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ERROR: type should be string, got "https://github.com/mbaljeetsingh/laravel5-jokes-api-with-jwt-and-pagination\n\nLaravel & Angularjs works really well together, if used in a correct way. In this Laravel & Angularjs Series, we will be creating an app where Laravel will be used for creating an API and Angularjs for consuming that API.\n\nThis series is aimed at those, who want to completely separate their frontend and backend. This is the most common use case in hybrid app development using phonegap or ionic framework. So without further due, let’s get started with the Laravel Part.\n\nInstall Laravel & Create New Project\n\nFirst Install Composer By Following this guide. Then, download the Laravel installer using Composer.\n\ncomposer global require \"laravel/installer=~1.1\"\n\nOnce successfully installed, you can type laravel new command to create new Laravel project.\n\nlaravel new project_name\n\nAfter successfully creating the project, make sure your webserver is running (you can use XAMPP, LAMP, MAMP), now go into the project directory and type.\n\nphp artisan serve\n\nNow you can open the following url.\n\nhttp://localhost:8000 And you will see the Laravel front page.\n\nNow we will add a package called Laravel-5-Generators. This Laravel package provides a variety of generators to speed up your development process.\n\nYou can install the generator via composer as:\n\ncomposer require laracasts/generators --dev\n\nNow open the app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php file and updated the register function as,\n\npublic function register() { if ($this->app->environment() == 'local') { $this->app->register('Laracasts\\Generators\\GeneratorsServiceProvider'); } }\n\nNow run,\n\nphp artisan\n\nYou will see new commands added in the make:* section.\n\nSetup DB, Create Migration & Insert Dummy Data\n\nSetup DB\n\nFirst, rename the .env.example file in the laravel installation root directory to .env\n\nnow open the .env file and change the following:-\n\nDB_HOST=localhost DB_DATABASE= your_database_name DB_USERNAME= your_database_username DB_PASSWORD= your_database_password\n\nCreate Migration\n\nNext step is to create the migration, as the laravel documentation says, Migrations are like version control for your database, allowing a team to easily modify and share the application’s database schema. Open the terminal and type the following command to create the migration.\n\nphp artisan make:migration create_jokes_table\n\nYou can see the created migration in database/migrations folder. Open the migration file and replace it with this code.\n\n<?php use Illuminate\\Database\\Schema\\Blueprint; use Illuminate\\Database\\Migrations\\Migration; class CreateJokesTable extends Migration { /** * Run the migrations. * * @return void */ public function up() { Schema::create('jokes', function (Blueprint $table) { $table->increments('id'); $table->text('joke'); $table->integer('user_id'); $table->timestamps(); }); } /** * Reverse the migrations. * * @return void */ public function down() { Schema::drop('jokes'); } }\n\nHere you can see we have added the id, joke, user_id and timestamps fields. Where id is auto incrementing, joke is the body of the joke and user_id will be used for the user who will submit the joke. Here there are two functions one is up and other is down. The down function is the exact opposite of the up and will be used if we want to revert back the migration.\n\nNow run the following command\n\nphp artisan migrate\n\nNow have a look at the database, you can see the new jokes table there. Along with jokes table, laravel creates three other tables namely users, migrations, password_resets.\n\nNow to demonstrate the down function. Let’s say we want to change the joke field with body. What you can do is, change the field in the migration table.\n\npublic function up() { Schema::create('jokes', function (Blueprint $table) { $table->increments('id'); $table->text('body'); $table->integer('user_id'); $table->timestamps(); }); }\n\nNow run the following commands.\n\nphp artisan migrate:rollback php artisan migrate\n\nNow open the database and check the structure and you can see the jokes table joke field renamed to body.\n\nInsert Dummy Data\n\nThe next step is to insert the dummy data that we can use throughout the development process. For inserting dummy data we will use a package called fzaninotto/faker.\n\nFirst we need to install this package,\n\ncomposer require fzaninotto/faker\n\nNow first create a Joke Model by typing:\n\nphp artisan make:model Joke\n\nNow create the seed file which will be used to insert dummy data.