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16500 | We therefore examined vitamin D3-mediated repression of activated IL-2 expression by cotransfecting Jurkat cells with IL-2 promoter/reporter constructs and a VDR overexpression vector and by DNA binding . | We therefore examined vitamin D3-mediated repression of activated <protein>IL-2</protein> expression by cotransfecting <cell_line>Jurkat cells</cell_line> with <dna>IL-2 promoter/reporter constructs</dna> and a <dna>VDR overexpression vector</dna> and by DNA binding . |
16501 | We delineated an element conferring both DNA binding by the receptor in vitro and 1 , 25 ( OH ) 2D3-mediated repression in vivo to a short 40-bp region encompassing an important positive regulatory element , NF-AT-1 , which is bound by a T-cell-specific transcription factor , NFATp , as well as by AP-1 . | We delineated an element conferring both DNA binding by the receptor in vitro and 1 , 25 ( OH ) 2D3-mediated repression in vivo to a short <dna>40-bp region</dna> encompassing an important <dna>positive regulatory element</dna> , <dna>NF-AT-1</dna> , which is bound by a <protein>T-cell-specific transcription factor</pr... |
16502 | VDR DNA-binding mutants were unable to either bind to this element in vitro or repress in vivo ; the VDR DNA-binding domain alone , however , bound the element but also could not repress IL-2 expression . | <protein>VDR DNA-binding mutants</protein> were unable to either bind to this element in vitro or repress in vivo ; the <protein>VDR DNA-binding domain</protein> alone , however , bound the element but also could not repress <protein>IL-2</protein> expression . |
16503 | These results indicate that DNA binding by VDR is necessary but not sufficient to mediate IL-2 repression . | These results indicate that DNA binding by <protein>VDR</protein> is necessary but not sufficient to mediate <protein>IL-2</protein> repression . |
16504 | By combining partially purified proteins in vitro , we observed the loss of the bound NFATp/AP-1-DNA complex upon inclusion of VDR or VDR-retinoid X receptor . | By combining <protein>partially purified proteins</protein> in vitro , we observed the loss of the bound <protein>NFATp/AP-1-DNA complex</protein> upon inclusion of <protein>VDR</protein> or <protein>VDR-retinoid X receptor</protein> . |
16505 | Order of addition and off-rate experiments indicate that the VDR-retinoid X receptor heterodimer blocks NFATp/AP-1 complex formation and then stably associates with the NF-AT-1 element . | Order of addition and off-rate experiments indicate that the <protein>VDR-retinoid X receptor heterodimer</protein> blocks <protein>NFATp/AP-1 complex</protein> formation and then stably associates with the <dna>NF-AT-1 element</dna> . |
16506 | This direct inhibition by a nuclear hormone receptor of transcriptional activators of the IL-2 gene may provide a mechanistic explanation of how vitamin derivatives can act as potent immunosuppressive agents . | This direct inhibition by a nuclear hormone receptor of <protein>transcriptional activators</protein> of the <dna>IL-2 gene</dna> may provide a mechanistic explanation of how vitamin derivatives can act as potent immunosuppressive agents . |
16507 | Tissue-specific regulation of the rabbit 15-lipoxygenase gene in erythroid cells by a transcriptional silencer . | Tissue-specific regulation of the <dna>rabbit 15-lipoxygenase gene</dna> in <cell_type>erythroid cells</cell_type> by a <dna>transcriptional silencer</dna> . |
16508 | The 15-lipoxygenase ( lox ) gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner , predominantly in erythroid cells but also in airway epithelial cells and eosinophils . | The <dna>15-lipoxygenase ( lox ) gene</dna> is expressed in a tissue-specific manner , predominantly in <cell_type>erythroid cells</cell_type> but also in <cell_type>airway epithelial cells</cell_type> and <cell_type>eosinophils</cell_type> . |
16509 | We demonstrate in this report that the 5 ' flanking DNA of the 15-lox gene contains sequences which down-regulate its activity in a variety of non-erythroid cell lines but not in two erythroid cell lines . | We demonstrate in this report that the <dna>5 ' flanking DNA</dna> of the <dna>15-lox gene</dna> contains sequences which down-regulate its activity in a variety of <cell_line>non-erythroid cell lines</cell_line> but not in two <cell_line>erythroid cell lines</cell_line> . |
16510 | The element has characteristics of a transcriptional 'silencer ' since it functions in both orientations . | The element has characteristics of a <dna>transcriptional 'silencer '</dna> since it functions in both orientations . |
