page_content stringlengths 12 2.63M | metadata unknown |
|---|---|
Acta* **2008**, *606*, 172–183.
- Schwartz, L. M. "Advances in Acid-Base Gran Plot Methodology," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1987**, *64*, 947–950.
- Schwartz, L. M. "Uncertainty of a Titration Equivalence Point," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1992**, *69*, 879–883.
The following provide additional information about calculating or sketc... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
"Analysis of Soft Drinks: UV Spectrophotometry, Liquid Chromatography, and Capillary Electrophoresis," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1998**, *75*, 625–629.
- Mehra, M. C.; Rioux, J. "An Analytical Chemistry Experiment in Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Fe(III) and Cu(II) with Hexacyanoruthenate(II) Reagent," *J. ... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2030,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
"Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Children's Toys and Jewelry: A Multi-Instrument, Multitechnique Exercise in Analytical Chemistry and Public Health," *J. Chem. Educ.* **2015**, *92*, 849–854.
- Garrison, N.; Cunningham, M.; Varys, D.; Schauer, D. J. "Discovering New Biosorbents with Atomic Absorption Spectro... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2060,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Chem. Educ.* **1991**, *68*, 631–633.
#### *Beer's Law*
- Lykos, P. "The Beer-Lambert Law Revisited: A Development without Calculus," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1992**, *69*, 730–732.
- Ricci, R. W.; Ditzler, M. A.; Nestor, L. P. "Discovering the Beer-Lambert Law," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1994**, *71*, 983–985.
#### *Instrume... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2055,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
"UV-Visible First-Derivative Spectrophotometry Applied to an Analysis of a Vitamin Mixture," *J. Chem. Educ.* **2001**, *78*, 793–795.
- Afkhami, A.; Abbasi-Tarighat, M.; Bahram, M.; Abdollahi, H. "A new strategy for solving matrix effect in multivariate calibration standard addition data using combination of H-point... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2053,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Chem. Educ.* **1997**, *74*, 1198–1199.
#### *Coulometry*
- Bertotti, M.; Vaz, J. M.; Telles, R. "Ascorbic Acid Determination in Natural Orange Juice," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1995**, *72*, 445–447.
- Kalbus, G. E.; Lieu, V. T. "Dietary Fat and Health: An Experiment on the Determination of Iodine Number of Fats and Oils... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2059,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
"Ion and Bio-Selective Membrane Electrodes," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1983**, *60*, 282–284.
- Ruzicka, J. "The Seventies—Golden Age for Ion-Selective Electrodes," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1997**, *74*, 167– 170.
- Young, C. C. "Evolution of Blood Chemistry Analyzers Based on Ion Selective Electrodes," *J. Chem. Educ.* **1997**, *... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2057,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Educ.* **1997**, *74*, 1195–1197.
The following set of experiments introduce students to the applications of chromatography and electrophoresis. Experiments are grouped into five categories: gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and ele... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Educ.* **1983**, *60*, 166–168.
- Huang, J.; Mabury, S. A.; Sagebiel, J. C. "Hot Chili Peppers: Extraction, Cleanup, and Measurement of Capscaicin," *J. Chem. Educ.* **2000**, *77*, 1630–1631.
- Joeseph, S. M.; Palasota, J. A. "The Combined Effect of pH and Percent Methanol on the HPLC Separation of Benzoic Acid and Ph... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
"Quantitative Analysis of Non-UV-Absorbing Cations in Soil Samples by High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis," *J. Chem. Educ.* **2000**, *77*, 1613–1616.
- Hage, D. S.; Chattopadhyay, A.; Wolfe, C. A. C.; Grundman, J.; Kelter, P. B. "Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water by Capillary Electrophoresis," *J. ... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
"Chromatographic Detectors: Current Status and Future Prospects," *LC•GC* **1989**, *7*, 118–128.
The following references may be consulted for more information on ion chromatography.
- Shpigun, O. A.; Zolotov, Y. A. *Ion Chromatography in Water Analysis*, Ellis Horwood: Chichester, England, 1988.
- Smith, F. C. Jr... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
"Diagnosis of Enzyme Inhibition Using Excel Solver: A Combined Dry and Wet Laboratory Exercise," *J. Chem. Educ.* **2014**, *91*, 1017–1021.
- El Seoud, O. A.; Galgano, P. D.; Arêas, E. P. G.; Moraes, J. M. "Learning Chemistry from Good and (Why Not?) Problematic Results: Kinetics of the pH-Independent Hydrolysis of 4-... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2049,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
*Kinetics of Chemical and Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions*, Oxford University Press: New York, 1977.
