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the treatment of chronic hepatitis c ( chc ) has evolved in the last 15 years from monotherapy with interferon alpha ( ifnalpha ) to the combination treatment with pegylated ifn ( peg - ifn ) plus ribavirin for 24 - 48 weeks . up to now , several viral , host and drug - related reactions in response to ifnalpha - based... | the treatment of chronic hepatitis c ( chc ) has evolved in the past 15 years and combination of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin is its current standard therapy . however , several side effects are commonly observed and frequently lead to transient or definitive interruption of treatment .
although sarcoidosis i... | [
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necrotising fasciitis ( nf ) is a serious soft tissue and life threatening infection , primarily involving the skin and superficial fascia , characterised by a rapid and extensive necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue .
most patients have associated comorbidities , such as diabetes , hiv infection or treatment with immun... | necrotising fasciitis ( nf ) is a rare infection of the subcutaneous tissue , known to be rapidly progressive and potentially fatal .
patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) may be predisposed to this condition , and early clinical recognition can be difficult .
we report a case of necrotising fasciitis... | [
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spontaneous perforation of rectum is a rare event ; however evisceration of the small bowel through the perforated site without predisposing factors is extremely rare , complex and worth reporting .
the operative findings revealed it to be a case of spontaneous perforation of rectum with evisceration of the small bowel... | context : spontaneous perforation of rectum is a rare event ; however evisceration of the small bowel through the perforated site without predisposing factors is extremely rare , complex and worth reporting.case report : a 14 years old presented to us apparently as a case of intussception .
the operative findings re... | [
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the motor system is a dynamic network of cortical and subcortical areas interacting through excitatory and inhibitory circuits , modulated by somatosensory input .
modifications of cortical excitability enable recovery and reorganization of the remaining motor areas both in animal models [ 4 , 5 ] and in humans [ 1 , 6... |
objective .
stroke alters cortical excitability both in the lesioned and in the nonlesioned hemisphere .
stroke recovery has been studied using transcranial magnetic stimulation ( tms ) .
spontaneous brain oscillations and somatosensory evoked fields ( sefs ) measured by magnetoencephalography ( meg ) are modi... | [
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the u.s . food and drug administration ( fda ) has approved around 30 antidepressant medications for the treatment of major depression . among them are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) .
these drugs change the balance of serotonin in the brain , such as fluoxetine ( prozac ) , paroxetine ( paxil ) , se... | editor s note:holy grail is a well - known metaphor for the eternal spiritual pursuit for truth and wisdom .
it suggests that in order for us to find what no one has found , we must search where few have looked . in 2013 ,
a group led by helen mayberg published a groundbreaking paper that sought an answer to one ... | [
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primary mitochondrial disorders due to impaired oxidative phosphorylation ( oxphos ) are a well - established cause of severe disability and precocious death in both children and adults ( koopman et al . , 2012 ) .
no effective therapies are currently available for these conditions , but encouraging results have recen... | summarymitochondrial disorders
are highly heterogeneous conditions characterized by defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain . pharmacological activation of mitochondrial biogenesis has been proposed as an effective means to correct the biochemical defects and ameliorate the clinical phenotype in these severel... | [
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noroviruses ( novs ) ,
a group of small , round - structured rna viruses
constituting the norovirus genus in
the family caliciviridae , infect both
humans and animals . human novs cause epidemic acute gastroenteritis ,
affecting millions of people and claiming over 200,000 lives annually
worldwide . at pres... | human
noroviruses ( novs ) are known to recognize histo - blood group
antigens ( hbgas ) as attachment factors .
we report the first experimental
evidence that sialic acid - containing glycosphingolipids ( gangliosides )
are also ligands for human novs .
electrospray ionization mass spectrometry - based
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hypertension is one of the most common if not the commonest medical complication in pregnancy.19 hyper - tensive disorders in pregnancy are found to be the greatest single cause of maternal mortality.911 it also causes a lot of prenatal mortality.12 most of the complications caused by this problem could be reduced by e... | objective : to assess the status of knowledge , attitude and practice ( kap ) of doctors and nurses in primary health care ( phc ) centers with regard to hypertension in pregnancy and to identify factors associated with kap in al - khobar , saudi arabia.methodology:using a self - administered comprehensive questionnai... | [
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renal cell carcinoma ( rcc ) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the kidney and accounts for about 3% of all adult neoplasms .
the incidence of rcc has been increasing during the past two decades in all age groups .
the greatest increase has been in patients with localized tumors as a result of incidental ... | purposethe aim of this study was to investigate the association of preoperative c - reactive protein ( crp ) elevation and thrombocytosis with the prognosis of patients with non - metastatic renal cell carcinoma ( rcc).materials and methodsthis was a retrospective review of the medical records of 177 patients ( 130 me... | [
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angiogenesis is a constant hallmark of multiple myeloma ( mm ) progression and has prognostic potential .
we have previously isolated endothelial cells ( ec ) from bone marrow of patients with mm ( mmec ) .
they show intrinsic angiogenic ability , because they rapidly form a capillary network in vitro , and extrinsic a... | abstractwe have attempted a fine characterization of the angiogenic response induced by multiple myeloma endothelial cells ( mmec ) by using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane ( cam ) assay and by reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction ( rt - pcr ) .
results showed that in the cam assay mmec induce... | [
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six cases were reported from 2007 to 2012 to the oral and maxillofacial unit of annaswamy mudaliar general hospital , bangalore , out of which four patients were males with the lesion occurring between the second decade of life and sixth decade of life [ figures 1a3c ] . in all cases ,
the mandible was involved with th... | ameloblastic carcinoma is a rare odontogenic tumor exhibiting not only features of ameloblastoma , but also features of carcinoma .
clinical dissemination of this lesion is more aggressive and rapid than that of ameloblastoma and it can metastasize to the lung or regional lymph node .
histologically , there are fe... | [
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the calcium - sensing receptor ( car ) , a g protein - coupled receptor that signals through gi , gq and sometimes g12/13 pathways , is best known and understood for its role in regulating the secretion and synthesis of parathyroid hormone in response to extracellular ca in the parathyroid glands .
like many other g pr... | abstractseven membrane - spanning , or g protein - coupled receptors were originally thought to act through het - erotrimeric g proteins that in turn activate intracellular enzymes or ion channels , creating relatively simple , linear signalling pathways .
although this basic model remains true in that this family d... | [
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throughout life , we are constantly challenged by pathogens , and re - exposure to previously encountered viruses or bacteria happens frequently .
homologous re - infections are often effectively controlled by neutralizing antibodies , but pathogens that express altered serological epitopes ( heterosubtypic re - infect... | summarymany infections are caused by pathogens that are similar , but not identical , to previously encountered viruses , bacteria , or vaccines .
in such re - infections , pathogens introduce known antigens , which are recognized by memory t cells and new antigens that activate naive t cells .
how preexisting m... | [
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under innate immune conditions , the inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages , mast cells , and neutrophils comprise an important barrier against infectious pathogens , such as viruses , fungi , and bacteria , as well as chemical toxins [ 1 , 2 ] . among the cellular components of innate immunity
, macrophages a... | the cordyceps species has been a good source of compounds with anticancer and anti - inflammatory activities .
