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300 | However , for each time examined , the expression of NF-kappa B was maximum after the 0.5-Gy exposure . | However , for each time examined , the expression of <protein>NF-kappa B</protein> was maximum after the 0.5-Gy exposure . |
301 | The expression of the p50 and p65 NF-kappa B subunits was also shown to be regulated differentially after exposures to 1.0 and 2.0 Gy . | The expression of the <protein>p50 and p65 NF-kappa B subunits</protein> was also shown to be regulated differentially after exposures to 1.0 and 2.0 Gy . |
302 | Alternative splicing of RNA transcripts encoded by the murine p105 NF-kappa B gene generates I kappa B gamma isoforms with different inhibitory activities . | Alternative splicing of <rna>RNA transcripts</rna> encoded by the <dna>murine p105 NF-kappa B gene</dna> generates <protein>I kappa B gamma isoforms</protein> with different inhibitory activities . |
303 | The gene encoding the 105-kDa protein ( p105 ) precursor of the p50 subunit of transcription factor NF-kappa B also encodes a p70 I kappa B protein , I kappa B gamma , which is identical to the C-terminal 607 amino acids of p105 . | The gene encoding the <protein>105-kDa protein ( p105 ) precursor</protein> of the <protein>p50</protein> subunit of transcription factor <protein>NF-kappa B</protein> also encodes a <protein>p70 I kappa B protein</protein> , <protein>I kappa B gamma</protein> , which is identical to the <protein>C-terminal 607 amino acids</protein> of <protein>p105</protein> . |
304 | Here we show that alternative RNA splicing generates I kappa B gamma isoforms with properties different from those of p70 . | Here we show that alternative RNA splicing generates <protein>I kappa B gamma isoforms</protein> with properties different from those of <protein>p70</protein> . |
305 | One 63-kDa isoform , termed I kappa B gamma-1 , which lacks 59 amino acids C-terminal to ankyrin repeat 7 , has a novel 35-amino acid C terminus encoded by an alternative reading frame of the p105 gene . | One <protein>63-kDa isoform</protein> , termed <protein>I kappa B gamma-1</protein> , which lacks 59 amino acids C-terminal to <protein>ankyrin repeat 7</protein> , has a novel <protein>35-amino acid C terminus</protein> encoded by an <dna>alternative reading frame</dna> of the <dna>p105 gene</dna> . |
306 | A 55-kDa isoform , I kappa B gamma-2 , lacks the 190 C-terminal amino acids of p70 I kappa B gamma . | A <protein>55-kDa isoform</protein> , <protein>I kappa B gamma-2</protein> , lacks the <protein>190 C-terminal amino acids</protein> of <protein>p70</protein> <protein>I kappa B gamma</protein> . |
307 | In contrast to p70 I kappa B gamma , which is a cytoplasmic protein , I kappa B gamma-1 is found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus , whereas I kappa B gamma-2 is predominantly nuclear . | In contrast to <protein>p70</protein> <protein>I kappa B gamma</protein> , which is a <protein>cytoplasmic protein</protein> , <protein>I kappa B gamma-1</protein> is found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus , whereas <protein>I kappa B gamma-2</protein> is predominantly nuclear . |
308 | The I kappa B gamma isoforms also display differences in specificity and affinity for Rel/NF-kappa B proteins . | The <protein>I kappa B gamma isoforms</protein> also display differences in specificity and affinity for <protein>Rel/NF-kappa B proteins</protein> . |
309 | While p70 I kappa B gamma inhibits p50- , p65- , and c-Rel-mediated transactivation and/or DNA binding , both I kappa B gamma-1 and I kappa B gamma-2 are specific for p50 and have different affinities for this subunit . | While <protein>p70</protein> <protein>I kappa B gamma</protein> inhibits p50- , p65- , and c-Rel-mediated transactivation and/or DNA binding , both <protein>I kappa B gamma-1</protein> and <protein>I kappa B gamma-2</protein> are specific for <protein>p50</protein> and have different affinities for this subunit . |
310 | The absence in I kappa B gamma-1 and I kappa B gamma-2 of a protein kinase A site whose phosphorylation modulates p70 I kappa B gamma inhibitory activity suggests that alternative RNA splicing may be used to generate I kappa B gamma isoforms that respond differently to intracellular signals . | The absence in <protein>I kappa B gamma-1</protein> and <protein>I kappa B gamma-2</protein> of a <dna>protein kinase A site</dna> whose phosphorylation modulates <protein>p70</protein> <protein>I kappa B gamma</protein> inhibitory activity suggests that alternative RNA splicing may be used to generate <protein>I kappa B gamma isoforms</protein> that respond differently to intracellular signals . |
