question stringlengths 37 38.8k | group_id stringlengths 2 6 | sentence_embeddings listlengths 768 768 |
|---|---|---|
<p>Recently, I have heard of the concept of the reinforcement learning and I have got interested in it. So I decided to start a project that uses this kind of machine learning for constructing algorithms from existing knowledge. My problem is that I really don't know all the possible states and actions in order to pred... | g68080 | [
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<p>I want to estimate the shape parameter of gamma distribution in Winbugs.
I select gamma distribution as prior for shape parameter.
Data set is generated using MATLAB as:</p>
<pre><code>gamrnd(5,1,[100 1])
</code></pre>
<p>a small part of data loaded to model is here:</p>
<pre><code>list(n=100,b=1)
y[,1]
9.855098... | g27921 | [
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<p>I'm trying to regress some simple pooled data. My data has 60 observations and three columns: Weight, Height, and Sex (female=1, male=0).</p>
<p>If I regress thus, Weight ~ Height + Sex, my model is fairly satisfactory, but the residuals are not homoscedastic (green errors are male, blue female):</p>
<p><img src="... | g68081 | [
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<p><a href="http://www.jofcis.com/publishedpapers/2012_8_10_4007_4016.pdf" rel="nofollow">Paper1 (freely available)</a> and <a href="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-03220-2_12#page-1" rel="nofollow">Paper2 (Springer)</a> talk about application of fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) for pattern classification. ... | g68082 | [
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<p>I have a stratified random sample based on sampling frame formed from our CRM systems data. </p>
<p>Now when I look responses in different strata they seem to differ. Some stratas have much higher response rate. </p>
<p>My survey variables are mostly preference related, there are few single value answers and m... | g27923 | [
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<p>I am trying to build a system to automatically detect head nods and shakes in videos. I have reliable eyes position information at each frame and I'd like to use the info to perform the detection of nods and shakes.</p>
<p>I did a little browsing on the internet and it looks like Hidden Markov Models have been <a h... | g68083 | [
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<p>What is the default variance-covariance structure for random-effects in <code>glmer</code> in <code>lme4</code> package? How does one specify other variance-covariance structure for random-effects in the code? I could not find any information regarding this in the <code>lme4</code> documentation.</p> | g68084 | [
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<p>I have a question about solving simultaneity in this following case:</p>
<p>Environmental taxes have direct and indirect effect on the change of waste pollution (ΔI). This effect (ΔI) has an indirect influence on environmental taxes in the next year, which may present the problem of simultaneity. However, the annua... | g68085 | [
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<p><em>Disclaimer</em>: I'm not a statistician so I apologize if this is a trivial question or written in a way that convolutes ideas and abuses jargon. It seems like a problem that should be common but I haven't had any luck finding the answer, maybe because I just didn't know the right words...</p>
<p>I have a very... | g48693 | [
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<p>I'm trying to understand the philosophy behind using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) vs a Linear Model (LM).
I've created an example data set below where:</p>
<p>$log(y) = x + \epsilon $. </p>
<p>The example does not have the error $\epsilon$ as a function of the magnitude of $y$, so I would assume that a linear... | g44291 | [
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<p>I was wondering how you get beta values for the final model if you don't
have a reference condition?
I am running a multinominal logistic regression using a dependent variable
that has 6 levels - there is no condition that was a control or justifies
separation from the others, so I don't want a reference category.</... | g47812 | [
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<p>I have a distribution $Y \sim 1/(1-Beta(\alpha,\beta))$.