16511 | The main activity of the silencer has been mapped to the first 900 bp of 5 ' flanking DNA , which contains nine binding sites for a nuclear factor present in non- erythroid cells but not in erythroid cells . | The main activity of the <dna>silencer</dna> has been mapped to the first 900 bp of <dna>5 ' flanking DNA</dna> , which contains nine binding sites for a <protein>nuclear factor</protein> present in non- <cell_type>erythroid cells</cell_type> but not in <cell_type>erythroid cells</cell_type> . |
16512 | These binding sites have similar sequences and multiple copies of the binding sites confer tissue-specific down-regulation when attached to a minimal lox promoter fragment . | These binding sites have similar sequences and multiple copies of the <dna>binding sites</dna> confer tissue-specific down-regulation when attached to a <dna>minimal lox promoter fragment</dna> . |
16513 | The 5 ' flanking DNA also contains a cluster of three binding sites for the GATA family of transcription factors . | The <dna>5 ' flanking DNA</dna> also contains a cluster of three <dna>binding sites</dna> for the <protein>GATA family</protein> of <protein>transcription factors</protein> . |
16514 | Phosphorylation of the transcription factor NFATp inhibits its DNA binding activity in cyclosporin A-treated human B and T cells . | Phosphorylation of the <protein>transcription factor</protein> <protein>NFATp</protein> inhibits its DNA binding activity in <cell_line>cyclosporin A-treated human B</cell_line> and <cell_type>T cells</cell_type> . |
16515 | Cyclosporin A ( CsA ) exerts its immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting the activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells ( NFAT ) , thus preventing transcriptional induction of several cytokine genes . | Cyclosporin A ( CsA ) exerts its immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting the activity of <protein>nuclear factor</protein> of activated <cell_type>T cells</cell_type> ( <protein>NFAT</protein> ) , thus preventing transcriptional induction of several cytokine genes . |
16516 | This effect is thought to be largely mediated through inactivation of the phosphatase calcineurin , which in turn inhibits translocation of an NFAT component to the nucleus . | This effect is thought to be largely mediated through inactivation of the phosphatase <protein>calcineurin</protein> , which in turn inhibits translocation of an <protein>NFAT</protein> component to the nucleus . |
16517 | Here we report that CsA treatment of Raji B and Jurkat T cell lines yields a phosphorylated form of NFATp that is inhibited in DNA-binding and in its ability to form an NFAT complex with Fos and Jun . | Here we report that CsA treatment of <cell_line>Raji B</cell_line> and <cell_line>Jurkat T cell lines</cell_line> yields a phosphorylated form of <protein>NFATp</protein> that is inhibited in DNA-binding and in its ability to form an <protein>NFAT complex</protein> with <protein>Fos</protein> and <protein>Jun</protein>... |
16518 | Immunoblot analyses and metabolic labeling with [ 32P ] orthophosphate show that CsA alters NFATp migration on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by increasing its phosphorylation level without affecting subcellular distribution . | Immunoblot analyses and metabolic labeling with [ 32P ] orthophosphate show that CsA alters <protein>NFATp</protein> migration on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by increasing its phosphorylation level without affecting subcellular distribution . |
16519 | Dephosphorylation by in vitro treatment with calcineurin or alkaline phosphatase restores NFATp DNA binding activity and its ability to reconstitute an NFAT complex with Fos and Jun proteins . | Dephosphorylation by in vitro treatment with <protein>calcineurin</protein> or <protein>alkaline phosphatase</protein> restores <protein>NFATp</protein> DNA binding activity and its ability to reconstitute an <protein>NFAT complex</protein> with <protein>Fos</protein> and <protein>Jun</protein> proteins . |
16520 | These data point to a new mechanism for CsA-sensitive regulation of NFATp in which dephosphorylation is critical for DNA binding . | These data point to a new mechanism for CsA-sensitive regulation of <protein>NFATp</protein> in which dephosphorylation is critical for DNA binding . |
16521 | Transcription factors as targets for oxidative signalling during lymphocyte activation . | <protein>Transcription factors</protein> as targets for oxidative signalling during lymphocyte activation . |
16522 | We previously have demonstrated a requirement for oxidative events during cell cycle entry in T lymphocytes and have hypothesised that reactive oxygen species may act as intracellular signalling agents during lymphocyte activation . | We previously have demonstrated a requirement for oxidative events during cell cycle entry in <cell_type>T lymphocytes</cell_type> and have hypothesised that reactive oxygen species may act as intracellular signalling agents during lymphocyte activation . |