311 | Structure and expression of the human GATA3 gene . | Structure and expression of the <dna>human GATA3 gene</dna> . |
312 | GATA3 , a member of the GATA family that is abundantly expressed in the T-lymphocyte lineage , is thought to participate in T-cell receptor gene activation through binding to enhancers . | <protein>GATA3</protein> , a member of the <protein>GATA family</protein> that is abundantly expressed in the <cell_type>T-lymphocyte lineage</cell_type> , is thought to participate in <protein>T-cell receptor</protein> gene activation through binding to <dna>enhancers</dna> . |
313 | To understand GATA3 gene regulation , we cloned the human gene and the 5 ' end of the mouse GATA3 gene . | To understand <dna>GATA3 gene</dna> regulation , we cloned the <dna>human gene</dna> and the <dna>5 ' end</dna> of the <dna>mouse GATA3 gene</dna> . |
314 | We show that the human GATA3 gene contains six exons distributed over 17 kb of DNA . | We show that the <dna>human GATA3 gene</dna> contains six <dna>exons</dna> distributed over 17 kb of DNA . |
315 | The two human GATA3 zinc fingers are encoded by two separate exons highly conserved with those of GATA1 , but no other structural homologies between these two genes can be found . | The two <protein>human GATA3 zinc fingers</protein> are encoded by two separate <dna>exons</dna> highly conserved with those of <protein>GATA1</protein> , but no other structural homologies between these two genes can be found . |
316 | The human and mouse GATA3 transcription units start at a major initiation site . | The <dna>human and mouse GATA3 transcription units</dna> start at a <dna>major initiation site</dna> . |
317 | The promoter sequence analysis of these two genes revealed that they are embedded within a CpG island and share structural features often found in the promoters of housekeeping genes . | The promoter sequence analysis of these two genes revealed that they are embedded within a <dna>CpG island</dna> and share structural features often found in the <dna>promoters</dna> of <dna>housekeeping genes</dna> . |
318 | Finally , we show that a DNA fragment containing the human GATA3 transcription unit , 3 kb upstream from the initiation site and 4 kb downstream from the polyadenylation site , displays T-cell specificity . | Finally , we show that a <dna>DNA fragment</dna> containing the <dna>human GATA3 transcription unit</dna> , <dna>3 kb upstream</dna> from the <dna>initiation site</dna> and <dna>4 kb downstream</dna> from the <dna>polyadenylation site</dna> , displays T-cell specificity . |
319 | Characterization of the human gene encoding LBR , an integral protein of the nuclear envelope inner membrane . | Characterization of the <dna>human gene</dna> encoding <protein>LBR</protein> , an <protein>integral protein</protein> of the nuclear envelope inner membrane . |
320 | We have characterized the human gene encoding LBR , an integral protein of the nuclear envelope inner membrane . | We have characterized the <dna>human gene</dna> encoding <protein>LBR</protein> , an <protein>integral protein</protein> of the nuclear envelope inner membrane . |
321 | Restriction mapping shows that the transcription unit spans approximately 35 kilobases . | Restriction mapping shows that the <dna>transcription unit</dna> spans approximately 35 kilobases . |
322 | A transcription start site is located approximately 4 kilobases 5 ' to the translation initiation codon , and an RNA splice of 3863 bases occurs in the 5'-untranslated region to generate mature HeLa cell mRNA . | A transcription start site is located approximately 4 kilobases 5 ' to the <dna>translation initiation codon</dna> , and an RNA splice of 3863 bases occurs in the <dna>5'-untranslated region</dna> to generate <rna>mature HeLa cell mRNA</rna> . |
323 | 5 ' to the identified transcription start site are two CCAAT sequences and potential recognition sites for several transcription factors including Sp1 , AP-1 , AP-2 , and NF-kB . | 5 ' to the identified <dna>transcription start site</dna> are two <dna>CCAAT sequences</dna> and <dna>potential recognition sites</dna> for several <protein>transcription factors</protein> including <protein>Sp1</protein> , <protein>AP-1</protein> , <protein>AP-2</protein> , and <protein>NF-kB</protein> . |
324 | There are 13 protein coding exons in the LBR gene . | There are 13 protein coding <dna>exons</dna> in the <dna>LBR gene</dna> . |
