths of epidermal cells, specialized cells at the tip of a plant root . They are lateral extensions of a single cell and are only rarely branched. They are found in the region of maturation, of the root. Root hair cells improve plant water absorption by increasing root surface ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_hair |
In bioinformatics , the root mean square deviation of atomic positions , or simply root mean square deviation (RMSD) , is the measure of the average distance between the atoms (usually the backbone atoms) of superimposed molecules. [ 1 ] In the study of globular protein conformations, one customarily measures the simil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square_deviation_of_atomic_positions |
The root microbiome (also called rhizosphere microbiome) is the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots . [ 1 ] Because they are rich in a variety of carbon compounds, plant roots provide unique environments for a diverse assemblage of soil microorganisms, including bacteria , fungi , and archae... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_microbiome |
Root nodules are found on the roots of plants , primarily legumes , that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria . [ 1 ] Under nitrogen -limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria known as rhizobia . [ 2 ] This process has evolved multiple times with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule |
In mathematics , the root test is a criterion for the convergence (a convergence test ) of an infinite series . It depends on the quantity
where a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} are the terms of the series, and states that the series converges absolutely if this quantity is less than one, but diverges if it is greater than ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_test |
The Rootare-Prenzlow Equation is named for Estonian-American scientist Hillar Rootare and American scientist Carl , first published in their 1967 paper, "Surface Areas from Mercury Porosimetry Measurements," Rootare, H.M., and Prenzlow, C.F., 71 J. Phys. Chem. p. 2733 (1967). The equation first formulated a means to ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootare–Prenzlow_equation |
The Roothaan equations are a representation of the Hartree–Fock equation in a non orthonormal basis set which can be of Gaussian-type or Slater-type . It applies to closed-shell molecules or atoms where all molecular orbitals or atomic orbitals , respectively, are doubly occupied. This is generally called Restricted Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothaan_equations |
RopB transcriptional regulator , also known as RopB/Rgg transcriptional regulator is a transcriptional regulator protein that regulates expression of the extracellularly secreted cysteine protease streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (speB or streptopain ), which is an important virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RopB_transcriptional_regulator |
In recreational mathematics , rope-burning puzzles are a class of mathematical puzzle in which one is given lengths of rope, fuse cord , or shoelace that each burn for a given amount of time, and matches to set them on fire, and must use them to measure a non-unit amount of time. The fusible numbers are defined as the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope-burning_puzzle |
Rope caulk or caulking cord is a type of pliable putty or caulking formed into a rope-like shape. It is typically off-white in color, relatively odorless, and stays pliable for an extended period of time.
Rope caulk can be used as caulking or weatherstripping around conventional windows installed in conventional woode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_caulk |
Rosa's rule , also known as Rosa's law of progressive reduction of variability , [ 1 ] is a biological rule that observes the tendency to go from character variation in more primitive representatives of a taxonomic group or clade to a fixed character state in more advanced members. An example of Rosa's rule is that the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa's_rule |
Rosa Vásquez Espinoza is a Peruvian chemical biologist and conservationist who founded Amazon Research Internacional, an organization focused on biodiversity research and conservation in the Amazon rainforest. Her work integrates traditional ecological knowledge with modern science, emphasizing sustainable practices an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Vásquez_Espinoza |
Rosalind Audrey Clare Hudson ( née Latham ; 31 July 1926 – 7 July 2013) was a British codebreaker and architectural model maker.
Rosalind was born at Wirral, Cheshire and was educated at Adcote School , Shropshire . In her early years she developed a love for architecture. Being the granddaughter of Walter Aubrey Thom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Hudson |
Rosana Sonia Chirinos Gallardo (born 1970, Lima) is a engineer, professor, and researcher specializing in food biotechnology . Her work focuses on bioactive compounds derived from native biodiversity, functional foods, and sustainable bioprocesses. She is a professor at the Faculty of Food Industries at the National Ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosana_Chirinos_Gallardo |
Rose's law is the observation that the number of qubits on chips doubles about every 18 months. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is the quantum computing equivalent of Moore's law . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
The term was coined by Steve Jurvetson when he met Geordie Rose, the founder of D-Wave Systems and the law's namesake. [ 5 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose's_law |
Rose's metal , Rose metal or Rose's alloy is a fusible alloy with a low melting point .