16523 | In the current study , cysteamine , an aminothiol compound with antioxidant activity , has been used to further investigate the role of oxidative signalling during lymphocyte activation . | In the current study , cysteamine , an aminothiol compound with antioxidant activity , has been used to further investigate the role of oxidative signalling during lymphocyte activation . |
16524 | Treatment of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes with cysteamine in vitro was found to inhibit proliferation in a dose-dependent manner , with essentially complete inhibition occurring at a dose of 400 microM . | Treatment of normal <cell_type>human peripheral blood lymphocytes</cell_type> with cysteamine in vitro was found to inhibit proliferation in a dose-dependent manner , with essentially complete inhibition occurring at a dose of 400 microM . |
16525 | This inhibitory effect was limited to the first 2 h after mitogenic activation , localizing the time-frame of action of cysteamine to within the commitment period . | This inhibitory effect was limited to the first 2 h after mitogenic activation , localizing the time-frame of action of cysteamine to within the commitment period . |
16526 | It therefore was of interest to establish which , if any , commitment events were affected by oxidative signalling during cell cycle entry . | It therefore was of interest to establish which , if any , commitment events were affected by oxidative signalling during cell cycle entry . |
16527 | Taking the IL-2 gene as a candidate , we examined the effect of cysteamine treatment on early gene expression during lymphocyte activation , and on the activity of transcription factors AP-1 , NF-kappa B , NF-AT and Oct1 , whose functions are required for expression of the IL-2 mRNA . | Taking the <dna>IL-2 gene</dna> as a candidate , we examined the effect of cysteamine treatment on <dna>early gene</dna> expression during lymphocyte activation , and on the activity of <protein>transcription factors</protein> <protein>AP-1</protein> , <protein>NF-kappa B</protein> , <protein>NF-AT</protein> and <prote... |
16528 | Cysteamine treatment inhibited both expression of the IL-2 mRNA and secretion of IL-2 into the culture medium . | Cysteamine treatment inhibited both expression of the <rna>IL-2 mRNA</rna> and secretion of <protein>IL-2</protein> into the culture medium . |
16529 | The inhibitory effect of cysteamine may be mediated at least in part by an effect on transcription factor function , as the DNA binding activities of AP-1 and NF-kappa B extracted from mitogen-stimulated cells were significantly inhibited by cysteamine treatment . | The inhibitory effect of cysteamine may be mediated at least in part by an effect on <protein>transcription factor</protein> function , as the DNA binding activities of <protein>AP-1</protein> and <protein>NF-kappa B</protein> extracted from <cell_type>mitogen-stimulated cells</cell_type> were significantly inhibited b... |
16530 | Interestingly , Oct1 and NF-AT DNA binding activity were not affected by cysteamine treatment , suggesting that oxidative signalling processes operate in a selective manner . | Interestingly , Oct1 and NF-AT DNA binding activity were not affected by cysteamine treatment , suggesting that oxidative signalling processes operate in a selective manner . |
16531 | The identification of regulatory proteins , such as transcription factors , as molecular targets for oxidative signalling provides further evidence to implicate oxidative signalling as being intimately involved in the G0 to G1 phase transition in T lymphocytes . | The identification of <protein>regulatory proteins</protein> , such as <protein>transcription factors</protein> , as molecular targets for oxidative signalling provides further evidence to implicate oxidative signalling as being intimately involved in the G0 to G1 phase transition in <cell_type>T lymphocytes</cell_type... |
16532 | Sex and age distribution of 1 , 25 ( OH ) 2D3 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal human subjects . | Sex and age distribution of <protein>1 , 25 ( OH ) 2D3 receptors</protein> in <cell_type>peripheral blood mononuclear cells</cell_type> from normal human subjects . |
16533 | Specific receptors for 1 , 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been described in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) . | Specific receptors for 1 , 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been described in human <cell_type>peripheral blood mononuclear cells</cell_type> ( <cell_type>PBMC</cell_type> ) . |
16534 | We have tried to find out whether these receptors could show any difference in sex or age distribution . | We have tried to find out whether these receptors could show any difference in sex or age distribution . |
16535 | Twenty two healthy men aged 21-66 yr ( mean +/- SD 41.0 +/- 13.6 ) and nineteen healthy women aged 22-60 yr ( 38.9 +/- 13.9 ) have been studied . | Twenty two healthy men aged 21-66 yr ( mean +/- SD 41.0 +/- 13.6 ) and nineteen healthy women aged 22-60 yr ( 38.9 +/- 13.9 ) have been studied . |