325 | LBR 's nucleoplasmic domain is encoded by exons 1-4 , and its hydrophobic domain , with eight putative transmembrane segments , is encoded by exons 5-13 . | <protein>LBR</protein> 's <protein>nucleoplasmic domain</protein> is encoded by <dna>exons 1-4</dna> , and its <protein>hydrophobic domain</protein> , with eight putative <protein>transmembrane segments</protein> , is encoded by <dna>exons 5-13</dna> . |
326 | The hydrophobic domain is homologous to three yeast polypeptides , suggesting that this higher eukaryotic gene could have evolved from recombination between a gene that encoded a soluble nuclear protein and a membrane protein gene similar to those in yeast . | The <protein>hydrophobic domain</protein> is homologous to three yeast polypeptides , suggesting that this <dna>higher eukaryotic gene</dna> could have evolved from recombination between a gene that encoded a <protein>soluble nuclear protein</protein> and a <dna>membrane protein gene</dna> similar to those in yeast . |
327 | These results are the first to demonstrate the structural organization of a vertebrate gene encoding an integral membrane protein of the nuclear envelope that may be a member of a family of polypeptides conserved in evolution . | These results are the first to demonstrate the structural organization of a <dna>vertebrate gene</dna> encoding an <protein>integral membrane protein</protein> of the nuclear envelope that may be a member of a family of polypeptides conserved in evolution . |
328 | Retinoic acid-induced expression of CD38 antigen in myeloid cells is mediated through retinoic acid receptor-alpha . | Retinoic acid-induced expression of <protein>CD38 antigen</protein> in <cell_type>myeloid cells</cell_type> is mediated through <protein>retinoic acid receptor-alpha</protein> . |
329 | CD38 is a leukocyte differentiation antigen that has been thought to be a phenotypic marker of different subpopulations of T- and B- lymphocytes . | <protein>CD38</protein> is a <protein>leukocyte differentiation antigen</protein> that has been thought to be a phenotypic marker of different subpopulations of <cell_type>T- and B- lymphocytes</cell_type> . |
330 | In myeloid cells , CD38 is expressed during early stages of differentiation . | In <cell_type>myeloid cells</cell_type> , <protein>CD38</protein> is expressed during early stages of differentiation . |
331 | Virtually no information is available on regulation and functions of CD38 . | Virtually no information is available on regulation and functions of <protein>CD38</protein> . |
332 | Recently we reported that all-trans-retinoic acid ( ATRA ) is a potent and highly specific inducer of CD38 expression in human promyelocytic leukemia cells . | Recently we reported that all-trans-retinoic acid ( ATRA ) is a potent and highly specific inducer of <protein>CD38</protein> expression in <cell_type>human promyelocytic leukemia cells</cell_type> . |
333 | Here we report that ATRA-induced expression of CD38 antigen in myeloid cells is mediated through retinoic acid-alpha receptor ( RAR alpha ) . | Here we report that ATRA-induced expression of <protein>CD38 antigen</protein> in <cell_type>myeloid cells</cell_type> is mediated through <protein>retinoic acid-alpha receptor</protein> ( <protein>RAR alpha</protein> ) . |
334 | ATRA failed to induce CD38 expression in a mutant subclone of the HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell line ( designated HL-60R ) that is relatively resistant to ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation . | ATRA failed to induce <protein>CD38</protein> expression in a <cell_line>mutant subclone</cell_line> of the <cell_line>HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell line</cell_line> ( designated <cell_line>HL-60R</cell_line> ) that is relatively resistant to ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation . |
335 | Retroviral vector-mediated transduction of RA receptor ( RAR alpha ) into this HL-60R subclone completely restored the sensitivity of these cells to ATRA in terms of their ability to express CD38 . | Retroviral vector-mediated transduction of <protein>RA receptor</protein> ( <protein>RAR alpha</protein> ) into this <cell_line>HL-60R subclone</cell_line> completely restored the sensitivity of these cells to ATRA in terms of their ability to express <protein>CD38</protein> . |
336 | In contrast , CD38 expression was not inducible by ATRA in HL-60R cells , transfected with a functional RAR beta , RAR gamma , or RXR alpha receptor . | In contrast , <protein>CD38</protein> expression was not inducible by ATRA in <cell_line>HL-60R cells</cell_line> , transfected with a functional <protein>RAR beta</protein> , <protein>RAR gamma</protein> , or <protein>RXR alpha receptor</protein> . |