Rose's metal consists of 50% bismuth , 25–28% lead and 22–25% tin . Its melting point is between 94 and 98 °C (201 and 208 °F). The alloy does not appreciably contract or expand on solidification, this characteristic being a functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose's_metal |
Rosemary A. Bailey FRSE (born 1947) is a British statistician who works in the design of experiments and the analysis of variance and in related areas of combinatorial design , especially in association schemes . She has written books on the design of experiments , on association schemes , and on linear models in stati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_A._Bailey |
In mathematical optimization , the Rosenbrock function is a non- convex function , introduced by Howard H. Rosenbrock in 1960, which is used as a performance test problem for optimization algorithms . [ 1 ] It is also known as Rosenbrock's valley or Rosenbrock's banana function .
The global minimum is inside a long, n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenbrock_function |
The Rosenmund reduction is a hydrogenation process in which an acyl chloride is selectively reduced to an aldehyde . The reaction was named after Karl Wilhelm Rosenmund , who first reported it in 1918. [ 1 ]
The reaction, a hydrogenolysis , is catalysed by palladium on barium sulfate , which is sometimes called the Ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenmund_reduction |
The Rosenmund–von Braun synthesis is an organic reaction in which an aryl halide reacts with cuprous cyanide to yield an aryl nitrile . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The reaction was named after Karl Wilhelm Rosenmund who together with his Ph.D. student Erich Struck discovered in 1914 that aryl halide reacts with alcohol water so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenmund–von_Braun_reaction |
Rosenthal's reagent is a metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complex with zirconium ( Cp 2 Zr ) or titanium (Cp 2 Ti) used as central atom of the metallocene fragment Cp 2 M. Additional ligands such as pyridine or THF are commonly used as well. With zirconium as central atom and pyridine as ligand ( Zirconocene bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenthal's_reagent |
Rosetta Mini: 3.78 / October 3, 2017 ; 7 years ago ( 2017-10-03 )
Rosetta@home is a volunteer computing project researching protein structure prediction on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, run by the Baker lab. Rosetta@home aims to predict protein–protein docking and design new ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta@home |
A rosette sampler (also known as a CTD-rosette or carousel ) is a device used for water sampling in deep water. Rosette samplers are used in the ocean and large inland water bodies such as the North American Great Lakes in order to investigate quality . Rosette samplers are a key piece of equipment in oceanography and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_sampler |
In fluid mechanics , the Roshko number ( Ro ) is a dimensionless number describing oscillating flow mechanisms. It is named after the Canadian Professor of Aeronautics Anatol Roshko . It is defined as
where
Roshko determined the correlation [ 1 ] below from experiments on the flow of air around circular cylinders ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshko_number |
Rosickyite is a rare native element mineral that is a polymorph of sulfur . It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system and is a high temperature, high density polymorph. It occurs as soft, colorless to pale yellow crystals and efflorescences. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
It was first described in 1930 for an occurrence in Havirn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosickýite |
Rosin is a glycoside ester of cinnamyl alcohol and a constituent of Rhodiola rosea .
The three cinnamyl alcohol-vicianosides of Rhodiola rosea, commonly referred to as "rosavins," are rosin , and the structurally related disaccharide rosavin , which is the arabinose ester of rosin, and rosarin , the arabinofuranose es... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosin_(chemical) |
The Rosiwal scale is a hardness scale in mineralogy , with its name given in memory of the Austrian geologist August Karl Rosiwal . The Rosiwal scale attempts to give more quantitative values of scratch hardness, unlike the Mohs scale which is a qualitative measurement with relative values.