The following instrumental analysis textbooks may be consulted for further information on the detectors and signal analyzers used in radiochemical methods of analysis.
- Skoog, D. A.; Holler, F. J.; Nieman, T. A. *Princi... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 2048,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
A.; dos Reis, P. S.; Souza, A. S.; dos Santos, W. N. L. "Box-Behnken Design: An Alternative for the Optimization of Analytical Methods," *Anal. Chim. Acta* **2007**, *597*, 179–186.
- Gonzalez, A. G. "Two Level Factorial Experimental Designs Based on Multiple Linear Regression Models: A Tutorial Digest Illustrated by C... | {
"Header 1": "Additional Resources",
"Header 3": "Resource Overview",
"token_count": 1562,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The [Analytical Sciences Digital Library](http://community.asdlib.org/activelearningmaterials/) maintains a suite of curricular materials that are the products of a collaborative NSF Phase I CCLI award to Thomas Wenzel, Bates College (DUE 0816649), and Cynthia Larive, University of California Riverside (DUE-0817595) an... | {
"Header 1": "**Active Learning Curricular Materials**",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Elemental sulfur determination and the speciation of the aqueous sulfur in the solution can be determined using reverse phase and ion pair high performance liquid chromatography. (Authors: Pamela Doolittle and Robert J. Hamers)
#### **Contextual Modules (Case Studies)**
[Environmetal Analysis–Lake Nakuru Flamingos ... | {
"Header 1": "**Active Learning Curricular Materials**",
"token_count": 1151,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
[Appendix 1: Normality](#page-1059-1) [Appendix 2: Propagation of Uncertainty](#page-1060-1) [Appendix 3: Single-Sided Normal Distribution](#page-1066-1) [Appendix 4: Critical Values for the](#page-1068-1) *t*-Test [Appendix 5: Critical Values for the](#page-1069-1) *F*-Test [Appendix 6: Critical Values for Dixon's](#p... | {
"Header 1": "Appendix",
"token_count": 419,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Normality expresses concentration in terms of the equivalents of one chemical species that react stoichiometrically with another chemical species. Note that this definition makes an equivalent, and thus normality, a function of the chemical reaction. Although a solution of H2SO4 has a single molarity, its normality dep... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 1: Normality**",
"token_count": 610,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
${f I}$ n Chapter 4 we considered the basic mathematical details of a propagation of uncertainty, limiting our treatment to the propagation of measurement error. This treatment is incomplete because it omits other sources of uncertainty that contribute to the overall uncertainty in our results. Consider, for example, P... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 2: Propagation of Uncertainty**",
"token_count": 2047,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
A triangular distribution is the choice when the manufacturer provides a tolerance range without specifying a level of confidence and when there is a good reason to believe that results near the center of the range are more likely than results at the ends of the range. For a triangular distribution the estimated standa... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 2: Propagation of Uncertainty**",
"token_count": 1705,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
| | quoted uncertainty | standard uncertainty | | |
|-----------|--------------------|----------------------|--------------|-------------------|
| element | (per atom) | (per atom) | number atoms | total uncertainty |
| carbon | $\pm 0.0008$ | $\pm... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 2: Propagation of Uncertainty**",
"token_count": 1382,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The table in this appendix gives the proportion, P, of the area under a normal distribution curve that lies to the right of a deviation, z
$$z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}$$
where X is the value for which the deviation is defined, $\mu$ is the distribution's mean value and $\sigma$ is the distribution's standard de... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 3: Single-Sided Normal Distribution**",
"token_count": 430,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Figure A3.1
Figure A3.2
| z | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
|-----|-----------|--------|---------|--------|---------|--------|---------|--------|---------|--------|
| 0.0 | 0.5000 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 3: Single-Sided Normal Distribution**",
"token_count": 3060,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Assuming we have calculated *<sup>t</sup>*exp, there are two approaches to interpreting a *t*-test. In the first approach we choose a value of *a* for rejecting the null hypothesis and read the value of *t*(*a*,*o*) from the table below. If *t*exp>*t*(*a*,*o*), we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative h... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 4: Critical Values for** *t***-Test**",
"token_count": 1056,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The following tables provide values for $F(0.05, \nu_{\text{num}}, \nu_{\text{denom}})$ for one-tailed and for two-tailed F-tests. To use these tables, we first decide whether the situation calls for a one-tailed or a two-tailed analysis and calculate $F_{\rm exp}$
$$F_{\rm exp} = \frac{s_A^2}{s_B^2}$$
where $s... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 5: Critical Values for the F-Test**",
"token_count": 218,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
| F(0.05 | ν <sub>num</sub> , ν | denom) | for a O | ne-Taile | d F-Tes | t | | | | | | | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|--------|---------|-... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 5: Critical Values for the F-Test**",
"token_count": 4526,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
$\Gamma$ he following table provides critical values for Q(lpha,n), where lpha is the probability of incorrectly rejecting the suspected outlier and n is the number of samples in the data set. There are several versions of Dixon's Q-Test, each of which calculates a value for $Q_{ii}$ where i is the number of suspect... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 6: Critical Values for Dixon's Q-Test**",