337 | Induction of CD38 in acute promyelocytic and acute myeloblastic leukemia cells was independent of ATRA-induced cytodifferentiation . | Induction of <protein>CD38</protein> in <cell_type>acute promyelocytic and acute myeloblastic leukemia cells</cell_type> was independent of ATRA-induced cytodifferentiation . |
338 | Following culture with ATRA , increased CD38 protein levels were also observed in normal CD34+ bone marrow cells , but not on normal circulating granulocytes . | Following culture with ATRA , increased <protein>CD38</protein> protein levels were also observed in <cell_type>normal CD34+ bone marrow cells</cell_type> , but not on <cell_type>normal circulating granulocytes</cell_type> . |
339 | From these results , we conclude that CD38 is ATRA inducible in myeloid leukemia cells and normal CD34+ bone marrow cells . | From these results , we conclude that <protein>CD38</protein> is ATRA inducible in <cell_type>myeloid leukemia cells</cell_type> and <cell_type>normal CD34+ bone marrow cells</cell_type> . |
340 | This effect is independent of differentiation and is mediated by RAR alpha in HL-60 cells , suggesting a similar role for RAR alpha in CD38 expression in other hematopoietic cells . | This effect is independent of differentiation and is mediated by <protein>RAR alpha</protein> in <cell_type>HL-60 cells</cell_type> , suggesting a similar role for <protein>RAR alpha</protein> in <protein>CD38</protein> expression in other <cell_type>hematopoietic cells</cell_type> . |
341 | Some antioxidants inhibit , in a co-ordinate fashion , the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha , IL-beta , and IL-6 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells . | Some antioxidants inhibit , in a co-ordinate fashion , the production of <protein>tumor necrosis factor-alpha</protein> , <protein>IL-beta</protein> , and <protein>IL-6</protein> by <cell_type>human peripheral blood mononuclear cells</cell_type> . |
342 | Some antioxidants , including butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA ) , tetrahydropapaveroline ( THP ) , nordihydroguiauretic acid , and 10 , 11-dihydroxyaporphine ( DHA ) , were found to be potent inhibitors of the production of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha , IL-1 beta , and IL-6 by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC ) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) ( IC50s in the low micromolar range ) . | Some antioxidants , including butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA ) , tetrahydropapaveroline ( THP ) , nordihydroguiauretic acid , and 10 , 11-dihydroxyaporphine ( DHA ) , were found to be potent inhibitors of the production of <protein>tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha</protein> , <protein>IL-1 beta</protein> , and <protein>IL-6</protein> by <cell_type>human peripheral blood mononuclear cells</cell_type> ( <cell_type>PBMC</cell_type> ) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) ( IC50s in the low micromolar range ) . |
343 | Inhibition of cytokine production was gene selective and not due to general effects on protein synthesis . | Inhibition of <protein>cytokine</protein> production was gene selective and not due to general effects on protein synthesis . |
344 | Inhibition of cytokine production by PBMC was observed also when other inducers were used ( staphylococci , silica , zymosan ) . | Inhibition of <protein>cytokine</protein> production by <cell_type>PBMC</cell_type> was observed also when other inducers were used ( staphylococci , silica , zymosan ) . |
345 | Much higher concentrations of other antioxidants -- including ascorbic acid , trolox , alpha-tocopherol , butylated hydroxytoluene , and the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton -- did not affect the production of these cytokines . | Much higher concentrations of other antioxidants -- including ascorbic acid , trolox , alpha-tocopherol , butylated hydroxytoluene , and the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton -- did not affect the production of these <protein>cytokines</protein> . |
346 | The active compounds did not inhibit IL-1 -induced production of IL-6 in fibroblasts , showing the cell selectivity of the effect . | The active compounds did not inhibit <protein>IL-1</protein> -induced production of <protein>IL-6</protein> in <cell_type>fibroblasts</cell_type> , showing the cell selectivity of the effect . |
347 | Antioxidant-mediated inhibition of cytokine production was correlated with low levels of the corresponding messenger RNAs . | Antioxidant-mediated inhibition of <protein>cytokine</protein> production was correlated with low levels of the corresponding <rna>messenger RNAs</rna> . |
