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2eefde0ef2d54748b892970703c15b798192274e new epidemics of infectious diseases often involve health care workers in this short communication we present a case report of a health care professional who became the fi rst case of infl uenza h1n1 virus to be notifi ed in the united arab emirates there are several issues related to workplace considerations and general public health including preventive measures the need for isolation of the patient dealing with contacts return to work and communication with the workforce "in recent years influenza viruses have circulated in seasonal h3n2 h1n1 and avian including h5n1 forms there has been concern that influenza a h5n1 a worldwide cause of large poultry outbreaks which by december 2009 had affected 467 persons 282 deaths would drift or shift to become the next pandemic strain [1] however in april 2009 swine flu caused by a new strain of influenza a pandemic h1n1 2009 emerged stringlengths 38 5.78k | Unnamed: 1 stringclasses 6
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on the other hand cytoplasmic effectors have the duty of dealing with host cells at a much more intricate level cytoplasmic effectors are active once they reach the plant cytoplasm and tend to target plant defense signaling components effectors from p syringae have been shown to target antipathogenic vesicle traffickin... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
nuclear effectors are seemingly ultimate weapons in the inventory of pathogens since they are thought to suppress the immune response from upstream nuclear effectors could potentially shut off master switches of the immune machinery or reprogram host transcription to the benefit of pathogens a recent investigation of 4... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
computer software such as nod psort ii and wolf psort can predict the subcellular localization of various proteins but that of very few candidate effectors has been verified experimentally [41] [42] [43] relative to the wealth of those from all plant pathogens a number of plant pathogensecreted effector proteins have b... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
what happens once a pathogen gets access to its host how does the host respond to the pathogens demands and what are the overall cellular dynamics in play answering such questions becomes a lot more imperative when dealing with obligate biotrophs because of their intimate relationship with the host and since they can o... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
fungal spores grow on plant surfaces upon germination it has been shown that the rust fungus uromyces appendiculatus uses topographical cues for orientation and the formation of infection structures 51 once u appendiculatus detects a 05m ridge which it interprets as the presence of the stomatal lip its entry point into... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
it should not be difficult to conceptualize massive host cellular reprogramming occurring in response to the development of haustoria haustoria are found to be surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum actin cytoskeleton and cytoplasm along with the accumulation of golgi bodies and mitochondria 54 it has also been observed t... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
pathogens are known to target host vesicular trafficking a key element of plant defense 30 in h arabidopsidis 26 of examined effectors have been found to localize to membranes the majority of them 18 associating with the endoplasmic reticulum 63 arabidopsis cells hosting h arabidopsidis haustoria develop bulging vesicu... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
octomericexocyst complexes could also be targeted by pathogens given that the exocyst architecture plays an important role in vesicular tethering and redefining cell polarity which are integral to plant defense responses 69 targeted exocytosis occurs during infection and freshlysynthesized defenserelated compounds are ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
obligate biotrophic phytopathogens have evolved a robust and elaborate offensive strategy to invade their host by deploying numerous effector proteins it appears that the effectors inventory of pathogens is organized around different types of molecules which have unique capabilities and functions therefore most socalle... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
as genomesequencing costs are falling the full sequences of many more genomes are becoming available despite the dazzling speed at which effector catalogs can be assembled functional study of effectors remains a relatively slow and strenuous process in obligate biotrophs functional studies of effectors by virulence ass... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
no potential conflicts of interest were disclosed" "Chaudhari | Prateek. Ahmed | Bulbul..." Effector biology during biotrophic invasion<br>of plant cells Virulence Not provided. 0 4371 | null | null | null | null | null |
9a8ffb71928a37a550e689f36fa3196493e036fe it has been proposed that cholesterol in host cell membranes plays a pivotal role for cell entry of hiv however it remains largely unknown why virions prefer cholesterolrich heterogeneous membranes to uniformly fluid membranes for membrane fusion using giant plasma membrane vesi... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