recently , we reported a novel compound ( 4-isopropyl-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)phenol , kth-13 ) with anticancer activity isolated from cordyceps bassiana and created several derivatives to increase its pharma... | [
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neuroendocrine tumors ( nets ) originate from neural crest cells which belong to the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation ( apud ) lineage and have both neural and endocrine cell features .
these tumors are generally seen in the gastroenteropancreatic tract and lungs and rarely in ovary .
these tumors can be imag... | somatostatin receptor scintigraphy is considered as a comprehensive imaging modality for many neuroendocrine tumors .
multiple radiotracers using combinations of gamma or positron emitting radionuclides and tracers are now available .
newer radiopharmaceuticals using 99mtc labeled with toc , tate , noc are good al... | [
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recently , a single center study conducted by oiva and coworkers and published in critical care demonstrated that phospho - specific whole blood flow cytometry could be used to assess activated signaling path - ways in leukocytes isolated from pancreatitis patients .
pancreatitis is an inflammatory process in which p... | recently , a single center study conducted by oiva and coworkers and published in critical care demonstrated that phospho - specific whole blood flow cytometry could be used to assess activated signaling pathways in leukocytes isolated from pancreatitis patients .
the authors demonstrated that this methodology had t... | [
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planning , evaluating , and budget allocation for prevention programs are contingent upon estimating the size of their target groups .
population size estimation of the target groups in some context , such as hiv / aids , always entail numerous challenges in countries where such diseases are concentrated in specific su... | abstractbackgroundnetwork scale - up is an indirect method for estimating the size of hidden , hard - to - count or high risk populations .
social network size estimation is the first step in this method .
the present study was conducted with the purpose of estimating the social network size of the tehran province... | [
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experimental animals : male c57bl/6ncrslc mice ( 8 weeks old ) were purchased
from japan slc ( hamamatsu , japan ) .
all mice were maintained in 40.5 20.5 18.5 cm
individual ventilated cages ( sealsafe plus mouse ; tecniplast , buguggiate , italy ) under
controlled temperature ( 23 2c ) and humidity ( 50 10% ... | neonicotinoids , some of the most widely used pesticides in the world , act as agonists to
the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( nachrs ) of insects , resulting in death from
abnormal excitability .
neonicotinoids unexpectedly became a major topic as a compelling
cause of honeybee colony collapse disorder , ... | [
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women have among the highest rates of new hiv infections globally and the rate of new infections has not lessened in recent years [ 14 ] .
african americans account for 66% of new hiv infections among all us women over 5 times their proportion representation ( 12% ) in the population .
one in 30 african - american wome... |
background . we tested an original , woman - focused intervention , based on body empowerment , and female - initiated barrier methods , including the female condom ( fc ) and cervical barriers .
methods .
eligible women were > = 18 years of age , hiv seronegative , and active drug users , reporting 30% or great... | [
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vitamin d is a fat - soluble vitamin obtained by the human body in two possible ways .
there can be a dietary intake , mainly through fatty fish , eggs and fortified food as well as endogenous production , where transformation of 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin d in the skin occurs after exposure to ultraviolet b rad... | introduction : vitamin d deficiency in utero or early neonatal life may have a major impact on children s health .
little is known on vitamin d deficiency in pregnant women in belgium , non on the impact of wearing head and/or body cover.objectives : this was a preliminary exploration of the vitamin d status in preg... | [
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a 7-year - old spayed domestic longhair cat from perth , western australia , presented with left - sided head tilt , dysphonia , head shaking , inappetence and weight loss .
otitis media with extension into the external ear canal was suspected and investigated using video - otoscopy and computed tomography examination ... | case summarya 7-year - old spayed domestic longhair cat from perth , western australia , presented with left - sided head tilt , dysphonia , head shaking , inappetence and weight loss .
a polypoid lesion had previously been removed from the external ear canal .
otitis media with extension into the external ear can... | [
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neuroretinitis ( nr ) is considered to be an inflammatory condition which is characterized by optic disc edema and , as a result , formation of a macular star figure .
nr is an atypical presentation of toxoplasmosis infection , and such cases are quite rare .
a 13-year - old girl presented with painless subacute visual... | introductionneuroretinitis ( nr ) is considered to be an inflammatory condition which is characterized by optic disc edema and , as a result , formation of a macular star figure .
nr is an atypical presentation of toxoplasmosis infection , and such cases are quite rare.case presentationa 13-year - old girl presented... | [
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three types of calibrated microspheres have recently been approved in japan as embolic agents for hypervascular tumors and arteriovenous malformations . to date , two types of embolic microspheres capable of being loaded with drug have been introduced : dc bead ( biocompatibles , farnham , uk ) and hepasphere ( biosphe... | transarterial chemoembolization ( tace ) using a drug - eluting bead ( deb - tace ) for hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) is a new treatment method .
we report on a case of delayed intratumoral hemorrhage after deb - tace .
an 81-year - old male with hepatitis c virus - related cirrhosis was diagnosed with a hcc of... | [
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natriuretic peptides are a family of hormones , sharing similar chemical structure ( a characteristic 17-amino acid ring structure , stabilized by a cysteine bridge , which contains several invariant amino acids and variable c- and n - terminal tails ) and biological function , with relevant effects in cardiovascular p... | abstractthe natriuretic peptides are a family of related hormones that play a crucial role in cardiovascular and renal homeostasis .
they have recently emerged as potentially important clinical biomarkers in heart failure .
natriuretic peptides , particularly brain natriuretic peptide ( bnp ) and the inactive n - ... | [
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in cases of paraesophageal hiatal hernia with gastric volvulus , which is referred to as upside - down stomach , the first choice is surgical treatment . in high - surgical - risk patients ,
endoscopic repositioning and gastropexy is useful to ensure a good quality of life . however , there are no detailed reports rega... | patients with an upside - down stomach usually receive surgical treatment . in high - risk patients , endoscopic
repositioning and gastropexy can be performed . however , the risk of recurrence after endoscopic treatment is not known .
we treated a case of recurrent upside - down stomach after endoscopic therapy t... | [
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the general public is exposed to multiple sources of information on medicine , either through traditional mass media ( e.g. , television , journals , and radio ) or through the internet ( e.g. , blogs , twitter , facebook , and the many features of web 2.0 ) . the media 's potential to reach large audiences gives it an... | purposea rapid growth in the socioeconomic status of koreans has triggered an unprecedented explosion of health information for the general population . despite its obvious benefits , this increase in information could also result in potentially harmful effects for both consumers and professionals who do not use it ap... | [
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3... |
for the invasive treatment of symptomatic aortic stenosis several attractive options became available beyond conventional cardiosurgical implantation of stented bioprostheses or mechanical valves . besides stentless prostheses , in particular transcatheter procedures are of growing importance .
nevertheless the numbe... | introductionbiological stented prostheses are currently the main type of prosthetic valve used for aortic valve replacement .
the ratio of bioprotheses to mechanical prostheses has switched in the last 15 years ; the percentage of biological prostheses implanted has risen from 30 % to 85 % .
moreover the total n... | [
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lumbosacral radicular pain is a common and disabling condition in adults with pathology of the bones in the distal spine , and it represents a significant quality - of - life issue.1 lower back pain is not always associated with radicular symptoms .