\n\nphp artisan make:seed Jokes\n\nYou can see the created seeder file in database/seed folder. Open JokesTableSeeder.php and add the following.\n\n<?php use Illuminate\\Database\\Seeder; use App\\Joke; class JokesTableSeeder extends Seeder { /** * Run the database seeds. * * @return void */ public function run() { $faker = Faker\\Factory::create(); foreach(range(1,30) as $index) { Joke::create([ 'body' => $faker->paragraph($nbSentences = 3), 'user_id' =>$faker->numberBetween($min = 1, $max = 5) ]); } } }\n\nAt the top you can see, we have added App\\Joke that makes us available the jokes model and we are using to create new jokes as Joke::create. Here you can see we have used $faker object, it is availabe through package. For the list of all the available functions, you can have a look at their documentation.\n\nNow Create the new seed file for users table as.\n\nphp artisan make:seed UsersTableSeeder\n\nNow open UsersTableSeeder.php and add the following.\n\n<?php use Illuminate\\Database\\Seeder; use App\\User; class UsersTableSeeder extends Seeder { /** * Run the database seeds. * * @return void */ public function run() { $faker = Faker\\Factory::create(); foreach(range(1,5) as $index) { User::create([ 'name' => $faker->userName, 'email' =>$faker->email, 'password' =>bcrypt('secret') ]); } } }\n\nHere you can see we have added App\\User at the top, which means we are requiring user model. It is availabe through default laravel install.\n\nThe next step is to open DatabaseSeeder.php and add the created seeder classes.\n\n<?php use Illuminate\\Database\\Seeder; use Illuminate\\Database\\Eloquent\\Model; class DatabaseSeeder extends Seeder { /** * Run the database seeds. * * @return void */ public function run() { Model::unguard(); $this->call(JokesTableSeeder::class); $this->call(UsersTableSeeder::class); Model::reguard(); } }\n\nNow before using the seed command we need to do one more thing. Open the Joke Model file. This will be inside app root folder and add the fillable array inside the class as.\n\nprotected $fillable = ['body', 'user_id'];\n\nBy using this we can mass insert values in the database table.\n\nNow the last step is to run the db seed command as.\n\nphp artisan migrate --seed\n\nAfter that you can see the database table with all the dummy entries.\n\nCreating & Testing Routes\n\nIn the last section we successfully created the database, created migration and prepared seeder classes. In this section we will create our routes or api end points which we can hit to get data.\n\nOpen the routes.php file and add the follwing code:\n\nRoute::resource('jokes', 'JokesController');\n\nNow we need to create the JokesController, for this we will use generators like,\n\nphp artisan make:controller JokesController\n\nThis command will create the jokescontroller with all the required methods.\n\nNow run this command:\n\nphp artisan route:list\n\nYou will see output similar to this:\n\nNow we can add the prefix to all these routes as, in the routes.php updates the code as: Route::group([‘prefix’ => ‘api/v1’], function(){ Route::resource(‘jokes’, ‘JokesController’); }); Now your output will look like:\n\nNow open the JokesController.php, add the following at the top,\n\nuse App\\Joke;\n\nNow update the index method as:\n\npublic function index(){ $jokes = Joke::all(); //Not a good idea return $jokes; }\n\nHere we are using the Eloquent ORM, which makes it easy to work with database. If you don’t know about eloquent, have a look at the Eloquent Documentation.\n\nThe Joke::all() will return all the rows from the jokes table.\n\nNow run the server as:\n\nphp artisan serve\n\nand open:\n\nhttp://localhost:8000/api/v1/jokes\n\nYou will see all the records from the jokes table, also it is worth mentioning, the data is casted to json automatically.\n\nNow using the browser is good if you want to test GET request, but if you want to test POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE request we probably will not use browser for this. So, for that scenario we can use Curl, which is perfectly fine or we can use a utility called POSTMAN which is a chrome extension. That makes it really easy to test all the requests. Let’s see how we can test our api with postman. Install the postman extension and open postman:\n\nHere select the request (GET, POST etc.), enter url and press send, the output is similar to the one we saw in browser but this will prove more useful once we get to other requests.\n\nNow, yes it is a working api but there are some problems with it:\n\nIt is not a good idea to return all the results at once.\n\nWe are showing the exact structure of the table.\n\nWe are sending any error message and response codes.