because ordered lipid domains are thought to be dynamically fluctuating nanoscopic assemblies of lipids and resident proteins in living cells visualization of the potential involvement of these membrane regions upon entry of viral particles into intact cells remains technically challenging 14 15 in a first step toward... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
we used giant plasma membrane vesicles gpmvs derived from hela cells that stably express the cd4 receptor and ccr5 coreceptor cd4 ccr5 investigated the lateral partitioning of both receptors in these membranes and imaged the preferred regions of hiv binding and fusion at the singleparticle level fig 1a gpmvs show t... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
a number of studies have been conducted to localize cd4 and ccr5 in lymphocyte cell membranes although the association of cd4 with lipid rafts is generally accepted divergent conclusions have been reached regarding the raft localization of ccr5 6 12 confirming previous results we observed by immunofluorescence that cd... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
recognition of lold membrane boundaries by hiv next we examined whether and how hiv envelope env particles interact with gpmvs murine leukemia viruses mlvs pseudotyped with hiv gp120gp41 and fluorescently labeled with mkogag were incubated with cd4 ccr5 gpmvs we visualized bound particles by epifluorescence microscop... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
to determine whether hiv env particles indeed fuse with gpmvs at lipid phase boundaries we first examined whether they fuse with gpmvs in a bulk lipid mixing assay virions were labeled with selfquenching concentrations of the fluorescent lipid probe r18 and mixed with unlabeled gpmvs lipid mixing was only observed when... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
we also observed fusion with gpmvs at the singleparticle level the fluorescence of many hiv env particles that were bound at lold phase boundaries spread over time indicating that the particles fused with the gpmvs fig 2e in addition we carried out electron cryomicroscopy cryoem in an attempt to directly visualize the... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
next we examined whether the lold phase coexistence on gpmvs is required for hiv env particle binding andor fusion to disrupt lo phase domains we treated gpmvs with methylbcyclodextrin mbcd which depletes cholesterol from the membranes mbcd treatment of gpmvs led to a marked change from approximately circular lo domain... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
contrary to virion attachment disruption of the lo phase domains in gpmvs by mbcd significantly decreased the efficiency of fusion of hiv env virions with gpmvs fig 3d this result agrees with a previous report demonstrating a decrease of hiv cell entry after depletion of cholesterol from the host cell membrane 22 th... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
lysolipids which adopt an invertedcone molecular shape have been reported to inhibit fusion in a wide variety of systems owing to their propensity to induce positive intrinsic membrane curvature 24 25 here we tested whether lysolipids affect the lipid phase behavior of gpmvs and the ability of hiv to fuse with them ly... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
to further probe the influence of lysolipids on lipid phases and hiv fusion in welldefined model membranes we used giant unilamellar vesicles guvs and large unilamellar vesicles luvs composed of bsmbpcbpscholesterol 2111 as models 16 only lysosm significantly changed the lo domains in guvs fig 4e and inhibited the fu... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
supported lipid bilayers generated from synthetic and natural lipids have been widely applied since their original introduction 30 including more recently to study fusion of single particles 16 31 the planar geometry of supported membranes has the advantage over guvs that a large extended membrane can be observed by ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
we observed large numbers of singlemembrane fusion events of hiv env particles with sppms fig 5f and movie s9 and classified them as docking hemifusion or full fusion fig 5g in lo ld and lold compartments of the sppm we observed no direct full fusion and very little hemifusion in ld phases and only 11 3 direct full f... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
membrane fusion in hiv entry is a highly cooperative process that must overcome several energy barriers associated with different fusion intermediates this energy must be provided and released at the right time and at the right place to drive the merger between the viral and target membranes although cholesterolrich li... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
in contrast to many other enveloped viruses hiv displays only a few 14 trimeric glycoprotein spikes on its envelope 36 this small number is certainly inefficient for hiv entry and fusion however the cooperativity of hiv recognition and fusion at membrane domain boundaries may be a unique way to overcome this deficienc... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
finally this work also showed that gpmvs and a novel procedure to produce supported planar gpmvderived membranes that we call sppms are very useful to study the selected targeting and membrane fusion of hiv virions we anticipate that these methods will also be useful to study the binding fusion and properties of many o... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