The Rosiwal method (also ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiwal_scale |
In organic chemistry , the Roskamp reaction is a name reaction describing the reaction between α-diazoesters (such as ethyl diazoacetate ) and aldehydes to form β-ketoesters, often utilizing various Lewis acids (such as BF 3 , SnCl 2 , and GeCl 2 ) as catalysts. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The reaction is notable for its mild re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskamp_reaction |
Rosocyanine and rubrocurcumin are two red colored materials, which are formed by the reaction between curcumin and borates .
The color reaction between borates and curcumin is used for the spectrophotometric determination and quantification of boron present in food or materials. Curcumin is a yellow coloring natural p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosocyanine |
Ross Baldick is an American professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Texas at Austin . He is an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) fellow of power and energy society . He is the chairman of the System Economics Sub-Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Baldick |
Rossby Wave Instability ( RWI ) is a concept related to astrophysical accretion discs . In non-self-gravitating discs, for example around newly forming stars, the instability can be triggered by an axisymmetric bump, at some radius r 0 {\displaystyle r_{0}} , in the disc surface mass-density. It gives rise to exponenti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossby_wave_instability |
In economics , Rosser's equation (named after J. Barkley Rosser, Jr. ) calculates future US Social Security Administration Trust Fund balances and payments as the ratio of benefit payments in real terms for a given income level to be received the year after the Trust Fund would be exhausted, to those of the same income... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosser's_equation |
In mathematical logic , Rosser's trick is a method for proving a variant of Gödel's incompleteness theorems not relying on the assumption that the theory being considered is ω-consistent (Smorynski 1977, p. 840; Mendelson 1977, p. 160). This method was introduced by J. Barkley Rosser in 1936, as an improvement of Gödel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosser's_trick |
The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE ) was a NASA satellite that observed the time variation of astronomical X-ray sources, named after physicist Bruno Rossi . The RXTE had three instruments — an All-Sky Monitor, the High-Energy X-ray Timing Experiment (HEXTE) and the Proportional Counter Array. The RXTE observed X-r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer |
Rostislav Ivanovich Grigorchuk ( Russian : Ростислав Иванович Григорчук ; Ukrainian : Ростисла́в Iва́нович Григорчу́к ; b. February 23, 1953) is a mathematician working in different areas of mathematics including group theory , dynamical systems , geometry and computer science . He holds the rank of Distinguished Profe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostislav_Grigorchuk |
Rot-proof or rot resistant is a condition of preservation or protection , by a process or treatment of materials used in industrial manufacturing or production to prevent biodegradation and chemical decomposition . Decomposition is a factor in which organic matter breaks down over time. It is commonly caused by fungus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot-proof |
In linear algebra and matroid theory , Rota's basis conjecture is an unproven conjecture concerning rearrangements of bases , named after Gian-Carlo Rota . It states that, if X is either a vector space of dimension n or more generally a matroid of rank n , with n disjoint bases B i , then it is possible to arrange the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota's_basis_conjecture |
In chemistry , rotamers are chemical species that differ from one another primarily due to rotations about one or more single bonds . Various arrangements of atoms in a molecule that differ by rotation about single bonds can also be referred to as conformations . Conformers/rotamers differ little in their energies, so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotamer |
A rotameter is a device that measures the volumetric flow rate of fluid in a closed tube. [ 1 ]
It belongs to a class of meters called variable-area flowmeters , which measure flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels through to vary, causing a measurable effect. [ 2 ]
The first variable area m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotameter |
The New South Wales Government Railways constructed in 1903 a device for measuring the length of its lines of railway. That authority named the machine a Rotameter . It consisted of a four-wheel trolley with an additional large fifth wheel which traveled along the running surface of the rail. Its last recorded use was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotameter_(railway) |
The rotarod performance test is a performance test based on a rotating rod with forced motor activity being applied, usually by a rodent . The test measures parameters such as riding time (seconds) or endurance . Some of the functions of the test include evaluating balance, grip strength and motor coordination of the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotarod_performance_test |
Rotary atomizers use a high speed rotating disk, cup or wheel to discharge liquid at high speed to the perimeter, forming a hollow cone spray. The rotational speed controls the drop size. Spray drying and spray painting are the most important and common uses of this technology.