\n\nNow in the following sections, we will work on improving that api.\n\nResponses & Codes\n\nNow let’s add the status codes to the data, the available status codes are:\n\nUpdated the index method in the JokesController.php as follows:\n\npublic function index(){ $jokes = Joke::all(); return Response::json([ 'message' => $jokes ], 400); }\n\nNow open the /api/v1/jokes url in the postman, you can see status returned as 400.\n\nThe 400 is mainly for the bad request, so the status that we probably want to return is 200, so change the code as follows:\n\npublic function index(){ $jokes = Joke::all(); return Response::json([ 'data' => $jokes ], 200); }\n\nNow again hit the endpoint/url in the postman, you can see status returned as 200.\n\nNow let’s implement the route for getting single joke, we can see from php artisan route:list, when we get to api/v1/jokes/{jokes} we are calling the show method and will get single joke.\n\nSo update the show method as follows:\n\npublic function show($id){ $joke = Joke::find($id); if(!$joke){ return Response::json([ 'error' => [ 'message' => 'Joke does not exist' ] ], 404); } return Response::json([ 'data' => $joke ], 200); }\n\nNow try accessing this route, if the joke with specific id not exists we will get the error response and if it exists we will get the 200 response.\n\nIf the joke exists:\n\nIf the joke doesn’t exists:\n\nTransforming Data\n\nAt that point, we can see that, we are returning the exact db table structure, and it is not a good idea, it may be possible we only want to show specific fields and don’t want to show the fields name as in the table. So for this we can transform the data before displaying.\n\nAdd the following two methods at the bottom of the JokesController Class in the JokesController.php,\n\nprivate function transformCollection($jokes){ return array_map([$this, 'transform'], $jokes->toArray()); } private function transform($joke){ return [ 'joke_id' => $joke['id'], 'joke' => $joke['body'] ]; }\n\nNow update the index and show methods as:\n\npublic function index(){ $jokes = Joke::all(); return Response::json([ 'data' => $this->transformCollection($jokes) ], 200); } public function show($id){ $joke = Joke::find($id); if(!$joke){ return Response::json([ 'error' => [ 'message' => 'Joke does not exist' ] ], 404); } return Response::json([ 'data' => $this->transform($joke) ], 200); }\n\nNow again hit the routes and you will see the transformed data.\n\nEloquent Relationships\n\nUsing Eloquent Relationships we can relate two tables.\n\nFirst we need to define the relationship between the two tables users and jokes and then we can join the tables data.\n\nLet’s start by adding a relationship:\n\nopen the User.php model file and add the following method:\n\npublic function jokes(){ return $this->hasMany('App\\Joke'); }\n\nand open the Joke.php model file and ad the following method:\n\npublic function user(){ return $this->belongsTo('App\\User'); }\n\nNow open the JokesController.php and update the show method as follows, before that add the following code at the top:\n\nuse App\\User;\n\nNow update the show method as:\n\npublic function show($id) { $joke = Joke::with( array('User'=>function($query){ $query->select('id','name'); }) )->find($id); if(!$joke){ return Response::json([ 'error' => [ 'message' => 'Joke does not exist' ] ], 404); } // get previous joke id $previous = Joke::where('id', '<', $joke->id)->max('id'); // get next joke id $next = Joke::where('id', '>', $joke->id)->min('id'); return Response::json([ 'previous_joke_id'=> $previous, 'next_joke_id'=> $next, 'data' => $this->transform($joke) ], 200); }\n\nand our updated transform method with look like this:\n\nprivate function transform($joke){ return [ 'joke_id' => $joke['id'], 'joke' => $joke['body'], 'submitted_by' => $joke['user']['name'] ]; }\n\nSo, our updated show method code will look like this, here first we are joining User table data with the jokes tables, also we are finding the previous and next joke and then we are adding them to the response. So our response will now look like this:\n\nWhere submitted_by data is coming from users table after joining.