16536 | The mean dissociation constant ( Kd ) was similar in both sexes ( 1.35 +/- 0.70 x 10 ( -10 ) M in males , 1.13 +/- 0.66 x 10 ( -10 ) M in females ) , but the concentration of binding sites ( Nmax ) was significantly lower in females ( 2.32 +/- 0.92 fmol/10 ( 7 ) PBMC vs 4.43 +/- 1.38 fmol/10 ( 7 ) PBMC in males ; p = 0... | The mean dissociation constant ( Kd ) was similar in both sexes ( 1.35 +/- 0.70 x 10 ( -10 ) M in males , 1.13 +/- 0.66 x 10 ( -10 ) M in females ) , but the concentration of binding sites ( Nmax ) was significantly lower in females ( 2.32 +/- 0.92 fmol/10 ( 7 ) <cell_type>PBMC</cell_type> vs 4.43 +/- 1.38 fmol/10 ( 7 ... |
16537 | Neither Kd nor Nmax were significantly correlated with age . | Neither Kd nor Nmax were significantly correlated with age . |
16538 | No difference was found between pre and postmenopausal women . | No difference was found between pre and postmenopausal women . |
16539 | Further studies are needed to elucidate if this sex difference in PBMC receptors for 1.25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is of any pathophysiological relevance . | Further studies are needed to elucidate if this sex difference in <protein>PBMC receptors</protein> for 1.25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is of any pathophysiological relevance . |
16540 | Expression of Id2 and Id3 mRNA in human lymphocytes . | Expression of Id2 and Id3 mRNA in <cell_type>human lymphocytes</cell_type> . |
16541 | Helix-loop-helix ( HLH ) transcription factors are involved in cellular growth and differentiation . | <protein>Helix-loop-helix ( HLH ) transcription factors</protein> are involved in cellular growth and differentiation . |
16542 | The Id ( inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation ) HLH proteins , in a dominantly negative fashion , regulate transcriptional activities of basic HLH proteins . | The <protein>Id</protein> ( inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation ) <protein>HLH proteins</protein> , in a dominantly negative fashion , regulate transcriptional activities of <protein>basic HLH proteins</protein> . |
16543 | We examined by northern hybridization the expression of Id2 and Id3 mRNA in human leukemia/lymphoma lines and patient samples , as well as resting and activated normal human lymphocytes from peripheral blood ( PBL ) . | We examined by northern hybridization the expression of <rna>Id2 and Id3 mRNA</rna> in <cell_line>human leukemia/lymphoma lines</cell_line> and patient samples , as well as resting and <cell_line>activated normal human lymphocytes</cell_line> from peripheral blood ( <cell_type>PBL</cell_type> ) . |
16544 | The Id2 mRNA was abundantly expressed in 5/12 T-cell and 3/4 B-cell lines , and Id3 mRNA was detected in 4/12 T-cell and 3/4 B-cell lines . | The <rna>Id2 mRNA</rna> was abundantly expressed in <cell_line>5/12 T-cell</cell_line> and <cell_line>3/4 B-cell lines</cell_line> , and <rna>Id3 mRNA</rna> was detected in <cell_line>4/12 T-cell</cell_line> and <cell_line>3/4 B-cell lines</cell_line> . |
16545 | Interestingly , Id2 , but not Id3 , mRNA was strongly expressed in 4/5 T-cell lines infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I ( HTLV-I ) ( ATL-1k , MT-2 , S-LB1 ) and type II ( Mo ) . | Interestingly , <rna>Id2</rna> , but not <rna>Id3</rna> , mRNA was strongly expressed in <cell_line>4/5 T-cell lines</cell_line> infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I ( HTLV-I ) ( <cell_line>ATL-1k</cell_line> , <cell_line>MT-2</cell_line> , <cell_line>S-LB1</cell_line> ) and type II ( <cell_line>Mo</cell_li... |
16546 | Another unexpected finding was that T-cell leukemias and T-cell lines often expressed either Id2 or Id3 mRNA . | Another unexpected finding was that T-cell leukemias and <cell_line>T-cell lines</cell_line> often expressed either <rna>Id2</rna> or <rna>Id3 mRNA</rna> . |
16547 | In addition , resting PBL constitutively expressed prominent levels of Id2 mRNA , but not Id3 mRNA . | In addition , <cell_type>resting PBL</cell_type> constitutively expressed prominent levels of <rna>Id2 mRNA</rna> , but not <rna>Id3 mRNA</rna> . |
16548 | Upon PHA -stimulation , Id2 expression decreased and Id3 levels increased with biphasic kinetics . | Upon <protein>PHA</protein> -stimulation , <protein>Id2</protein> expression decreased and <protein>Id3</protein> levels increased with biphasic kinetics . |
16549 | Taken together , our studies revealed three unexpected findings which require further analysis : ( 1 ) expression of Id2 mRNA is often associated with lymphocytic transformation by HTLV-I or -II ; ( 2 ) T-cells usually express either Id2 or Id3 mRNA , but B-cells often express both simultaneously ; ( 3 ) non-dividing ,... | Taken together , our studies revealed three unexpected findings which require further analysis : ( 1 ) expression of <rna>Id2 mRNA</rna> is often associated with lymphocytic transformation by HTLV-I or -II ; ( 2 ) T-cells usually express either <protein>Id2</protein> or <rna>Id3 mRNA</rna> , but B-cells often express b... |
