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Hans Walter Wolff
Hans Walter Wolff (December 17, 1911 – October 22, 1993) was a German Protestant theologian. He was professor at the University of Mainz from 1959 to 1967, and from 1967 to 1978 he was Professor of Old Testament at the University of Heidelberg.
Selected works
* Amos the Prophet (1973)
* The Old Testament: A Guide to Its Writings (1973)
* Anthropology of the Old Testament (1974)
* The Vitality of Old Testament Traditions (1975, with Walter Brueggemann)
* Hosea (1977)
* Joel and Amos (1977)
* Micah (1981)
* Haggai (1990)
* Obadiah and Jonah (1991) | WIKI |
Portal:Psychiatry/Selected picture/25
Carl Jung in front of the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital, Switzerland image credit: public domain | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Hindi horror shows
The result was Keep as consensus, nac, SwisterTwister talk 06:15, 27 July 2017 (UTC)
List of Hindi horror shows
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Contested PROD. I have two concerns regarding this list. The first is that it seems like something which could be better-served as a category (admittedly that's not the most convincing reason for deletion in and of itself). The second is that the sourcing available at the moment - and that which I've found searching as far as I can - seems to be confined to "listicle"-style articles, rather than any serious analysis of what makes these particular TV shows notable as a group and not otherwise, which points to an issue with WP:LISTN as far as the list is concerned. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 09:34, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 09:41, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 09:41, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 09:42, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
* Keep: The 'category on Wikipedia' will not show other information like Year and Channel. Updated: Notes column are added in List of Hindi horror shows to make the list best and informative. Zafar24 Talk 11:12, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
* Keep per WP:CLN as it's already a category, extra information is present, and it's a reasonable topic considering how Hindi media is commonly considered as a distinct group, it's a notable genre, and nobody has proposed merging. --Colapeninsula (talk) 11:40, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
* Keep. This is not an instance where a list page nor a category conflict nor render the other obsolete. They're synergistic and can exist harmoniously in the WikiWorld and satisfy both "Team Cats" and "Team Lists". — Wylie pedia 13:00, 25 July 2017 (UTC)
| WIKI |
User:Bwylie2002
Among my many hobbies are Playing the piano, riding my road bike, travelling to other countries, speaking other languages, learning new things, and ,really, just about anything that is interesting. I live in the US, but if I could I would live in the south of France. | WIKI |
Helsingborg
Helsingborg is in the Scania province of southern Sweden. Historic Helsingborg, with its many old buildings, is a scenic coastal city. The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a 600-year-old medieval fortress (Kärnan) in the city centre, and more modern commercial buildings.
Understand
Helsingborg is on the east side of the Oresund on Sweden's south-west coast. It's Sweden's 8th largest municipality with a population of about 128,000 (2009). Major businesses are service, trade, industry and tourism. In 2000 a branch of the University of Lund opened in the former Tretorn rubber factories a stone's throw from the Denmark ferries.
On the opposite side of the sound in Denmark is Helsingør. Before the Malmö–Copenhagen Øresund bridge was finished, most of the trans-Scandinavian traffic (transit and tourist) used the ferries between Helsingborg and Helsingør. There is still heavy traffic across the Sound here because of the high population density on either side of the border. In addition, the ferries are usually somewhat cheaper than the fees for the bridge and they often provide a shorter route compared to the bridge.
By train
is in the lower level of Knutpunkten, a massive complex on the waterfront which also includes the ferry terminal.
From Malmö and Lund, there are three trains an hour to Helsingborg; the trip takes 40 minutes on the fastest routes, or just over an hour on the mauve Pågatåg local trains. Trains run hourly from Copenhagen (1¼ hours) and Kastrup Airport (1 hour) to the south, and from Göteborg (2½ hours) to the north. Hourly trains run from Hässleholm (1 hour), of which some originate in Kristianstad (1hr 20min). Tickets for these trains are issued at fixed prices by the Skånetrafiken transport authority, and are also valid on local transport at either end of the route.
Stockholm-bound travellers usually have to change to a SJ express train in Hässleholm or Lund.
An alternative route to Copenhagen is to take the ferry across to Helsingør (20 min), where the trains to the Danish capital are more frequent (45 min). This can be faster than waiting for an hourly direct train, and is also cheaper. Skånetrafiken can sell combined tickets that cover both the ferry and train.
By bus
There are regular bus services between Helsingborg and Stockholm, Copenhagen, Oslo, Gothenburg and other cities along the way towards these cities. The major bus companies are Vy (Bus4You) and Flixbus.
By car
By E4 from Stockholm in the north, and E6 from Malmö in the south and from Gothenburg/Oslo in the north.
By boat
From Helsingör, Denmark, it's a 20-minute ferry ride across the sound, with ferries departing every 15 minutes most of the day. At night, there is at least one ferry every hour.
Ferries are operated by Sundsbusserne and ForSea.
By plane
The Ängelholm-Helsingborg Airport is situated approximately 40 km from Helsingborg and has daily flights to Stockholm Arlanda Airport (SAS) and Stockholm-Bromma (Kullaflyg), weekly flights to Visby and seasonal flights to Mora.
Copenhagen Airport is about one hour away by train.
Get around
Practically all public transport goes through the train/ferry terminal Knutpunkten (Helsingborg C), including regional and long-distance trains and buses as well as local buses.
Skånetrafiken runs the local and regional bus and train system, and if you intend on spending some time in the Skåne-region it is highly recommended that you get the so-called Jojo-card which is a prepay card that gives you 20% off any ticket. Additionally a duo/family ticket will give you another 10% off (for up to 2 adults and 3 children).
By public transport
Bus is the main means of transport in town. Buses run from early morning till around midnight and a little later on Fridays and Saturdays. The city bus system (Green buses) connects most of the city and all but one (#2) stay within one fare zone. Single trip costs 19 kr, but it's not possible to pay with cash on the buses. Regional buses (Yellow buses) connect to nearby towns.
There are two further stations beyond Helsingborg C, but these are unlikely to be useful to tourists travelling within the city.
By taxi
Taxi rides are rather expensive in Helsingborg and there is little competition. They can be found right outside Helsingborg C main entrance, next to the Marina Plaza hotel.
Do
"Tura" is a Swedish expression for the local tradition of having dinner on the ferries (Scandlines). During summer and the weeks leading up to Christmas you should make reservations in advance. Quite possibly the most classic of Helsingborgian experiences.
Buy
The main shopping areas are the pedestrian streets Kullagatan, Bruksgatan and Södra Storgatan, as well as the main streets surrounding them in downtown Helsingborg.
Just outside the city there is Väla, one of Scandinavia's largest shopping centers.
Getting online
* Free public Wi-Fi offered by the City of Helsingborg at several places in the city center.
* Sidewalk Express, Knutpunkten (Railway Station). 29 kr for 90 minutes (you can't get a ticket for less than 90 minutes).
* MAX, Swedish fast food chain offers free WiFi (WLAN) on all its locations. In Helsingborg they can be found downtown on Södergatan 15 and at Väla Centrum.
Eat
Helsingborg is known as somewhat the gastronomical center of Sweden, having some of the greatest chefs in the country.
Like so many other Swedish towns there's a great foreign influence which means there's an abundance of foreign fast food and take out places serving pizza, kebab, falafel, Chinese, Thai, Middle Eastern and so on.
Drink
A lot of bars can be found downtown, inside or near Knutpunkten (Train station/Ferry terminal).
During Summer, the district Norra Hamnen (North Harbour) with its marina is highly recommended.
Koppi Cafe and Roaster in the core of Helsingborg are places where you drink fancy coffee.
Budget
Swedish hostels in general do not include free linen and towels, but they will be supplied at an extra charge.
Go next
* Kullaberg/Mölle is an easy day trip and a must in late Spring/Summer. Kullaberg national reserve offers nature trails with great views over Öresund and the surrounding countryside. Take regional (yellow) bus 220 towards Höganäs (Mölle).
* Denmark: Helsingør (Helsingör) is easily accessible by ferry (20 minutes). For Humlebæk and Copenhagen take a ferry to Helsingør, then a train. Ticket for the whole trip (one way or return) can be bought at the Ferry ticket window.
* Lund, the university town (more than 40,000 students) of south Sweden and one of the oldest and most historic towns in Sweden.
* Malmö is Sweden's third most populous city (~300,000 people) and the main Swedish city of the region. | WIKI |
Blair and Ahern Warn Ulster: End the Standoff By Fall Deadline
Prime Ministers Tony Blair of Britain and Bertie Ahern of Ireland on Thursday gave Northern Ireland's rival Protestant and Roman Catholic parties until this fall to work out their differences on their stalled local government. Otherwise, the prime ministers said, they will abandon the Belfast legislative assembly and find a new way to govern the British province. In a joint statement, Mr. Blair and Mr. Ahern laid out plans to call together the elected officials to Northern Ireland's mothballed legislature on May 15, in the hope that the officials can agree on appointing ministers to an executive branch. If the ministers are not appointed by Nov. 24, the British and Irish governments will take over running the province. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
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So I've found this wildly helpful blog (http://blog.wyeworks.com/) and managed to muddle my way to step 5 (after leaving ridiculous comments after getting stuck on step one) $ brew install ...
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I'm trying to install brew but get the following warning: Warning: /usr/bin occurs before /usr/local/bin This means that system-provided programs will be used instead of those provided by Homebrew. ... | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/500
216 wishes of the gentleman from San Francisco, and that everything would be carried out with precision. In conclusion he inclined his head, and asked deferentially:
"Will that be all, sir?"
And, having received in answer a leisurely "Yes," he added that the tarantella would be danced in the vestibule to-night,—the dancers would be Carmella and Giuseppe, known to all Italy, and to "the entire world of tourists."
"I have seen her on post cards," said the gentleman from San Francisco in a wholly inexpressive voice. "As for this Giuseppe,—is he her husband?"
"Her cousin, sir," answered the maitre d'hôtel.
And, after a brief pause, during which he appeared to be considering something, the gentleman from San Francisco dismissed him with a nod.
And then he once more began his preparations, as if for wedding ceremony: he turned on all the electric lights, filling all the mirrors with reflections of light and glitter, of furniture and opened trunks; he began shaving and washing, ringing the bell every minute, while other impatient rings from his wife's and daughter's rooms sounded through the entire corridor and interrupted his. And Luigi, in his red apron, was rushing forward to answer the bell, with an agility peculiar to many stout men, not omitting grimaces of horror that made the chambermaids, running by with glazed porcelain pails in their hands, laugh till they cried. He knocked on the door with his knuckles, and asked with an assumed timidity, with a deference which verged on idiocy:
"Ha sonato, signore?" | WIKI |
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A complete blood count can be used to evaluate your overall health, detect a wide range of disorders, or monitor a medical condition or treatment.
Coronary angiogram
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Coronary bypass surgery
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Cough
An occasional cough is normal and healthy. A cough that persists for weeks signals an underlying problem.
CT scan
A CT scan is an imaging test that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of the inside of your body.
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Daily aspirin therapy can be a lifesaving option, but it's not for everyone. Get the facts before considering a daily aspirin.
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Echocardiogram allows your doctor to see your heart in motion. Here's what you need to know about the test.
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A stress test is used to diagnose coronary artery disease and heart arrhythmias, as well as guide treatment of heart disorders.
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Jul. 29, 2014
You Are ... The Campaign for Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Make a difference today. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The happy prince and other tales.djvu/33
Rh table beside the woman's thimble. Then he flew gently round the bed, fanning the boy's forehead with his wings. "How cool I feel!" said the boy, "I must be getting better;" and he sank into a delicious slumber.
Then the Swallow flew back to the Happy Prince, and told him what he had done. "It is curious," he remarked, "but I feel quite warm now, although it is so cold."
"That is because you have done a good action," said the Prince. And the little Swallow began to think, and then he fell asleep. Thinking always made him sleepy.
When day broke he flew down to the river and had a bath. "What a remarkable phenomenon" said the Professor of Ornithology as he was passing over the bridge. "A swallow in winter!" And he wrote a long letter about it to the local newspaper. Every one quoted it, it was | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flash Flash Revolution
The result was Keep (No consensus). -- §hanel 21:45, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
* The closure was overturned at Deletion review, and the result changed to delete based on the consensus established there. ~ trialsanderrors 00:08, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
Flash Flash Revolution
As Ashibaka said when he prodded it, there are no reliable sources. Nothing comes up in the Google news archive. No other reliable sources are listed in the article or can be found. --SPUI (T - C) 09:33, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
* Delete The article does not meet the notability requirements for either WP:WEB, WP:SOFTWARE, or WP:GAMES, whichever one is more applicable here. The article is also not verified (WP:V) by reliable source(s). --Lim e tom 12:12, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
* Delete I doubt this Flash game is cited in any reputable source. Ashi b aka tock 16:50, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
* Merge to new article Dance Dance Revolution simulators and clones with other articles such as StepMania, Dance With Intensity, pydance, Text Text Revolution. Failing that, redirect to Dance Dance Revolution, which has a section on Simulators and clones, since the history doesn't need to be deleted from view. —Quarl (talk) 2006-12-09 18:58Z
* Normally I'm all in favor of deleting things as non-notable, but at this one I hesitate. It's been active for at least four years now (I think; seems like I've been playing it at least that long) and has a million logins (not users, but whatever). 1400 people are currently playing. (I am just throwing out stats that I see on the site right now.) It does not meet the cited notability threshholds, but perhaps we should consider ignoring all rules? Deltopia 21:09, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
* I highly doubt those stats, and that's the problem with using primary sources. Ashi b aka tock 23:25, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
* Why do you highly doubt that the statistics reported by the website are accurate (e.g. number of registered accounts, number of games played, number of users online)? They're database queries, after all. Do you suspect that the administrators of FFR are (and, by inclusion, I am) being dishonest about FFR's statistics? - Chardish 09:18, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* I read through the first nine pages of google hits (after searching on "Flash Flash Revolution") and got a zillion links to the game, mirrors, and blogs, and virtually nothing written -about- the game. Frustrating. But without secondary sources, you're right, it lacks WP:V. Changing my vote to delete or merge. Deltopia 17:46, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
* Keep Strong keep. Frustrating, yes, but as an administrator of the site, I must object. It'd be nice if we had a PR team behind the website getting us noticed in major tech blogs and news publications, but we don't. If someone doubts the number of users of our website, they can go to the forums and see the vast scope of the website for themselves. We have 76,000+ active users - a number greater than DDR Freak's total number of logins. According to Alexa, we get more pageviews than either DDR Freak or Konami's official website - yet those two articles are certainly notable. I can also share some behind-the-scenes server statistics: this past Friday alone, FFR was played 309,757 times. FFR is kind of a web anomaly - it's not very often that such a massive community is built around a flash game. Though primary sources may not be the best sources, I'd rather use the website as a source than delete or merge the article altogether. I'd say that IAR seems to be crying out to apply to articles about subjects that are exceptions to the rule, so I'd say it applies in this instance. - Chardish 17:29, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
* As an admin, you shouldn't be voting, but rather commenting so other people can vote. Ashi b aka tock 18:12, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
* Admins can !vote the same as anyone else, though !voting prevents them from closing the AfD. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e 01:38, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* Not a Wikipedia administrator, an FFR administrator. <IP_ADDRESS> 01:47, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* Aha. My bad. Yes, people are generally advised to not edit article about themselves or companies where they work in order to avoid any conflict of interest. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e 03:26, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* WP:AFD says that it's good etiquette to disclose if one has a vested interest in the article, which I have done. There are etiquette guidelines about creating articles about a company one works for, but not about editing them or participating in their development, and certainly not about voting for them in AfD. Also, I'm a casual editor of Wikipedia in general - I'm certainly not a single-purpose shill. -Chardish 08:55, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* Redirect per Quarl. --REALiTY 23:51, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Japan-related deletions. -- Kjbd 06:21, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
* STRONG KEEP - This article has been around quite some time, as the website has been aswell. The site boasts over one million members, has over 300,000 active games daily, has been featured on several TV shows (Notably The Screen Savers), has been featured on several high profile blogs (Joystiq, Kotaku), and boasts music from several high profile artists, especially in the Bemani scene. -- light darkness (talk) 19:16, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
* Cite sources. Ashi b aka tock 18:12, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
* Please note that lightdarkness is an admin/developer for FFR. <IP_ADDRESS> 01:46, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* Comment: SPUI, I believe this is a bad faith nomination. SPUI has been banned from Flash Flash Revolution in the past, and perhaps has a persnoal vendette against the site? I don't know, but this is a notable website, and deserves an entry on Wikipedia. -- light darkness (talk) 19:16, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
* I would like to throw in a good word for SPUI. I put this on prod deletion as it obviously has no sources. Someone else removed the prod without explanation just before the 5 days were up, so SPUI put it here. Ashi b aka tock 18:12, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
* Delete or merge and redirect per Quarl if you must. No reliable sources. Voretus talk 03:29, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
* Delete, no reliable sources. I made the article but I honestly don't care, it sucks anyway. Moogy ( talk ) 03:34, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
* This feels like a bad faith vote. Why would you make an article and then later vote for its deletion? If reliable sources are important to you, shouldn't you have started the article with reliable sources to begin with? - Chardish 07:52, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
* The article was made more than two years ago. Voretus talk 14:57, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
* Keep - pretty notable, on par with other simulators such as StepMania. Its site has an Alexa rating of 28,256, which isn't bad. --FlyingPenguins 03:36, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
* Alexa is not a source. Cite sources. Ashi b aka tock 18:12, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
* Strong Keep By any common sense testthis is notable, and there seems to not be the slightest problem verifying: it exists and is a game site. The many links about the game, though none of them individually demonstrates it, seen as a group, they do. DGG 06:40, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
* Cite reliable sources, not websites. Ashi b aka tock 18:12, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
* Delete No independent sources means that it is not notable by the primary notability criteria. No evidence that it meets WP:SOFTWARE, WP:WEB, or WP:GAMES (which I'd never noticed before this discussion). GRBerry 23:58, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
* Redirect per Quarl. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e 01:38, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* Just pointing out that WP:SOFTWARE and WP:GAMES are proposals, not guidelines. -Chardish 08:58, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* Thank you for pointing that out, though I imagine most people are already aware of that. Regardless of whether those apply, this article doesn't meet WP:WEB or WP:RS, which are guidelines. As it doesn't meet WP:RS (due to only having 1st party sources), it therefore doesn't meet WP:NPOV or WP:V, which are policies. The best that can be done in this case is mention it on the other page, as indicated by others, above. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjo e 09:19, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
* Redirect per Quarl or delete for lack of sources. --GunnarRene 21:44, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
System.Data.Entity.Migrations.Design
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System.Data.Entity.Migrations.Design Namespace
The System.Data.Entity.Migrations.Design namespace provides classes that generate code for code-based migrations.
ClassDescription
System_CAPS_pubclassCSharpMigrationCodeGenerator
Generates C# code for a code-based migration.
System_CAPS_pubclassMigrationCodeGenerator
Base class for providers that generate code for code-based migrations.
System_CAPS_pubclassMigrationScaffolder
Scaffolds code-based migrations to apply pending model changes to the database.
System_CAPS_pubclassScaffoldedMigration
Represents a code-based migration that has been scaffolded and is ready to be written to a file.
System_CAPS_pubclassToolingFacade
Helper class that is used by design time tools to run migrations related commands that need to interact with an application that is being edited in Visual Studio. Because the application is being edited the assemblies need to be loaded in a separate AppDomain to ensure the latest version is always loaded. The App/Web.config file from the startup project is also copied to ensure that any configuration is applied.
System_CAPS_pubclassVisualBasicMigrationCodeGenerator
Generates VB.Net code for a code-based migration.
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Category:Green Party (Ireland) politicians
Irish politicians who are or were members of the Irish Green Party | WIKI |
Ichinose
Ichinose (written: 市瀬 or 市ノ瀬 or 一之瀬 or 一ノ瀬 or 一の瀬) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hidekazu Ichinose (市瀬 秀和), Japanese voice actor
* Kana Ichinose (市ノ瀬 加那), Japanese voice actress
* Taizo Ichinose (一ノ瀬 泰造), Japanese war photographer
Fictional characters
* Futaba Ichinose (一ノ瀬 双葉), a character in the manga series Seiyu's Life!
* Guren Ichinose (一瀬 グレン), a character in the manga series Seraph of the End
* Hajime Ichinose (一ノ瀬 はじめ), the protagonist of the anime series Gatchaman Crowds
* Hanea Ichinose (一の瀬 花枝), a character in the manga series Maison Ikkoku
* Haru Ichinose (一ノ瀬 晴), a character in the manga series Riddle Story of Devil
* Honami Ichinose (一之瀬 帆波), a character in the light novel and anime series Classroom of the Elite
* Hotaro Ichinose (一ノ瀬 宝太郎), a character in the TV series Kamen Rider Gotchard
* Kaede Ichinose (一ノ瀬 かえで), a character in the anime series Aikatsu!
* Kentaro Ichinose (一の瀬 賢太郎), a character in the manga series Maison Ikkoku
* Kotomi Ichinose (一ノ瀬 ことみ), a character in the visual novel Clannad
* Kouki Ichinose (一の瀬 後期), a character in the manga series Ore Monogatari
* Kuon Ichinose (一ノ瀬 久音), a character in the video game Persona 5 Strikers
* Maki Ichinose (一之瀬 真樹), a character in the manga series Bleach
* Minori Ichinose (一之瀬みのり), a character in the 2021 anime series Tropical-Rouge! Pretty Cure
* Narumi Ichinose (一之瀬なるみ), a character in the anime series Tropical-Rouge! Pretty Cure
* Sô Ichinose (一ノ瀬 曹), a character in the manga Doubt!!
* Tokiya Ichinose (一ノ瀬 トキヤ), a character in the visual novel series Uta no Prince-sama | WIKI |
O'Neil v. State of Vermont/Dissent Harlan
Mr. Justice HARLAN, dissenting.
I do not think that this writ of error should be dismissed for want of jurisdiction.
The supreme court of Vermont, at its October term, 1885, decided the following cases: State v. O'Neil, No. 27, (the present case,) in which the respondent was charged with selling intoxicating liquors contrary to law: State v. O'Neil, No. 28, in which he was charged with keeping intoxicating liquors with intent to sell, etc.; State v. Four Jugs of Intoxicating Liquor, National Express Co., claimant, No. 25; State v. Sixty-Eight Jugs of Intoxicating Liquor, National Express Co., claimant, No. 26. They were disposed of at the same time, and in one opinion, delivered by Chief Justice ROYCE. State v. O'Neil, 58 Vt. 140, 150, 151, 166, 2 Atl. Rep. 586. It is shown by the report of the cases that O'Neil expressly invoked for his protection that clause of the constitution of the United States which gives congress power to regulate commerce among the states. His exception was in these words: 'The state cannot prohibit or regulate interstate commerce.' We give the very words of the exception, because of the statement in the opinion of this court that no such point was passed upon in this case by the supreme court of Vermont. 58 Vt. 150. A like exception was taken by the claimant in cases Nos. 25 and 26, in thess words: 'Congress has exclusive power to regulate commerce among the states.' 58 Vt. 154. In disposing of this question, the court, in its opinion, common to all the cases before it, among other things said: 'If it were competent for persons or companies to become superior to state laws and police regulations, and to override and defy them under the shield of the federal constitution simply by means of conducting an interstate traffic, it would indeed be a strange and deplorable condition of things. The right of the states to regulate the traffic in intoxicating liquors has been settled by the United States supreme court in the License Cases, 5 How. 577.' The opinion closed with these words: 'The result is that in the cases of State v. O'Neil, numbers 27 and 28, the respondent takes nothing by his exceptions; and in the cases of State v. Intoxicating Liquor, National Express Company, claimant, numbers 25 and 26, the judgments are affirmed.' And one of the assignments of error in this court is to the effect that the court below erred in adjudging that the statute of Vermont, in its application to the facts of this case, was not in conflict with the commerce clause of the constitution of the United clause of the constitution of the United to consider the question, distinctly raised by O'Neil in the court below, as well as here, namely, that the transactions on account of which he was prosecuted constituted interstate commerce, which was not subject to regulation by the state? The defendant having expressly excepted to the judgment against him upon the ground that it was not consistent with the power of congress over commerce among the states, and the supreme court of Vermont having adjudged that he could take nothing by his exception, how can it be said that this question was not presented to and was not determined by that court adversely to the accused?
But if it were true that the court below did not, in fact, pass upon, but ignored, this question, with respect to O'Neil, and restricted its observations to the cases in which the National Express Company was claimant, it would not follow that this court is without jurisdiction to determine it. We have often held that a judgment of the highest court of the state which failed to recognize a federal right, specially set up and claimed, ought not to be disturbed, unless its necessary effect was to deny that right, or where it proceeded in part upon another and distinct ground, not involving a federal question, but sufficient, in itself, to maintain the judgment without reference to that question. San Francisco v. Itsell, 133 U.S. 65, 66, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 241; Beaupre v. Noyes, 138 U.S. 397, 401, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 296, 298. Now, it may be true, as I think it is, under the facts of this case, that the title to the liquors sold by O'Neil did not pass, and he did not intend it should pass, from him upon the delivery to the express company in New York of the jugs or vessels containing the liquors, and therefore that the sales were not in law consummated until the liquors were received in Vermont, and paid for there by the vendee. Still the question remained whether the sending of the liquors from Whitehall, N. Y., to Rutland, Vt., was or was not interstate commerce protected by the constitution of the United States. The contention of the defendant in this court, as it was in the court below, is that, even if the sales were not consummated until the liquors were delivered to the respective vendees he had the right, under that instrument to send the liquors into Vermont, and deliver them there, in the original packages, -that is, in jugs or other vessels,-upon payment of the price charged; and the necessary effect of the judgment was to deny this right, thus distinctly asserted. The decision that the sales were consummated in Vermont, and, consequently, that the defendant violated the laws of that state, in doing what he did there, by his agents, is not, in itself, sufficient to support the judgment, except upon the theory that he had no right, under the constitution of the United States, to send the liquors into Vermont to be there delivered in the original packages. It seems to me entirely clear, in any view of the case, that the court below necessarily determined, adversely to the defendant, a right specially set up and claimed by him under the federal constitution.
In view of what I have said, it is proper to state that, in my judgment, the sending by the defendant from Whitehall, N. Y., to Rutland county, Vt., or intoxicating liquors in jugs, bottles, or flasks, to be delivered only upon the payment of the price charged for the liquors, were not in any fair sense transactions of interstate commerce protected by the constitution of the United States against the laws of Vermont regulating the selling, giving away, and furnishing of intoxicating liquors within its limits. The defendant, in effect, engaged in the business of selling, through agents, by retail, in Vermont, intoxicating liquors shipped by him, for that purpose, into that state from another state. What he did was a mere device to evade the statutes enacted by Vermont for the purpose of protecting its people against the evils confessedly resulting from the sale of intoxicating liquors. The doctrine relating to 'original packages' of merchandise sent from one state to another state does not embrace a business of that character. But, whether this be so or not is a question this court has jurisdiction to determine in the present case, and it is clearly the right of the defendant to have it determined. if the jugs, bottles or flasks containing intoxicating liquors sent into Vermont from the defendant's place of business, over the border, were original packages, the shipment of which into that state, prior to the passage of the act of congress of August 8, 1890, (chapter 728, 26 St. p. 343,) known as the 'Wilson Statute,' were protected by the constitution of the United States against state interference until delivered to the consignees, he is entitled, upon the principles announced in Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U.S. 100, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 681, to a reversal of the judgment.
But there is another reason why this writ of error should not be dismissed for want of jurisdiction. The defendant contended in the court below that the judgment of the Rutland county court inflicted upon him, in violation of the constitution of the United States, a punishment both cruel and unusual. It is not disputed that he distinctly made this point; and the question was decided against him in the court below. It is true, the assignments of error do not, in terms, cover this point, but it is competent for this court to consider it, because we have jurisdiction of the case upon the grounds already stated. I fully concur with Mr. Justice FIELD that, since the adoption of the fourteenth amendment, no one of the fundamental rights of life, liberty, or property, recognized and guarantied by the constitution of the United States, can be denied or abridged by a state in respect to any person within its jurisdiction. These rights are principally enumerated in the earlier amendments of the constitution. They were deemed so vital to the safety and security of the people that the absence from the constitution, adopted by the convention of 1787, of express guaranties of them, came very near defeating the acceptance of that instrument by the requisite number of states. The constitution was ratified in the belief, and only because of the belief, encouraged by its leading advocates, that, immediately upon the organization of the government of the Union, articles of amendment would be submitted to the people recognizing those essential rights of life, liberty, and property which inhered in Anglo-Saxon freedom, and which our ancestors brought with them from the mother country. Among those rights is immunity from cruel and unusual punishments secured by the eighth amendment against federal action, and by the fourteenth amendment against denial or abridgment by the states. A judgment, therefore, of a state court, even if rendered pursuant to a statute, inflicting, or allowing the infliction of a cruel and unusual punishment, is inconsistent with the supreme law of the land. The judgment before us, by which the defendant is confined at hard labor in a house of correction for the term of 19,914 days, or 54 years and 204 days, inflicts punishment which, in view of the character of the offenses committed, must be deemed cruel and unusual.
Without noticing other questions, I am of opinion that upon the ground last stated the judgment should be reversed.
Mr. Justice BERWER authorizes me to say that in the main he concurs with the views expressed in this opinion. | WIKI |
A History of Alaska
Alaska is a rich land stuffed with beauty and natural resources with an even richer history. Larger than all of Montana, Texas, and California combined, it is 20% of the entire US mainland and features a wide range of topography. Originally inhabited by foragers who came over the Bering land bridge in 14,000 BC, the state has attracted the interest of numerous nations. Learn more about how Alaska was shaped over the last few centuries and what it means for the people today.
Influence in Early Alaska
Vitus Bering is often credited for officially discovering Alaska in 1741, but there was foreign declaration of the territory long before that. About 20 years after Columbus sailed into the Americas, Spain claimed blanket ownership of all North and South America. This continued through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries until the Russians began their exploration missions into the area.
When Russians first began to tour the land, they were met with a variety of native peoples of the state. Each group had its own culture and (usually) language. Russia had its eye on building a much stronger empire during this time, as did both America and Spain. This led to some serious tension over the ownership and the legitimacy of official rule.
Russia was credited with owning the land from 1780 to 1867. Here are just a few highlights from that time:
- The vast majority of people coming to Alaska during this time were fur traders and merchants from Siberia looking to capitalize on the area's plentiful wildlife.
- As Russian fur traders and commercialized parties were established, there was some dispute as to the ownership of the territory from America.
- The Russian-American Company was created to better control the area, and the Russian Orthodox Church was tasked with converting the Native people.
In 1867, America took control of Alaska by buying it from the Russians for $7.2 million. Driven by the Secretary of State William Seward, many famously called his decision Seward's Folly. Of course, this was before people knew about the territory's vast natural reserves.
In the late 1800s, gold was discovered in the state, sparking the arrival of 60,000 miners and settlers of all kinds. The Klondike Gold Rush right before the turn of the century brought 100,000 more people to the area during a time of development and major change. Those who lived in the state at the time were allowed to take advantage of the Homestead Act of 1862. Pioneers who were ready to take on the wilds of the state were allowed to claim up to 160 acres of land as their homestead. In 1900, the capital city was officially changed from Sitka to Juneau.
Turning the Corner
Alaska may not have become a state until early 1959, but it was declared a US territory in 1912. As settlers continued to build up the state, they were met with a number of challenges. In 1925, the area of Nome was in need of medication to fight an outbreak of diphtheria. Residents needed sled dogs to bring the serum in the face of winter storms. In 1942, Japan took the islands of Attu and Kiska. The Japanese would keep their hold on these islands for a full year before the American military was able to recover the land. In 1964, a major earthquake hit the Southern part of the state, causing underwater landslides, tsunamis, and casualties.
Despite all this, the state continued to build its cities and create a unique economy. When oil was first discovered in 1968, the state began to get the recognition it really deserved. Today, the state is home to 16 national parks and 100,00 glaciers and ice fields. It's a huge tourist destination, bringing more than 2 million tourists between May and September in 2018. It's an especially popular cruise destination due to the many cities and towns along the coast.
Alaska is one of the more untouched states in the world, giving visitors of taste of the wilds in a particularly modern age. Its past has shaped the people and the culture of the area today. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Docker or KVM: Which is Right for You?
Over the years there have been many different technologies to isolate workloads. Isolation is important for security because if one workload is compromised, and they are not isolated, then others can be affected. In today’s ecosystem, there are two predominant forms of workload isolation: containers and virtual machines.
Containers
Containers are similar to chroot jail in that all of the programs running within the container are executed in a way that they believe they have their own root file system. Linux namespaces allow the container to have its own process ID space, so `init` can be process ID 1, whereas, with chroot jails, the namespace was shared, so processes in the jail could not have a process ID of 1 since the host OS `init` process was already using process ID 1.
Containers share the same kernel and they do not have direct access to hardware resources.
Virtual Machines
Virtual machines are an emulated hardware environment provided by KVM. They boot their own kernel, have their own disks and attach network devices. If a user has full control over
a virtual machine, then they can install any operating system they wish. Because the hardware is virtualized and running a separate kernel, virtual machines provide greater isolation than containers since they do not share the same kernel. The isolation is provided by hardware optimizations implemented in silicon by CPU manufacturers. This makes
it more difficult to escape a virtual machine environment than a container environment. You might ask: But what about branch prediction attacks, like Spectre?
In this case, branch prediction attacks equally affect containers and virtual machines so we can exclude that as a consideration for choosing containers or virtual machines.
Root File System
In practice, the operating systems running within these isolation technologies both operate from their own root file systems. Traditionally this was a complete distribution installation, however, that has changed in a way that hinders security and increases the difficulty of systems administration. There is a trend of “turn-key” operating system deployments, especially in Docker. If you want a particular application, let’s say, a web server running Word Press, then you simply run a few short commands and your Word Press server is up and running. This makes it easy to install for the novice user, but there is no guarantee that the Docker environment is up to date.