clinical findings of neuropathy may vary significantly , depending on ... | objectivethe aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of epidural morphine and bupivacaine in patients with chronic lumbosacral radicular neuropathic pain after the cessation of treatment.methodstwenty-two patients with chronic lumbosacral pain with neuropathic features were enrolled .
an i... | [
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the need for categorization of anomalies and congenital aberrancies formed due to developmental vascular defects produce identifiable birthmarks of the skin and mucosa and a variable degree of underlying soft tissue abnormalities .
presently a surge in the knowledge of criterias to classify these various anomalies has ... | malformations of vascular nature originate as anomalies caused due to errors in vasculogenesis .
these tumors are generally broadly classified into vascular tumors ( hemangiomas ) and vascular malformations ( venous malformations , arteriovenous malformations , lymphatic malformations ) .
these descriptive tumors ... | [
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growing evidence has shown that early life experiences can have lasting effects on adult health ( 13 ) .
low birth weight ( < 2,500 g ) , an indicator of a compromised fetal growth , has been associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes ( 4,5 ) . however , to our knowledge , there are no studies assessin... | objectiveto assess the association of birth weight with incident type 2 diabetes , and the possible mediating influence of obesity , in a large cohort of u.s .
black women.research design and methodsthe black women s health study is an ongoing prospective study .
we used cox proportional hazards models to estimate... | [
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incremental cost of pim use in the elderly is estimated to be $ 7.2 billion , pim use in ambulatory elderly patients has been found to be 50 per 1,000 person years .
the elderly population is especially susceptible to use of pim as up to 94% take at least one pim .
pim is defined as use of a drug with risk of an advers... | background and aim : readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge from the hospital is a common occurrence .
congestive heart failure is the most common cause of readmissions in the hospital .
we hypothesized that irrespective of the admission diagnosis polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate use of ... | [
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the northern house mosquito , culex pipiens l. ( diptera : culicidae ) , is a member of a species complex that includes vectors of lymphatic filariasis and several arboviral diseases , such as st .
louis encephalitis ( sle ) , rift valley fever ( rfv ) , and west nile virus ( wnv ) . in the northeastern quadrant of the... | a pentane extract of flowers of common milkweed , asclepias syriaca ( asclepiadaceae ) , elicited significant orientation from both male and female culex pipiens in a dual - port flight olfactometer .
analysis of the extract by gas chromatography
mass spectrometry revealed six major constituents in order of relat... | [
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2278,
110... |
the paradigm of intercellular cell signaling mechanisms has until recently been assumed to be limited to direct cell cell contact and via local soluble factor release .
however , there has been increasing interest in the role of plasma membrane - derived small lipid / protein vesicles in cell cell communication in th... | despite their clear relationship to immunology , few existing studies have examined the potential role of microparticles ( mp ) in infectious disease .
mp have a different size range from exosomes and apoptotic bodies , with which they are often grouped and arise by different mechanisms in association with inflammat... | [
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... |
since their discovery in 1967 , radio pulsars have provided insights into physics on length scales covering the range from 1 m ( giant pulses from the crab pulsar ) to 10 km ( neutron star ) to kpc ( galactic ) to hundreds of mpc ( cosmological ) .
pulsars present an extreme stellar environment , with matter at nuclear... | pulsars of very different types , including isolated objects and binaries ( with short- and long - period orbits , and white - dwarf and neutron - star companions ) provide the means to test both the predictions of general relativity and the viability of alternate theories of gravity .
this article presents an overv... | [
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recent results from the national institutes of health ( nih ) frequent hemodialysis network ( fhn ) daily trial and the following rehabilitation , economics and everyday - dialysis outcome measurements ( freedom ) study have provided confirmation of the clinical and quality of life ( qol ) benefits of short daily hemod... | thrice weekly in - center hemodialysis is the standard of care for dialysis patients with end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) . however , there is ongoing debate as to whether more frequent hemodialysis , with its readier management of both toxin and fluid removal , benefits patients .
new evidence from recent studie... | [
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... |
when cells migrate , they extend dynamic membrane - bound actin - rich tubular protrusions known as filopodia .
formins are a family of large multi - domain proteins that nucleate and polymerize actin to form linear actin filaments like those found within filopodia . in this review
formins function as dimers and nuclea... | mdia proteins are members of the formin family of actin nucleating proteins that polymerize linear actin filaments .
such filaments form the core of thin , tubular , membrane - bound cell surface protrusions known as filopodia , which are a major feature of mammalian cell morphology .
filopodia are dynamic structu... | [
2,
109,
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386,
233,
451,... |
mammals are the only animals that secrete a complex fluid from an elaborated skin gland to provide both innate protection and nourishment for their newborn .
there are more than 4,000 species of mammals with striking similarities in the structure and function of their mammary glands as well as in their unique milk comp... | the mammary gland ( mg ) undergoes functional and metabolic changes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation , possibly by regulation of conserved genes . the objective was to elucidate
orthologous genes , chromosome clusters and putative conserved transcriptional modules during mg development .
we analyz... | [
2,
109,
486,
113,
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111,
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5714,
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109,
... |
methylmalonic acidemia ( mma ) encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders that is characterized by impaired metabolism of methylmalonic acid that is generated during the metabolism of certain amino acids ( isoleucine , methionine , threonine , or valine ) .
the incidence rate of mma is 1 in 50,00080,000 newborns bu... | methylmalonic acidemia ( mma ) is most common inherited type of organic acidemia .
it has diverse presentation in older infants without any initial apparent symptoms .
mma sometimes present with sudden metabolic decompensation , which may mimics common emergencies like septic shock and diabetic ketoacidosis ( dka ... | [
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... |
the ultrastructural localization of a molecule requires that a certain degree of electron - density , resulting in adequate electron scattering , be present in sufficient amount .
binding of heavy atoms can be accomplished easily with regards to proteins , nucleic acids and other cellular components , in some cases wit... | we propose a tool for a rapid high - resolution detection of calcium ions which can be used in parallel with other techniques . we have applied a new approach by photo - oxidation of diaminobenzidine in presence of the emission of an excited fluorochrome specific for calcium detection .
this method combines the sele... | [
2,
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2131... |
presence of associated anomalies suggests a developmental origin of the arachnoid cysts . we present a case of a 6-year - old boy who presented with paraparesis and
a brief review of the etiology and pathogenesis in relevance to clinical decision making is also presented .
a 6-year - old boy presented to us with compla... | arachnoid cysts are cerebrospinal fluid collections in the spine that can present with neurological symptoms or be discovered accidentally .
intradural location of such cysts especially in the lumbosacral region is relatively rare .
the association of such cysts with other congenital anomalies such as tethered cor... | [
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106,
110,
144,
17... |
a total of 130 consecutive p. aeruginosa isolates recovered from different clinical specimens at sanjay gandhi postgraduate institute of medical sciences in lucknow , uttar pradesh , india , during november 2013april 2014 were included in the study ; all specimens were collected from within the state ( figure 1 ) .
aer... | we investigated 16s rrna methyltransferases in 38 blandm-1positive pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and found rmtc in 3 isolates , 1 of which also harbored rmtf .
the isolates were clonally unrelated ; rmtc and rmtf genes were located on a chromosome with the blandm-1 gene .
