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ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืžืขื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ 10, ืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™, ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ ื˜ืฉื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925. ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืžืขื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™. ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืื ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘. ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืชืฉืข ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, 3 ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื”. ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ืฉื•ืคืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฆืจืคืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” 1973 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื˜ื ื™ืก ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœืืŸ ื’ืืจื•ืก ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื”ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘-21 ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”-72 ืžืื– ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื”. ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืกืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื”ื™ื” 600,100 ืค"ืฆ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• 128 ื˜ื ื™ืกืื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœ-8 ื‘ืชื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื“ื•ืจื’ื• ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืžื™ืช' (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื™ืœื™ื” ื ืกื˜ืกื” (ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” (1965-1989) ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”), ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ? ืืจืชื•ืจ ืืฉ (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžื ื•ืืœ ืื•ืจื ื˜ืก (ืกืคืจื“ ืกืคืจื“), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืงื•ืžื‘ (ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืก ื—ื™ืžื ื• (ืกืคืจื“ ืกืคืจื“), ืžื ืฆื— ืชื—ืจื•ืช 1972, ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื“ืจื™ืื ื• ืคื ื˜ื” (ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ ืงืœื™ืฃ ืจื™ืฆ'ื™ (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ (ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ื’ืžืจ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ืคืจื•ืื–ื™ (ืฆืจืคืช ืฆืจืคืช), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืงื•ื ื•ืจืก (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง ืงื•ืงืก (ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” ืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”), ืžื ืฆื— ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1970-1971, ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ื’ืžืจ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื–'ื•ืคืจื” (ืฆืจืคืช ืฆืจืคืช), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืงืจ (ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื•ืœื ื“), ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ื’ืžืจ ืžื ืฆื— ืชื—ืจื•ืช 1972 ืื ื“ืจืก ื—ื™ืžื ื• (ืกืคืจื“ ืกืคืจื“) ื”ื•ื“ื— ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ืžืจ ืื™ืœื™ื” ื ืกื˜ืกื” (ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” (1965-1989) ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”) ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืœื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื” ืคื™ืœื™ืฅ' (ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”) ื•ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘-3 ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช. ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• 64 ื˜ื ื™ืกืื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœ-4 ื‘ืชื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื˜ื ื™ืกืื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื“ื™ืจื•ื’: ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืงื•ืจื˜ (ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”), ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1962, 1964, 1969 ื•-1970, ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืก ืื•ื•ืจื˜ (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ื“ (ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”), ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ื ื’ (ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”), ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช 1971, ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ ื ื ืกื™ ื’ื•ื ื˜ืจ (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื– ื“ื™ืจ (ืฆืจืคืช ืฆืจืคืช), ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช 1967, ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ ื”ืœื’ื” ืžืกื˜ื”ื•ืฃ (ื ื™ืกืŸ) (ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช), ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ื’ืžืจ ืงื˜ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ืก (ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช), ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ื’ืžืจ ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช 1972 ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื’'ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื’ (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื’ืžืจ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืงื•ืจื˜ (ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”) ื ื™ืคื’ืฉื” ืขื ื›ืจื™ืก ืื•ื•ืจื˜ (ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื” ื‘-3 ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช.
ืžืœื ื•ืžื” ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื“ืจื” ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื™ื’ืืœ ืขื“ื™ืงื โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ืื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื•ืจ ืงื˜ืœื ื™, ืžืœื ื•ืžื”. ืขื“ื™ืงื ื™ื–ื ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื›ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืชึพืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืขื“ื™ืงื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืžืื™ื ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื“ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืคืง ืขืžื ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืœื• ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช โ€“ "ื‘ืช ื™ื ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง", "ื˜ื™ื™ืง ืื•ื•ื™ื™" ื•"ื”ืžื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื". ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืคื™ืง ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจ ื•ืฆื™ืœื ืืกืฃ ืกื•ื“ืจื™ ืฉืืฃ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื”. ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2005 ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ืช 2006. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื ืชื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื’ื ืœืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืคื”.
ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ื ืงื™ ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ 3 ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืกื“"ื› ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ืœืœื—ื™ืžื”. ืžื˜ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ื™ืจ ืขื ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื• ืคื•ื ื• ืขืงื‘ ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืชืืกืฃ ืžื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืงื™ืžื” ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืจืงืข ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023, ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื›"ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื“, ืคืชื—ื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื—ืžืืก ื•ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื›-4,300 ืจืงื˜ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืจื• ื›-6,000 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืž-119 ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจ, ืชื•ืš ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื•ืื•ื ืก, ืจืฆื—ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ื• 1,163 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘-779 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื—ื˜ืคื• ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื›-251 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ื ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื™ืž"ืž ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช. ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›-1,609 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 301 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, 58 ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•-10 ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™.
ื”ืจ ืื•ื˜ื” (ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ) ื”ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ืก ืคื™ื ื“ื•ืก, ื ื™ืฉื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 2,152 ืžื˜ืจื™ื (7,060 ืจื’ืœ). ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1966 ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืื˜ื•ืจื” 2000. ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืจ ืื•ื˜ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืคื•ืงื™ืก ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืคืชื™ื•ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื˜ื•ืคื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืชืœื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืขืžืง ื”ืกืคืจืฆ'ื™ื•ืก, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื - ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจ ื’ื•ืจื’ื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื•ืก. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžืคืœ ืงืจืžืกื˜ื•ืก, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื”ื”ืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื ื”ืจ ืืกื•ืคื•ืก (), ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื• ืขื ื”ืจ ืจืœื™ื“ืจื•ืžื• ื”ืกืžื•ืš.
ืื’ื ืจืื“ื•ืง (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Radok Lake) ื”ื•ื ืื’ื ืžื™ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืกื™ื, ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืจื›ืก ืืจืืžื™ืก, ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืฆ'ืืจืœืก, ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ืื’ื ืžืžื•ืงื 4.8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืจ; ื•-24 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืœืจื›ืก ืืจืืžื™ืก ืฉื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ืฆ'ืืจืœืก. ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื 6.5 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื; ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœืื’ื (ื•ืฆืคื” ืขืœื™ื•) - ื”ืื’ื ื”ื•ื ืื’ื ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืฆืคื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ. ืขื•ืžืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื 362 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืื’ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”; ื”ืื’ื ื”ื•ื ืื’ื ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ืจืžื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื“. ื”ืื’ื ืžื ื•ืงื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืคืื’ื•ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžื™ืžื™ื• ื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืœืื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื’ื ื”ืื’ื ืžื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื”ืื’ื ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื” ืจืื“ื•ืง (Uwe Radok), ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืœื‘ื•ืจืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
ื”ื’ื˜ื• ื‘ืกื•ื•ื™ืกืœืฅ' ื”ื™ื” ื’ื˜ื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืกืœื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืื•ืกื™ืคื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' (ื‘ืœืืจื•ืก) ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืžืงื™ืฅ 1941 ื•ืขื“ ืกืชื™ื• 1942. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืงื™ืฅ 1941, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 600 ืœ-700 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื›-1,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ืกืœื•ืš. ื”ื›ืคืจ ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘-29 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1941, ื•ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ 17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1944, ืื– ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื›ืคืจ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ ืคื•ืœืงืกื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื™ืขืจืŸ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื˜ืœ. ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื‘ื•ื ื“ืจ, ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื•ืจื’ื•ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื•ื™ืกืœืืš. ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืชืคืก ืฉื™ื“ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ "ืกื•ื•ื™ืกืœืืš".
ืœื•ืกื™ืืŸ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Lucian Michael Freud; โ€8 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1922 โ€“ 20 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011) ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืŸ ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ.
ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง, ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉ ืจื™ื— ืžืคื•ืชื— ื•ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช. ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื ืžืฆืื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืก 30 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื•ืชืŸ โ€“ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš ื•ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืขืœ ื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื–ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื•, ืขื ื”ืื“ื, ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ืื™ ื ื™ื“ื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื–ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื ืชืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœืื“ื ื•ื›ืžื›ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“.
ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืกื™ืš ืฉืื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’-ืœื™ืคื” (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Adolf I. Frst zu Schaumburg-Lippeโ€; 1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1817 โ€“ 8 ื‘ืžืื™ 1893) ื”ื™ื” ื ืกื™ืš ืฉืื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’-ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1860โ€“1893. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1817 ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื” ืœื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’-ืœื™ืคื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื, ื ืกื™ืš ืฉืื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’-ืœื™ืคื” ื•ืื™ื“ื”, ื ืกื™ื›ืช ื•ืœื“ืง ื•ืคื™ืจืžื•ื ื˜, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืกื™ืš ื•ืœื“ืง ื•ืคื™ืจืžื•ื ื˜. ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื–'ื ื‘ื”, ืœื™ื™ืคืฆื™ื’ ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1835 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1842 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจื’ื™ืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืกืจื™ื ื”-8. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1849 ืœื—ื ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœื–ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1858 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืื•ื‘ืจืกื˜. ื‘-21 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1860 ืžืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื’ืื•ืจื’ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื, ื ืกื™ืš ืฉืื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’-ืœื™ืคื”, ื•ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1866 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”โ€“ืคืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1867 ืœืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1870 ืœื—ืžื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืœืฆื“ ืคืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฆืจืคืชโ€“ืคืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1871 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1872 ืขื•ื˜ืจ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื™ื˜ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1879 ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื’ื ืจืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื. ื‘-8 ื‘ืžืื™ 1893 ืžืช ืื“ื•ืœืฃ, ื•ื‘ื ื• ื’ืื•ืจื’, ื ืกื™ืš ืฉืื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’-ืœื™ืคื” ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.
