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2eefde0ef2d54748b892970703c15b798192274e new epidemics of infectious diseases often involve health care workers in this short communication we present a case report of a health care professional who became the fi rst case of infl uenza h1n1 virus to be notifi ed in the united arab emirates there are several issues related to workplace considerations and general public health including preventive measures the need for isolation of the patient dealing with contacts return to work and communication with the workforce "in recent years influenza viruses have circulated in seasonal h3n2 h1n1 and avian including h5n1 forms there has been concern that influenza a h5n1 a worldwide cause of large poultry outbreaks which by december 2009 had affected 467 persons 282 deaths would drift or shift to become the next pandemic strain [1] however in april 2009 swine flu caused by a new strain of influenza a pandemic h1n1 2009 emerged stringlengths 38 5.78k | Unnamed: 1 stringclasses 6
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this has now become the dominant strain producing an illness that is transmitted in the same way as seasonal influen | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
this is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution noncommercial license httpcreativecommonsorglicensesbync30 which permits unrestricted noncommercial use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited za which in most cases is mild wh... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
in the early days of the h1n1 pandemic when there was uncertainty about the infectivity and virulence of the new virus a more precautionary approach to management was advocated this included laboratory testing of suspected cases contact tracing isolation of cases and contacts antiviral medication for treatment and prop... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
in this short case report we describe the personal experience and management of the first case of h1n1 reported in the united arab emirates uae | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the patient was a 48 yearold male academic public health physician who had just returned to the middle east after | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
wwweshaworg spending a week with his family in saskatoon in canada his journey to the uae was via calgary and heathrow airport in london uk he started feeling lethargic and developed a sore throat with cough and high fever for around 10 hours since the night of his arrival in dubai uae this led him to consult the ondut... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the consultation included a discussion of any possible exposure to h1n1 since canada was recognized then as experiencing a large number of cases of the infection a combined influenza ab antigen screen on a nasopharyngeal swab was positive and an additional swab and a blood sample were then sent for further confirmatory... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
by the next morning the patients fever and sore throat had subsided and he was feeling better despite the very low but nevertheless real risk of having swine flu the patient had to make some important difficult decisions regarding his state of health and his work deadlines his work place was a university campus and as ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
on the next day the patient received a call from the health authority confirming influenza a h1n1 infection and he was therefore in the unenviable although historical position of being the first reported case of h1n1 infection in the uae the patient was admitted to hospital with airborne and contact isolation where he ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
as a public health physician the index case had considered the h1n1 situation before commencing his travels to canada at that time may 8 2009 the world health organization who did not recommend restricting travel although some individual national authorities were advising against nonessential travel the advice on the v... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
this case raised several issues related to workplace and general public health measures taken by the uae government to prevent an influenza epidemic include the installation of thermal scanners at dubai sharjah and abu dhabi airports three major international airports in the united arab emirates the individual was afeb... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
effective and timely communication is essential to allay unwarranted concerns from the public and at the workplace queries from the media were channeled to a senior member of the administration from the office of the dean to ensure consistency in the information provided he was briefed by public health physicians occup... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the health department took prompt action family members with close contact were quarantined at home they were given a prophylactic course of oseltamivir adequate supplies of food and provisions and maintenance of phone communiwwweshaworg cation was confirmed the public health department dealt with general queries from ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
where new epidemics of infectious diseases appear history has shown that the cases have often included healthcare workers and their family members [4] the index case for ebola infection was a hospital laboratory worker and secondary cases occurred in other healthcare workers and within the family twothirds of the deat... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
we now believe that even if they are infectious clinicians who practice good respiratory and hand hygiene will limit the risk of transmission to others standard and droplet precautions should be in place [8] standard precautions minimize exposure to potentially infected blood and body fluids and include hand hygiene a... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