348 | Nuclear run-on experiments showed that THP inhibited transcription of the IL-1 beta gene . | Nuclear run-on experiments showed that THP inhibited transcription of the <dna>IL-1 beta gene</dna> . |
349 | THP decreased the concentration of the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 detected in nuclear extracts of PBMC cultured in the presence or absence of LPS . | THP decreased the concentration of the <protein>transcription factors</protein> <protein>NF-kappa B</protein> and <protein>AP-1</protein> detected in nuclear extracts of <cell_type>PBMC</cell_type> cultured in the presence or absence of LPS . |
350 | THP and DHA markedly decreased the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the circulation of mice following LPS injection . | THP and DHA markedly decreased the levels of <protein>TNF-alpha</protein> and <protein>IL-1 beta</protein> in the circulation of mice following LPS injection . |
351 | Thus antioxidants vary widely in potency as inhibitors of the activation of transcription factors and of the transcription of genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines . | Thus antioxidants vary widely in potency as inhibitors of the activation of <protein>transcription factors</protein> and of the transcription of <dna>genes</dna> for <protein>pro-inflammatory cytokines</protein> . |
352 | Coordinate inhibition of the transcription of genes for inflammatory cytokines could provide a strategy for therapy of diseases with inflammatory pathogenesis and for septic shock . | Coordinate inhibition of the transcription of genes for inflammatory <protein>cytokines</protein> could provide a strategy for therapy of diseases with inflammatory pathogenesis and for septic shock . |
353 | An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor : IL-4 Stat . | An <protein>interleukin-4-induced transcription factor</protein> : <protein>IL-4 Stat</protein> . |
354 | Interleukin-4 ( IL-4 ) is an immunomodulatory cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes , basophils , and mast cells . | <protein>Interleukin-4</protein> ( <protein>IL-4</protein> ) is an immunomodulatory cytokine secreted by activated <cell_type>T lymphocytes</cell_type> , <cell_type>basophils</cell_type> , and <cell_type>mast cells</cell_type> . |
355 | It plays an important role in modulating the balance of T helper ( Th ) cell subsets , favoring expansion of the Th2 lineage relative to Th1 . | It plays an important role in modulating the balance of <cell_type>T helper ( Th ) cell subsets</cell_type> , favoring expansion of the <cell_type>Th2 lineage</cell_type> relative to <cell_type>Th1</cell_type> . |
356 | Imbalance of these T lymphocyte subsets has been implicated in immunological diseases including allergy , inflammation , and autoimmune disease . | Imbalance of these <cell_type>T lymphocyte subsets</cell_type> has been implicated in immunological diseases including allergy , inflammation , and autoimmune disease . |
357 | IL-4 may mediate its biological effects , at least in part , by activating a tyrosine-phosphorylated DNA binding protein . | <protein>IL-4</protein> may mediate its biological effects , at least in part , by activating a <protein>tyrosine-phosphorylated DNA binding protein</protein> . |
358 | This protein has now been purified and its encoding gene cloned . | This protein has now been purified and its encoding gene cloned . |
359 | Examination of the primary amino acid sequence of this protein indicates that it is a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription ( Stat ) family of DNA binding proteins , hereby designated IL-4 Stat . | Examination of the primary amino acid sequence of this protein indicates that it is a member of the <protein>signal transducers and activators of transcription ( Stat ) family</protein> of <protein>DNA binding proteins</protein> , hereby designated <protein>IL-4 Stat</protein> . |
360 | Study of the inhibitory activities of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides derived from the intracellular domain of the IL-4 receptor provided evidence for direct coupling of receptor and transcription factor during the IL-4 Stat activation cycle . | Study of the inhibitory activities of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides derived from the <protein>intracellular domain of the IL-4 receptor</protein> provided evidence for direct coupling of <protein>receptor</protein> and <protein>transcription factor</protein> during the <protein>IL-4 Stat</protein> activation cycle . |