"token_count": 731,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The following table provides critical values for $G(\alpha, n)$ , where $\alpha$ is the probability of incorrectly rejecting the suspected outlier and n is the number of samples in the data set. There are several versions of Grubb's Test, each of which calculates a value for $G_{ij}$ where i is the number of suspe... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 7: Critical Values for Grubb's Test**",
"token_count": 526,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
All compounds are of the highest available purity. Metals are cleaned with dilute acid to remove any surface impurities and rinsed with distilled water. Unless otherwise indicated, compounds are dried to a constant weight at 110 °C. Most of these compounds are soluble in dilute acid (1:1 HCl or 1:1 HNO<sub>3</sub>), wi... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 8: Recommended Primary Standards**",
"token_count": 1601,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Calibrating a balance does not eliminate all sources of determinate error that might affect the signal. Because of the buoyancy of air, an object always weighs less in air than it does in a vacuum. If there is a difference between the object's density and the density of the weights used to calibrate the balance, then w... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 9: Correcting Mass** for the Buoyancy of Air",
"token_count": 1114,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The following table provides $pK_{sp}$ and $K_{sp}$ values for selected compounds, organized by the anion. All values are from Martell, A. E.; Smith, R. M. *Critical Stability Constants*, . 4. Plenum Press: New York, 1976. Unless otherwise stated, values are for 25 °C and zero ionic strength.
PbCl<sub>2</sub>
|... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 9: Correcting Mass** for the Buoyancy of Air",
"Header 3": "**Appendix 10: Solubility Products**",
"token_count": 1836,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
|
| Cu(OH)<br>2 | 19.32 | ×10–20<br>4.8 |
| Fe(OH)3 | 38.8 | 1.6×10–39 |
|----------------------------------------------|-------|-----------|
| Co(OH)3 (T=19o<br>C) | 44.5 | 3.×10–45 |
| ?<br>2Ag+ + 2OH–<br>Ag2O (+<br>H2O<... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 9: Correcting Mass** for the Buoyancy of Air",
"Header 3": "**Appendix 10: Solubility Products**",
"token_count": 1820,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
$\mathbf{I}$ he following table provides p $K_a$ and $K_a$ values for selected weak acids. All values are from Martell, A. E.; Smith, R. M. Critical Stability Constants, Vols. 1-4. Plenum Press: New York, 1976. Unless otherwise stated, values are for 25 °C and for zero ionic strength. Those values in brackets are c... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 11: Acid Dissociation Constants**",
"token_count": 266,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
| Compound | Conjugate Acid | pK <sub>a</sub> | K <sub>a</sub> |
|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 11: Acid Dissociation Constants**",
"token_count": 8238,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
| | Acetate | | | | 1 1/2 | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 12: Formation Constants**",
"token_count": 3179,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
| | | |
| $Zn^{2+}$ | 6.3 | 4.6<br>[6.1] | 3.0 | [1 2] | | |
| Zn ... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 12: Formation Constants**",
"token_count": 2355,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The following table provides $E^{\circ}$ and $E^{\circ}$ values for selected reduction reactions. Values are from the following sources: Bard, A. J.; Parsons, B.; Jordon, J., eds. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Dekker: New York, 1985; Milazzo, G.; Caroli, S.; Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard Electrode Po... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 13: Standard Reduction Potentials**",
"token_count": 355,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
| 1 | 1 | | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------|----------------|----------------|--|
| Aluminum | E° (V) | E°′(V) | |
| $Al^{3+} + 3e^{-} \... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 13: Standard Reduction Potentials**",
"token_count": 2723,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
| $Cu^{2+} + I^{-} + e^{-} \Rightarrow CuI(s)$ | 0.86 | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|----------------|
| $Cu^{2+} + Cl^{-} + e^{-} \Rightarrow CuCl(s)$ | 0.559 | |
| ... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 13: Standard Reduction Potentials**",
"Header 3": "1074 Analytical Chemistry 2.1",
"token_count": 5254,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The following table provides a list of random numbers in which the digits 0 through 9 appear with approximately equal frequency. Numbers are arranged in groups of five to make the table easier to view. This arrangement is arbitrary, and you can treat the table as a sequence of random individual digits (1, 2, 1, 3, 7, 4... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 14: Random Number Table**",
"token_count": 1914,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The following table provides *E*1/2 values for selected reduction reactions. Values are from Dean, J. A. *Analytical Chemistry Handbook*, McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
| Element | E1/2 (volts vs. SCE) | Matrix ... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 15: Polarographic Half-Wave Potentials**",
"token_count": 986,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
f In 1949, Lyman Craig introduced an improved method for separating analytes with similar distribution ratios. $^1$ The technique, which is known as a countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction, is outlined in Figure A16.1 and discussed in detail below. In contrast to a sequential liquid-liquid extraction, in which we rep... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 16: Countercurrent Separations**",
"token_count": 2025,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Figure A16.1 and Table A16.1 show how an analyte's distribution changes during the first four steps of a countercurrent extraction. Now we consider how we can generalize these results to calculate the amount of analyte in any tube, at any step during the extraction. You may recognize the pattern of entries in Table A... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 16: Countercurrent Separations**",
"token_count": 1997,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
#### Example A16.3
For the countercurrent extraction in <u>Example A16.2</u>, calculate the recovery and the separation factor for analyte A if the contents of tubes 85–99 are pooled together.