generally it will not be appropriate to conduct contact tracing of patients or to provide antiviral prophylaxis however if there has been a particular type of contact between a healthcare worker and a patient for example intubation or a patient is at high risk of severe or complicated infection then further risk assess... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
when pandemic influenza is widespread in a community it will inevitably have consequences for the workplace not least because that is a setting where transmission can occur in these circumstances occupational health practitioners should be prepared to lead a consistent and proportionate response staff with influenza wi... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
stories about the new h1n1 case in town appeared daily and reflected public anxiety the media can play an important role in allaying the fears of the community by providing adequate and accurate information the installation of thermal scanners at points of entry has their limitations and is not recommended by the who s... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
an unpublished population study carried out in the uae during october 2009 by medical students investigated the impact of the recent h1n1 pandemic on the parents of primary school children they found that while the majority of parents had good knowledge of h1n1 and its mode of transmission many had mistaken beliefs abo... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
b09fe466052873919115ea1da6510a01704c6c3a background chronic cough in children is a diagnostic challenge objective to discover the utility of nasal dipsticks and polymerase chain reaction pcrdna analysis in differentiating bacterial sinusitis from other causes of chronic cough and identifying pathogens from the nasal ca... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
this prospective study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 with the approval of the institutional review board and human subject committee at la biomedharborucla medical center informed consent was obtained from all patients | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
we recruited 39 children from 1 to 14 years of age composed of 3 groups | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
patients with chronic cough group 1a and 1b we studied 22 children who had cough for longer than 4 weeks among these 10 patients who met the clinical diagnostic criteria of bacterial sinusitis listed below were subclassified as group 1a cough with clinical bacterial sinusitis and the other 12 as group 1b cough without ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
patients with allergic rhinitis group 2 we studied 7 patients with rhinitis and positive skin tests for respiratory allergens but without cough and lower respiratory symptoms | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
subjects without respiratory symptoms group 3 we studied 10 children without current or past respiratory complaints who were seen for routine physical checkups | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
all patients were interviewed for pertinent history and had nasal secretion assays and quantitative pcr analysis of nasal secretions the patients with chronic cough group 1 and allergic rhinitis group 2 had additional procedures nasal endoscopy and allergy skin testing | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the clinical diagnosis of bacterial sinusitis was made when a patient met 2 out of 3 criteria consisting of positive clinical history of sinusitis nasal endoscopy and nasal secretion score as explained below | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
clinical history the complaint of facial pain sinus pressure or purulent nasal drainage was considered as positive history | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
nasal endoscopy jedmed flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngoscope st louis mo was used after the application of oxymetazoline nasal spray and 2 lidocaine spray to each nostril 3 times the presence of purulent discharge in the middle meatus or in the nasopharynx was considered to be a strong indicator for bacterial sinusitis | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
nasal secretion assay nasal discharge was obtained by swabbing with a wet cotton applicator 1 to 2 cm into the nasal antrum laterally and aiming at the middle meatus the applicator tip was then smeared over a urine dip strip the strip was scored in 4 components protein nitrite ph at 60 s and leukocytes at 120 s the sco... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the total score was the sum of individual scores of protein ph leukocyte esterase and nitrite a score above 3 was considered as an indicator of bacterial sinusitis | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
nasal secretion samples were collected by inserting the swab into the nostrils and rubbing while rotating the swab from a depth of 2 to 3 cm and sent to microgen diagnostics lubbock tx for dna analysis of nasal microbes for rapid identification of ppb potential pathogenic bacteria and ppv potential pathogenic virus | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
this report generated within 24 hours of sample collection utilized the rapid quantitative pcr method using a roche lightcycler 480 ii instrument that detects 7 types of bacteria and the bacterial load 1 fungus 19 resistance genes for the following antibiotics were included vancomycin methicillins betalactams carbapene... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
streptococcus pneumonia sp hi and moraxella catarrhalis mc were classified as ppb and staphylococcus epidermidis se corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum cp and dolosigranulum pigrum dp were classified as pnpb sa was classified separately rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus were classified as potentially pathogenic virus... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