Further compounding container deployment security is the fact that some containers do not have a complete root file system and administrators cannot log in at all. Some would say this is good for security, but this type of monolithic container is still subject to the increasing likelihood of new attack vectors against an aging codebase. If a vulnerability does come along, then the monolithic container can become compromised. Since it can be difficult to log into this kind of container, it is harder to inspect what is happening from within the environment– and even if you can log in, the installation is so minimal that the toolset for inspecting the problem is not available, and the deployment may be so old that even if the container includes a package manager like Yum or APT, the distribution repositories may have been archived and are no longer available without additional effort.
Container intrusions can often be inspected from the outside using a privileged installation with configurable tooling, but the security issues and increased difficulty of maintenance are a counterindication for today’s containerized counter culture.
Our recommendation is always to install a long-term support release of a well known distribution in a virtual machine instead of a container. As a full virtual machine, not only do you get increased isolation, vendor updates, and a better security life cycle, but you also get increased management tooling such as live migration, full block device disks that can be cloned and mounted on other systems or snapshotted with easy rollback.
If you must use containers for your environment, then please use a normal OS distribution, configure security updates and email notifications and centralized logging. This will go a long way to making the system maintainable in the future and save you support costs.
If you are interested in learning more, then call us for a free consultation, so we can help work out what is best for your organization.
-Eric
Check Authorize.net TLS 1.2 Support: tlsv1 alert protocol version
TLS v1.0 and v1.1 to be Disabled on February 28th, 2018
As you may be aware, Authorize.net is disabling TLS v1.0 and v1.1 at the end of this month. More information about the disablement schedule is available here.
You may begin to see errors like the following if you have not already updated your system:
error:1407742E:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:tlsv1 alert protocol version
We can help you solve this issue as well as provide security hardening or PCI compliance service for your server. Please call or email if we may be of service!
Checking for TLS v1.2 Support
Most modern Linux releases support TLS v1.2, however, it would be best to check to avoid a surprise. These tests should work on most any Linux version including SUSE, Red Hat, CentOS, Debian, Ubuntu, and many others.
PHP
To check your server, you can use this simple PHP script. Make sure you are running this PHP code from the same PHP executable that runs your website. For example, you might have PHP compiled from source and also have it installed as a package. In some cases, one will work and the other will not:
<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://apitest.authorize.net');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
if (($response = curl_exec($ch)) === false) {
$error = curl_error($ch);
print "$error\n";
}
else {
$httpcode = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
print "TLS OK: " . strlen($response) . " bytes received ($httpcode).\n";
}
curl_close($ch);
?>
Perl
As above, make sure that you are using the same Perl interpreter that your production site is using or you can end up with a false positive/false negative test. If you get output saying “403 – Forbidden: Access is denied” then it is working because TLS connected successfully.
# perl -MLWP::UserAgent -e 'print LWP::UserAgent->new->get("https://apitest.authorize.net")->decoded_content'
Can't connect to apitest.authorize.net:443
LWP::Protocol::https::Socket: SSL connect attempt failed with unknown errorerror:1407742E:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:tlsv1 alert protocol version at /usr/lib/perl5/vendor_perl/5.10.0/LWP/Protocol/http.pm line 57.
OpenSSL/Generic
To check from the command line without PHP, you can use the following which shows a failed TLS negotiation:
# openssl s_client -connect apitest.authorize.net:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
30371:error:1407742E:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:tlsv1 alert protocol version:s23_clnt.c:605
Other Languages
If you use any language, we can help verify that your application is set up to work correctly. Just let us know and we can work with you directly. I hope this post helps, please comment below!
-Eric | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Antara journalist Mitra
Hi my name is Antara mitra my father name is Nepal mitra My mother name is chitra mitra my sister name is Anindita mitra My bartha please Kolkata. My age 30years old My education victory institute college ma journalism must communication. Journalist is my passion my hobbies article and book collection and journalism mass communication. My channel is YouTube channel name Antara journalist mitra 🧿. | WIKI |
We thank all speakers, participants, organizers and sponsors for their valuable contribution to the success of the Summer School 2023!
Background:
The 10th international Summer School in Biomedical Engineering continues a series of summer schools that addresses state of the art techniques for measurement, data processing, source reconstruction, brain stimulation, multimodal data integration, and generative modeling.
Traditionally, the human brain of a single person is studied, while input and output are provided in an artificial manner in the laboratory. While this approach ensures a maximum of controllability, the ecological validity is often compromised. In ecological settings, human brains often interact. This extends experimental feedback loops from human-machine interaction to human-human interaction.
To understand how people interact, it is necessary to concurrently map brain activation from two or more participants. This approach is often referred to as “hyperscanning”. Fundamental aspects of social cognition in real-life social interactions, including different roles of interactors, shared intention emerging through interaction and history of interaction, can be addressed only with hyperscanning.
Typically, in hyperscanning paradigms each participant is scanned with a separate neuroimaging device while interacting personally or via an audio link, video feed, or shared digital platform. While all neuroimaging modalities are in principle suitable for hyperscanning, personal human-human interaction require portable devices such as EEG, NIRS, or OPM-MEG.
Aims:
The aim of the 10th International Summer School in Biomedical Engineering is to provide in depth education in the field of noninvasive simultaneous dynamic brain imaging of multiple persons (hyperscanning), provided by leading international experts. This will include methodological approaches and challenges, measurement devices and characteristics, types of underlying theoretic modeling, specifics of data analysis, ability to derive conclusions about neuroscientific meaning. The participants will achieve a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms and develop a critical view on current applications and possible future developments.
A second important aim of the International Summer School consist in providing contact with both leading experts in the field and other students with similar interests. This way, the meeting will facilitate the exchange of ideas on latest developments and help to build professional networks.
The program contains thematic lectures on acquisition and analysis of data in the field of EEG, MEG, NIRS, and fMRI in hyperscanning settings.
Target group: (up to 40 participants)
• PhD students
• Advances Master students
• Researchers interested in fields of social interactions, cooperative/competitive behavior or technological challenges of hyperscanning | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Winters
Winters may refer to:
* Winters (name), a surname
* Winters, California, a town in California, U.S.
* Winters, Texas, a town in Texas, U.S.
* Winter, a season | WIKI |
Human security
Human security is a paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of national security through military security by arguing that the proper referent for security should be at the human rather than the national level. Human security reveals a people-centred and multi-disciplinary understanding of security which involves a number of research fields, including development studies, international relations, strategic studies, and human rights. The United Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report is considered a milestone publication in the field of human security, with its argument that ensuring "freedom from want" and "freedom from fear" for all persons is the best path to tackle the problem of global insecurity.
Critics of the concept argue that its vagueness undermines its effectiveness, that it has become little more than a vehicle for activists wishing to promote certain causes, and that it does not help the research community understand what security means or help decision-makers to formulate good policies. Alternatively, other scholars have argued that the concept of human security should be broadened to encompass military security: 'In other words, if this thing called 'human security' has the concept of 'the human' embedded at the heart of it, then let us address the question of the human condition directly. Thus understood, human security would no longer be the vague amorphous add-on to harder-edged areas of security such as military security or state security.'
In order for human security to challenge global inequalities, there has to be cooperation between a country's foreign policy and its approach to global health. However, the interest of the state has continued to overshadow the interest of the people. For instance, Canada's foreign policy, "three Ds", has been criticized for emphasizing defense more than development.
Origins
The emergence of the human security discourse was the product of a convergence of factors at the end of the Cold War. These challenged the dominance of the neorealist paradigm's focus on states, "mutually assured destruction" and military security and briefly enabled a broader concept of security to emerge. The increasingly rapid pace of globalization; the failure of liberal state-building through the instruments of the Washington Consensus; the reduced threat of nuclear war between the superpowers, and the exponential rise in the spread and consolidation of democratization and international human rights norms opened a space in which both 'development' and concepts of 'security' could be reconsidered.
At the same time, the increasing number of internal violent conflicts in Africa, Asia and Europe (Balkans) resulted in concepts of national and international security failing to reflect the challenges of the post Cold War security environment whilst the failure of neoliberal development models to generate growth, particularly in Africa, or to deal with the consequences of complex new threats (such as HIV and climate change) reinforced the sense that international institutions and states were not organized to address such problems in an integrated way.
The principal possible indicators of movement toward an individualized conception of security lie in the first place in the evolution of international society's consideration of rights of individuals in the face of potential threats from states. The most obvious foci of analysis here are the UN Charter, the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and its associated covenants (1966), and conventions related to particular crimes (e.g., genocide) and the rights of particular groups (e.g., women, racial groups, and refugees).
UNDP's 1994 definition
Mahbub ul Haq first drew global attention to the concept of human security in the United Nations Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report and sought to influence the UN's 1995 World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen. The UNDP's 1994 Human Development Report's definition of human security argues that the scope of global security should be expanded to include threats in seven areas:
* Economic security – Economic security requires an assured basic income for individuals, usually from productive and remunerative work or, as a last resort, from a publicly financed safety net. In this sense, only about a quarter of the world's people are presently economically secure. While the economic security problem may be more serious in developing countries, concern also arises in developed countries as well. Unemployment problems constitute an important factor underlying political tensions and ethnic violence.
* Food security – Food security requires that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food. According to the United Nations, the overall availability of food is not a problem, rather the problem often is the poor distribution of food and a lack of purchasing power. In the past, food security problems have been dealt with at both national and global levels. However, their impacts are limited. According to the UN, the key is to tackle the problems relating to access to assets, work and assured income (related to economic security).
* Health security – Health security aims to guarantee a minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles. In developing countries, the major causes of death traditionally were infectious and parasitic diseases, whereas in industrialized countries, the major killers were diseases of the circulatory system. Today, lifestyle-related chronic diseases are leading killers worldwide, with 80 percent of deaths from chronic diseases occurring in low- and middle-income countries. According to the United Nations, in both developing and industrial countries, threats to health security are usually greater for poor people in rural areas, particularly children. This is due to malnutrition and insufficient access to health services, clean water and other basic necessities.
* Environmental security – Environmental security aims to protect people from the short- and long-term ravages of nature, man-made threats in nature, and deterioration of the natural environment. In developing countries, lack of access to clean water resources is one of the greatest environmental threats. In industrial countries, one of the major threats is air pollution. Global warming, caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, is another environmental security issue.
* Personal security – Personal security aims to protect people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals and sub-state actors, from domestic abuse, or from predatory adults. For many people, the greatest source of anxiety is crime, particularly violent crime.
* Community security – Community security aims to protect people from the loss of traditional relationships and values and from sectarian and ethnic violence. Traditional communities, particularly minority ethnic groups are often threatened. About half of the world's states have experienced some inter-ethnic strife. The United Nations declared 1993 the Year of Indigenous People to highlight the continuing vulnerability of the 300 million Aboriginal people in 70 countries as they face a widening spiral of violence.
* Political security – Political security is concerned with whether people live in a society that honors their basic human rights. According to a survey conducted by Amnesty International, political repression, systematic torture, ill-treatment, or disappearance was still practised in 110 countries. Human rights violations are most frequent during periods of political unrest. Along with repressing individuals and groups, governments may try to exercise control over ideas and information.
Since then, human security has been receiving more attention from key global development institutions, such as the World Bank. Tadjbakhsh, among others, traces the evolution of human security in international organizations, concluding that the concept has been manipulated and transformed considerably since 1994 to fit organizational interests.
Freedom from Fear vs Freedom from Want and beyond
In an ideal world, each of the UNDP's seven categories of threats (and perhaps others as a broader discussion might prioritize) would receive adequate global attention and resources. Yet attempts to implement this human security agenda have led to the emergence of two major schools of thought on how to best practice human security – '"Freedom from Fear"' and '"Freedom from Want"'. While the UNDP 1994 report originally argued that human security requires attention to both freedom from fear and freedom from want, divisions have gradually emerged over the proper scope of that protection (e.g. over what threats individuals should be protected from) and over the appropriate mechanisms for responding to these threats.
* Freedom from Fear – This school seeks to limit the practice of Human Security to protecting individuals from violent conflicts while recognizing that these violent threats are strongly associated with poverty, lack of state capacity and other forms of inequities. This approach argues that limiting the focus to violence is a realistic and manageable approach towards Human Security. Emergency assistance, conflict prevention and resolution, and peace-building are the main concerns of this approach. Canada, for example, was a critical player in the efforts to ban landmines and has incorporated the "Freedom from Fear" agenda as a primary component in its own foreign policy. However, whether such a “narrow” approach can truly serve its purpose in guaranteeing more fruitful results remains to be an issue. For instance, the conflicts in Darfur are often used in questioning the effectiveness of the "Responsibility to Protect”, a key component of the Freedom from Fear agenda.
* Freedom from Want – The school advocates a holistic approach in achieving human security and argues that the threat agenda should be broadened to include hunger, disease and natural disasters because they are inseparable concepts in addressing the root of human insecurity and they kill far more people than war, genocide and terrorism combined. Different from "Freedom from Fear", it expands the focus beyond violence with emphasis on development and security goals.
Despite their differences, these two approaches to human security can be considered complementary rather than contradictory. Expressions to this effect include:
* Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous Four Freedoms speech of 1941, in which "Freedom from Want" is characterized as the third and "Freedom from Fear" is the fourth such fundamental, universal, freedom.
* The Government of Japan considers Freedom from Fear and Freedom from Want to be equal in developing Japan's foreign policy. Moreover, the UNDP 1994 called for the world's attention to both agendas.
* Surin Pitsuwan, the Secretary-General of ASEAN in 2008-2012 cites theorists such as Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Hume to conclude that "human security is the primary purpose of organizing a state in the beginning.". He goes on to observe that the 1994 Human Development Report states that it is "reviving this concept" and suggests that the authors of the 1994 HDR may be alluding to Franklin Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech without literally citing that presentation.
Although "freedom from fear" and "freedom from want" are the most commonly referred to categories of human security practice, an increasing number of alternative ideas continue to emerge on how to best practice human security. Among them:
* Paul James. James asks two apparently simple questions: Firstly, why, if 'the human’ as a category by definition encompasses all considerations of governance, the state and the military, does military security continue to be treated as prior, more significant, or even equal to human security. By contrast, "when children play ‘category’ games", he says, "they implicitly understand such issues of ordering". Secondly, why does human security get narrowly defined in terms of liberal notions of 'freedom': freedom from want and freedom from fear? In response to these two questions, he provides the following alternative definition, with human security encompassing military security:
* Human security can be defined as one of the foundational conditions of being human, including both (1) the sustainable protection and provision of the material conditions for meeting the embodied needs of people, and (2) the protection of the variable existential conditions for maintaining a dignified life. Within this definition, it then makes sense that the core focus of human-security endeavours should be on the most vulnerable. It makes sense that risk management should be most responsive to immediate events or processes that have both an extensive and intensive impact in producing material and existential vulnerabilities of people in general or a category of persons across a particular locale.
* G. King and C. Murray. King and Murray try to narrow down the human security definition to one's "expectation of years of life without experiencing the state of generalized poverty". In their definition, the "generalized poverty" means "falling below critical thresholds in any domain of well-being"; and it is in the same article, they give a brief review and categories of "Domains of Well-being". This set of definitions is similar to "freedom from want" but more concretely focused on some value system.
* Caroline Thomas. She regards human security as describing "a condition of existence" which entails basic material needs, human dignity, including meaningful participation in the life of the community, and an active and substantive notion of democracy from the local to the global.
* Roland Paris. He argues that many ways to define "human security" are related to a certain set of values and lose the neutral position. So he suggests to take human security as a category of research. As such, he gives a 2*2 matrix to illustrate the security studies field.
The first university textbook of human security, edited by Alexander Lautensach and Sabina Lautensach, appeared in open access form in 2020. According to their Four Pillar Model, human security rests on the four pillars of sociopolitical security, economic security, environmental security and health security. Because of its focus on the long term as well as on immediate needs, the environmental pillar of human security assumes prime significance. It necessitates our attention to the utter dependence of human welfare on the integrity of ecological support structures.
* Sabina Alkire. Different with those approaches seek to narrow down and specify the objective of human security, Sabina Alkire pushes the idea a step further as "to safeguard the vital core of all human lives from critical pervasive threats, without impeding long-term human fulfilment". In a concept as such, she suggests the "vital core" cover a minimal or basic or fundamental set of functions related to survival, livelihood and dignity; and all institutions should at least and necessarily protect the core from any intervention.
* Lyal S. Sunga. In 2009, Professor Sunga argued that a concept of human security that is fully informed by international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international criminal law and international refugee law, and which takes into account the relevant international legal norms prohibiting the use of force in international relations, will likely prove more valuable to international legal theory and practice over the longer term, than a concept of human security which does not meet these conditions because these fields of law represent the objectified political will of States rather than the more subjective biases of scholars.
Relationship with traditional security
Coined in the early 1990s, the term human security has been used by thinkers who have sought to shift the discourse on security away from its traditional state-centered orientation to the protection and advancement of individuals within societies. Human security emerged as a challenge to ideas of traditional security, but human and traditional or national security are not mutually exclusive concepts. It has been argued that, without human security, traditional state security cannot be attained and vice versa.
Traditional security is about a state's ability to defend itself against external threats. Traditional security (often referred to as national security or state security) describes the philosophy of international security predominance since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the rise of the nation-states. While international relations theory includes many variants of traditional security, from realism to liberalism, the fundamental trait that these schools share is their focus on the primacy of the nation-state.
The following table contrasts four differences between the two perspectives:
Relationship with development
Human security also challenged and drew from the practice of international development.
Traditionally, embracing liberal market economics was considered to be the universal path for economic growth, and thus development for all humanity. Yet, continuing conflict and human rights abuses following the end of the Cold War and the fact that two-thirds of the global population seemed to have gained little from the economic gains of globalization, led to fundamental questions about the way development was practiced. Accordingly, human development has emerged in the 1990s to challenge the dominant paradigm of liberal economy in the development community. Human development proponents argue that economic growth is insufficient to expand people's choices or capabilities, areas such as health, education, technology, the environment, and employment should not be neglected.
Human security could be said to further enlarge the scope for examining the causes and consequences of underdevelopment, by seeking to bridge the divide between development and security. Too often, militaries didn't address or factor in the underlying causes of violence and insecurity while development workers often underplayed the vulnerability of development models to violent conflict. Human security springs from a growing consensus that these two fields need to be more fully integrated in order to enhance security for all.
The paper "Development and Security" by Frances Stewart argues that security and development are deeply interconnected.
* Human security forms an important part of people’s well-being, and is therefore an objective of development. An objective of development is “the enlargement of human choices”. Insecurity cuts life short and thwarts the use of human potential, thereby affecting the reaching of this objective.
* Lack of human security has adverse consequences on economic growth, and therefore development. Some development costs are obvious. For example, in wars, people who join the army or flee can no longer work productively. Also, destroying infrastructure reduces the productive capacity of the economy.
* Imbalanced development that involves horizontal inequalities is an important source of conflict. Therefore, vicious cycles of lack of development which leads to conflict, then to lack of development, can readily emerge. Likewise, virtuous cycles are possible, with high levels of security leading to development, which further promotes security in return.
Further, it could also be said that the practice of human development and human security share three fundamental elements:
* First, human security and human development are both people-centered. They challenge the orthodox approach to security and development i.e. state security and liberal economic growth respectively. Both emphasize people are to be the ultimate ends but not means. Both treat humans as agents and should be empowered to participate in the course.
* Second, both perspectives are multidimensional. Both address people's dignity as well as their material and physical concerns.
* Third, both schools of thought consider poverty and inequality as the root causes of individual vulnerability.
Despite these similarities, the relationship with development is one of the most contested areas of human security. "Freedom from fear" advocates, such as Andrew Mack, argue that human security should focus on the achievable goals of decreasing individual vulnerability to violent conflict, rather than broadly defined goals of economic and social development. Others, such as Tadjbakhsh and Chenoy, argue that human development and human security are inextricably linked since progress in one enhances the chances of progress in another while failure in one increases the risk of failure of another.
The following table is adopted from Tadjbakhsh to help clarify the relationship between these two concepts.
Relationship with human rights
Human security is indebted to the human rights tradition (the ideas of natural law and natural rights). The development of the human security model can be seen to have drawn upon ideas and concepts fundamental to the human rights tradition. Both approaches use the individual as the main referent and both argue that a wide range of issues (i.e. civil rights, cultural identity, access to education and healthcare) are fundamental to human dignity. A major difference between the two models is in their approach to addressing threats to human dignity and survival. Whilst the human rights framework takes a legalistic approach, the human security framework, by utilizing a diverse range of actors, adopts flexible and issue-specific approaches, which can operate at local, national or international levels.
The nature of the relationship between human security and human rights is contested among human security advocates. Some human security advocates argue that the goal of human security should be to build upon and strengthen the existing global human rights legal framework. However, other advocates view the human rights legal framework as part of the global insecurity problem and believe that a human security approach should propel us to move above and beyond this legalistic approach to get at the underlying sources of inequality and violence which are the root causes of insecurity in today's world.
Relationship with non-governmental organizations
See also: Non-governmental organization
The term NGO (Non-Government Organisation) cannot be simply defined due to complexities surrounding its structure, environment and complex relations it shares with its internal factions; being its organisational mission, membership and sources of funding, and external factors such as the relationship it shares with actors; detailing the economic, political and societal constructs they may be bound by. A generic understanding of the term may refer to the actions taken in the interests of independent, voluntary contributors which exist independently from governments and corporations, designed to represent and provide a collective voice to individuals regarding issues. These issues cover contributions to the fields and industries of human development, health and nutrition, human rights and education, and environmental concerns; all of which influence and affect human security.
The traditional roles of NGOs may be classified into three components, in accordance with Lewis:
- Implementer: refers to the mobilisation of resources in order to aid the provision of goods and services, such as the act of service delivery.
- Catalyst: refers to the emotional and psychological aspect of the NGOs ability to inspire, facilitate or contribute to spur action or thinking.
- Partner: refers to the NGOs relationships shared with external actors such as governments, donors or the private sector players through joint activities, or projects with communities, with the purpose to strengthen the relationship between the NGOs and these partners in a mutually beneficial fashion.
The expansion of these roles have culminated in assisting the creation of a society where NGOs serve as important players in the global arena in regards to maintaining human security. Due to this increasing influence and the emergence of growing natural and man-made disasters, NGOs now are contracted by governments in order to adequately respond to crises, as well as assist individual or collectivised groups of citizens in lobbying their interests; thus culminating in the ability to enact, influence and change government agendas. However, NGOs are still largely dependent on certain levels of government funding, hence critics may argue that NGOs pose the ability to potentially damage issues of human security due to this financial dependence. Despite these critiques, the focus, expertise and infrastructure developed by NGOs through their activities linked with human development and human rights allow them to make unique contributions to human security provision.
Relationship with the environment
Comprehensive human security attempts to unify environmental security together with social (societal) security. A great number of intertwined environmental and social components together create the framework for comprehensive human security under the assumption that neither of those two categories is attainable in the long run without synergy between the two. That is to say that the trends in environmental, resource, and population stresses are intensifying and will increasingly determine the quality of human life on our planet and as such are a large determining factor of our social security.
Arthur H. Westing posits that the two interdependent branches of comprehensive human security can be broken down into a series of subcomponents to better achieve optimal environmental and social security. Environmental security is composed of two subcomponents: (a) Rational resource utilization, that is resource use that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Social security can be simplified to components of (a) Established political safeguards, (b) Economic safeguards, (c) Personal safeguards, and (d) Military safeguards.
The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) states that a major goal of comprehensive human security is to “transmit practical recommendations to policy-makers on how to strengthen human security through better environmental management and more effective natural resource governance.” The overreaching goal being a pervasive global mindset that recognizes the interdependent natures of the natural environment and our collective social security.
Gender and human security
Human security focuses on the serious neglect of gender concerns under the traditional security model. Traditional security's focus on external military threats to the state has meant that the majority of threats women face have been overlooked. It has recently been argued that these forms of violence are often overlooked because expressions of masculinity in contexts of war have become the norm. By focusing on the individual, the human security model aims to address the security concerns of both women and men equally. However, as of recent conflicts, it is believed that the majority of war casualties are civilians and that "such a conclusion has sometimes led to the assumptions that women are victimized by war to a greater extent than men, because the majority of adult civilians are women, and when the populations of civilian women and children are added together, they outnumber male combatants. Furthermore, in the post-war context women survivors generally outnumber men and so it is often said that women as a group bear a greater burden for post-war recovery". Women are often victims of violence and conflict: they form the majority of civilian deaths; the majority of refugees; and, are often the victims of cruel and degrading practices, such as rape. Women's security is also threatened by unequal access to resources, services and opportunities. The UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, as of 1995, suggested that the problem is not just a social one, but requires evaluation of the political institutions which uphold the unequal system of domination. Women's rights are neglected especially in the Middle East and Southeast Asian regions where customary practices are still prevalent. Although there are different opinions on the issue of customary practices, it infringes upon human security's notion that women and men are innated with equal human rights. Attempts to eradicate such violent customary practices require political and legal approaches where human security in relation to gender should be brought up as the main source of assertion. Such cruel customary practices as honor killing, burning brides and widows, child marriage are still in existence because of women's vulnerability in economic independence and security. Human security in relationship to gender tries to overthrow such traditional practices that are incompatible to the rights of women. Also, human security seeks to empower women, through education, participation and access, as gender equality is seen as a necessary precondition for peace, security and a prosperous society.
Rape as a weapon of war theory
During times of conflict, certain varieties of masculinity come to be celebrated by the State, and these varieties of behaviors can influence how a population's combatants come to behave, or are expected to behave during crises. These behaviors range from acting aggressively and exemplifying hyper-masculine behaviors, to playing upon the rise of "nationalist or ethnic consciousness" to secure "political support for the cause and to undermine "the Other". Overtly militaristic societies have utilized rape and other sexually violent acts to further their gains within the context of war, but also by using such practices of violence as rewards to the (often male) combatants. This tactic undermines the enemy's morale, as they are seen as "unable to protect their women".
The category of human
Recent feminist critiques of Human Security often find difficulties with the concept and categorization of "Human". This categorization is made under the influence of certain value systems which are inherently exclusive by their nature. For instance, the liberal definition of "human" is: someone that is independent and capable of making decisions for themselves. This definition is problematic because it excludes persons who are not independent, such as persons with disabilities, from human security rights. If Human Security was to be entirely inclusive it would need to challenge the current definition of "human" on which it operates and acknowledge that different abilities also require rights.
Eurocentrism
The concept of human security has developed out of the precepts put forth by the United Nations, wherein there has been a critique of Human Security's focus on what is deemed acceptable behaviors. Human security perspectives view practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation as a threat to human (more specifically female) security and well-being in the Global North, while it is more common that these events occur predominately in the Global Southern states. Thus it is seen by states with a traditional human security outlook, to see it as their duty to intervene and perpetuate this eurocentric ideal of what human security looks like, and what is best to protect the familiar concept of women. This can be seen as an infringement on the traditional practices found within some sovereign states of the Global South, and a threat to ways of life and processes of development.
Prevent, react, and rebuild
Human security seeks to address underlying causes and long-term implications of conflicts instead of simply reacting to problems, as the traditional security approach is often accused of doing. "The basic point of preventive efforts is, of course, to reduce, and hopefully eliminate, the need for intervention altogether," while an investment in rehabilitation or rebuilding seeks to ensure that former conflicts do not breed future violence. The concepts of prevention and rebuilding are clearly embraced as the “responsibility to prevent” and well elaborated in "The Responsibility to protect report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty."
Relationship with humanitarian action
In several senses there is a natural fit between human security concepts and humanitarian principles. The concern with the protection of people or individuals is a core humanitarian value as well as of human security. In this sense it shares human security's merging of development and security and the casting of the protection of life as the referent object.
Human security and humanitarian action also shared a similar process of evolution. The rise of the human security discourse in the 1990s paralleled an equally rapid expansion in humanitarian roles and a broadening in the objectives of humanitarianism that was labeled the ‘new humanitarianism’. Humanitarian assistance, once encompassing a narrow set of emergency-based life-saving interventions conducted by a small group of relatively independent actors, became ‘an organising principle for intervention in internal conflicts, a tool for peacebuilding and the starting point for addressing poverty, as well as a palliative in times of conflict and crisis.’ It also merged with development concerns such as the promotion of social justice and societal cohesion.
The human security discourse was also used as a tool to resist aid policies becoming hijacked by narrow security concerns. States, such as the Republic of Ireland, promoted the Human Security concept as a way to ensure a more balanced approach to security and development issues both nationally and within the EU.
Despite the sense of a natural fit between human security concepts and humanitarian principles, they have enjoyed a difficult relationship. Human security perspectives have the potential to interfere with the traditionally apolitical nature of humanitarianism in conflict situations, leading to a blurring of the boundaries between politico-military interventions and those designed primarily to reduce suffering. In another sense the emphasis on human security has legitimised the idea of armed international intervention as a "moral duty" if states are deemed incapable or unwilling to protect their citizens. Similarly, the adoption of 'holistic' security and development strategies within UN Integrated peacekeeping missions is viewed by some as having the potential to compromise humanitarian principles.
Authors such as White and Cliffe drew attention to the way in which the 'broadening of aid objectives from pure survival support towards rehabilitation, development and/ or peace-building' led to the 'dilution of commitment to core humanitarian principles'. Furthermore, many humanitarian organisations have sought to develop rights-based approaches to assistance strategies which challenge the apolitical approach of traditional humanitarianism. Rights-based approaches view poverty and vulnerability as rooted in power relations – specifically, the denial of power, which is itself related to the denial of human rights. Hence rights-based approaches to humanitarian action relate the achievement of security for marginalized people to the realization of their human rights and often to broader social change. Multimandate humanitarian organisations that seek more inclusive and participatory forms of citizenship and governance and the achievement of broader social rights outcomes, therefore, risk enmeshing apolitical humanitarian responses in advocacy programmes that push for broader social changes.
Practice
While there are numerous examples of the human security approach in action, two notable global political events with direct ties to the human security agenda include the development of Responsibility to Protect (R3P) principles guiding humanitarian intervention and the passage of the Ottawa Treaty banning anti-personnel landmines.
Humanitarian intervention
The application of human security is highly relevant within the area of humanitarian intervention, as it focuses on addressing the deep-rooted and multi-factorial problems inherent in humanitarian crises, and offers more long-term resolutions. In general, the term humanitarian intervention generally applies to when a state uses force against another state in order to alleviate suffering in the latter state (See, humanitarian intervention).
Under the traditional security paradigm, humanitarian intervention is contentious. As discussed above, the traditional security paradigm places emphasis on the notion of states. Hence, the principles of state sovereignty and non-intervention that are paramount in the traditional security paradigm make it difficult to justify the intervention of other states in internal disputes. Through the development of clear principles based on the human security concept, there has been a step forward in the development of clear rules of when humanitarian intervention can occur and the obligations of states that intervene in the internal disputes of a state.
These principles on humanitarian intervention are the product of a debate pushed by United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan. He posed a challenge to the international community to find a new approach to humanitarian intervention that responded to its inherent problems. In 2001, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) produced the "Responsibility to protect", a comprehensive report detailing how the “right of humanitarian intervention” could be exercised. It was considered a triumph for the human security approach as it emphasized and gathered much needed attention to some of its main principles:
* The protection of individual welfare is more important than the state. If the security of individuals is threatened internally by the state or externally by other states, state authority can be overridden.
* Addressing the root causes of humanitarian crises (e.g. economic, political or social instability) is a more effective way to solve problems and protect the long-term security of individuals.
* Prevention is the best solution. A collective understanding of the deeper social issues along with a desire to work together is necessary to prevent humanitarian crises, thereby preventing a widespread absence of human security within a population (which may mean investing more in development projects).
The report illustrates the usefulness of the human security approach, particularly its ability to examine the cause of conflicts that explain and justify humanitarian intervention. In addition, it could also act as a paradigm for identifying, prioritizing and resolving large transnational problems, one of the fundamental factors that act as a stimulus for humanitarian intervention in the first place. However, human security still faces difficulties concerning the scope of its applicability, as large problems requiring humanitarian intervention usually are built up from an array of socio-political, cultural and economic problems that may be beyond the limitations of humanitarian projects. On the other hand, successful examples of the use of human security principles within interventions can be found.
The success of humanitarian intervention in international affairs is varied. As discussed above, humanitarian intervention is a contentious issue. Examples of humanitarian intervention illustrate, that in some cases intervention can lead to disastrous results, as in Srebrenica and Somalia. In other cases, a lack of clarity as to the rules of when intervention can occur has resulted in tragic inaction, as was witnessed during the Rwandan genocide. One example of a successful humanitarian intervention and also of humanitarian principles being applied is East Timor which, prior to its independence, was plagued with massive human rights abuses by pro-Indonesian militias and an insurgency war led by indigenous East Timorese against Indonesian forces. A peacekeeping mission was deployed to safeguard the move to independence and the UN established the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). This not only dealt with traditional security priorities, but also helped in nation-building projects, coordinated humanitarian aid and civil rehabilitation, illustrating not only a successful humanitarian intervention but also an effective application of human security principles.
Anti-personnel landmines
In contrast to the traditional security discourse which sees security as focused on protecting state interests, human security proponents believe that Anti-personnel mines could not be viable weapons of war due to the massive collateral damage they cause, their indiscriminate nature and persistence after conflict. In particular, they argue that anti-personnel mines differ from most weapons, which have to be aimed and fired since they have the potential to kill and maim long after the warring parties have ceased fighting. The United Nations has reckoned that landmines are at least ten times more likely to kill or injure a civilian after a conflict than a combatant during hostilities. The effects are also long-lasting. The ICBL estimates that anti-personnel mines were the cause of 5,751 casualties in 2006. Whereas traditionally, states would justify these negative impacts of mines due to the advantage they give on the battlefield, under the human security lens, this is untenable as the wide-ranging post-conflict impact on the day-to-day experience of individuals outweighs the military advantage.