most lipids and fluorescent probes were from avanti polar lipids and dio dii did and octadecyl rhodamine b chloride r18 were from invitrogen mbcd nem and fluorescein isothiocyanate alexa 647 or alexa 555labeled ctxb were purchased from sigmaaldrich formaldehyde and dtt were purchased from avantor and rpi respectively a... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
hiv pseudovirus production hiv env particles pseudotyped with envelope gp160 protein and containing mlv core proteins were prepared by cotransfection of 293t cells with 3 mg of pfbluc mlv vector plasmid 2 mg of phit60 packaging construct 1 mg of mlv mkogag and 3 mg of hiv jrfl env plasmids using the polyfect reagent qi... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
preparation of gpmvs derived from cd4 ccr5 hela cells cd4 ccr5 hela cells were provided by d m rekosh university of virginia gpmvs were produced and isolated from the cells as previously described 17 18 with slight modifications briefly cd4 ccr5 hela cells were cultured in iscoves modified dulbeccos medium with ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
blebbing buffer for 1 hour at 37c following shaking solutions containing celldetached gpmvs were gently decanted into a 50ml tube the gpmvs were placed on ice for 30 min to settle relatively large gpmvs 10 mm in diameter which were then transferred from the bottom of the tube to coverslips for observation on an epifluo... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
lateral distribution and relative amount of cd4 and ccr5 on gpmvs we observed the lateral distributions of cd4 and ccr5 on cellattached and isolated gpmvs for the preparation of cellattached gpmvs cd4 ccr5 hela cells were seeded on quartz slides or 18mm glass coverslips and grown to about 40 confluence after inducing... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
single and bulk binding assay of hiv env particles to gpmvs for the binding of single hiv env particles to gpmvs gpmvs were induced from cd4 ccr5 hela cells on quartz or glass slides after staining with dio or 7nitro213benzoxadiazol4yl nbddope gpmvs were rinsed with buffer in a fabricated flowthrough chamber hiv part... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
fusion between r18labeled virus particles and unlabeled gpmvs was measured by the dequenching of r18 fluorescence unlabeled gpmvs were added to the r18labeled virions 1 10 8 particles in hepes buffer at room temperature concentration of gpmvs was estimated by total protein concentration in gpmvs using a bicinchoninic ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
to prepare the samples for electron cryomicroscopy cryoem hiv env particles were incubated with gpmvs for 60 s at room temperature to capture early stages of membrane fusion between hiv particles and gpmvs samples 35 ml were applied to either cflat or quantifoil holey carbon grids manually blotted to near dryness with ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
for cholesterol depletion isolated gpmvs from cd4 ccr5 hela cells were incubated with 5 mm mbcd in hepes buffer for 30 min at room temperature other gpmvs were incubated with 5 mm lysosm or 20 mm lysopc in hepes buffer for 30 min at room temperature to examine the effect of lysolipids on lipid phases yet other gpmvs ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
fluorescence images were recorded on a zeiss axiovert 200 fluorescence microscope carl zeiss wi" | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
h a mercury lamp as a light source 40 or 63 water immersion objectives carl zeiss numerical aperture 095 and an electronmultiplying ccd cooled to 70c ixon dv887escbv andor as a detector images were acquired using homemade software written in labview national instruments membranes stained with dio or nbd were epiillumin... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
guvs were prepared via the electroformation technique briefly 25 ml of a 10 mm lipid mixture composed of bsmbpcbpscholesterol 2111 containing the fluorescent lipid probe rhpe [01 mole percent mol ] was deposited on the conducting surfaces of two indium tin oxidecoated glass slides after the slides were placed in a vacu... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
lipid mixing of luvs mediated by hiv fusion peptide luvs were prepared by extrusion phospholipids composed of bsm bpcbpscholesterol 2111 were dissolved in a mixture of chloroform and methanol and the solvent was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen gas in a glass test tube the thin lipid film was further dried overnig... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
quartz slides were cleaned by boiling in contrad detergent for 15 min and by sonication in a hot bath for 30 min after rinsing with deionized water and ethanol the slides were immersed in piranha solution 31 mixture of 95 sulfuric acid and 30 hydrogen peroxide to remove remaining organic residues followed by extensive ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the integrity of the sppms and the diffusion of the lipids within them were examined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching frap bilayers were bleached in a pattern of parallel stripes and the data were fit to the model ft f f 0 f expda 2 t where f 0 and f are the initial and final fluorescence intensities... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