strategies are needed to limit the sprea... | [
2,
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68586,
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242... |
statins ( 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors ) were introduced in denmark in 1990 and are currently recommended as a preventive treatment for men and women of all ages at high risk of cardiovascular events.1 during the past two decades , statins have become one of the most commonly used groups o... | purposeto examine the annual rate and cumulative prevalence of statin use in denmark 200410 , including adherence of use and attainment of cholesterol targets.methodswe included all individuals aged 1886 years with a first statin prescription in northern denmark in 200410 .
we calculated the annual rate and cumulati... | [
2,
145,
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124,
38715,
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916,
9667,
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108,
111,
110,
9... |
all study subjects were from the ongoing , prospective , population - based korean genome and epidemiology study ( koges ) cohort .
the original study was designed to establish a representative adult cohort in an urban area , the city of ansan , and to identify the epidemiologic characteristics , frequency , and determ... | objectivethe purpose of this study was to investigate whether the impact of obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) on glucose metabolism was different according to the presence or absence of obesity.research design and methodsa total of 1,344 subjects > 40 years old from the korean genome and epidemiology study were included... | [
2,
109,
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692,
... |
cell migration requires the rearrangement of adhesions and cytoskeleton in response to extracellular stimuli to form a leading edge that allows directed locomotion . in most cell types ,
migration - related adhesive structures are composed of integrin heterodimers and intracellular associated proteins clustered in plaq... | summarythe wiskott - aldrich syndrome protein ( wasp ) is an adaptor protein that is essential for podosome formation in hematopoietic cells [ 1 ] . given that 80% of identified wiskott - aldrich syndrome patients result from mutations in the binding site for wasp - interacting - protein ( wip ) [ 2 ] , we examined th... | [
2,
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127,
2361,
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11468,
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110,
108,
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1787,
386,
233,
... |
bronchial inflammation represents one of the main pathophysiological changes in bronchial asthma ( ba ) .
the intensity of the inflammation influences the frequency and extent of symptoms , as well as the level of disease control .
induced sputum provides direct information about inflammation . the non - invasive chara... | backgroundinduced sputum in children with bronchial asthma represents a non - invasive method of bronchial inflammation assessment . the main objective of our study was to analyze the cellularity of sputum in patients with bronchial asthma according to the level of disease control and the controlling therapy ( with / ... | [
2,
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692,
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112,
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317,
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4026,
72833,
2410,
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453,
110,
158,
115,
114,
456,
113,
404,
6878,
12... |
angular deformities around the knee joint necessitate special consideration to restore normal alignment during total knee arthroplasty ( tka ) .
valgus knees are defined as those with > 10 of mechanical tibiofemoral angle on standing hip to ankle anteroposterior ( ap ) radiographs .
typically , a valgus deformity may b... | background : an ideal approach for valgus knees must provide adequate exposure with minimal complications due to approach per se .
median parapatellar approach is most commonly used approach in tka including valgus knees .
a medial subvastus approach is seldom used for valgus knees and has definite advantages of m... | [
2,
1126,
1126,
1688,
110,
1100,
110,
1100,
1688,
110,
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1877,
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6571,
109,
2672,
59828,
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1014,
118,
31929,
19933,
10155,
115,
1130,
113,
6... |
experimental groups of 20 ( 4- to 6-week old ) c57bl/6 female mice ( charles river , l'arbresle , france ) were injected intracerebrally with 20 l of 10% ( weight / volume ) homogenates per mouse prepared from brain stem samples of 3 cattle tse isolates .
two of the isolates were characterized , as previously described... | we previously reported that cattle were affected by a prion disorder that differed from bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ) by showing distinct molecular features of disease - associated protease - resistant prion protein ( prpres ) .
we show that intracerebral injection of such isolates into c57bl/6 mice produ... | [
2,
61192,
20974,
665,
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522,
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26959,
110,
4652,
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110,
108,
5293,
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110,
108,
215,
61353,
116,
110,
108,
9073,
... |
a biloma is a rare abnormal accumulation of intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile caused by traumatic or spontaneous rupture of the biliary tree1 , 2 ) .
it is most commonly caused by surgery , percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography ( ptc ) , percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage ( ptbd ) , and abdominal trauma11 ,... | a " biloma " is a loculated collection of bile located outside of the biliary tree .
it can be caused by traumatic , iatrogenic or spontaneous rupture of the biliary tree .
prior reports have documented an association of biloma with abdominal trauma , surgery and other primary causes , but spontaneous bile leakage... | [
2,
145,
799,
264,
114,
437,
113,
114,
10468,
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459,
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12270,
111,
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40435,
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124,
5260,
112,
109,
2280,
418,
... |
anteromedial , anterolateral , and superomedial portals were created and a diagnostic arthroscopy was performed .
the presence of a concomitant injury to the ligament or cartilage was assessed and meniscal tear was identified .
unstable fragments and fibrous tissues were removed with a motorized shaver , rasp , or bask... | as meniscal preservation particularly in younger active individuals with a symptomatic meniscal tear remains the preferred treatment option , various methods have been suggested to increase healing and success rates after meniscal repair .
the recent increase in clinical use of platelet rich plasma has contributed t... | [
2,
109,
207,
113,
114,
91877,
44923,
118,
1024,
56389,
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114,
91877,
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224,
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142,
30346,
9715,
1191,
132,
1561,
1... |
so far , anthropometric variables and their relation to conventional coronary risk factors in railway employees have been inadequately studied in india . to assess anthropometric variables and their relation to coronary risk factors ,
this cross - sectional survey was carried out in solapur division of the central rail... | background and objectives : anthropometric variables and their relation to conventional coronary artery disease ( cad ) risk factors in railway employees have been inadequately studied in india .
this cross - sectional survey was carried out in the solapur division of the central railway in the year 2004 , to assess... | [
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aegypti was maintained in the laboratory of chemical ecology of
vector insects of the federal university of minas gerais from 2007 .
the breeding room was kept at a temperature of 27 1c , 75 - 80% relative humidity ( rh )
and a 12l:12d photoperiod ( eiras & jepson
1991 ) .
the larvae were kept in plastic tubs co... | despite the importance of the mosquito aedes aegypti in the
transmission of arboviruses , such as yellow fever , chikungunya fever and dengue
fever , some aspects of their behaviour remain unknown . in the present study , the
oviposition behaviour of ae .
aegypti females that were exposed to
different dens... | [
2,
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molecular diagnostics of cancer predisposition is very important for the medical treatment of the patient and persons belonging to the high risk group .
molecular studies enable the detection of mutation carriers and release from unreasonable stress of persons from the group with increased risk of cancer occurrence .
t... | the molecular diagnostics of genetically conditioned disorders is based on the identification of the mutations in the predisposing genes .
hereditary cancer disorders of the gastrointestinal tracts are caused by mutations of the tumour suppressor genes or the dna repair genes .
occurrence of recurrent mutation all... | [
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a total of 2,634 fecal and intestinal samples were collected from pigs exhibiting diarrhea from 569 swine farms in all 9 provinces of south korea , during january 1december 31 , 2008 ; age groups of the pigs are defined in the table .
all samples were processed as 10% ( vol / vol ) suspensions with phosphate - buffered... | since 1992 , porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ( pedv ) has been one of the most common porcine diarrhea associated viruses in south korea .