361 | Such observations indicate that IL-4 Stat has the same functional domain for both receptor coupling and dimerization . | Such observations indicate that <protein>IL-4 Stat</protein> has the same <protein>functional domain</protein> for both receptor coupling and dimerization . |
362 | Evaluation of the respiratory epithelium of normals and individuals with cystic fibrosis for the presence of adenovirus E1a sequences relevant to the use of E1a- adenovirus vectors for gene therapy for the respiratory manifestations of cystic fibrosis . | Evaluation of the respiratory epithelium of normals and individuals with cystic fibrosis for the presence of <dna>adenovirus E1a sequences</dna> relevant to the use of E1a- adenovirus vectors for gene therapy for the respiratory manifestations of cystic fibrosis . |
363 | Lung disease associated with disorders such as cystic fibrosis ( CF ) may be amenable to somatic gene therapy in which there is delivery of the normal gene directly to the respiratory epithelium using E1a- adenovirus ( Ad ) type 2- or 5-based vectors . | Lung disease associated with disorders such as cystic fibrosis ( CF ) may be amenable to somatic gene therapy in which there is delivery of the <dna>normal gene</dna> directly to the respiratory epithelium using E1a- adenovirus ( Ad ) type 2- or 5-based vectors . |
364 | For safety reasons , the Ad vectors are rendered replication deficient by deletion of the E1a region . | For safety reasons , the Ad vectors are rendered replication deficient by deletion of the <dna>E1a region</dna> . |
365 | Because there is the theoretical possibility of an E1a- replication-deficient vector replicating as a result of recombination or complementation with Ad 2/5 E1a sequences present in the target cell , this study is directed toward evaluating respiratory epithelium of normals and individuals with CF for the presence of E1a sequences . | Because there is the theoretical possibility of an E1a- replication-deficient vector replicating as a result of recombination or complementation with <dna>Ad 2/5 E1a sequences</dna> present in the target cell , this study is directed toward evaluating respiratory epithelium of normals and individuals with CF for the presence of E1a sequences . |
366 | Using Ad 2/5 E1a-specific primers and the polymerase chain reaction to evaluate DNA recovered from freshly isolated nasal and bronchial epithelium recovered by brushing , E1a sequences were detected in respiratory epithelium of 19 of 91 normals ( 21 % ) . | Using <dna>Ad 2/5 E1a-specific primers</dna> and the polymerase chain reaction to evaluate DNA recovered from freshly isolated nasal and bronchial epithelium recovered by brushing , <dna>E1a sequences</dna> were detected in respiratory epithelium of 19 of 91 normals ( 21 % ) . |
367 | In the E1a-positive samples , the average of E1a copy number was 55 +/- 18/10 ( 3 ) recovered cells . | In the E1a-positive samples , the average of E1a copy number was 55 +/- 18/10 ( 3 ) recovered cells . |
368 | In CF individuals , 7 of 52 ( 13 % ) had detectable E1a sequences in the respiratory epithelium , with E1a copy number in the positive samples of 80 +/- 21/10 ( 3 ) recovered cells . | In CF individuals , 7 of 52 ( 13 % ) had detectable <dna>E1a sequences</dna> in the respiratory epithelium , with E1a copy number in the positive samples of 80 +/- 21/10 ( 3 ) recovered cells . |
369 | These results demonstrate that there are detectable Ad 2/5 E1a sequences in the respiratory epithelium of a small percentage of normals and individuals with CF . | These results demonstrate that there are detectable <dna>Ad 2/5 E1a sequences</dna> in the respiratory epithelium of a small percentage of normals and individuals with CF . |
370 | Because of the theoretical potential of such sequences supporting replication of E1a- Ad vectors , human gene therapy protocols for CF utilizing such vectors should consider evaluating study individuals for the presence of Ad 2/5 E1a sequences in the respiratory epithelium . | Because of the theoretical potential of such sequences supporting replication of E1a- Ad vectors , human gene therapy protocols for CF utilizing such vectors should consider evaluating study individuals for the presence of <dna>Ad 2/5 E1a sequences</dna> in the respiratory epithelium . |
371 | Leiomyosarcoma of the vulva : report of a case . | Leiomyosarcoma of the vulva : report of a case . |
372 | A 52-year-old female presented with a progressively enlarging vulvar mass . | A 52-year-old female presented with a progressively enlarging vulvar mass . |