allergy skin tests were employed to identify patients with allergic rhinitis group 2 tests were performed according to a standard procedure using 16 to 40 inhalant allergens stallergenes greer london uk applied to the skin by multitest applicator lincoln diagnostics decatur il the allergens included dust mites cat dog ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
means or medians and standard deviations or interquartile ranges were computed for continuous variables frequencies and percentages were compared for categorical variables analysis of variance was used if the outcome followed a normal distribution the kruskalwallis test was used for nonnormal continuous outcomes chisqu... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
as stated in the methods section subjects who met 2 out of 3 sinusitis criteria were classified as group 1a nasal endoscopic findings p 04 and nasal secretion scores p 0001 were highly sensitive and could have been used as the selection criteria by themselves as shown in table 1 tables 2 and 3 and figure 1 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the group with clinical diagnosis of bacterial sinusitis group 1a carried ppb in their nasal cavity in higher percentage nppb sa and ppv were present in various degrees in all 3 groups but there were no statistically significant patterns discernible group 1b twelve patients were classified into a nonbacterial cough gro... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
all patients in group 1a reported improvement of cough after 2 to 8 weeks of antibiotic treatment nasal secretion assay score also decreased below 4 in all patients in group 1b were symptomatically managed with varying success without the use of antibiotics | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
all patients in group 1a 1b and 2 were tested for the sensitization to aeroallergens allergic sensitization was present in 5 out of 10 patients 50 in group 1a and 11 out of 12 patients 91 in group 1b | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
in children acute sinusitis is usually defined as symptoms lasting less than 30 days chronic sinusitis longer than 90 days and subacute sinusitis in between these 2 ranges 13 acute sinusitis is associated with sinus pressure purulent nasal drainage cough and the presence of ppb 13 14 in chronic and subacute sinusitis p... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the editors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of margaret keller md lynn smith md and joaquin madrenas md phd who reviewed the manuscript | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research authorship andor publication of this article | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
this study was approved by los angeles biomed clinical trial registration httpsimedrislabiomedorgdatabase3090701 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research authorship andor publication of this article dnabased analysis was provided to the authors free of charge by microgen diagnostics lubbock tx | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
approved by institutional review board | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
informed consents were obtained from all subjects who participated in this project | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
this article does not contain any studies with animal subjects" "Song | Charles. Chorath | Jeena..." Use of Dipstick Assay and Rapid PCR-DNA<br>Analysis of Nasal Secretions for Diagnosis of Bacterial<br>Sinusitis in Children With Chronic Cough Allergy Rhinol (Providence) " Background: Chronic cough in children is a<br>diagnostic challenge. Objective: To discover the utility<br>of nasal dipsticks and polyme... | 7 controls with<br>allergic rhinitis (group 2) | and 10 controls without<br>respiratory symptoms (group 3). Based on symptoms | the<br>results of nasal secretion assays | and nasal<br>endoscopy | a diagnosis of clinical bacterial sinusitis<br>was made. We identified potential pathogens by<br>quantitative..." 226 2421 |
165792449dc650fba4a923f3a94a851754a7bcb7 "the international health regulations ihr 2005 as the overarching instrument for global health security are designed to prevent and cope with major international public health threats but poor implementation in countries hampers their effectiveness in the wake of a number of ma... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
background in todays increasingly interconnected and interdependent world where people goods and services move easily across borders it is more important than ever to ensure that countries are able to respond in timely and effective fashion to contain and indeed prevent threats to public health [1] [2] [3] recent globa... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
as the leading global organisation with responsibility for health governance who has bore the brunt of the criticism [5] [6] [7] depending on the crisis accusations have ranged from responding too slowly or in ad hoc fashion to overreacting and fearmongering as well as not learning lessons and not making necessary stru... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
central to these discussions are the international health regulations ihr which have been at the heart of the global health security agenda since 1969 preceded by the international sanitary regulations from 1951 the ihr aim to prevent protect against control and provide a response to public health threats through impro... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
enforceability has long been seen as a concern 11 who works directly with countries to make the ihr 2005 obligations easier to implement and maintain moreover a concerted effort is underway to ensure that the ihr requirements are an integral part of essential public health operations and to better embed them into whos ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