Many industries need to convert a large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_atomizers |
A rotary dryer is a type of industrial dryer used to reduce or minimize the moisture content of the material it is handling by bringing it into contact with a heated gas. [ 1 ] The dryer is made up of a rotating cylinder ("drum" or "shell"), a drive mechanism, and a support structure (commonly concrete posts or a steel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dryer |
A rotary evaporator [ 1 ] ( rotovap ) is a device used in chemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle removal of solvents from samples by evaporation . When referenced in the chemistry research literature, description of the use of this technique and equipment may include the phrase "rotary evaporator", though u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporator |
Rotary feeders , also known as rotary airlocks or rotary valves , are commonly used in industrial and agricultural applications as a component in a bulk or specialty material handling system. Rotary feeders are primarily used for discharge of bulk solid material from hoppers /bins, receivers, and cyclones into a pressu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_feeder |
A rotary kiln is a pyroprocessing device used to raise materials to a high temperature ( calcination ) in a continuous process. Materials produced using rotary kilns include:
They are also used for roasting a wide variety of sulfide ores prior to metal extraction.
The kiln is a cylindrical vessel, inclined slightly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_kiln |
A rotary phase converter , abbreviated RPC , is an electrical machine that converts power from one polyphase system to another, converting through rotary motion. Typically, single-phase electric power is used to produce three-phase electric power locally to run three-phase loads in premises where only single-phase is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_phase_converter |
A rotary transfer machine is a machine tool , typically for metal working by machining, comprising a large indexing table with machining stations surrounding the table. Such rotary transfer machines are used for producing a large number of parts in fairly short cycle times. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
In rotary transfer machine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_transfer_machine |
A rotary union is a union that allows for rotation of the united parts. It is thus a device that provides a seal between a stationary supply passage (such as pipe or tubing) and a rotating part (such as a drum, cylinder, or spindle ) to permit the flow of a fluid into and/or out of the rotating part. Fluids typically u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_union |
A Rotary Vacuum Filter Drum consists of a cylindrical filter membrane that is partly sub-merged in a slurry to be filtered. The inside of the drum is held lower than the ambient pressure. As the drum rotates through the slurry, the liquid is sucked through the membrane, leaving solids to cake on the membrane surface wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filter |
Rotary wheel blow molding systems are used for the high-output production of a wide variety of plastic extrusion blow molded articles. Containers may be produced from small, single serve bottles to large containers up to 20-30 liters in volume - but wheel machines are often sized for the volume and dimensional demands... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems |
Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy , ( RP-CARS ) is a particular implementation of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). RP-CARS takes advantage of polarization-dependent selection rules in order to gain information about molecule orientation anisotropy and direction within the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating-polarization_coherent_anti-Stokes_Raman_spectroscopy |
The rotating-wave approximation is an approximation used in atom optics and magnetic resonance . In this approximation, terms in a Hamiltonian that oscillate rapidly are neglected. This is a valid approximation when the applied electromagnetic radiation is near resonance with an atomic transition, and the intensity is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating-wave_approximation |
A rotating biological contactor or RBC is a biological fixed-film treatment process used in the secondary treatment of wastewater following primary treatment . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The primary treatment process involves removal of grit , sand and coarse suspended material through a screening process, followed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor |
A rotating detonation engine ( RDE ) uses a form of pressure gain combustion , where one or more detonations continuously travel around an annular channel. [ 1 ] Computational simulations and experimental results have shown that the RDE has potential in transport and other applications. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
In detonative combu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine |
Rotating radio transients ( RRATs ) are sources of short, moderately bright, radio pulses, which were first discovered in 2006. [ 1 ] RRATs are thought to be pulsars , i.e. rotating magnetised neutron stars which emit more sporadically and/or with higher pulse-to-pulse variability than the bulk of the known pulsars. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_radio_transient |
A rotating frame of reference is a special case of a non-inertial reference frame that is rotating relative to an inertial reference frame . An everyday example of a rotating reference frame is the surface of the Earth . (This article considers only frames rotating about a fixed axis. For more general rotations, see Eu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_reference_frame |
Isaac Newton 's rotating spheres argument attempts to demonstrate that true rotational motion can be defined by observing the tension in the string joining two identical spheres. The basis of the argument is that all observers make two observations: the tension in the string joining the bodies (which is the same for al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_spheres |
A rotating tank is a device used for fluid dynamics experiments. Typically cylinders filled with water on a rotating platform, the tanks can be used in various ways to simulate the atmosphere or ocean .
