context stringlengths 169 4.06k | question stringlengths 12 197 | answers.text list | answers.answer_start list | feat_id list | feat_title list | start_logits list | end_logits list |
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Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement and development of the land. Prior to the early 1960s, access to the forest's interior was highly restricted, and the forest remained basically intact. Farms established during t... | The process of growing more trees in the forest is known as what? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5a0c807ff5590b0018dab44e"
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Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of... | What do rapid concentrated sources of oxygen promote? | [
""
] | [
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Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. When the researchers' analysis was "applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on ... | How much did the IPCC Third Assessment Report say sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100? | [
"9–88 cm",
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"0.5–1.4 m"
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The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants. The av... | The biodiversity of what is the lowest on earth? | [
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] | [
-1
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"5a0c7edcf5590b0018dab43a"
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As well as being added, forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other. A horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces, one pointing north, and one pointing east. Summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force. Resolvin... | As well as being subtracted, forces can also what? | [
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As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Irela... | Members of which organizations are disqualified from sitting in the SP as elected MSPs? | [
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Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the margi... | What is income inequality attributed to? | [
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Gasquet (1908) claimed that the Latin name atra mors (Black Death) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on Danish history by J.I. Pontanus: "Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant. ("Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death"). The name spread through Sc... | What's the Latin name for Germany? | [
""
] | [
-1
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"The Islamic State", formerly known as the "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" and before that as the "Islamic State of Iraq", (and called the acronym Daesh by its many detractors), is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. In 2014, ... | What does the Islamic State lack from the international community? | [
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Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the "MAC", serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports. The five-story build... | How many weight rooms are in the Malkin Athletic Center | [
"three",
"three",
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The 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, one of the 11 megaregions of the United States. The megaregion's area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana. | Which border does the megaregion extend over? | [
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"Mexican",
"Mexican"
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While BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium, thereby making them a competitor by default, BSkyB was able to join ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and National Grid Wireless. Prior to October 2005, three BSkyB c... | What consortium was BSkyB included with? | [
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These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental... | What range of years was the current warming compared to? | [
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Civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws, as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict. For instance, if the head of government of a country were to refuse to en... | What two public agencies conflict under the defnintion of civil disobedience? | [
""
] | [
-1
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Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The pr... | Who often operates internet pharmacies? | [
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"Southern California" is not a formal geographic designation, and definitions of what constitutes southern California vary. Geographically, California's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9' 58.23" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose; however, this does not coincide with popular use of the ter... | What is around 18 miles south of San Jose? | [
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In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed throug... | What lens is used to identify chemical composition? | [
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] | [
-1
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Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the f... | What is the function of specialize cells located in the brain? | [
""
] | [
-1
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The internal cavity forms: a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. These branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal: the mouth and pharynx; the roots of the tentacles, if present; all... | What is the throat called? | [
"pharynx",
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Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass and is the major component of the... | What makes up 0.9% of the Earth's crust by mass? | [
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] | [
-1
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The unproven Riemann hypothesis, dating from 1859, states that except for s = −2, −4, ..., all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2. The connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible.[clarification needed] From a physical viewpoint, it r... | What does the Riemann hypothesis state the source of irregularity in the distribution of math zeroes from? | [
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-1
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Other green spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden and the University Library garden. They have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a palm house in the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world. Besides, within the city borders, there are also: Pole ... | What park is close to Vistula street? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad4dc755b96ef001a10a46f"
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The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace. The contemporary flooded terra... | Where can Aeolian sand with a number of dunes be found? | [
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It has been argued that the term "civil disobedience" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased. Marshall Cohen notes, "It has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official. Indeed, for Vice President Agnew it ha... | What had happened to Vice President Agnew's status in modern times? | [
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-1
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"5a664612c2b11c001a425f0a"
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All of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions. The strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances, and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles, including nucleons and compound nuclei. The electromagnetic force acts between electric... | What type of forces act at very long distances? | [
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] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad27941d7d075001a4295aa"
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In Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538–710) and the early Nara period (710–794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in th... | What put a hierarchical structure in place? | [
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Uptake of O
2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen... | What does treatment only do? | [
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] | [
-1
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"Oxygen"
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John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality. In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American liberal policies in comparison to continental European ... | What types of organizations are on a decline in the US which adversely effects economic immobility? | [
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-1
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Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ... | What is a fourth possible source for tumor antigens? | [
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] | [
-1
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"5ad4e4425b96ef001a10a576"
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Other important complexity classes include BPP, ZPP and RP, which are defined using probabilistic Turing machines; AC and NC, which are defined using Boolean circuits; and BQP and QMA, which are defined using quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems). Clas... | What is least important complexity class of counting problems? | [
""
] | [
-1
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"5ad560b85b96ef001a10ad21"
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The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, ... | What types of employees does and interior design firm usually have? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5a25c41def59cd001a623cd9"
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A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storag... | What method is not used to intuitively assess or quantify the amount of resources required to solve a computational problem?? | [
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Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square meter (or p... | Site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale and the availability of skilled tradespeople all affect what? | [