in making the case for better embedding the ihr into national health systems in pursuit of universal health coverage uhc this paper outlines the need for more joinedup thinking between the ihr core capacities and health system functions it provides a brief outline of the ihr before focusing on a number of important int... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the international health regulations working for global health security following the severe acute respiratory syndrome crisis of 2003 the international community agreed to improve the detection reporting and response to potential public health emergencies worldwide this required reevaluating the existing ihr 1969 whic... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
in 2009 in the aftermath of the h1n1 influenza pandemic whos executive board convened an independent review of the effectiveness of the ihr 2005 12 the review highlighted a number of positives but concluded that more was required for the world to respond adequately to sustained public health emergencies and delivered a... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
recommendations for policy close coordination between the health system and health security is a new approach which is gaining momentum as major donors as well as the g7 and g20 want to see systematic coordination between uhc and global health security things are already changing for instance through the joint extern... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the ability to detect and assess events ensure that surveillance systems and laboratories can detect potential threats and understand the nature and potential severity and impact of the event in order to be able to make decisions in public health emergencies notify and report events report specific diseases plus any ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
once an event is reported who reviews the situation declaring the event a pheic if it is thought to constitute a public health risk to other countries through the international spread of disease and if it potentially requires a coordinated international response to date despite increasing numbers of potential events be... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
much of the data and feedback can also be related to how well the health system itself is functioning as the ihr 2005 address a subset of health systems strengthening and coordination challenges 14 a countrys ability to detect report and respond to health threats requires strong relationships between for example clinic... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
1 service delivery 2 health workforce 3 health information systems 4 medical products vaccines and health technologies 5 health financing and 6 leadership and governance 16 a recent systematic review of the building blocks relevance to the ebola outbreak underlines their importance in practice and as an evaluative fram... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
of all of the health system building blocks leadership and governance is probably the most important in improving ihr implementation and in countering outbreaks in general it underpins the other health system components and constitutes the cornerstone of any effort to strengthen health security this is true at both nat... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
at national level where compliance with ihr 2005 remains patchy despite a whoissued series of guidance for implementation in national legislation v a stronger legal basis to overcome the lack of a formal enforcement mechanism and to ensure coordinated and rapid action through the health system could help to address ii... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
some of the implementation gaps and failings already identified for instance the usa employs a public health legal preparedness phlp framework which represents a legal imperative for multisectoral action in emergencies 18 while the us framework was borne of the need to serve a federal structure there is a need for some... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
regarding the global level whos strengthening of the ihr 2005 is not just normative but constructive in a global health environment characterised by an increasing number of actors and agencies who is the de facto steward facilitating action and collaboration within the global health system at large 22 this involves pri... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
additionally there are longstanding calls for who to work more closely with nonstate actors such as the private sector and civil society vii such engagement is necessary to institutionalise the ihr 2005 requirements and build up health systems emergency response capacity 20 as animal health transport education finance... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
finally messaging is crucial in a global health climate characterised by the need to demonstrate outcomes it is difficult to sell prevention and preparedness governments should acknowledge that health security has a cost with no immediate apparent outcome but that such investment is irreplaceable in the face of an immi... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
surveillance and monitoring is another central pillar of the ihr 2005 yet many countries continue to lack the required capabilities 13 25 from a health systems perspective this is a concern but perhaps not surprising a recent review of a number of leading health system frameworks found that surveillance capacity was in... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
national health information systems need to have the ability to detect verify and track events as soon as possible and to ensure the flow of health data among a variety of national and international stakeholders including who moreover they need to be able to rapidly transform such data into information for realtime dec... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
but the ihr 2005 also have more specific surveillance requirements such those as relating to points of entry in these jurisdictions for example customs immigration shipping and conveyance authorities etc collecting public health data is rarely seen as a priority addressing this is complex it would require changing prot... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