we conducted a large - scale investigation of the incidence of pedv in pigs with diarrhea in south korea and consequently identified and characterized a novel pedv variant with ... | [
2,
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... |
there is increasing evidence that higher levels of high sensitivity c - reactive protein ( hs - crp ) is a marker of inflammation and a potential independent predictor of cardiovascular disease , as it may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis , adversely affecting mortality.1)2 ) rate of obesity is increas... | background and objectivesserum high sensitivity c - reactive protein ( hs - crp ) is a marker of inflammation and may lead to the development of atherosclerosis , adversely affecting mortality .
the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between baseline hs - crp level and 12-month clinical outcomes in p... | [
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110,
107,
106,
... |
specific learning disabilities ( slds ) are a generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of neurobehavioral disorders manifested by significant unexpected , specific , and persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of efficient reading ( dyslexia ) , writing ( dysgraphia ) , or mathematical ( dyscalculia... | background : specific learning disabilities ( slds ) are an important cause of academic underachievement in children and are also associated with comorbidities like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) which further have an impact on the child 's education.aims:to estimate the prevalence and psychosocial ... | [
2,
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... |
the global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease ( gold ) strategy document recommends that the pharmacological therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) should be predicated according to the individual patient s level of symptoms , airflow limitation , and history of exacerbations.1 the prefe... | background and aimlong - acting bronchodilators are the preferred option for maintenance therapy of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) .
the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of the once - daily fixed - dose dual bronchodil... | [
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only several cases have been reported in the literature and most of them concerned mucous cysts ( 1 - 3 ) .
although many theories have been suggested for the late cyst formation after rhinoplasty , migration or incorporation of mucosal tissue in the subcutaneous space during the surgical procedure has been accepted as... | development of a cystic mass on the nasal dorsum is a very rare complication of aesthetic rhinoplasty .
most reported cases are of mucous cyst and entrapment of the nasal mucosa in the subcutaneous space due to traumatic surgical technique has been suggested as a presumptive pathogenesis .
here , we report a case ... | [
2,
4961,
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1... |
surgical excision of abnormal parathyroid tissue whether adenoma , carcinoma , or hyperplasia is considered as the definitive treatment of hyperparathyroidism .
surgery is the standard of care due to potential long - term skeletal , cardiovascular , and neuropsychiatric effects of even mild hyperparathyroidism .
nuclea... | recently , the role of 18f - choline in the detection of parathyroid adenomas has been reported . at our institution
, we are currently studying the role of this tracer in comparison to the standard methoxy - isobutyl - isonitrile.(mibi ) scan with single photon emission tomography / computed tomography .
our init... | [
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stairway falls are a leading cause of injury in patients less than 5 years of age [ 1 , 2 ] .
while the majority of these injuries occur when a child steps down the stairs , approximately 3 % of injuries will be associated with a caregiver falling while carrying a child .
this specific mechanism has been shown to res... | backgroundthe purpose of this study was to describe fractures sustained by children and to analyze the associated costs when a caretaker falls down stairs while holding a child.materials and methodsbetween 2004 and 2012 , 16 children who sustained a fracture after a fall down stairs while being carried by a caregiver ... | [
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ubiquitination is a process in which one or multiple ubiquitin moieties are covalently attached to a substrate through an enzymatic cascade involving ubiquitin - activating enzyme ( e1 ) , ubiquitin - carrier protein ( e2 ) , and ubiquitin - protein ligase ( e3 ) .
formation of a ubiquitin lys48 chain on the -nh2 group... | ubiquitination is crucial for cellular processes , such as protein degradation , apoptosis , autophagy , and cell cycle progression .
dysregulation of the ubiquitination network accounts for the development of numerous diseases , including cancer .
thus , targeting ubiquitination is a promising strategy in cancer ... | [
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male sprague - dawley rats ( n = 24 ) weighing approximately 250 g were used for the study .
permission for the experimental work was obtained from the institutional animal ethics committee ( 767/iaec/13 dated 1 - 1 - 2014 ) .
rats were divided into 4 equal groups and injected physiological saline ( twice daily subcuta... | objectives : opioids such as morphine form the cornerstone in the treatment of moderate to severe pain
. however , opioids also produce serious side effects such as tolerance .
fosaprepitant is a substance p ( sp ) receptor antagonist , which is used for treating chemotherapy - induced nausea and vomiting .
sp i... | [
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collagen is a major connective tissue protein that plays an important role in the extracellular matrix in animals . as such
atelocollagen is a type of soluble collagen produced from tropocollagen , the collagen molecule that makes up collagen fibrils , via the elimination of the telopeptide moieties , which are conside... | atelocollagen is a major animal protein that is used as a highly biocompatible biomaterial . to date
, atelocollagen has been used as an effective drug delivery technology to sustain the release of antitumor proteins and to enhance the antitumor activity of oligonucleotides in in vivo models .
however , the biolog... | [
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61737... |
cardiac disease and hypertension have been the third and eighth leading causes of death in taiwan since 2000 . according to a recent study ,
the percentage of the population with a prescription for antihypertensive drugs in taiwan has increased from 2001 to 2006 .
the authors of this study report that during this perio... | introductionto evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with long - term use of antihypertensive agents ( ahs ) in taiwanese women with hypertension.methodsa search of the taiwan national health insurance research database identified 330,699 patients with hypertension who were treated with antihypertensive drugs ... | [
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1... |
the first step in a
typical computational pipeline for protein
identification through database searching is comparing ms / ms spectra
to peptide sequences to identify the best matching peptide for each
spectrum , referred to as peptide - to - spectrum matches ( psms ) .
these
psms are then processed by protei... | tandem mass spectrometry ( ms / ms )
followed by database search is
the method of choice for protein identification in proteomic studies .
database searching methods employ spectral matching algorithms and
statistical models to identify and quantify proteins in a sample .
in general , these methods do not ... | [
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the leading cause of nontraumatic extremity amputation is complications of diabetes , with over 96,000 amputations per year.1 neuropathy associated with diabetes predisposes to pain , numbness , ulceration , infection , gangrene , and amputation .
somatic and autonomic diabetic neuropathy contribute to 87% of these amp... | purposeto assess the effects of topiramate on c - fiber function , nerve fiber morphology , and metabolism ( including insulin sensitivity , obesity , and dyslipidemia ) in type 2 diabetes.patients and methodswe conducted an 18-week , open - label trial treating patients with topiramate .
twenty subjects with type 2... | [
2,
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the cytoskeleton has a well - organized and dynamically regulated subcellular architecture composed of core filaments and various accessory proteins . a variety of cellular signaling events are supported by cytoskeletal / scaffold components , which in some cases constitute structural hubs for signaling and/or in other... | various nuclear functional complexes contain cytoskeletal proteins as regulatory subunits ; for example , nuclear actin participates in transcriptional complexes , and actin - related proteins are integral to chromatin remodeling complexes .
nuclear complexes such as these are involved in both basal and adaptive nuc... | [
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organizations increasingly use teams to do their work which was traditionally given to individuals ( 1 ) .
the reason why organizations seek teamwork is that teams can , in most cases , be more successful than individuals who work alone .
more effective and better decisions can be made when people work together ( 2 ) .... | introduction : patients health and safety is not only a function of complex treatments and advanced therapeutic technologies but also a function of a degree based on which health care professionals fulfill their duties effectively as a team . the aim of this study was to determine the attitude of hospital committee me... | [
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320,
375,
7... |
acute myocardial infarction ( ami ) is a secondary thrombus formation in coronary artery induced by unstable atheromatous plaque rupture and bleeding .
