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A radioactive source is a known quantity of a radionuclide which emits ionizing radiation ; typically one or more of the radiation types gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutron radiation. |
In the past 4 decades about 500 randomized trials have examined the effects of psychological treatments of adult depression. In this article the results of a series of metaanalyses of these trials are summarised. Several types of psychotherapy have been examined, including cognitive behaviour ther-apy, behavioural acti... |
Language equations are mathematical statements that resemble numerical equations, but the variables assume values of formal languages rather than numbers. |
Fission releases energy and neutrons. |
The volume of an irregularly shaped solid can be measured by the displacement method. You can read below how this method works. For a video on the displacement method, go to this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=e0geXKxeTn4 . |
Adding a solute increases the boiling point of a pure solvent. This change can be calculated using the equation . |
14.3 Motor Responses The motor components of the somatic nervous system begin with the frontal lobe of the brain, where the prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher functions such as working memory. The integrative and associate functions of the prefrontal lobe feed into the secondary motor areas, which help plan mo... |
A non-expanding horizon (NEH) is an enclosed null surface whose intrinsic structure is preserved. |
We study the exponential behaviour and stabilizability of the following abstract nonlinear stochastic evolution equation partial derivative tu(t) + Au(t) + B(u(t), u(t)) + Ru(t) = f + sigma(t, u)W(t), where sigma(t, u)W is a multiplicative white noise in time with spatial correlation. Applications to concrete models in... |
Medically assisted procreation significantly contributes to an increase in twin pregnancies. One of the major factors contributing to more twin births is the use of fertility treatments. Twin pregnancy is not without a risk for fetal organ development and the health outcome of new-borns, children, and adults. Multiple ... |
A band-pass filter or bandpass filter (BPF) is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range. |
Most flatworms have a distinct head region that includes nerve cells and sensory organs, such as eyespots. The development of a head region, called cephalization , evolved at the same time as bilateral symmetry in animals. This process does not occur in cnidarians, which evolved prior to flatworms and have radial symme... |
In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun. |
Children can easily make log cabins and other structures from the tiny wooden logs. |
A chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst can gather information by obtaining the decryptions of chosen ciphertexts. |
In mathematics, specifically in homotopy theory, a classifying space BG of a topological group G is the quotient of a weakly contractible space EG ( i.e. |
The rapid growth in nanoscience and technology and its implementation in modern 'flat world' industry and engineering are calling for a new curriculum for engineering education. The change in curriculum involves the introduction of new concepts and examples at scales that are new territories for engineers. These territ... |
Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and that differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. |
15.11 Amines: Structures and Names LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the general structure for an amine. Identify the functional group for amines. Determine the structural feature that classifies amines as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Use nomenclature systems to name amines. Amines are classified according to the number... |
Background: Peanuts are the most common food to provoke fatal or near-fatal anaphylactic reactions. Treatment with an anti-hIgE mAb is efficacious but requires frequent parenteral administration. Objective: Based on the knowledge that peanut allergy is mediated by peanut-specific IgE, we hypothesized that a single admi... |
Mechanical weathering creates sediment that is transported via wind, water, and ice. |
In mathematics, subadditivity is a property of a function that states, roughly, that evaluating the function for the sum of two elements of the domain always returns something less than or equal to the sum of the function 's values at each element. |
If the rocks on one or both sides of a fracture move, the fracture is called a fault ( Figure below ). Faults can occur alone or in clusters. A cluster of faults creates a fault zone . Earthquakes happen when rocks break and move suddenly. The energy released causes an earthquake. |
In mathematics, the rank of an elliptic curve is the rational Mordell–Weil rank of an elliptic curve E { \displaystyle E } defined over the field of rational numbers. |
Media literacy encompasses the practices that allow people to access, critically evaluate, and create or manipulate media. |
Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic disease among children. To characterize the disease, a modified classification of severity (m-ARIA) has recently been validated in AR children. When medical treatment fails, surgery for nasal obstructive disorders (NOD) may be a therapeutic option. Our objec... |
camouflage can be used for hunting for prey |
Living chordates are mainly vertebrates. In vertebrates, the notochord develops into a backbone, or vertebral column, after the embryonic stage. A small percentage of chordates are invertebrates. Their notochord never develops into a backbone. Invertebrate chordates include tunicates and lancelets. Both groups of anima... |
Integration of CCHP systems into large buildings provides considerable advantages, as far as the economy, energy consumption and environment related issues are concerned. In this paper, the integration of a hybrid CCHP system into a commercial building is studied. The hybrid CCHP system consists of a renewable and a no... |