#### SOLUTION
From Example A16.2 we know that after 100 steps of the countercurrent extraction, analyte A is normally d... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 16: Countercurrent Separations**",
"token_count": 614,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
A reaction's equilibrium position defines the extent to which the reaction can occur. For example, we expect a reaction with a large equilibrium constant, such as the dissociation of HCl in water
$$HCl(aq) + H_2O(l) \Rightarrow H_3O^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)$$
to proceed nearly to completion. A large equilibrium constant, h... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 17: Review of Chemical Kinetics**",
"token_count": 2027,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
#### *Solution*
To determine the reaction's order we plot ln(%pmethoxyphenylacetylene) versus time for a first-order reaction, and (%p-methoxyphenylacetylene)–1 versus time for a second-order reaction (see Figure A17.1). Because a straight-line for the first-order plot fits the data nicely, we conclude that the rea... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 17: Review of Chemical Kinetics**",
"token_count": 1479,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
The atomic weight of any isotope of an element is referenced to 12C, which is assigned an exact atomic weight of 12. The atomic weight of an element, therefore, is calculated using the atomic weights of its isotopes and the known abundance of those isotopes. For some elements the isotopic abundance varies slightly from... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 18: Atomic Weights of the Elements**",
"token_count": 1436,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
|
|---------|--------|--------------|-----------|---------|--------|---------------|---------|
| 25 | Mn | manganese | 54.938 | 84 | Po | polonium | [209] |
| 26 | Fe | iron | 55.845(2) | 85 | At | astatine | [210] |
| 27 | Co | cobalt | 58.... | {
"Header 1": "**Appendix 18: Atomic Weights of the Elements**",
"token_count": 1911,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
Gary L. Miessler, Paul J. Fischer, and Donald A. Tarr
Gary L. Miessler
*St. Olaf College*
Paul J. Fischer
*Macalester College*
Donald A. Tarr
*St. Olaf College*
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Mila... | {
"Header 1": "Inorganic Chemistry",
"token_count": 1240,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
| Chapter 1 | Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry<br>1 |
|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Chapter 2 | Atomic Structure<br>9 |
| Chapter 3 | Simple B... | {
"Header 1": "Brief Contents",
"token_count": 351,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
*[Preface](#page-11-0) xi [Acknowledgments](#page-13-0) xiii* Chapter 1 **[Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry](#page-15-0) 1** [1.1 What Is Inorganic Chemistry?](#page-15-0) 1 [1.2 Contrasts with Organic Chemistry](#page-15-0) 1 [1.3 The History of Inorganic Chemistry](#page-18-0) 4 [1.4 Perspective](#page-21-0) 7 *[G... | {
"Header 1": "Contents",
"token_count": 3521,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
- [11.1 Absorption of Light 403](#page-417-0)
- [11.1.1 Beer–Lambert Absorption Law 404](#page-418-0)
- [11.2 Quantum Numbers of Multielectron Atoms 405](#page-419-0)
- [11.2.1 Spin-Orbit Coupling 411](#page-425-0)
- [11.3 Electronic Spectra of Coordination Compounds 412](#page-426-0)
- [11.3.1 Selection Rules 414](#pa... | {
"Header 1": "Contents",
"Header 3": "Chapter 11 **[Coordination Chemistry III: Electronic Spectra 403](#page-417-0)**",
"token_count": 411,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
- [12.1 Background 437](#page-451-0)
- [12.2 Substitution Reactions 439](#page-453-0)
- [12.2.1 Inert and Labile Compounds 439](#page-453-0)
- [12.2.2 Mechanisms of Substitution 441](#page-455-0)
- [12.3 Kinetic Consequences of Reaction Pathways 441](#page-455-0)
- [12.3.1 Dissociation \(](#page-456-0) *D* ) 442
- [12.... | {
"Header 1": "Contents",
"Header 3": "Chapter 12 **[Coordination Chemistry IV: Reactions and Mechanisms 437](#page-451-0)**",
