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Originally registered as the Institution of Welding Engineers in 1923, The Welding Institute has grown and changed over the intervening decades, yet maintains a specialisation in welding , joining and allied technologies.
The formation in 1923 of the professional institution, later to become The Welding Institute, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Welding_Institute |
The World in the Model: How Economists Work and Think is a work by Mary S. Morgan published by Cambridge University Press in 2012.
Mary S. Morgan , defined by Robert Sugden "a major philosopher and historian of economics", [ 1 ] analyzes with examples how economists work and think using models. [ 2 ] Her book reconstr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_in_the_Model:_How_Economists_Work_and_Think |
The World of Null-A , sometimes written The World of Ā , is a 1948 science fiction novel by Canadian-American writer A. E. van Vogt . It was originally published as a three-part serial in 1945 in Astounding Stories . It incorporates concepts from the general semantics of Alfred Korzybski . The name Ā refers to non-Aris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Null-A |
The World of Robert Burns is educational software which teaches about the life and times of Robert Burns . It was launched to coincide with the 200th anniversary of Burns's death. The software was awarded Gold by Acorn User magazine. [ 2 ]
It was developed by Cambridge Software House in associate with Galloway Educati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Robert_Burns |
The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy. What Animals on Earth Reveal about Aliens – and Ourselves is a 2020 popular science book by the Cambridge University zoologist Arik Kershenbaum. It discusses the possible nature of life on other planets , based on the study of animal life on Earth.
The book argues that the evolutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zoologist's_Guide_to_the_Galaxy |
Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR) is one of three research institutes constituting the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , a faculty of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU). The ZIWR is located on BGU's Sede Boqer Campus in Midreshet Ben-Gurion in Israel's Negev Desert , and hosts research... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zuckerberg_Institute_for_Water_Research |
Alle Dinge sind Gift, und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist. All things are poison, and nothing is without poison; the dosage alone makes it so a thing is not a poison.
" The dose makes the poison " ( Latin : dosis sola facit venenum 'only the dose makes the poison') is an adage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_dose_makes_the_poison |
The eSync Alliance is a global automotive initiative established to build a secure, multi-vendor platform for end-to-end over-the-air (OTA) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] updating and data services for the connected car, with a global network of participating suppliers [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
In June 2017, Excelfore publicly announced [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_eSync_Alliance |
The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code (translation table 4 ) is the genetic code used by various organisms, in some cases with slight variations, notably the use of UGA as a tryptophan codon rather than a stop codon .
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_mold,_protozoan,_and_coelenterate_mitochondrial_code_and_the_mycoplasma/spiroplasma_code |
The monkey and the coconuts is a mathematical puzzle in the field of Diophantine analysis that originated in a short story involving five sailors and a monkey on a desert island who divide up a pile of coconuts ; the problem is to find the number of coconuts in the original pile (fractional coconuts not allowed). The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_monkey_and_the_coconuts |
The purpose of a system is what it does ( POSIWID ) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer , [ 1 ] who stated that there is "no point in claiming that the purpose of a system is to do what it constantly fails to do". [ 2 ] The term is widely used by systems theorists , and is generally invoked to count... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_purpose_of_a_system_is_what_it_does |
The spider and the fly problem is a recreational mathematics problem with an unintuitive solution, asking for a shortest path or geodesic between two points on the surface of a cuboid . It was originally posed by Henry Dudeney .
In the typical version of the puzzle, an otherwise empty cuboid room 30 feet long, 12 feet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_spider_and_the_fly_problem |
In biology , a theca ( pl. : thecae ) is a sheath or a covering.
In botany , the theca is related to plant's flower anatomy. The theca of an angiosperm consists of a pair of microsporangia that are adjacent to each other and share a common area of dehiscence called the stomium . [ 1 ] Any part of a microsporophyll tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theca |
The Theil index is a statistic primarily used to measure economic inequality [ 1 ] and other economic phenomena, though it has also been used to measure racial segregation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The Theil index T T is the same as redundancy in information theory which is the maximum possible entropy of the data minus the observe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theil_index |
Theistic rationalism is a hybrid of natural religion , Christianity , and rationalism , in which rationalism is the predominant element. [ 1 ] According to Henry Clarence Thiessen, the concept of theistic rationalism first developed during the eighteenth century as a form of English and German Deism . [ 2 ] The term "t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_rationalism |
The Themis programme is an ongoing European Space Agency programme carried by prime contractor ArianeGroup , aiming to develop a prototype reusable rocket first stage and plans to conduct demonstration flights. The prototype rockets will also be called Themis. As of 2025, two prototypes are being developed: Themis 1-En... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis_programme |
Theodor Förster (15 May 1910 – 20 May 1974) was a German physical chemist known for theoretical work on light-matter interaction in molecular systems such as fluorescence and resonant energy transfer .