the thrombus can further cause coronary artery occlusion , as well as serious and long - term myocardial ischemic and myocardial necrosis [ 15 ] .
treatment options for... | backgroundthis study aimed to decrease leukocytes counts by hydroxyurea ( hu ) in an acute myocardial infarction ( ami ) rat model and examine its effect on the inflammatory response of myocardial infarction and cardiac functions.material/methodsami was successfully caused in 36 rats , and 12 control rats received sha... | [
2,
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... |
road traffic injuries are responsible for the death of 1.23 million people around the world annually ( 1 ) . in terms of disability adjusted life year ( daly ( ( 1 ) .
road traffic injuries ranked ninth in 1999 , and are expected to rise to the third place by 2020 ( 2 ) .
these events account for 1 - 2% of gross nati... |
background : more than 20% of deaths from traffic crashes are related to pedestrians .
this figure in tehran , the capital of iran , reaches to 40% .
this study aimed to determine the high - risk areas and spatially analyze the traffic crashes , causing death to pedestrians in tehran .
methods : mapping was... | [
2,
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dilated cardiomyopathy ( dcm ) is the most common form of primary cardiomyopathy and is a leading cause for heart transplantations approximately 30%50% of affected individuals have a familial form of dcm . to date
, at least 40 disease genes have been reported to be associated with familial dcm , in which ; mutations... | our previous study of a chinese family with dilated cardiomyopathy ( dcm ) suggested that a1180v of the cardiac sodium channel gene ( scn5a ) was associated with the disease within this family . according to data deposited in dbsnp , however
, a1180v has been found in some small samples of the asian population . in ... | [
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the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction is considerably increased in subjects with diabetes . already at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes , many patients have manifest cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) .
this could be due to a long presymtomatic period with increased glucose level as evident by the increased ... | backgroundimpaired fibrinolysis is found in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes , associated with components of the metabolic syndrome .
there are no data concerning fibrinolysis in subjects with normal glucose tolerance that convert to diabetes.methodswe studied the activities of tissue plasminogen activ... | [
2,
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palatal rugae are irregular , asymmetric ridges of mucous membrane extending laterally from the incisive papilla and the anterior part of the median palatal raphe .
these structures have been used as internal cast reference points for quantification of tooth migration .
a few investigators have shown the medial rugae r... | introduction : rugae patterns are significant markers for analyzing anteroposterior changes in adolescence , and forensic investigations.aim:the purpose of this study was to ascertain the gender - wise predisposition of rugae patterns and to analyze anteroposterior alterations along with any developmental changes in p... | [
2,
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219,
3824,
133,
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263... |
hypophosphatemic rickets ( hr ) is a metabolic bone disorders manifested by musculoskeletal disorders specially in the lower extremities , growth retardation and dental problems[1 , 2 ] .
this disorder affects all ages and both sexes and is characterized by a low concentration of serum phosphate , elevated alkaline pho... | objectivehypophosphatemic rickets is an uncommon metabolic bone disorder which affects all ages and both sexes .
it is characterized by low concentration of serum phosphate levels , impairment of mineralization of bone matrix and teeth with variable etiology .
dental problems in this disorder have not been describ... | [
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melanin is a heterogeneous polymer produced and concentrated within the melanosomes of the melanocytes , and tyrosinase is a key rate - limiting enzyme for melanin biosynthesis .
tyrosinase catalyzes three steps in melanin biosynthesis : the hydroxylation of tyrosine to 3 , 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( dopa ) , the oxida... | tyrosinase is a bifunctional enzyme which oxidizes the initial step of melanin biosynthesis , that is , conversion of tyrosine to dopa and subsequently dopa to dopaquinone .
it is a glycosylated protein and a major regulator of melanogenesis . to date , many approaches have been tried to regulate tyrosinase activity... | [
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the most recent estimates indicate that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders ( asd ) in the united states has raised to 1 in 54 boys and 1 in 252 girls .
although increased awareness and changes in diagnostic criteria have been proposed as the major contributors to this increased prevalence , as of today , the e... | maternal immune activation ( mia ) is a potential risk factor for autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) and schizophrenia ( sz ) . in rodents , mia results in changes in cytokine profiles and abnormal behaviors in the offspring that model these neuropsychiatric conditions . given the central role that mitochondria have in ... | [
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172,
1... |
in the era of prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) screening , more and more patients are diagnosed with insignificant prostate cancer .
because many of these cancers will not become clinically symptomatic , active surveillance ( as ) with delayed treatment has been introduced and has been reported to have similar thera... | purposeto evaluate prospectively the role of prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) density in predicting gleason score upgrading in prostate cancer patients eligible for active surveillance ( t1/t2 , biopsy gleason score6 , psa10 ng / ml , and 2 positive biopsy cores).materials and methodsbetween january 2010 and novemb... | [
2,
145,
3047,
114,
6667,
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1382,
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1044,
122,
580,
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2476,
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113,
109,
1695,
110,
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802,
110,
108,
223,
1683,
133,
1673,
120,
109,
10497... |
traditionally , barium examinations have been the mainstay of radiological investigations of the small and large intestines . however , the standard barium follow - through ( sbft ) examination has high false - negative and false - positive rates for the detection of abnormalities
this is because only 2535% of the bowe... | in recent years , advances in scanner technology and competition from other specialties have produced rapid changes in the way the intestines are imaged .
mri and ct scan along with the traditional enteroclysis examination have emerged at the forefront of intestinal imaging .
functional modalities such as diffusio... | [
2,
2834,
1396,
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2834,
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113,
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21081,
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106,
2834,
1625,
110,
151,
2834... |
the longevity of the world 's population is increasing , and in male patients , so are the complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms ( luts ) .
testing to diagnose luts and to differentiate between the various causes should be quick , easy , cheap , specific , not too bothersome for the patient , and noninvasive or mi... | the longevity of the world 's population is increasing , and among male patients , complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms ( luts ) are growing .
testing to diagnose luts and to differentiate between the various causes should be quick , easy , cheap , specific , not too bothersome for the patient , and noninvasiv... | [
2,
2834,
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15601,
6896,
24398,
... |
exacerbations of copd are associated with accelerated loss of lung function , poor quality of life , and mortality.1,2 these events can be predicted by numerous clinical factors , including prior exacerbations , airflow obstruction , symptom burden , gastroesophageal reflux , and leukocytosis.3 it is important to detec... | purposepulmonary hypertension and exercise - induced oxygen desaturation ( eid ) influence acute exacerbation of copd .
computed tomography ( ct)-detected pulmonary artery ( pa ) enlargement is independently associated with acute copd exacerbations .
associations between pa to aorta ( pa : a ) ratio and eid in pat... | [
2,
1126,
1126,
1688,
110,
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110,
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4911,
107,
116,
110... |
we thank all the members of the cytoskeleton and cancer group and our collaborators , who collectively participated to the original manuscripts .
this work was supported by grants from anr-13-jjc - jsv10005 , la ligue nationale contre le cancer and fondation arc pour la recherche sur le cancer . v.m .
is supported by f... | accumulation of type i collagen fibrils in tumors is associated with an increased risk of metastasis .