The Ottawa Convention, which led to the banning of anti-personnel landmines, is seen as a victory for the Human Security agenda. The Ottawa Convention has proved to be a huge step forward in the 'Freedom from Fear' approach. In Ottawa, the negotiations were moved outside traditional disarmament forums, thus avoiding the entrenched logic of traditional arms control measures. According to Don Hubert, an advocate of Human Security from the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, the main reason for its success was a multilateral focus. While INGO's like the UN and the ICRC remain the key players along with middle power states like Norway and Canada, its actual power and push comes from the involvement of a host of civil society actors (NGOs) and the general public. Human Security proponents believe that this treaty has set new standards in humanitarian advocacy and has acted as a landmark in international lawmaking for a more secure world.
Critics of the treaty, however, caution against complacency on its success. Many states, they point out, have neither signed nor ratified this convention. They include China, Russia and the United States who are major contributors to the global weapons trade. Second, even though there were a diverse group of civil society actors, the real influence on the treaty came from the ones in the 'global north'. Third, cynics may argue that the success of this campaign stems from the fact that these weapons were outdated and of limited military value and this treaty just helped to accelerate a process that would have happened anyway.
Criticism
In making an assessment of the pros and cons of the human security concept, Walter Dorn includes several additional criticisms. In particular, he asks whether it is in fact as radical a departure in foreign policy terms as is sometimes claimed. Dorn argues that the international community has been concerned with issues of human safety since at least the time of the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross in the 1860s. Stuart Gordon argues that Canada, one of its principal adherents, has in many ways simply recast its traditional Pearsonian foreign policy in the language of human security. Dorn also questioned whether the concept was really necessary ‘since all the initiatives in the human security agenda were already advancing before the advent of the concept.’ Finally, he suggests ways that the concept may be counterproductive. In their effort to fortify against ‘virtually limitless UN interventionism’ governments may repress ‘their populations into servility." Still, he sees an important role for the concept.
Richard Jolly and Deepayan Basu Ray, in their UNDP report, suggest that the key criticisms of human security include: Human security does not have any definite boundaries, therefore anything and everything could be considered a risk to security. This makes the task of policy formulation nearly impossible; Human security, when broadened to include issues like climate change and health, complicates the international machinery for reaching decisions or taking action on the threats identified; Human security risks engaging the military in issues best tackled through non-military means; Human security under the UN risks raising hopes about the UN's capacity, which it cannot fulfil.
Other authors, such as Roland Paris, argue that human security is not such a fundamental recasting of the security debate in terms of a central struggle ‘between Realist, traditional, state-based, interest-based, approaches and new, Liberal cosmopolitan, de-territorialised, values-based approaches, which focus on individual human needs. ‘ Rather, he suggests that the talk of two radically different ‘paradigms’ has been much exaggerated.
Formulation of a Human Security Index and an environment for discussing same
As if to answer the points above, a Human Security Index was prototyped and released in 2008. Project coordinator D. A. Hastings notes that "if one were challenged to create an index on the condition of people-centric Human Security, such as the authors of the Human Development Index faced in 1990 and expanded qualitatively in 1994, one could now begin to do so – at least for the sake of discussion and resultant improvements." The release document and a United Nations Bangkok Working Paper publish and discuss the original approach, which is based partly on:
* The original Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme, made more geographically complete (to 230+ countries) as described in a report issued by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
* The essay on Human Security in the 1994 Human Development Report.
* An Equitability/Inclusiveness Enhanced Human Development Index – in which each of the components of the HDI (education, health, and income) are modified by an indicator of equitability in an attempt to adjust, for example, for the gap between the indicator of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita (adjusted for purchasing power parity) and the desired measure of financial resources "in the pocket" of a typical person in a country. In that index some countries with relatively equitable ratings compared to their Human Development Index (such as Iceland, the Slovak Republic, and Estonia) do relatively well, whereas some countries with relatively inequitable ratings compared to their HDI (such as Ireland, Greece, and the USA) do less well.
* A Social Fabric Index which enumerates human security with respect to the environment, diversity, peacefulness, freedom from corruption, and info empowerment. This was blended with the Human Development Index to form the prototype Human Security Index.
A 2010 enhancement to the HSI recast the composite index around a trinity of Economic, Environmental, and Social Fabric Indices. The result is thus conceptually similar to the Triple Bottom Line of Corporate Social Responsibility as described by John Elkington, as well as to the stated goals of the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. The release note of HSI Version 2 also notes efforts to balance local and global context, individual and society concerns, left-right political issues, east-west and north-south cultural and social issues. Current Version 2 of the HSI ingests about 30 datasets and composite indicators, and covers 232 countries and dependencies. It is released at HumanSecurityIndex.org.
Considerable differences in national ratings and standings have been noted between the HSI and indicators such as GDP per capita or the Human Development Index. Several small island countries plus Bhutan, Botswana, and some central-eastern European countries do considerably better in the HSI than they do in GDP per capita or HDI. Conversely, Greece and some Eurozone peers such as Ireland and Spain, several countries in the Gulf, Israel, Equatorial Guinea, the US and Venezuela do worse in the HSI than in GDP per capita or HDI. Influential factors vary (as is viewed in the data and discussions on the HumanSecurityIndex.org Website), but include diversity and income equality, peacefulness, and governance. | WIKI |
A Brief History of Rum
Rum is a popular alcoholic drink that has a rich history dating back to the 17th century. It is made from sugarcane, which is grown in warm, tropical climates, and is distilled to produce an alcohol that is then aged in oak barrels.
Over the centuries, rum has become an important part of many cultures, including those in the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Africa.
The origins of rum can be traced back to the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean islands, where sugarcane was first grown and distilled into alcohol. It is believed that the process of distilling sugarcane into alcohol was first developed by slaves who had been brought over from Africa to work on the sugarcane plantations. These slaves used the by-products of sugarcane, such as molasses, to create a crude form of rum, which they called “tafia”.
The first commercial distillation of rum took place in the early 1600s in the Caribbean islands, and it quickly became a popular drink among sailors and pirates who roamed the seas. Rum was especially popular among sailors because it was cheap and provided a source of nourishment and energy. It was also used as a form of currency and was often traded for goods and services.
During the American Revolution, rum became an important part of the American economy, as the British Royal Navy relied heavily on rum to maintain the morale of its sailors. In fact, rum was so important to the British Navy that it was considered a staple of the sailor’s diet and was included in the daily ration.
In the 19th century, the popularity of rum continued to grow, and it became a symbol of the colonial era and the slave trade. As the British Empire expanded, so did the production of rum, which became a key part of the economies of many of the British colonies. In the United States, rum was an important part of the American economy, and it was a major factor in the development of the country’s trade and commerce.
Today, rum is a popular drink all over the world and is enjoyed by millions of people. It is produced in a variety of styles, from light and smooth to dark and full-bodied, and is often enjoyed in cocktails, such as the classic rum and cola, or straight up on the rocks.
In conclusion, the history of rum is a fascinating story of how a drink made from sugarcane has become a part of so many cultures and played such a significant role in the development of the world. Whether enjoyed in a classic cocktail or straight up, rum is a drink that has a rich history and a bright future. | FINEWEB-EDU |
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Austria was originally founded as an Eastern March to protect the German Empire against the invasion of the Asiatic nomads. Austria (Ost-Reich) means literally the Eastern Empire, or, rather, the anti-Eastern Empire. Austria, as it is now, has only existed since 1526. In that year she joined with the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary to form a stronger empire against the Turks. Hungary, at that time, with the exception of a small strip of land in the west, was under Turkish rule. Austria and Bohemia were the real foundations of the Habsburg Monarchy. The new confederation was legally a Personal Union of three equally independent States, having nothing in common but the monarch; gradually, however, the Habsburgs succeeded in centralising the confederated States. In this they were aided by the constant wars with Turkey: the Joint Army was an effective tool in the cause of centralisation and Germanisation. But Austria's endeavour was strongly supported by the Church also. The Habsburgs became the leaders of the Counter-Reformation, and especially of the movement against Hussite Bohemia. This Counter-Reformation, as is well known, was led by the Jesuits, and from that time, up to today, Austria in her inmost soul has been Jesuitical. It was not in vain that the Habsburgs had been united with the land of the Inquisition. Bohemia revolted against Austrian Germanising Jesuitism in 1618, but the battle of the White Mountain gave the victory to Austria. The leaders of the revolution were executed, 30,000 families had to leave Bohemia, and four-fifths of the land was confiscated. In that way Bohemia was weakened, and as Hungary, exploited by the Turks, was insignificant. Austria could impose with impunity a rigid system of centralisation. It was, above all, under Maria Theresa that this was accomplished. The reaction against the revolution and the wars against Napoleon helped to consolidate that achievement. It was in the year 1804 that the Emperor Francis proclaimed himself Emperor of Austria. In the year 1806 he resigned the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. His proclamation as Emperor of Austria was a formal announcement of the success of the centralisation of Bohemia and Hungary, and the confederation of the three States was transformed into one united State. In centralising Austria the Habsburgs consciously and unconsciously acted as emperors of Ger- | WIKI |
SQL SERVER – @@IDENTITY vs SCOPE_IDENTITY() vs IDENT_CURRENT – Retrieve Last Inserted Identity of Record
SELECT @@IDENTITY
It returns the last IDENTITY value produced on a connection, regardless of the table that produced the value, and regardless of the scope of the statement that produced the value.
@@IDENTITY will return the last identity value entered into a table in your current session. While @@IDENTITY is limited to the current session, it is not limited to the current scope. If you have a trigger on a table that causes an identity to be created in another table, you will get the identity that was created last, even if it was the trigger that created it.
SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY()
It returns the last IDENTITY value produced on a connection and by a statement in the same scope, regardless of the table that produced the value.
SCOPE_IDENTITY(), like @@IDENTITY, will return the last identity value created in the current session, but it will also limit it to your current scope as well. In other words, it will return the last identity value that you explicitly created, rather than any identity that was created by a trigger or a user defined function.
SELECT IDENT_CURRENT(‘tablename’)
It returns the last IDENTITY value produced in a table, regardless of the connection that created the value, and regardless of the scope of the statement that produced the value.
IDENT_CURRENT is not limited by scope and session; it is limited to a specified table. IDENT_CURRENT returns the identity value generated for a specific table in any session and any scope.
To avoid the potential problems associated with adding a trigger later on, always use SCOPE_IDENTITY() to return the identity of the recently added row in your T SQL Statement or Stored Procedure. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Chorlton Park (ward)
Chorlton Park is an area and electoral ward of Manchester, England. Different parts of this ward are represented by different MPs following boundary changes in 2018; the majority of the ward is part of the Manchester Withington constituency but a portion is part of the Manchester Gorton constituency. The 2011 Census recorded a population of 15,147.
Councillors
Three councillors serve the ward: Dave Rawson (Lab), Mandie Shilton Godwin (Lab Co-op), and Joanna Midgley (Lab).
indicates seat up for re-election.
Elections in 2020s
* denotes incumbent councillor seeking re-election. | WIKI |
Theophilus Arthur Allen
Theophilus Arthur Allen, (1846–1929) was a British architect, probably best known for the Grade II* listed Dome Cinema, Worthing.
From 1880 to 1884, he was in partnership with John Mackland.
Notable buildings
* Dome Cinema, Worthing (1911), Grade II* listed
* Oak Hall, Haslemere (1911), Grade II listed in 2010
* Kenwood, St. George's Hill (1913) | WIKI |
Vaccination is the most important thing we can do to protect ourselves and our children against ill health. The World Health Organisation estimate that they prevent up to 3 million deaths worldwide each year.
Since the introduction of vaccines in the UK, common diseases like smallpox, polio and tetanus that used to kill or disable millions of people, especially children, have been almost eradicated.
Other diseases like measles and diphtheria have been reduced by up to 99.9% since their vaccines were introduced.
However, if people stop having vaccines, it's possible for infectious diseases to quickly spread again.
Further information about the safety of the vaccines offered to children in the uk can be found by visiting www.nhs.uk
It is best for vaccines to be given on time, but most can be given at a later date if needed.
If you think that your child may have missed any of their vaccinations, please contact the surgery.
8 weeks
12 weeks
16 weeks
1 year
2 to 16* years
3 years and 4 months
12 to 13 years
14 years
*subject to annual NHS review | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
All Ages - Articles
smart kid using her brain
Here is a summary of what scientists know about the brain development of children:
• Brain development is a combination of genetics and the environment. It is the genes (or what your kid inherited from you) that create the structure of the circuit - but it is the combination of nutrition, the environment, and stimulation that determines how the circuit is “wired” or connected together. Developing the brain is all about wiring it in the most efficient way.
• Your kid is biologically prepared to learn. That’s why a 3 year old’s brain is two and a half times more active than an adult's. It has more synapses (gaps between nerve fibers that make your child more sensitive to learning), and the density of the synapses remain high throughout the first 10 years of life.
• Brain cell connections (the “wiring” of the brain) are also created when your child forms attachments to parents, family members, and caregivers.
• The quality, quantity and consistency of stimulation from your child’s early experiences contribute to the structure of his brain and its capacities. The effect of these experiences lasts for the rest of his life.
• There are “windows of opportunities” in your child’s mental development where his brain is particularly efficient at specific types of learning. There are critical periods where your child readily absorbs specific skills. This Optimal Window occurs when the connections of the brain develops at the most rapid rate. The Next Optimal Window is when the wiring of the brain is strengthened. Rewiring is when the brain make further adaptations to the existing wiring. Note that brain development is not a step-by-step process, but more like a wave.
WINDOW FOR OPTIMAL WINDOW NEXT BEST OPPORTUNITY FURTHER REWIRING POSSIBLE
Emotional Intelligence 0 to 24 months 2-5 years any age
Motor Development 0 to 24 months 2-5 years decreases with age
Vision 0 to 2 years 2-5 years
Early Sounds 4-8 months 8 months - 5 years any age
Music 0-36 months 3-10 years any age
Thinking Skills 0-48 months 4-10 years any age
Second Language 5-10 years any age
According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , a child should immediately be evaluated for autism if the child:
• Doesn't babble or coo by 12 months of age.
• Doesn't point, wave, grasp or make other gestures by 12 months.
• Doesn't say single words by 16 months.
• Doesn't say two-word phrases on his or her own by 24 months.
• Has any loss of any language or social skill at any age.
FOR MORE UPDATES...
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Puku (disambiguation)
The term puku can have several meanings:
* Puku A medium sized Antelope found in wet grasslands in southern parts of Africa.
* Puku is a dialect of the ut-Ma'in language of Nigeria
* Puku is a dialect of the Noho language of Cameroon
* Puku is the name of an Aquapet toy
* Puku is a Japanese counter word
* Puku is a Māori term used as a loanword in New Zealand English, meaning belly or centre. It found in several place names
* Te Puku, an island of Tokelau
* Te Puku O Te Whenua, a former New Zealand electorate
* Te Puku O Te Whenua, a former New Zealand electorate | WIKI |
SEARCH
SEARCH BY CITATION
Keywords:
• pain;
• suffering;
• nonpharmacologic approaches;
• continuous labor support
The control of labor pain and prevention of suffering are major concerns of clinicians and their clients. Nonpharmacologic approaches toward these goals are consistent with midwifery management and the choices of many women. We undertook a literature search of scientific articles cataloged in CINAHL, PUBMED, the Cochrane Library, and AMED databases relating to the effectiveness of 13 non-pharmacologic methods used to relieve pain and reduce suffering in labor. Suffering, which is different from pain, is not an outcome that is usually measured after childbirth. We assumed that suffering is unlikely if indicators of satisfaction were positive after childbirth. Adequate evidence of benefit in reducing pain exists for continuous labor support, baths, intradermal water blocks, and maternal movement and positioning. Acupuncture, massage, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and hypnosis are promising, but they require further study. The effectiveness of childbirth education, relaxation and breathing, heat and cold, acupressure, hypnosis, aromatherapy, music, and audioanalgesia are either inadequately studied or findings are too variable to draw conclusions on effectiveness. All the methods studied had evidence of widespread satisfaction among a majority of users. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Fletchah
Worked in the Automotive chemical business now for a while. Wanting to shed some light on some companies that I feel don't have a strong enough stand, or brand recognition. | WIKI |
Professionalism/Vigilant Solutions, Law Enforcement, and Privacy
Vigilant Solutions provides law enforcement with cutting-edge technology to make surveying individuals and groups in society easier than ever. The technology is developed for law enforcement, by law enforcement, and can improve safety for officers and communities. Due to the nature of their products, numerous privacy concerns arise in their implementation on the otherwise oblivious general population.
PLATESEARCH
PLATESEARCH is a license plate recognition platform created by Vigilant Solutions. The technology can be implemented in fixed or mobile locations and uses image processing to identify and locate all license plates that come into its range. This indiscriminate behavior causes concern among many law biding citizens. The data and analytics received from these LPR detections are stored into the company's cloud database, LEARN. This database allows users to create patterns, follow and track individuals creating a constant map of someones whereabouts. The information it collects can cause a potential for misuse and lead to the invasion of privacy.
FACESEARCH
FACESEARCH is Vigilant Solutions' facial recognition tool which provides preprocessing capabilities and analyzes faces. This technology was developed to work with any network enabled camera. LineUp, the software behind FACESEARCH, searches each video frame for a human face and catalogs it in their database. The database can be combined with other image databases to gather personal identifying information on an individual. Privacy concerns arise from this as it is indiscriminate and operates under the radar. Every individual that comes across this technology is recognized, potentially without their consent, and stored into the database.
Vigilant Solutions' Stance
Vigilant Solutions believes that their products follow all laws and do not invade individuals' privacy. According to Brian Shockley, Vigilant Solution's marketing professional, license plate readers (LPRs) do not gather personal information and U.S courts have upheld their usage in communities. A LPR only gathers information that is already known to the public and therefore does not invade anyone’s privacy. DMV records are only accessible to authorized personnel and therefore LPRs themselves cannot be used by individuals to track others. People argue that the stored plates should be deleted once a crime has not been detected, but Vigilant Solutions disagrees. With this technology a crime can be easily solved as it can lead to information on suspects and can help locate and apprehend them. Vigilant Solutions recognizes that there is a potential for their products to be misused, but affirm that law enforcement that implement them live by a clearly defined process and policies that prevent it from happening.
Privacy
Collier County sherriff’s deputy Peter Deffet was fired on February 28, 2014 after frivolous searches in the Driver and Vehicle Information Database (D.A.V.I.D.). The database stores drivers’ addresses, vehicle information, driving history and other personal information. Deffet searched 151 names including Hulk Hogan, John Travolta, and local NBC-2 news anchor Heather Turco, who he searched 8 times. Turco commented “I think eight times is a little excessive. There needs to be a check and balances and they need to have an understanding that this is a no-no.” Internal investigators found Deffet guilty of violating Sheriff's Office policy of using D.A.V.I.D. for personal use.
Police use of facial recognition software is unregulated by state law. Georgetown Law’s Center on Privacy & Technology studied 52 law-enforcement agencies’ use of facial recognition technology. None of the agencies require warrants or limit searches for serious crimes. Less than 10% have a publicly available use policy, and only 17% audit officers’ searches for improper use. The Michigan State Police was the only agency with functional auditing software. Law enforcement’s use of traditional biometrics including fingerprinting is limited to criminal arrests and investigations. Poorly defined facial recognition limitations have allowed the FBI to create a biometric network of 117 million Americans by running facial recognition scans on 16 states’ driver’s license photo databases. Most of these Americans are non-criminals. One in two Americans is in a law enforcement face recognition network.
Assembly
Internal emails from the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency (ICE) revealed they used license-plate readers at a Texas gun show near the border to investigate smuggling. They recorded the plate numbers of cars at the Del Mar gun show using plate readers and compared them to cars that passed through the border. Buying guns and crossing the border are two legal activities. American Civil Liberties Union lawyer Jay Stanley said "gun-show surveillance highlights the problem with mass collection of data...because those two activities in concert fit somebody’s idea of a crime, a person becomes inherently suspicious.” Executive director of Gun Owners of America Erich Pratt said: “Information on law-abiding gun owners ends up getting recorded, stored, and registered, which is a violation of the 1986 Firearm Owners Protection Act and of the Second Amendment."
CEO of PlateSmart Technologies John Chigos called the event “an abuse of technology. I think this was a situation that shows we need to establish policies for license-plate readers, like any new technology.” Bob Templeton is the CEO Crossroads of the West, the company that organizes the gun show. He says ICE’s actions are “obviously intrusive and an activity that hasn’t proven to have any legitimate law-enforcement purpose. I think my customers would be resentful of having been the target of that kind of surveillance.”
Racial Bias
In 2012, the IEEE studied the detection accuracy of facial recognition algorithms performed on demographic groups divided by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. The study compared the results of commercial off the shelf, non-trainable, and trainable facial recognition algorithms. The detection accuracy of trainable algorithms can be improved for certain demographics by calibrating them with facial images of that demographic. Commercial off the shelf and non-trainable algorithms are unable to be customized.
Scans performed on female, black, and younger cohorts contained the most false-positives. Training face recognition systems with diverse data sets spanning all demographics reduces systematic bias for specific demographics. Training algorithms on specific demographics improves performance accuracy on that demographic. Multiple face recognition systems trained on a specific demographic can be used to reduce bias. The operator can select best algorithm based on given demographic information. This is known as dynamic face matcher selection.
ICE Policy
On December 22, 2017, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) was awarded "a contract to obtain query-based access to a commercially available License Plate Reader (LPR) database" with Vigilant Solutions. They are "neither seeking to build nor contribute to a national public or private LPR database," but will use it to aid in its investigations. The DHS Privacy Impact Assessment explains that "in some cases, when other leads have gone cold, the availability of commercial LPR data may be the only viable way to find a subject."
This contract has a lot of implications in enforcing immigration laws. In the first few weeks of Trump's administration, immigration arrests rose 32.6% and non-criminal arrests doubled. With access to LPR data, ICE investigators have the capacity to find and track any undocumented immigrants they have leads on, which could lead to arrest and possible deportation.
The database contains information on cars all over America that have driven in front of a camera linked to the network. In fear of this resource being abused, ICE has put in place regulations. These include mandatory training in non-discriminatory use of the system, permissible purpose before accessing the service, limited time frames for queries, regulated alert list that flags any of-interest license plates, and all queries are audit-able (Who? Why? When?).
DHS Privacy Impact Assessment
The department of homeland security did a privacy impact assessment prior to the contract between the ICE and Vigilant Solutions and came up with 6 concerns. The biggest concern is long-term aggregation that can lead to unwarranted surveillance and reveal details about people’s private lives. This can include places of worship, protests, and meetings which are all constitutionally protected freedoms. Additionally, there can be machine or user errors that lead to wrongful charges, there’s a limit to its tracking ability because it only tracks vehicles, information can be shared or held longer than necessary, and as technology advances, it can intrude on privacy even further.
Criminal Cases
Vigilant Solutions post criminal cases that were solved suing their LPR system to their website.
In one hit-and-run case, the victim caught only caught a partial of the plate. Using the LPR database, the officer was able to find and track the vehicle knowing that it was a gold minivan and the partial plate. The officer said, “The commercial license plate reader data in LEARN allowed me to solve this case, allowing the victim to receive insurance compensation and assisting the family of the elderly man to better understand the risks associated with him driving an automobile” .
In another hit-and-run case, the victim saw a gold Chevy Cavalier and caught a partial plate. In the same way, the officer found the vehicle using the LPR system and claimed that “Without the historical LPR data from Vigilant, this case would most likely have been closed as inactive and remain unsolved".
There was a kidnapping case where a woman was drugged during a blind date arranged through an online dating app. Her daughter noticed her missing and used the dating app to find the culprit. Using the license plate number the police had on file, they were able to locate the vehicle and rescue the victim. A representative of Vigilant Solutions said, “The license plate detection information allowed officers to locate the vehicle and the woman, who had been drugged and was not able to care for herself. The agency was able to quickly get her to safety”.
Conclusion
PLATESEARCH and FACESEARCH are both great technical solutions that help solve and reduce crimes within society. The technology has proven to solve, prevent, and deter crimes from occurring. Vigilant Solutions ensures their products follow all U.S. laws and regulations however, concerns over privacy are still present. As seen with the cases above, technology like facial recognition and license plate readers can be misused. Without the proper supervision and accountability of those who employ these technical solutions, Vigilant Solution's products lead to the unwarranted invasion of individual privacy. From racial targeting to invalid probable cause, we have cases where law enforcement agencies have time and time again abused their power by mishandling these products. For their technology to prove helpful to all of society, more training and proper check and balances have to be in place throughout those who implement Vigilant Solution's products. | WIKI |
Page:Anthony John (IA anthonyjohn00jero).pdf/133
T was just before Easter that Edward wrote his father and Betty that he had developed diabetes and was going for a few weeks to a nursing home at Malvern. The doctor hoped that with care he would soon be much better. In any case he should return to Oxford sometime during the summer term. He expected to be done with it by Christmas.
To Anthony he wrote a different letter. The doctor had, of course, talked cheerfully; it was the business of a doctor to hold out hope; but he had the feeling himself that his chance was a poor one. He should return to Oxford, if the doctor did not absolutely forbid it, for Betty's sake. He did not want to alarm her. And, of course, he might pull through. If not, his idea was that Anthony should push on with his studies at high speed and become as soon as possible a junior partner in the firm. It was evident from his letter that he and Betty were in agreement on this matter and that she was preparing the way with her father. Mr. Mowbray's appetite for old port was increasing. He was paying less and less attention to the business. It | WIKI |
Tauride Garden
The Tauride Garden (Таврический сад) is a park in the Tsentralny District of Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is located behind the Tauride Palace, and near the Smolny Cathedral.
History
The garden was laid out between 1783 and 1789. Prince Grigory Potemkin ordered his favourite architect, William Guld, to design and lay out the park. When Potemkin died in 1791, the park and palace were used by Catherine II as a residence. Afterwards it was opened to the public. In 1898, a theater was built in the park.
In 1932, it was renamed the "Park of Culture and Rest of the First Five-Year Plan", commemorating the early completion of the Soviet Union's first five-year plan for the national economy. The name "Tauride Garden" was later restored.
Features
The park currently contains several sports areas, an ice skating rink, and an orangery. Some of these were created when the park was partially redesigned in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Orangery
The orangery has many exotic plants, including peaches, watermelons, apricots, and pineapples. | WIKI |
FAQ's
Can cosmetic dentistry provide solutions for missing or damaged teeth?
Yes, cosmetic dentistry can offer solutions for missing or damaged teeth. Procedures like dental implants, veneers, crowns, and bridges can help improve the appearance of your smile and restore function to your teeth. If you're looking for cosmetic dentistry near you, consider searching online or asking for recommendations from your local dentist or friends and family to find a qualified cosmetic dentist in Brandon.
How often should I visit a dentist for preventive care?
For preventive care, it's recommended to visit a dentist near you in Brandon at least every six months. Regular check-ups and cleanings can help maintain good oral health, detect issues early, and prevent more serious dental problems. Be sure to follow your dentist's guidance on the frequency of visits, as individual needs may vary.
How can I prevent gum disease through general dentistry?
You can prevent gum disease through general dentistry by maintaining good oral hygiene practices such as regular brushing, flossing, and using an antiseptic mouthwash. General dentistry near you can also help with professional dental cleanings and check-ups. These routine visits allow your dentist to detect early signs of gum disease and provide guidance on proper dental care to prevent its progression.
What are the benefits of choosing dental implants over other options?
Choosing dental implants near you offers numerous advantages over alternative tooth replacement options. Dental implants look and feel natural, are long-lasting, maintain oral health, improve chewing and speaking, preserve bone density, provide convenience, and boost confidence. To explore these benefits further and discuss your specific needs, consult a nearby dental professional for personalized guidance.
Can teeth whitening remove deep stains and discoloration?
Teeth whitening near you can effectively remove surface stains and some mild discoloration, but it may not eliminate deep-seated stains. For deeply discolored teeth, alternative treatments like veneers or crowns may be more suitable. Consult a nearby dentist for a personalized assessment and to determine the best teeth whitening or cosmetic dentistry option for your specific needs. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Apr
26
comment Dash background/blur problem
Hey, I am so sorry. There is a small bug in unity-tweak-tool that prevents you from actually changing the dash blur. This bug has been fixed in the version available from PPA though. Hope that helps with your problem.
Apr
18
comment How to install Hadoop?
"You should be using gksu to launch graphical things as root."
Apr
3
comment why does any upgrade pause in chengelog0
@pst007x It looks like you have the apt-listchanges package installed. It is not installed by default and you can remove it which would effectively fix this annoyance for you.
Mar
30
comment Will the alpha/beta ISO become official after Release?
Hi Corky. Beta indicates it is in development. That said, you can still install it and update your system just as normal and you would be up-to-date when it gets released.
Mar
12
comment Shortcut keys to create Empty Text Document in Nautilus?
See Assigning shortcuts (accelerators) to Nautilus 3
Mar
8
comment Are there any offline blogging tools available?
Tried Blogilo? It's in the Ubuntu repository.
Mar
4
comment Is there a way to pull source for a package for a specific release?
Is the tag rmadison relevant for this question?
Mar
3
comment How do I start developing applications for Ubuntu on mobile devices?
Whilst this may theoretically answer the question, it would be preferable to include the essential parts of the answer here, and provide the link for reference.
Mar
2
comment How do I permanently stop Ubuntu from “recording” and displaying recently used files?
Also check webupd8.org/2012/12/nautilus-36-how-to-clear-recent-files.html
Mar
2
comment How do I permanently stop Ubuntu from “recording” and displaying recently used files?
The privacy settings is specific to the recent files showing in Unity dash. If your issue is files showing in the recently used files, then it is a duplicate of Is there a way to completely remove “recently used” from open and save dialogs?
Mar
1
comment Is an Acer C7 Chromebook worth buying as an Ubuntu netbook?
Welcome to Ask Ubuntu. Shopping recommendation is off topic as per our faq and I am going to have to close this question.
Mar
1
comment How do I permanently stop Ubuntu from “recording” and displaying recently used files?
Please clarify if you are referring to the Unity dash or the individual application's open and save dialog options.
Feb
28
comment Apport support for non ubuntu packages
What language is the application written in? Also checkout a class conducted for writing Apport package hooks.
Feb
27
comment Apport support for non ubuntu packages
One of the Apport's limitation right now -- It has to be a package in ubuntu repository or at least a project on Launchpad. Is the latter an option for you?
Feb
25
comment How can I get Compaq Presario V2565US graphics driver?
See also How do I install extra drivers?
Feb
23
comment trouble with installing ubuntu 12.10 from usb
@user134791 Mike said it in a comment.
Feb
23
comment Wubi after upgrading Windows 7 to Windows 8
Good answer. Consider adding some suggestions on how to do the backup for idiot proofing.
Feb
22
comment Are there any risks to using CCSM in Ubuntu 12.04?
@SabreWolfy Sure, you can install and use it. I can also tell it has a good chance of breaking your system. Use with much care.
Feb
22
comment Are there any risks to using CCSM in Ubuntu 12.04?
The answers on the other question are still pretty much relevant. CCSM is a powerful tool but has its own drawbacks. I am going to have to close this one as duplicate of the other one.
Feb
21
comment How do I remove GNOME and restore UNITY in 12.10?
Ubuntu is actually Unity. And regarding, blank screen, what are you seeing? Just the background or really blank white / black screen? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Uploading data for training and testing of the topic detection model
In the Source selection step, select the input for training and testing data that is required to create a model.
1. Optional: To view the required structure of the training and testing data as well as sample records, click Download template.
2. Click Choose file.
3. Select a .csv, .xls, or .xlsx file with sample records for training and testing the model in your directory.
The file must contain sample records with the assigned categories.
4. Enable checking spelling by performing the following actions:
1. Select Use spell checking.
2. To increase the accuracy of the model by correcting any spelling errors, expand the Select spell checker list and select a Spelling Checker Decision Data rule, if available.
CAUTION:
Enabling checking spelling can significantly increase the model training time, depending on the size of the training sample. Enabling checking spelling also has an impact on real-time performance of the model.
5. Click Next. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Microbial Spy Games
Spies Gathering and sharing of information is extremely important in human society. Especially in times of war, the difference between victory and defeat can depend on the ability to obtain, encrypt, and share information, and sophisticated systems have been developed for exactly this purpose. Similarly, in their constant battles with competitors and the host immune system, (opportunistic) microbial pathogens have developed sophisticated cell–cell communication systems termed quorum sensing (QS) that allow exchange of critical information. In return, competing microbes, as well as the host immune system, have developed means to intercept and decode these messages. The information obtained by this molecular espionage is used for their benefit, either to win the war (microbe against microbe), or to prepare for an upcoming battle (microbe against immune system).
QS is a system that enables microbes to monitor population cell density through the production, secretion, and sensing of small diffusible molecules. When such molecules reach a threshold concentration, microbial cells in the vicinity detect the signal and coordinately respond by modifying their gene expression; often these genes are associated with virulence and pathogenesis. Several different types of QS molecules have been described for a wide variety of microbial species.
To illustrate the clinical importance of this microbial spy game, this short review focuses on the biological activity of a single bacterial QS molecule on surrounding microbes and the host immune system and its diverse “meaning” to different receivers. Infections related to burn wounds, cystic fibrosis, and periodontal diseases consist most commonly of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus Candida albicans, and represent niches with an active host response. This short review provides five facts about how the P. aeruginosa QS molecule plays a pivotal role in this triangle of interspecies interactions and how microbial behavior elicited by this small signalling molecule has consequences for the host response.
Microbial Spy Games and Host Response: Roles of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Small Molecule in Communication with Other Species. (2011) PLoS Pathog 7(11): e1002312. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002312
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged , , , , , , , , , , . Bookmark the permalink. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Supmicrotech
Supmicrotech (officially, the École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques) is a French school of engineering. It is part of Polyméca, a network of schools focusing on mechanical engineering.
History
The school was founded in 1902 by the Université de Franche-Comté as Laboratoire de Chronométrie. In 1961, it turned to École nationale supérieure de chronométrie et micromécanique (ENSCM). Since the school is established in an area with a strong legacy on horology, Supmicrotech is deeply dedicated to the design and manufacturing of micro-mechanical devices and robotics.