For example, a rotating tank with an ice bucket in the center can represent the Earth, with a cold pole simulated b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_tank |
Rotation or rotational/rotary motion is the circular movement of an object around a central line, known as an axis of rotation . A plane figure can rotate in either a clockwise or counterclockwise sense around a perpendicular axis intersecting anywhere inside or outside the figure at a center of rotation . A solid figu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation |
The turn (symbol tr or pla ) is a unit of plane angle measurement that is the measure of a complete angle —the angle subtended by a complete circle at its center. One turn is equal to 2 π radians , 360 degrees or 400 gradians . As an angular unit , one turn also corresponds to one cycle (symbol cyc or c ) [ 1 ] or to o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_(physics) |
In geometry , there exist various rotation formalisms to express a rotation in three dimensions as a mathematical transformation . In physics, this concept is applied to classical mechanics where rotational (or angular) kinematics is the science of quantitative description of a purely rotational motion . The orientatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_formalisms_in_three_dimensions |
In linear algebra , a rotation matrix is a transformation matrix that is used to perform a rotation in Euclidean space . For example, using the convention below, the matrix
rotates points in the xy plane counterclockwise through an angle θ about the origin of a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system . To perform ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix |
In mathematics , a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy - Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′ -Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle θ {\displaystyle \theta } . A point P ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_of_axes_in_two_dimensions |
In astronomy , the rotation period or spin period [ 1 ] of a celestial object (e.g., star, planet, moon, asteroid) has two definitions. The first one corresponds to the sidereal rotation period (or sidereal day ), i.e., the time that the object takes to complete a full rotation around its axis relative to the backgroun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_period_(astronomy) |
In astronomy, rotational Brownian motion is the random walk in orientation of a binary star 's orbital plane, induced by gravitational perturbations from passing stars.
Consider a binary that consists of two massive objects (stars, black holes etc.) and that is embedded in a stellar system containing a large number of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_Brownian_motion_(astronomy) |
Rotational correlation time ( τ c {\displaystyle \tau _{c}} ) is the average time it takes for a molecule to rotate one radian .
[ 1 ] In solution, rotational correlation times are in the order of picoseconds . For example, the τ c = {\displaystyle \tau _{c}=} 1.7 ps for water, [ 2 ] and 100 ps for a pyrroline nitroxy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_correlation_time |
Rotational modulation collimators (or RMCs ) are a specialization of the modulation collimator , an imaging device invented by Minoru Oda [ fr ; de ] . Devices of this type create images of high energy X-rays (or other radiations that cast shadows). Since high energy X-rays are not easily focused, such optics have fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_modulation_collimator |
In chemistry , the rotational partition function relates the rotational degrees of freedom to the rotational part of the energy.