Objective: Thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity is a common complication in the late stage of ankylosing spondylitis. The aim of this study was to compare the correction efficacy for ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis using preoperative osteotomy designs of papercut (PC)/splice and Photoshop (PS). Methods: This was a retrospe... |
Modal identification based on ambient vibration data has attracted extensive attention in the past few decades. Since the excitation for ambient vibration tests is mainly from the environmental effects such as wind and traffic loading and no artificial excitation is applied, the signal to noise (s/n) ratio of the data ... |
Competition may lead to aggressive behaviors or displays of aggression. |
TORCS (The Open Racing Car Simulator) is an open-source 3D car racing simulator available for Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, AmigaOS 4, AROS, MorphOS and Microsoft Windows. |
Air pollution is caused by the build-up of harmful gases and particles in the air. |
Increased angiogenesis in BCR-ABL1 negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) has been recognized, but its connection with clinical and molecular markers needs to be defined. The aims of study were to (1) assess bone marrow (BM) angiogenesis measured by microvessel density (MVD) using CD34 and CD105 antibodies; (2) a... |
In telecommunication, a recovery procedure is a process that attempts to bring a system back to a normal operating state. |
In many low-to-mid power applications, critical mode boost power factor corrector converters are widely used because of its low switching loss and simple control. However, near the zero crossing of the input line voltage, an input current distortion and a low power factor are caused by delayed switching period and nega... |
Although Small Hydropower Projects (SHPs) are encouraged as sources of clean and green energy, there is a paucity of research examining their socio-ecological impacts. We assessed the perceived socio-ecological impacts of 4 SHPs within the Western Ghats in India by conducting semi-structured interviews with local respo... |
Force is defined as a push or pull acting on an object. There are several fundamental forces in the universe, including the force of gravity, electromagnetic force, and weak and strong nuclear forces. When it comes to the motion of everyday objects, however, the forces of interest include mainly gravity, friction, and ... |
Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. |
Background: Several Computerized Adaptive Tests (CATs) have been proposed to facilitate assessments in mental health. These tests are built in a standard way, disregarding useful and usually available information not included in the assessment scales that could increase the precision and utility of CATs, such as the hi... |
Introduction All living things on earth are formed mostly of carbon compounds. The prevalence of carbon compounds in living things has led to the epithet “carbon-based” life. The truth is we know of no other kind of life. Early chemists regarded substances isolated from organisms (plants and animals) as a different typ... |
Conduction As you walk barefoot across the living room carpet in a cold house and then step onto the kitchen tile floor, your feet feel colder on the tile. This result is intriguing, since the carpet and tile floor are both at the same temperature. The different sensation is explained by the different rates of heat tra... |
Specialized cells may be organized into tissues. A tissue is a group of cells of the same kind that performs the same function. For example, muscle cells are organized into muscle tissue. The function of muscle tissue is to contract in order to move the body or its parts. |
One major problem of solar cells is the decrease in efficiency due to an increase in temperature when operating under constant irradiation of solar energy. The combination of solar cell and a thermoelectric generator is one of the methods proposed to solve this problem. In this paper, the performance of thermo-photovol... |
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a technique that resolves chromosome-sized DNA molecules in an agarose gel. As well as DNA mapping and karyotyping applications, PFGE techniques are well adapted to follow DNA rearrangements over time in a quantitative manner. Because of the very large sizes of the DNA molecul... |
Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction found in plants. This type of reproduction occurs when new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores. The formation of new plants out of rhizomes or stolons is an example of vegetative reproductive, such as in the strawberry plant. Other p... |
We introduce a versatile carrier system for in vitro and in vivo immune stimulation based on soft matter DNA nanoparticles (NPs). The incorporation of lipid-modified nucleotides into DNA strands enables the formation of micelles of uniform size. In a single self-assembly step, the micelles can be equipped with immune a... |
Interest, in finance and economics, is payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate. |
A novel generalized pattern search (GPS)-based cellular automata (GPS-CA) model was developed to simulate urban land-use change in a GIS environment. The model is built on a fitness function that computes the difference between the observed results produced from remote-sensing images and the simulated results produced ... |
Secondary emission in physics is a phenomenon where primary incident particles of sufficient energy, when hitting a surface or passing through some material, induce the emission of secondary particles. |
Nanometrology is a subfield of metrology, concerned with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level. |
In particle physics, the threshold energy for production of a particle is the minimum kinetic energy a pair of traveling particles must have when they collide. |
In order to reduce the time complexity of situation element acquisition and to cope with the low detection accuracy of small class samples caused by imbalanced class distribution of attack samples in wireless sensor networks, a situation element extraction mechanism based on deep auto-encoder network is proposed. In th... |