ืกื ื’'ืื™ ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Sanjay Gupta; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1969) ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’, ืžืจืฆื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืžื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช CNN. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ, ืคืจื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื“. ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืืŸ ืืจื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืชื•ืืจ MD ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000. ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2009, ื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืจืืฉื™ (Surgeon General) ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ื ืฉืœื— ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ืœืกืงืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจืืง ืžื˜ืขื ืจืฉืช CNN. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช "ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื", ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืืžื™. ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจื• "ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ืฆื—"; ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืžื“ืข ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ื‘-2008 ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื˜ืจ.
ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืง (25 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1934 - 15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2007) ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืง ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934, ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933. ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1952 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืฆื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1952โ€“1956 ืœืžื“ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช (B.Sc) ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
ื ืงืจ ื–ื”ื•ื‘-ื–ื ื‘ (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Campethera abingoni) ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฃ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื ืงืจื™ื™ื.
ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืชื’ืจ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืกืœื™ ื‘ืจื“ื”. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 2 ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืงืฉืช (ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืช, ื‘ืฉืขื” 18:50 ื•ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”) ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ืงืฉืช 12 (ื‘ืฉืขื” 17:15 ืขื“ 2019, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2020 ื•-2023) ื•ื”ื•ืคืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช". ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœืชื” ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”, ื”ื ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื: ื“ืจื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืืคืจืช ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืขื–ื‘ื” ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ืžืื– ื”ื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2016 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2017 ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื ื—ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื "ื ืงืกื˜", ืฉืชืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ NEXTER ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืจืš ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ mako. ืžื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืชื’ืจ. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืงืฉืช 12 ื‘-1 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2017, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ืœืžืช ืžืจืืฉ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ืืชื’ืจ ื•ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื’ื ืžืจื‘ ืžื™ืœืจ, ื“ืจื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช, ื›ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืืชื’ืจ) ื•ืžื™ืจื™ ืžื™ื›ืืœื™.
ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Verein fr die Cultur und die Wissenschaft der Juden) ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1819 ื•ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1824.
ื“ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Ophrys lutea) ื”ื™ื ื’ืื•ืคื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ืคืงืขืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื™ื. ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืจืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื•ืžื— ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ืŸ Ophrys lutea galilaea ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืช ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื ื“ืžื•ื™ ืื’ืจื˜ืœ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื“ืง, ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืงืจื—ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื-ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืชืคืจื—ืช 7-30 ืก"ืž, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื 2-12. ื”ืคืจื— ื—ืกืจ ื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืขื“ ืืคืจื™ืœ. ื“ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ืกืžื•ืจ.
ืขื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื—. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืฃ: ืขื˜ื™ืฃ ื›ืคื•ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขืœื™ื; ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœึพืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืข (calyx) ืื• ืขืœื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืข (sepals); ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœึพืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืชืจืช (corolla) ืื• ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ืชืจืช (petals), ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืืœ ื”ืคืจื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื—, ื˜ืขื ืื• ืฆื‘ืข ืขื–. ืขื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืฉื•ื˜ โ€“ ื‘ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื โ€“ ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืฆื‘ืข (ืขื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ื‘ื™ืขื•ื ื™) ืื• ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื (ืขื˜ื™ืฃ ื›ื•ืชืจืชื™). ื‘ืคืจื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืจืงื™ืก, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื˜ืจื” (corona).
ืฉื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืœ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Schwentinental, "ืขืžืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”") ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืคืœืŸ, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉืœื–ื•ื•ื™ื’-ื”ื•ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื•ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืช" ื•ืฉืคืš ื”ื ื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื™ืœ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ (Raisdorf) ื•ืงืœืื•ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ (Klausdorf). ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืคืืจืง (Schwentinepark) ื•ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžืช ื”ื ืคืชื•ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืื•ื•ืจ ืกื ื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืงืœืื•ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืจื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืชื•ืขื“ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-9 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1224, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื™ื‘ืง ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื ื–ืจ ืคืจืฅ (Preetzer Kloster). ืจื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ ื ืงืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื•ืจืกื“ื•ืจืค (Radwersdorp), ื•ืงืœืื•ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ - ืคืจื•ื•ื ื”ื•ืชื” (Vruwenhuthe). ื‘-1369 ืžื›ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจื™ืง ื‘ืœื•ืง ืืช ืจื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ ืœืžื ื–ืจ ืคืจืฅ. ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื•ื ื”ื•ืชื”, ืฉื‘-1233 ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืกื˜ื•ืจืค (Niclaustorp). ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื ืœ-6,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื (ืงืœืื•ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ) ื•ืœ-7,600 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื (ืจื™ื™ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ) ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
ืื“ื ื”ืœืกืงื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Adam Haluska; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1983 ื‘ืงืจื•ืœ, ืื™ื•ื•ื”) ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืงืœืข. ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 1.96 ืžื˜ืจ. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืœืกืงื” ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’'ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืขื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงืœืข 1,847 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงืœืขื™ ืื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื”ืœืกืงื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื›ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืœืกืงื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืืคื˜ ื”-NBA ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-43 ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก ื”ื•ืจื ื˜ืก. ื‘-21 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2008 ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืกืงื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงื˜ืก. ืืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื ื—ืชืš ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื—ืชื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”-NBA, ืื™ื•ื•ื” ืื ืจื’'ื™. ื”ืœืกืงื” ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืชื ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008 ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉืื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืจ ืœืฉื ืช 2008, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื•ื ื”.
ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืกืช ื”-6 ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช 346, ื‘ื™ืŸ 8 ืœ-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1944, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1944 ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื 346 ืืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ-ืœื”-ืžื•ื ื˜ืก, ื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ืก. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื–ื• ื™ื›ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจื™ ื ื”ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ืชืขืœืช ืงืืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืฃ ืกื•ืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื”ืื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืž-Brville-les-Monts ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืกืช ื”-6 ื•ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ 13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1944, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื™ื™ื’'ื•ืจ-ื’ื ืจืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื’ื™ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื•, ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื”-12 (ื™ื•ืจืงืฉื™ื™ืจ), ืคืœื•ื’ื” ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”-12, ืจื’ื™ืžื ื˜ ื“ื‘ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืจ ื•ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”-22. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืชืงืคื”, ื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื˜ื ืงื™ื ืžื”ื”ื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”-13/18 ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืกืชืขืจื•ืช ื ืืœืฆื• ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืืฉ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืจื’ื” ืื• ืคืฆืขื” ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื•ืื™ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืื• ืจื‘-ืกืžืœ ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื ื”ืจื’ ืื• ื ืคืฆืข. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ืœื ื ื™ืกื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืกืช, ื•ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื•ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื”.
ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืกื“ืจื” D (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Chevrolet Series D) ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืจื•ื“ืกื˜ืจ, ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1917โ€“1918 (ืžื•ื“ืœ 1918). ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืกื“ืจื” D ื“ื’ื ื” -"ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜ ืกื“ืจื” D" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช V8 ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆืจื” "ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜". ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืช "ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜" ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื• ืžื ื•ืข V8 ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917 ื’'ื ืจืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจืก ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘-"ืฉื‘ืจื•ืœื˜". ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ 194 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืงื ื“ื”.
ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจื•ื– ื‘ืจื•ื– (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: The War of the Roses) ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืช ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื ืช 1989, ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ ื“ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื“ืื’ืœืก, ืงืชืœื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื ืจ ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื• ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื ืžืืช ื•ื•ืจืŸ ืื“ืœืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1981. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืจื•ื–, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื - ืืš ื›ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื ืงืœืขื™ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื•ืžืจ ืœืœื ืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื. ืฉื ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื. ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื’ืื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“'ืืžืื˜ื• (ื“ื ื™ ื“ื” ื•ื™ื˜ื•), ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืขื ืœืงื•ื— (ื“ืŸ ืงืกื˜ืœื ื˜ื”) ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืืฉืชื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืœืงื•ื—ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืžืกืคืจ ืœื• ื“'ืืžืื˜ื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืจื•ื–. ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืจื•ื– ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“'ืืžืื˜ื• ื•ืขืžื™ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” - ื’ื ืœืงื•ื—ื•. ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืจื•ื– (ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื“ืื’ืœืก), ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” (ืงืชืœื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื ืจ) ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืื™ ื ื ื˜ืงื˜. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืคืจื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง, ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
ืืžืฆื™ื” ืกืžืงืื™ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-17 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1981 ื‘ืฆืคืช) ื”ื•ื ืžืจืฆื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื•ืคืจืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืกืžืงืื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”", ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ ืขืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ืฆื“ืง - ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" ืฉื ืžื—ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืคืจืฉืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืขื ื“ื ื™ ืจื•ืค ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 14. ื”ื—ืœ ืžื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ืกืžืงืื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืข. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืกืžืงืื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฆืคืช, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืืจ"ื™. ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื›ืคืจ ื”ืจื"ื” ื•ื‘ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืงื“ื-ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™. ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืื’ื•ื– ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ื—"ืœ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ - ื ืฆื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘-2005 ืœืžื“ ืงื•ืคื™ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืืฆืœ ืชืจืฆื” ื’ืจื ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืœืžื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืชื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ 'ืชื‘ื•ืจ - ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื', ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
ืขึทืžืจึดื™ ื•ื ื“ืœ (Amri Wandel; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1954) ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืจืงื— ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืžืจื™ื ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืืกืคืจื ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, "ื™ืฉืจืืœื” ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื•", ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืกืคืจื ื˜ื• ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
ื“ืื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืœื™ื‘ืืœื™ (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Daouda Coulibaly; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1976) ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืžืืœื™. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืจืกื™ื™ ืœืื‘ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืืœื™ ื•ืœืื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืืงืจื™ - ื‘ื™ืจืช ื’ื™ื ืื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืžืื™. ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืžืืœื™, ืกื•ืœื™ืžืืŸ ืกื™ืกื”. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืงื•ืœื™ื‘ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ Focus Features (ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœ), ืฉื™ื–ืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื ืงืจืื” "Africa First". ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื”ืคืฆื” ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” 10,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื”ืคืงืช ืกืจื˜ ืงืฆืจ, ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืงื•ืœื™ื‘ืืœื™ ื•ืœืžืขืœ ืœ-20 ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2008 ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืกืจื˜ื• ื”ืงืฆืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: "Il tait une fois l'indpendance" (ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช) ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืžืืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-2009. ื‘-2010 ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืช ืกืจื˜ื• ื”ืงืฆืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, "Tinye So" .
ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื ื•-ื˜ื•ึผืจึธื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืคื™ื˜ื•ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื• ืืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื’ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืจืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘, ื“ืจื•ื ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื™ืจืืง, ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ื•ืขื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื™. ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ: ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ [ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ], ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืคื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™: ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืงืจ ื•ืฉื™ืœื’ื™, ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื’ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ. ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื›ืžื•ืชื ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 200 ืž"ืž [ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ืฉืืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื: ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื”ืชืื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืš ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื“ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื›ืกื•ืช ื“ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืœื ืขืฉื‘. ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื”, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื• "ื™ืขืจ-ืขืจื‘ืชื™", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ืขืจื‘ื” ืฉืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”. ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื ืื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื ื—ืœื™ื. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื ื•-ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื•ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืคืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ โ€“ ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Irving Kristol;โ€ 22 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1920, ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ โ€“ 18 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2009, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™. ืกื™.) ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจ, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื•ืกื•ืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืกื ื“ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื•-ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช". ื›ืžื™ื™ืกื“, ืขื•ืจืš ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื›ืžื” ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื•ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื (ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ื ืืกื•ืคื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“). ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ "National Review". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืœื™ ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” "ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20". ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื’ืจื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
ืกืจ ืจื•ึนื‘ึตึผืจึฐื˜ ืœึทื™ื™ืจึฐื“ ื‘ึผื•ึนืจึฐื“ึธืŸ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Robert Laird Borden;โ€ 26 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1854 โ€“ 10 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1937) ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื ื“ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1911 ืœ-10 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1920, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืœืง ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื—ื•ืคืคืช ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžืžืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื”ืœ ื›ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช (ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื) ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืขืœ ืœืžืชืŸ ืžืขืžื“ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืœืงื ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืจืกืื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื, ืžืขืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืงื ืชื” ืงื ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื ื—ืœืœื™ื”.
ืœื•ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื•ื ืงืจ ื“ื” ืžื ื–ืก (ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช: Luiz Antonio Venker de Menezes; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-11 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1962 ื‘ืคืืกื• ื“ื• ืกื•ื‘ืจื“ื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ื• ื’ืจืื ื“ื” ื“ื• ืกื•ืœ, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ), ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืžืื ื• ืžื ื–ืก, ื”ื•ื ืžืืžืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ ืืฉืจ ืื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืจื•ื–ื™ื™ืจื•. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื–ืก ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฆืจื”.
ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื• ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ื—ืœืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื: ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ื ืงืื™, ื”ื ืคืงืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘, ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื ืงื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง (ื‘ืขืจืš 990 - 1060) ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-11. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช. ืื‘ื™ ืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื’ื ืฆื, ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืžื’ื ืฆื. ื”ืชื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•, ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืžื’ื ืฆื, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•. ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืืช ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืš ืœื“ืขืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•. ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื’ื ืฆื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืจ, ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ื™. ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื ืžื ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืœื•ื™, ื’ื ื”ื ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ื™. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืงืจื ื•ืœืชืœืžื•ื“, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœื•. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื—ื (ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-11), ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื’ื ืจ' ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืžืžื’ื ืฆื ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœื•.
ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืžื•ืจืœื” (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Franois Morellet ;30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1926 โ€“ 11 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016) ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ, ืืžืŸ ืื•ืจ ื•ืคืกืœ ืฆืจืคืชื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื (ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™). ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžื•ืจืœื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœื–' ืงื•ืœื‘ืจ (College Colbert) ื‘ืฉื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1932 ื•-1936 ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1940 ื•-1941. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1939-1937 ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1944-1942 ืœืžื“ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืœืžืืŸ (Lycee Charlemagne) ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1945 ื•-1947 ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื– (Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales) ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ืžื•ืจืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืžืงืก ื‘ื™ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื ื™ืฉื ืœื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืจื ื“ (Danielle Marehand). ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.
ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœ ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื—ืกื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื˜ื ื™ืก ื‘ืกื‘ื‘ ื”-WTA ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2001-2008 ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2011 ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืงื˜ืจ. ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ื—ืง ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื”ื˜ื ื™ืก ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื—'ืœื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ื•ื—ื” ืื™ืจื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2009 ื•-2010 ืืช ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืกื‘ื‘ ื”-WTA ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืขื•ื ืช 2011, ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื‘ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืžื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ: ืžืจื˜ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืก, ืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ืกืœืฉ, ืžืจื™ื” ืฉืจืืคื•ื‘ื” ื•ื–'ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ื›ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืžื”ื“ืจื’ ื”-3. ืกืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” $170,000. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืžื”ื“ืจื’ ื”-2, ื•ืกืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” $600,000. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื’ื“ืœ ืกืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืœ-$1,340,000. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื”ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืœื“ืจื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืกืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ืขืžื“ ืขืœ $2,500,000.
ืื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืกื˜ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Iron Fist, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ) ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ-ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’'ืจืก ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช Marvel Premiere #15 ืžืžืื™ 1974 ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืจื•ื™ ืชื•ืžืืก ื•ื”ืžืื™ื™ืจ ื’ื™ืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœื˜ืจ ืื’ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ "ื“ื ื™" ืจืื ื“, ืžืชืœืžื“ ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ื ื ืกืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืงื•ืŸ-ืœื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื— "ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ", ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆ'ื™ ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื”. ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืกื˜ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-68 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™-ื”ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืืชืจ IGN. ื‘-6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2013, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกื ื™ ื•ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ ืฉื—ืจืจื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืงืฉืŸ ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืกื˜, ื“ืจื“ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืœื•ืง ืงื™ื™ื’' ื•ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ื’'ื•ื ืก, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื™ื ื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื“ืคื ื“ืจืก. ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืžื’ืœื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืก. ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2017. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจ, ืงื‘ืœืช ื›ื•ื— ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ "ื“ื ื™" ืจืื ื“, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื“ ื•ื ื“ืœ ืจืื ื“ ื•ืœืืฉืชื•, ื”ืช'ืจ. ืื‘ื™ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืงื•ืŸ-ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืœื•ืจื“ ื˜ื•ืืŸ, ื•ืื•ืžืฅ ื›ื‘ื ื•.
ืกืจ ืžืจืง ืื•ึผืจึถืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช: Stein Mrk Aurl, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›Aurel Stein ืงืจื™: ืกื˜ื™ื™ืŸ; 26 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1862 โ€“ 26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1943) ื”ื™ื” ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’, ื ื•ืกืข ื•ืืชื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื•, ืฉื—ืงืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ืื’ืŸ ื˜ืืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืงืœื” ืžืงืืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื˜ื•ื›ืืจื™ืช, ืฉืคื” ื”ื•ื“ื•-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื”. ืื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื ื“ืจื• ืงืœืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืจืงืข ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ืื‘, ื ืชืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ (1812โ€“1889), ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ ื•ื”ืื, ืื ื” (ื ืื ื˜) ื”ื™ืจืฉืœืจ (1817โ€“1887) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจ ื™ืœื™ื“ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืžืจืง ืื•ืจืœ (ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืžืจืงื•ืก ืื•ืจืœื™ื•ืก, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืกื‘ื• ืžืืจืง ื”ื™ืจืฉืœื™ืจ) ื•ืื—ื™ื•, ืืจื ืกื˜, ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื•ืชืจื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
ื”ืจ ื“ืกื™ื ื’ืจ ืื• ื”ืจ ื“ืืกื™ื ื’ืจ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Mount Dasinger) ื”ื•ื ืคืกื’ื” ื‘ืจื›ืก ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืคื ืกืงื•ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ 1,360 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื; ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืจ ื”-3,297 ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ื”ืจ ืžืžื•ืงื 11 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ื ืื˜ืืง ื ื™ื™ืช' ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจื›ืก ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื”ืจ ืจื›ืก ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ (ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื”ืจ) ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื•ืฆื•ืœื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1956, ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื—ื•ืฆืช-ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžืชื—ื ืช ืžืฆืจ ืžืงืžื•ืจื“ื• ืœื™ื ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆืจ. ื”ืจื™ ืคื ืกืงื•ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื (ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจ ื“ืกื™ื ื’ืจ) ืžื•ืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967 ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ (ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™) 1956โ€“1966. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืœืฉืžื•ืช ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ืจ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ื–ื”, ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื˜ื ื ื˜ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืจ. ื“ืกื™ื ื’ืจ (James R. Dasinger) ืžืฆื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ืืœื–ื•ื•ืจืช' ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1958.