\n\nImplement POST, PUT, DELETE requests\n\nOpen JokesController.php and update the store, update and destroy methods as follows:\n\nFirst add the following code at the top of the file,\n\nuse Illuminate\\Http\\Request;\n\nNow update the following methods:\n\npublic function store(Request $request) { if(! $request->body or ! $request->user_id){ return Response::json([ 'error' => [ 'message' => 'Please Provide Both body and user_id' ] ], 422); } $joke = Joke::create($request->all()); return Response::json([ 'message' => 'Joke Created Succesfully', 'data' => $this->transform($joke) ]); }\n\npublic function update(Request $request, $id) { if(! $request->body or ! $request->user_id){ return Response::json([ 'error' => [ 'message' => 'Please Provide Both body and user_id' ] ], 422); } $joke = Joke::find($id); $joke->body = $request->body; $joke->user_id = $request->user_id; $joke->save(); return Response::json([ 'message' => 'Joke Updated Succesfully' ]); }\n\npublic function destroy($id) { Joke::destroy($id); }\n\nTo test POST request, open postman and send post request as follows:\n\nSimilarly, you can test Update and Delete requests.\n\nPagination\n\nFor pagination, Laravel provides a very simple method called paginate(), let’s see how we can implement pagination. Open JokesController.php and update the index method as follows:\n\npublic function index(){ $jokes = Joke::with( array('User'=>function($query){ $query->select('id','name'); }) )->select('id', 'body', 'user_id')->paginate(5); return Response::json($this->transformCollection($jokes), 200); }\n\nNow access the route, you will see error something like this,\n\nThe problem is now we need to update the transformcollection method in the JokesController.php as:\n\nprivate function transformCollection($jokes){ $jokesArray = $jokes->toArray(); return [ 'total' => $jokesArray['total'], 'per_page' => intval($jokesArray['per_page']), 'current_page' => $jokesArray['current_page'], 'last_page' => $jokesArray['last_page'], 'next_page_url' => $jokesArray['next_page_url'], 'prev_page_url' => $jokesArray['prev_page_url'], 'from' => $jokesArray['from'], 'to' =>$jokesArray['to'], 'data' => array_map([$this, 'transform'], $jokesArray['data']) ]; }\n\nNow go to the route you will see the paginated result, like this.\n\nCurrently, we are hard coding the pagination to 5 elements but we can use query string to specify the no. of elements. The updated index method will look like this:\n\npublic function index(Request $request) { $limit = $request->input('limit')?$request->input('limit'):5; $jokes = Joke::with( array('User'=>function($query){ $query->select('id','name'); }) )->select('id', 'body', 'user_id')->paginate($limit); $jokes->appends(array( 'limit' => $limit )); return Response::json($this->transformCollection($jokes), 200); }\n\nHere we are checking to see, if the limit is present as query string, if yes use that value otherwise the no. of elements are default to 5.\n\nImplementing Search\n\nNow let’s implement the search functionality, update the index method as follows:\n\npublic function index(Request $request) { $search_term = $request->input('search'); $limit = $request->input('limit')?$request->input('limit'):5; if ($search_term) { $jokes = Joke::orderBy('id', 'DESC')->where('body', 'LIKE', \"%$search_term%\")->with( array('User'=>function($query){ $query->select('id','name'); }) )->select('id', 'body', 'user_id')->paginate($limit); $jokes->appends(array( 'search' => $search_term, 'limit' => $limit )); } else { $jokes = Joke::orderBy('id', 'DESC')->with( array('User'=>function($query){ $query->select('id','name'); }) )->select('id', 'body', 'user_id')->paginate($limit); $jokes->appends(array( 'limit' => $limit )); } return Response::json($this->transformCollection($jokes), 200); }\n\nNow you can test the search as follows:\n\nAdding JWT Auth\n\nNow we will add the security to the routes, such that only the authenticated users can request the data, otherwise they will get error.\n\nLet’s start with basic auth, that laravel provides by default, open the JokesController.php and add the contructor function as:\n\npublic function __construct(){ //$this->middleware('auth.basic', ['only' => 'store']); $this->middleware('auth.basic'); }\n\nThis means we are using basic auth on all routes. When we now try to view the route in the browser, we will first need to signin and then we see the data like.\n\nNow, if we type the correct credentials, only then we can see the data.\n\nBut we won’t be using this for our api, for api’s it is better to use token based authentication, which means whenever the user authenticates he will be provided with the token, and the user will then send this token with each request and if the token is valid, only then the data will be displayed.\n\nFor Token Based Auth, we will use a laravel package called jwt-auth ,\n\nFirst open the composer.json and add the following item to the required array,\n\n\"tymon/jwt-auth\": \"0.5.*\"\n\nNow run the following command:\n\ncomposer update\n\nIt will download the jwt-auth package.