I would like to understand its properties.</p>
<p>I was able to write down its density function, but I was not able to integrate it to get its mean, for example (except through simulation).</p> | g27926 | [
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<p>The formula one needs to specify for training a multilevel model (using <code>lmer</code> from <code>lme4</code> <code>R</code> library) always gets me. I have read countless textbooks and tutorials, but never properly understood it.</p>
<p>So here's an example from <a href="http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LM... | g68086 | [
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<p>Suggest some Open Source JAVA/C/C++ API's which has classification algorithms such as Decision Trees etc., Have tried out the following R,Weka,OpenNN,FANN.</p> | g68087 | [
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<p>my question is “what is mutual information ?(i understood that it will get some idea about linear as well as nonlinear dependencies) but, how can i interpret it in the plot (ie.,) how can i differentiate the nonlinear from the linear dependencies?</p> | g68088 | [
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<p>What is <code><<-</code> in R? I know <code><-</code> means <em>assignment</em>, but what does <code><<-</code> mean?</p>
<p>Before posting here, I tried searing Google to find out more about the <code><<-</code> operator, but it did not help me.</p> | g27929 | [
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<p>Through a project I am now working on (which I won't link to so to not have this an ad question), I came to realize how difficult it is to find R resources, not in English.</p>
<p>Thus my question is - what resources do you know of, recommend, for learning R in non-English languages? (tutorials, blogs, wiki's, for... | g48719 | [
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<p>Least-angle regression and the lasso tend to produce very similar regularization paths (identical except when a coefficient crosses zero.)</p>
<p>They both can be efficiently fit by virtually identical algorithms.</p>
<p>Is there ever any practical reason to prefer one method over the other?</p> | g48721 | [
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<p>I've come across parts of a derivation of a fixed effects estimator in a paper i don't understand. The log likelihood function is</p>
<p><img src="http://i.stack.imgur.com/JA9Yj.gif" alt="enter image description here"></p>
<p>where $Y_i=(Y_{i1},...,Y_{iT})'$, and $X_i$ is a $T\times k$ matrix $X_{i}=(X_{i1},...,X... | g27932 | [
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<p>I have a collection of products that could be rated as good or bad. Every product has a grade, that is the sum of "good" votes minus the sum of "bad" votes. These products are also split into two categories. What I want to do is compare both categories and see which category has better product grades. </p>
<p>This ... | g27933 | [
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<p>I've fit a system of non-linear ODE to some experimental data using Levemberg-Marquardt. After the algorithm converged, I estimated the Hessian matrix of the system using:</p>
<p>$H = (J^TJ)$</p>
<p>The covariance matrix is then the inverse of H:</p>
<p>$cov = H^{-1}$</p>
<p>To get an unbiased estimate, I resca... | g27934 | [
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<p>Are there some general rules, or Monte Carlo studies, that shows evidence of the approximate number of time periods needed to implement the Newey–West estimator?</p> | g27936 | [
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<p>I am dealing with an example stated in <a href="http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/50836/on-parameter-estimation-using-finddistributionparameters?lq=1">here.</a> </p>
<p>Given the same data in the above link and following a parametric bootstrap method suggested in <a href="http://mathematica.stackexchan... | g68089 | [
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<p>It is well-known that $Cov(X,Y)=0$ means independence if $(X,Y)$ is bi-normal distributed, would this be true for Student-t distributions? If not, could anyone give an counter-example.
Great thanks!</p> | g27937 | [
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<p>I have fitted a Poisson regression model using, <code>model <- glm(y ~ x, family = "poisson", data = df)</code> where length of <code>df</code> is 50 values, and I want to predict <code>y</code> values for new x-vector whose length is 950 by using coding <code>predict(model, newdata = data.frame(x-vector), type =... | g68090 | [
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<p>"Spurious regression" (in the context of time series) and associated terms like unit root tests are something I've heard a lot about, but never understood.</p>
<p>Why/when, intuitively, does it occur? (I believe it's when your two time series are cointegrated, i.e., some linear combination of the two is stationary,... | g68091 | [
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<p>I have several sets of data, unfortunately the data comes to me in a "summary" form. My job is to consolidate the several data sources into one general summary. I'm currently using the median to summarise the data, but I don't know if this is statistically sound. Here's a description of my problem:</p>
<p>There are... | g68092 | [
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<p>I hope this isn't either far too basic or redundant. I have been looking around for guidance but so far I am still uncertain of how to proceed.</p>
<p>My data consists of counts of a particular structure used in conversations between pairs of interlocutors. The hypothesis I want to test is the following: more frequ... | g68093 | [
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<p>I am new to forecasting in R and am trying to automatically fit an ARIMA model to what I believe is a univariate dataset.</p>
<pre><code>> str(p1.z)
'zoo' series from 2009-04-05 to 2010-10-31
Data: int [1:83] 360 570 540 585 570 690 495 660 510 690 ...