16550 | Salicylates inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced transcriptional activation of the tissue factor gene in human monocytic cells . | Salicylates inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced transcriptional activation of the tissue factor gene in <cell_type>human monocytic cells</cell_type> . |
16551 | Binding of plasma Factor VII/VIIa to the tissue factor ( TF ) receptor initiates the coagulation protease cascades . | Binding of <protein>plasma Factor VII/VIIa</protein> to the <protein>tissue factor ( TF ) receptor</protein> initiates the <protein>coagulation protease</protein> cascades . |
16552 | TF expression by circulating monocytes is associated with thrombotic and inflammatory complications in a variety of diseases . | TF expression by <cell_type>circulating monocytes</cell_type> is associated with thrombotic and inflammatory complications in a variety of diseases . |
16553 | Transcriptional activation of the human TF gene in monocytic cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) is mediated by binding of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers to a kappa B site in the TF promoter . | Transcriptional activation of the <dna>human TF gene</dna> in <cell_type>monocytic cells</cell_type> exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) is mediated by binding of <protein>c-Rel/p65 heterodimers</protein> to a <dna>kappa B site</dna> in the <dna>TF promoter</dna> . |
16554 | Here , we report that a family of anti-inflammatory agents , known as the salicylates , inhibited LPS induction of TF activity and TF gene transcription in human monocytes and monocytic THP-1 cells at clinically relevant doses . | Here , we report that a family of anti-inflammatory agents , known as the salicylates , inhibited LPS induction of TF activity and <dna>TF gene</dna> transcription in <cell_type>human monocytes</cell_type> and <cell_line>monocytic THP-1 cells</cell_line> at clinically relevant doses . |
16555 | Furthermore , sodium salicylate blocked the LPS-induced proteolytic degradation of I kappa B alpha , which prevented the nuclear translocation of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers . | Furthermore , sodium salicylate blocked the LPS-induced proteolytic degradation of <protein>I kappa B alpha</protein> , which prevented the nuclear translocation of <protein>c-Rel/p65 heterodimers</protein> . |
16556 | In contrast , two other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , ibuprofen and indomethacin , did not inhibit LPS induction of the TF gene . | In contrast , two other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , ibuprofen and indomethacin , did not inhibit LPS induction of the <dna>TF gene</dna> . |
16557 | These results indicated that salicylates inhibited LPS induction of TF gene transcription in monocytic cells by preventing nuclear translocation of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers . | These results indicated that salicylates inhibited LPS induction of <dna>TF gene</dna> transcription in <cell_type>monocytic cells</cell_type> by preventing nuclear translocation of <protein>c-Rel/p65 heterodimers</protein> . |
16558 | The clinical benefits of salicylates in the treatment of several diseases , including atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis , may be related to their ability to reduce monocyte gene expression . | The clinical benefits of salicylates in the treatment of several diseases , including atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis , may be related to their ability to reduce monocyte gene expression . |
16559 | Activation of the signal transducer and transcription ( STAT ) signaling pathway in a primary T cell response . | Activation of the signal transducer and transcription ( <protein>STAT</protein> ) signaling pathway in a primary T cell response . |
16560 | Critical role for IL-6 . | Critical role for <protein>IL-6</protein> . |
16561 | The T cell activation is initiated by interaction of specific Ags with TCR , followed by activation of intracellular biochemical events leading to activation of several genes . | The T cell activation is initiated by interaction of specific <protein>Ags</protein> with <protein>TCR</protein> , followed by activation of intracellular biochemical events leading to activation of several genes . |
16562 | The activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription ( STAT ) proteins in a primary TCR -mediated activation of T cells have been explored . | The activation of signal transducer and activator of <protein>transcription ( STAT ) proteins</protein> in a primary <protein>TCR</protein> -mediated activation of <cell_type>T cells</cell_type> have been explored . |