ื”ื‘ื•ื ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ (ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช: Boom Latinoamericano) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ื ื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื”ื‘ื•ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื• ืงื•ืจื˜ืืกืจ ืžืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืงืจืœื•ืก ืคื•ืื ื˜ืก ืžืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ืžืจื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืก ื™ื•ืกื” ืžืคืจื• ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื’ืืจืกื™ื” ืžืืจืงืก ืžืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”. ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื•ื•ื ื’ื•ืืจื“ื™ื” (vanguardia) ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืงืจืื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืœื• ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“. "ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข", ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื’'ืจืœื“ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, "ืฉืื ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ื ื™ืช (ืื ื›ื™ ืงื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”) ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”-"ื‘ื•ื" ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืฉืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื ืคื™ืœืชื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื” ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื ืคื™ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1959 ืœ-1971. " ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ื‘ื•ื" ื ื‘ืขื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื™ืก ื‘ืจืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืจื“ื™ืช ืžื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”.
ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืืก "ื’'ืง" ืงื™ืœืžืจ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: John Wallace "Jack" Kilmer; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1995) ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืงื™ืœืžืจ, ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื’'ื•ืืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ ื•ื•ืืœ ืงื™ืœืžืจ, ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืืžื•. ื’'ืง ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื, ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื’'ื™ื” ืงื•ืคื•ืœื” (ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื'; ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช), ืฉื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ืจื•ืก ื‘ืœ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Harvey Ross Ball; โ€10 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1921 โ€“ 12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2001) ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ ื’ืจืคื™, ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื”-Worcester Art Museum School. ื‘ืœ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 27 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜. ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973 ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื ืจืœ (ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืช-ืืœื•ืฃ), ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืืจื“", ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงืจื‘ ืื•ืงื™ื ืื•ื•ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ื‘-1959 ื”ืงื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืžืฉืจื“ ืคืจืกื•ื. ื‘-1963 ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืขืฆื‘ ืกื™ื›ืช ื“ืฉ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ืจืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื‘ืœ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื”, ื”"ืกืžื™ื™ืœื™", ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœ 45 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
ืคื‘ื•ืœื• ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื– ื“ื” ืกื™ืœื‘ื” (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Phabullo Rodrigues da Silva; ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-1 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1994) ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ืžื” ืคื‘ืœื• ื•ื™ื˜ืืจ (Pabllo Vittar), ื”ื™ื ื–ืžืจืช, ืžืœื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื“ืจืื’ ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช "Brazilian TV", ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืช "I Have Nothing" ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-2015 ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” "Open Bar", ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ืจืกื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืจ โ€“ "Lean On". ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืคื™ืงื• ื‘ื•ื ื“ื” ื“ื• ืจื•ืœ ื•ืื•ืžื•ืœื•. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ืฆื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-38 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื•ื™ื˜ืืจ ืืช ื”-EP ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, "Open Bar". ืžื”-EP ื™ืฆืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื; "Open Bar",โ€ "Minaj", ื•-"Amante". ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017, ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” Vai Passar Mal. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช "Todo Dia", ืฉื™ืฆื ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื.
TacSat-4 ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
ืžืจื™ื• ื™ื•ืจื™ืฅ' (ื‘ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ืช: Mario Juri;โ€ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-7 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1976) ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœืŸ ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™, ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžืจื™ื• ื™ื•ืจื™ืฅ' ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืžื•ืฆื ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื’ืจื“ืฆ'ืฅ ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขืจ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ื”ื•ื ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื• ื–ืื’ืจื‘ ื•ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2006 ืชืžื•ืจืช 600 ืืœืฃ ื™ื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ืง ื™ืจื•ืกืœื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื™ืจืืงืœื™ ื’ืคืจื™ื“ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืคืจื˜ืง ื ืœืฆ'ื™ืง. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืžืจื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืฅ' ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2011. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจื™ื• ื™ื•ืจื™ืฅ' ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืจืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”.
ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืŸ (ื‘ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ืช: Traun; ืชืขืชื™ืง IPA: [tan]) ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ืก ื’ื‘ื™ืจื’ื” ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืจื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ืืœืฆืงืžืจื’ื•ื˜ ื•ืื’ืžื™: ืื’ื ื”ืืœืฉื˜ืื˜ ื•ื˜ืจืื•ื ื–ื”. ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ื ืฅ. ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื“ ืื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืื“ ืื™ืฉืœ, ื’ืžื•ื ื“ืŸ, ื•ืœืก ื•ื˜ืจืื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœืฉื˜ืื˜ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืคืจ ื”ืืœืฉื˜ืื˜ ืฉืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืชืœื™ื.
ืžื™ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ืœื™ื™ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: The Haunting of Bly Manor) ื”ื™ื ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืฉื ืช 2020 ืœืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืช ื”ืื™ืžื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช "ืžื™ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœ", ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื•ื‘ื•ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ื™ืง ืคืœื ื’ืืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ืคืฃ ืขืœ ื ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžื” ืžืฉื ืช 1898 "ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื ืง" ืžืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื ืจื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื”ืงืจื™ืื˜ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœ" ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืงืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
"Just Like Fire" ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืคื™ื ืง ืœืคืกืงื•ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืืœื™ืก ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžืจืื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืง, ืžืงืก ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื‘ืืง ื•ืื•ืกืงืจ ื”ื•ืœื˜ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงืก ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื‘ืืง ื•ืื•ืกืงืจ ื”ื•ืœื˜ืจ. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ RCA ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ื‘-15 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2016. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2021, ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ื•ืฉืžืข ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-247 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™. ื‘-2017, ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืจ ืžืกืจื˜ ืื• ืกื“ืจื” ื‘ืคืจืกื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ 2016. ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ, ืคื™ื ืง ื”ืขืœืชื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื’ืจื ืฉืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ, ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” #justlikefire" (ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ: "Let's do this #justlikefire").โ€ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื ืง ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื“ ื‘-22 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016. ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ืจืกืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื ื’ืœ "White Rabbit" ืฉืœ ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืคืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-Jimmy Kimmel Live!. ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ, ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืื™ื™ืจืก, ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ืง ื‘-9 ื‘ืžืื™ 2016. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2021, ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ื ืฆืคื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-260 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื.
ืื•ืกืงืจ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ (ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช: Oscar Adolf Wisting โ€ 6 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1871 - 5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1936) ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™. ื”ื•ื ื•ืจื•ืืœื“ ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื•ืกืงืจ ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœืจื•ื•ื™ืง, ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืฆื ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892 ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1909 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืชื•ืชื—ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฆื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื˜ืŸ, ื›ืฉืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืžื• ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื‘ืกืชืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื•. ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืขืžื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืคื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื“ืจืš ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืฉื”ื ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคืœืงื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืขื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืœื ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืื“ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ: ืžืขืฉื™, ืขืชื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืœืœื ืขืจืขื•ืจ.
ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1991โ€“1993. ืžื™ื›ืœ ื™ื ืื™ ื”ื ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช 13:30 ืœ-14:30 ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื ืื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืคื™ื ื•ืช - ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคื™ื ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงืกืžื™ื, ืคื™ื ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงืจืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ื ืื™ ืืฃ ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1992 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ ื™ื ืื™ ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืคื™ืœ "ืืคื™ืœื•" (ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื•ื™ื™ื’ืœ). ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื™ื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืžื—ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืื™ืœื•" ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื• ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ืœืืจืฆื• ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993 ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช".
Waltham Steam ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืžืกื•ื’ "Runabout (car)" ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื•ืข ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ Waltham Manufacturing Company ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1898โ€“1901,, ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืžื•ืงื ื‘-ื•ื•ืœืช'ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก.
ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžืชื—ืคืจ (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Bettongia lesueur; ืžื•ื›ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ื‘ึผื•ึผื“ึดื™) ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกืื™ ื—ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืงื ื’ื•ืจื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉืื ื“ืžื™ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื™ ื”ืขื ืง ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1817 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉืžื™ืคืชื” ืืช ื—ื•ืคื™ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื•ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืžืชื—ืคืจ ื ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื: ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืจืฉืช ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื ื•ื–ืจืขื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช-ืขืฉื‘, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ืื• ื›ื™ืกื™ ืกื‘ืš ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืžืชื—ืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื”; ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื•ืฉืจื“ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจื”. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช. ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืžืชื—ืคืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืกื•ื’ ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ 5 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื—ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขื 4 ืžื”ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื• 3 ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื: B.l.