Index: Class 'Date' num [1:83] 14339 14346 14353 14360 ... | g27939 | [
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<p>I have a lot of data (temperatures and similar things) collected using automatic devices. Lots of these data is let's call it smooth: even when the temperature increases/decreases fast there are few points indicating that fact like in the figure 1. Unfortunately there also are a lot of data indicating that something... | g23722 | [
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<p>I'm trying to run a QAP logistic regression to predict the odds of a tie in a social network (represented as a binary adjacency matrix) given two independent variables (also binary matrices) but am getting opposite results depending on whether I run the analysis in R or UCINET.</p>
<p>All three matrices are rectang... | g68094 | [
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0.008426442742347717,
0.08730585128068924,
-0.02198454737663269,
-0.... |
<p>I had a plan of learning R in the near future. Reading <a href="http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/3/what-are-some-valuable-statistical-analysis-open-source-projects" rel="nofollow">another question</a> I found out about Clojure. Now I don't know what to do.</p>
<p>I think a big <strong>advantage of R</strong... | g48737 | [
0.03234746679663658,
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0.01064013410359621,
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0.06718193739652634,
0.03... |
<p>On smaller window sizes, <code>n log n</code> sorting might work. Are there any better algorithms to achieve this?</p> | g37692 | [
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0.011769900098443031,
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<p>I have data in Weka .arff multiple-class training and testing data representing daily word frequencies in RSS feeds as follows:</p>
<pre><code>@relation _dm_19040_031925_06112013_1383748052958_Boolean-weka.filters.unsupervised.attribute.NumericToNominal-R193
@attribute Keyword_us_invest_are_Frequency numeric
@attr... | g68095 | [
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0.024... |
<p>I'm interested in learning <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_%28programming_language%29">R</a> on the cheap. What's the best free resource/book/tutorial for learning R?</p> | g49454 | [
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<p>I am conducting a descriptive study, and I am using the entire population in my study and not a sample. I understand that everything I am reporting is a population parameter at this point. However, how do I report the relationships I might find between variables. For example, if I were to set up a contingency tabl... | g68096 | [
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<p>I have a set of observations drawn from an unknown distribution. Given a new observation $x$ I would like to ascertain the probability that $x$ was drawn from the same distribution.</p>
<p>My approach was to use kernel density estimation to estimate the pdf of the initial samples, and then use this to estimate the ... | g68097 | [
0.006653782911598682,
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0.002718882402405143,
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<p>I have a question related to how to set up my survey to collect meaningful data.</p>
<p>I have several hypotheses that look like "A effects B", say "using CrossValidated increases team productivity". I can collect data by doing a survey with participants who (hypothetically) observe these real-world effects in prac... | g27946 | [
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0.04088385030627251,
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0.04... |
<p>Once I have the estimates Beta (Coef) from a discrete hazard model (losgitic regression). How do I compute the hazard rate?</p>
<p>Example from <a href="http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/r/examples/alda/ch12.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/r/examples/alda/ch12.htm</a>:</p>
<pre><code>logitfit <- mod... | g27947 | [
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0.0036259908229112625,
0.05540528893470764,
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0.08959297090768814,
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<blockquote>
<p>We wonder if the colors (of which there are 6) in “Fun Pack” of M & Ms are distributed at random. Let us define as our test statistic $T$ (and there are many ways we could choose to do this) as the minimum number of candies of any color. </p>
<p>a) Write out the null and alternative hypothes... | g68098 | [
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0.001516756252385676,
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<p>Can anyone suggest a standard reference (benchmark) dataset using replicate weights comparable to NIST's Statistical Reference Datasets (<a href="http://itl.nist.gov/div898/strd/" rel="nofollow">http://itl.nist.gov/div898/strd/</a>) for software testing? Ideally the data would have balanced repeated replication (BRR... | g68099 | [
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... |
<p>I wanted to ensure that I understand this correctly. So would be grateful if someone can comment on whether my reasoning is correct. To take my running example, my joint distribution is given as follows:</p>
<p>$$
p(w, \lambda, \phi) = p(\lambda) p(w|\lambda) P(\phi) \mathcal{L}(w, \phi)
$$</p>
<p>where $\mathcal{... | g29786 | [
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<p>I have two random variables (X and Y), each of which is poisson distributed. Can I assume the ratio of both variables (X/Y) to be poisson distributed as well (for an empirical analysis)? Note that Y has very few 0s, and if Y=0, X=0 as well (magically). I have seen other papers posing that 0/0=0 for such cases.</p>
... | g29851 | [
0.02581113949418068,
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<p>I'm working through Andy Field's <em>Discovering Statistics with R</em> and in the repeated measure's section he shows how to calculate Mauchly's $W$ using <code>ezANOVA</code> from the <code>ez</code> package. He then goes on to say that the chi-squared value (approximation not exact) is to be reported in a write ... | g16714 | [