16563 | In purified human peripheral blood T cells , nuclear STAT proteins were activated approximately 3 h after activation by cross-linked anti-CD3 Abs . | In <cell_type>purified human peripheral blood T cells</cell_type> , <protein>nuclear STAT proteins</protein> were activated approximately 3 h after activation by cross-linked <protein>anti-CD3 Abs</protein> . |
16564 | These STAT proteins were detected by using the IFN-gamma-activated sequence ( GAS ) and related oligonucleotides as probes in electrophoretic mobility shift assay . | These <protein>STAT proteins</protein> were detected by using the <dna>IFN-gamma-activated sequence</dna> ( <dna>GAS</dna> ) and related oligonucleotides as probes in electrophoretic mobility shift assay . |
16565 | Analysis of the nuclear extracts with anti-STAT Abs indicated that they contained STAT-3 and additional proteins crossreactive with the STAT family . | Analysis of the nuclear extracts with <protein>anti-STAT Abs</protein> indicated that they contained <protein>STAT-3</protein> and additional proteins crossreactive with the <protein>STAT family</protein> . |
16566 | The induction of STAT activity was inhibited completely by pretreatment with either cycloheximide or cyclosporin A , thus indicating that the induction was due to a secondary factor produced by the activated T cells . | The induction of <protein>STAT</protein> activity was inhibited completely by pretreatment with either cycloheximide or cyclosporin A , thus indicating that the induction was due to a <protein>secondary factor</protein> produced by the activated <cell_type>T cells</cell_type> . |
16567 | As neutralizing anti-IL-6 Abs effectively down-regulated the early induction of STAT proteins and as exogenously added IL-6 rapidly activated DNA binding similar to TCR -mediated bindings , it can be concluded that IL-6 is the factor responsible for the activation of STAT proteins in a primary T cell response . | As <protein>neutralizing anti-IL-6 Abs</protein> effectively down-regulated the early induction of <protein>STAT proteins</protein> and as exogenously added <protein>IL-6</protein> rapidly activated DNA binding similar to <protein>TCR</protein> -mediated bindings , it can be concluded that <protein>IL-6</protein> is th... |
16568 | The normal cell cycle activation program is exploited during the infection of quiescent B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus . | The normal cell cycle activation program is exploited during the infection of <cell_type>quiescent B lymphocytes</cell_type> by Epstein-Barr virus . |
16569 | B lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation are maintained in a non-proliferative state . | <cell_type>B lymphocytes</cell_type> in the peripheral circulation are maintained in a non-proliferative state . |
16570 | Antigen recognition stimulates limited proliferation , whereas infection with Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) results in continual proliferation and the outgrowth of immortal cell lines . | Antigen recognition stimulates limited proliferation , whereas infection with Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) results in continual proliferation and the outgrowth of <cell_line>immortal cell lines</cell_line> . |
16571 | Because it is not clear at which point in cell cycle the peripheral B lymphocytes are arrested , we characterized the expression of several cell cycle-associated genes in quiescent and stimulated cells . | Because it is not clear at which point in cell cycle the <cell_type>peripheral B lymphocytes</cell_type> are arrested , we characterized the expression of several <dna>cell cycle-associated genes</dna> in <cell_type>quiescent and stimulated cells</cell_type> . |
16572 | We show that the expression of four cell genes , cdc-2 , cyclin E , CD23 , and cyclin D2 , are up-regulated approximately 100-fold as a result of EBV-mediated immortalization . | We show that the expression of four <dna>cell genes</dna> , <dna>cdc-2</dna> , <dna>cyclin E</dna> , <dna>CD23</dna> , and <dna>cyclin D2</dna> , are up-regulated approximately 100-fold as a result of EBV-mediated immortalization . |
16573 | Because these genes play a positive role in cell proliferation , we suggest that this regulatory switch contributes to controlling entry into the cell cycle . | Because these genes play a positive role in cell proliferation , we suggest that this regulatory switch contributes to controlling entry into the cell cycle . |