ื ื™ืจื” ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ (ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-1942) ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™, ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื“ื—ื™ืกืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ื•ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”". ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ - ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965. ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข, ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘-1967 ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื” ื‘-1970. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื”, "ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื ื•ืจืžื” ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜, ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ืช", ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคื ื—ืก ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1970 ืœ-1972 ืขืฉืชื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื•ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื‘-1972 ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”. ื‘-1978 ืงื•ื“ืžื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1978 ืœึพ1979 ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ-ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืื•ืจื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ IBM ื‘ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืจืžื ื™ื”โ€“ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ืืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืช ืืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื.
ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Goodbye, Columbus) ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืช ื“ืจืžื” ืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1969, ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœืืจื™ ืคื™ืจืก, ืขื ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืืœื™ ืžืง'ื’ืจื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืจื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจ "ืฉืœื•ื ืœืš, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก" ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1959. ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ ืžืง'ื’ืจื• ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ืœ ืงืœื•ื’ืžืŸ (ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžื”ืฆื‘ื, ื›ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจ ืืฆืœ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื•ื“ื•ื“ืชื•. ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื• ื“ื•ืจื™ืก (ืงื™ื™ ืงืžื™ื ื’ืก) ืœืงืื ื˜ืจื™ ืงืœืื‘ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื•ืกื˜ืจืฆ'ืจ. ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื ื“ื” ืคื˜ื™ืžืงื™ืŸ (ืืœื™ ืžืง'ื’ืจื•) ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืจื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืจื“ืงืœื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'. ื”ื™ื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื ื™ืœ ืœืืจื•ื—ื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืจื•ืŸ (ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžืื™ื™ืจืก) ื•ืื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”, ื’'ื•ืœื™ (ืœื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ).
ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ืžื•ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืฃ ื“ื ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืคืจืฅ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื•ื•ืœืช', ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›-3000 ืง"ืž ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ืืจื˜. ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื•ืื›ืœืกื” ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœืืกื™ื” ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1914-1911, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืกืจ ื“ืื’ืœืก ืžื•ืกื•ืŸ. ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ืžื•ืกื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ืฉื” ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”. ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœืืกื™ื” ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื”, ืื•ื™ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ืžื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœืืกื™ื”. ื”ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ื’ืจืืฃ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™; ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ื’ืจืืคื™; ื•ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™, ืžืฆืคื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื•ืŸ". ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื–ื”, ืฉื’ื’ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912, ื•ืœืฉื‘ืขื” (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ืื’ืœืก ืžื•ืกื•ืŸ), ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื” ื‘-1913. ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ ืื’ืคื™ื - ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื“ื ื”, ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืœื‘ื•ืจืŸ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืืชืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912. ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื ืช ื”ืžืžืกืจ ื”ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืืจื™, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•. ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœืืกื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื”ื ืชื” ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•.
ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื˜ืจืืžืค (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Trump Oil Corporation) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ, ืงื ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช), ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘-31 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1995 ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืœื ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื›ื–ื• ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืฉืžื” ืœ"ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืกื™ืืžืจื™ืงื”" ืขื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1996 ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœ"ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื˜ืจืืžืค". ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื ื˜ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืกืงื” ืขืœ ืกืคื™ืจื™ื, ืืžืจืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ื”ื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื•ืขืฆื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ืœืœื•ืค ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ืืžืจืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-2,500 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืงื ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื.
ื”ื™ื™ื“ื•ืกื•ื‘ื•ืกืœื• (ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช: Hajdszoboszl) ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ื™ื“ื•-ื‘ื™ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, 19 ืง"ืž ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื“ื‘ืจืฆืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–. ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ืื’' ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื—ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื ื“ืœื™ื, ื’ื•ืชื™ื, ืื•ื•ืืจื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืืจืคืื“. ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ืช 1075. ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื˜ื•ื•ืืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆ'ืงืื™. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื• ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืžื ื” ื›-17,000 ื ืคืฉ, ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจ. ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘-1925, ืขื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.
"Hostage" (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: "ื‘ืช ืขืจื•ื‘ื”") ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืžืจืช-ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื™ื™ืœื™ืฉ, ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ื ื™-ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, Don't Smile at Me. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2017, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื“ืืจืง-ืจื•ื ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกืงื•ืค ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ื™-ืืœื‘ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•. ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืจืงืข ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ-"You Should See Me in a Crown", "Bad Guy" ื•-"Wish You Were Gay" ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื™ื™ืœื™ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคื™ื ื™ืืก ืื•'ืงื ื•ืœ ืฉื’ื ื”ืคื™ืง ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืคืชื— A ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ืžืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื• ื ืžื•ืš. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™, ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฆืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™-ืืœื‘ื•ื. ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2017, ืขืœื” ื”ืื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื™ ืื™ื™ืœื™ืฉ. ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™-ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 2020, ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื“ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช. ื”ืงืœื™ืค ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฆื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-77 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
ื”ึตื‘ึตึผื” (ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”: ; ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช: "ื ืขื•ืจื™ื") ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืœืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื’ื ื›ื ื•ืฉืืช ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื ืืžื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื ืงื˜ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืื•ืก, ืจืืฉ ื”ืืœื™ื, ื•ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจื”, ื•ืื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืจืก, ืืœืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืื™ืœื™ืชื™ื” ื•ืืœ ื”ืืฉ ื•ื”ื ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืก. ื”ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ืขื ื”ืจืงื•ืœืก ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืืœ, ื•ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœื‘ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช. ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ืžืฉืจืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื™ืจืฉ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ ื’ื ื™ืžื“ืก. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ื™ื•ื‘ื ื˜ืืก, ื•ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื™ืจืงื•ืก ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ืก. ื ืขืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืื•ืช ืชื•ื“ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืœื‘ืฉื• ื˜ื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื” 6, ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1847, ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืžื”.
ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Lyce Louis-le-Grand) ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืœื•ืื™ ื”-14, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“. ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1563 ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื• ื ื›ืœืœื™ื: ืžื™ืœืืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืœืš ืกืจื‘ื™ื”, ืืžื” ืกื–ืจ, ืžื™ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืจ, ืืœืŸ-ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื”, ืคื™ื™ืจ ื ื•ืจื”, ืืœืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ื•, ืฉืืจืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืœืจ, ืคื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื’ื•, ืžื•ืœื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ, ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ-ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืจืžื ื˜ื™ื™ื”, ืงืœื•ื“-ืคืจื•ืกืคืจ ื–'ื•ืœื™ื• ื“ื” ืงืจื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืžืจืœ, ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืžืจืœื•-ืคื•ื ื˜ื™, ืฉืืจืœ ืคื’ื™, ืจื•ืžืŸ ืจื•ืœืŸ, ื”ืžืจืงื™ื– ื“ื” ืกืื“, ื–'ืืŸ-ืคื•ืœ ืกืืจื˜ืจ, ืกื™ืจืื ื• ื“ื” ื‘ืจื–'ืจืืง, ืคื•ืœ ืงืœื•ื“ืœ, ื–'ืืง ื“ืจื™ื“ื”, ื“ื ื™ ื“ื™ื“ืจื•, ืžื•ืจื™ืก ื“ืจื•ืื•ืŸ, ืืžื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื, ืชืื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื”, ื–'ื•ื–ืฃ ืงืกืœ, ื‘ืจื ืืจ-ืื ืจื™ ืœื•ื™, ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืจืชื•ืœื“ื™, ืคื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื ืืจ, ื–'ืืง ืฉื™ืจืืง, ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืคื•ืžืคื™ื“ื•, ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืกืคื™ื™ืจ, ืืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื–'ืืง ื˜ื•ืจื’ื•, ื•ืืœืจื™ ื–'ื™ืกืงืจ ื“'ืืกื˜ืŸ, ืืœืŸ ื–'ื•ืคื”, ื”ืžืจืงื™ื– ื“ื” ืœื” ืคืื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœ ื“ื” ืจื”, ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื•ืก ืžืกืืœ, ื–'ื•ืจื–' ืžืœื™ื™ืก, ืื“ื’ืจ ื“ื’ื”, ืื–'ืŸ ื“ืœืงืจื•ืื” ื•ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจ ื–'ืจื™ืงื•.
ื—ืจืœืื• (ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช: Hrlu, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ื”ืจืœื•ื™) ื”ื™ื ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”.
ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉื•ืข (ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช: Societas Iesu), ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื™ึตืฉืื•ึผืขึดื™ื (Jesuits) ื”ื™ื ืžืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘-1534 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื ืื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืžืœื•ื™ื•ืœื”. ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื™ื ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืชืขืžื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2016 16,378 ืื—ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 11,785 ื›ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืกืžื›ื•. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื”-31 ื‘ืžืกืคืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ ืืจืชื•ืจื• ืกื•ืกื”. ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืกื“ืจ ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1534 ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื ืžืืจื˜ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ื–: ืื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืžืœื•ื™ื•ืœื” (ืื™ื ื™ื’ื• ืœื•ืคื– ื“ื” ืœื•ื™ื•ืœื”) ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™), ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช "ื”ืžืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืข", ื•ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื "ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื• ืœืœื›ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืจื” ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืœืœื›ืช". ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืคื ื• ื‘-1537 ืืœ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืกื“ืจื. ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื•, ื•ืื™ืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื›ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืฉื ื”ืกืžื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื” ื•ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜ ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1780. ืจืงืข ื‘ืžืื™ 1779 ื™ื–ื ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืกื“ืจืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ืจืก"ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื”, ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืจ ื”ื ืจื™ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ืฉืชื•ื•ื›ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืกื˜ื ืกื‘ืจื™, ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืื ื“ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื™ื•ื 10 ื‘ืžืื™ 1779, ื‘ื• ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื•ืชื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฆืคื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” (Commentaries on the Laws of England) ืžืืช ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืœืงืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™. ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ืจื”. ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืื• ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, 120.9.7 ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื•ื“ 120, ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ืจื”. ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ืกื•ื•ืชื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืžืขืชื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืคื’ื™ ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื ื•ืœื“, ืฉื ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”, ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช.
ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืื” "ืคื•ืค" ืคืืฆ'ืงื• (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Isiah Pacheco; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1999) ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจืื ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืง ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงื ื–ืก ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืฆ'ื™ืคืก. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื•ื˜ื’ืจืก ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื“ืจืืคื˜ 2022 ืฉืœ ื”-NFL. ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื‘ื•ืœ LVII ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื‘ื•ืœ LVIII. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืคืืฆ'ืงื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ื“, ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื™ื, ื•ืžืžื•ืฆื ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืจื™ืงื ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื•. ืฉื™ื—ืง ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ื“ ืฉืฉื ื’ื ืœืžื“ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื—ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ืฉื™ื—ืง ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื•ื˜ื’ืจืก.
ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ืช (ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ืคื“) ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื•ืกืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืกืคื™ื’ืช ื“ื ื”ื•ื•ืกืช. ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ืžืคื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืจืชื™ืง ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ืขื•ื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืื•ื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ื“ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืจืชื™ืง. ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืžื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืžืช ืกืคื™ื’ื”. ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงื˜ืจ ืื ื“ ื’ืžื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืชื’ "ืื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื–" ื•ื—ื•ื’ืœื”-ืงื™ืžื‘ืจืœื™ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืชื’ "ืงื•ื˜ืงืก". ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“. ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื–ืจืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื’ืข ื‘ื“ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืจืš ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื’ืข ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืžื‘ื“ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืกืจื™ื—ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ืช ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื—ืžื™ืืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ืชืจื›"ื‘, 1862 - ื–' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืข"ื˜, 7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1919) ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžื™ืืฅ ืฉื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ื”". ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงืžื ื™ืฅ ืฉื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ืœืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ ืขื ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืžื ื™ืฅ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžื ื˜ืœ ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉ"ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื ืฉื ืืช ืจื™ื™ื–ืœ ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืคืกื— ืžืงืžื ื™ืฅ. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืž"ื– (1886) ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืกืงื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืกืžืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืจื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ืžื“ื• ื‘ื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื”ืชืžื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื—ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžื™ืืฅ.
ื™ื ืก ื™ื•ืœ (ื‘ื“ื ื™ืช: Jens Juel;โ€ 12 ื‘ืžืื™ 1745 โ€“ 27 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1802) ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื“ื ื™, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื™ื ื”ื“ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื• ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื™ื•ืจื’ื ืกืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ืœืกืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืื™ ืคื•ื ืŸ. ื™ื ืก ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืœ, ื•ื™ื•ืจื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื’ื ืกืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื‘ืœืกืœื‘. ื™ื•ืœ ื’ื™ืœื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’ืจืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื ืขื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืฆื™ื•ืจ ื ื•ืคื™ื, ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื–'ืื ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื“ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1767 ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื• ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1771 ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1772 ืขื–ื‘ ื™ื•ืœ ืืช ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ, ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื•ืžื ืฉื ืฉื”ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืžื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืื‘ื™ื“ื’ื•ืจ. ืžืจื•ืžื, ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื–, ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืžืจื›ื– ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1777 ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื–'ื ื‘ื”, ืฉื ืฉื”ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืงืœืžื ืก.
ื–ืจื— ืฉึฐื‘ึถืฅ (ืฉื•ื•ืขืฅ) (1906 - 21 ื‘ืžืื™ 1996) ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”" ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื‘ืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืง, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘"ื—ื“ืจ" ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืžื“ ืืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ" ื‘ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืง, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื›ื ืชืŸ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื•ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืžื™ื ื” (ืžื™ื ื“ืœ ืœืื”) ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื” ืฉืžืจื’ื“. ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1935, ืื– ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช "ืงืฉืช" ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ืœืืฉืคืจืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ - ืฉื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช. ืฉื‘ืฅ ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”" ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” "ื™ืคื”", ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ืชื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1960 - 1965 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคื"ื™. ื›ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ื™ืงื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ" ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ื™ืงื™ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช".
Our Version of Events (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื•) ื”ื•ื ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช-ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืžื™ืœื™ ืกืื ื“ื™ื™. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-13 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2012, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ืŸ ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ื•-EMI ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก. ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื "Heaven" - ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-12 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011, ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. "Daddy" - ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-27 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2011, ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. "Next to Me" - ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-10 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2012, ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. "My Kind of Love" - ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2012, ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. "Clown" - ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2013, ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ื™ืฆืื” ืกืื ื“ื™ื™ ื‘-1 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012, ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, "Our Version of Events Tour", ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2013.
ืคืชื—ืช ืจืคื™ื— ื”ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืขื™ืจ ืจืคื™ื—, ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืขื ืงืจืงืข ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ืืš ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืœืจื›ื‘. ื”ืคืชื—ื” ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-250 ืงืž"ืจ. ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืจืคื™ื— ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื—' ื–ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืจ ื-ื—'ืจื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืกืœืœื” ืžืกื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืคื™ื— ื•ืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ ื•ื ืกืœืœื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืื•ืจืš ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืจืคื™ื—, ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืคื™ื— ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืงืฃ ืขื–ื” (ื”ืžืฉื›ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 4) ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืขืจื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืจืคื™ื— - ืงื•ืกื™ื™ืžื”. ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชื—ื” ื›ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื™ื˜ืฉื• ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20. ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืคืชื—ืช ืจืคื™ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ.
ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ืจืžื‘ื” (ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Parc national de la Garamba), ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘-1938 ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื‘-1980 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื›ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจืฅ ืœื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ 1,260 ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 20ยฐ ืœ-30ยฐC. ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืžืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 6ยฐC ืœ-39ยฐC. ื”ืคืืจืง ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 4,920 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืืš ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืกืง"ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื˜ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืกืš 80 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืžืฉืชืจืข ื”ืคืืจืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจืžื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื™ ื“ืฉื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื•ืื ื”. ืื“ืžืช ื”ืคืืจืง ืžืฉื•ืคืขืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืœืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืคืืจืง ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ื’ืจืžื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืืจืง ืขืฆืžื•, ื“ื•ื ื’ื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื•ืืงื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง. ืคืื•ื ื” ืคืืจืง ื’ืจืžื‘ื” ื•ืคืืจืง ืžื ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื•ืœื’ื™ื ืื”.
ืœื”ืงืช ืฉื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ 1993 ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœืกื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืื™ืจืœื ื“. ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืฉื™ืจื•", ื•ืกื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-24 ืขื ืกืš ืฉืœ 4 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืœืœื” ืืช ืฉืจื”'ืœื” ืฉืจื•ืŸ (ืกื•ืœื ื™ืช), ื‘ื ื™ ื ื“ืœืจ, ื•ืจื“ื” ื–ืžื™ืจ, ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืจื—ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื—ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ ืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืจื•ื“ (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Mycteria ibis) ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš, ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ืคื•ืฃ. ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื•ืื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืจืื”ื• ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ืŸ 90-105 ืก"ืž ื•ืžืฉืงืœื 1.9-2.3 ืง"ื’. ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉ ืื“ื•ื ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืขื•ืงืœ ื›ืžื• ืžื’ืœ. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืืฃ ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื, ืขื ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื•ืจืžืช. ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื ื™ื ืขืคื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ืงื•ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ืื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืกื ื’ืœ ื•ืกื•ืžืœื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ. ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ืจื ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช: ืžื‘ื ื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืกื” ืืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช! ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกืžื›ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืฆืชื. ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื™ื™ื ืจ ืงื™ืคื”ืจื˜. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื "ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’'. ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ" ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•"ืื—ื™ื ื• ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ" ืขืœ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ. ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืก.
ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื“ื•ื›ืก ื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™ื” (1051 ืœืขืจืš โ€“ 3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1134) ื”ื™ื” ืืฆื™ืœ ื ื•ืจืžื ื™, ื“ื•ื›ืก ื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1087 ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1106 ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื›ืชืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™. ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจืช'ื•ื– (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Courteheuse) ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื”ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™-ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื’ืจื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื". ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืกืคื’ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื•ื– ืžืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืจื“ ื•ืกื•ืจืจ, ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืœืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื•. ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืืœื™ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื•ื—ื ืขื– ื ืคืฉ ื•ืืžื™ืฅ ืฉืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ืžืกืข ื”ืฆืœื‘ ืœืžื˜ืจืชื• - ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ืจื™ืŸ ืœืืง ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืชื•. ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื—ื“ืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื’ืžืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื ืจื™, ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืžืชื—ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืชืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ - ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ื•ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืื™ืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชื™ืœื“ื” ืžืคืœื ื“ืจื™ื”. ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืจืก ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืžืžืืŸ (Maine), ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื.
ืžื ื•ื ื’ื” (ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืช: Menongue) ื”ื™ื ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืื ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื•ืื ื“ื• ืงื•ื‘ื ื“ื”.