-0.00006730781024089083,
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0.005039051175117493,
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0... |
<p>I want to optimize the parameters that minimize a particular function. These parameters are typically lower and upper bounded (i.e. some can only lie between 0 and 1, some only between 4 and 6, etc.). Some algorithms allow you to set some boundaries, but ideally, I'd like to transform the parameters into a continuou... | g33016 | [
0.0395808145403862,
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0.00638867262750864,
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<p>I am looking for a test similar to a 2-way ANOVA that would work on a binary response variable. My response variable is survival of plant seedlings (alive or dead). My explanatory variables are Treatment (3 treatment groups) and Site (3 sites). </p>
<p>First, I would like to know whether Treatment, Site and their... | g46317 | [
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<p>I performed an experiment using two different methods on same object, the results of the experiments were</p>
<p>Method 1 70,72,70,75 and 77% </p>
<p>Method 2 80,81,67,75 and 82%</p>
<p>On basis on average I claimed that method 2 performs well. But I am asked to provide p values or t-statistics to confirm the res... | g68100 | [
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0.06413675844669342,
0.0... |
<p>I am wondering why $\rho$ is used to denote the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" rel="nofollow">population correlation</a> whereas it's also used to denote the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearman%27s_rank_correlation_coefficient" rel="nofollow">Spearman correlation estimat... | g827 | [
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0.04023304954171181,
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0... |
<p>There have been many debates within statistics between Bayesians and frequentists. I generally find these rather off-putting (although I think it has died down). On the other hand, I've met several people who take an entirely pragmatic view of the issue, saying that sometimes it is more convenient to conduct a fre... | g68101 | [
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<p>I'm currently taking a class covering some topics in machine learning. The class is taught in MATLAB using Liblinear so far. I was curious though what kind of tools people used in the real world to tackle these problems. As I'm learning now, MATLAB is great to get your feet wet, but it is seriously lacking in terms ... | g68102 | [
0.019141385331749916,
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0.05115099996328354,
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<p>I estimated a robust linear model in <code>R</code> with MM weights using the <code>rlm()</code> in the MASS package. `R`` does not provide an $R^2$ value for the model, but I would like to have one if it is a meaningful quantity. I am also interested to know if there is any meaning in having an $R^2$ value that wei... | g68103 | [
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0.022579282522201538,
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0.00... |
<p>What are the steps necessary to calculate the plim of an estimator, when only the general equation form is given? I have looked at resources online, but can't understand how to approach this. </p> | g27959 | [
0.010393804870545864,
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0.004540291614830494,
0.022775160148739815,
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<p>I was asked a question recently which I could not find an answer for and was hoping someone could enlighten me. </p>
<p>The question was regarding the significance of a single variable in a linear model. </p>
<p>What is the difference between a traditional p-value {which you would obtain from the t-statistic form... | g68104 | [
-0.0038203897420316935,
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0.08439187705516815... |
<p>I am exploring the cumulative distribution function of two samples. I am comparing the distribution of observations in which a focal animal was disturbed with the distribution of observations in which a focal animal was not disturbed as a function of distance to the disturbance.</p>
<p>Using program mark I have com... | g27961 | [
0.039591554552316666,
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0.016577182337641716,
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0.051689814776182175,
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<p>I am new to modeling with neural networks, but I managed to establish a neural network with all available data points that fits the observed data well. The neural network was done in R with the nnet package:</p>
<pre><code>require(nnet)
##33.8 is the highest value
mynnet.fit <- nnet(DOC/33.80 ~ ., data = M... | g37942 | [
0.013757279142737389,
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0.007061217445880175,
0.03887636587023735,
0.0059... |
<p>Can anyone tell me what is the best way to report the data from a re model? Should I just reproduce the whole table? Or should I pick out the relevant statistics? I can't find any info on this on the web.</p> | g68105 | [
0.021985596045851707,
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0.005672452040016651,
0.003641306422650814,
0.001863216981291771,
0.06770386546850204,
-0.00... |
<p>I've carried out random effects models on my dependent variables. Some of these give an $F$ statistic that is not significant, meaning my model is not significant. What exactly does this mean? Does it mean that I should disregard the whole thing, even though individual variables in the model are significant?</p> | g68106 | [
-0.03609687462449074,
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0.01640661433339119,
0.018... |
<p>Probably a stupid question, but: I have a couple of variables with different scales - I don't want to use contingency tables so Is there a way to calculate all the correlations with different methods and then compare them? </p> | g68107 | [
0.051500409841537476,