Location
It is located in the city of Besançon, France eastern area (by car, 4 hours from Paris, 2 hours and a half from Strasbourg and 2 hours and a half from Lyon).
Study in France
The school educates 250 engineers every year on 6 fields:
* Materials science
* Mechatronics
* Mechanical engineering
* Micromechanics
* Optoelectronics and Microelectromechanical systems
* Industrial engineering
Students can choose to spend their last year within Supmicrotech or in one of the schools of the Polyméca network.
Study abroad
Supmicrotech has concluded a partnership with several universities worldwide:
* Technische Universität, Vienne, Austria
* Institut National d’Informatique, Alger, Algeria
* Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil
* Universidade Polytechnique, São Paulo, Brazil
* École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
* École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, Canada
* Université Laval, Québec, Canada
* Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
* Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
* Technische Universität Ilmenau, Germany
* Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany
* Université des Sciences et Techniques de Bucarest, Hungaria
* Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
* Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy
* Politecnico di Torino, Italy
* Politecnico di Milano, Italy
* Tokyo Denki University, Japan
* Ecole Nationale de l'Industrie Minérale, Rabat Morocco
* Université Technique, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
* Université Valahia, Targoviste, Romania
* Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscou, Russia
* Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Russia
* Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
* Escola Tecnica Superior d’Enginyeria Barcelona, Spain
* University of Oviedo, Spain
* University of Vigo, Spain
* University of Wales, Newport, United Kingdom
* Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
It also belongs to the N+i international network. | WIKI |
2012 NCAA Division I men's golf championship
The 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship was a golf tournament contested from May 29–June 3 at the Riviera Country Club in Pacific Palisades, California. It was the 74th NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship. The team championship was won by the Texas Longhorns who won their third national championship by defeating the Alabama Crimson Tide in the championship match play round 3–2. The individual national championship was won by Thomas Pieters from the University of Illinois.
Regional qualifying tournaments
* Five teams qualified from each of the six regional tournaments held around the country from May 17 to May 19, 2012.
Venue
This was the first NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship held at the Riviera Country Club in Pacific Palisades, California.
Leaderboard
* Par, single-round: 284
* Par, total: 852
* Kent State won the eighth place playoff tie-breaker with Florida State, +2 to +3.
* Remaining Teams: Oklahoma (877), Florida (878), North Florida (878), Texas A&M (879), Auburn (880), USC (880), Georgia (881), Chattanooga (884), UCF (885), Stanford (885), Illinois (887), Iowa (888), Virginia (888), Virginia Tech (890), Lamar (892), East Carolina (895), TCU (897), Memphis (901), UAB (902), Tulsa (918)
Individual competition
* Par, single-round: 71
* Par, total: 213 | WIKI |
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Slavic/jьlъ
, Stop removing the accent paradigm, the old Russian form, and the Glagolitic spelling. Gnosandes (talk) 02:04, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
* Technically, none of the sources provided here provide the accent paradigm for the *jьlъ variant. Derksen doesn't, Vasmer doesn't of course, and unfortunately the word is absent from Olander's Common Slavic accentological word list. So, the accent paradigm for *jьlъ has no direct source so far. I mean, I would be shocked if it weren't the case, since all the descendants seem to have Ap-a. But, still, we probably shouldn't guess.
* On the other hand, the *jilъ variant from Verweij does specify accent paradigm a. Since WT:PROTO says that variants can be described on the pages in great detail, I think that it should be specified there. This format would be similar to that found on . Alternatively, according to WT:ASLA, real differences in reconstruction with sources, like the *jilь variant, should be listed in an Alternative reconstructions header in the usual place. Either way, I see no rationale to hide the *jilь reconstruction.
* Also, I don't see why the Old Russian and Glagolitic spellings should ever be deleted. These are attested languages, so they are in the main space. There, according to WT:CFI, variant spellings should be included. BirdValiant (talk) 04:12, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
* , So it's not me deleting them, I wrote them, Victar canceled them, then I restored them again. Look at the Old Russian and you will be clear of accent paradigm in Proto-Slavic. It's so primitive. :D Gnosandes (talk) 04:18, 24 February 2020 (UTC) | WIKI |
Irish monasteries were known for their high level of learning during the early middle ages. They imported books from the major Christian centers, and maintained strong spiritual ties with the Orthodox Church. They also created their own books in writing rooms known as scriptoria. Some of the most influential monastic schools were found at Inishmore (founded by St Enda), Bangor (founded by St Comgall), Clonard (founded by St Finian), and Clonmacnoise (founded by St Ciaran). Greek and Hebrew were taught in these schools.
St. Finian founded many monasteries
The abbot of St. Finian was a celebrated Irish saint. He migrated to the kingdom of Lothaire and restored old monasteries. The Irish community entrusted him with the monastery of Saint Symphorien. In 991, Pope John XVII granted a charter to Irish monks to govern the abbey. Empress Adelaide also insisted that the abbey be administered by Irish monks.
Saint Finian was born in Leinster, Ireland. He received instruction in Christian virtue from the disciples of St. Patrick. After spending about thirty years in Britain, Finian returned to Ireland. Once he returned, he revived the religious spirit of Ireland. Many of his disciples followed his path and later established many monasteries for orthodox Irish saint’s.
Saint Enda was an early Christian. He founded a monastery at the island of Aran, which became known as the “Aran of the Saints.” The monks lived a solitary, hard life, without fire or electricity, in cold stone cells. They ate their meals in silence and survived by farming. The monks followed a strict monastic rule. Their lives included many hours of prayer and study.
Saint Enda is a patron saint of the Catholic Church. He was born in the fifth century and is considered one of the founders of Irish monasticism. He inherited his father’s territory in Northern Ireland and then turned his life over to religious life. He abandoned battles and conquests and chose to live a religious life in Meath.
During the sixth century, St. Columcille lived in Ireland. He became a saint and is considered the patron saint of Derry, the city in which he spent most of his life. Today, he is recognized by many Christian denominations.
According to legend, Colmcille was an Irish missionary who left Ireland for Britain. He came back with a missionary named Finnian and settled on the island of Iona, which later became a spiritual center for the Irish mission in Britain. From the sixth to the ninth centuries, the island became a pivotal point for the Irish Church. While on Iona, Colmcille converted the northern Picts and ordained Scottish king Aidan to the priesthood.
Aside from helping to write the Book of Rights, St. Columcille also assisted in compiling the Senchus Mor, which is the orthodox Irish liturgy. He was also an abbot and priest, and he was responsible for the release of many Irish captives. However, after being ruled by the Romans, Adamnan returned to Ireland and became an abbot of Iona.
A Christian missionary to Ireland, St. Patrick preached grace-filled sermons and worked countless miracles. He spent 40 years preaching and converting all of Ireland. In spite of the many attacks he endured, Patrick never wavered from his calling. He preached the Gospel and baptized thousands into the Orthodox faith. He also encouraged the growth of monasticism.
Patrick’s missionary efforts spawned monasteries and churches. He also founded the episcopal See in Armagh. His doctrine was orthodox and anti-Pelagian. Though he was not a great scholar, some of his writings are still considered orthodox today. One of his most important writings is the Confession, but it is unclear if it is actually Patrick’s work. Other writings attributed to Patrick include the Lorica (Breastplate) hymn, which may date from a later period.
Saint Oengus is an orthodox Irish saint who is celebrated in the Irish Orthodox Church. He was a monk and associated with the movement to reform Irish monasticism. These reformers were known as Culdees. His biography is based on a poem in the Felire manuscript. He was born near Clonenagh, Ireland. He was a disciple of the important monastic reformer Maelruain of Tallaght. Eventually he established the Disert-Oengusa church in County Leix, Ireland.
According to Irish legend, Aengus was born into an Ulster royal family. His father sent him to a monastery near Clonenagh. He studied under the pious abbot Maelaithgen, and made great advances in scholarship and sanctity. He eventually became a hermit and settled down in a secluded spot seven miles outside of the city. His hermitage was known as Dysert. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Recall and Learn: A Memory-augmented Solver for Math Word Problems
Shifeng Huang, Jiawei Wang, Jiao Xu, Da Cao, Ming Yang
Abstract
In this article, we tackle the math word problem, namely, automatically answering a mathematical problem according to its textual description. Although recent methods have demonstrated their promising results, most of these methods are based on template-based generation scheme which results in limited generalization capability. To this end, we propose a novel human-like analogical learning method in a recall and learn manner. Our proposed framework is composed of modules of memory, representation, analogy, and reasoning, which are designed to make a new exercise by referring to the exercises learned in the past. Specifically, given a math word problem, the model first retrieves similar questions by a memory module and then encodes the unsolved problem and each retrieved question using a representation module. Moreover, to solve the problem in a way of analogy, an analogy module and a reasoning module with a copy mechanism are proposed to model the interrelationship between the problem and each retrieved question. Extensive experiments on two well-known datasets show the superiority of our proposed algorithm as compared to other state-of-the-art competitors from both overall performance comparison and micro-scope studies.
Anthology ID:
2021.findings-emnlp.68
Volume:
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021
Month:
November
Year:
2021
Address:
Punta Cana, Dominican Republic
Editors:
Marie-Francine Moens, Xuanjing Huang, Lucia Specia, Scott Wen-tau Yih
Venue:
Findings
SIG:
SIGDAT
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
786–796
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-emnlp.68
DOI:
10.18653/v1/2021.findings-emnlp.68
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Shifeng Huang, Jiawei Wang, Jiao Xu, Da Cao, and Ming Yang. 2021. Recall and Learn: A Memory-augmented Solver for Math Word Problems. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021, pages 786–796, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
Recall and Learn: A Memory-augmented Solver for Math Word Problems (Huang et al., Findings 2021)
Copy Citation:
PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-emnlp.68.pdf
Video:
https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-emnlp.68.mp4
Code
sfeng-m/real4mwp
Data
Math23K | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How did blue grass get its name? The story of the music genre and the pasture grass
Have you ever seen blue grass? I've seen "bluegrass," as in the type of grass and I've heard bluegrass music being played, but I've never seen grass that was actually blue.
So where does the name come from, for both the grass and the music?
First, the grass under our feet.
Why is it called "blue" grass?
Most people have heard of Kentucky bluegrass, also written "Kentucky blue grass." Kentucky is, after all, known as the "Bluegrass State." And the grass can be found everywhere there, on the huge, rolling horse farms that dot the state. It is a popular grass for lawns, parks and even field turf all across the Plain states.
The only thing is, it looks just like any other grass – green.
I decided to find out, once and for all, why it is known as "blue" grass.
Turns out, it's because the grass actually can be blue (well, purplish-blue) if it grows long enough for its seed pods to show, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. When the grass gets to its natural, unmown height of 1 to 2 feet, it has offshoots filled with seed pods. Even then, the grass does not look overtly blue, unless you get close enough to it to see the pods.
Kentucky Bluegrass seed pods.National Park Service
The USDA says the grass is great for stopping erosion and as a grazing grass for various livestock, such as horses and cows. It is also a favorite of elk and deer.
Now for the music.
What is "bluegrass" music?
So the first question is, what does the music have to do with the grass? Do they both come from Kentucky?
The answer is, the music got its start with a man from Kentucky and he named his band after his state's nickname.
The band Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys is credited with developing a new genre of music in the 1940s that became popular in the Appalachian region.
According to the Bluegrass Heritage Foundation, the roots of the sound that influenced Bill Monroe began as far back as the 1600s in Ireland, Scotland and England. Many early American settlers from those countries would write simple songs about daily life known as "country" or "mountain" music, the Foundation says.
But the modern form of the music was created by Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys, who played banjo, mandolin, fiddle, guitar and bass. The band "first appeared on the Grand Ole Opry stage in 1939 and soon became one of the most popular touring acts to emerge from Nashville's WSM studios," the Bluegrass Heritage website says. "Bill's band was different from other traditional country bands because of its hard-driving and powerful sound that used traditional acoustic instruments and featured distinctively high vocal harmonies. The music incorporated songs and rhythms from string band, gospel (black and white), Black laborer work song, country, and blues music repertoires."
Some purists say that Grand Ole Opry appearance was the birth of bluegrass. Others, however, say the addition of Earl Scruggs turned the music to pure bluegrass.
"Most believe that the classic bluegrass sound came together in December 1945 when Earl Scruggs joined the band," the article says.
Scruggs, a North Carolina native who was 21 at the time, had an unusual way to pick his banjo, using only three fingers. He played "with such drive and clarity that it energized and excited audiences," the Foundation says.
Lester Flatt of Tennessee was also included in that 1945 band lineup. Scruggs and Flatt would later form the Foggy Mountain Boys and add a dobro, which is now considered part of the bluegrass genre. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Thou Swell
"Thou Swell" is a show tune, a popular song and a jazz standard written in 1927.
History
The music was written by Richard Rodgers, with words by Lorenz Hart, for the 1927 musical A Connecticut Yankee. The lyric is notable, as indicated by the title, for its mix of archaic English and modern slang as the story takes place in both contemporary times and in King Arthur's court.
Recordings
* An early recorded version featured The Broadway Nitelites conducted by Ben Selvin with vocals by Franklyn Baur (Columbia 1928).
* Blossom Dearie - Blossom Dearie (1957)
* The Supremes – The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart (1967)
* There are many other popular and jazz vocal renditions, including those by: Nat King Cole (and later Natalie Cole), Bing Crosby for his 1976 album At My Time of Life, Sarah Vaughan, Frank Sinatra, Eydie Gormé, Ella Fitzgerald, and Joe Williams. Bix Beiderbecke, Fats Waller, Harry James, J.J.Johnson and Billy May all recorded the song instrumentally.
* In the MGM Technicolor biopic about Rodgers and Hart called Words and Music (1948), June Allyson sings and dances to Thou Swell with twin "knights" in an appropriately medieval setting.
* An instrumental version was recorded in Oslo on April 29, 1954 by "Verden Rundt's" All Star Band (Rowland Greenberg (trp) - A. Skjold (trombone) - K. Stokke (alt) - K. Bergheim (tenor) - Knut Hyrum (baritone) - I. Børsum (bass) - Scott Lunde (piano) - K. O. Hoff (drums)). Arranger and conductor: Egil Monn-Iversen. It was released on the 78 rpm record Musica RA-9005. The B-side was "Perdido."
Popular culture
* The music of the song is featured in the film All About Eve (1950). It is played on the piano at the party when Margo tells her friends to "fasten their seat belts." | WIKI |
Page:Southern Historical Society Papers volume 23.djvu/371
i ,,f //>, Month's Museum.
rmnent of the city of Richmond, who honor themselves in honoring this occasion, and by the free sentiment of this great and noble people.
There is nothing like it in history. No Greek general, no Roman roiiMil. \\.i> ever welcomed with a triumph after a defeat. Nowhere, at no time, has a defeated side ever been so honored or the unsuc- cessful apotheosized.
A SUCCESS IN A SENSE.
Success is worshiped, failure is forgotten. That is the universal experience and the unvarying law of nature. Therefore, it would seem that the fall of the Confederacy was in some sense a success and a triumph, for it cannot by that universal law have been set aside, for this sole exception, the glorification of the Lost Confede- racy, its heroines, and its heroes.
I shall endeavor to make clear in what respects there was success and triumph. I believe our first and most sacred duty is to our holy dead, to ourselves, and to our posterity.
It is our highest obligation to satisfy the world of the righteous- ness of our cause and the sound judgment with which we defended it. And we injure ourselves, we impair the moral of our side, by incessant protestations of loyalty to the victor and continual asser- tions of respect for his motives of forgiveness, for his conduct, and of belief in the nobility of his faith.
There never can be two rights, nor two wrongs one side must be right, and, therefore, the other is, of course, wrong. This is so of every question of morals and of conduct, and it must be pre-emi- nently so of a question which divided millions of people, and which cost a million of lives.
The world is surely coming to the conclusion that the cause ol the Confederacy was right. Every lover of liberty, constitutional lib- erty, controlled by law, all over the world begins to understand that the past was not a war waged by the South in defense of slavery, but was a war to protect liberty, won and bequeathed by free ancestors.
PRINCIPLE OF THE REVOLUTION.
They now know that the fundamental basic principle of the Revo- lution of 1775 upon which the governments of the States united, were all founded, Massachusetts and Virginia, Rhode Island and North Carolina, was that "all government of right rests upon the | WIKI |
Talk:Sidney Franklin (bullfighter)
Kid from Spain
The Eddie Cantor film The Kid From Spain was supposedly inspired by Cantor's acquaintance with Franklin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jrm2007 (talk • contribs) 02:45, 3 October 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
问题描述:
I want to send a vCard via simple SMS. I do not intend to send vCard with iMessage of Email.
I've created a vCard in the format below.
BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:3.0
N:;Sahil;;;
FN:Sahil
EMAIL;type=INTERNET;type=HOME:[email protected]
TEL;type=CELL:98-76-543210
END:VCARD
I'm trying to send the above in MFMessageComposeViewController. When I send the message, the other device receives it as a simple SMS.
I want to know if its possible to send a vCard via normal SMS in iPhone? If yes, is there some encoding I need to follow?
Note: Just an information on how vCard is sent from a BlackBerry device
sms.setPayloadData(card.getBytes("ISO-8859-1"));
网友答案:
What you are trying to do is not possible. You can only send plain text via the public API of MFMessageComposeViewController. No attachments or alternate content is currently supported.
网友答案:
May be below links can help you :
1. http://altoshstock.blogspot.in/2010/11/iphone-os-generate-vcard.html
2. vCard Parsing different parameters
网友答案:
Check possible answers for your questions here:
Send location information or vCard through SMS on iPhone
Creating a vCard in iPhone
how can I send vCard through sms message in code?
https://github.com/aussiegeek/AddressBookVcardImport
http://www.developerfeed.com/objectivec/howto/how-generated-vcard-using-objectivec-iphone
网友答案:
I'm going to chime in an answer.
Unlikely ... but it's still uncertain because lacking further details of your whole end-to-end expectation, ie device receiving vcard. You mentioned the BinaryMessage setPayload() method from the BlackBerry API.
Sahil, after reading your very good comments and everyone's back-and-forth, I understand now you are intending to have the message be received specifically via SMS and not MMS.
You're expecting the sending device to use SMS, and so implicitly expect the recipient device to receive a string of text, and without wanting to break it appart from other parts in a multi-part message. An in-coming SMS message with special contents can be parsed by a messaging app listening for incoming data, and in the case of iOS, it can render web links and phone numbers within SMS text as active links. But I don't know that any mobile phone platform supports vcard in this manner in the on-board messaging app. Certainly not iOS. Maybe BlackBerry OS.
I'm going to ask for further clarification on one point (and edit my answer if you answer it): are you already developing a BlackBerry app to send SMS with the payload, to another blackberry phone, and know it can be parsed as vcard on that platform, and just wonder if this can be achieved outside the blackberry?
Edit - Thinking logically, something critical is missing, or something is added, by the iPhone device. Second point, the BlackBerry code either submits the required thing, or does not include whatever iPhones add that stops detection of vcard.
The solution I'd propose is, get a temporary subscription to an SMS gateway, and send controlled tests, and also capture all the traffic through the gateway if possible.
check out http://www.redoxygen.com/
相关阅读：
Top | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
List of straight-chain alkanes
The following is a list of straight-chain alkanes, the total number of isomers of each (including branched chains), and their common names, sorted by number of carbon atoms. | WIKI |
Apollonia (Sicily)
Apollonia (Greek: Ἀπολλωνία) was an ancient city of Magna Graecia in Sicily, which, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, was situated in the neighbourhood of Aluntium and Calacte.
The city was founded by Dionysius I of Syracuse as an outpost against the Carthaginians.
Cicero also mentions it in conjunction with Haluntium, Capitium, and Enguium, in a manner that seems to imply that it was situated in the same part of Sicily with these cities, and Diodorus states that it was at one time subject to Leptines the tyrant of Enguium from whose hands it was wrested by Timoleon in 342 BC and restored to independency.
A little later we find it again mentioned among the cities reduced by Agathocles after his return from Africa in 307 BC. But it evidently regained its liberty after the fall of the tyrant, and in the days of Cicero was still a municipal town of some importance. In the 1st c. BC it was civitas decumana subject to sending a tenth of its agricultural income to Rome, and it sent one ship to the fleet to counter pirates. At this time it also suffered from the predatory actions of Verres.
The city was later abandoned.
Its site had been much disputed but the passages above cited a point in the north-eastern part of Sicily and the remains have been located through excavations in 2003-5 on Monte Vecchio near San Fratello, rather than at the modern Pollina which was postulated.
The city walls of isodomic limestone masonry still exist on the south and west sides. Remains of at least two buildings also in isodomic, lie on the E side of the plateau. On the top of the hill is a large rock-cut cistern. | WIKI |
User:Lordofsharks/sandbox
Add to "Casualties":
Children are considered as victims, along with women, as they are placed highest on the hierarchy of victimhood according to Dr. Sarah McDowell's writing Who Are the Victims? McDowell describes a victim as "synonymous with notions of vulnerability and passivity, the victim is free from culpability and blame," traits that are often used to describe childhood but can also deter from making children independent thinkers. The death rate of children during the Troubles varies depending on the time frame. Many statistics start from 1969 to the diplomatic end of the Troubles in 1998 when the Good Friday Agreement was signed to create peace. Between these dates, 257 children under the age of seventeen were killed from the conflict, culminating to 7.2% of all the fatalities during the violent time. Other reports spanning from 1969 to 2003, state that a total of 274 children under the age of eighteen have been killed as a result of the conflict as paramilitary groups continued after the Good Friday Agreement. During the dissension approximately thirty two percent of youths aged between fourteen and eighteen years old witnessed another person be seriously injured or killed.
Add to second paragraph under "Social Repercussions" as an introduction to third paragraph:
Moreover, children during the Troubles had to deal with the pressures of the conflict along with growing up, as the school system and basic home life became altered.
Add as a new third paragraph for "Social Repercussions":
The police held the ability to stop and search both children and adults during the Troubles. Incidents were reported of police brutality towards children, such as the August 1977 attack on Brian McCabe, a thirteen year old boy who was beaten before being taken into questioning, damaging his head, back, and legs. Another attack was recorded where a thirteen year old girl was abused by British soldiers while they pointed "the barrel of an automatic weapon against her head." She was reported to suffer from blackouts and insomnia since the attack. Paramilitary groups controlled some ghettos and used violence as punishment towards young people, as noted by the attack on a sixteen year old boy who was hospitalized after being shot twice in the left leg, once in the right leg, and once in the hand after sitting in a Derry pub.
Social class during the Troubles affected children growing up in the country. Just as there were different classes, there were different perceptions of the conflict with lower class children facing a "greater experience of political violence than their middle class counterparts." Orla T. Muldoon states that the inequality of the children's experiences during the hostility further alienated the younger generations "particularly when issues such as equity and social justice are central to the conflict itself." Issues of class were also overlapped with gender as it is reported that boys and ethnical minority group members experienced more of the hostilities issues compared to girls and people of the majority group of certain areas.
In the 1970s the schools in Northern Ireland attempted to separate school life from the outside issues of the Troubles by trying to stay as neutral as possible and promoting the children to voice concerns rather than becoming violent. This was further enhanced in the 1980s when community relations became intertwined in the curriculum as a formal way to "promote reconciliation and tolerance." Children had grown up in a separated society as their schools were sectarian with the neighbourhoods they were located in, prompting the school system to teach tolerance as a method to ease tension. The Department of Education started to combine Catholic and Protestant schools through the Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education program in which Protestant and Catholic schools of low enrolment rates voted to transform their school into an integrated one or not. It was a complex process to become an integrated school. Therefore only fifty out of one thousand schools became integrated, representing a total of four percent of schools. Integrated schools did aid in changing children's perspectives and chose to focus more on age and gender issues instead of questioning which political group was the perpetrator for attacks. Sectarian issues were important to the child's home life but was separated from educational curriculums in the small number of integrated schools. Inside the schools, the teachers did not often prompt conversations about the political schism with students as another step to disassociate school with the conflict. According to Anthropologist Donna M. Lanclos, the Belfast school system practised largely acceptance and unity rather than the differences which were plaguing the streets despite not being declared an integrated school. She states that playground chatter did not focus on the political clashes, particularly in Catholic or Protestant-only schools in neighbourhoods surrounded by their own group. Sectarian schools would sometimes host sports tournaments and invite opposing schools in an effort to create tolerance. Children were not completed distanced from the tension, however, as Lanclos notes that they created their own "folklore" that depicted violence based on each side of the political drama, and would ask Lanclos whether she "was a Pig or a Cow" meaning a Protestant or a Catholic.
Adults during the Troubles attempted to steer their youth towards the moral beliefs and values of the family and community in order to limit the rate of them joining the violence. According to Professor of Applied Social Studies Professor Fred Powell, of the University of Cork, children and youth were not reported to lose respect for authority figures during this time and overall there is little evidence that Northern Ireland youth did not experience an increase of delinquency. Campaigns such as ones against drug use by the church and the IRA helped to keep youth from colliding into committing crime.
The well being of children became increasingly questioned as the risk of families being forced into compromising positions became greater. The Ulster Worker's Council Strike of 1974 resulted in power being cut off for one month and alternatives were needed for homes to be heated or lit in order to provide for children, prompting further risk of family division as these were basic needs, and if children were at risk of not meeting their basic needs then they were at an increased risk of being taken. Social workers became effective during the schism due to these reasons but faced threats of violence upon evaluation of households at a rate of one in ten visits. There was an increase in community ties during the conflict which solidified and increased family resilience, resulting in Northern Ireland having lower numbers of children in care outside of their homes at a rate of only sixty percent of the number of children taken from their homes in England and Wales, who were not experiencing the struggles in Northern Ireland. Moreover, there was a range of 25-50% of unemployment in West Belfast in some housing developments as well as a steady climb of youth unemployment through the 1970s, as reported from the Report of the Children and Young Persons Review Group, which prompted more unrest. The Young Help and Enterprise Ulster was created by the government in order to help youth gain employment and limit their joining of the violence. | WIKI |
Try our new Organic Fresh Feet Foot & Shoe Spray!
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Organic Cinnamon Essential Oil
Cinnamon, Cinnamomum verum (also called Cinnamomum zeylanicum), an essential oil with a warm, spicy, sweet, scent, is also known as "true cinnamon" or "Ceylon cinnamon." It has been used for centuries. It was the most sought after spice of the 15th and 16th centuries--at one time it was more valuable than gold. The oil is extracted from the bark or leaves through a steam distillation process.
Since cinnamon oil can irritate the skin it must be properly diluted before using on the skin. When properly diluted, it can be a great massage oil to increase circulation and relieve achy joints and muscles.
Cinnamon oil is also a powerful antiseptic and is great for oily complexions.
Aromatherapy Properties: Cinnamon is a physical and emotional stimulant that is also relaxing, helps reduce depression and anxiety. Researchers found that just having the aroma in the room reduces drowsiness, irritability, and the pain and frequency of headaches. Many people love the aroma of cinnamon and in one study, it helped the participants concentrate and perform better on mental work. A drop or two (remember it is very strong) in some warm water or a diffuser will scent your home and create a nice inviting atmosphere.
Cinnamon vs Cassia
While there are hundreds of cinnamon species around the world, there mainly two we find in our markets.
• Cinnamomum verum - its Latin translation means from "true Cinnamon." It is also known by an older botanical name Cinnamomum zeylanicum, which means Ceylon Cinnamon. This Cinnamon originally came from Sri Lanka, which was called Ceylon during British Colonialism.
• Cinnamomum aromaticum, also known as Cinnamomum cassia, Chinese Cinnamon, or simply Cassia, originated in southern China.
Cassia and "true cinnamon" share the same botanical family. While they both have a spicy, warm aroma, cassia is cheaper to produce and has a slightly different flavor profile. True cinnamon is sweeter, less bold, and has a more delicate flavor, whereas cassia has a stronger, bolder flavor.
While in the U.S the word "cinnamon" can be used to label both true cinnamon and cassia, in the U.K. and many other countries cassia must be labeled "cassia." Most of the "cinnamon sticks" and "ground cinnamon" purchased in U.S. grocery stores is really cassia. The difference in the texture of the two "cinnamon" sticks is quite noticeable. The Ceylon "true" cinnamon stick is thinner, softer, and will show multiple layers of paper-thin bark. The cassia stick is a thicker single-coil and does not show multiple layers in the roll.
Cassia-vs-True-Cinnamon
Bark vs Leaf Oil
"True cinnamon" essential oil can be made from the bark or the leaves. So what's the difference?
• Cinnamon Bark oil is steam distilled from the bark of Cinnamomum verum tree. It has higher levels of cinnamaldehyde, which has antimicrobial and antiviral properties. It has a stronger scent than the oil distilled from the leaves and smells warm, spicy and woody. Also, cinnamon bark oil can be very irritating to the skin, which means it must be diluted before use.
• Cinnamon Leaf oil is steam distilled from the leaf of the Cinnamomum verum tree. It contains higher levels of eugenol, which is valued as a pain killer. The leaf oil has a milder aroma than cinnamon bark or cassia essential oil. Cinnamon leaf oil is less irritating to the skin than bark oil.
Pregnancy & Children: We do not provide information on the safety of essential oils during Pregnancy or for use in Children because the available information is very ambiguous and often contradictory. If you’re interested in using essential oils during pregnancy or with young children please do your own research and consult your doctor, midwife, or health care professional before use.
Precautions: If you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, have a medical condition, or have any medical concerns regarding yourself or your family consult a qualified, licensed health professional prior to use. For external use only. Keep away from eyes and mucous membranes. Keep out of reach of children.
Please Note: The content and information on this website regarding folklore or health-related benefits of certain ingredients is for educational purposes only and is in no way intended and should not be construed as medical advice to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition.
The information provided is not meant to substitute the advice provided by your personal physician or other medical professionals. Do not use the information found on this website to self-diagnose any medical conditions or treat any health problems or diseases.
If you have medical concerns regarding yourself or your family you should seek the advice of qualified, licensed health professionals. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.
This information has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This notice is required by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
Our ingredients descriptions are about TOPICAL (external) use ONLY. For internal use always consult your physician or healthcare provider.
If you are trying a new product we suggest doing a small patch test.
Read our Full Medical Disclaimer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
raba'
Etymology
.
Noun
* 1) rubber
Etymology 1
From.
The ordinal numbers of 5, 7, 9 and 10 were originally distinguished from the attributive cardinal numbers by vowel length, e.g. with for “five” and for “fifth”. However, since numerals do not usually bear strong stress in the noun phrase, this distinction ultimately collapsed and the short vowel was generalised. Analogously, was also affected by this shortening, but the form nevertheless remained distinct from. By contrast, and have preserved their long vowel.
Numeral
* 1) fourth
Etymology 2
From.
Noun
* 1) agricultural land; fields
* 2) countryside | WIKI |
Generalized Perron Identity for broken lines
Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux, Volume 31 (2019) no. 1, pp. 131-144.
In this paper, we generalize the Perron Identity for Markov minima. We express the values of binary quadratic forms with positive discriminant in terms of continued fractions associated to broken lines passing through the points where the values are computed.
Dans cet article, nous généralisons l’identité de Perron pour les minima de Markov. Nous exprimons les valeurs des formes quadratiques binaires à discriminant positif en termes des fractions continues associées aux lignes brisées passant par les points où les valeurs sont calculées.
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published online:
DOI: 10.5802/jtnb.1071
Classification: 11J06, 11H55
Keywords: Geometry of continued fractions, Perron Identity, binary quadratic indefinite form
Oleg Karpenkov 1; Matty van-Son 1
1 University of Liverpool Mathematical Sciences Building Liverpool L69 7ZL, United Kingdom
License: CC-BY-ND 4.0
Copyrights: The authors retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights
@article{JTNB_2019__31_1_131_0,
author = {Oleg Karpenkov and Matty van-Son},
title = {Generalized {Perron} {Identity} for broken lines},
journal = {Journal de th\'eorie des nombres de Bordeaux},
pages = {131--144},
publisher = {Soci\'et\'e Arithm\'etique de Bordeaux},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.5802/jtnb.1071},
mrnumber = {3994722},
zbl = {07246516},
language = {en},
url = {https://jtnb.centre-mersenne.org/articles/10.5802/jtnb.1071/}
}
TY - JOUR
AU - Oleg Karpenkov
AU - Matty van-Son
TI - Generalized Perron Identity for broken lines
JO - Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux
PY - 2019
SP - 131
EP - 144
VL - 31
IS - 1
PB - Société Arithmétique de Bordeaux
UR - https://jtnb.centre-mersenne.org/articles/10.5802/jtnb.1071/
DO - 10.5802/jtnb.1071
LA - en
ID - JTNB_2019__31_1_131_0
ER -
%0 Journal Article
%A Oleg Karpenkov
%A Matty van-Son
%T Generalized Perron Identity for broken lines
%J Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux
%D 2019
%P 131-144
%V 31
%N 1
%I Société Arithmétique de Bordeaux
%U https://jtnb.centre-mersenne.org/articles/10.5802/jtnb.1071/
%R 10.5802/jtnb.1071
%G en
%F JTNB_2019__31_1_131_0
Oleg Karpenkov; Matty van-Son. Generalized Perron Identity for broken lines. Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux, Volume 31 (2019) no. 1, pp. 131-144. doi : 10.5802/jtnb.1071. https://jtnb.centre-mersenne.org/articles/10.5802/jtnb.1071/
[1] Thomas W. Cusick; Mary E. Flahive The Markoff and Lagrange Spectra, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, 30, American Mathematical Society, 1989 | MR | Zbl
[2] Harold Davenport On the product of three homogeneous linear forms. I, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Volume 13 (1938), pp. 139-145 | DOI | MR | Zbl
[3] Harold Davenport On the product of three homogeneous linear forms. II, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Volume 44 (1938), pp. 412-431 | DOI | MR
[4] Harold Davenport On the product of three homogeneous linear forms. III, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Volume 45 (1939), pp. 98-125 | DOI | MR | Zbl
[5] Vladimir V. Fock; Alexander B. Goncharov Dual Teichmüller and lamination spaces, Handbook of Teichmüller theory. Volume I (IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics), Volume 11, European Mathematical Society, 2007, pp. 647-684 | DOI | Zbl
[6] Oleg Karpenkov Elementary notions of lattice trigonometry, Math. Scand., Volume 102 (2008) no. 2, pp. 161-205 | DOI | MR | Zbl
[7] Oleg Karpenkov On irrational lattice angles, Funct. Anal. Other Math., Volume 2 (2009) no. 2-4, pp. 221-239 | DOI | MR | Zbl
[8] Oleg Karpenkov On determination of periods of geometric continued fractions for two-dimensional algebraic hyperbolic operators, Math. Notes, Volume 88 (2010) no. 1-2, pp. 28-38 Russian version: Mat. Zametki 88 (2010), n° 1, p. 30–42 | DOI | MR | Zbl
[9] Oleg Karpenkov Continued fractions and the second kepler law, Manuscr. Math., Volume 134 (2011) no. 1-2, pp. 157-169 | DOI | MR | Zbl
[10] Oleg Karpenkov Geometry of Continued Fractions, Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics, 26, Springer, 2013 | MR | Zbl
[11] Svetlana Katok Continued fractions, hyperbolic geometry and quadratic forms, MASS selecta: teaching and learning advanced undergraduate mathematics, American Mathematical Society, 2003, pp. 121-160 | MR | Zbl
[12] John Lewis; Don Zagier Period functions and the Selberg zeta function for the modular group, The mathematical beauty of physics (Saclay, 1996) (Advanced Series in Mathematical Physics), Volume 24, World Scientific, 1996, pp. 83-97 | Zbl
[13] Yuri I. Manin; Matilde Marcolli Continued fractions, modular symbols, and noncommutative geometry, Sel. Math., New Ser., Volume 8 (2002) no. 3, pp. 475-521 | DOI | MR | Zbl
[14] Andreĭ Markov Sur les formes quadratiques binaires indefinies. (second mémoire), Math. Ann., Volume 17 (1880), pp. 379-399
[15] Oskar Perron Über die Approximation irrationaler Zahlen durch rationale II, Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1921 | Zbl
[16] Alfonso Sorrentino; Alexander P. Veselov Markov Numbers, Mather’s β function and stable norm (2017) (https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.03901) | Zbl
Cited by Sources: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Studio Ironcat
Studio Ironcat was a small publishing company based in Fredericksburg, Virginia, dedicated to publication of manga and later, Amerimanga. The company is most known for its publication of the first volume of Megatokyo, a prominent webcomic, as well as the flamboyant style of one of its founders, Steve Bennett. The company was also known for regular turmoil within its wake, primarily during the years 2001–2003. One of these led to a period where the company did business under a different name as I.C. Entertainment.