Förster was born in Frankfurt am Main and studied physics and mathematics at the University of Frankfurt from 1929 to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Förster |
Freiherr Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss (20 January 1785 – 26 March 1822) was a Baltic German scientist known for establishing the first theory of electrolysis in 1806 and formulating the first law of photochemistry in 1817. [ 1 ] His theory of electrolysis is considered the first description of the so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Grotthuss |
Theodore Cohen (May 11, 1929 – December 13, 2017) was an American organic chemist and chemistry professor at University of Pittsburgh . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] He is known for his research on organic chemistry , [ 1 ] and particularly on organosulfur compounds , [ 3 ] [ 5 ] on organometallic chemistry , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Cohen_(chemist) |
In mathematics and formal logic , a theorem is a statement that has been proven , or can be proven. [ a ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The proof of a theorem is a logical argument that uses the inference rules of a deductive system to establish that the theorem is a logical consequence of the axioms and previously proved theorems.
In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem |
In mathematics , the theorem of the cube is a condition for a line bundle over a product of three complete varieties to be trivial. It was a principle discovered, in the context of linear equivalence , by the Italian school of algebraic geometry . The final version of the theorem of the cube was first published by Lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem_of_the_cube |
In civil engineering and structural analysis Clapeyron's theorem of three moments (by Émile Clapeyron ) is a relationship among the bending moments at three consecutive supports of a horizontal beam.
Let A,B,C-D be the three consecutive points of support, and denote by- l the length of AB and l ′ {\displaystyle l'} th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem_of_three_moments |
In algebra, the theorem of transition is said to hold between commutative rings A ⊂ B {\displaystyle A\subset B} if [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Given commutative rings A ⊂ B {\displaystyle A\subset B} such that B {\displaystyle B} dominates A {\displaystyle A} and for each maximal ideal m {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}} of A {\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem_of_transition |
The theorem on friends and strangers is a mathematical theorem in an area of mathematics called Ramsey theory .
Suppose a party has six people. Consider any two of them. They might be meeting for the first time—in which case we will call them mutual strangers; or they might have met before—in which case we will call ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem_on_friends_and_strangers |
Theoretical astronomy is the use of analytical and computational models based on principles from physics and chemistry to describe and explain astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena. Theorists in astronomy endeavor to create theoretical models and from the results predict observational consequences of those mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astronomy |
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler , said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astrophysics |
Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding , chemical reaction , valence , the surface of potential energy , molecular orbitals , orbital interactions, and molecul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry |
Theoretical oxygen demand ( ThOD ) is the calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a compound to its final oxidation products. [ 1 ] However, there are some differences between standard methods that can influence the results obtained: for example, some calculations assume that nitrogen released from organic com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_oxygen_demand |
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena . This is in contrast to experimental physics , which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.
The advancement of science generall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics |
A theoretical plate in many separation processes is a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish an equilibrium with each other. Such equilibrium stages may also be referred to as an equilibrium stage , ideal stage , or a theoretical tray . The performa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_plate |
The theoretical strength of a solid is the maximum possible stress a perfect solid can withstand. It is often much higher than what current real materials can achieve. The lowered fracture stress is due to defects, such as interior or surface cracks. One of the goals for the study of mechanical properties of materials ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_strength_of_a_solid |
Theories of cloaking discusses various theories based on science and research , for producing an electromagnetic cloaking device . Theories presented employ transformation optics , event cloaking, dipolar scattering cancellation, tunneling light transmittance, sensors and active sources, and acoustic cloaking .