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0.01195606030523777,
0.001299526309594512,
0.0... |
<p>I would like to learn more about the work and statistical methods performed as biostatistician in pharmaceutical companies and clinical research organizations.</p>
<p>It seems the book "Essential Medical Statistics" (Kirkwood et. al) seems useful. In another thread I saw "Clinical Trials: A Methodologic Perspective... | g68108 | [
0.03748661279678345,
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0.011917303316295147,
0.0679120123386383,
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<p>I am reading up on significance tests but I can't quite grasp where the "number of groups" from my example fits in.</p>
<p>When I ask 100 people which party they would vote for, imagine I get these results:</p>
<pre><code>Party A | Party B
-----------------
53 | 47
</code></pre>
<p>This could mean a tendency... | g68109 | [
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0.0037579333875328302,
0.035... |
<p>From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval#Definition" rel="nofollow">Wikipedia</a> for confidence interval, there is a note for the distribution of the sample:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Note that here <strong>$Pr_{θ,φ}$ need not refer to an explicitly given
parameterised family of distributions<... | g68110 | [
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0.027... |
<p>Given $n$ players and $m$ baskets. Each player has random distinct label from the set $\{1, ..., n\}$. Each player $i$ selects a set of baskets $B(i)$ uniformly randomly with probability $p$. Then, each player $i$ puts a paper with his/her label in all the baskets in $B(i)$. A player $i$ win a basket $j \in B(i)$ if... | g68111 | [
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0.01297300960868597,
-0.014959480613470078,
... |
<p>For $M$ and $N$ (both $n \times n$ matrices) and $y$ ($n \times 1$ vector). $M$ and $N$ are idempotent. </p>
<p>If $cov[My,Ny]=Mcov[y]N=0$. That is, $My$ and $Ny$ are independent.</p>
<p>So $y'Ny=(Ny)'(Ny)$ and $y'My=(My)'(My)$ are independent. </p>
<p>We always treat this as a fact, but how to prove it, that is,... | g68112 | [
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0.020373480394482613,
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0... |
<p>For example, I surveyed pest oviposition on plant. I randomly surveyed 50 leaves/tree in 20 trees each time. My survey was repeated (same trees) each week during the growing season of tree(about 4 moths). I get the data in each tree. Sum of them make up the data of each week. How do I analyse these data? In sum of e... | g68113 | [
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0.01... |
<p>Hi I am struggling to understand Ref.df in the output screen in R:</p>
<pre><code>Approximate significance of smooth terms:
edf Ref.df F p-value
s(meangrain) 1.779 2.209 3.193 0.0451 *
s(depth) 2.108 2.697 3.538 0.0254 *
</code></pre>
<p>What does it mean and is it necessary to include... | g68114 | [
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<p>A participant in one experiment needs to decide whether a flash and a sound are simultaneous or not for many possible asynchronies between the flash and the sound (x in seconds). For each asynchrony, the flash and sound are presented 100 times. In the below graph the proportion of 'simultaneous' responses (y) is plo... | g68115 | [
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0.02872779592871666,
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0.0... |
<p>I have a longitudinal data set and I used Amelia to create 5 imputed sets. Then I use the <code>NLME</code> package in <code>R</code> to do growth modelling on each of the imputed data sets separately. I am looking for a feasible way to pool the results together for reporting (including, coefficients, variance decom... | g68116 | [
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0.001429604715667665,
0.011429330334067345,
0.05119231715798378,
0.06211... |
<p>The title says it all. If you are working on a two class classification problem with 50% of instances from each class does it matter which of the two classes is the positive class? Does the classification algorithm used affect the answer?</p> | g27969 | [
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0.020151998847723007,
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0.01... |
<p>I have a problem on binomial probability, it goes like this: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>A restaurant offers apple and blueberry pies and stocks an equal number of each kind of pie. Each day ten customers request pie. They choose, with equal probabilities, one of the two kinds of pie. How many pieces of each kind of pie... | g29792 | [
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0.00897159706801176,
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0.008300005458295345,
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<p>I was wondering which software statistical package do you guys recommend for performing Bayesian Inference.</p>
<p>For example, I know that you can run openBUGS or winBUGS as standalones or you can also call them from R. But R also has several of its own packages (MCMCPack, BACCO) which can do bayesian analysis.</p... | g49881 | [
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0.0... |
<p>I have two variables which vary linearly on a log scale. My understanding is that I can say these are "log-linear."</p>
<p>I'd also like to write that the difference between the lines on a loglog graph is the same across the whole domain. In other words, I have two lines that have the same slope and a constant sp... | g68117 | [
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<p>Let's say I want to generate 100 numbers.</p>
<p>If I don't allow for any duplications it would go from 1 to 100. But I want to allow for 20% of duplications i.e. so to 20% of the sample would be non-unique -- how can I do that?</p> | g68118 | [
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<p>I want to run series of simple lm in R, with a continuous/categorical outcome and binary group membership (patients - controls) and categorical predictors.