we recently demonstrated that the collagen sensor discoidin domain receptor 1 ( ddr1 ) interacts with type i collagen fibrils to allow proteolysis - based cancer cell invasion through the formation of a new class o... | [
2,
145,
799,
114,
2067,
1382,
113,
109,
1674,
113,
109,
50515,
88500,
113,
114,
5207,
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1695,
8973,
110,
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106,
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120,
109,
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50515,
116,
73958,
9550,
952,
3551,
124,
109,
739,
1695,
1348,
110,
107,
106... |
diosmin ( 3 , 5 , 7-trihydroxy-4-methoxyflavone 7-rutinoside = diosmetin 7-o - rutinoside ) is a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside found in various plant materials , mainly citrus fruits . due to the high demand for the substance
, it is obtained semi - synthetically from hesperidin ( 3 , 5 , 7-trihydroxy-4-metho... | diosmin and hesperidin are natural flavonoid glycosides found in various plant materials , mainly in citrus fruits in different concentrations .
diosmin for pharmaceutical use is obtained mainly semi - synthetically from hesperidin .
hesperidin often accompanies diosmin as a natural impurity in different pharmaceu... | [
2,
114,
1356,
118,
109,
1229,
233,
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2770,
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115,
162,
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110,
29362,
3919,
117,
717,
112,
1... |
carbohydrates play critical roles during pollen growth and development , then in the final phase prior to dispersal carbohydrates change to prepare pollen for dispersal . following dispersal and during pollen storage , the various metabolites comprising the carbohydrate pool change in relative proportion , a behavior t... | cycad biology , ecology , and horticulture decisions are not supported by adequate research , and experiments in cycad physiology in particular have been deficient .
our recent report on free sugar content in a range of cycad taxa and tissues sets the stage for developing continued carbohydrate research .
growth a... | [
2,
15779,
462,
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6... |
the study is a retrospective , single - center , observational study approved by the institutional review board .
there were 1872 patients that underwent ffr assessment between october 2002 and july 2010 at our institution . from 2002 to 2008
, an ffr value 0.75 was used to defer revascularization based on the defer ( ... | backgroundthe safety of deferring revascularization based on fractional flow reserve ( ffr ) during acute coronary syndrome ( acs ) is unclear .
we evaluated the association of ffr and adverse cardiac events among patients with coronary lesions deferred revascularization based on ffr in the setting of acs versus non... | [
2,
48825,
1971,
4722,
143,
3068,
16628,
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110,
107,
106,
109,
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136,
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112,
5731,
109,
1289,
317,
3... |
descriptive epidemiologic statistics assist public health planning and provide valuable information about the burden of illness to policy makers , funding agencies , resource planners , healthcare insurers , and manufacturers .
information on malignancies that is compatible with their clinical classifications is of par... | the compilation of comprehensive , worldwide epidemiologic data can inform hypotheses on cancer etiology and guide future drug development .
these statistics are reported by a multitude of sources using varying methods ; thus , compiling a complete database of these statistics is a challenge . to this end , this pap... | [
2,
114,
2794,
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17890,
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582,
2586,
2367,
110,
107,
106,
136,
1014,
14... |
the prevalence rate in the general population ranges between 10% and 12% , making this disease one of the most common causes of pain , activity limitation , and restrictions in participation .
knee osteoarthritis ( gonarthrosis ) is one of the most frequent forms of degenerative osteoarthritis . in knee osteoarthritis
... | abstractbackground : pes anserine bursitis strongly affects quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis .
treatment includes nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) , physiotherapy , and injections of corticosteroid , with highly variable responses ; recovery can take 10 days to 36 months .
mesothera... | [
2,
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1877,
2834,
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2834,
109,
692,
140,
3047,
134,
10... |
antidepressants represent the sixth leading substance category causing intoxication in the usa , with tricyclic antidepressants ( tcas ) being the most important category in that group .
tca intoxications led to 69 fatalities in 2012 . with 6305 exposures in 2012 , amitriptyline was the single most important tca involv... | antidepressants , especially amitriptyline , are among the most frequent drug classes involved in intoxications . despite its small molecular weight ,
amitriptyline is not considered to be eliminated by extracorporeal treatment methods due to its high protein binding and large volume of distribution .
new high cut... | [
2,
145,
731,
228,
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415,
116,
4883,
111,
1458,
1971,
110,
107,
115,
302,
1145,
110,
108,
106,
... |
hunter syndrome ( mucopolysaccharidosis type ii or mps ii ) is an x - linked metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase ( i2s ) [ 1 , 12 ] .
i2s catalyzes a step in the degradation of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate , and in affected patients , these enzyme substrates a... | the hunter outcome survey ( hos ) , an international , long - term observational registry of patients with hunter syndrome , was used to develop a simple mnemonic screening tool ( hunter ) to aid in the diagnosis of hunter syndrome .
data regarding the prediagnosis prevalence of ten specific signs and symptoms prese... | [
2,
16619,
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143,
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114,
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110,
445,
116,
71200,
17739,
10853,
18284,
19282,
4... |
it is known as the fast enemy that should be treated and destroyed very fast as well .
most women do not like to hear the word cancer , and feel worried and stressed over it .
it can be the beginning of learning how to fight , getting the facts , and finding hope .
this is followed by lack of patient 's personal contro... | cancer is a disease wherein abnormal cells divide without control and are able to attack other tissues .
most of the patients and their families face some degree of depression , anxiety , and fear when cancer becomes a part of their lives . they feel helpless and eager to find ways on how to get rid of it .
the st... | [
2,
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9574,
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122,
1695,
110,
107,
106,
1923,
110,
... |
this article briefly reviews the need for emergency care in africa and barriers to its integration into health systems in the region .
we describe an example of an emergency care initiative at muhimbili national hospital ( mnh ) in dar es salaam that has integrated a multi - cadre training program with development of a... | even though sub - saharan africa faces a disproportionate burden of acute injury and illness , few clinical facilities are configured to take an integrated approach to resuscitation and stabilization .
emergency care is a high - impact and cost - effective form of secondary prevention ; disease surveillance at facil... | [
2,
277,
14875,
5874,
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138,
394,
129,
293,
149,
488,
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142,
957,
111,
519,
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957,
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113,
4367,
5498,
110,
108,
111,
500,
1645,
127,
10367,
112,
6147,
2280,
406... |
sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) , including human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , continue to present major health , social , and economic problem in the developing world , leading to considerable morbidity , mortality , and stigma .
unprotected sex with an infected partner is by far the most important risk f... | background : sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) increase the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) infection causing immense need to understand the patterns of stis prevailing in the regions of a country for proper planning and implementation of sti control strategies . due to the lack of ... | [
2,
145,
799,
114,
110,
95747,
2288,
692,
113,
23137,
12184,
55198,
7899,
143,
110,
116,
12394,
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111,
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71114,
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158,
4917,
115,
1044,
4107,
109,
110,
21652,
5602,
113,
114,
26887,
406,
2241,
... |
t1d is a chronic autoimmune disease where cd4 + and cd8 + t cells recognizing islet autoantigens are likely the mediators of selective destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells .
although direct demonstration of the prominent role of t cells in the disease progression is provided only in animal models , the preclinica... | type 1 diabetes ( t1d ) is an autoimmune disease , in which pancreatic cells are destroyed in genetically predisposed individuals .