binding and fusion of single hiv env particles on sppms by tirf microscopy to measure binding to sppms mkolabeled mkogag hiv env particles were injected into a chamber with unlabeled sppms and the fluorescence increase by hiv binding to sppms was monitored over time by prismbased tirf microscopy the prismquartz interfa... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
supplementary material for this article is available at httpadvancessciencemagorgcgi contentfull36e1700338dc1 fig s1 association of cd4 and ccr5 with lipid rafts in cd4 ccr5 hela cells with stably expressed cd4 and ccr5 fig s2 formation of gpmvs by treatment of cd4 ccr5 hela cells with small amounts of formaldehy... | Sung-Tae. Kreutzberger | Alex J. B...." HIV virions sense plasma membrane<br>heterogeneity for cell entry Sci Adv " It has been proposed that cholesterol in host<br>cell membranes plays a pivotal role for cell entry of<br>HIV. However | it remains largely unknown why<br>virions prefer cholesterol-rich heterogeneous<br>membranes to uniformly fluid membranes for membrane<br>fusion. Using giant plasma membrane vesicles<br>containing cholesterol-rich ordered and<br>cholesterol-poor fluid lipid domains | we demonstrate that the<br>HIV receptor CD4 is substantially sequestered<br>into ordered domains | whereas the co-receptor CCR5<br>localizes preferentially at ordered/disordered domain<br>boundaries. We also show that HIV does not fuse from within<br>ordered regions of the plasma membrane but rather at<br>their boundaries. Ordered/disordered lipid domain<br>coexistence is not..." 154 6872 | null | null |
92142e072745fbab996c5861e5974aa03805398a macrophages found in circulating blood as well as integrated into several tissues and organs throughout the body represent an important first line of defense against disease and a necessary component of healthy tissue homeostasis additionally macrophages that arise from the diff... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
depending on the stimuli they encounter tissue resident and circulatory m populations can be directed to distinct phenotypic programs in a process known as m polarization fig 1 table 1 the diverse properties of different m subsets can have drastic effects on health and disease within the tissues where they reside wh... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the most welldescribed and commonly reported paradigm of m polarization is the m1m2 polarization axis mantovani et al 2004 martinez et al 2009 sica et al 2013 originally named to reflect relationships to th1th2 polarization of immune responses m1 and m2 m are also referred to as classically or alternatively activated ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
classical activation is stimulated by microbial products and proinflammatory cytokines ifn andor lps or tnf and the resulting m1 m are characterized by high antigen presentation high production of il12 and il23 and high production of nitric oxide no and reactive oxygen intermediates roi verreck et al 2004 m1 m have be... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
by contrast alternativem2 activation is mediated by il4 il table 1 sr scavenger receptor mr mannose receptor ho1 heme oxygenase1 vegf vascular endothelial growth factor sd1 sulfiredocin1 trreductase thioredoxinreductase kadl et al 2010 leitinger and schulman 2013 murray and wynn 2011 polarization state gene expressio... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the network of molecular mediators that regulate m1m2 polarization in response to various stimuli is incompletely understood but several signaling pathways have been implicated in this process fig 2 one of the major pathways identified is the jakstat pathway which mediates responses to a collection of different cyotki... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
mol cells 277 of cytokine and jakstat signaling was found to increase levels of the m1 genes il1 il6 il12 il23 and inos qin et al 2012a and increase phosphorylation of stat1 and stat3 qin et al 2012b in contrast stat6 is activated by il4 and il13 to induce m2 polarization daley et al 2009 moreno et al 2003 stolfi et a... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
furthermore the phosphoinositol3kinase pi3k signaling pathway which activates multiple kinase cascades through the production of the second messenger pip3 regulates m survival and gene expression via activation of the akt family of serinethreonine protein kinases luyendyk et al 2008 knockout studies have demonstrated ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
interferonregulatory factor irf proteins are also regulators of m polarization irf5 is associated with m1 polarization and promotes the transcription of genes encoding il12 while repressing the gene that encodes il10 krausgruber et al 2011 notch signaling through the nuclear transducer rbpj controls expression of irf8... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
given the ability of m to acquire enhanced microbicidal abilities following stimulation with microbial products and the preeminent roles of m in both innate and adaptive immune responses one might predict that pathogens would evolve strategies to redirect and alter m activation in their favor several transcriptome anal... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
similar to evasion strategies employed by bacterial pathogens many viruses take advantage of the m polarization system to enhance their own growth and virulence however unlike bacterial pathogens which generally tend to thrive within and encourage production of m2polarized m viral pathogens more commonly activate m1 po... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