A clo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_cloaking |
In set theory and logic , Buchholz's ID hierarchy is a hierarchy of subsystems of first-order arithmetic . The systems/theories I D ν {\displaystyle ID_{\nu }} are referred to as "the formal theories of ν-times iterated inductive definitions". ID ν extends PA by ν iterated least fixed points of monotone operators.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_iterated_inductive_definitions |
Theories of technological change and innovation attempt to explain the factors that shape technological innovation as well as the impact of technology on society and culture . Some of the most contemporary theories of technological change reject two of the previous views: the linear model of technological innovation an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology |
Planning theory is the body of scientific concepts, definitions, behavioral relationships, and assumptions that define the body of knowledge of urban planning . Urban planning is the strategic process of designing and managing the growth and development of human settlements, from small towns to sprawling metropolitan a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning |
A theory is a systematic and rational form of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the conclusions derived from such thinking. It involves contemplative and logical reasoning , often supported by processes such as observation, experimentation, and research. Theories can be scientific, falling within the realm of em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory |
In algebra , the theory of equations is the study of algebraic equations (also called "polynomial equations"), which are equations defined by a polynomial . The main problem of the theory of equations was to know when an algebraic equation has an algebraic solution . This problem was completely solved in 1830 by Évaris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_equations |
The theory of functional systems is a model that describes the structure of conduct , which was established by Russian and Soviet biologist and physiologist Pyotr Anokhin .
Functional systems were put forward by Anokhin as an alternative to the predominant concept of reflexes . Contrary to reflexes, the endpoints of f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_functional_systems |
The theory of impetus , [ 1 ] developed in the Middle Ages, attempts to explain the forced motion of a body, what it is, and how it comes about or ceases. It is important to note that in ancient and medieval times, motion was always considered absolute, relative to the Earth as the center of the universe.
The theory o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_impetus |
Theory of mind in animals is an extension to non-human animals of the philosophical and psychological concept of theory of mind (ToM) , sometimes known as mentalisation or mind-reading . It involves an inquiry into whether non-human animals have the ability to attribute mental states (such as intention , desires , pret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind_in_animals |
The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor device . The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of a solar cell , and give guidance on the phenomena that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_solar_cells |
The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans (especially Earth's oceans) under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies (especially the Moon and Sun ).
The tides r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_tides |
Theorycraft (or theorycrafting ) is the mathematical analysis of game mechanics (usually in video games ) to discover optimal strategies and tactics . Theorycraft involves analyzing statistics , hidden systems or underlying game code in order to glean information that is not apparent during normal gameplay . [ 1 ] Theo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorycraft |
Theranostics , also known as theragnostics , [ 1 ] is a technique commonly used in personalised medicine . For example in nuclear medicine , one radioactive drug is used to identify ( diagnose ) and a second radioactive drug is used to treat (therapy) cancerous tumors . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In other words, theranostics co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theranostics |
The Therapeutic Goods Administration ( TGA ) is the medicine and therapeutic regulatory agency of the Australian Government . [ 4 ] As part of the Department of Health, Disability and Ageing , the TGA regulates the safety, quality, efficacy and advertising in Australia of therapeutic goods (which comprise medicines, me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration |
Therapeutic Target Database ( TTD ) is a pharmaceutical and medical repository [ 1 ] constructed by the Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group (IDRB) at Zhejiang University, China and the Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group at the National University of Singapore . It provides information about known and ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Targets_Database |
Therapeutic angiogenesis is an experimental area in the treatment of ischemia , the condition associated with decrease in blood supply to certain organs, tissues, or body parts. This is usually caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels. Angiogenesis is the natural healing process by which new blood ves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_angiogenesis |
Therapeutic gene modulation refers to the practice of altering the expression of a gene at one of various stages, with a view to alleviate some form of ailment. It differs from gene therapy in that gene modulation seeks to alter the expression of an endogenous gene (perhaps through the introduction of a gene encoding a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_gene_modulation |
The therapeutic index ( TI ; also referred to as therapeutic ratio ) is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug with regard to risk of overdose. It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes toxicity to the amount that causes the therapeutic effect . [ 1 ] The related terms the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_index |
A therapeutic interfering particle is an antiviral preparation that reduces the replication rate and pathogenesis of a particular viral infectious disease. A therapeutic interfering particle is typically a biological agent (i.e., nucleic acid) engineered from portions of the viral genome being targeted. Similar to Defe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_interfering_particle |
A therapy or medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a medical diagnosis . Both words, treatment and therapy , are often abbreviated tx , Tx , or T x .