However the categorical predictor is positively skewed and none of the transformations I have tried so far (log, ^2 etc.) has had an effect on the normality ass... | g48789 | [
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<p>I am using LMM from lmer to interpret my data. As the system of its output is dummy, so it should mean that the number of levels is always the same in every line of output.</p>
<p>For example, if I have three variables: color (red and white), sex (male or female), height (tall, low). The base line is always the sec... | g68119 | [
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<p>I am trying to assess the performance of my Bayesian classifier. One measure that I calculate is the false discovery rate (FDR):</p>
<p>FP / (FP + TP),
where FP = False Positive and TP = True Positive. </p>
<p>The ratio (and sizes) of my positive and negative training sets do not accurately reflect the estimated '... | g68120 | [
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<p>Maybe this is an over-the-top question but I have many doubts regarding my recent analysis about deer skull measurements and how to proceed with the analysis. This is a sample of my dataset:</p>
<pre><code> Factor1 population manage foraging height biome abundance area forest plough
-0.6033788 ADA_BEC best ... | g27978 | [
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0.040568672120571136,
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0.04341057315468788,
... |
<p>I am looking at the relationship between housing characteristics and a health outcome. To make the example simple, I have data for a continuous predictor (exposure) collected from 1000 homes and health outcomes S (a binary outcome) for 2000 people (1000 couples) living in each of those homes. I would like to look at... | g48797 | [
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0.03315022587776184,
0.05006122589111328,
0.05413675308227539,
0.02... |
<p>I have a table of the following kind:</p>
<pre><code> Cat1 cat2 cat3 ...
Var1 6.3 5.3 8.3
Var2 5.2 5.7 6.1
Var3 2.2 3.9 7.6
.
.
.
</code></pre>
<p>It is a table of means for different continuous variables across a categorical variable. My question is: I want a visualization of how the categories rela... | g48799 | [
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0.009031343273818493,
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0.002109919209033251,
0.03227629512548447,
0.06209767609834671,
0.... |
<p>I need to build a boxplot without any axes and add it to the current plot (ROC curve), but I need to add more text information to the boxplot: the labels for min and max. Current line of code is below (current graph also).</p>
<p>Thanks a lot for assistance.</p>
<pre><code>boxplot(data, horizontal = TRUE, range = ... | g27980 | [
0.0011381255462765694,
0.025551103055477142,
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0.00010228471364825964,
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0.032265424728393555,
0.01592223532497883,
0.04953044652938843,
... |
<p>I ran four programs <code>a, b, c, d</code> <em>parallely</em> on two different machines <code>X</code> and <code>Y</code> separately for 10 times. The below is a sample of the data. The running-times (milliseconds) in <code>10</code> runs of each program are given under their respective names.</p>
<pre><code>Machi... | g48801 | [
0.04116508364677429,
0.039790086448192596,
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0.025740940123796463,
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0.0007760386797599494,
0.029454385861754417,
0.0200952235609293,
0.002723413985222578,
0.... |
<p>I have used factor analysis with regression method. I was trying to develop an index using this regression equation by using the output of the component score coefficient matrix (SPSS) generated for each factor. Should I include the residuals found under the "Reproduced Correlations Table" (SPSS) in the regression e... | g68121 | [
0.018036076799035072,
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0.022076906636357307,
0.05016012489795685,
-0... |
<p>Let $X:\Omega \to \mathbb N$ be a random variable on probability space $(\Omega,\mathcal B,P)$ .show that $$E(X)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}P(X\ge n).$$</p>
<p>my definition from $E(X)$ is equal
$$E(X)=\int_{\Omega}XdP.$$</p>
<p>Thanks.</p> | g68122 | [
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0.021498244255781174,
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0.02705276384949684,