ื”ืืคืืฆ'ื™, ืื• ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ื ื’ ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: North American A-36), ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืก ืชืงื™ืคื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”-P-51 ืžื•ืกื˜ื ื’, ืื—ื“ ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ืœื• ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ื ื’ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1942 ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื’ื ืจืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงื™ื ื“ืœื‘ืจื’ืจ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ืจืง ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืชืงื™ืคื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ื ื’. ื ื•ืจืช' ืืžืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก, ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ื ื’ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืžืชืœื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘-10 ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ืื—ืช. ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืœื” ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
ื–'ืืŸ ืฉืืคืœืŸ (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Jean Chapelain;โ€ 4 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1595 โ€“ 22 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1674) ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืืคืœืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื” ืฉื‘ื ื• ื™ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ืืš ืืžื•, ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืคื™ื™ืจ ื“ื” ืจื•ื ืกืืจ, ืงื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืฉื‘ื ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ืฉืืคืœืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืžื“ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช. ืžืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืกืœืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช "ืื“ื•ื ื™ืก" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื’ืืžื‘ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•. ื‘ึพ1619 ืชืจื’ื ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื” "ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“" ืื• "ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืกืžืืŸ ืžืืœืคืจืืฆ'ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืžืชืื• ืืœืžืŸ, ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–. ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ื’ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœืœ ืœืงืจื“ื™ื ืœ ืจื™ืฉืœื™ื™ื”. ื‘-1632 ื ื™ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืจื™ืฉืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืงื•ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืจื™ืฉืœื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืฃ ื›ืชืจื™ื, ื•ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘-1635. ืฉืืคืœืŸ ื”ื’ื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ "ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช" ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื–ื•.
ืกื•ืœืจืื“ื’' ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: SolarEdge Technologies) ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ื”ืกืคืง ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืงืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื. ืกื•ืœืจืื“ื’', ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืค ื‘-2006, ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืืกื“"ืง. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื ืง ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื ืกื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 18 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2023โ€“2024 ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 97 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื“ ืœ-874 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2024. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจืื“ื’' ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ: ื’ื™ื ืกืœืข, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื›"ืœ ื•ื™ื•"ืจ; ืœื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ืœืกืžืŸ, ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ; ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื™ืŸ, ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—; ืžืื™ืจ ืื“ืกื˜, ืกืžื ื›"ืœ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื”; ื•ืขืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืฉืœื•ื‘, ืžื ื”ืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื”. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืกื‘ื‘ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 23 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืงืจืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืจื ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื’'ื ืกื™ืก, ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ ื•ืื•ืคื•ืก ืงืคื™ื˜ืœ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืœื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ื. ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•-ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื™ื ื–ืจื ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืœื–ืจื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืชื— ืฉืœ 220 ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืจืื“ื’', ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช.
ื’ืจืื•ื ื“ื™ื™ืฉืŸ (Groundation) ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืงืช ืจื’ืื™ื™-ืจื•ื˜ืก ืžืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืื™ื™. ื’ืจืื•ื ื“ื™ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘-1998, ืžืฉืžืจืช ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื˜ืก (ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื) ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืื™ื™ ืขื ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื’'ืื–ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจื™ืฆ'ืžื•ื ื“ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Ernest Richmondโ€; 1874โ€“1955), ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืจืงืข ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ ืืจื ืกื˜ ื˜ืื˜ื”ืื ืจื™ืฆ'ืžื•ื ื“ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1874. ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืง ืจื™ืฆ'ืžื•ื ื“. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ื ืชืžื ื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1902โ€“1903 ืกื•ืคื— ืจื™ืฆ'ืžื•ื ื“ ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1900โ€“1911 ื‘ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืชืžื ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ื•ื™ื ืฆื ืฅ ืœึธื›ื ืจ (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: Vinzenz Lachner;โ€ 18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1811 โ€“ 22 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1893) ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ืฆื— ื’ืจืžื ื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆื ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืฅ ื•ืื™ื’ื ืฅ ืœื›ื ืจ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื. ืคืจื ืฅ, ื”ืื— ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื ื•ื“ืข ื’ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ืขื ืคืจื ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื˜. ื”ืœื—ื ื” ืœืžื“ ื•ื™ื ืฆื ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ืืื•ื’ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืžื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื“ ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืคืจื ืฅ ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœื• ืžืฉืจื” ื›ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืฆ'ื™ื™ืœืกืงื™ ืžืงื•ืฉื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื“ื•ื›ืกื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื–ื ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1831 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืขื•ื–ืจ ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืื•ืคืจืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช (ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืงืชื•ืœื™). ื‘-1836 ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ืฆื— ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืฅ. ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืฉืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื• ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื ืฉืืจ ืฉื 37 ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื›ื ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข, ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1842.
ื ึธืชึธืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคืขืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื˜ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-10 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืžืœื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข. ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืžื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ืข ืžื“ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืœื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื. ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื˜ื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข, ื ืชืŸ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืœ 'ื›ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืจืฉ' ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“, ื ืชืŸ ืžืกื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ืช ืœืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืœืžื”. ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืžืจ ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืื•ืชื. ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฉืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื•. ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื "ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ืข.
"Free Your Mind" ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืืŸ ื•ื•ื’. ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1991 ืœื™ื ื•ืืจ 1992, ื™ืฆื ื‘-24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1992 ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืกื˜ ื•ืกื˜ ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, Funky Divas . ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ & ืžืงืœืจื•ื™ ,โ€ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืฉื™ืจ "Free Your Mind and Your Ass Will Follow" ืฉืœ ืคืื ืงืื“ืœื™ืง .โ€ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ืก ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื’'ื™ื ืงืก ื’'ื•ื ืก. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ "Prejudice, wrote a song about it. Like to hear it? Here it go!" ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืœื”ื•ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืก (ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืืœืŸ ื’ืจื™ืจ ) ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช In Living Color . ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืื•ื‘ื•ื™ . ื’ืจืกื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” (1992), Barcelona Gold .โ€ ื‘-2017, ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-41 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช 100 ืฉื™ืจื™ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื“. ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฆืื” ื‘-1996, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, High on the Hog.
ื˜ืจื ืกืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืืฉืจ ืžืชืืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื—ืช. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืกืจื˜ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืžื“ื™ื”, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืื—ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืขืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืงื˜ืขื™ ืงื•ืœ ืžื”ืกื“ืจื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ืืชืจ ืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื“ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื“ืจื”. ืื• ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื”. ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
ืคืกื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ (Peso Mexicano ืกืžืœ: $; ืงื•ื“: MXN) ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืœืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื–ื• ื•ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16โ€“19, ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•, "$". ื”ืคืกื• ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœ-100 ืกื ื˜ืื‘ื•ืกื™ื (Centavos), ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ยข". ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืกื• ื”ื•ื "$", ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื’ื ื›-M$ ืื• Mex$, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ISO 4217 ืœืคื–ื• ื”ื•ื MXN; ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ 1993, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื“ MXP. ื”ืคืกื• ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”-16 ื”ื ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืžืจื™ืงื” (ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืงื ื“ื™), ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ืคืกื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื”ืคืกื• ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ ื ืฉืืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ืžืื—ืจื• ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื” ื‘-1982, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืกื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืคื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื–ื™ื ืง ืž-12.50 ืœ-19.40 ืคืกื• ื‘-1976, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืž-23 ืœ-150 ืคืกื• ืœื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘-1982. ืฉืขืจ ื”ืคืกื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 3,000 MXP ืœื“ื•ืœืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1993, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื“ืฉ, ื ื•ืื‘ื• ืคืกื• ("ืคืกื• ื—ื“ืฉ", ืื• MXN), ืฉื ืจืฉื "N$" ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™.
ื›ืœื•ืชืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ืขืจืš 497 - 29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 561) ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืœืš ื”ืคืจื ืงื™ื ืž-558 ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืœื•ืชืืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกื•ืืกื•ืŸ (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืคื™ืงืจื“ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช). ืขื ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• (27 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 511) ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืคืจื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื ื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ื›ืœื•ืชืืจ ื”ืคืš ืืช ืกื•ืืกื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืœืืŸ, ื ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืงืžื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื•, ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื”ื ื”ืจ ืžื–, ืืš ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืชื•, ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื—ื™ื• ื›ืœื•ื“ื•ืžืจ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื•ื–ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ื•ืจื’ื•ื ื“ื™ื” (21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 524), ืื—ื™ื• ื›ื™ืœื“ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืœืš ืคืจื™ื– ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืจื™ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื—ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื“ื•ืžืจ. ื›ืœื•ืชืืจ ื•ื›ื™ืœื“ื‘ืจื˜ ืจืฆื—ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื“ื•ืžืจ, ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืงื™ืฆืฅ ืืช ืฉืขืจื• ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกืžืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื ืžืœื˜ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื ื–ืจ. ื›ืœื•ืชืืจ ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื’ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืง (ืืœืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื•ื“ื•ืžืจ) ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื™ืœื“ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืืจื˜ืจ ื•ืื•ืจืœื™ืืŸ. ื‘-531 ื›ืœื•ืชืืจ ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื’ืจืžืื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืจืื“ื’ื•ื ื“ (ืจื“ื’ื•ื ื“ื™ืก), ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืชืื›ืืจ (ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืกื” ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืชืื›ืืจ), ืžืœืš ืชื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•. ืืš ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืžื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ื’ืื˜ื ื• ื–ื’ืืจืื‘ื•ื˜ื• (ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: Gaetano Sgarabotto; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1878 ื‘ื•ื™ืฆ'ื ืฆื”, ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-1959) ื•ื‘ื ื• ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ื–ื’ืืจืื‘ื•ื˜ื• (Pietro Sgarabotto; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1903 ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-1990) ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื’ืื˜ื ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1901 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืœืื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ืืฆืœ ืœื™ืื ื“ืจื• ื‘ื™ื–ื™ืืง. ืžืžื™ืœืื ื• ืขื‘ืจ ื‘-1926 ืœืคืืจืžื” ื•ืฉื ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1959. ื‘ื ื•, ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื•, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืœื— ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืืš ืจื‘ืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื’ืืจืื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืฉื ื™ ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื, ืฉืœืฆื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ืžื ื ืœื”ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื‘ืจื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจื• ืคืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžืŸ ืขื“ 1979. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื–ื’ืืจืื‘ื•ื˜ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื” ื—ื•ืชืžื” ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืืจืžื”, ืงืจืžื•ื ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืจื—ืฉื• ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืœืจื‘ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ ืžืฆืœื™ืœื™ื”ื. ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื’ืืจืื‘ื•ื˜ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช-ื™ื“ ืžื•ืคืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื˜.