"token_count": 918,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
- [13.1 Historical Background 476](#page-490-0)
- [13.2 Organic Ligands and Nomenclature 479](#page-493-0)
```
13.3 The 18-Electron Rule 480
13.3.1 Counting Electrons 480
13.3.2 Why 18 Electrons? 483
13.3.3 Square-Planar Complexes 485
13.4 Ligands in Organometallic Chemistry 486
13.4.1 Carbonyl (CO) Complexes 486
13.... | {
"Header 1": "Contents",
"Header 3": "Chapter 13 **[Organometallic Chemistry 475](#page-489-0)**",
"token_count": 1608,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
- • New and expanded discussions have been incorporated in many chapters to reflect topics of contemporary interest: for example, frustrated Lewis pairs (Chapter 6), IUPAC guidelines defining hydrogen bonds (Chapter 6), multiple bonding between Group 13 elements (Chapter 8), graphyne (Chapter 8), developments in noble ... | {
"Header 1": "**New to the Fifth Edition:**",
"token_count": 657,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
We wish to dedicate this textbook to our doctoral research advisors Louis H. Pignolet (Miessler) and John E. Ellis (Fischer) on the occasion of their seventieth birthdays. These chemists have inspired us throughout their careers by their exceptional creativity for chemical synthesis and dedication to the discipline of ... | {
"Header 1": "[Dedication and Acknowledgments](#page-4-0)",
"token_count": 337,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
John Arnold Simon Bott
*University of California–Berkeley University of Houston*
Ronald Bailey Joe Bruno
*Rensselaer Polytechnic University* Robert Balahura *Wesleyan University* James J. Dechter
*University of Guelph University of Central Oklahoma*
Craig Barnes Nancy Deluca
*University of Tennessee–Knoxvil... | {
"Header 1": "[Dedication and Acknowledgments](#page-4-0)",
"Header 3": "Reviewers of Previous Editions of *Inorganic Chemistry*",
"token_count": 433,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Some comparisons between organic and inorganic compounds are in order. In both areas, single, double, and triple covalent bonds are found (**Figure 1.1**); for inorganic compounds, these include direct metal—metal bonds and metal—carbon bonds. Although the maximum number of bonds between two carbon atoms is three, ther... | {
"Header 1": "1.2 **[Contrasts with Organic Chemistry](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 1583,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Even before alchemy became a subject of study, many chemical reactions were used and their products applied to daily life. The first metals used were probably gold and copper, which can be found in the metallic state in nature. Copper can also be readily formed by the reduction of malachite—basic copper carbonate, Cu2(... | {
"Header 1": "1.3 **[The History of Inorganic Chemistry](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 2010,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Bacteria, however, manage to fix nitrogen (convert it to ammonia and then to nitrite and nitrate) at 0.8 atm at room temperature in nodules on the roots of legumes. The nitrogenase enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is a complex iron–molybdenum–sulfur protein. The structure of its active sites has been determined by X... | {
"Header 1": "1.3 **[The History of Inorganic Chemistry](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 1727,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
COOC20H39
Mg
C
HC
C H
CH
CH2
H
H3C
H3C
CH2
CH2
The premier issue of the journal *Inorganic Chemistry*\*\* was published in February 1962. Much of the focus of that issue was on classic coordination chemistry, with more than half its research papers on synthesis of coordination complexes and thei... | {
"Header 1": "1.4 **[Perspective](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 1062,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
- **1.** H. A. Bethe, *Ann. Physik* , **1929** , *3* , 133.
- **2.** J. S. Griffi th, L. E. Orgel, *Q. Rev. Chem. Soc.* , **1957** , *XI* , 381.
- **3.** K. Ziegler, E. Holzkamp, H. Breil, H. Martin, *Angew. Chem.* , **1955** , *67* , 541.
- **4.** G. Natta, *J. Polym. Sci.* , **1955** , *16* , 143.