16574 | Transient stimulation of quiescent B lymphocytes with either a cocktail of anti-CD40 , anti-IgM , and IL4 , or EBV results in the rapid expression of the same four genes , suggesting that , after infection , EBV exploits the normal program of B-lymphocyte cell cycle activation . | Transient stimulation of <cell_type>quiescent B lymphocytes</cell_type> with either a cocktail of <protein>anti-CD40</protein> , <protein>anti-IgM</protein> , and <protein>IL4</protein> , or EBV results in the rapid expression of the same four genes , suggesting that , after infection , EBV exploits the normal program ... |
16575 | Expression of the chemokine receptor BLR2/EBI1 is specifically transactivated by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 . | Expression of the <protein>chemokine receptor</protein> <protein>BLR2/EBI1</protein> is specifically transactivated by <protein>Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2</protein> . |
16576 | In our attempt to identify chemokine receptors that are related to Burkitt 's lymphoma receptor 1 ( BLR1 ) and are expressed in activated lymphocytes we used RT-PCR resulting in the isolation of a cDNA encoding a seven transmembrane receptor termed BLR2 . | In our attempt to identify <protein>chemokine receptors</protein> that are related to <protein>Burkitt 's lymphoma receptor 1</protein> ( <protein>BLR1</protein> ) and are expressed in <cell_type>activated lymphocytes</cell_type> we used RT-PCR resulting in the isolation of a cDNA encoding a <protein>seven transmembran... |
16577 | The protein shows significant sequence similarities to the family of G-protein coupled chemokine receptors and turned out to be identical to the recently described receptor EBI1 . | The protein shows significant sequence similarities to the family of <protein>G-protein coupled chemokine receptors</protein> and turned out to be identical to the recently described <protein>receptor EBI1</protein> . |
16578 | Northern blot analysis revealed that BLR2 mRNA could be highly stimulated in mitogen- and anti-CD3-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes . | Northern blot analysis revealed that <rna>BLR2 mRNA</rna> could be highly stimulated in <cell_line>mitogen- and anti-CD3-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes</cell_line> . |
16579 | BLR2-specific mRNA could be detected in all Epstein-Barr virus positive B cell lines . | <rna>BLR2-specific mRNA</rna> could be detected in all <cell_line>Epstein-Barr virus positive B cell lines</cell_line> . |
16580 | We show that transcription of the BLR2 gene could be specifically induced in Epstein-Barr virus negative BL 41 cells via estrogen-mediated activation of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 , a key regulator of viral and cellular genes in immortalized B cells . | We show that transcription of the <dna>BLR2 gene</dna> could be specifically induced in <cell_line>Epstein-Barr virus negative BL 41 cells</cell_line> via estrogen-mediated activation of <protein>Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2</protein> , a key regulator of <dna>viral and cellular genes</dna> in <cell_line>immort... |
16581 | Our data suggest an involvement of BLR2 in the regulation of migration in activated lymphocytes and in viral pathogenesis . | Our data suggest an involvement of <protein>BLR2</protein> in the regulation of migration in <cell_type>activated lymphocytes</cell_type> and in viral pathogenesis . |
16582 | A central role for a single c-Myb binding site in a thymic locus control region . | A central role for a <dna>single c-Myb binding site</dna> in a <dna>thymic locus control region</dna> . |
16583 | Locus control regions ( LCRs ) are powerful assemblies of cis elements that organize the actions of cell-type-specific trans-acting factors . | <dna>Locus control regions</dna> ( <dna>LCRs</dna> ) are powerful assemblies of <dna>cis elements</dna> that organize the actions of <protein>cell-type-specific trans-acting factors</protein> . |
16584 | A 2.3-kb LCR in the human adenosine deaminase ( ADA ) gene first intron , which controls expression in thymocytes , is composed of a 200-bp enhancer domain and extended flanking sequences that facilitate activation from within chromatin . | A <protein>2.3-kb LCR</protein> in the <dna>human adenosine deaminase ( ADA ) gene first intron</dna> , which controls expression in <cell_type>thymocytes</cell_type> , is composed of a <dna>200-bp enhancer domain</dna> and extended flanking sequences that facilitate activation from within <dna>chromatin</dna> . |
16585 | Prior analyses have demonstrated that the enhancer contains a 28-bp core region and local adjacent augmentative cis elements . | Prior analyses have demonstrated that the <dna>enhancer</dna> contains a <dna>28-bp core region</dna> and local adjacent augmentative <dna>cis elements</dna> . |
16586 | We now show that the core contains a single critical c-Myb binding site . | We now show that the core contains a single critical <dna>c-Myb binding site</dna> . |