with regard to services how these are organised managed and delivered is the most visible demonstration of the overall functioning and efficiency of the health systemespecially during a crisisand a core component of the uhc agenda the provision and maintenance of safe healthcare services ie with infection isolation pro... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
a related health system building block is medical products vaccines and health technologies which are central to delivering emergency response under the ihr 2005 plans for their bulk purchase stockpiling and distribution need to be in place moreover stockpiles need to be real rather than simply pledged close relations ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
another crucial issue for emergency preparedness and response is human resources for healthin terms of numbers and availability relevant expertise and training and deployment for ihr 2005 purposes there is a raft of profiles required from the health workforce this includes epidemiologists clinicians public health speci... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
finally the importance of financing cannot be understated in estimating the economic cost of the ebola crisis on the economies of guinea liberia and sierra leone the world bank stresses how important investment in surveillance detection and treatment capacity is would have been 27 countries need to invest in their publ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
in terms of more concrete actions who is further supporting ihr 2005 training and capacity development in countries promoting the effectiveness of surveillance systems and supporting timely communication and informationsharing through the global network of national ihr focal points to complement the voluntary jee under... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
additionally the organisation is heeding calls for housekeeping 28 the implementation of the ihr 2005 is often done in a vertical manner outside the health system strengthening effort at national level this situation traditionally reflects a similar issue within who where the ihr programme is seen as a vertical one eve... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
changes are also required in terms of more immediate programmatic and daytoday activities one proposal is for the establishment of a who crosscutting task force comprising staff from health systems whe including ihr and other relevant programmes for it is clear that there are a number of very practical questions in rel... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
stronger and more resilient health systems to improve global health security this paper has made an initial case for better embedding the ihr 2005 into health systems also highlighting whos crucial role in supporting this but what the discussion has also underlinedfor the ihr 2005 and for global health security more wi... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
contributors hk provided strategic guidance gp developed the concept and undertook the purposive literature review and gp and hk drafted the manuscript ix httpsreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresources958040wp0ouo900e0april150box385458bpdf" "Kluge | Hans. Martín-Moreno | Jose Maria..." Strengthening global health security by<br>embedding the International Health Regulations<br>requirements into national health systems BMJ Glob Health Not provided. 0 4683 | null | null | null | null | null |
d2c536058f4f78ea00836ff72187c4c1b43e47da "the 19771978 influenza epidemic was probably not a natural event as the genetic sequence of the virus was nearly identical to the sequences of decadesold strains while there are several hypotheses that could explain its origin the possibility that the 1977 epidemic resulted fro... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
citation rozo m gronvall gk 2015 the reemergent 1977 h1n1 strain and the gainoffunction debate mbio 64e0101315" "i n 1977 an h1n1 influenza virus appeared and circled the globe | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
colloquially referred to as the russian flu as the ussr was the first to report the outbreak to the world health organization who the 1977 strain was actually isolated in tientsin liaoning and jilin china almost simultaneously in may of that year 1 it was atypically mild for a new epidemic strain the influenza mortali... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the first researchers to point out the unusual characteristics of the 1977 strain suggested multiple theories to explain the remarkable preservation of the genetic information in the resurgent strain these possibilities included sequential passage in an animal reservoir in which influenza viruses replicate without rapi... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
there are multiple potential explanations that may explain the viral resurgence but the possibility that the epidemic was the result of a laboratory accident has recently gained currency in discussions about the biosafety risks of gainoffunction gof influenza virus research and has been used as an argument for why this... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
confirmation that the 1977 strain was derived from a 1950s strain in 1978 researchers demonstrated that an h1n1 influenza virus strain from 1950 and another strain from 1977 fort warren [fw] and ussr90 respectively were unusually closely related although they were isolated 27 years apart 4 6 7 using the ncbi influenza... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
possible origin i deliberate release there are historical and epidemiological aspects of the 1977 influenza epidemic that can be considered suspicious during that time the soviet union employed tens of thousands of scientists to make biological weapons and as the 1979 release of aerosolized anthrax in sverdlovsk soviet... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