As a rule, each therapy has indications and contraindications . There are many different types of therapy. Not all ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy |
Theresa M. Reineke (born January 1, 1972) is an American chemist and Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the University of Minnesota . She designs sustainable, environmentally friendly polymer-based delivery systems for targeted therapeutics. She is the associate editor of ACS Macro Letters .
Reineke earned... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_M._Reineke |
Thermal-transfer printing is a digital printing method in which material is applied to paper (or some other material) by melting a coating of ribbon so that it stays glued to the material on which the print is applied. It contrasts with direct thermal printing , where no ribbon is present in the process.
Thermal trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal-transfer_printing |
In solid-state physics , the thermal Hall effect , also known as the Righi–Leduc effect , named after independent co-discoverers Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc , [ 1 ] is the thermal analog of the Hall effect . Given a thermal gradient across a solid, this effect describes the appearance of an orthogonal tem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Hall_effect |
Thermal Monitor 2 (TM2) is a throttling control method used on LGA 775 versions of the Core 2 , Pentium Dual-Core , Pentium D , Pentium 4 and Celeron processors and also on the Pentium M series of processors. [ 1 ] TM2 reduces processor temperature by lowering the CPU clock multiplier , and thereby the processor core s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Monitor_2 |
Thermal analysis is a branch of materials science where the properties of materials are studied as they change with temperature . Several methods are commonly used – these are distinguished from one another by the property which is measured:
Simultaneous thermal analysis generally refers to the simultaneous applicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_analysis |
A thermal bar is a hydrodynamic feature that forms around the edges of holomictic lakes during the seasonal transition to stratified conditions, due to the shorter amount of time required for shallow areas of the lake to stratify.
During the process of lake stratification , shallow areas generally become stratified be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bar |
Thermal barrier coatings ( TBCs ) are advanced materials systems usually applied to metallic surfaces on parts operating at elevated temperatures, such as gas turbine combustors and turbines, and in automotive exhaust heat management . These 100 μm to 2 mm thick coatings of thermally insulating materials serve to insul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_barrier_coating |
A thermal blanket is a device used in thermal desorption to clean soil contamination . The primary function of a thermal blanket is to heat the soil to the boiling point of the contaminants (usually 100 to 325 °C and as high as 900 °C [ 1 ] ) so that they break down. A vacuum pulls the resulting gas (along with volatil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_blanket |
A thermal bridge , also called a cold bridge , heat bridge , or thermal bypass , is an area or component of an object which has higher thermal conductivity than the surrounding materials, [ 1 ] creating a path of least resistance for heat transfer . [ 2 ] Thermal bridges result in an overall reduction in thermal resist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_bridge |
Thermal motion is able to produce capillary waves at the molecular scale. At this scale,
gravity and hydrodynamics can be neglected, and only the surface tension contribution is
relevant.
Capillary wave theory (CWT) is a classic account of how thermal fluctuations distort an interface.
It starts from some intrinsic su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_capillary_wave |
The thermal center is a concept used in applied mechanics and engineering . When a solid body is exposed to a thermal variation, an expansion will occur, changing the dimensions and potentially the shape of the body and the position of its points. Under certain circumstances it may happen that one point belonging to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_center |
Thermal cleaning is a combined process involving pyrolysis and oxidation . As an industrial application, thermal cleaning is used to remove organic substances such as polymers , plastics and coatings from parts, products or production components like extruder screws, spinnerets [ 1 ] and static mixers . Thermal cleanin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_cleaning |
Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses subjective satisfaction with the thermal environment. [ 1 ] The human body can be viewed as a heat engine where food is the input energy. The human body will release excess heat into the environment, so the body can continue to operate. The heat transfer is propor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort |
In heat transfer , thermal engineering , and thermodynamics , thermal conductance and thermal resistance are fundamental concepts that describe the ability of materials or systems to conduct heat and the opposition they offer to the heat current . The ability to manipulate these properties allows engineers to control t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductance_and_resistance |
In physics, the thermal conductance quantum g 0 {\displaystyle g_{0}} describes the rate at which heat is transported through a single ballistic phonon channel with temperature T {\displaystyle T} .