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Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply "The Game". While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as it often was a century ago during foot... | In what year was a set of significant rule changes introduced including the forward pass? | [
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"1906",
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During the 1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies. Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/commun... | When did Western governments support fledgling Islamists? | [
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Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To c... | What does political pressure push to extend to compensate for stagnating purchasing power? | [
"easier credit",
"easier credit to the lower and middle income earners",
"easier credit to the lower and middle income earners"
] | [
420,
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Oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F... | What must be at 28°C? | [
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] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad25dd3d7d075001a428f03"
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"Oxygen"
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HT does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system, but works to take power through "ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government," i.e., launch a "bloodless" coup. It allegedly attempted and failed such coups in... | How does HT strive to give up power? | [
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] | [
-1
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"5acfef9577cf76001a6865a1"
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Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity the... | How are complexity measures generally not defined? | [
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] | [
-1
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Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force. However, Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property, and a certain a... | What is the usual form of the government's wealth redistribution? | [
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French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settleme... | Who mapped the St. Johns River in 1562? | [
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French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga. In February they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the mai... | What troops defended Fort William Henry in early 1757? | [
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The dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to Yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India. The investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientist... | Besides Alexandre Yersin who was another scientist that visited Hong Kong in 1894? | [
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Most Platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface. They cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular "foot". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. Platyctenids ar... | What do most platyctenida have on their aboral surface? | [
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Uptake of O
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The largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ (at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation. The statocyst is protected by a transparent dom... | What is a statocyst? | [
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The origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when James Clerk Maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations, which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by Oliver Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs. These "Maxwell Equations" fully describe... | When did the origins of magnetic and electric fields occur? | [
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Uptake of O
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Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment; therefore, they are located mainly in the skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines. They are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites, as both have many spine-like projections, but dendritic cells are in no way ... | What are the phagocytes that are located in tissues in contact with the external environment called? | [
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After Malaysia's independence in 1957, the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties and be assimilated into the National School system. This caused an uproar among the Chinese and a compromise was achieved in that the schools would instead become "National Type" schools. Under such a system, the ... | What language is used in Chinese secondary schools in Malaysia? | [
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The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water.... | How much of the lake connecting with the Rhine can you see from the German islands? | [
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The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen.... | Where did one of Oppman's daughters decide she wanted to hang out and stay? | [
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Notable alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing Saul Alinsky, Obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to President Bill Clinton David Axelrod, Attorney General and federal judge Robert Bork, Attorney General Ramsey Clark, Prohibition agent Eliot Ness, S... | What alumni is also the Governor of the Bank of Japan? | [
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The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song dynasty and preceding th... | What non-Japanese empire did the Yuan dynasty succeed? | [
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Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group): alcohols (R-OH); ethers (R-O-R); ketones (R-CO-R); aldehydes (R-CO-H); carboxylic acids (R-COOH); esters (R-COO-R); acid anhydrides (R-CO-O-CO-R); and amides (R-C(O)-NR
2). There are many important organic sol... | What important solvents contain oxygen? | [
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-1
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The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the Scottish Government. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a First Minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a general election). Any member can put their name fo... | Who is elected at the beginning of each term? | [
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Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic... | In cases of shared physical medium how are they delivered | [
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"5726219489a1e219009ac2d0",
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"Packet_switching",
"Packet_switching",
"Packet_switching"
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According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of educatio... | What is positively correlated to the duration of economic growth? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad2623dd7d075001a429092"
] | [
"Economic_inequality"
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The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries, such as automobiles. Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary... | What problem consists of trying to increase oil supplies and threats to US energy security? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5a38b819a4b263001a8c18c8"
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"1973_oil_crisis"
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Islamism, also known as Political Islam (Arabic: إسلام سياسي islām siyāsī), is an Islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life." Islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a... | One strategy of Islamization is to seize power by what methods? | [
"revolution",
"revolution or invasion",
"revolution or invasion"
] | [
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493,
493
] | [
"572ff626947a6a140053ce92",
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"Islamism",
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The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than ... | What is the age of key beds if they are related to a fault and not cut? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5a57d668770dc0001aeefde9"
] | [
"Geology"
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Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: 大元通制, "the compr... | What did 'Da Yuan Tong Zhi' mean? | [
"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan",
"\"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"",
"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
] | [
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310,
311
] | [
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"Yuan_dynasty",
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In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known a... | How many settlers original settled in Manakintown? | [
"390",
"390",
"390"
] | [
556,
556,
556
] | [
"5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d",
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Ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations, but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find. In bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods, which might otherwise wipe o... | When are copepod populations abundant? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5a834dbde60761001a2eb555"
] | [
"Ctenophora"
] | [
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Pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science. Pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy, however, they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies. As a practice area and speci... | How fast is pharmacy informatics growing? | [
"growing quickly",
"quickly",
"quickly"
] | [
358,
366,
366
] | [
"5726f2375951b619008f8313",
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The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham–Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no e... | In what theoretical machine is it confirmed that a problem in P belies membership in the NP class? | [
"deterministic Turing machines",
"deterministic Turing machines",
"Turing machines"
] | [
458,
458,
472
] | [
"56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce",
"56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce",
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"Computational_complexity_theory",
"Computational_complexity_theory",
"Computational_complexity_theory"
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