The company, commonly referred to as "Ironcat", published under the Studio Ironcat, I.C. Entertainment and Fuzzy Kitten imprints. They also had an adult imprint, Sexy Fruit. Over the course of its lifespan, Studio Ironcat published over fifty titles.
Founding years
From 1993 to 1997, Antarctic Press published several translated manga series, including Vampire Miyu and several miniseries by Ippongi Bang and her studio, Studio DoDo. However, facing declining sales and a change in the company's focus, Antarctic Press decided to cancel all of their translated manga titles in late 1997, laying off several employees in the process. One of the employees let go from Antarctic Press was head translator Kumi Kimura, who took several projects that had been in the planning stages to his new company, Studio Ironcat. Studio Ironcat was founded in 1997 by manga artists Kuni Kimura, Masaomi Kanzaki and Stephen R. Bennett IV. The new company started publication in January of the following year by releasing the Vampire Princess Miyu manga by Narumi Kakinouchi, then moving on to a series of other books under its Studio Ironcat and Sexy Fruit imprints. The company signed up other well-known artists and titles, working to become a strong player in the shōnen manga genre.
For the first few years of business, things were running somewhat smoothly, but this changed in 1999, with the first major problem for Ironcat.
Embezzlement and departure of co-founders
From its inception until 1999, there were financial issues with Kimura. A report by industry website Anime News Network (ANN) stated that a company employee reported multiple cases of fraud by Kimura, with the alleged cases of Ironcat funds being given to friends in Japan, took unauthorized trips to Thailand and frequently used company finances for personal expenses. The drain of funds was enough that the company ended up on shaky financial ground, and emptied Kanzaki (the primary financial backer)'s investment in the company.
On July 15, 1999, Kanzaki and Bennett fired Kimura, bringing on Steve Bennett's brother Kevin Bennett and their father, Stephen Bennett III, as Ironcat executives. Upon Kimura's departure, an internal investigation took place, and while no conclusive amount was determined, an estimated $15,000 had been allegedly stolen by Kimura from Ironcat coffers. However, no charges were filed against Kimura, who returned to Japan.
During the post-Kimura restructuring by Kanzaki and the Bennetts, Office assistant Kathryn Hofer left in January 2000 due to lack of pay and bias treatment, Chief Graphics Designer and Copy Editor Mark Hofmann departed in June 2000, citing an issue with internal, "high-school" company politics and lack of pay. Hofer's and Hofman's grievances would later prove to be tragically prophetic, as later employee departures would cite the same problems.
The company would have further turmoil when the elder Bennett died in late 2000; he had been a key executive in the company and vital to the day-to-day operations. Shortly after Bennett's death, Kanzaki departed Studio Ironcat, taking the rights to his titles as well as the "Studio Ironcat" name itself (having been named after his manga of the same name), leaving the company nameless, and with an uncertain future.
Name change and employee departures
The Bennetts responded by renaming the company International Comics and Entertainment, but it is unclear if the name change was simply a DBA, or a change to evoke "Iron Cat Entertainment". For the most part, rebranding the company as I.C. Entertainment was cosmetic, as the company was still referred to as "Ironcat" during this period. In 2002, the company expanded its lineup to include shōjo manga titles, such as Central City and horror titles such as Mantis Woman.
From this point on, a slow exodus of staff departed the company. Between May and August 2003, several key personnel departed the company, with one of the biggest departures occurring on July 31 (though not reported until October 6 of that year ). Ten key employees departed, expressing grave personal and professional disagreements with Steve Bennett, with charges of exploitation through unfair work practices and withheld pay. On August 15, 2003, Domestic Affairs Manager Kei Blue, Senior Editor Stephanie Brown and Translator Duane Johnson, as well as four other employees, filed wage claims of over $7000 with the Virginia Department of Labor and Industry, which conducted an investigation of Ironcat, though the results were not made public.
On October 6, 2003, Brown, Johnson, and Graphics Editor Ellen Ohlmacher gave an interview to ANN, accusing Bennett of denying pay to themselves and several other company employees. A follow-up report by ANN stated that "[f]inancial documents obtained by ANN demonstrate a three-month gap in one employee's payment from March 31 to July 3, followed in September by back pay of only one-third of the $1,800 the employee claims to be owed. The records also indicate other former employees have not received some or all of their claimed back pay." ANN later reported both Brown and Johnson eventually received full back pay as of October 27, though it is unknown if anyone else had received their missing pay.
As Ironcat's finances deteriorated and internal politics began to leak to the public, the company gained a reputation as a hotbed of "chaos", filled with "high-school politics" amongst staffmembers. At one point the company held a "Save Ironcat" sale at the 2003 Otakon anime convention. During this time, the company returned to the Studio Ironcat name in October 2003, having settled amicably with Kanzaki over the name and other issues.
Megatokyo and Amerimanga
By mid-2002, the decision was made to get into the growing Amerimanga trend pioneered by competitor Antarctic Press and made notable at the time by TOKYOPOP's Rising Stars of Manga contest and compilation. This was brought about by Ironcat's biggest coup, obtaining the publishing licenses for Megatokyo and Maelyn Dean's Real Life, two major webcomics. It also began publishing an Amerimanga anthology magazine called, fittingly, AmeriManga.
However, the Amerimanga ventures turned out to be disastrous. The first volume of Megatokyo, released in January 2003, was a bonafide hit, with the entire first printing selling out. Ironcat prepared for the release of the second volume when the publishing deal between Ironcat and Fred Gallagher, Megatokyo's creator, fell through. Gallagher would later write on the Megatokyo web site that the parting between him and Ironcat was amicable, though rumors had it that Bennett stated that Gallagher demanded more money for the license. However, many Megatokyo fans noted that Ironcat never shipped out many of their pre-orders for Vol. 1 and also insisted that fans pay in full for pre-orders on Vol. 2 when it had not even gone to press. Gallagher would eventually take Megatokyo to rival publisher Dark Horse Comics.
AmeriManga magazine and author strife
By June of that year, however, AmeriManga magazine had become the focal point of Ironcat's products and a modest hit, boasting a subscription of 600 subscribers. However, at AnimeNEXT, on October 4 of that year, Bennett announced that AmeriManga would go on hiatus, and that it was awaiting responses from the represented artists before proceeding with plans for future issues.
However, while Ironcat had expressed an interest in continuing the series, it would have been difficult as Senior Editor Kei Blue had departed the company in July, and fourteen other AmeriManga artists followed suit. Blue told ANN that a clause specifying a timetable for product release and payment was included in the AmeriManga artists' contracts, and that when Ironcat failed to meet the timetable, the contracts were automatically voided. Afterwards, several artists publicly stated that they would not work with Ironcat again.
Additionally, Ironcat began to have problems with some of their other artists. The deal with Dean fell through, with Dean opting not to publish Real Life with Ironcat. A more public disagreement occurred when Bennett stated that Ironcat could not contact Japanese artist Saya, creator of Central City, blaming it on an ex-employee who allegedly took the artist's information. In turn, Saya made a public statement, voicing that she was easily able to be contacted via her website, that she had never received any payments from the company and that she would never work with Ironcat again. She also stated that Bennett "has no right to say this about his former employee. If they really wish to talk to me, my e-mail address is very easy to find because there were links from their former web page to mine."
Attempted comeback
In mid-2003, Ironcat received a bailout investment from aspiring author Rachel Ann Prellwitz, who encouraged Bennett to redouble Ironcat's production of books and to expand its offerings to include furry comics. Now a partial owner of Ironcat, Prellwitz began taking an active role in the management of Ironcat, relieving Bennett of some leadership pressures, and at the same time causing a culture clash with some longtime employees and members of the Ironcat "family". Prellwitz's involvement in Ironcat led to a surge of activity and some optimism about the company's prospects. In late 2003, attorney and animation journalist Brett D. Rogers was brought on board by Bennett as an investor in the company and adviser to management.
In late 2004, Ironcat signed artist Isabel Marks, licensing her webcomic Namir Deiter. For the launch, Ironcat created a third imprint, Fuzzy Kitten, as part of a planned imprint for furry-oriented comics. However, only one volume of Namir Deiter was released under this banner.
Namir Deiter came too late to help Ironcat. Deep in debt and unable to obtain additional capital, Ironcat was forced to cease printing its current properties and to decline options to license promising manga titles.
On January 28, 2005, Studio Ironcat closed operations and made a statement regarding this matter on their website. From that point, the Studio Ironcat website remained open with orders still being taken for present stock, but the site served as a clearing house for the remainder of Ironcat's published stock. On January 12, 2006, a notice was placed on the front page that the catalog was being sent to a liquidator for final dissolution of remaining stock. The site is now closed.
Steve Bennett litigated matters related to the decline and shutdown of Ironcat in the Virginia Court System in 2006. Cases against Ironcat and Bennett personally were dismissed "with prejudice," leaving Bennett free and clear and closing the book on Studio Ironcat.
Titles published by Studio Ironcat
Comics, listed by imprint, include:
Ironcat/I.C. Entertainment
* Iron Cat (from which the company took its name)
* Vampire Princess Miyu
* New Vampire Princess Miyu
* The Vampire Dahlia
* Vampire Yui
* Crusher Joe
* Central City (Released 2002, by Saya)
* Dragon Wars
* Futaba-kun Change! (Ironcat's flagship title for several years)
* Panku Ponk!
* Makuukan Zero
* You & Me (Released 2002, by Hiroshi Aro)
* Amerimanga (Magazine which serialized various series)
* MegaTokyo
* My Code Name is Charmer
* The Wanderer
* Cutie Honey '90
* Mantis Woman
* Hyper Doll
* Doctor! (Released 1997, by Ippongi Bang)
* Virtual Bang (Released 1998, by Ippongi Bang)
* Hanaukyo Maid Team
* No Bra ‹---(Not in any particular order of publishing. Also, was delayed indefinitely in October 2003 )
Fuzzy Kitten
* Namir Deiter
SexyFruit
* Ogenki Clinic (Ironcat's best-known SexyFruit title)
* Cool Devices
* Bizzarian (Released 2000, by Senno Knife)
* Oh My! (Japanese title: いや！, Released 2002)
* Part Timer Rei (Licensed, but never released)
* Space Dreams (Released 1998, by Harumi Shimamoto)
* Bang's Sexplosion (Released 1999, by Ippongi Bang)
* Femme Kabuki (Released 1998)
* I Love You (Released 2003, by Lei Nekojima)
* Eden (Released 2002, by Senno Knife)
* Heart Core (Released 2002) | WIKI |
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Events
ChangeDirFires when user wants to change directory.
CommandFires when user enters the command.
ConnectedFires when user connects using valid username.
ConnectingFires when user tries to connect to the server.
CryptoInformationFires before user established encrypted connection with the server.
DeleteFileFires when user wants to delete file.
DisconnectedFires when user leaves the server.
DownloadFileFires when user wants to download file.
FileTransferDataFires during file transfer, allowing you to alter file contents.
ListDirFires when user lists directory.
ListDirDataFires just before list items will be sent to the client.
LoginCertificateFires when user wants to authenticate to the server with public key.
LoginPasswordFires when user wants to authenticate to the server.
MakeDirFires when user wants to make directory.
ProgressFires during file transfer.
Progress64Fires during file transfer for large files.
RemoveDirFires when user wants to remove directory.
RenameFires when user wants to rename file or directory.
ResponseFires when wodFTPD sends some response.
SiteFires when user wants to execute site specific command.
StateChangedFires when user's state changes.
TransferCompleteFires when file transfer is complete.
TransferStatusFires just before transfer finishes, allowing you to return error to the client.
UploadFileFires when user wants to upload file.
Platforms
Windows | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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git-annex-unused(1) General Commands Manual git-annex-unused(1)
NAME
git-annex-unused - look for unused file content
SYNOPSIS
git annex unused
DESCRIPTION
Checks the annex for data that does not correspond to any files present in any tag or branch, or in the git index, and prints a numbered list of the data.
After running this command, you can use the --unused option with many other git-annex commands to operate on all the unused data that was found.
For example, to move all unused data to origin:
git annex unused; git annex move --unused --to origin
OPTIONS
Only show unused temp and bad files.
Check for unused data that is located in a repository.
The repository should be specified using the name of a configured remote, or the UUID or description of a repository.
By default, any data that the git index uses, or that any refs in the git repository point to is considered to be used. If you only want to use some refs, you can use this option to specify the ones to use. Data that is not in the specified refs (and not used by the index) will then be considered unused.
See REFSPEC FORMAT below for details of the format of this setting.
The git configuration annex.used-refspec can be used to configure this in a more permanent fashion.
Enable JSON output. This is intended to be parsed by programs that use git-annex.
Messages that would normally be output to standard error are included in the JSON instead.
git-annex-common-options(1) can be used.
REFSPEC FORMAT
The refspec format for --used-refspec and annex.used-refspec is a colon-separated list of additions and removals of refs. A somewhat contrived example:
+refs/heads/*:+HEAD^:+refs/tags/*:-refs/tags/old-tag:reflog
This adds all refs/heads/ refs, as well as the previous version of HEAD. It also adds all tags, except for old-tag. And it adds all refs from the reflog.
The default behavior is equivilant to --used-refspec=+refs/*:+HEAD
The refspec is processed by starting with an empty set of refs, and walking the list in order from left to right.
Each + using a glob is matched against all relevant refs (a subset of git show-ref) and all matching refs are added to the set. For example, "+refs/remotes/*" adds all remote refs.
Each + without a glob adds the literal value to the set. For example, "+HEAD^" adds "HEAD^".
Each - is matched against the set of refs accumulated so far. Any refs with names that match are removed from the set.
"reflog" adds all the refs from the reflog. This will make past versions of files not be considered to be unused until the ref expires from the reflog (by default for 90 days). Note that this may make git-annex unused take some time to complete, it if needs to check every ref from the reflog.
SEE ALSO
git-annex(1)
git-annex-dropunused(1)
git-annex-addunused(1)
git-annex-whereused(1)
AUTHOR
Joey Hess <id@joeyh.name> | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Can we run a script or program before Patch cycle start or End or before reboot?
Created: 21 Feb 2013 | 2 comments
skhs's picture
Hi I need to run some jobs on servers before and after the Patch cycle. I believe there used to be a way to run program before patch cycle? Also what tool/mechnisim is used to reboot at the end of patch cycle?
Appreciate the help.
Operating Systems:
Comments 2 CommentsJump to latest comment
KSchroeder's picture
There is no built in tool to do this. The best you could do is build a job with the pre and post patch tasks, with an intermediate task to execute the patch cycle using aexpatchutil.exe. in this case your patch agent config should be set to run far in the future and not reboot (configure the reboot into the job). Can't give specifics as I haven't done it myself, but that should get you started.
Thanks,
Kyle
Symantec Trusted Advisor
For Forum threads, please click "Mark as Solution" if answered.
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SaschaH's picture
As Kyle stated set the Software Update Plug-In Policy to somewhere far in the future. Then build a task with a script starting aexpatchutil.exe /Xa /q. Make sure you set the timeout for the task high enough. We had to wrap a script around to kill the aexpatchutil.exe process as it sometimes gets stuck running.
This task you can put in a software delivery policy which you can schedule then as you want and add the jobs that need to run before and after. As it is a task it doesnt have a detection rule, so it will run immediatly.
One thing to consider is that this will only install the patches till it needs a reboot. Some patches depend on others and can only install after a reboot. One way would to be to have a fake software with a reboot commandline that has a detection rule on the rebootrequired key in the registry under altiris/patchmanagement.
Bechtle – your strong IT partner. Today and tomorrow
If that seems to help, please "Mark as Solution" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Chess Players (Favén)
The Chess Players is a painting from 1913 by the Finnish (later Swedish) painter Antti Favén (1882-1948). It was created from Favéns fascination for the chess scene in the Café de la Régence at Paris. The painting displays a fictitious scene with various well known chess players who Favén met during his stay in Paris.
Background
Yrjö Antti Favén was a Finnish cosmopolitan, born in Helsinki. He lived in Paris from 1902 to 1913, where he worked in the rue de Saint-Senoch. By the end of the nineteen-thirties he settled in Sweden, where he naturalized two years before his death .
When speaking about The Chess Players, Favén mentioned amongst others his friendship with Frank Marshall and other chess players in the Café de la Régence. He also indicated that the painting would be offered to the first chess player who would win the Finnish chess championship for the third time. As Eero Böök (1910-1990) did so in 1936, it is assumed that he has received the painting at that time.
Böök has made a copy of the painting, which was anno 2016 at Shakkikoti, a chess club at Helsinki. The original appears to have eventually passed into the hands of the Swedish chess grandmaster Erik Lundin (1904-1988), who in turn has donated the painting to the Swedish Chess Union. Currently, this painting is on display in Stockholms Schacksalonger, at Stockholm.
Description of the painting
The painting, originally called Les Joueurs d'échecs is unique for multiple reasons. First, its sheer size (340 x 220 cm) makes it possibly the largest chess-themed painting in the world. Second, the concept of making a group portrait of existent chess players in a fictive scene in an existing environment (they all have been in the Café de la Régence but never at the same time) was unusual. The most remarkable was perhaps the fact that it took Favén more than ten years to complete the painting.
Favén picked up this work out of fascination for the chess scene in Café de la Régence, a meeting place of internationally renowned chess players. The reputation of Café de la Régence was such that no great chess master would visit Paris without going to the Café de la Régence. Because of their status, they would play the main role in Faven's painting. The following characters can be determined with some certainty : Siegbert Tarrasch, standing in the background, left; Frank Marshall in the middle with cigar; David Janowsky with cigarette, on the right of Marshall; Amos Burn, sitting facing Marshall, with pipe; and Ossip Bernstein (facing Burn). And "around the big stars, smaller yet bright planets revolved": among the regulars of the café were all the stars of the Parisian chess community, some of whom probably are in the painting but remain thus far unidentified.
The windows and arched doorway on the background of the painting suggest that the scene is in the main room of the café. As the painting captures the romantic atmosphere of the period before the First World War, it reflects en passant the end of a carefree and calm era. Favén made numerous sketches of the café and the chess players, which were undoubtedly the prelude to The Chess Players. In 1905, he completed another, smaller painting. At least one figure in this painting, possibly Joseph Blackburne, seems to be returning in his masterpiece of 1913.
The mystery of the displayed chess players
A shroud of mystery hangs over the painting: while it is known that Favén depicted the players who frequented the café during his stay in Paris, he did not leave any firm hint as to who is who, and whether there are any fictional characters included. Furthermore, identification is complicated by the fact that this is a work made over a period of about ten years - a period in which people can change. It is possible that Favén did not even meet one or more of the characters and that he made some of them on the basis of photographic portraits . Tarrasch and Bernstein seem to be good examples of this possibility.
The table below lists the most plausible candidates for the different people represented. | WIKI |
9
I am trying to create a Rails route that has optional parameters as well as varying order.
This question describes a similar problem: Routes with multiple, optional, and pretty parameters
I am trying to create routes that have map filters in them, like parameters but without the parameter URL styling. The idea is to have them look like
/search/country/:country/
/search/country/:country/state/:state/
/search/country/:country/state/:state/loc/:lat/:long/
but you should also be able to search with
/search/state/:state/
/search/state/:state/country/:country/
/search/loc/:lat/:long/
I know that I could write complex regex statements with route globbing - however I'm wondering if there is a way to have multiple optional route parameters with unspecified order, something like
/search/( (/country/:country)(/state/:state)(/loc/:lat/:long) )
Thanks!
4
• I think you already have the best solution for your problem i.e. regexp
– RAJ
Apr 9 '15 at 11:48
• One other way, maybe not the best, would be to just have the multiple entries in your routes.rb
– RPinel
Apr 14 '15 at 15:28
• I used Regex to solve this problem but am still curious if there is a desire for the Rails5 protocol to support multiple optional parameters. You should be able to specify the delimiter(s) and choose between explicit and underordered.
– Eric Walsh
Apr 14 '15 at 18:54
• 1
@RPinel Yes this is a solution but it doesn't feasibly with a lot of parameters since N parameters would correspond to N! amount of routes in your routing doc. In that situation Regex would be an obvious choice!
– Eric Walsh
Apr 14 '15 at 18:55
3
You can use the constraints with lambda to use multiple search options:
search_options = %w(country state loc)
get('search/*path',:to => 'people#search', constraints: lambda do |request|
extra_params = request.params[:path].split('/').each_slice(2).to_h
request.params.merge! extra_params # if you want to add search options to params, you can also merge it with search hash
(extra_params.keys - search_options).empty?
end)
You can make a different lambda for more complex routes
1
• 1
Thanks, this seems to be a good/proper solution to the problem. I suppose at the end of the day it comes down to regex in a complex lambda like you said, hopefully they'll add easy multiple optional parameter support in Rails 5!
– Eric Walsh
May 13 '15 at 6:01
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The genetic architecture of adaptations to high altitude in Ethiopia
The genetic architecture of adaptations to high altitude in Ethiopia
Gorka Alkorta-Aranburu, Cynthia M. Beall, David B. Witonsky, Amha Gebremedhin, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Anna Di Rienzo
(Submitted on 13 Nov 2012)
Although hypoxia is a major stress on physiological processes, several human populations have survived for millennia at high altitudes, suggesting that they have adapted to hypoxic conditions. This hypothesis was recently corroborated by studies of Tibetan highlanders, which showed that polymorphisms in candidate genes show signatures of natural selection as well as well-replicated association signals for variation in hemoglobin levels. We extended genomic analysis to two Ethiopian ethnic groups: Amhara and Oromo. For each ethnic group, we sampled low and high altitude residents, thus allowing genetic and phenotypic comparisons across altitudes and across ethnic groups. Genome-wide SNP genotype data were collected in these samples by using Illumina arrays. We find that variants associated with hemoglobin variation among Tibetans or other variants at the same loci do not influence the trait in Ethiopians. However, in the Amhara, SNP rs10803083 is associated with hemoglobin levels at genome-wide levels of significance. No significant genotype association was observed for oxygen saturation levels in either ethnic group. Approaches based on allele frequency divergence did not detect outliers in candidate hypoxia genes, but the most differentiated variants between high- and lowlanders have a clear role in pathogen defense. Interestingly, a significant excess of allele frequency divergence was consistently detected for genes involved in cell cycle control, DNA damage and repair, thus pointing to new pathways for high altitude adaptations. Finally, a comparison of CpG methylation levels between high- and lowlanders found several significant signals at individual genes in the Oromo.
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Connecting to %s | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Vodafone Egypt deal bumps up S.Africa's Vodacom quarterly revenue
Adds details and background
JOHANNESBURG, Jan 31 (Reuters) - Vodacom Group VODJ.J said on Tuesday its third-quarter revenue rose 14.8%, supported by the South African telecoms operator's acquisition of Vodafone Egypt.
Vodacom, majority-owned by Britain's Vodafone VOD.L, said group revenue rose to 30.7 billion rand ($1.76 billion) in the quarter ended Dec.31. On a normalised basis, revenue grew 4.7%.
Vodafone Egypt was consolidated from Dec. 8, contributing over 1.8 billion rand to group service revenue and was a key factor, alongside currency gains, in the 16.1% growth in group service revenue, Shameel Joosub, Vodacom Group CEO said.
Vodacom bought a 55% stake in the Egyptian arm of Vodafone for 43.6 billion rand in 2021, the largest deal in the telecoms operator's history.
Financial services revenue jumped 30.6% to reach 2.6 billion rand, largely on the back of demand for its mobile money M-Pesa platform across its international portfolio as well as double-digit growth in insurance policy and airtime loan sales in South Africa, Joosub added.
($1 = 17.4114 rand)
(Reporting by Nqobile Dludla; Editing by Kim Coghill and Sherry Jacob-Phillips)
((nqobile.dludla@thomsonreuters.com; +27103461066;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Updating Data in SQL
In terms of updating a record in a database table, the SQL ‘update’ statement needs to be used, which takes the following form.
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name='value'
WHERE where_condition;
As with the ‘select‘ and ‘insert‘ statements, a comma can be used where more than one field needs to be updated.
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name1='value1', column_name2='value2', column_name3='value3'
WHERE where_condition;
The ‘where’ condition might be the ‘id’ of a particular record for example. The example below uses the same ‘person‘ table from the previous examples for selecting and inserting data. It updates the ‘lastname’ and ‘title’ for the record with an ‘id’ of 4.
UPDATE person
SET lastname = 'Adams', title = 'Mrs'
WHERE id = 4;
The contents of the ‘person‘ table, following the update, can now be seen below.
id firstname lastname title dob
1 Fred Bloggs Mr 1980-05-05
2 Simon Smith Mr 1960-04-01
3 Freida Bloggs Mrs 1970-10-12
4 Fiona Adams Mrs 1985-05-19
5 John Smith Mr 1985-10-12
An ‘update’ statement can amend more than one record at a time. To use the ‘person‘ table again, if the ‘where’ condition specified ‘lastname’ to be equal to ‘Bloggs’, then two records would be updated. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
electromyography
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to electromyography: Electrooculography
Electromyography
Definition
Electromyography (EMG) is an electrical recording of muscle activity that aids in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disease.
Purpose
Muscles are stimulated by signals from nerve cells called motor neurons. This stimulation causes electrical activity in the muscle, which in turn causes contraction. This electrical activity is detected by a needle electrode inserted into the muscle and connected to a recording device. Together, the electrode and recorder are called an electromyography machine. EMG can determine whether a particular muscle is responding appropriately to stimulation, and whether a muscle remains inactive when not stimulated.
EMG is performed most often to help diagnose different diseases causing weakness. Although EMG is a test of the motor system, it may help identify abnormalities of nerves or spinal nerve roots that may be associated with pain or numbness. Other symptoms for which EMG may be useful include numbness, atrophy, stiffness, fasciculation, cramp, deformity, and spasticity. EMG results can help determine whether symptoms are due to a muscle disease or a neurological disorder, and, when combined with clinical findings, usually allow a confident diagnosis.
EMG can help diagnose many muscle and nerve disorders, including:
• muscular dystrophy
• congenital myopathies
• mitochondrial myopathies
• metabolic myopathies
• myotonias
• peripheral neuropathies
• radiculopathies
• nerve lesions
• amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• polio
• spinal muscular atrophy
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• ataxias
• myasthenias
Precautions
No special precautions are needed for this test. Patients with a history of bleeding disorder should consult with their treating physician before the test. If a muscle biopsy is planned as part of the diagnostic work-up, EMG should not be performed at the same site, as it may effect the microscopic appearance of the muscle.
Description
During an EMG test, a fine needle is inserted into the muscle to be tested. This may cause some discomfort, similar to that of an injection. Recordings are made while the muscle is at rest, and then during the contraction. The person performing the test may move the limb being tested, and direct the patient to move it with various levels of force. The needle may be repositioned in the same muscle for further recording. Other muscles may be tested as well. A typical session lasts from 30-60 minutes.
A slightly different test, the nerve conduction velocity test, is often performed at the same time with the same equipment. In this test, stimulating and recording electrodes are used, and small electrical shocks are applied to measure the ability of the nerve to conduct electrical signals. This test may cause mild tingling and discomfort similar to a mild shock from static electricity. Evoked potentials may also be performed for additional diagnostic information. Nerve conduction velocity and evoked potential testing are especially helpful when pain or sensory complaints are more prominent than weakness.
Preparation
No special preparation is needed. The doctor supervising and interpreting the test should be given information about the symptoms, medical conditions, suspected diagnosis, neuroimaging studies, and other test results.
Aftercare
Minor pain and bleeding may continue for several hours after the test. The muscle may be tender for a day or two.
Risks
There are no significant risks to this test, other than those associated with any needle insertion (pain, bleeding, bruising, or infection).
Normal results
There should be some brief EMG activity during needle insertion. This activity may be increased in diseases of the nerve and decreased in long-standing muscle disorders where muscle tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue or fat. Muscle tissue normally shows no EMG activity when at rest or when moved passively by the examiner. When the patient actively contracts the muscle, spikes (motor unit action potentials) should appear on the recording screen, reflecting the electrical activity within. As the muscle is contracted more forcefully, more groups of muscle fibers are recruited or activated, causing more EMG activity.
Abnormal results
The interpretation of EMG results is not a simple matter, requiring analysis of the onset, duration, amplitude, and other characteristics of the spike patterns.
Electrical activity at rest is abnormal; the particular pattern of firing may indicate denervation (for example, a nerve lesion, radiculopathy, or lower motor neuron degeneration), myotonia, or inflammatory myopathy.
Decreases in the amplitude and duration of spikes are associated with muscle diseases, which also show faster recruitment of other muscle fibers to compensate for weakness. Recruitment is reduced in nerve disorders.
Resources
Other
Falck, B., E. Stalberg, and L. Korpinen. The Expert Electromyographer. 〈http://www.tut.fi/∼korpinen/EMG.htm〉.
Key terms
Motor neurons — Nerve cells that transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles.
Motor unit action potentials — Spikes of electrical activity recorded during an EMG that reflect the number of motor units (motor neurons and the muscle fibers they transmit signals to) activated when the patient voluntarily contracts a muscle.
electromyography
[e-lek″tro-mi-og´rah-fe]
the recording and study of the intrinsic electrical properties of skeletal muscle. adj., adj electromyograph´ic. When it is at rest, normal muscle is electrically silent, but when the muscle is active, an electrical current is generated. In electromyography the electrical impulses are picked up by needle electrodes inserted into the muscle and amplified on an oscilloscope screen in the form of wavelike tracings. The visual recording may be accompanied by auditory monitoring in which the sounds are amplified.ƒ
Electromyography is useful in diagnosing disorders of the nerves supplying the muscle (as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and poliomyelitis) and in disorders affecting the muscle tissues. Recordings usually are obtained while the muscle is relaxed, during voluntary contraction, and during muscle activity that is produced by nerve stimulation. In this way it is possible to determine the presence of a disorder, localize the site, and identify the specific disease producing muscle weakness.
e·lec·tro·my·og·ra·phy
(ē-lek'trō-mī-og'ră-fē),
1. The recording of electrical activity generated in muscle for diagnostic purposes; both surface and needle recording electrodes can be used, although characteristically the latter is employed, so that the procedure is also called needle electrode examination.
2. Umbrella term for the entire electrodiagnostic study performed in the EMG laboratory, including not only the needle electrode examination, but also the nerve conduction studies.
[electro- + G. mys, muscle, + graphō, to write]
electromyography
EMG Neurology A technique that measures minute electrical discharges produced in skeletal muscle, at rest and during voluntary contraction; EMG is used to diagnose neuromuscular disease; the electrode for EMG is inserted percutaneously and the resulting electrical discharge or motor unit potential is recorded
e·lec·tro·my·og·ra·phy
(EMG) (ĕ-lek'trō-mī-og'ră-fē)
1. The recording of electrical activity generated in muscle for diagnostic purposes; both surface and needle recording electrodes can be used; the latter are more common.
2. Umbrella term for the entire electrodiagnostic study performed in the EMG laboratory, including not only the needle electrode examination, but also nerve conduction studies.
[electro- + G. mys, muscle, + graphō, to write]
electromyography
A diagnostic method in which the electrical events associated with muscle contraction are amplified and recorded for analysis. The signals may be picked up by surface electrodes or a needle consisting of two insulated, coaxial conductors may be pushed into the muscle. The method allows distinction to be made between various nerve disorders, disorders affecting the junction between the nerve and the muscle and various muscle disorders.
e·lec·tro·my·og·ra·phy
(EMG) (ĕ-lek'trō-mī-og'ră-fē)
1. Recording of electrical activity generated in muscle for diagnostic purposes.
2. Umbrella term for the entire electrodiagnostic study performed in the EMG laboratory, including not only needle electrode examination, but also nerve conduction studies.