Nanostructured cobalt oxide (Co3O4) has been regarded to be of great interest for catalysis, gas sensors, and energy conversion/storage. In this paper, we reported a water vapor-assisted thermal oxidation approach for the scalable synthesis of free-standing Co3O4 nanowires with controlled size, crystallization, and spa... |
Many fungi get organic compounds from living organisms. They have close relationships with other species. A close relationship between two species is called a symbiotic relationship. Two symbiotic relationships in fungi are mycorrhiza and lichen. These relationships are beneficial for both species. |
Day by day network and internet applications is becoming very popular. Sensitive information requires security and safety measures. Security is the most challenging aspect in the internet and network applications. Encryption algorithm provides the necessary protection against the data intruders' attacks by converting i... |
Background: Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encounter many difficulties finding and accessing health care services. Despite this, few studies have considered the health service use patterns of adults with ASD without intellectual disability (ID). Objectives: The current study examines a diverse range of medi... |
Among the minorities underserved by today's healthcare system, the lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) population may be the least studied, and the least understood by healthcare providers. High-quality evidence is often lacking regarding optimal preventive care measures, both in medical areas that (to date) fail to identi... |
A method to characterize small antennas in their actual operating conditions is presented. The proposed procedure is based on the radar cross section (RCS) measurement technique using backscattering modulation. A theoretical description of the measurement setup based on the signal flow graph representation is presented... |
Background: There is considerable evidence that outcome expectations may predict psychotherapy outcomes. However, little is known about the long-term outcome expectations following the end of the treatment.Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' long-term outcome expectations after trauma-focused post-tra... |
Purpose: The contribution of intestinal bacterial strains (gut microbiota) in human metabolism and obesity is being increasingly recognized. The goal of this article was to provide a commentary on the clinical usefulness of these data. Methods: We performed a review of the currently available articles on PubMed. Findin... |
This paper presents a novel two-step method for automated design of self-stabilization. The first step enables the specification of legitimate states and an intuitive (but imprecise) specification of the desired functional behaviors in the set of legitimate states (hence the term "shadow"). After creating the shadow sp... |
This paper presents a voltage mode first order all pass filter using one differential difference current conveyor (DDCC) as active element and resistor and capacitor one each as passive elements. The proposed circuit realizes first-order all-pass functions without any component matching constraints. Hence phase shifted... |
Attention biases to sleep-related stimuli are held to play a key role in the development and maintenance of insomnia, but such biases have only been shown with controlled visual displays. This study investigated whether observers with insomnia symptoms allocate attention to sleep-related items in natural scenes, by rec... |
The fatigue strength of a high V alloyed powder metallurgy tool steel with two different inclusion size levels, tempered at different temperatures, was investigated by a series of high cycle fatigue tests. It was shown that brittle inclusions with large sizes above 30 mu m prompted the occurrence of subsurface crack in... |
Thermonuclear fusion is the process of atoms combining or “ fusing ” together with huge amounts of heat. |
Muscles can only contract. They can’t actively lengthen. Therefore, to move bones back and forth at a joint, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. For example, the bicep and triceps muscles of the upper arm work as a pair. You can see how this pair of muscles works in Figure below . When the bicep muscle contracts, it b... |
Chikungunya virus is a growing human pathogen transmitted by mosquito bite. It causes fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, headache, and swelling in the joints. Its replication and propagation depend on the protease activity of the Chikungunya virus-nsP2 protein, which cleaves the nsP1234 polyprotein replicatio... |
Credibility comprises the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. |
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a stable model category is a pointed model category in which the suspension functor is an equivalence of the homotopy category with itself. |
Uncertainty theory is a branch of mathematics based on normality, monotonicity, self-duality, countable subadditivity, and product measure axioms.Mathematical measures of the likelihood of an event being true include probability theory, capacity, fuzzy logic, possibility, and credibility, as well as uncertainty. |
Structured-light (SL) depth sensors are widely used because of their simplicity in design and ability to process depth data with minimal computational expense. Certain SL light coding methods can, however, lead to a loss of information, as well as inhomogeneous depth errors that depend on the composition and properties... |
In mathematics, the p-adic number system for any prime number p extends the ordinary arithmetic of the rational numbers in a different way from the extension of the rational number system to the real and complex number systems. |
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) catalyses the transglycosylation of xyloglucan, the major hemicellulose polymer, which has been thought to mediate the cross-linkining of cellulose microfibrils in cellular walls and proposed to be involved in the control of cell wall relaxation. To understand the relationship betw... |
When melted or dissolved in water, the crystal lattice is destroyed and the ions move freely. |
Data Management comprises all disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. |
In geometry, a cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or sides, with three meeting at each vertex. |