- **5.** M. K. Chan... | {
"Header 1": "1.4 **[Perspective](#page-4-0)**",
"Header 3": "**References**",
"token_count": 561,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
For those who are interested in the historical development of inorganic chemistry focused on metal coordination compounds during the period 1798–1935, copies of key research papers, including translations, are provided in the three-volume set *Classics in Coordination Chemistry* , G. B. Kauffman, ed., Dover Publication... | {
"Header 1": "1.4 **[Perspective](#page-4-0)**",
"Header 3": "**[General References](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 279,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Although the Greek philosophers Democritus (460–370 bce) and Epicurus (341–270 bce) presented views of nature that included atoms, many centuries passed before experimental studies could establish the quantitative relationships needed for a coherent atomic theory. In 1808, John Dalton published *A New System of Chemica... | {
"Header 1": "2.1 **[Historical Development of Atomic Theory](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 592,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The idea of arranging the elements into a periodic table had been considered by many chemists, but either data to support the idea were insufficient or the classification schemes were incomplete. Mendeleev and Meyer organized the elements in order of atomic weight and then identified groups of elements with similar pro... | {
"Header 1": "2.1 **[Historical Development of Atomic Theory](#page-4-0)**",
"Header 3": "2.1.1 The Periodic Table",
"token_count": 317,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
During the 50 years after the periodic tables of Mendeleev and Meyer were proposed, experimental advances came rapidly. Some of these discoveries are listed in Table 2.1.
Parallel discoveries in atomic spectra showed that each element emits light of specific energies when excited by an electric discharge or heat. In ... | {
"Header 1": "2.1.2 Discovery of Subatomic Particles and the Bohr Atom",
"token_count": 1336,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Determine the energy of the transition from $n_h = 3$ to $n_l = 2$ for the hydrogen atom, in both joules and cm<sup>-1</sup> (a common unit in spectroscopy, often used as an energy unit, since $\bar{v}$ is proportional to E). This transition results in a red line in the visible emission spectrum of hydrogen. (Sol... | {
"Header 1": "2.1.2 Discovery of Subatomic Particles and the Bohr Atom",
"Header 3": "**EXERCISE 2.1**",
"token_count": 897,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
In 1926 and 1927, Schrödinger<sup>13</sup> and Heisenberg<sup>11</sup> published papers on wave mechanics, descriptions of the wave properties of electrons in atoms, that used very different mathematical techniques. In spite of the different approaches, it was soon shown that their theories were equivalent. Schrödinger... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"token_count": 1334,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
A simple example of the wave equation, the particle in a one-dimensional box, shows how these conditions are used. We will give an outline of the method; details are available elsewhere.\*\* The "box" is shown in **Figure 2.3**. The potential energy V(x) inside the box, between x = 0 and x = a, is defined to be zero. O... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"Header 3": "2.2.1 The Particle in a Box",
"token_count": 1219,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The particle-in-a-box example shows how a wave function operates in one dimension. Mathematically, atomic orbitals are discrete solutions of the three-dimensional Schrödinger equations. The same methods used for the one-dimensional box can be expanded to three dimensions for atoms. These orbital equations include three... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"Header 3": "**Quantum Numbers and Atomic Wave Functions**",
"token_count": 877,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
**TABLE 2.3** Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions: Angular Functions
| | | Ang | gular Factors | | | Real ... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"Header 3": "**Quantum Numbers and Atomic Wave Functions**",
"token_count": 1863,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Rudiar runetions | | | | | | | | | |
|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|-... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"Header 3": "**Quantum Numbers and Atomic Wave Functions**",
"token_count": 1416,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The angular functions $\Theta$ and $\Phi$ determine how the probability changes from point to point at a given distance from the center of the atom; in other words, they give the shape of the orbitals and their orientation in space. The angular functions $\Theta$ and $\Phi$ are determined by the quantum numbers... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"Header 3": "**Angular Functions**",
"token_count": 241,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The radial factor R(r) (Table 2.4) is determined by the quantum numbers n and l, the principal and angular momentum quantum numbers.
The radial probability function is $4\pi r^2 R^2$ . This function describes the probability of finding the electron at a given distance from the nucleus, summed over all angles, with t... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"Header 3": "**Radial Functions**",
"token_count": 539,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
At large distances from the nucleus, the electron density, or probability of finding the electron, falls off rapidly. The 2s orbital also has a **nodal surface**, a surface with zero electron density, in this case a sphere with $r = 2a_0$ where the probability is zero. Nodes appear naturally as a result of the wave n... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"Header 3": "**Nodal Surfaces**",
"token_count": 1660,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Nodal structure of $P_z$ The angular factor Y is given in Table 2.3 in terms of Cartesian coordinates:
$$Y = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{\pi}} \, \frac{z}{r}$$
This orbital is designated $p_z$ because z appears in the Y expression. For an angular node, Y must equal zero, which is true only if z = 0. Therefore, z... | {
"Header 1": "2.2 The Schrödinger Equation",
"Header 3": "**EXAMPLE 2.1**",
"token_count": 770,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Limitations on the values of the quantum numbers lead to the aufbau (German, Aufbau, building up) principle, where the buildup of electrons in atoms results from continually increasing the quantum numbers. The energy level pattern in Figure 2.2 describes electron behavior in a hydrogen atom, where there is only one ele... | {
"Header 1": "2.2.3 The Aufbau Principle",
"token_count": 1590,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
With four *p* electrons, oxygen could have two unpaired electrons ( ), or it could have no unpaired electrons ( ).