373 | Pathological evaluation revealed a high-grade vulvar leiomyosarcoma . | Pathological evaluation revealed a high-grade vulvar leiomyosarcoma . |
374 | Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed to support the diagnosis . | Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed to support the diagnosis . |
375 | In an effort to better understand the biology of this tumor additional immunohistochemical studies for the protein product of p53 tumor suppressor gene and estrogen receptor expression by tumor cells , as well as the type of immune cells infiltrating the tumor were performed . | In an effort to better understand the biology of this tumor additional immunohistochemical studies for the <protein>protein product</protein> of <dna>p53 tumor suppressor gene</dna> and <protein>estrogen receptor</protein> expression by <cell_type>tumor cells</cell_type> , as well as the type of <cell_type>immune cells</cell_type> infiltrating the tumor were performed . |
376 | Tumor cells showed an overexpression of p53 protein and were estrogen receptor -positive . | <cell_type>Tumor cells</cell_type> showed an overexpression of <protein>p53 protein</protein> and were <protein>estrogen receptor</protein> -positive . |
377 | Macrophages and T and B lymphocytes infiltrated the tumor in moderate numbers with occasional lymphoid aggregate formation . | <cell_type>Macrophages</cell_type> and <cell_type>T and B lymphocytes</cell_type> infiltrated the tumor in moderate numbers with occasional lymphoid aggregate formation . |
378 | This study is the first attempt to better understand the biology of these tumors . | This study is the first attempt to better understand the biology of these tumors . |
379 | Stimulation of HIV replication in mononuclear phagocytes by leukemia inhibitory factor . | Stimulation of HIV replication in <cell_type>mononuclear phagocytes</cell_type> by <protein>leukemia inhibitory factor</protein> . |
380 | This study examined the effects of leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) on human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) replication in mononuclear phagocytes ( MNP ) . | This study examined the effects of <protein>leukemia inhibitory factor</protein> ( <protein>LIF</protein> ) on human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) replication in <cell_type>mononuclear phagocytes</cell_type> ( <cell_type>MNP</cell_type> ) . |
381 | LIF induced a dose-dependent increase in p24 antigen production in the chronically infected promonocytic cell line U1 . | <protein>LIF</protein> induced a dose-dependent increase in <protein>p24 antigen</protein> production in the <cell_line>chronically infected promonocytic cell line U1</cell_line> . |
382 | The magnitude and time kinetics of the LIF effects were similar to interleukin 1 ( IL-1 ) , IL-6 , and tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) , other cytokines known to induce HIV replication in this cell line . | The magnitude and time kinetics of the <protein>LIF</protein> effects were similar to <protein>interleukin 1</protein> ( <protein>IL-1</protein> ) , <protein>IL-6</protein> , and <protein>tumor necrosis factor</protein> ( <protein>TNF</protein> ) , other cytokines known to induce HIV replication in this cell line . |
383 | To characterize mechanisms responsible for these LIF effects , levels of HIV mRNA , activation of the DNA binding protein nuclear factor ( NF ) -kB , signal transduction pathways , and potential interactions with other cytokines were analyzed . | To characterize mechanisms responsible for these <protein>LIF</protein> effects , levels of <rna>HIV mRNA</rna> , activation of the <protein>DNA binding protein nuclear factor</protein> <protein>( NF ) -kB</protein> , signal transduction pathways , and potential interactions with other <protein>cytokines</protein> were analyzed . |
384 | LIF increased steady-state levels of HIV mRNA at 2.0 , 4.3 , and 9.2 kB . | <protein>LIF</protein> increased steady-state levels of <rna>HIV mRNA</rna> at 2.0 , 4.3 , and 9.2 kB . |
385 | This was detectable by 24 h and persisted until 72 h . | This was detectable by 24 h and persisted until 72 h . |
386 | The DNA binding protein NF-kB is a central mediator in cytokine activation of HIV transcription . | The <protein>DNA binding protein NF-kB</protein> is a central mediator in <protein>cytokine</protein> activation of HIV transcription . |
387 | NF-kB levels were higher in unstimulated U1 cells as compared to the parent cell line U937 . | <protein>NF-kB</protein> levels were higher in <cell_line>unstimulated U1 cells</cell_line> as compared to the <cell_line>parent cell line</cell_line> <cell_line>U937</cell_line> . |