nonetheless some viruses do benefit by skewing m polarization towards an m2 phenotype during infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sarscov lung damage resulting from both intrinsic viral infection and dysregulation of the host immune response rapidly progresses to diffuse alveolar damage resulting ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in high blood sugar following the destruction of insulinproducing pancreatic beta cells via activation of innate immunity and expansion of autoreactive t cells and autoantibodyproducing b cells monocytesm from patients with type 1 diabetes present a proinflammatory ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
obesity is a major health problem in western countries and a risk factor for insulin resistance type 2 diabetes hepatic steatosis and artherosclerosis obesity is closely associated with chronic inflammation in adipose tissues suggesting that the chronic excess of nutrients triggers an immune response in adipose tissues... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
recently nafld nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has emerged as an obesityrelated health problem characterized by steatosis accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes hepatic steatosis can evolve to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis nash when accompanied by liver injury ballooning hepatocytes and hepatic inflammation which may be... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
liver m are also implicated in the severity of nash via the expression of tolllike receptors tlr2 tlr4 tlr9 myd88 and scavenger receptors scavenger receptor a and cd36 bieghs et al 2010 miura et al 2010 tlrs and scavenger receptors trigger proinflammatory responses following recognition of hepatic free fatty acids dam... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
m are a highly influential cell type in most varieties of cancer and are recruited to all solid tumors cassetta et al 2011 the contributions of different subsets of polarized m to the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression are therefore a subject of great interest m1 m are generally considered to be beneficial ... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
m2polarized tumorassociated m tam on the other hand have been repeatedly and consistently associated with unfavorable effects like tumor growth angiogenesis and metastasis in malignant cancers the m2 cytokines il4 il13 and il10 are present within the tumor microenvironment and tams from various cancer models have been... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
given that m play important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and fighting disease polarized m subsets that specifically contribute to the pathogenesis or amelioration of various diseases present themselves as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention different therapeutic strategies include either targetin... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
bacterial biofilms that form on body surfaces or on surgical implants lead to chronic and recurrent infections and are difficult to treat with antibiotics donlan and costerton 2002 otto 2008 early local administration of m1 m or the c5a receptor agonist ep67 which stimulates m1 polarization significantly attenuated bi... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ikk a downstream mediator of insulin resistance and activator of the nfb pathway and therefore of m1 polarization is inhibited by antiinflammatory salicylates like aspirin which attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in obese rodents yin et al 1998 yuan et al 2001 several small trials in patients with type 2 di... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
apolipoprotein ai mimetics are a class of therapeutic molecules that attempt to modulate hdl to treat atherosclerosis and are the subject of extensive clinical and mechanistic study as reviewed in leman et al 2013 interestingly the mimetic d4f also has potential for cancer therapy d4f inhibits the m2associated scaveng... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
the integral importance of m in the maintenance of nearly every tissue throughout the body and their position as the first line of defense against many diseases guarantees that they play critical roles in both disease progression and in resolution and that altering the behavior of these cells can mean the difference be... | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
this work was supported by nih grants r01ai098126 and u19ai066328" "Labonte | Adam C.. Tosello-Trampont | Annie-Carole..." The Role of Macrophage Polarization in<br>Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Mol Cells " Macrophages | found in circulating blood as<br>well as integrated into several tissues and organs<br>throughout the body | represent an important first line of<br>defense against disease and a necessary component of<br>healthy tissue homeostasis. Additionally | <br>macrophages that arise from the differentiation of<br>monocytes recruited from the blood to inflamed tissues<br>play a central role in regulating local<br>inflammation. Studies of macrophage activation in the last<br>decade or so have revealed that these cells adopt a<br>staggering range of phenotypes that are fine... | and that the<br>resulting subsets of activated macrophages play<br>critical..." 143 5112 | null |
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