**a.** Determine the number of electrons that could be exchanged in each case, and fi nd the Coulombic and exchange energies.
This confi guration has one pair, energy contribution *c*.
One electron w... | {
"Header 1": "2.2.3 The Aufbau Principle",
"Header 3": "**Oxygen**",
"token_count": 1136,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
In polyelectronic atoms, energies of specific levels are difficult to predict quantitatively. A useful approach to such predictions uses the concept of shielding: each electron acts as a shield for electrons farther from the nucleus, reducing the attraction between the nucleus and the more distant electrons.
Although... | {
"Header 1": "2.2.4 **[Shielding](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 901,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
**TABLE 2.7 Electron Configurations of the Elements**
| Element | Ζ | Configuration | Element | Ζ | Configuration |
|---------|----|--------------------------------------|-----------------|----------|--------------------------------------------... | {
"Header 1": "2.2.4 **[Shielding](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 3213,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Source: Actinide configurations are from J. J. Katz, G. T. Seaborg, and L. R. Morss, The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, New York and London, 1986. Configurations for elements 100 to 112 are predicted, not experimental.
<sup>&</sup>lt;sup>a</sup> Evidence for elements 113-118 has been... | {
"Header 1": "2.2.4 **[Shielding](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 207,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The differences between the upper levels are exaggerated for easier visualization. This diagram provides unambiguous electron configurations for elements hydrogen to vanadium.
- **b.** Each electron in n-1 groups contribute 0.85 to S. **Example:** For the 3s electron of sodium, there are... | {
"Header 1": "FIGURE 2.10 Energy Level Splitting and Overlap.",
"token_count": 297,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
#### Oxygen
Use Slater's rules to calculate the shielding constant and effective nuclear charge of a 2p electron.
**Rule 1:** The electron configuration is written using Slater's groupings, in order:
$$(1s^2)(2s^2, 2p^4)$$
To calculate *S* for a valence 2*p* electron:
**Rule 3a:** Each other electron in the ... | {
"Header 1": "FIGURE 2.10 Energy Level Splitting and Overlap.",
"Header 3": "**EXAMPLE 2.3**",
"token_count": 1823,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The next element, Ti, also
| Na | Mg | | | Half-filled | d | Filled d ... | {
"Header 1": "FIGURE 2.10 Energy Level Splitting and Overlap.",
"Header 3": "**EXAMPLE 2.3**",
"token_count": 2003,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The ionization energy, also known as the ionization potential, is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion:
$$A^{n+}(g) \longrightarrow A^{(n+1)+}(g) + e^{-}$$
ionization energy (*IE*) = $\Delta U$
where n = 0 (first ionization energy), n = 1 (second ionization energy), and so on.
As ... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.1 Ionization Energy",
"token_count": 786,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Electron affinity can be defined as the energy required to remove an electron from a negative ion:\*
$$A^{-}(g) \longrightarrow A(g) + e^{-}$$
electron affinity $(EA) = \Delta U$
Because of the similarity of this reaction to the ionization for an atom, electron affinity is sometimes described as the zeroth ionizat... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.2 Electron Affinity",
"token_count": 620,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The sizes of atoms and ions are also related to the ionization energies and electron affinities. As the nuclear charge increases, the electrons are pulled in toward the center of the atom, and the size of any particular orbital decreases. On the other hand, as the nuclear charge increases, more electrons are added to t... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.2 Electron Affinity",
"Header 3": "2.3.3 Covalent and Ionic Radii",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Within a group, the ionic radius increases as *Z* increases because of the larger number of electrons in the ions and, for the same element, the radius decreases with increasing charge on the cation. Examples of these trends are shown in Tables 2.10 , **2.11** , and **2.12** .
**TABLE 2.10 Crystal Radius and Nuclear ... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.2 Electron Affinity",
"Header 3": "2.3.3 Covalent and Ionic Radii",
"token_count": 440,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
- **1.** John Dalton, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, 1808; reprinted with an introduction by Alexander Joseph, Peter Owen Limited, London, 1965.
- 2. Ibid., p. 113.