It is given by
The thermal conductance of any electrically insulating structure that exhibits ballistic phonon transpor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductance_quantum |
Thermal conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact. The higher temperature object has molecules with more kinetic energy ; collisions between molecules distributes this kinetic energy until an object has the same kinetic energy throughout. Thermal conductivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conduction |
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
As quoted from this source in an online version of: J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.1, Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page) |
The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat . It is commonly denoted by k {\displaystyle k} , λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , or κ {\displaystyle \kappa } and is measured in W·m −1 ·K −1 .
Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in material... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity_and_resistivity |
The thermal conductivity detector ( TCD ), also known as a katharometer , is a bulk property detector and a chemical specific detector commonly used in gas chromatography. [ 1 ] This detector senses changes in the thermal conductivity of the column eluent and compares it to a reference flow of carrier gas. Since most c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity_detector |
There are a number of possible ways to measure thermal conductivity , each of them suitable for a limited range of materials, depending on the thermal properties and the medium temperature. Three classes of methods exist to measure the thermal conductivity of a sample: steady-state, time-domain, and frequency-domain me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity_measurement |
In heat transfer and thermodynamics , a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy through the process of heat . Perfect thermal isolation is an idealization as real systems are always in thermal contact with their environment to some extent.
When two solid bodi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_contact |
In physics , thermal contact conductance is the study of heat conduction between solid or liquid bodies in thermal contact . The thermal contact conductance coefficient , h c {\displaystyle h_{c}} , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity , or ability to conduct heat , between two bodies in contact. The inver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_contact_conductance |
A thermal copper pillar bump , also known as a "thermal bump", is a thermoelectric device made from thin-film thermoelectric material embedded in flip chip interconnects (in particular copper pillar solder bumps) for use in electronics and optoelectronic packaging, including: flip chip packaging of CPU and GPU integrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_copper_pillar_bump |
The thermal cycler (also known as a thermocycler , PCR machine or DNA amplifier ) is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). [ 1 ] Thermal cyclers may also be used in laboratories to facilitate other temperature-sensitive reactions, including restric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_cycler |
In physics , the thermal de Broglie wavelength ( λ th {\displaystyle \lambda _{\text{th}}} , sometimes also denoted by Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } ) is a measure of the uncertainty in location of a particle of thermodynamic average momentum in an ideal gas. [ 1 ] It is roughly the average de Broglie wavelength of partic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_de_Broglie_wavelength |
Thermal death time is how long it takes to kill a specific bacterium at a specific temperature . It was originally developed for food canning and has found applications in cosmetics , producing salmonella-free feeds for animals (e.g. poultry) and pharmaceuticals .
In 1895, William Lyman Underwood of the Underwood Cann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_death_time |
Thermal decomposition , or thermolysis , is a chemical decomposition of a substance caused by heat. The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance chemically decomposes. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoing dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_decomposition |
In polymers , such as plastics , thermal degradation refers to a type of polymer degradation where damaging chemical changes take place at elevated temperatures, without the simultaneous involvement of other compounds such as oxygen . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Simply put, even in the absence of air, polymers will begin to degrade if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_degradation_of_polymers |
Thermal depolymerization ( TDP ) is the process of converting a polymer into a monomer or a mixture of monomers, [ 1 ] by predominantly thermal means. It may be catalyzed or un-catalyzed and is distinct from other forms of depolymerization which may rely on the use of chemicals or biological action. This process is ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization |
Thermal Design Power ( TDP ), also known as thermal design point , is the maximum amount of heat that a computer component (like a CPU , GPU or system on a chip ) can generate and that its cooling system is designed to dissipate during normal operation at a non-turbo clock rate (base frequency).
Some sources state tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power |
Thermal desorption is an environmental remediation technology that utilizes heat to increase the volatility of contaminants such that they can be removed (separated) from the solid matrix (typically soil, sludge or filter cake sediment). The volatilized contaminants are then either collected or thermally destroyed. A t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_desorption |
Temperature programmed desorption ( TPD ) is the method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. When experiments are performed using well-defined surfaces of single-crystalline samples in a continuously pumped ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, then this experimental tech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_desorption_spectroscopy |
Thermal destratification is the process of mixing the internal air in a building to eliminate stratified layers and achieve temperature equalization throughout the building envelope .