while the direct contribution of autoantibodies to the disease pathogenesis is controversial , it is generally recognised that the mechanism of cell destruction is mediated by autorea... | [
2,
145,
731,
124,
109,
6254,
113,
17600,
2000,
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48995,
2253,
56822,
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17823,
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110,
144,
740,
252,
1044,
141,
303,
110,
50570,
233,
114,
1109,
30602,
740,
... |
small non - coding rnas are transcribed into mrna but remain untranslated in eukaryotic cells .
they include sirna ( small interfering rna ) , mirna ( microrna ) , pirna ( piwi - interacting rna ) and snorna ( small nucleolar rna ) .
mirnas are a class of multifunctional singled - stranded small rna which are ~20 nt i... | small non - coding rnas include sirna , mirna , pirna and snorna .
the involvement of mirnas in the regulation of mammary gland tumorigenesis has been widely studied while the role for other small non - coding rnas remains unclear . here
we summarize the involvement of mirna in breast cancer onset and progression ... | [
2,
145,
24710,
109,
909,
4413,
111,
473,
1974,
124,
109,
868,
113,
3766,
29476,
143,
37997,
2558,
110,
158,
115,
10497,
457,
46632,
110,
108,
110,
88747,
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16121,
111,
8973,
110,
108,
111,
115,
109,
5714,
113,
1695,
6582,
2361,
... |
turner syndrome ( ts ) is caused by partial or complete monosomy of the x chromosome .
only a few cases of ts with ischemic stroke have been reported [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] . in previously reported cases , various arteriopathies affecting the cerebral arteries such as fibromuscular dysplasia , hypoplasia , moyamoya syndrome... | only a few cases of turner syndrome ( ts ) with ischemic stroke have been reported .
various arteriopathies of the cerebral arteries , including fibromuscular dysplasia , congenital hypoplasia , moyamoya syndrome , and premature atherosclerosis have been assumed to be the cause of ischemic stroke in ts .
there has... | [
2,
145,
731,
114,
437,
113,
114,
795,
420,
72108,
8364,
122,
1079,
13006,
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115,
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8932,
116,
2145,
141,
114,
11625,
22393,
83944,
110,
107,
106,
109,
1532,
2375,
1079,
23790,
115,
291,
19943,
13853,
120,
195,
4331,
49044,
1... |
statins or 3-hydroxy - methylglutaryl coenzyme - a ( hmg - coa ) reductase inhibitors are a potent class of cholesterol synthesis inhibitors and an established therapy for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery diseases .
several large studies confirmed reduction in cardiac mortality and morbidity through ... | statins or 3-hydroxy - methylglutaryl coenzyme a ( hmg coa ) reductase inhibitors not only prevents the synthesis of cholesterol biosynthesis but also inhibits the synthesis of essential isoprenoid intermediates such as farnesyl pyrophosphate , geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate , isopentanyl adenosine , dolichols and polyi... | [
2,
204,
109,
289,
154,
197,
377,
231,
110,
108,
500,
2827,
1683,
1668,
109,
2827,
995,
113,
56372,
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4430,
29411,
415,
110,
108,
162,
117,
3365,
130,
76119,
1079,
63549,
817,
110,
107,
115,
136,
692,
110,
108,
106,
109,
868,
... |
chronic hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) infection is a potentially life - threatening liver disease with serious complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma .
the prevalence of hbv infection varies widely , with rates ranging from 0.1% to 20% worldwide .
iran is an area of intermediate endemicity and the p... | background
it is important to differentiate whether isolated anti - hbc is due to false
positive results or the prior exposure to hepatitis b virus , because individuals
with false - positive anti - hbc can benefit from vaccination and their blood can
be safely transfused . to distinguish between these two con... | [
2,
115,
136,
692,
110,
108,
145,
10920,
109,
1857,
233,
110,
55654,
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244,
2886,
339,
14485,
113,
110,
55654,
2075,
10733,
110,
107,
106,
145,
163,
... |
percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( pcnl ) is a widely accepted treatment for urinary calculi > 2 cm or resistant to other modalities .
complications of this procedure are well reported ; however , to our knowledge no mention has occurred in the literature of a retained nephrostomy tube after pcnl .
thus , we will present t... | percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a widely accepted treatment for urinary calculi , but it is not without complications . we present the case of a 76-year - old male with a retained council tip catheter after percutaneous nephrolithotomy .
fluoroscopic guidance was used to perform percutaneous puncture of the catheter... | [
2,
115,
136,
800,
110,
108,
145,
731,
114,
27363,
113,
114,
11079,
95465,
1191,
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244,
2640,
80112,
111,
21205,
109,
27168,
12120,
365,
110,
47541,
60056,
3090,
110,
108... |
high - throughput biochemical screens , used to identify pharmacologically active small - molecule compounds , are a staple of modern drug discovery . in these screens , hundreds of thousands to even millions of compounds are tested in highly automated assays . although robotics and miniaturization have led to increase... | as high - throughput biochemical screens are both expensive and labor intensive , researchers in academia and industry are turning increasingly to virtual - screening methodologies .
virtual screening relies on scoring functions to quickly assess ligand potency .
although useful for in silico ligand identification... | [
2,
264,
110,
108,
145,
3626,
114,
991,
111,
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110,
107,
106,
109,
1434,
117,
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181,
771,
825,
451,
110,
108,
1... |
t cells and b cells derived from the lymphoid lineage belong to the adaptive immune system .
function via production of effector cytokines after differentiation and activation . in comparison to the cytotoxic feature of both adaptive cd8 t cells and innate cnk cells , the helper feature of cd4
th cells was conside... | recent studies on innate lymphoid cells ( ilcs ) have expanded our knowledge about the innate arm of the immune system .
helper - like ilcs share both the innate feature of conventional natural killer ( cnk ) cells and the helper feature of cd4 + t helper ( th ) cells . with this combination ,
helper - like il... | [
2,
22261,
233,
172,
19927,
21997,
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143,
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15032,
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127,
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127,
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619,
113,
2361,
110,
108,
109,
22261,
233,
172,
19927,
21997,
16339,
68629,
116... |
sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by the presence of non - caseating granuloma consisting of epithelioid cells .
heart , spleen , bone marrow and less often eye , skin and salivary glands are common extrapulmonary sites of disease manifestation .
the liver has sarcoi... | sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology .
hepatic involvement was reported in about 11% of patients with sarcoidosis .
however , cases of sarcoidosis in which the granuloma is solitary and limited in the liver are very rare .
a 51-year - old woman with tumors in the liver underwe... | [
2,
145,
799,
114,
437,
113,
49528,
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52239,
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9158,
29899,
19787,
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5046,
40181,
3225,
110,
107,
106,
109,
5220,
11... |
our survey covered all small molecule new molecular entity ( nme ) drugs that are intended for systemic use and were approved by the fda between january 2013 and august 2016 . the new drug application ( nda ) review documents ( drugs@fda , http://www.fda.gov/drugsatfda ) and product labels were examined for pbpkrelated... | physiologically based pharmacokinetic ( pbpk ) modeling can be used to predict drug pharmacokinetics in virtual populations using models that integrate understanding of physiological systems .
pbpk models have been widely utilized for predicting pharmacokinetics in clinically untested scenarios during drug applicati... | [
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7126,
143,
24... |
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