- **3.** Ibid., p. 133.
- **4.** J. R. Partington, A Short History of Chemistry, 3rd ed., Macmillan, London, 1957; reprinted, 1960, Harper & Row, New... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.2 Electron Affinity",
"Header 3": "References",
"token_count": 924,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Additional information on the history of atomic theory can be found in J. R. Partington, A Short History of Chemistry, 3rd ed., Macmillan, London, 1957, reprinted by Harper & Row, New York, 1960, and in the Journal of Chemical Education. For an introduction to atomic theory and orbitals, see V. M. S. Gil, Orbitals in C... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.2 Electron Affinity",
"Header 3": "**General References**",
"token_count": 205,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
- **2.1** Determine the de Broglie wavelength of
- a. an electron moving at 1/10 the speed of light.
- **b.** a 400 g Frisbee moving at 10 km/h.
- c. an 8.0-pound bowling ball rolling down the lane with a velocity of 2.0 meters per second.
- **d.** a 13.7 g hummingbird flying at a speed of 30.0 miles
- **2.2** Using th... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.2 Electron Affinity",
"Header 3": "**Problems**",
"token_count": 1586,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
(*Note*: recall that $r^2 = x^2 + y^2 + z^2$ ).
- **2.15 a.** Determine the possible values for the l and $m_l$ quantum numbers for a 5d electron, a 4f electron, and a 7g electron.
- **b.** Determine the possible values for all four quantum numbers for a 3*d* electron.
- **c.** What values of $m_1$ are possible fo... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.2 Electron Affinity",
"Header 3": "**Problems**",
"token_count": 1959,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Compare the positions of these peaks and valleys with those for first ionization energies shown in Figure 2.13.
- **b.** How would a graph of third ionization energies against the number of electrons in reactant compare with the other graphs shown in Figure 2.14? Explain briefly.
- 2.37 The second ionization energy inv... | {
"Header 1": "2.3.2 Electron Affinity",
"Header 3": "**Problems**",
"token_count": 1078,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
We now turn from the use of quantum mechanics and its description of the atom to an elementary description of molecules. Although most of our discussion of chemical bonding uses the molecular orbital approach, less rigorous methods that provide approximate pictures of the shapes and polar... | {
"Header 1": "[Simple Bonding Theory](#page-4-0)",
"token_count": 257,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Lewis electron-dot diagrams, although oversimplied, provide a good starting point for analyzing the bonding in molecules. Credit for their initial use goes to G. N. Lewis, 1 an American chemist who contributed much to the understanding of thermodynamics and chemical bonding in the early twentieth century. In Lewis diag... | {
"Header 1": "3.1 **[Lewis Electron-Dot Diagrams](#page-4-0)**",
"token_count": 451,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
In many Lewis structures, the choice of which atoms are connected by multiple bonds is arbitrary. When alternate locations for single bonds and multiple bonds are possible that all afford valid Lewis structures, a structure demonstrating each option should be drawn. For example, three drawings (resonance structures) of... | {
"Header 1": "3.1.1 Resonance",
"token_count": 387,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
When it is impossible to draw a structure consistent with the octet rule because additional valence electrons remain to be assigned after the octet rule is satisfied on all atoms, it is necessary to increase the number of electrons around the central atom. An option limited to elements of the third and higher periods i... | {
"Header 1": "3.1.2 Higher Electron Counts",
"token_count": 369,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Formal charge is the apparent electronic charge of each atom in a molecule, based on the electron-dot structure. Formal charges help assess resonance structures and molecular topology, and they are presented here as a simplified method of describing structures, just as the Bohr model is a simple method of describing el... | {
"Header 1": "3.1.2 Higher Electron Counts",
"Header 3": "3.1.3 Formal Charge",
"token_count": 562,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
#### SCN-
In the thiocyanate ion, SCN<sup>-</sup>, three resonance structures are consistent with the electron-dot method, as shown in Figure 3.3. Structure A has only one negative formal charge on the nitrogen atom, the most electronegative atom in the ion. Structure B has a single negative charge on the S, which is... | {
"Header 1": "3.1.2 Higher Electron Counts",
"Header 3": "**EXAMPLE 3.1**",
"token_count": 496,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
The isoelectronic cyanate ion, OCN (Figure 3.4), has the same possibilities, but the larger electronegativity of O is expected to make structure B contribute more to the electronic ground state in cyanate relative the contribution of B in thiocyanate. The protonation of cyanate results in two isomers, 97% HNCO and 3% H... | {
"Header 1": "3.1.2 Higher Electron Counts",
"Header 3": "OCN-",
"token_count": 449,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/inorganic-chemistry-g-l-miessler-2014.pdf"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.