16587 | In both transiently cotransfected human cells and stable chromatin-integrated yeast cells , c-Myb strongly transactivated reporter constructs that contained polymerized core sequences . | In both <cell_line>transiently cotransfected human cells</cell_line> and stable <cell_line>chromatin-integrated yeast cells</cell_line> , <protein>c-Myb</protein> strongly <dna>transactivated reporter constructs</dna> that contained <dna>polymerized core sequences</dna> . |
16588 | c-Myb protein was strongly evident in T lymphoblasts in which the enhancer was active and was localized within discrete nuclear structures . | <protein>c-Myb protein</protein> was strongly evident in <cell_type>T lymphoblasts</cell_type> in which the <dna>enhancer</dna> was active and was localized within discrete nuclear structures . |
16589 | Fetal murine thymus exhibited a striking concordance of endogenous c-myb expression with that of mouse ADA and human ADA LCR -directed transgene expression . | Fetal murine thymus exhibited a striking concordance of endogenous <dna>c-myb</dna> expression with that of <dna>mouse ADA</dna> and <dna>human ADA LCR</dna> -directed transgene expression . |
16590 | Point mutation of the c-Myb site within the intact 2.3-kb LCR severely attenuated enhancer activity in transfections and LCR activity in transgenic thymocytes . | Point mutation of the <dna>c-Myb site</dna> within the intact <protein>2.3-kb LCR</protein> severely attenuated enhancer activity in transfections and <dna>LCR</dna> activity in <cell_line>transgenic thymocytes</cell_line> . |
16591 | Within the context of a complex enhancer and LCR , c-Myb can act as an organizer of thymocyte-specific gene expression via a single binding site . | Within the context of a <dna>complex enhancer</dna> and <dna>LCR</dna> , <protein>c-Myb</protein> can act as an organizer of <dna>thymocyte-specific gene</dna> expression via a single binding site . |
16592 | A regulatory element in the human interleukin 2 gene promoter is a binding site for the zinc finger proteins Sp1 and EGR-1 . | A <dna>regulatory element</dna> in the <dna>human interleukin 2 gene promoter</dna> is a <dna>binding site</dna> for the <protein>zinc finger proteins</protein> <protein>Sp1</protein> and <protein>EGR-1</protein> . |
16593 | Activation of the interleukin 2 ( IL-2 ) gene after antigen recognition is a critical event for T cell proliferation and effector function . | Activation of the <dna>interleukin 2 ( IL-2 ) gene</dna> after antigen recognition is a critical event for T cell proliferation and effector function . |
16594 | Prior studies have identified several transcription factors that contribute to the activity of the IL-2 promoter in stimulated T lymphocytes . | Prior studies have identified several <protein>transcription factors</protein> that contribute to the activity of the <dna>IL-2 promoter</dna> in <cell_type>stimulated T lymphocytes</cell_type> . |
16595 | Here we describe a novel regulatory element within the IL-2 promoter located immediately upstream of the nuclear factor of activated T cell ( NFAT ) domain . | Here we describe a novel <dna>regulatory element</dna> within the <dna>IL-2 promoter</dna> located immediately upstream of the <dna>nuclear factor of activated T cell ( NFAT ) domain</dna> . |
16596 | This region ( termed the zinc finger protein binding region ( ZIP ) ) serves as binding site for two differently regulated zinc finger proteins : the constitutively expressed transcription factor Sp1 and the inducible early growth response protein EGR-1 . | This region ( termed the <dna>zinc finger protein binding region</dna> ( <dna>ZIP</dna> ) ) serves as binding site for two differently regulated <protein>zinc finger proteins</protein> : the <protein>constitutively expressed transcription factor</protein> <protein>Sp1</protein> and the <protein>inducible early growth r... |
16597 | In unstimulated cells which do not secrete IL-2 , only Sp1 binds to this region , while in stimulated IL-2 secreting cells the inducible EGR-1 protein recognizes this element . | In <cell_type>unstimulated cells</cell_type> which do not secrete <protein>IL-2</protein> , only <protein>Sp1</protein> binds to this region , while in <cell_line>stimulated IL-2 secreting cells</cell_line> the <protein>inducible EGR-1 protein</protein> recognizes this element . |
16598 | In Jurkat T cells , the ZIP site serves as an activator for IL-2 gene expression , and a combination of ZIP and NFAT binding sites is required for maximal IL-2 promoter activity . | In <cell_line>Jurkat T cells</cell_line> , the <dna>ZIP site</dna> serves as an activator for <protein>IL-2</protein> gene expression , and a combination of <dna>ZIP</dna> and <dna>NFAT binding sites</dna> is required for maximal <dna>IL-2 promoter</dna> activity . |
16599 | These results suggest a critical role of the ZIP site for IL-2 promoter activity . | These results suggest a critical role of the <dna>ZIP site</dna> for <dna>IL-2 promoter</dna> activity . |
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