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0.... |
<p>I read the following in some document: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Let $Y$ be a random variable with distribution $\mathcal{N}(\theta,\sigma^{2})$. The variance $\sigma^{2}$ is known. Let $p(\theta) = 1$ a flat prior on $\theta$. Then, the posterior distribution $p(\theta \vert Y)$ is $\mathcal{N}(Y,1)$.</p>
</blockquot... | g68123 | [
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0.12031227350234985,
0.008573895320296288,... |
<p>An energy saving project is being considered and its benefit is computed by subtracting the "post-project" energy cost from the "status quo" energy cost, e.g if the post-project energy cost is estimated to be £1m and the status quo energy cost is estimated to be £1,5m then the benefit is £0.5m. The net benefit is ju... | g27983 | [
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0.006769258063286543,
0... |
<p>EDIT: I reduced <em>my</em> problem to a more specific question:
<a href="http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/26573/">http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/26573/</a>
But I am still interested in other ideas.</p>
<p>Let's say our data is generated by</p>
<p>$$Y_i = f(X_i) + \epsilon_i$$</p>
<p>where $X_i$ a... | g30630 | [
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... |
<p>I have a zero-inflated negative binomial model (ZINB) for highly skewed, high zero-count data, $n=6800$. The null model does not reject the ZINB model, and Stata <code>count fit</code> also indicated ZINB over other count models. </p>
<p>Yet, when I run the model with more than the minimum of covariates, the inflat... | g68124 | [
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0.02432894892990589,
-... |
<p>Does that exist? A basic R script or package that just needs the data, and it spits lots of “basic” statistics (like the mean, the median, quartiles, make a plot, a boxplot, a histogram, a cumulative histogram, stem-leaf plot, $α_1$, $α_2$, $β_1$, $β_1$, the variance, etc.).</p>
<p>I mean, you give the script lots ... | g11493 | [
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-0.... |
<p>My problem is this:
I have one dependent variable and 4 independent ones: one is age and the other three are temperament dimensions. I did 3 sets of two-way ANOVAs. The first independent variable is always the same (age) and the second is always different - one of the tempeament dimensions. In one case I get that ag... | g38170 | [
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... |
<p>I am working on vector auto-regression (VARs) and impulse response function (IRFs) estimation based on panel data with 33 individuals over 77 quarters. How should this type of situation be analyzed? What algorithm's exist for this purpose? I would prefer to conduct these analyses in R, so if anyone is familiar wi... | g68125 | [
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-0.003... |
<p>Given random vectors $Y= [Y_1, \dots, Y_m]$ and $X = [X_1, \dots, X_n]$, $p(y|x)$ is the conditional distribution of $Y$ given $X$. </p>
<p>We can call $p(y_1|x)$ the <em>marginal</em> conditional distribution of $Y_1$ given $X$. </p>
<p>What would you call $p(y|x_1)$, the conditional distribution of $Y$ given $X_... | g11496 | [
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-0.... |
<p>I create an agent-based simulation of some economic phoenomenon, and I need to assign each citizen a random income level. I want to select the income level using a probability distribution that approximates the realistic distribution of income in a modern economy. What distribution should I use? Does it make sense t... | g11498 | [
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0.02780793607234955,
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... |
<p>When you want to use the IV (instrumental variable) estimator, you typically first test if you have a strong instrument.</p>
<p>You do so by regressing the (endogenous) predictor against the instrument. With the regression coefficient, you can calculate the F statistic.</p>
<p>My question is: do you have to includ... | g68126 | [
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-... |
<p>Using the normal distribution. Let $X\sim \mathcal{N}(1, 2)$ and $Y\sim \mathcal{N}(2, 3)$ where $\mathcal{N}(μ, \sigma^2$)
denotes the normal distribution with mean $\mu$ and variance $\sigma^2$. X and Y are
independent. Let $U = 2X + 3Y$.</p>
<p>What is the mean of U?
What is the variance of U?