High tibial osteotomy is an orthopaedic surgical procedure which aims to correct a varus deformation with compartmental osteoarthritis. |
Large 3D model repositories of common objects are now ubiquitous and are increasingly being used in computer graphics and computer vision for both analysis and synthesis tasks. However, images of objects in the real world have a richness of appearance that these repositories do not capture, largely because most existin... |
Evolution occurs in a population when allele frequencies change over time. What causes allele frequencies to change? That question was answered by Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908. |
In mathematics and computer science, a recursive definition, or inductive definition, is used to define the elements in a set in terms of other elements in the set (Aczel 1977:740ff). |
In the philosophy of language and linguistics, speech act is something expressed by an individual that not only presents information but performs an action as well. |
Objectives: Olanzapine is a well established treatment for schizophrenia. The olanzapine pamoate depot (long-acting injectable) formulation improves compliance and clinical trials have shown it to be effective. However, there are no previously published reports evaluating olanzapine depot in violent patients with schiz... |
We have developed a calibration target for use with fluid-immersed endoscopes within the context of the GIFT-Surg (Guided Instrumentation for Fetal Therapy and Surgery) project. One of the aims of this project is to engineer novel, real-time image processing methods for intra-operative use in the treatment of congenita... |
Scientists may publish articles about their research in peer-reviewed science journals. Peer review means that the work is analyzed by peers, in other words, by other scientists. The articles are published only if the other scientists are convinced that the research is accurate and honest. |
A response spectrum is a plot of the peak or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or acceleration) of a series of oscillators of varying natural frequency, that are forced into motion by the same base vibration or shock. |
Purpose - This paper is one of seven in this volume that aims to elaborate different approaches to quality improvement in education. It delineates a methodology called Lean for Education. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents the origins, theoretical foundations, core concepts and a case study demonstrating ... |
In mathematics, a topological semigroup is a semigroup that is simultaneously a topological space, and whose semigroup operation is continuous.Every topological group is a topological semigroup. |
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) undergoes replication independently via latent and lytic pathways. Latent replication is mediated by latent-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), the sole viral trans element for genome maintenance and replication. According to previous studies, LANA tethers the KSHV genome t... |
International standards are technical standards developed by international organizations (intergovernmental organizations), such as Codex Alimentarius in food, the World Health Organization Guidelines in health, or ITU Recommendations in ICT and being publicly funded, are freely available for consideration and use worl... |
In the mathematical fields of graph theory and combinatorics, a matching polynomial (sometimes called an acyclic polynomial) is a generating function of the numbers of matchings of various sizes in a graph. |
Oily wastewater needs to be effectively treated to minimize the hazardousness to the environment. Flotation is an excellent pre-treatment technology for low-content oily wastewater with small oil droplets. The separation process of flotation is very complicated and involves the theories of thermodynamics, kinetics and ... |
Relative dating determines which of two fossils is older or younger than the other, but not their age in years. Relative dating is based on the positions of fossils in rock layers. Lower layers were laid down earlier, so they are assumed to contain older fossils. This is illustrated in Figure below . |
Copper-64 was produced in large scales and high specific activities in late 1990s' using compact cyclotrons based by Ni-64(p,n)Cu-64 reaction and many radiopharmaceuticals developed since then by various groups based on interesting physicochemical and nuclear properties of the radionuclide. The unique emission of beta ... |
The formation of the primary shell is a vital process in marine bivalves. Ocean acidification largely influences shell formation. It has been reported that enzymes involved in phenol oxidation, such as tyrosinase and phenoloxidases, participate in the formation of the periostracum. In the present study, we cloned a tyr... |
Successful regeneration of the cranium in patients suffering from cranial bone defects is an integral step to restore craniofacial function. However, restoration of craniofacial structure has been challenging due to its complex geometry, limited donor site availability, and poor graft integration. To address these prob... |
Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the opinions of educators about the occurrence of injuries in children of different ages during organized and non-organized physical activities in kindergarten. Methods. Our sample included 322 teachers from 53 kindergartens in Slovenia. We calculated the frequencies and ... |
In mathematics, in the area of numerical analysis, Galerkin methods, named after the Russian mathematician Boris Galerkin, convert a continuous operator problem, such as a differential equation, commonly in a weak formulation, to a discrete problem by applying linear constraints determined by finite sets of basis funct... |
Mitosis , or division of the nucleus, occurs only in eukaryotic cells. By the time mitosis occurs, the cell’s DNA has already replicated. Mitosis occurs in four phases, called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. You can see what happens in each phase in Figure below . The phases are described below. You can a... |
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