\n\nNow Open config/app.php file and add the following item to the providers array:\n\nTymon\\JWTAuth\\Providers\\JWTAuthServiceProvider::class\n\nAlso in the config/app.php, add the following items to the aliases array:\n\n'JWTAuth' => Tymon\\JWTAuth\\Facades\\JWTAuth::class, 'JWTFactory' => Tymon\\JWTAuth\\Facades\\JWTFactory::class\n\nNow publish this package from command line as:\n\nphp artisan vendor:publish --provider=\"Tymon\\JWTAuth\\Providers\\JWTAuthServiceProvider\"\n\nNow you will see a new file in the config folder called jwt.php, Now we need to generate jwt specific key from command line as:\n\nphp artisan jwt:generate\n\nNow you can see the key in the secret field changed to new key.\n\nNow open the routes.php and add the following routes:\n\nRoute::group(['prefix' => 'api/v1'], function() { Route::resource('authenticate', 'AuthenticateController', ['only' => ['index']]); Route::post('authenticate', 'AuthenticateController@authenticate'); Route::get('authenticate/user', 'AuthenticateController@getAuthenticatedUser'); });\n\nAdd the following middleware to the construct method in the JokesController.php:\n\npublic function __construct(){ $this->middleware('jwt.auth'); }\n\nNow we need to make the AuthenticateController from the command line as:\n\nphp artisan make:controller AuthenticateController\n\nNow open the AuthenticateController.php and update the file as follows:\n\n<?php namespace App\\Http\\Controllers; use Illuminate\\Http\\Request; use App\\Http\\Requests; use App\\Http\\Controllers\\Controller; use App\\User; use JWTAuth; use Tymon\\JWTAuth\\Exceptions\\JWTException; class AuthenticateController extends Controller { public function __construct() { $this->middleware('jwt.auth', ['except' => ['authenticate']]); } /** * Display a listing of the resource. * * @return \\Illuminate\\Http\\Response */ public function index() { return \"Auth index\"; } public function authenticate(Request $request) { $credentials = $request->only('email', 'password'); try { // verify the credentials and create a token for the user if (! $token = JWTAuth::attempt($credentials)) { return response()->json(['error' => 'invalid_credentials'], 401); } } catch (JWTException $e) { // something went wrong return response()->json(['error' => 'could_not_create_token'], 500); } // if no errors are encountered we can return a JWT return response()->json(compact('token')); } public function getAuthenticatedUser() { try { if (! $user = JWTAuth::parseToken()->authenticate()) { return response()->json(['user_not_found'], 404); } } catch (Tymon\\JWTAuth\\Exceptions\\TokenExpiredException $e) { return response()->json(['token_expired'], $e->getStatusCode()); } catch (Tymon\\JWTAuth\\Exceptions\\TokenInvalidException $e) { return response()->json(['token_invalid'], $e->getStatusCode()); } catch (Tymon\\JWTAuth\\Exceptions\\JWTException $e) { return response()->json(['token_absent'], $e->getStatusCode()); } // the token is valid and we have found the user via the sub claim return response()->json(compact('user')); } }\n\nNow try to hit the route, /api/v1/jokes, you will get an error token not provided like this:\n\nWhich means, we first need to generate token that we can generate by sending post request to api/v1/authenticate with email and password as following:\n\nNow you can send the requests with this token and then you will get the result as expected.\n\nTackling CORS\n\nNow our api is working fine, but there is last thing to take care of, now let’s say if we put this api online, no one will be able to access the api due to cross domain restrictions. So to overcome this we can install a Laravel package called laravel-cors.\n\nFirst install the package using composer:\n\ncomposer require barryvdh/laravel-cors 0.7.x\n\nNow add this package to config/app.php file’s providers array as:\n\nBarryvdh\\Cors\\ServiceProvider::class\n\nNow to use this package, open the routes file and update the routes as follows:\n\nRoute::group(['middleware' => 'cors', 'prefix' => 'api/v1'], function() { Route::resource('authenticate', 'AuthenticateController', ['only' => ['index']]); Route::post('authenticate', 'AuthenticateController@authenticate'); Route::get('authenticate/user', 'AuthenticateController@getAuthenticatedUser'); }); Route::group(['middleware' => 'cors', 'prefix' => 'api/v1'], function(){ Route::resource('jokes', 'JokesController'); });\n\nWrapping Up Part 1\n\nHopefully this tutorial was helpful and you have created your first API by the end of it.\n\nFeel free to leave any feedback or questions in the comments below and let me know if there’s anything you need help with or if I can clarify anything.\n\nThanks @jeffrey_way (laracasts) for his awesome screencasts, learned lot from him & jwt-auth inspiration by @ryanchenkie.\n\nSee Part 2 of this series, where we will create an app with AngularJS using this API.\n\nThanks."