What is $P(6<=... | g49794 | [
-0.013146484270691872,
-0.015153035521507263,
-0.010672595351934433,
-0.009063414297997952,
-0.013805810362100601,
0.01706555485725403,
-0.003618919989094138,
-0.039378657937049866,
0.018252987414598465,
-0.00992585439234972,
-0.04479018598794937,
0.06592131406068802,
-0.018009420484304428,
... |
<p>I wish to replace the missing values with mode of that categorical variable. In scikit-learn, we can something like</p>
<pre><code>Imputer(strategy="most_frequent", axis=0)
</code></pre>
<p>but if I apply it on categorical column, an error message will be given since scikit-learn will try to convert the categories... | g68127 | [
-0.02807762287557125,
-0.031015051528811455,
-0.006862728390842676,
-0.06638647615909576,
0.07934632897377014,
0.002146548591554165,
0.03213851526379585,
-0.013200104236602783,
-0.06521354615688324,
0.004472026135772467,
-0.02022479474544525,
-0.0038054557517170906,
0.06448353826999664,
0.... |
<p>The book Elements of Statistical Learning (available in PDF online) discusses the optimisim bias (7.21, page 229). It states that the optimism bias is the difference between the training error and the in-sample error (error observed if we sample new outcome values at each of original training points) (per below). </... | g68128 | [
-0.0009631888242438436,
-0.024690305814146996,
0.002158582443371415,
0.008478570729494095,
0.003595793154090643,
0.0034746364690363407,
0.02418183907866478,
0.03276201710104942,
-0.0689951628446579,
0.0021774647757411003,
0.02204447239637375,
0.05395785719156265,
0.051958534866571426,
0.00... |
<p>I have some financial data i'm trying to fit a random walk too, but the daily change increments have different distributions when studied over the last month, last year, last 5 years etc, along with heteroskedascity.
What is the best way to proceed with modelling this? Techniques and interesting areas to look into f... | g27990 | [
0.02832290530204773,
0.0007315368857234716,
-0.01351310033351183,
0.002481225412338972,
-0.029119545593857765,
-0.014747941866517067,
0.05029463768005371,
-0.04114004224538803,
-0.034044940024614334,
-0.019057903438806534,
0.02572377771139145,
-0.0016607409343123436,
0.08241096138954163,
0... |
<p>I have a hourly time series data of road traffic (i.e. count of the number of vehicles passing on a particular segment of road) collected over 7 days a week (Mon to Sun) for two weeks starting from 9 am in the morning to 10 pm in the night. I have (91 X 2 = 182) data points in my time series for two weeks duration.<... | g68129 | [
-0.004447002429515123,
-0.015653379261493683,
0.0020259825978428125,
-0.05208490416407585,
-0.009554308839142323,
-0.02909717708826065,
0.010089422576129436,
0.01020024809986353,
-0.015476524829864502,
-0.01165401004254818,
0.027407390996813774,
-0.02476799488067627,
0.04195040091872215,
-... |
<p>I've been staring at the wikipedia page for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_covariance" rel="nofollow">distance correlation</a> where it seems to be characterized by how it can be calculated. While I could do the calculations I struggle to <em>get</em> what distance correlation measures and why the th... | g68130 | [
-0.01790032349526882,
-0.011290905065834522,
-0.01847245544195175,
-0.04377862811088562,
-0.0022933483123779297,
0.03977014869451523,
0.015497696585953236,
0.019253315404057503,
-0.03528667986392975,
-0.027066349983215332,
0.008918521925807,
-0.019175412133336067,
0.034479204565286636,
0.0... |
<p>I am given two Poisson distributions, $X_1$ and $X_2$ with parameters $\lambda_1=1$ and $\lambda_2=2$ respectively.</p>
<p>Also given that $Y = -3X_1$ + $2X_2$, how do I represent $Y$ as a compound Poisson distribution?</p>
<p>I know that I have to use the methods of convolution. However, I am entirely lost on thi... | g68131 | [
0.022912275046110153,
-0.01575915515422821,
0.006980889476835728,
-0.07197868824005127,
0.02262968197464943,
-0.022395960986614227,
-0.08146221190690994,
0.028714429587125778,
-0.032966069877147675,
-0.008017645217478275,
-0.018838992342352867,
0.027582960203289986,
0.03166494518518448,
0.... |
<p>I have a question regarding which analysis strategy is best suited for our objective. In an exploratory study based on data from a survey we conducted ourselves in India, we are analyzing the consequences of a lack of suitable brides as a result of sex-selection. The determinants of sex-selection are well-researched... | g68132 | [
0.004764185287058353,
0.04148067533969879,
0.013314913958311081,
0.0156343225389719,
0.03191026672720909,
0.017557356506586075,
0.038648296147584915,
-0.02893105149269104,
-0.020751001313328743,
0.024618377909064293,
-0.04026184603571892,
0.008877594023942947,
0.04935069382190704,
0.058634... |
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