indeed outbreaks of aussr9077h1n1 in military academies were described in official memos as explosive 9 10 the royal air force in upper heyford england was first affected in january 1978 followed by the us air force academy usafa in colorado in february the outbreak at the usafa was so severeover the course of 9 days 7... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
while it is possible that the 1977 influenza was caused by deliberate release of the virus the soviet bioweapons program biopreparat tended to use influenza preparedness as a cover story for some of the more nefarious work that was being performed 11 for example the omutninsk chemical factory manufactured large amount... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ii vaccine trial or challenge there are two factors that point to the 1977 epidemic as resulting from vaccine challenge or trials i live attenuated influenza virus laiv research was extensive at the time and ii a 1976 h1n1 swine flu outbreak was feared to have pandemic potential and led to a resurgent interest in h1n1 ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
between 1962 and 1973 almost 40000 children participated in eight laiv trials in the ussr 13 scientists at the peking vaccine and serum institute in china also carried out clinical trials using live vaccines during the same time period 1 additionally there are records of the mass production of a live h1n1 vaccine in ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the timing is probably not coincidental in 1976 the swine h1n1 epizootic influenza virus infected 230 soldiers at fort dix nj causing severe respiratory illness in 13 and one death 12 edwin kilbourne and others led a campaign that resulted in president gerald ford announcing a program to inoculate everyone in the unit... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
it is more likely that either the vaccines produced from these stocks or the viruses themselves used in tests of vaccine development were virulent enough to spark the 1977 epidemic the bulk of the evidence rests with this possibility the unnatural origin mildness of presentation of the virus widespread dissemination of... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
explanations been influenced by political considerations fig 2 in 1991 in the last days of the soviet union researchers suggested that the virus was potentially frozen in nature until its reemergence an unsatisfying explanation that places no blame on china or russia for the incident see reference 13 in the appendix i... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
while the use of the 1977 influenza epidemic as a cautionary tale for potential laboratory accidents is expedient the relevance to gof research is greatly diminished if the 1977 epidemic was the result of a vaccine trial or vaccine development gone awry these are both more plausible explanations than a single laborator... | Michelle. Gronvall | Gigi Kwik" The Reemergent 1977 H1N1 Strain and the<br>Gain-of-Function Debate mBio " The 1977-1978 influenza epidemic was probably<br>not a natural event | as the genetic sequence of the<br>virus was nearly identical to the sequences of<br>decades-old strains. While there are several hypotheses<br>that could explain its origin | the possibility that<br>the 1977 epidemic resulted from a laboratory<br>accident has recently gained popularity in discussions<br>about the biosafety risks of gain-of-function (GOF)<br>influenza virus research | as an argument for why this<br>research should not be performed. There is now a<br>moratorium in the United States on funding GOF research<br>while the benefits and risks | including the<br>potential for accident | are analyzed. Given..." 213 2256 |
a7dea443868b1327fef754465f3792ea33a224ca "being sessile organisms plants are constantly challenged by their environment and their situation is compounded by biotic stresses a number of plant pathogens such as fungi oomycetes bacteria viruses nematodes etc pose serious threats to the plant wellbeing nonetheless over th... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
filamentous pathogens have a large suite of predicted secreted proteins which could act early during infection to suppress pti as the pathogens are establishing themselves and at later stages to rewire host cellular activities to meet the pathogens metabolic needs it has been proposed that protein trafficking from haus... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
targeting proteins involved in plant immune signaling cascades moreover they also manipulate various plant processes further predisposing the host cellular machinery to act in a pathogenconducive manner 18 19 as their names suggest cytoplasmic effectors target cytosolic components or are redirected to other organelles ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
it is pertinent to demystify the terminological ambiguity around effectors since until recently their nomenclature was contingent upon host reactions when a molecule from a particular pathogen modulates the hosts defensive cover to increase the pathogens fitness it is called a virulence factor however when the same mol... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
when dealing with a subject as broad as effectors it is worthwhile to classify them to the extent that current knowledge in this domain will allow therefore in an attempt to draw clear lines they can be largely divided into three major groups based on their localization and site of activity apoplastic cytoplasmic and n... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
as the name suggests apoplastic effectors are localized to plant extracellular spaces this class of effectors includes but is not restricted to small and cysteinerich proteins which function primarily by inhibiting host proteases hydrolases glucanases and other lytic enzymes 13 recent models suggest that these could be... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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