Dj Vu (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื“ื–'ื” ื•ื•) ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžืจืช-ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืกืคื™ื ื™ืŸ' ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก, ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, Hot.โ€ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, "Dj Vu ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ื“ืื ืก, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืืœืกื™ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืจืงืข ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” "Dj Vu" ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืจืง, ืจืื“ื• ื‘ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื•ืžืจืฆ'ืœ ื‘ื•ื˜ื–ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2009 ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื™ื” ืืœืกื™ื”, ืฉื’ืจืจื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœ-"Hot" ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื” (2008) ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื˜, ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืืœืกื™ื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉ-"Dj Vu" ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืœื”. ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฆืืชื•, ืขืœื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื–ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-13 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืงืœื™ืค ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ "Dj Vu" ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื‘ื•ืงืกืจ. ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืœ ืืœืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ื•ืจื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉืื™ื ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื’ืจืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘-7 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021, ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื™ืค ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-85 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจืคืืœ - ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืงืœืข ื“ื•ื“. ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”. ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืงืคืช ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 784, ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื—'ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 805. ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื•ื 4,754 ื“ื•ื ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืจืคืืœ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“. ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื•ื—ื›ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืจืคืืœ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื—ื›ื™ืจื” ื ื—ืชื ื‘-2001 ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœ 49 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘-1982 (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2031). ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1982 ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืคืืœ ืžืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“, ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืœืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกืขื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ืจืžื™ืืœ ืœืืœื• ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2006, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืคืกืงื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื–ืขืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
Fever (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื—ื•ื) ื”ื•ื ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช-ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืœื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื’. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2001, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืคืจืœื•ืคื•ืŸ ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก. ื‘-26 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2002, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจืงื•ืจื“ืก ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืื– ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘-1989. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืจืงืข ืžื™ื ื•ื’ ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืงืช'ื™ ื“ื ื™ืก, ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืกื˜ื ืจื“, ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื’ืืœื’ืจ, ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื“ื™, ื˜ื•ื ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื•ืคืกืงืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื ื•-ื“ื™ืกืงื• ืขื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจื•-ืคื•ืค ื•ื“ืื ืก-ืคื•ืค. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื’ื ืžืกื™ื ืช'ืคื•ืค ื•ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื. ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฆืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื: "Can't Get You Out of My Head" ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2001, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื’, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-40 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-6 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ืœื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจ "I Should Be So Lucky". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื "In Your Eyes" ื•-"Love at First Sight" ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื˜ 100.
ื™ื•ืกื• ื 'ื“ื•ืจ (ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช: Youssou N'Dour, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1959 ื‘ื“ืงืืจ ืฉื‘ืกื ื’ืœ) ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืจ ืกื ื’ืœื™, ื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื”, ืคื–ืžื•ื ืื™, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ, ืฉื—ืงืŸ, ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื”ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืืจ ืื•ืชื• "ื›ื–ืžืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื ื’ืœ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ืื™. ื 'ื“ื•ืจ ืคื™ืชื— ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื ื’ืœ ื‘ืฉื Mbalax, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืกื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื ื“'ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ื• "Return to Goree" ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืคื™ื™ืจ-ืื™ื‘ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื•.
ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Napolon) ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ ืื™ืœื ืž-1927 ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื’ืื ืก, ื”ืกื•ืงืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ืงื” ืขื“ ืœืคืœื™ืฉืชื• ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” (ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช: Transilvania) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืจื•ืžื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ืขื ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืคืœื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš 132 ืžื˜ืจ, ืจื•ื—ื‘ 17.6 ืžื˜ืจ, ื’ื•ื‘ื” 8.5 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ื ื˜ื• 5,160 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื“ื™ื–ืœ, 12 ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ 23,000 ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืก.
ืžื™ื›ืึธืœ ืจืคืึธืœ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ (ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช:Micha Rafa Klinger; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1946) ื”ื•ื ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ ื•ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืœื ื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1999โ€“2003 ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘-2006โ€“2012 ื›ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœืฉื ื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื–'ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ, ื›ื•ืžืจ ื•ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ ื™ืœื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืกื‘ืกืงื™. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ืจืฉื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื”. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1971โ€“1978 ืœื™ืžื“ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1978 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1980 ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืคืขืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘-1990 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืืจื’ ื•ื ืกืคื— ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ ื‘ืคืจืื’. ื‘-1993โ€“1996 ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืกืœื‘ื”. ื‘-1996 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื’ืฃ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™. ืงืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืžื™ืœื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘-1998 ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื•.
ืกื•ึผื‘ืืจื•ึผ ืœื™ืื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื•ื‘ืืจื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1971โ€“1989 (ื“ื’ื ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•, ืกื•ื‘ืืจื• ืœื•ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1994). ื“ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง "ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช" ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื— ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช 10x10 ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื. ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื— (ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ).
ื’ื•ื™ืื‘ืช ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื” (ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™: Psidium friedrichsthalianum, ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื›ืงืืก ืื• ื’ื•ื™ืื‘ืช ื”ืงืืก) ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื”ื“ืกื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืžืงื•ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืื˜ืžืœื” ื•ื ื™ืงืจื’ื•ืื”. ื”ืคืจื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื˜ืขืžื• ื”ื—ืžืฆืžืฅ ืžืชื‘ืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฅ ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื•ืขื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื–ื™ืฃ, ืงืœื™ืคืชื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืคื™ืžื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื™ ื—ืžื•ืฅ ืขื“ ืžืชื•ืง, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืŸ. ื’ื•ื™ืื‘ืช ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืชืจื›ื™ื– ืคืจืกืงื•-ื“ื”-ืงืืก, ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื›ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™, ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉ ืžืœืื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืฆืžื— ืกื•ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืคื™. ื’ื ืขืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื™ืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช.
ืกืงื™ื™ืœืื‘ 4 (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช: Skylab 4, ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›-SL-4 ื•. SIM-3) ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืžืื•ื™ืฉืช ืืœ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืกืงื™ื™ืœืื‘. ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” 84 ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉืขื” ื•-16 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ 6,051 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื”ื•ืื•ื˜ืง ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” "ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื”" ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ (ื‘ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ืช: Hrvatski Nogometni Kup) ื”ื•ื ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื”. ื”ืžืคืขืœ, ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื—ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืข (ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื, ืื• "ื ื•ืงืืื•ื˜"). ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืžืขืคื™ืœื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืขืคื™ืœื” ืœืกื•ืคืจ ืงืืค ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืื ื”ืืœื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืงืืค ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992, ืขื ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืžืคืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื”, ื“ื™ื ืžื• ื–ืื’ืจื‘ (16 ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘-23 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช) ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ื•ืง ืกืคืœื™ื˜ (7 ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘-11 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช), ื‘ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข. ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ, ืœืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื (1999 ื•-2006). ืžื—ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื“ื•ืง ืกืคืœื™ื˜. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื—ืงื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1941, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
ื’'ืจื’' ื’ื•ึนื˜ึฐื–ึถื’ึถืŸ (ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช: Gottsegen Gyrgy; ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜, 18 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1906 โ€“ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืง, ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”, 7 ื‘ืžืื™ 1965) ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืคื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™, ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ืœืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื’'ืจื’' ื’ื•ื˜ื–ื’ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื ืฉืœ ืืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ืจื™ (ื’ื•ื˜ื–ื’ืŸ) (1881โ€“1958) ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœ ื–'ื•ืคื™ื” ืจื•ืกื ื™ืืง (1882โ€“1946).
ืœื™ื™ืจื“ (ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช: Laird) ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืจื“ ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ ืกืงื•ื˜ื™, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช. ืœื™ื™ืจื“ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฆื•ืœื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืืจื™ื ืœืœื ืžืขืžื“ ืืฆื™ืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืœ ืœืืกืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืจ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” "Laird", ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ื•ืื™ืœืš ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "laverd" ."laverd" ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ "ืœื•ืจื“". ื”ืœื™ื™ืจื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”.
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