[electro- + G. mys, muscle, + graphō, to write]
References in periodicals archive ?
Supply of consumables and accessories for electromyography Document Purchase Start date : 16 Jul 2019
Electromyography (recording electrical activity of muscles) biofeedback has been shown to enhance recovery of muscle control in people with incomplete spinal-cord injuries (SCI).
The correlation of biomechanical events of deglutition has been described in the literature and its characteristics associated with electromyography establish the suprahyoid musculature as that which reflects the verification of this functional event.
Scapular and shoulder muscle activity was recorded using surface electromyography (sEMG).
Electromyography of the right ADM, FCU, FDP showed severe reduction in voluntary recruitment with fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves.
Traditional surface electrodes: In the traditional surface electromyography trials, three wireless electrodes (Delsys Trigno, Delsys Inc., USA) sampling at 2000 Hz were attached (Delsys adhesive interface) to the gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris of the right leg only.
Keywords: Guillain-barre syndrome (GBS), Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), Electromyography and nerve conduction studies (EMG/NCS).
Electromyography is an electrical technique for medical applications, to appraise and record the electrical activity created by skeletal muscles fibers.
Background: Single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) has been suggested as a quantitative method for supporting chronic partial denervation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by the revised EI Escorial criteria.
Laryngeal electromyography demonstrated 25% decreased recruitment in the right cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscles.
Along with the new definition of biofeedback and a preliminary definition of applied psychophysiology, this edition has more on specialized applications like electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback/neurofeedback and heart rate variability biofeedback, as well as new chapters on surface electromyography, quantitative EEG, consumer products, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation training, and anxiety disorders, asthma, work-related pain, traumatic brain injury, autism spectrum disorders, and substance use disorders.
He has completed an internship in medicine, a residency and chief residency in neurology, and a clinical fellowship in Neuromuscular Disease and Clinical Neurophysiology (electromyography) at Massachusetts General Hospital. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/azoreantours.com
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* 52) 2008-06-22 23:46:53 (UTC): User oc:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 22) to oc:Açòres (diff) - Link: www.azoreantours.com. * Links added in this diff: www.azoreantours.com (22, 58, 22, 22)
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* 54) 2008-06-22 23:55:43 (UTC): User sl:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 22) to sl:Azori (diff) - Link: www.azoreantours.com. * Links added in this diff: www.azoreantours.com (22, 58, 22, 22)
* 55) 2008-06-22 23:57:55 (UTC): User sk:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 22) to sk:Azory (diff) - Link: www.azoreantours.com. * Links added in this diff: www.azoreantours.com (22, 58, 22, 22)
* 56) 2008-06-23 00:03:05 (UTC): User sh:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 22) to sh:Azori (diff) - Link: www.azoreantours.com. * Links added in this diff: www.azoreantours.com (22, 58, 22, 22)
* 57) 2008-06-23 00:06:10 (UTC): User pt:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 22) to pt:Açores (diff) - Link: www.azoreantours.com. * Links added in this diff: www.azoreantours.com (22, 58, 22, 22)
* 58) 2008-06-23 00:08:33 (UTC): User la:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 22) to la:Azores (diff) - Link: www.azoreantours.com. * Links added in this diff: www.azoreantours.com (22, 58, 22, 22) | WIKI |
Provider::Distem
This tutorial leverages the Distem provider: a provider that creates containers for you on Grid’5000.
Note
More details on : http://distem.gforge.inria.fr/
Hint
For a complete schema reference see Distem Schema
Installation
On Grid’5000, you can go with a virtualenv :
$ virtualenv -p python3 venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ pip install -U pip
$ pip install enoslib
Configuration
Since python-grid5000 is used behind the scene, the configuration is read from a configuration file located in the home directory. It can be created with the following:
echo '
username: MYLOGIN
password: MYPASSWORD
' > ~/.python-grid5000.yaml
chmod 600 ~/.python-grid5000.yaml
With the above you can access the Grid’5000 API from you local machine aswell.
External access
If you want to control you experiment from the outside of Grid’5000 (e.g from your local machine) you can refer to the following. You can jump this section if you work from inside Grid’5000.
SSH external access
• Solution 1: use the Grid’5000 VPN
• Solution 2: configure you ~/.ssh/config properly:
Host *.grid5000.fr
ProxyCommand ssh -A <login>@194.254.60.33 -W "$(basename %h):%p"
User <login>
ForwardAgent yes
Accessing HTTP services inside Grid’5000
If you want to control you experiment from the outside of Grid’5000 (e.g from your local machine). For instance the Distem provider is starting a web server to handle the client requests. In order to access it propertly externally you drom your local machine can either
• Solution 1 (general): use the Grid’5000 VPN
• Solution 2 (HTTP traffic only): create a socks tunnel from your local machine to Grid’5000
# on one shell
ssh -ND 2100 access.grid5000.fr
# on another shell
export https_proxy="socks5h://localhost:2100"
export http_proxy="socks5h://localhost:2100"
# Note that browsers can work with proxy socks
chromium-browser --proxy-server="socks5://127.0.0.1:2100" &
• Solution 3 (ad’hoc): create a forwarding port tunnel
# on one shell
ssh -Nl 3000:paravance-42.rennes.grid5000.fr:3000 access.grid5000.fr
# Now all traffic that goes on localhost:3000 is forwarded to paravance-42.rennes.grid5000.fr:3000
Basic example
We’ll imagine a system that requires 50 compute machines and 1 controller machines. We express this using the Distem provider:
Hint
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from enoslib.api import play_on, discover_networks
from enoslib.infra.enos_distem.provider import Distem
from enoslib.infra.enos_distem.configuration import Configuration
import logging
import os
FORCE = True
CLUSTER = "parapluie"
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
# claim the resources
conf = (
Configuration
.from_settings(
job_name="distem",
force_deploy=FORCE,
image="file:///home/msimonin/public/distem-stretch.tgz"
)
.add_machine(
roles=["server"],
cluster=CLUSTER,
number=1,
flavour="large"
)
.add_machine(
roles=["client"],
cluster=CLUSTER,
number=1,
flavour="large"
)
.finalize()
)
provider = Distem(conf)
roles, networks = provider.init()
print(roles)
print(networks)
gateway = networks[0]['gateway']
print("Gateway : %s" % gateway)
roles = discover_networks(roles, networks)
with play_on(roles=roles, gather_facts=False) as p:
# We first need internet connectivity
# Netmask for a subnet in g5k is a /14 netmask
p.shell("ifconfig if0 $(hostname -I) netmask 255.252.0.0")
p.shell("route add default gw %s dev if0" % gateway)
# Experimentation logic starts here
with play_on(roles=roles) as p:
# flent requires python3, so we default python to python3
p.apt_repository(repo="deb http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch main contrib non-free",
state="present")
p.apt(name=["flent", "netperf", "python3-setuptools"],
state="present")
with play_on(pattern_hosts="server", roles=roles) as p:
p.shell("nohup netperf &")
with play_on(pattern_hosts="client", roles=roles) as p:
p.shell("flent rrul -p all_scaled "
+ "-l 60 "
+ "-H {{ hostvars[groups['server'][0]].inventory_hostname }} "
+ "-t 'bufferbloat test' "
+ "-o result.png")
p.fetch(src="result.png",
dest="result")
Note
lxc-create -n myimg -t download -- --dist debian --release stretch --arch amd64
mount -o bind /dev /var/lib/lxc/myimg/rootfs/dev
chroot /var/lib/lxc/myimg/rootfs
rm /etc/resolv.conf
echo "nameserver 9.9.9.9" > /etc/resolv.conf
# distem requirements: sshd
apt install openssh-server
# enoslib requirements: python
apt install -y python3
update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3 1
# your configuration goes here
exit
umount /var/lib/lxc/myimg/rootfs/dev
cd /var/lib/lxc/myimg/rootfs
tar -czvf ../distem-stretch.tgz .
EnOSlib bootsraps distem server and agents on your nodes and start the container for you. In particular: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Uthopia
Uthopia (born 23rd April 2001 ) is a Dutch Warmblood stallion ridden by the British equestrian Carl Hester in the sport of dressage.
Hester and Uthopia were selected to represent Great Britain in the 2012 London Olympics winning gold in the team dressage. Together they have won a total of five Championship medals two individual silvers at the 2011 European Championships in addition to Olympic gold. The horse has also been ridden in competition by Hester's protégé Charlotte Dujardin, most recently at the Amsterdam leg of the FEI World Cup series in January. | WIKI |
An official state agent was sent to Louisiana to reclaim Northup, and he was successful through a number of coincidences. The final chapter discusses the legal actions that were taken. After Northup was freed, again, he filed kidnapping charges against the two circus promoters, but the lengthy trial that followed was dropped because of legal technicalities and Northup received no remuneration. The narrative concludes with Solomon’s reunion with his wife, Anne, and his daughters. He is introduced to his grandson whom he had never met.
This has gone on for hours until he finally submits to Burch the slave leader until he meets someone he can trust to get him out of the slave life. There have been many masters in Solomon’s 12 years of servitude. The way the slaves were sold is by how fit they are. For instance, an elderly man was going to buy Solomon for a fair amount of price but the ringleader Burch said since he is fit he is worth more and in the end he did not buy Solomon. Then, as a result Solomon and other black slaves
Both narrators show slave narratives in the point of view of both "men and women slaves that had to deal with physical, mental, and moral abuse during the times of slavery." (Lee 44) Violence was almost an everyday occupancy in the life of a slave, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs had to accept that from the start. In "The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave" Douglass portrayed his first and worst experience of violence, "being stripped away from his mother when he was just a baby" (Lee 33). He told his story like it was something that was supposed to occur, not knowing his own family and not even knowing when he was born. It was not unusual for children born in slavery.
Slavery in the south took freedom from Solomon Northup in the middle of the 1800s. Solomon was born a free man in upstate New York in 1808. He grew up working with his father, Mintus. The father and son pair worked the farm and rafted the waterways of New York. Shortly after his father’s death, Northup married Anne Hampton.
Solomon Northup was born free, in Minerva, New York in 1808. Northup became known in his community as an exceptional fiddle player. When two men approached Northup and offered him good wages to go to Washington DC, to play in a travelling music show, he quickly accepted. Solomon Northup was drugged, kidnapped, captured, and sold into slavery. He served for many masters; some were violent and cruel while others treated him humanely.
Many people believed they were free from the torturous lives of others, but they slipped into the chains of masters. In the 1800s, free Africans used to be captured and sold to masters. When the victims explained how they were free, they still had their rights of freedom denied and the masters forced them to work. Acts of trickery in the kidnapping of free African Americans and putting them into slavery left families broken and more people beaten and killed. Men kidnapped free African Americans through many loopholes and lies.
A few days later, Covey tried to tie him up for a beating. Douglass fought back and after a two-hour struggle, Covey gave up. Since Covey did not want to ruin his reputation as a slave breaker, he never sent Douglass to the authorities to be punished for hitting a white man. Douglass used Covey's own reputation against him and tricked him into never crossing and punishing him again. When Douglass's year was over with Covey, he went to live with Mr. Freeland.
Two men named Brown and Hamilton kidnapped him in 1841, offered him a job in circus and drugged him. Shortly after his escape, he published his memoir to great acclaim and brought legal action against his abductors, though they were never prosecuted. Solomon Northup in Twelve Years a Slave is an interesting character because the author displays him as very intelligent & creative, caring& kind and persistent and hopeful person. Throughout the book, Northup is portrayed as an intelligent and creative person. Before he is sold into slavery, he worked as a carpenter and a violinist.
Having himself been kept as a slave until he escaped from Maryland in 1838, he was able to deliver very impassioned speeches about the role of the slave holders and the slaves. Many Northerners tried to discredit his tales, but no one was ever able to disprove his statements. Frederick Douglass does offer a biased review of slavery, as he was born into it, yet even in his bias he is able to detect and detail the differences in the slave holders cruelty and that to which he was subjected. From being whipped and humiliated daily, "a very severe whipping… for being awkward" (101), to being able to find his own work and save some money, "I was able to command the highest wages given to the most experienced calkers" (134), he is able to give the reader a more true picture of slavery. His poignant speeches raised the ire of many Northerners, yet many still felt the slaves deserved their position in life.
McFreely, William S. Frederick Douglass. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991. Mercer, Trudy. Harriet Ann Jacobs Author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. "Representative Woman: Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl." | FINEWEB-EDU |
Ellis Lloyd
Ellis Lloyd may refer to:
* Ellis Lloyd (of Rhiwgogh), Welsh landowner and MP for Merioneth
* Charles Ellis Lloyd (1879–1939), known as Ellis Lloyd, novelist, barrister and politician | WIKI |
Camille De Pazzis
Camille De Pazzis is a French actress most famous for starring in the French series La vie devant nous. She is also a face of Lancôme.
She has co-starred in the American television series Last Resort and The Following. In 2015 De Pazzis was cast as Annie in the third and final season of Hemlock Grove. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rundeck (software)
The result was redirect to Comparison of open-source configuration management software. It is unclear that the article attains notability status. I rechecked via JSTOR and Lexis/Nexis and found nothing. The references in the article are often to the company/group itself. The videos are not, in my judgement sufficient to verify notability. Since the material is already included elsewhere a REDIRECT seems most appropriate. JodyBtalk 17:30, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
Rundeck (software)
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
The article was created using only primary sources, barely asserting notability. My search for reliable sources of verification indicate this subject fails Wikipedia's notability guidelines. I originally proposed deletion if the guidelines were not satisfied using the PROD template but the article's creator contested the PROD by removing the tag. I suggest the article be deleted unless notability can be established. —John Cline (talk) 17:22, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
* Delete No evidence of notability provided in the article or found through multiple searches; fails WP:NSOFT. (The WP:SPA article creator has also added the article text into Comparison of open-source configuration management software; it is questionable whether it has merit in remaining both there and in this freestanding article.) AllyD (talk) 17:37, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
* Keep In order to show evidence of notability and of significant community of interest, I added references from multiple third parties, multiple recorded presentations from conferences that use peer review for talk acceptance, and link to 500+ person discussion group with regular activity. All were found in first few pages of Google searches. Comparing this page to those linked to from Comparison of open-source configuration management software (as referenced above by AllyD), the notability for this project seems higher than most others on that list (not stating this as proof of notability, just trying to understand what the measure of notability is for this field). Damonedw (talk) 02:34, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Software-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:55, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Mark Arsten (talk) 00:32, 26 October 2013 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Mark Arsten (talk) 02:02, 3 November 2013 (UTC)
Candleabracadabra : my intention in pointing out that list was in seeking clarification of what is considered notable in this field. I believe that Rundeck is notable on its own and redirecting to such a broad list would do a disservice to the community. Damonedw (talk) 21:45, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
* Redirect to parent subject per Damonedw's comment that the subject is already covered there. Candleabracadabra (talk) 13:23, 3 November 2013 (UTC)
* Keep I heard about it in a meeting inside my company, and this is not my field. I just needed to know what it is, and with a little search on WP, pronto, there it was, with all the details and links I needed to just understand what it is and what it does. If it was deleted, as suggested, I may not have found in WP and would have to widen my search outside WP in order to find it. warshy¥¥ 19:39, 4 November 2013 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Msm Glucosamine Confused About Vitamins And Minerals In General? Read This Article!
Benefits Of Msm Vitamin And Mineral Information You Did Not Know About
Of course, you must eat well to feel well. Exercising is important for feeling great as well, as you probably know too. Keep reading below if you would like health-related tips about what minerals and vitamins to look for.
There is a process for the body to perform before you experience the effects of vitamins. This makes it imperative that you understand the benefits of each, as well as how they work in combination with others. For instance, calcium makes iron absorption difficult. It's a good idea to drink some orange juice with your iron supplement while avoiding antacids and dairy products for at 30 minutes after taking iron.
Make sure you are eating a diet that is healthy and balanced to ensure it includes adequate vitamins and minerals. Try to consume seven portions of vegetables and fruits every day, and also include a minimal amount of protein. If you can't do this, you should try supplements to get some your vitamins and minerals.
Vitamin A is important as an antioxidant for your immune system, reducing heart disease risk, slowing skin aging and improving your vision. If you take too much, so stick to the recommended dosage, even so, it can be dangerous. You can get Vitamin A naturally fromcarrots and squash, and dark leafy greens.
To help create red blood cells, iron is essential. These are the cells which get oxygen from place to place. Women typically need a higher iron intake than men do. If you feel exhausted all the time and have trouble breathing, you could be deficient in iron.
At a time when health care is expensive, promoting good health is important and adding daily vitamins is a good start. Getting the proper amount of vitamins and minerals can help stave off serious medical conditions as well as improve your quality of life in general.
There are many places to find Vitamin C, including tomatoes and citrus fruits. A supplement is best if you don't get enough in your diet. Vitamin C can help with skin infections, stomach ulcers,colds and acne, and gum disease. It can also help anyone who has ADHD, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia.
If you're deficient in any nutrients, go to your doctor to see. It is the first step in determining which supplements you might need more urgently.
Many people don't have a ton of money to spend on food, which means they do not always select the most nutritious choices. Essential minerals and vitamins not only boost your immune system, they can also boost your energy levels.
Getting enough vitamins and minerals is growing in importance. A lot of food you purchase from a supermarket are over-processed, meaning they don't contain the nutrients they originally had. You can, however, make up for what is lacking in your food by taking a multivitamin tablet.
In today's fast paced world, many people rely on fast food restaurants. This results in vitamin deficiencies. Pick up a couple of bottles of vitamins if you want to make sure that you get the nutrition you need to stay healthy.
When taking calcium carbonate, which helps with bone and tooth health, take it with meals. Not calcium carbonate, although you can take calcium citrate without eating anything. There is really no point in taking the supplement as it can't be absorbed if you don't eat.
If you have been plagued by depression, perhaps you need more vitamin D, magnesium and omega 3 fatty acids. You have probably heard about omega 3. It is popular these days for good reason. Omega 3 supports your brain, central nervous system, joint function and much more. You can help maintain a relaxed body with a magnesium supplement.
Did you know that diets low in magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D can lead to depression and depressive thoughts? Omega-3's can help enhance your mood dramatically. This particular item actually promotes a healthy mind as well as overall organ performance. Magnesium will help to reduce the stress that you feel each day.
Eat only raw or steamed veggies. Cooking can deplete the vitamins in food. Steaming vegetables will increase the heat without eliminating the nutrients. The frozen vegetables contain important vitamins and nutrients as well, but you must not overcook them.
Are you aware that most Americans suffer from a magnesium deficiency. Magnesium deficiency is reported to cause insomnia as well as many other conditions. alcoholism and Diabetes can further reduce magnesium levels. Eating whole foods and taking a magnesium supplement will help resolve this.
Whether you get your nutrients from your diet or in supplement form is irrelevant. Supplements often absorb less than nutrients in food, but they still provide the similar benefits. Find a good multivitamin to purchase and try it.
Seeds and nuts are great for you. A variety of minerals and vitamins are present in these foods. For calcium, iron and example vitamin B and magnesium are all present. Nuts and seeds should be a major part of your regular snack routine. You can get these necessary nutrients by eating a serving per day.
Seeds and nuts are healthy. There are lots of nutrients in them. Your calcium, Vitamin B and E, iron and magnesium intake will increase when you eat them. Eat seeds and nuts every day. A serving of either one will help you get these essential vitamins.
Expectant or nursing mothers must not use supplements unless authorized by a physician or OB-GYN. You must be sure to avoid any supplements that would hurt your baby. Don't endanger the baby by taking something inappropriate for this stage of your life.
Always read the instructions before ingesting any kind of vitamin. You will find that stomach discomfort can occur if some vitamins are ingested on an empty stomach, while other vitamins must be taken with just water. The label will warn you about all of this, though others should not be taken together.
Purchase your vegetables at your local farmer's market when possible. The fresher your produce, the better the vitamin and mineral content. The longer it takes for it to ship and sit in the store, the longer the depletion of vitamins and minerals goes on.
It is not only your internal body that can benefit from taking vitamins and minerals. It influences how you appear, as well. The best vitamins to take for beautiful hair and healthy nails and skin are oil based E, D and vitamins, and water based vitamins, biotin and C. Taking a good vitamin formulated with these will help you look great.
Hopefully, you now understand why minerals and vitamins are such an important part of your life. Including supplements in your life can keep you healthy and young. Use these tips often Do you agree to stay healthy and maintain an active lifestyle.
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Web App - Simple Auth - Unable to claim device
I am working on creating a Simple Auth Web App. I have been following multiple conversations on this topic and I still have some issues in successfully claiming a Photon (Simple Authentication). By now, I have succeeded in:
1. Creating a OAuth client ID.
2. Create a customer + getting customer access token.
3. Create a claim code using: https://api.particle.io/v1/device_claims?access_token=access_token_of_customer_created_in_step_2.
4. Send WiFi credentials using SoftAp (using the work from @mebrunet - https://github.com/mebrunet/softap-setup-page ), including the claim_code parameter generated in step 3 in the url ( http://mydomain.com/softap/?claim_code=claim_code_generated_in_step_3 ).
According to JavaScript console, the claim code is successfully sent to the Photon. From what I understood reading the docs, when the Photon gets the WiFi credentials and connects to the Internet, it sents back the claim code to the Particle Cloud to finish the claiming process, but on my Particle Dashboard I cannot see any claimed device and not even a customer created.
I have read the docs, but I cannot figure out what I am doing wrong. Any help is welcome!
did you remember to flash the appropriate firmware to the device that sets the product id in the firmware code?
try logging into your test user account (i.e. the user that is trying to claim the device) using particle - cli command line, and then try to claim the device with particle-cli claim deviceid claimcode and see if it works.
If it gives you a different product id message like this:
then your device most likely has the wrong firmware loaded. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Cuțov
Cuțov is a Romanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Simion Cuțov (1952–1993), Romanian boxer
* Calistrat Cuțov (born 1948), Romanian boxer, brother of Simion | WIKI |
Hassan Fathy
Hassan Fathy (حسن فتحي; March 23, 1900 – November 30, 1989) was a noted Egyptian architect who pioneered appropriate technology for building in Egypt, especially by working to reestablish the use of adobe and traditional mud construction as opposed to western building designs, material configurations, and lay-outs. Fathy was recognized with the Aga Khan Chairman's Award for Architecture in 1980.
Personal life
Hassan Fathy was born in Alexandria to a Middle Class Upper Egyptian family. He studied and trained as an architect in Egypt, graduating in 1926 from the King Fuad University (now Cairo University). Fathy married Aziza Hassanein, sister of Ahmed Hassanein. He was influenced by Upper Egyptian and simple rural architecture, he designed a villa with the southern style for his wife along the Nile in Maadi, which was later destroyed to make way for the new corniche. He also designed her brother's mausoleum (1947), along Salah Salem, in Neo-Mamluk style.
Career
Hassan Fathy was a cosmopolitan trilingual professor-engineer-architect, amateur musician, dramatist, and inventor. He designed nearly 160 separate projects, from modest country retreats to fully planned communities with police, fire, and medical services, markets, schools, theatres, and places for worship and recreation. These communities included many functional buildings such as laundry facilities, ovens, and wells. He utilized ancient design methods and materials, as well as knowledge of the rural Egyptian economic situation with a wide knowledge of ancient architectural and town design techniques. He trained local inhabitants to make their own materials and build their own buildings.
Early career/New Gourna
He began teaching at the College of Fine Arts in 1930 and designed his first adobe buildings in the late 1930s.
Fathy gained international critical acclaim for his involvement in the construction of New Gourna, located on Luxor's West Bank, built to resettle the village of Gourna, which fell within the archaeological areas of the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens.
Fathy's plan devised groundbreaking approaches to economic, social, and aesthetic issues that typically impact the construction of low-cost housing.
With regard to the economic issues, Fathy noted that structural steel was not an apt choice for a poor country, and that even materials such as cement, timber, and glass did not make good economic sense. To address this issue, Fathy instead devised a plan that included the use of appropriate technology, notably mud brick construction.
Noting that the traditional village, although afflicted with issues of overcrowding and poor sanitation was also an expression of “a living society in all its complexity,” Fathy strived to design New Gourna in a manner that addressed the social concerns, including attempting to consult directly with "every family in Gourna" and advocating for the involvement of social ethnographers in the planning process. Despite this, inhabitants of the former village were not enthusiastic about relocating, which effectively cut them off from their existing livelihood of trading in archaeological finds.
With regard to aesthetic issues, Fathy placed emphasis on traditional Nubian architectural designs which he observed in a 1941 trip to the region (enclosed courtyards; vaulted roofing), yielding what Fathy described as "spacious, lovely, clean, and harmonious houses." He also made use of traditional Nubian ornamental techniques (claustra, a form of mud latticework), as well as vernacular architecture techniques of the Gourna region. Some critics have observed, however, that Fathy's project for Gourna is not a superlative example of how to prioritize vernacular architecture in an urban plan, given that the domed architecture Fathy championed is traditionally used for funerary architecture rather than residential or domestic spaces.
Despite the effort, and also the proper issues he tackled while building New Gourna, through his publication, Architecture for the Poor , he describes the "Gourna Experiment" as a failure. He mentions in Architecture for the Poor, “the Gourna experiment failed." He further describes the sense of failure that due to the village not being completed and the construction being halted, the theory of mud brick construction was seen even more cranky and impractical. Despite the theory being completely lost, that there wasn't anyone that tried to find other practical ways of getting peasant houses built efficiently. There were more issues he came across, such as him stating "This is because no architect knows the real cost of building." Although he dives further into that thought, by speaking on how nobody realistically knows the price or cost, because we’re at the mercy of the economy. Despite the negative outlooks he had writing these books, he managed to make Gourna a community, and till this day is still preserved with only 40% of the original buildings being lost. It's still standing due to being placed on the 2010 World Monuments Watch, and UNESCO and World Monuments Fund joined forces.
Later career
In 1953 he returned to Cairo, heading the Architectural Section of the Faculty of Fine Arts in 1954.
Fathy's next major engagement was designing and supervising school construction for Egypt's Ministry of Education.
Through his work of the years, and especially after New Gourna, he targeted bureaucracy being one of the leading reasons that the experiment failed, which influenced later actions such as in 1957, frustrated with bureaucracy and convinced that buildings designed with traditional methods appropriate to the climate of the area would speak louder than words, he moved to Athens to collaborate with international planners evolving the principles of ekistical design under the direction of Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis. He served as the advocate of traditional natural-energy solutions in major community projects for Iraq and Pakistan and undertook extended travel and research for the "Cities of the Future" program in Africa.
Returning to Cairo in 1963, he moved to Darb al-Labbana, near the Cairo Citadel, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life. He also did public speaking and private consulting. He was a man with a riveting message in an era searching for alternatives in fuel, personal interactions, and economic supports.
He left his first major international position, at the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston, in 1969 to complete multiple trips per year as a leading critical member of the architectural profession.
His participation in the first U.N. Habitat conference in 1976 in Vancouver which was followed shortly by two events that significantly shaped the rest of his activities. He began to serve on the steering committee for the nascent Aga Khan Award for Architecture and he founded and set guiding principles for his Institute of Appropriate Technology.
He was part in 1979 of a colloquium entitled in his honour 'Architecture for the Poor' in Corsica (France) Alzipratu.
In 1980, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Architecture and Urban Planning and the Right Livelihood Award.
Fathy designed the mosque and madrasa, constructed with adobe, at Dar al-Islam, an educational center near Abiquiú, New Mexico, US. The main buildings were completed in 1981, and Dar al-Islam opened in 1982.
Death
Hassan Fathy died of natural causes on November 30, 1989, at his home in Cairo, Egypt.
Legacy
Fathy has been called Egypt's best-known architect since Imhotep.
Fathy's New Gourna project was applauded in a popular British weekly in 1947 and soon after in a British professional journal; further articles were published in Spanish, French and in Dutch. Later, Fathy would author a book on the New Gourna project, initially published by Cairo's Ministry of Culture in a limited edition in 1969, entitled Gourna: A Tale of Two Villages. In 1973 it was republished by the University of Chicago as Architecture for the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt.
A full appreciation of the importance of Fathy's contribution to world architecture became clear only as the twentieth century waned. Climatic conditions, public health considerations, and ancient craft skills also affected his design decisions. Based on the structural massing of ancient buildings, Fathy incorporated dense brick walls and traditional courtyard forms to provide passive cooling. Fathy is also renowned for having revived the traditional Nubian vault.
National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C467/37) with Hassan Fathy in 1986 for its Architects Lives' collection held by the British Library.
Hassan Fathy made use of windcatchers and other passive cooling and passive ventilation methods from traditional architecture. He wrote a book on them.
Fathy is featured in the documentary Il ne suffit pas que dieu soit avec les pauvres (1978) by Borhane Alaouié and Lotfi Thabet.
Collection
Hassan Fathy's entire archive which includes his architectural plans, photographs and documents is housed at the Rare Books and Special Collections Library at the American University in Cairo.' The collection includes around 5000 architectural plans, 15,000 photographs and his correspondences, writings and other collected papers and materials.
Publications
Hassan Fathy has a number of publications. His first book Architecture for the Poor was initially published by the Egyptian Ministry of Culture in 1969 under the title Al-Gurna: A Tale of Two Villages.
There is also a growing number of books about Hassan Fathy. The list includes:
* El-Wakil, Hassan Fathy dans son temps, Infolio, 2013 (edited volume)
* El-Wakil, L. 2018. Hassan Fathy: an architectural life . The American University in Cairo Press, New York; Cairo (edited volume)
* Damluji, S. and Bertini, V., 2018. Hassan Fathy: Earth & Utopia. London: Laurence King.
* Dávid, Dóra and Vasáros, Zsolt (2020) Publications of the Office of the Hungarian Cultural Counsellor in Cairo 2018-2019. Current Research of the Hassan Fathy Survey Mission in Egypt. Project Report. Department of Industrial and Agricultural Building Design and Office of the Hungarian Cultural Counsellor in Cairo, Budapest and Cairo. | WIKI |
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The Joshua Lederberg Papers
Computers, Artificial Intelligence, and Expert Systems in Biomedical Research
[Joshua Lederberg at a LINC computer teletype]. December 1974.
Documents Visuals
Computer science and molecular biology both developed during the two decades after World War II. Geneticists like Joshua Lederberg were the first to link the two disciplines. Francis Crick and Marshall Nirenberg, for instance, drew on information theory and the principles of computing to decipher the genetic code in the 1950s and 1960s. Lederberg himself not only borrowed concepts but entered the field of computer science itself, staking out a new area of scientific research: the acquisition, systematization, visualization, and dissemination of biomedical knowledge by computer. Computer science, information theory, and biology continue to influence one another today, as neuroscientists use computers to model the human brain, and as computer designers draw on molecular and neurobiology to devise neural networks and molecular computers.
Lederberg's goal in introducing computers into biomedical research was to aid researchers and physicians in problem-solving, decision-making, and diagnostic processes requiring analysis of a large amount of instrument and clinical data. He envisioned expert, or knowledge-based, computer systems that could emulate the inductive reasoning of scientists and doctors, as well as their ability to learn from experience, through artificial intelligence. Under Lederberg's initiative, Stanford University during the 1960s and 1970s moved to the forefront of this undertaking, which was joined by a small number of research institutions and private businesses around the country and in western Europe.
The immediate impetus for Lederberg's research into biomedical applications of computers came from his participation in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Mars missions from 1961 onward, for which he designed a computer-controlled mass spectrometer capable of analyzing the Martian surface for signs of life. Lederberg soon applied the theoretical principles of computerized spectrometry to experimentation in the chemical laboratory, where, in 1965, they became the foundation of DENDRAL, a prototype for expert systems and the first use of artificial intelligence in biomedical research.
DENDRAL (for Dendritic Algorithm) was a computer program devised by Lederberg, chairman of the Stanford computer science department Edward A. Feigenbaum, and chemistry professor Carl Djerassi for the elucidation of the molecular structure of unknown organic compounds taken from known groups of such compounds, such as the alkaloids and the steroids. Before the toxicological and pharmacological properties of a compound can be assessed, its molecular structure--the configuration of its atoms--has to be determined. Using the fragmentation pattern of ions produced by bombarding molecules with electrons in a mass spectrometer as entry data, DENDRAL made successive inferences about the type and arrangement of atoms in order to identify the compound from among hundreds or thousands of candidates.
By observing structural constraints within molecules which made certain combinations of atoms implausible, generating and testing hypotheses about the identity of the compound, and ruling out candidates that did not fit within the structural constraints, DENDRAL traced branches of a tree chart that contained all possible configurations of atoms, until it reached the configuration that matched the instrument data most closely. Hence its name, from "dendron," the Greek word for tree. Lederberg himself worked out the basic notational algorithm, called graph theory, to represent three-dimensional molecular structures in a form computers could understand.
In its practical utilization, DENDRAL was designed to relieve chemists of a task that was demanding, repetitive, and time-consuming: surveying a large number of molecular structures, to find those that corresponded to instrument data. Once fully operational, the program performed this task with greater speed than an expert spectrometrist, and with comparable accuracy.
The greatest significance of DENDRAL, however, lay in its theoretical and scientific contribution to the development of knowledge-based computer systems. It was the ambition of DENDRAL's creators to transfer the principles of artificial intelligence from the realm of chess and other strictly controlled settings in which they had been formulated during the 1950s, to real-world problems facing biomedical researchers and physicians. They wanted to show that computers could become experts within a concrete knowledge domain, such as mass spectrometry, where they could solve problems, explain their own conclusions, and interact with human users.
Lederberg and his colleagues believed that artificial intelligence--the use of computers for manipulating symbols, for instance the combination of words in an "if-then" inference, rather than for purely numerical calculation--could assimilate the rules of inductive reasoning and empirical judgment that guide scientists and physicians in their work, rules for which mathematical representations did not exist. Bruce Buchanan and others in Stanford's computer science department distilled these rules, which they called "heuristics," from extended interviews with Lederberg and other experts in their respective fields, and translated them into the formal code of symbolic computation.