The total canonical partition function Z {\displaystyle Z} of a system of N {\displaystyle N} identical, indistinguishable, noninteracting atoms or molecules can be divided into the atomic o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_partition_function |
Rotational spectroscopy is concerned with the measurement of the energies of transitions between quantized rotational states of molecules in the gas phase . The rotational spectrum ( power spectral density vs. rotational frequency ) of polar molecules can be measured in absorption or emission by microwave spectroscopy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_spectroscopy |
Rotational symmetry , also known as radial symmetry in geometry , is the property a shape has when it looks the same after some rotation by a partial turn . An object's degree of rotational symmetry is the number of distinct orientations in which it looks exactly the same for each rotation.
Certain geometric objects a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_symmetry |
The characteristic rotational temperature ( θ R or θ rot ) is commonly used in statistical thermodynamics to simplify the expression of the rotational partition function and the rotational contribution to molecular thermodynamic properties. It has units of temperature and is defined as [ 1 ]
where B ¯ = B / h c {\disp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_temperature |
In quantum mechanics , a rotational transition is an abrupt change in angular momentum . Like all other properties of a quantum particle , angular momentum is quantized , meaning it can only equal certain discrete values, which correspond to different rotational energy states. When a particle loses angular momentum, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_transition |
Viscosity is usually described as the property of a fluid which determines the rate at which local momentum differences are equilibrated. Rotational viscosity is a property of a fluid which determines the rate at which local angular momentum differences are equilibrated. In the classical case, by the equipartition theo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_viscosity |
In physics , rotational–vibrational coupling [ 1 ] occurs when the rotation frequency of a system is close to or identical to a natural frequency of internal vibration . The animation on the right shows ideal motion, with the force exerted by the spring and the distance from the center of rotation increasing together l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational–vibrational_coupling |
Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy is a branch of molecular spectroscopy that is concerned with infrared and Raman spectra of molecules in the gas phase . Transitions involving changes in both vibrational and rotational states can be abbreviated as rovibrational (or ro-vibrational ) transitions. When such transitions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational–vibrational_spectroscopy |
Rotavirus translation , the process of translating mRNA into proteins , occurs in a different way in Rotaviruses . Unlike the vast majority of cellular proteins in other organisms, in Rotaviruses the proteins are translated from capped but nonpolyadenylated mRNAs. The viral nonstructural protein NSP3 specifically bin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus_translation |
A rotaxane (from Latin rota ' wheel ' and axis ' axle ' ) is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture consisting of a dumbbell -shaped molecule which is threaded through a macrocycle (see graphical representation). The two components of a rotaxane are kinetically trapped since the ends of the dumbbell (often c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaxane |
In mathematics , a Rota–Baxter algebra is an associative algebra , together with a particular linear map R {\displaystyle R} which satisfies the Rota–Baxter identity . It appeared first in the work of the American mathematician Glen E. Baxter [ 1 ] in the realm of probability theory . Baxter's work was further explored... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota–Baxter_algebra |
The Rote Liste , full name Rote Liste der bedrohten Nutztierrassen im Bundesgebiet , [ a ] is a red list of threatened breeds of domestic animal published annually by the Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen , the German national association for the conservation of historic and endangered dom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Liste |
In mathematics , Roth's theorem or Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem is a fundamental result in diophantine approximation to algebraic numbers . It is of a qualitative type, stating that algebraic numbers cannot have many rational approximations that are 'very good'. Over half a century, the meaning of very good here was refine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth's_theorem |
Roth's theorem on arithmetic progressions is a result in additive combinatorics concerning the existence of arithmetic progressions in subsets of the natural numbers . It was first proven by Klaus Roth in 1953. [ 1 ] Roth's theorem is a special case of Szemerédi's theorem for the case k = 3 {\displaystyle k=3} .
A sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth's_theorem_on_arithmetic_progressions |
Rothalpy (or trothalpy) I {\displaystyle I} , a short name of rotational stagnation enthalpy , is a fluid mechanical property of importance in the study of flow within rotating systems. [ 1 ]
Consider we have an inertial frame of reference X Y Z {\displaystyle XYZ} and a rotating frame of reference x y z {\displaystyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothalpy |
In mathematics, a Rothberger space is a topological space that satisfies a certain a basic selection principle . A Rothberger space is a space in which for every sequence of open covers U 1 , U 2 , … {\displaystyle {\mathcal {U}}_{1},{\mathcal {U}}_{2},\ldots } of the space there are sets U 1 ∈ U 1 , U 2 ∈ U 2 , … {\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothberger_space |
The Rothemund reaction is a condensation / oxidation process that converts four pyrroles and four aldehydes into a porphyrin . It is based on work by Paul Rothemund , who first reported it in 1936. [ 1 ] The method underpins more modern synthesis such as those described by Adler and Longo and by Lindsey. The Rothemund ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothemund_reaction |
The Rotterdam Convention (formally, the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade ) is a multilateral treaty to promote shared responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals. The convention promotes open exchang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_Convention |
Rouché's theorem , named after Eugène Rouché , states that for any two complex -valued functions f and g holomorphic inside some region K {\displaystyle K} with closed contour ∂ K {\displaystyle \partial K} , if | g ( z )| < | f ( z )| on ∂ K {\displaystyle \partial K} , then f and f + g have the same number of zeros i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouché's_theorem |
In stochastic analysis , a rough path is a generalization of the classical notion of a smooth path. It extends calculus and differential equation theory to handle irregular signals—paths that are too rough for traditional analysis, such as a Wiener process . This makes it possible to define and solve controlled differe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_path |
Roughness length ( z 0 {\displaystyle z_{0}} ) is a parameter used in modeling the horizontal mean wind speed near the ground. In wind vertical profile such the log wind profile , the roughness length (with dimension of length and SI unit of metres) is equivalent to the height at which the wind speed theoretically beco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughness_length |
Rouging is a form of corrosion found in stainless steel . [ 1 ] It can be due to iron contamination of the stainless steel surface due to welding of non-stainless steel for support columns, or other temporary means, which when welded off leaves a low chromium area. [ 2 ]
There are three classes of rouging: Class I, Cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouging |
Round-trip engineering ( RTE ) in the context of model-driven architecture is a functionality of software development tools that synchronizes two or more related software artifacts, such as, source code, models , configuration files, documentation, etc. between each other. [ 1 ] The need for round-trip engineering aris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-trip_engineering |
A round number is an integer that ends with one or more " 0 "s (zero-digit) in a given base . [ 1 ] So, 590 is rounder than 592, but 590 is less round than 600. In both technical and informal language, a round number is often interpreted to stand for a value or values near to the nominal value expressed. For instance, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_number |
The Roundabout ( Robo ) family of proteins are single-pass transmembrane receptors that are highly conserved across many branches of the animal kingdom, from C. elegans to humans. [ 1 ] They were first discovered in Drosophila , through a mutant screen for genes involved in axon guidance . The Drosophila roundabout mut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout_family |
A roundel is a circular disc used as a symbol. The term is used in heraldry , but also commonly used to refer to a type of national insignia used on military aircraft , generally circular in shape and usually comprising concentric rings of different colours. Other symbols also often use round shapes.
In heraldry , a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundel |
Roundness is the measure of how closely the shape of an object approaches that of a mathematically perfect circle . Roundness applies in two dimensions , such as the cross sectional circles along a cylindrical object such as a shaft or a cylindrical roller for a bearing . In geometric dimensioning and tolerancing , con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundness |
Roundup is a brand name of herbicide originally produced by Monsanto , which Bayer acquired in 2018. Prior to the late-2010s formulations, it used broad-spectrum glyphosate-based herbicides . [ 1 ] As of 2009, sales of Roundup herbicides still represented about 10 percent of Monsanto's revenue despite competition from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide) |
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