388 | In both cell lines LIF increased NF-kB activity . | In both cell lines <protein>LIF</protein> increased <protein>NF-kB</protein> activity . |
389 | Induction of NF-kB and HIV replication by cytokines are at least in part dependent on reactive oxygen intermediates . | Induction of <protein>NF-kB</protein> and HIV replication by <protein>cytokines</protein> are at least in part dependent on reactive oxygen intermediates . |
390 | The oxygen radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine , but not an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase , inhibited LIF -induced HIV replication . | The oxygen radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine , but not an inhibitor of <protein>nitric oxide synthase</protein> , inhibited <protein>LIF</protein> -induced HIV replication . |
391 | LIF induces the production of other cytokines in monocytes but its effects on HIV replication were not inhibited by antibodies to IL-1 , TNF , or IL-6 . | <protein>LIF</protein> induces the production of other <protein>cytokines</protein> in monocytes but its effects on HIV replication were not inhibited by <protein>antibodies</protein> to <protein>IL-1</protein> , <protein>TNF</protein> , or <protein>IL-6</protein> . |
392 | These results identify LIF as a stimulus of HIV replication . | These results identify <protein>LIF</protein> as a stimulus of HIV replication . |
393 | ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) | ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS ) |
394 | Mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a human B lymphoma cell line , B104 , by anti-MHC class II antibodies . | Mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a <cell_line>human B lymphoma cell line</cell_line> , <cell_line>B104</cell_line> , by <protein>anti-MHC class II antibodies</protein> . |
395 | The mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a human B lymphoma cell line , B104 , by anti-MHC class II antibodies ( Ab ) were compared with those in anti-IgM Ab -induced B104 growth inhibition . | The mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a <cell_line>human B lymphoma cell line</cell_line> , <cell_line>B104</cell_line> , by <protein>anti-MHC class II antibodies</protein> ( <protein>Ab</protein> ) were compared with those in <protein>anti-IgM Ab</protein> -induced B104 growth inhibition . |
396 | Two anti-MHC class II Ab , L227 and 2.06 , inhibited the growth of B104 cells , although 2.06 , but not L227 , needed to be further cross-linked with a goat anti-mouse IgG Ab ( GAM ) to show the effect . | Two <protein>anti-MHC class II Ab</protein> , <protein>L227</protein> and <protein>2.06</protein> , inhibited the growth of <cell_line>B104 cells</cell_line> , although <protein>2.06</protein> , but not <protein>L227</protein> , needed to be further cross-linked with a <protein>goat anti-mouse IgG Ab</protein> ( <protein>GAM</protein> ) to show the effect . |
397 | L227 induced an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ( [ Ca2+ ] i ) from the intracellular pool and little or no protein tyrosine phosphorylation , phosphatidyl inositol turnover , or expression of Egr-1 mRNA , whereas 2.06 plus GAM induced an increase in [ Ca2+ ] i from both the intracellular and , in particular , the extracellular pools . | <protein>L227</protein> induced an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ( [ Ca2+ ] i ) from the intracellular pool and little or no protein tyrosine phosphorylation , phosphatidyl inositol turnover , or expression of <rna>Egr-1 mRNA</rna> , whereas <protein>2.06</protein> plus <protein>GAM</protein> induced an increase in [ Ca2+ ] i from both the intracellular and , in particular , the extracellular pools . |
398 | The inhibition of B104 cell growth induced by anti-MHC class II Ab was Ca ( 2+ ) -independent and not inhibited by actinomycin D or cyclosporin A , and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M interphase was not observed . | The inhibition of <cell_line>B104 cell</cell_line> growth induced by <protein>anti-MHC class II Ab</protein> was Ca ( 2+ ) -independent and not inhibited by actinomycin D or cyclosporin A , and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M interphase was not observed . |
399 | These features are very different from those observed in B104 cell death induced by anti-IgM Ab . | These features are very different from those observed in <cell_line>B104 cell</cell_line> death induced by <protein>anti-IgM Ab</protein> . |
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