DENDRAL ran on a computer system called ACME (Advanced Computer for Medical Research), installed at Stanford Medical School in 1965 for use by resident researchers through time-sharing, with Lederberg as principal investigator. Initially, the system performed real-time, standard numerical analysis of clinical and biomedical research data. DENDRAL was the first artificial intelligence application hosted by ACME. It was succeeded in 1973 by SUMEX-AIM (Stanford University Medical Experimental Computer--Artificial Intelligence in Medicine), a national computer resource for artificial intelligence applications in biomedicine. Users at universities and hospitals across the country were connected to SUMEX via the ARPANET, a predecessor of the Internet developed by the Pentagon in the 1960s.
By 1980, SUMEX hosted nineteen projects, including DENDRAL and its spin-offs, CONGEN and Meta-DENDRAL, programs that generated not just hypotheses for the interpretation of instrument data, but the inductive rules by which hypotheses were constructed. Other SUMEX projects included MYCIN, a program to diagnose and manage medication schedules for infectious diseases, and MOLGEN, a program under Lederberg's own supervision that aided in the planning of laboratory experiments in genetics. Among remote users of the system, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh created INTERNIST, a program that diagnosed multiple internal diseases in the same patient to assist physicians in rural health clinics and other isolated locations without access to advanced diagnostic equipment. Psychiatrists at the UCLA's Neuropsychiatric Institute simulated the thought processes of paranoid patients with a program called PARRY in order to test explanations for the causes of paranoia, and to train psychiatrists in its diagnosis.
DENDRAL and SUMEX helped define the central role computers play in biomedical research today. The projects proved that computers could carry out certain clearly defined functions in the interpretation of laboratory and clinical data. Moreover, the projects gave researchers in different locations the opportunity to experiment with new forms of communication and cooperation, such as data sharing, electronic mail, and bulletin boards. On a theoretical level, creating expert systems forced participants to explore and formalize processes of knowledge acquisition that generally remain unexamined in the course of scientific practice. Not least for this reason, Lederberg and his collaborators derived considerable intellectual satisfaction from this interdisciplinary project.
At the same time, DENDRAL project members were the first to acknowledge that the limits of expert systems were at least as apparent as their potential. Expert systems were custom-made and took years of intense labor to develop, which meant that they could not be supported outside of major research institutions like Stanford, or without generous federal funding. Requiring exact mathematical and symbolic formulation of all operational assumptions, rules, and procedures, the programming requirements of expert systems were so demanding that the systems remained linked to narrow task domains, and even these they often could not fully cover: after more than a decade of elaboration, DENDRAL was still not capable of analyzing all chemical compounds, but only those taken from specific groups of compounds. Programs dedicated to the generation rather than the application of rules (or algorithms), such as CONGEN and Meta-DENDRAL, promised to be of more general use, but for the duration of these projects they also remained tied to a single task domain, mass spectrometry.
Contrary to the speculations of participants and of the popular media, in no case did these expert systems replace the scientist or physician. At best, they could advise and assist them. Yet, Lederberg and the programs' other creators struggled to find acceptance even for this limited role of expert systems among fellow scientists and physicians, many of whom remained skeptical or uninterested. If there was an unambiguous lesson participants learned from DENDRAL and its progeny, it was that human inductive and empirical reasoning is a process of daunting complexity, and is most difficult to model in a machine. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Question: How Do I Get Safari To Open My Tabs?
How do I get Safari to open with previous tabs?
If you have more than one Safari window open and close one by mistake, go to the History menu and select “Reopen Last Closed Window.” If you quit Safari and want to restart it with all of the tabs you had open last time, go to the History menu and select Reopen All Windows from Last Session..
How do I get Safari to open?
Opening Safari in Mac OS X LionClicking the Safari icon in the Dock (look for the big blue compass that looks like a stopwatch)Double-clicking the Safari icon in your Applications folder.Single-clicking a URL link in an e-mail or other document.Double-clicking a URL link document in the Finder.
Why is Safari closing all my tabs?
It has to do with having too much stored website data (not cache or cookies or history). Go to Settings -> Safari -> Advanced (at the bottom) -> Website Data. Here, there was over 32MB of data on my phone, one site even storing 17MB of data on the mobile browser. I’ve deleted all of it using the function at the bottom.
Where did all my tabs go?
To fix this, either right-click on a tab and select ‘Reopen closed tab’ from the context menu or press Ctrl+Shift+T. Alternatively, head to the menu (the three dots at the top right of the screen) and click it. Scroll down to ‘History’ and you’ll find the most recent tabs closed.
How do I stop unwanted tabs from opening in Safari?
Change Safari settings to prevent redirects.Step 1: Block Pop-Ups and Disable Website Tracking. Open Settings, scroll down and select Safari. Within the General section, make sure the Block Pop-ups option is toggled on. … Step 2: Block Cookies. Click the Block Cookies option within Safari settings.
What happened to my open tabs in Safari?
Just tap and hold the “New Tab” button on Safari’s toolbar until the “Recently Closed Tabs” popup appears. Tap the recently closed tab you want to restore, and Safari will reopen that web page.
How do I recover lost tabs?
You can simply right-click an empty area in the tab bar section and choose reopen closed tabs. You can also use a keyboard shortcut — press Ctrl+Shift+T (or Command+Shift+T on a Mac) and the last tab you closed will reopen in a new tab page.
How do I undo closing all tabs?
There are a couple of ways you can get your tabs back. Follow one of these steps: Right click on your Chrome bar > Reopen closed tab. Use the Ctrl + Shift + T shortcut.
Why is Safari not opening to my homepage?
If the homepage still appears stuck, check for and remove any unknown or suspicious apps, browser extensions, or system configuration files, and learn how to manage app security settings on your Mac. To remove apps, open the Applications folder on your Mac, then drag any suspicious apps to the Trash.
How do I open Safari on my iPhone?
Open Safari for iOS on your iPhone or iPad. Press and hold the back arrow button on the far left hand side of the bottom tool bar. Your browser history menu will appear on the screen. From here, you can tap on a link to open it.
How do I get Safari to open Google on my iPhone?
To change the default go to Settings>Safari>Search Engine, then choose Google. Now double click on the home button, and when the smaller versions of the open apps appears, swipe up on Safari so that iOS closes the app. Launch it again and Google is now your default. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Colorado State University–Global Campus
Colorado State University Global (CSU Global) is an online public university that is a member of the Colorado State University System. Founded in 2007, CSU Global is headquartered in Aurora, Colorado. CSU Global offers online undergraduate and graduate degree and certificate programs. The university specializes in non-traditional, adult professional students and students who can't take part in a traditional campus setting.
History
CSU Global was established using a $12 million loan from the CSU Board of Governors, (which it has already paid back), on August 24, 2007, with a central goal of meeting the educational needs of adult learners in the State of Colorado and beyond by providing high quality online programs. It was originally named CSU-Colorado, but that name was replaced early on with its current title.
On May 7, 2008, the CSU System Board of Governors delegated authority to CSU Global to oversee academic, personnel, and financial matters consistent with powers granted to CSU and CSU Pueblo. CSU Global first opened in September 2008. CSU Global was legally sanctioned as a third, independent University on March 18, 2009, when Colorado’s Governor Ritter signed into law the State of Colorado Senate Bill 09-086 declaring the establishment of the CSU Global as an online university that is part of the Colorado State University System.
CSU Global defines itself as "the first statutorily-defined, non-profit, online state university" in the United States.
Degree completion programs
All CSU Global bachelor degrees are degree completion programs that are designed to provide learners the ability to combine college credit acquired from previously attended universities, life and work experience, CLEP and military credits to earn the rest of the credits needed to complete a college degree. These programs include 15 bachelor's degree programs and 30 bachelor's degree specializations.
Students are placed on one of two degree tracks, called the burgundy track and the gold track, dictating when classes start and are available. All courses, with a few exceptions, are eight weeks long and require the completion of a Portfolio Project. In 2018, CSU Global transitioned from utilization of Schoology to Canvas as the primary learning management system.
Graduate programs
CSU Global offers 16 master's degree programs and 25 specializations for its master's programs.
Accreditation
On June 30, 2011, Colorado State University Global was officially granted independent regional accreditation status by the Higher Learning Commission, the regional accrediting body for the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. CSU Global is the first public university in Colorado to receive initial HLC accreditation since 1971.
Administration
The Board of Governors presides over the Colorado State University System, which comprises Colorado State University, Colorado State University Pueblo, and Colorado State University Global. The Board of Governors consists of nine voting members appointed by the Governor of Colorado and confirmed by the Colorado State Senate, and four elected non-voting members. Voting members come from many fields, including agriculture, business, and public service. A student and faculty representative from each university act as non-voting Board members. The board also appoints a Chancellor to oversee all university Presidents. | WIKI |
User:Pee Tern/Sandbox/Template/Family tree chart/doc
Purpose
The template presents family trees, either horizontally or vertically, either in line format or boxed name format.
A single compound family may consist of one person, with up to three bonding relationships, including a primary bonded partner, who can have up to two other bonded relationships. The single person or any of their bonded relationships, and any of the primary bonded partner's relationships, can each have up to 10 childen. The maximum compound family can therefore consist of 6 parents and 50 children.
A family tree is constructed by substituting single family members with their family, for example, replacing a parent with their family with them as a child.
Characteristics such as person to person relationship type, person to family relationship type, and dates can also be provided. Different characteristics automatically present with different graphical styles.
There is no restriction on the width or depth of a family tree chart (other than that defined by the Wiki software processing the template instantiation).
Presentation
The family tree chart may be floated to the left or right, or centered.
It may optionally have a border placed around it.
Style attibutes may be set, for example the font style or colour or background colour.
There are also two major variations to the layout. The layout may be in a line format or names may be boxed. The chart may be laid out horizontally or vertically.
A lineage in each family may be highlighted.
Some examples using different combinations of presentation options, and types of family structures are shown below.
Characteristics such as:
can be placed into the presentation, for example:
Bondings between relations
Because the template only allows single paths between any person, people who are a related cannot be non redundantly placed into both their familial relationship and their bonded relationship. Cousins who marry cannot be minimally represented.
Work around
To work around this problem make two separate person instances where required and after each name parameter use, for example:
|par2 = Cousin Cousin
and elswhere:
|par1 = Cousin Cousin
Usage
The template is a colour/color friendly template. All parmeter names and parameter values accept either spelling, except the style parameter.
Method
Start by constructing separate family tree charts for each family, for example:
Using the youngest family's tree chart as a base, for each ancestor add their family tree chart to the relevant ancestor data using the relevant fam parameter and copy the ancestor's data to the child data in their own family, that is:
|par2 = Parent2 |par2rel = married |par2reldt = 23/4/1959
becomes:
|par2 = Parent 2 |par2dob = 4/5/1937 |par2rel = married |par2reldt = 23/4/1959 |par2fam = | WIKI |
Mayor of indebted Chinese city says still need to aid failing government firms
BEIJING (Reuters) - The mayor of one of China’s most high-profile debt-strapped cities said it will have to lend assistance to failing local government firms, even as he tries to bring the city’s finances under control. Baotou, a city of almost 3 million in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, shot to prominence as an example of a local government that has overextended in pursuit of rapid economic growth. In August, it canceled a 32 billion yuan ($5 billion) subway project, saying its finances could not support the plan and later admitted it had over-reported government revenue. “Based on our current fiscal revenues, the burden was too heavy,” Mayor Zhao Jiangtao said in an interview with Reuters on Friday on the sidelines of China’s parliament session. He added that Baotou’s debt was already too high at more than 100 percent of GDP. While Beijing has stressed local authorities cannot serve as a backstop for borrowing by government firms, Zhao said it would be impossible for the city government to not step in to help local government firms facing default. The city government should take over the cost of providing social services such as running schools, he added. “This would be a huge help to (local government firms),” he said. Zhao added he was in the process of verifying the level of “hidden” debt in Baotou, including debt of local government financing vehicles. Corporate and financial institutions’ heavy reliance on government intervention – a legacy of China’s planned economy system – will take years to overcome, he said. Zhao added, however, that despite a more conservative fiscal policy, Baotou’s efforts to upgrade its industrial base and bring in more private investors made him optimistic the city could meet its goal of 7 percent economic growth this year. Reporting by Elias Glenn and Shu Zhang; Editing by Edwina Gibbs | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Frequent question: What is the best low impact exercise for weight loss?
What is the most efficient form of exercise to lose weight?
The bottom line
Some great choices for burning calories include walking, jogging, running, cycling, swimming, weight training, interval training, yoga, and Pilates. That said, many other exercises can also help boost your weight loss efforts.
How can I reduce my belly fat low-impact?
Simple yet effective exercises to melt belly fat:
1. Crunches: The most effective exercise to burn stomach fat is crunches. …
2. Walking: A very simple cardio exercise which helps you lose the belly fat and stay fit. …
3. Zumba: …
4. Vertical leg exercises: …
5. Cycling: …
6. Aerobics:
Are low-impact workouts effective?
Low-impact exercise is still a very effective way to lose body fat. You just need to go a little longer in order to burn more calories. As you improve your fitness level, you’ll be able to tolerate a faster pace for longer.
What exercise burns the most calories in 30 minutes?
Calories burned in 30 minutes:
Generally, running is the best calorie-burning exercise. But if you don’t have enough time to go on a run, you can shorten your workout into high-intensity sprints. Your body will rapidly burn calories to fuel your workout.
IMPORTANT: What is a mobility warm up?
What are 3 examples of low impact exercises?
Types of Low-Impact Exercise
• Exercise walking. Exercise walking differs from everyday walking in that it is faster paced with the goal of elevating the heart rate and gently working the muscles. …
• Elliptical trainer or step machine. …
• Stationary bicycling. …
• Swimming and water aerobics.
Is working out 30 minutes a day enough to lose weight?
Aug. 24, 2012 — Thirty minutes of exercise a day may be the magic number to lose weight. A new study shows 30 minutes of exercise a day works just as well as an hour in helping overweight adults lose weight.
What exercises can I do to lose belly fat fast?
Some great cardio of aerobic exercises for belly fat include:
1. Walking, especially at a quick pace.
2. Running.
3. Biking.
4. Rowing.
5. Swimming.
6. Cycling.
7. Group fitness classes. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Is General Electric Undervalued Right Now?
2022 hasn't been a vintage year so farfor industrial giant General Electric (NYSE: GE). The stock is down 21% year to date, and there's real pressure on its full-year earnings outlook. In addition, all four of its businesses are being hurt by rising costs and supply chain pressures. And this is all coming in a year when the company is preparing to begin its breakup plan by spinning off GE Healthcare in early 2023.
So with all of this going on, is the stock worth avoiding, or is it worth buying on a dip based on valuation? Here's the lowdown.
General Electric's headwinds
The stock's headwinds are twofold. First, there's the danger to its earnings outlook. Second, there's the risk that GE won't hit its medium-term targets, which could derail the stock in the future.
I want to focus on the second point. Consider that GE plans to spin off GE Healthcare in early 2023 (while retaining a 19.9% stake) and then combine GE Power and GE Renewable Energy and spin them off into a combined company in early 2024. The remaining company will ostensibly be GE Aviation.
Image source: Getty Images.
With all three companies expected to hold investment-grade debt, investors have a reason for concern over the risk to the plan. For example, GE Healthcare was heavily hit by supply chain disruptions in the first quarter. Chief financial officer Carolina Dybeck Happe told investors that GE Healthcare's organic revenue growth of 2% in the quarter would have been closer to 9% as "COVID has delayed site readiness and some equipment installations, mainly due to customers' labor and construction material shortages."
If GE Healthcare misses its earnings expectations, then the spinoff might not get the price that management hopes, and the 19.9% stake retained by GE will not be worth as much as many expect. That could turn into a problem if GE needs to sell down the stake to raise cash and ensure the power and renewable energy businesses can be spun off with an acceptable level of debt.
GE Renewable Energy and GE Power
It gets worse. On theearnings call Dybeck Happe lowered the market's expectations for the renewable energy business, saying, "... due to lower volumes in Onshore Wind North America and the additional inflation we've seen, we expect renewables to be below the outlook range." Given that the previous outlook range calls for GE Renewable Energy to lose $500 million to $700 million in 2022 and only be "approaching breakeven" in 2023, it suggests the segment could be loss-making in 2023. GE Power is doing relatively well, but its guidance only calls for $1 billion to $2 billion in profit in 2023.
Image source: Getty Images.
As such, the new power/renewable energy company is unlikely to carry a lot of debt when it's spun off in 2024. The reason is that investment-grade debt is usually calculated as a multiple of earnings, and the power/renewable energy business won't have much in the way of earnings in 2023. The end result could be the remaining GE (largely aviation) being saddled with a large amount of debt.
Of course, the uncertainty over this issue is exacerbated by management's lowering of earnings expectations when CEO Larry Culp told investors GE was "trending toward the low end" of its 2022 guidance range.
Is GE undervalued?
On a brighter note, the sell-off in the stock means GE now trades at a market cap of just $82.5 billion. Even if it only hits the low end of the free-cash-flow (FCF) 2022 guidance range of $5.5 billion to $6.5 billion, the stock will trade at just 15 times FCF in 2022. Anything close to the previously forecast $7 billion in FCF in 2023 would see GE at less than 12 times FCF -- there appears to be a large margin of safety there.
Perhaps the best way to look at it is to argue that GE is undervalued, but if you buy in, you better be prepared for some potential downside risk along the way. Markets don't like hearing bad news in the near term, and there's a real risk of that with GE.
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Lee Samaha has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
BRIEF-Nordic Nanovector Says Luigi Costa Will Step Down As CEO
April 4, 2018 / 7:51 PM / Updated 11 minutes ago BRIEF-Nordic Nanovector Says Luigi Costa Will Step Down As CEO Reuters Staff
April 4 (Reuters) - Nordic Nanovector ASA:
* NORDIC NANOVECTOR ANNOUNCES THAT LUIGI COSTA WILL STEP DOWN AS CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
* NORDIC NANOVECTOR ASA SAYS COSTA HAS AGREED TO BE AVAILABLE TO BOARD UNTIL END OF JULY 2018 Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Definition of:Win Safe Mode
Win Safe Mode
Windows has a startup mode for troubleshooting that allows the system to boot up when it otherwise may not, often due to conflicts from newly installed hardware. Only the mouse, keyboard and standard VGA display drivers are loaded, and all configuration files are bypassed, including the Registry and any earlier CONFIG.SYS, AUTOEXEC.BAT and SYSTEM.INI files that may be present. In Safe mode, configuration data can be manually edited, but technical knowledge is required.
Windows automatically boots up in this mode if it detects that the previous session was not shut down properly. To purposely start up in Safe Mode in Windows XP, Vista and 7, press F8 after turning the computer on and before Windows starts.
In Windows 8, Microsoft eliminated pressing F8; however, it can be restored using a long, convoluted process and only if the user can run Windows 8. If a Windows 8 computer is unbootable before the F8-Safe Mode method was restored, it requires expert tech support at a repair shop. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
597 P.2d 290
UNITED NUCLEAR CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GENERAL ATOMIC COMPANY, a partnership composed of Gulf Oil Corporation and Scallop Nuclear, Inc., Defendant-Appellant, Indiana and Michigan Electric Company, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 11775.
Supreme Court of New Mexico.
May 7, 1979.
Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, John D. Robb, Richard C. Minzner, Albuquerque, Montgomery, Andrews & Hannahs, Seth D. Montgomery, Santa Fe, Howrey & Simon, Washington, D. C., for General Atomic Co.
Bigbee, Stephenson, Carpenter & Crout, Harry L. Bigbee, Donnan Stephenson, G. Stanley Crout, Michael R. Comeau, Larry Maldegan, Mel E. Yost, Santa Fe, for appellee United Nuclear Corp.
James T. Paulantis, Albuquerque, Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett, Rogers M. Doering, New York City, for appellee Indiana & Michigan Elec. Co.
OPINION
EASLEY, Justice.
Appellee-plaintiff, United Nuclear Corporation (UNC), filed this declaratory judgment action in the Santa Fe County District Court against appellant-defendant, General Atomic Company (GAC), alleging fraud, unlawful monopolistic practices and violation of the antitrust laws, and seeking cancellation of two uranium supply contracts and damages. GAC denied those allegations, claimed the principal issues are subject to arbitration under the terms of the contract, and counterclaimed against UNC for over one billion dollars in damages.
Indiana and Michigan Electric Company (I & M) and Detroit Edison Company (Detroit), (collectively “the utilities”), were brought into the suit as third-party defendants because they were to be supplied uranium products by GAC from the supplies that UNC had contracted to deliver.
The district court enjoined GAC from proceeding to litigate or arbitrate the same issues in any other jurisdiction. GAC appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, and that Court reversed.
The trial had been in progress almost sixty days when the U.S. Supreme Court mandate came down, but GAC moved to stay the trial until arbitration of the issues could be accomplished. The trial judge denied the motion on the grounds that GAC had waived its right to arbitration. GAC appeals this partial final judgment. We affirm.
The principal issues are:
(1) Whether the Federal Arbitration Act applies.
(2) Whether the issue of waiver of arbitration is for the court or for the arbitrators.
(3) If the determination is to be made by the court, whether the evidence here supports the trial court’s finding of waiver.
(4) Whether under the circumstances GAC was constitutionally entitled to further hearing before the district court on the issue of waiver.
Other claims advanced by GAC are that: (5)the trial court’s actions were inconsistent with the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in this case; (6) the holding that the state’s antitrust claims are not arbitrable was in error; (7) the trial court should have stayed or severed the Duke and Commonwealth demands; and, (8) UNC obtained incorrect findings on issues not addressed below.
Factual Background
As we survey the massive accumulation of evidence, which could be measured by the ton, the key inquiry is: What was the intent of GAC? Did it intend to arbitrate, litigate or both? In order to determine this intent, we consider all the material assertions and objective manifestations of GAC, together with all other facts and circumstances. This calls for greater detail in setting forth the facts.
UNC and GAC were parties to two contracts, one dated June 30,1973 (1973 Supply Agreement) covering approximately twenty-five million pounds of uranium, and one dated June 28, 1974 covering three million pounds of uranium (1974 Concentrates Agreement), under which UNC was to supply uranium to GAC. The 1973 Supply Agreement contained an arbitration clause calling for arbitration of all disputes under the rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA). These rules provide a simple method of invoking arbitration. The initiating party makes demand, setting forth the nature of the dispute, the amount involved and the remedy sought. This is served on the other party and filed in any regional office of AAA, accompanied by a proper fee. (When GAC ultimately filed its motion for stay, it consisted of-two pages, and the demand for arbitration contained three and one-half pages.)
GAC is a partnership composed of Gulf Oil Corporation and Scallop Nuclear, Inc. On August 8, 1975 UNC first filed suit in the Santa Fe District Court against GAC as well as the individual partners in GAC, Gulf and Scallop, asking for a declaratory judgment and damages and raising all issues arising under the 1973 Supply Agreement. The cause was removed by the defendants to the U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico. Gulf and Scallop moved to extend the time to answer the complaint and to object to interrogatories propounded by UNC. As grounds for the motion, movants alleged that more time was necessary to determine whether to seek arbitration.
On October 6, 1975 Gulf filed a motion for additional time, stating that failure to demand arbitration prior to answering the complaint without asserting its right to arbitration might constitute a waiver of Gulf’s right to compel arbitration.. UNC sought voluntary dismissal of the cause in federal court, which the defendants opposed ; but, the case was dismissed on December 31, 1975, five months after being filed. Neither GAC, Gulf nor Scallop had demanded arbitration or requested a stay in the proceedings to arbitrate.
On December 31, 1975, the same day the first suit was dismissed, UNC again filed suit, against GAC only, in the District Court of Santa Fe County alleging virtually identical claims and filing identical interrogatories. GAC then filed an affidavit of disqualification against Judge Santiago Campos.
On January 19, 1976 GAC filed a federal interpleader action in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico against UNC, I & M, and Detroit as well as Duke Power Company and Commonwealth Edison Company. Although stating that it was not waiving its right to arbitration, GAC sought the judicial determination of all the rights and obligations of the parties under the 1973 Supply Agreement and other utility agreements. On March 2, 1976 the case was dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. GAC appealed the dismissal to the Tenth Circuit where it was affirmed in April of 1977. General Atomic Co. v. Duke Power Co., 553 F.2d 53 (10th Cir. 1977).
In February and March 1976 GAC filed motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, for additional time to answer interrogatories, and for dismissal due to the failure to join certain parties. All three motions specified that they were made “without waiving its right to demand arbitration.”
In a brief in support of its application to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, filed on March 22, 1976, the following statement was contained: “At the outset, defendant admits to having filed various legal actions in New Mexico because New Mexico provided the only or best forum for the vindication of its rights in various matters.”
In March 1976 UNC moved for a default' judgment for a willful failure to answer interrogatories, but later withdrew the application “in consideration of the agreement attached hereto.” The agreement specified that GAC was to answer “in good faith all interrogatories to defendant presently pending.” The parties stipulated to a number of actions to be taken in the discovery process which would not have been available as a matter of right under arbitration, and which ultimately cost the parties millions of dollars. Nothing was mentioned in the stipulation regarding GAC’s asserted right to arbitrate.
On March 15, 1976 UNC applied for an injunction to restrain GAC from filing suit against UNC in other jurisdictions concerning the same facts and circumstances. No mention was made of arbitration. On that same date a temporary restraining order was issued for a ten-day period prior to the hearing enjoining GAC from filing suits or third-party complaints against UNC in any other jurisdiction. The restraining order placed no restraints on GAC against demanding arbitration and seeking a stay of the court proceedings during this period of time, which was seven months after the first complaint had been filed. Up to that time, GAC had made no demand for arbitration upon which a challenge to the jurisdiction of the court could be predicated. GAC filed a response and memorandum brief in answer to the motion for a preliminary injunction but did not mention the issue of arbitration therein.
The first indication in the record of proceedings that arbitration might be enjoined is a statement by the court at the hearing held on April 2, 1976 on the application for enjoining lawsuits in other forums. The judge referred to a letter written by him, dated March 29, 1976, three days before the hearing, in which he had outlined the terms of the proposed preliminary injunction. One of the terms was to restrain GAC from seeking arbitration in any other forum, a remedy not even requested by UNC. The letter was received by GAC attorneys on March 30,1976. No effort was indicated on the part of GAC to preclude a hearing on restraints against arbitration because of lack of proper notice, and no effort to demand arbitration before the hearing. The preliminary injunction followed closely the statement of terms contained in the letter.
As bearing on GAC’s avowed allegiance to arbitration of the issues here, there was a significant colloquy among the attorneys and the judge at the hearing on the motion for preliminary injunction held three days after GAC received the judge’s letter. The letter and the form of the preliminary injunction were under discussion. GAC made reference to the clause in the contract providing for arbitration and called specific attention to the New Mexico Uniform Arbitration Act, § 44-7-2(D), N.M.S.A.1978, which reads as follows:
Any action or proceeding involving an issue subject to arbitration shall be stayed if an order for arbitration or an application therefor has been made under this section ....
During those proceedings nothing was mentioned by GAC regarding federal arbitration rights.
GAC’s attorney stated further: “We want to make sure and we have admitted language to this effect, that we are not foreclosed, because obviously the Plaintiff would not be foreclosed from demanding arbitration in this action.” (Emphasis added.) GAC further complained that it was unequal treatment to enjoin GAC from participation in arbitration in other actions and not to restrain UNC from doing so. GAC asked that it not be deprived of the right to demand arbitration and suggested that it would be inappropriate to foreclose such remedy.
UNC stipulated that it should be equally enjoined by the preliminary injunction and the court interlined wording in the order to effect this purpose. The following discussion then took place:
MR. THOMPSON: . . . [W]e believe that we should not be foreclosed, in spite of what the Plaintiff has stated at this point. I have also raised the question of the possibility of the Defendants desiring to exercise their rights to arbitration in this case, under Article 17 of the Contract, (Emphasis added.)
THE COURT: Subject to the supervision of this court.
MR. THOMPSON: That is correct. We would ask that the Injunction be clear in excluding any prohibition against us demanding arbitration in this case. (Emphasis added.)
MR. BIGBEE: It is clear enough anyway, anything they want to file into this action will be subject to your Hon- or’s decision.
THE COURT: Did you, Mr. Bigbee, in your application for a Preliminary Injunction contemplate that the Defendants be enjoined from arbitrating under the Arbitration Clause of the Contract in this forum subject to the jurisdiction of this Court?
MR. BIGBEE: I did not. I understood that it may or may not come up. I have asked repeatedly if they want arbitration, they have never answered me; I think they waived it. That is not the point that I wanted an Injunction on. Anything they want to submit under their responsive pleadings, under the rules, they are entitled to do it.
The court, at another point when the language of the preliminary injunction was being discussed, stated:
THE COURT: I don’t think there is anything in the language here that relates to arbitration in this forum pursuant to the arbitration clause contained in the contract. If there is any question about it that can be clarified.
MR. BIGBEE: There is no question that they have the right to include that, whether it should be granted or what[,] it is, [sic] under Your Honor’s jurisdiction. .
The preliminary injunction, as issued, restrained GAC from either arbitrating or litigating the same issues “in any other forum.” The dispute was brought to this Court, where the trial court was sustained, and then was taken to the United States Supreme Court, which held that the trial court could not properly restrain GAC from seeking relief in federal courts or by arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-14.
GAC filed its answer on May 5, 1976 stating that the answer was “as to all matters in which arbitration is not being sought by defendant and as to all issues which the court may deem unarbitrable.” GAC did not raise the issue of arbitration as an affirmative defense, nor did it ask for a stay in the proceedings for the purpose of demanding arbitration or arbitrating the dispute. GAC also counterclaimed, asking the court to enforce the contractual obligations or, in the alternative, for damages in the sum of $1,030,000,000 and costs.
The parties prepared a voluminous pretrial order which was signed by the court and filed in August 1977 in which there was nothing mentioned at any point about arbitration rights, although GAC prepared its portion of the order. I & M and Detroit were involuntarily joined as defendants at the instance of GAC on some issues different from those asserted against UNC.
The first demand for arbitration came on November 30, 1977 and made its way into the record at page 5455 of the transcript of the record proper at a point where it took over 2,000 additional pages of transcript of proceedings to detail the progress of the suit.
Thereafter, for a total period of over two years, dating from the filing of the first complaint up to the demand for arbitration, the parties were in and out of the district court, the federal courts, and this Court dozens of times on motions and interlocutory appeals. Most of the activity in the district court concerned discovery proceedings for which the parties obviously expended millions of dollars. GAC claimed to have submitted 6,000,000 pages of material for UNC to inspect and claimed that UNC had actually copied approximately 180,000 pages. GAC alleged that producing the documents and answering interrogatories propounded by UNC had involved on its part the efforts of more than 37 lawyers, 19 para-professionals, 80 management personnel and engineers, plus secretarial and clerical personnel. The total hours allegedly consumed by April 19, 1977 was estimated to be 34,700. Over 100 depositions were taken resulting in 16,000 pages of testimony and 2,785 deposition exhibits. GAC contended that the parties had designated approximately 11,000 exhibits. UNC claimed that GAC had copied’ 500,000 pages of its records.
1. Applicability of The Federal Arbitration Act
Although there was considerable controversy at trial over whether the state or federal statutes govern the arbitration rights of the parties, the trial court concluded that it had jurisdiction under the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-14. The parties now agree with this judgment, as do we.
GAC insisted below that the federal act applies while UNC was contending that the New Mexico Uniform Arbitration Act governs. Sections 44-7-1 to 22, N.M.S.A. 1978. The trial court first held with UNC, but in the decision being appealed, concluded that jurisdiction was present under both acts. GAC complains that the record does not show that the court decided the issue based on the federal act, although concluding that it applied. We cannot go behind a valid conclusion to invalidate it by showing that the judge reached it for the wrong reasons. Tsosie v. Foundation Reserve Insurance Company, 77 N.M. 671, 427 P.2d 29 (1967); Holmes v. Faycus, 85 N.M. 740, 516 P.2d 1123 (Ct.App.1973).
The federal act provides, in § 3, that when a proceeding is brought in court involving any issue referrable to arbitration, the court “shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until such arbitration has been had . providing the applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with such arbitration.” The statute does not specifically mandate that a demand for arbitration must be made before application is made to the court for a stay. UNC claims that GAC is in “default” under the terms of this statute and has therefore waived its right to seek arbitration.
2. Forum for Question of Waiver
GAC insists that the arbitration board and not the court should decide whether GAC has waived its rights to arbitration. Although GAC relies on authority to the contrary, at least a strong majority of courts take jurisdiction over the issue with many finding that waiver has occurred. Demsey & Associates v. S. S. Sea Star, 461 F.2d 1009 (2d Cir. 1972); Burton-Dixie Corp. v. Timothy McCarthy Const. Co., 436 F.2d 405 (5th Cir. 1971); Cornell & Company v. Barber & Ross Company, 123 U.S.App.D.C. 378, 360 F.2d 512 (1966); American Locomotive Co. v. Gyro Process Co., 185 F.2d 316 (6th Cir. 1950).
The Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 3, clearly mandates that a court in which a case is pending, and a stay is requested for arbitration, has jurisdiction to determine whether the movant is “in default in proceeding with such arbitration.” Our case was in this precise posture. We hold that the judge was not in error in assuming jurisdiction to decide the question of waiver.
3. Question of Waiver
Although there is disagreement from case to case as to what set of facts will justify a holding that a party has waived his rights to arbitration, the federal courts have developed general principles that are useful in appraising this issue. It has been held that the Federal Arbitration Act evidences a strong federal policy favoring the enforcement of arbitration agreements. Hanes, supra; Demsey, supra; Carcich v. Rederi A/B Nordie, 389 F.2d 692 (2d Cir. 1968). The reasons for the encouragement of arbitration are to ease the congestion in the court systems, to speed up the resolution of disputes, and to afford a more economical means of disposing of cases. Griffin v. Semperit of America Inc., 414 F.Supp. 1384 (S.D.Tex.1976). See also Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 94 S.Ct. 2449, 41 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974); Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Gulf Oil Corp., 541 F.2d 1263 (7th Cir. 1976).