Destratification is the reverse of the natural process of thermal stratification, which is the layering of differing (typically increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_destratification |
In thermodynamics , thermal diffusivity is the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [ 1 ] It is a measure of the rate of heat transfer inside a material and has SI units of m 2 /s. It is an intensive property . Thermal diffusivity is usually denoted by lowercase alpha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity |
The term " thermal diode " can refer to:
A thermal diode in this sense is a device whose thermal resistance is different for heat flow in one direction than for heat flow in the other direction. I.e., when the thermal diode's first terminal is hotter than the second, heat will flow easily from the first to the second,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_diode |
Thermal dissolution is a method of liquefaction of solid fossil fuels. It is a hydrogen-donor solvent refining process. It may be used for the shale oil extraction and coal liquefaction . [ 1 ] Other liquids extraction processes from solid fuels are pyrolysis and hydrogenation . [ 2 ] Compared to hydrogenation, the pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_dissolution |
Thermal ecology is the study of the interactions between temperature and organisms. Such interactions include the effects of temperature on an organism's physiology, behavioral patterns, and relationship with its environment. While being warmer is usually associated with greater fitness, maintaining this level of heat ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_ecology |
The thermal effective mass of electrons in a metal is the apparent mass due to interactions with the periodic potential of the crystal lattice , with phonons (e.g. phonon drag ), and interaction with other electrons. The resulting effective mass of electrons contributes to the electronic heat capacity of the metal, lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effective_mass |
In thermodynamics , the thermal efficiency ( η t h {\displaystyle \eta _{\rm {th}}} ) is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy , such as an internal combustion engine , steam turbine , steam engine , boiler , furnace , refrigerator , ACs etc.
For a heat engine , thermal efficiency is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiency |
In thermodynamics , a material's thermal effusivity , also known as thermal responsivity , is a measure of its ability to exchange energy with its surroundings. It is an intensive quantity defined as the square root of the product of the material's thermal conductivity ( λ {\displaystyle \lambda } ) and its volumetric ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivity |
In crystallography , thermal ellipsoids , more formally termed atomic displacement parameters or anisotropic displacement parameters , are ellipsoids used to indicate the magnitudes and directions of the thermal vibration of atoms in crystal structures . Since the vibrations are usually anisotropic (different magnitude... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_ellipsoid |
Thermal emittance or thermal emissivity ( ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } ) is the ratio of the radiant emittance of heat of a specific object or surface to that of a standard black body . Emissivity and emittivity are both dimensionless quantities given in the range of 0 to 1, representing the comparative/relative emit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittance |
The term " thermal energy " is often used ambiguously in physics and engineering. [ 1 ] It can denote several different physical concepts, including:
Mark Zemansky (1970) has argued that the term “thermal energy” is best avoided due to its ambiguity. He suggests using more precise terms such as “internal energy” and “... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy |
Thermal engineering is a specialized sub-discipline of mechanical engineering that deals with the movement of heat energy and transfer . The energy can be transferred between two mediums or transformed into other forms of energy. A thermal engineer will have knowledge of thermodynamics and the process of converting gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_engineering |
In fluid dynamics , the entrance length is the distance a flow travels after entering a pipe before the flow becomes fully developed. [ 1 ] Entrance length refers to the length of the entry region , the area following the pipe entrance where effects originating from the interior wall of the pipe propagate into the flow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_entrance_length |
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to increase in length , area , or volume , changing its size and density , in response to an increase in temperature (usually excluding phase transitions ). [ 1 ] Substances usually contract with decreasing temperature ( thermal contraction ), with rare exceptions within limi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion |
All values refer to 25 °C unless noted.
As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition . CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals
As quoted in an online version of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements |
In statistical mechanics , thermal fluctuations are random deviations of an atomic system from its average state, that occur in a system at equilibrium. [ 1 ] All thermal fluctuations become larger and more frequent as the temperature increases, and likewise they decrease as temperature approaches absolute zero .
Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_fluctuations |
A thermal history coating (THC) is a robust coating containing various non-toxic chemical compounds whose crystal structures irreversibly change at high temperatures. This allows for temperature measurements and thermal analysis to be performed on intricate and inaccessible components, which operate in harsh environmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_history_coating |
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