As is true in other types of contracts, a party may waive certain terms, but in arbitration agreements the courts hold that all doubts as to whether there is a waiver must be resolved in favor of arbitration. Robert Lawrence Company v. Devonshire Fabrics, Inc., 271 F.2d 402 (2d Cir. 1959), cert. grant ed, 362 U.S. 909, 80 S.Ct. 682, 4 L.Ed.2d 618 (1960), cert. dismissed per stipulation, 364 U.S. 801, 81 S.Ct. 27, 5 L.Ed.2d 37 (1960); Bigge Crane and Rigging Co. v. Docutel Corporation, 371 F.Supp.240 (E.D.N.Y.1973).
The party asserting the default in pursuing arbitration bears a heavy burden of proving waiver. General Guar. Ins. Co. v. New Orleans General Agency, Inc., 427 F.2d 924 (5th Cir. 1970); Hilti, Inc. v. Oldach, 392 F.2d 368 (1st Cir. 1968).
The courts generally hold that dilatory conduct by the party seeking arbitration, unaccompanied by prejudice to the opposing party, does not constitute waiver. Demsey, supra; Carcich, supra. Waiver cannot be inferred merely from a party’s attempt to meet all issues raised between it and another party. Germany v. River Terminal Railway Company, 477 F.2d 546 (6th Cir. 1973); Romnes v. Bache & Co., Inc., 439 F.Supp. 833 (W.D.Wis.1977). “ ‘[DjefaulC under the [Federal Arbitration Act] may not rest mechanically on some act such as the filing of a complaint or answer but must find a basis in prejudice to the objecting party.” Batson Y. & F. M. GR., Inc. v. Saurer-Allma GmbH-Allgauer M., 311 F.Supp. 68, 73 (S.C.1970).
It must appear that the delay in requesting arbitration was an intentional relinquishment of the right to arbitrate. Such intention may be inferred when a party takes action inconsistent with its right to demand arbitration. Weight Watchers, supra. See Cornell, supra; The Belize, 25 F.Supp. 663 (S.D.N.Y.1938). It is the objective manifestation of intent upon which the opposing party may rely. The question should be determined by the trier of facts based on the evidence in each case. Burton-Dixie, supra; Weight Watchers, supra. An appellate court should accept such factual determination if supported by substantial evidence. Burton-Dixiesupra; Galion Iron Works, supra.
In Cornell, supra, the trial court denied a stay under 9 U.S.C. § 3, because the party was “in default in proceeding with such arbitration,” and stated:
A party waives his right to arbitrate when he actively participates in a lawsuit or takes other action inconsistent with that right. Once having waived the right to arbitrate, the party is necessarily “in default in proceeding with such arbitration.”
Before filing the present motion, appellant (1) moved for a transfer of venue to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, (2) filed an answer to appellee’s complaint and a counterclaim, and (3) filed notice of depositions, took the deposition of an official of appellee, and procured the production of various records and documents. As the District Court stated:
[T]he litigation machinery had been substantially invoked and the parties were. well into the preparation of a lawsuit by the time (some four months after the complaint was filed) an intention to arbitrate was communicated by the defendant to the plaintiff.
360 F.2d at 513. (Footnotes omitted.)
In Weight Watchers, supra, the court made a determination as to the elements of waiver in these cases, stating:
The factors upon which the waiver question appears to have turned most frequently against the party seeking to compel arbitration are his dilatory conduct in seeking arbitration, usually coupled with his gaining of an undue advantage in the judicial forum or other substantial prejudice to the opposing party, or any other actions taken by the moving party which are sufficiently inconsistent with his seeking arbitration. Examining the circumstances of a particular case, it is usually the absence of one or more of these factors that forms the basis for concluding there has been no waiver.
398 F.Supp. at 1059. (Footnotes omitted.)
As a basis for holding that waiver had been correctly determined, the court in Burton-Dixie, supra, stated the evidence to be as follows:
[A]t no time before answering the complaint in the instant lawsuit did McCarthy demand that the matter be submitted to the architect or to arbitration. Even when Burton-Dixie filed suit against McCarthy, McCarthy did not attempt to invoke the arbitration provision in the contract. In its answer to the complaint, McCarthy did not ask the court to stay proceedings pending arbitration, but rather denied liability and set up as an affirmative defense Burton-Dixie’s failure to arbitrate. Moreover, McCarthy impleaded as third-party defendants two of its subcontractors and proceeded to litigate the dispute over the defective roof.
436 F.2d at 408-409. The court concluded that McCarthy waived its right to insist upon arbitration.
The United States Court of Appeals in Demsey, supra, after analyzing numerous eases which hold that there was no waiver under the particular facts, stated:
We have found no cases, however, where arbitration has been allowed after a party has answered on the merits, asserted a cross-claim that was answered, participated in discovery, failed to move for a stay, and gone to trial on the merits.
We can think of no clearer case of prejudice than we have here in this case. The substantial expense to all concerned that was involved in the trial of all the factual and legal issues in the case, including those raised by Jordan’s cross-claims, was caused by Jordan’s full participation in the pretrial procedures and in the trial on the merits, despite its mere allegation of the arbitration clause in the voyage charter as a defense. We think it would be a gross miscarriage of justice now to require a retrial by arbitration of any of these issues.
461 F.2d at 1018.
In Gavlik Const. Co. v. H. F. Campbell Co., 526 F.2d 777, 783 (3d Cir. 1975), the court stated: “Recent cases have only found waiver where the demand for arbitration came long after the suit commenced and when both parties had engaged in extensive discovery.” (Citing Demsey, supra; American Locomotive v. Gyro, supra; Ernst, supra; Liggett, supra ; and Sulphur Export, supra.)
Failing to invoke arbitration for ten months from the date the suit was commenced, while at the same time obtaining many benefits from pre-trial discovery that would not have been available had they reasonably demanded arbitration, was held to constitute waiver of the arbitration provision in Liggett, supra. The parties demanding arbitration had answered and counterclaimed without asserting their right to arbitration, but they had actively participated in the discovery process and obtained a number of extensions. The court held that their acts and conduct had been prejudicial and thus constituted waiver.
In E. C. Ernst, supra, the court found waiver, stating:
When one party reveals a disinclination to resort to arbitration on any phase of suit involving all parties, those parties are prejudiced by being forced to bear the expenses of a trial, which in this case was quite lengthy. Arbitration is designed to avoid this very expense. Substantially invoking the litigation machinery qualifies as the kind of prejudice to Manhattan that is the essence of waiver. (Citations omitted.)
559 F.2d at 269.
A party to a lawsuit who claims the right to arbitration must take some action to enforce that right. Burton-Dixie, supra. This must be done within a reasonable time after suit is filed. Demsey, supra; American Locomotive v. Gyro, supra.
The courts have held a variety of acts to be inconsistent with a party’s alleged reliance on arbitrating the dispute in question. The determination of waiver seldom turns on a single inconsistent act or failure to act. Some of the conduct or acts of a party in-relationship to a claim subject to arbitration that have been considered by themselves, or in conjunction with others, to constitute default or waiver are as follows: Answering a complaint, Demsey, supra; Cornell, supra; Weight Watchers, supra; Liggett, supra ; counterclaiming in a judicial proceeding, Demsey, supra; Cornell, supra; American Locomotive v. Gyro, supra; Liggett, supra; filing a complaint, Gutor International supra; Bank of Madison v. Graber, 158 F.2d 137 (7th Cir. 1946); Galion Iron Works, supra; participating in a discovery process in a lawsuit, Demsey, supra; Cornell, supra; Liggett, supra ; moving for summary judgment, Weight Watchers, supra ; going to trial on the merits, Demsey, supra; Blake Construction Company v. United States, 252 F.2d 658 (5th Cir. 1958); Radiator Specialty Co. v. Cannon Mills, 97 F.2d 318 (4th Cir. 1938).
Preparation for trial by a party based on the belief that the other party does not desire or intend to make a demand for arbitration has been held to constitute substantial prejudice which may invoke a waiver or constitute a default under the Federal Arbitration Act. Demsey, supra; Weight Watchers, supra.
The courts also consider any advantage that may have been received by a party that might not otherwise have been available to the party under an arbitration proceeding by reason of participating in the discovery process. Liggett, supra. As a general rule, discovery is very limited in arbitration proceedings. Once a district court has stayed judicial proceedings pending arbitration, the parties may not continue discovery in the district court. Mississippi Power Company v. Peabody Coal Company, 69 F.R.D. 558 (S.D.Miss.1976); Commercial Solvents Corp. v. Louisiana Liquid F. Co., 20 F.R.D. 359 (S.D.N.Y.1957); Cavanaugh v. McDonnell & Company, 357 Mass. 452, 258 N.E.2d 561 (1970). In Bigge, supra, a federal district court did enforce discovery which had been ordered by the arbitrator, but did so on a showing of necessity rather than of mere convenience. Later cases have denied discovery, but, based on Bigge, supra, have indicated that discovery might be proper in extraordinary circumstances. Coastal States Trading, Inc. v. Zenith Nav. S. A., 446 F.Supp. 330 (S.D.N.Y.1977); Levin v. Ripple Twist Mills, Inc., 416 F.Supp. 876 (E.D.Pa.1976).
Discovery procedures are often the most expensive and time-consuming elements of a court trial, and thus have often been considered to be inconsistent with the reasons for arbitration. Commercial Solvents, supra. In most cases, discovery in arbitration is limited to the discovery available under the Arbitration Act itself. M. Domke, The Law and Practice of Commercial Arbitration, § 27.01 (1968); G. Goldberg, A Lawyer’s Guide to Commercial Arbitration, § 3.03 (1977). The only discovery mentioned in the Act is the taking of depositions of witnesses who cannot be subpoenaed or who are unable to attend the hearing.
No one act or a specific series of acts has been held consistently to indicate waiver. The courts have looked to the totality of the proof in each case to arrive at a decision. We take into consideration all of the material facts to determine whether GAC defaulted on its obligation to make a timely demand for arbitration and a stay of proceedings and thus waived its rights.
We ask whether GAC intended to arbitrate or litigate. However, it would be a mistake to assume that each of these courses is mutually exclusive of the other. We must inquire whether it can be inferred from the circumstances that the intent of GAC was to litigate and arbitrate. The purpose could plausibly be to preserve the right to arbitrate and at the same time litigate down to the last possible moment. Thus, we examine not only the acts of GAC that occurred prior to the time the injunction was entered on April 2, 1976 but the conduct or inaction of GAC thereafter as bearing on the real designs of the company.
It is hornbook law that intent is a state of mind. As such, it generally remains hidden within the brain where it was conceived. It is rarely, if ever, susceptible of proof by direct evidence. It must be inferred from the words, acts or conduct of the party entertaining it as well as the other attendant facts and circumstances. No citations as to these principles are necessary.
In applying the above law to the facts in this case we consider the challenges specified by GAC. As to waiver, GAC challenged six of the district court’s findings of fact that: (a) the preliminary injunction did not prohibit GAC from demanding arbitration in the district court; (b) for twenty-seven months GAC did not “in any way manifest its intention or desire to arbitrate rather than litigate”; (c) GAC made numerous motions for extensions and discovery orders and “represented to the district court that such orders were necessary for its preparation for trial”; (d) information obtained from UNC by GAC by way of discovery would not otherwise have been available to it; (e) UNC had been prejudiced and would be irreparably injured if a stay were ordered; and (f) GAC was in default and had relinquished any rights to arbitrate.
(a) The extent to which GAC was prohibited, if at all, by the injunction from making demand for arbitration and from requesting a stay of the proceedings in the district court is a very crucial matter with GAC. That company contends that the injunction absolutely prohibited it from demanding arbitration outside New Mexico and that arbitration within New Mexico was ordered to be conducted only under the supervision of the district court. GAC argues that this was such a violation of its rights that it had no duty to pursue the matter further in the trial court. GAC claims that its actions after the issuance of the injunction were strictly in self-defense and were forced upon it by the illegally obtained injunction.
It is further claimed by GAC that its actions prior to the issuance of the injunction on April 2,1976 were not such as would justify a finding of waiver and that most of the conduct of GAC upon which UNC relies for support of its allegation of waiver occurred after GAC was unlawfully restrained from seeking arbitration.
We look at all the evidence. The hearing on April 2, 1976 on the motion for an injunction is most significant. The motion did not contain any plea for restraining arbitration; and the temporary restraining order mentioned only restraints on suing or counterclaiming. The first time that the record shows notice to GAC that the court was even considering enjoining arbitration demands was in the judge’s letter of March 30, three days before the hearing. However, GAC did not object to holding the hearing insofar as it pertained to arbitration, did not demand arbitration in the interim, did not seek to continue the hearing while it took the proper steps to demand arbitration and to request a stay in the suit, and did not raise the issue of its rights under the Federal Arbitration Act at the hearing on the motion.
The reliance of GAC on § 44-7-2 of the New Mexico Uniform Arbitration Act, which provides for an automatic stay of court proceedings pending arbitration on “application therefor”, indicates that GAC was fully aware of this simple means of putting an immediate halt to the litigation, yet its lawyers talked only of the “possibility of arbitration”. Bearing in mind that the colloquy among lawyers and judge may not ordinarily be considered to dispute the judgment, it is still admissible as being indicative of the intent of GAC, with regard to arbitration as opposed to litigation upon which UNC and the court were entitled to rely. GAC only alerted the court to its right to demand arbitration under the New Mexico Uniform Arbitration Act, where it would be entitled to an automatic stay in the event that it demanded arbitration, and made references only to arbitration “in this case”. Thus, another well-known risk was taken by GAC, i. e., that it would not later be permitted to complain because of failing to properly object. N.M.R.Civ.P. 46, N.M.S. A.1978; N.M.R.Civ.App. 11, N.M.S.A.1978.
Although the court offered clarification of what was meant by a right to arbitrate “in this forum”, none was ever requested at that time or any later time, nor was any effort made to determine what the judge meant when he said that if GAC decided to exercise its rights to arbitration it would be done “subject to the supervision of this court.” The latter expression could be interpreted in many ways, one of which could be that the judge believed that he had the power to refuse to stay the proceedings if the evidence showed a default on GAC’s part in demanding arbitration that amounted to a waiver. Another probability is that the court would want to retain jurisdiction over any contested items in the contract that were not subject to arbitration. Furthermore, the court would have the jurisdiction to inquire whether or not there was in fact a valid contract providing for arbitration. No clarification was sought and none was thereafter offered.
There is nothing in the preliminary injunction that prohibited GAC from demanding arbitration at any time by serving a demand on UNC in New Mexico, without regard for the location at which the arbitration would take place. This would have set the stage for a claim by GAC that the court did not have jurisdiction. The argument that GAC could do nothing with regard to arbitration is not persuasive. Nor is the claim that it had to await the decision of the U. S. Supreme Court before it could make any demands for arbitration. The U. S. Supreme Court decision did not change the portion of the preliminary injunction giving GAC the right to demand arbitration in New Mexico.
Common sense dictates that a litigant that has been so capably represented by such a host of outstanding lawyers, who have meticulously handled every other infinitesimal detail, and who have verbally displayed such ferocious passion for arbitration, could have found a way to say: “Judge, we want to arbitrate.” There were no restraints on filing a motion in the trial court for leave to arbitrate. Admittedly, it is not called for under the federal law, but the failure of GAC to adopt such a simple and plausible course of action is a commentary on the validity of its claimed intent to arbitrate.
Inherent in GAC’s argument is the impermissible presumption that if it had made demand for arbitration the trial court would have acted unlawfully rather than follow the mandate of the Federal Arbitration Act. We must presume that the court would have done its “supervision” in accordance with that law. The law presumes that rulings of district courts have validity. Coastal Plans Oil Company v. Douglas, 69 N.M. 68, 364 P.2d 131 (1961); Carlile v. Continental Oil Company, 81 N.M. 484, 468 P.2d 885 (Ct.App.1970). A fortiori, the law must presume that rulings which district courts may be called upon to make in the future will likewise be valid.
As suggested by GAC, the court’s finding that the preliminary injunction did not prohibit GAC from demanding arbitration with UNC “in this forum” shows a tinge of legal conclusion. The thrust of GAC’s challenge to this finding is more in the nature of a complaint that it was wrong for the court to prohibit arbitration in other forums. The U. S. Supreme Court agreed with this theory; however, the finding, or the mixed finding and conclusion, is obviously correct because the prohibition did not run against demanding arbitration with UNC in New Mexico. In order to assert any right to arbitration under 9 U.S.C. § 3, it was mandatory that GAC make a demand for arbitration and make application to the Santa Fe County District Court for a stay in these proceedings, at which time the trial court would have been obligated under federal law to determine whether GAC was in default in demanding arbitration. This is exactly what occurred after the U. S. Supreme Court mandate came down.
Early in its appeal, GAC, in discussing the scope of review available to this Court, argued that we should not apply the substantial evidence rule. The argument is, since the trial judge reached his findings by the use of documentary evidence, the pleadings and the statements of the attorneys, this Court is in as good a position to determine the facts by preponderance of the evidence as was the trial judge. We think this case is not a good subject for the application of that principle. We hold that Valdez v. Salazar, 45 N.M. 1, 107 P.2d 862 (1940) is more in point where this Court stated:
Where all or substantially all of the evidence on a material issue is documentary or by deposition, the Supreme Court will examine and weigh it, and will review the record, giving some weight to the findings of the trial judge on such issue, and will not disturb the same upon conflicting evidence unless such findings are manifestly wrong or clearly opposed to the evidence. (Emphasis added.)
Id. at 7, 107 P.2d at 865.
We affirm the trial court’s ruling that the preliminary injunction did not prohibit GAC from demanding arbitration in that court.
(b) GAC filed numerous pleadings which stated that it did not intend to waive its rights to arbitration. However, the trial court found that for a period of twenty-seven months GAC did not “in any way manifest its intention or desire to arbitrate rather than litigate the, issues between the parties arising under the 1973 Supply Agreement.” (Emphasis added.) GAC’s intentions are the number one question in this ease. GAC claims that its numerous statements that it did not intend to waive its right to demand arbitration was sufficient to establish its intent. UNC urges that an intention to preserve the right to demand arbitration is not the same as an intention or desire to arbitrate. UNC relies on the other acts and conduct of GAC to prove that a good faith intent to arbitrate was not shown.
The record shows that GAC was fully aware of the perils of dilatory conduct in asserting its arbitration rights. This knowledge surfaced in its first pleading. However, it took obvious risk after obvious risk. It did not assert arbitration as an affirmative defense in its answer, thus taking the chance of having the issue excluded under N.M.R.Civ.P. 8(c) and 12(b), N.M.S.A. 1978, which call for every defense in law or fact to be “asserted.” “The failure to plead the arbitration clause as a defense to the lawsuit will be considered a waiver of the party’s rights arising under such clause.” M. Domke, supra. § 19.01, page 181 (1968); Almacenes Fernandez, S. A. v. Golodetz, 148 F.2d 625 (2d Cir. 1945). Generally the courts have held that failure to plead an affirmative defense results in the waiver of that defense; and it is excluded as an issue. Radio Corporation of America v. Radio Station KYFM, Inc., 424 F.2d 14 (10th Cir. 1970).
GAC further imperiled its position by failing to assert arbitration as a defense in the pre-trial order. Parties are expected to disclose at a pre-trial hearing all legal and factual issues which they intend to raise in the lawsuit. N.M.R.Civ.P. 16, N.M. S.A., 1978; Becker v. Hidalgo, 89 N.M. 627, 556 P.2d 35 (1976); Harvey v. Eimco Corp., 33 F.R.D. 360, (E.D.Pa.1963); Burton v. Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., 1 F.R.D. 571 (D.Or.1941). The parties are limited to the issues contained in the order and must not introduce issues not so contained at trial. Fowler v. Crown-Zellerbach Corporation, 163 F.2d 773 (9th Cir. 1947).
Although these two lapses by GAC and others cited are not conclusive of voluntary waiver, they do add to the volume of proof that the court and UNC were misled into believing that GAC intended to litigate the issues and that its intent to arbitrate was not as strong as it now contends.
An attempt to reserve a right inconsistent with that asserted is ineffectual. The Belize, supra; Commercial Bank v. Central Nat. Bank, 203 S.W. 662 (Mo.App. 1918).
There was no error in the trial court’s finding that GAC did not manifest an intention and desire to arbitrate, as opposed to litigating. The finding is based upon substantial evidence. We will not disturb such a finding. Montoya v. Travelers Ins. Co., 91 N.M. 667, 579 P.2d 793 (1978).
(c) The court’s finding that GAC made repeated representations to the district court that it needed extensions of time and in “all” instances said the purpose was to enable it to “prepare for trial”, is challenged on grounds that most of the acts occurred after the issuance of the preliminary injunction and that every such action was not accompanied by the alleged representation. However, GAC failed to comply with N.M.R.Civ.App. 9(d), N.M.S.A.1978, which requires that the substance of all the evidence be stated with proper transcript references. The same is true of GAC’s challenges to the court’s findings that UNC had provided all materials to GAC sought on discovery and that GAC obtained “huge amounts of information from UNC which would not otherwise be available to it.” We hold that challenges (c) and (d) fell short of complying with Rule 9(d) and will not be considered. Perez v. Gallegos, 87 N.M. 161, 530 P.2d 1155 (1974); Galvan v. Miller, 79 N.M. 540, 445 P.2d 961 (1968). However, as to the merits of the two challenges, careful scrutiny of the record discloses insubstantial support for the contentions. Even if error had been committed as to one or both issues, it would not be dispositive of the case.
(e) The court’s finding that UNC had been prejudiced by GAC’s default in demanding arbitration is attacked on the basis that there was no such prejudice shown by the events prior to the entry of the injunction against arbitration and that, after the entry of that injunction, GAC’s conduct could not be considered in determining waiver. This issue is partially resolved by our holding that there is substantial evidence that GAC did not properly manifest its intention or desire to arbitrate during a period of twenty-seven months from the time of the filing of the first lawsuit to a point well into the trial of the second case.
By that time, UNC had spent millions of dollars on discovery proceedings and trial preparation. UNC takes the position that GAC obtained the advantages of discovery that would not have been available to GAC as a matter of right under the Federal Arbitration Act.
GAC argues that the court’s findings of prejudice should be categorized as a legal conclusion and that it was not incumbent upon GAC to establish the lack of an evidentiary basis for the finding as required by Rule 9(d). Even though it is for the court to conclude whether there is prejudice, it is clear that a conclusion must be based on findings of fact that have support in the record. The conclusion fails when it is demonstrated that it has no proper support in the facts. Even though the substantiality of the evidence on this point may not be properly before us, we nevertheless hold on the merits that the evidence in the record substantiates a finding that GAC’s default in demanding arbitration caused material prejudice to UNC both before and after the preliminary injunction was issued.
(f) The last finding challenged is that GAC was in default and had relinquished any right to arbitrate. This finding overlaps many of the others. This holding must be predicated upon finding substantial evidence from the entire record.
This complex, multi-party, multi-issue litigation was within days of final solution at the trial level when the first demand was made for arbitration. This very simple act of stating, in writing: “We want to arbitrate”, followed by a motion for a stay of litigation, would have challenged the jurisdiction of the court to proceed. Our search of the record reveals no instance where these words were either written or spoken until November of 1977.
Without reiterating the facts relied upon, we hold that there is substantial evidence to support the court’s finding that GAC was in default and thus waived its right to arbitration.
The parties expressly provided that the AAA Rules would govern arbitration under the 1973 Uranium Supply Agreement. GAC claims that waiver is entirely precluded under § 46(a) of these rules which specifies:
No judicial proceedings by a party relating to the subject matter of the arbitration shall be deemed a waiver of the party’s right to arbitrate.
GAC relies upon People ex rel. Delisi Const. Co., Inc. v. Board of Ed., 26 Ill.App.3d 893, 326 N.E.2d 55 (1975). This case is distinguishable in that it involved a delay by the party seeking arbitration only for a period during which the validity of the contract to arbitrate was being decided, as opposed to trial preparation and trial in our case. Furthermore, the Illinois Court recognized that only arbitrable questions are covered by § 46(a) by stating:
Moreover, the arbitration clause provides that arbitrable questions be decided “in accordance with the Construction Industry Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association (Emphasis added.)
326 N.E.2d at 57-58.
UNC cites M. Domke, supra, at 264, to support its contention that Rule 46(a) is designed only to provide that, after arbitration has been commenced, there is no waiver by participation in judicial proceedings supplementary to and in aid of arbitration. UNC argues that, regardless of the AAA Rule, a party may be in default in demanding arbitration, as specifically mentioned in the Federal Arbitration Act, and therefore, have no arbitrable questions remaining which could be governed by § 46(a). In the latter situation, it is the province of the court to determine whether there has been a default. The parties are precluded from contracting to exclude the court from jurisdiction over this issue. American Sugar Refining Co. v. The Anaconda, 138 F.2d 765 (5th Cir. 1943), aff’d, 322 U.S. 42, 64 S.Ct. 863, 88 L.Ed. 1117 (1944); Ocean Science & Eng., Inc. v. International Geomarine Corp., 312 F.Supp. 825 (Del.1970).
4. Procedural Issues
GAC argues that the procedures followed by the court below in arriving at a decision were defective in that (a) the court below failed to exercise its independent judicial discretion in entering its findings and conclusions; and (b) the court erred in disposing of GAC’s arbitration claim without a trial-type evidentiary hearing.
(a) GAC states that the findings of fact and conclusions of law were adopted entirely from the proposed findings and conclusions submitted by UNC. GAC argues that this procedure was in violation of N.M.R. Civ.P. 52(B)(a)(5) and (7), N.M.S.A.1978, and also in violation of the leading case law.
In reviewing the cases cited by GAC it appears that the practice of adopting findings and conclusions entirely as submitted by one of the parties has been held to be error in only the most extreme circumstances. See Mora v. Martinez, 80 N.M. 88, 451 P.2d 992 (1969); Chicopee Manufacturing Corp. v. Kendall Company, 288 F.2d 719 (4th Cir. 1961), cert. denied, 368 U.S. 825, 82 S.Ct. 44, 7 L.Ed.2d 29 (1961). Most of the cases hold that, although the practice is not to be commended, it is not reversible error so long as the findings adopted are supported by the record. United States v. El Paso Gas Co., 376 U.S. 651, 84 S.Ct. 1044, 12 L.Ed.2d 12 (1964); U. S. v. Crescent Amusement Co., 323 U.S. 173, 65 S.Ct. 254, 89 L.Ed. 160 (1944); Bradley v. Maryland Casualty Company, 382 F.2d 415 (8th Cir. 1967). The prodigious record in this case provides ample support for the court’s findings.
The court entered an order expressly refusing all requested findings and conclusions inconsistent with those announced in its decision. GAC urges that there was a failure to strictly comply with Rule 52(B)(a)(5) since the judge did not mark GAC’s requested findings and conclusions “refused”. We find no prejudice and thus no reversible error. Martinez v. Research Park, Inc., 75 N.M. 672, 410 P.2d 200 (1966), rev’d on other grounds, 86 N.M. 151, 520 P.2d 1096 (1974).
As to Rule 52(B)(a)(7), GAC argues that the court adopted the findings and conclusions offered by UNC and, by separate order, refused GAC’s “inconsistent” findings and conclusions. The gist of this argument is that this violates the single document requirement of the rule. However, the word “decision” as used in Rule 52 means “ ‘findings of fact and conclusions of law.’ ” Trujillo v. Tanuz, 85 N.M. 35, 38, 508 P.2d 1332, 1335 (Ct.App.1973). Rule 52 contains no requirement that an order refusing proposed findings be included in the same document as the court’s decision.
(b) GAC’s motion for a stay requested a hearing. The trial court gave the parties short notice to submit affidavits and briefs on the facts and the law, but did not hear oral argument or testimony. GAC did not object at the trial level to the sufficiency of the hearing, did not complain that it was being deprived of due process, and did not tender any additional evidence in support of the motion. This issue is raised for the first time on appeal. GAC now argues that it was entitled to a trial-type hearing, claiming that the Federal Arbitration Act and the constitutional due process clauses require such a hearing. The question, however, is what type of hearing is “appropriate to the nature of the case.” Mullane v. Central Hanover Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313, 70 S.Ct. 652, 657, 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950). We must look to the Federal Arbitration Act and the cases interpreting it.
Section 3 of the Federal Arbitration Act provides for a stay of pending court action on application of one of the parties when the trial court is satisfied that the issue involved is referable to arbitration and that the applicant for the stay of court proceedings is not in default in proceeding with such arbitration. Section 4 of the Act, on the other hand, contemplates a situation where no court action is pending. It allows for a party to petition any United States District Court for an order to compel arbitration, and provides for jury trial. Prima Paint v. Flood & Conklin, 388 U.S. 395, 87 S.Ct. 1801, 18 L.Ed.2d 1270 (1967) held that, under either section, a federal court may consider only issues relating to the making and performance of the agreement to arbitrate. In that case, the Court said nothing regarding the procedures to be followed in deciding those limited issues.
Section 6 of the Federal Arbitration Act states: “Any application to the court hereunder shall be made and heard in the manner provided by law for the making and hearing of motions, except as otherwise herein expressly provided.” Section 4 is the only exception to § 6. World Brilliance, supra.
Section 4 provides: “A party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration may petition any United States district court . for an order directing that such arbitration proceed . . . .” By its literal language, § 4 is applicable only to United States District Courts. See Robert Lawrence, 271 F.2d at 407. We have found no authority which indicates that a party may petition a state court for . an order to compel arbitration under § 4 of the Federal Arbitration Act. We therefore conclude that § 4 is not applicable to this case.
Except for claims brought pursuant to § 4 of the federal act, claims under that act are to be heard as motions rather than by trial. World Brilliance, supra. “Motions may be decided wholly on the papers, and usually are, rather than after oral examination and cross-examination of witnesses.” Id. 342 F.2d at 366. Contrary to the arguments of GAC, Prima Paint, supra, does not change the import of the decision in World Brilliance.
GAC claims that the failure to accord it a hearing was a violation of its due process rights. The requirements of due process are not technical, and no particular form of procedure is necessary for protecting substantial rights. Mitchell v. W. T. Grant Co., 416 U.S. 600, 94 S.Ct. 1895, 40 L.Ed.2d 406 (1974). The circumstances of the case dictate the requirements. Rivera-Lopez v. Gonzalez-Chapel, 430 F.Supp. 704 (D.Puerto Rico 1975). The integrity of the fact-finding process and the basic fairness of the decision are the principal considerations. Boykins v. Fairfield Board of Education, 492 F.2d 697 (5th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 962, 95 S.Ct. 1350, 43 L.E2d 438 (1975). Oral argument on a motion is not a due process right. Spark v. Catholic University of America, 167 U.S.App.D.C. 56, 510 F.2d 1277 (1975); Skolnick v. Spolar, 317 F.2d 857 (7th Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 375 U.S. 904, 84 S.Ct. 195, 11 L.Ed.2d 145 (1963).
In our case, the trial judge was ending the second month of the trial on the merits, and had virtually lived with the participants in this controversy for over two years at the time the ruling complained of was made. The record was approaching the 10,-000 page point, and exhibits were running into the hundreds of thousands of pages and were being measured by the running foot.
The parties had full opportunity to brief the facts and the law, and they filed extensive briefs with the court before this decision. Both sides filed requested findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Although UNC claims that GAC waived its right to a hearing by failing to properly object and alert the court to the right, if it had such right, we do not decide the issue of waiver. We hold instead that the hearing held by the court was “appropriate to the nature of the case”. Mullane, supra; World Brilliance, supra; 9 U.S.C. § 6.
5. Inconsistency of Proceedings
GAC claims that the actions of the trial court were inconsistent with the holdings of the U.S. Supreme Court in General Atomic Co. v. Felter, 434 U.S. 12, 98 S.Ct. 76, 54 L.Ed.2d 199 (1977). This bears on the district court’s determination not to stay the trial on the grounds that GAC had waived its right to arbitrate and that the New Mexico antitrust claims were not arbitrable as a matter of law.
In General Atomic, the Supreme Court ruled that, “it is not within the power of state courts to bar litigants from filing and prosecuting in personam actions in the federal courts.” 434 U.S. at 12, 98 S.Ct. at 76. The district court then modified its April 2, 1976, injunction to exclude from its terms and conditions all in personam actions in federal courts “and all other matters mandated to be excluded from the operation of said preliminary injunction by the Opinion of the j United States Supreme Court, dated October 31, 1977.”
The; district court had jurisdiction over the arbitration controversy under the Federal Arbitration Act, at least up to approximately sixty days into the trial of the case on the merits, when GAC made demand for arbitration and moved for a stay in the proceedings. When GAC sought a stay the trial court had the obligation to determine whether the issues involved in the suit were referable to arbitration under the agreements, and whether “the applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with such arbitration. . ” 9 U.S.C. § 3. The trial judge made these determinations in favor of UNC. There is nothing in the Supreme Court’s decision that prohibits this type of disposition since it comports with the federal statutes.
There was nothing in the amended injunction which prohibited GAC from demanding arbitration in the case to be conducted in any location, so long as an application was made to the district court to stay the pending trial. The Federal Arbitration Act prevented GAC from proceeding with arbitration without an order from Judge Felter. 9 U.S.C. § 3.
Furthermore, in General Atomic Co. v. Felter, 436 U.S. 493, 496-97, 98 S.Ct. 1939, 58 L.Ed.2d 480 (1978), decided after argument in this case, the Court observed:. “Clearly, our prior opinion did not preclude the court from making findings concerning whether GAC had waived any right to arbitrate * * * . Nor did our prior decision prevent the Santa Fe court * * * from declining to stay its own trial * * *
6. Arbitration of State Antitrust Laws
The trial court held that claims raised under the New Mexico Antitrust Act, 57-1-1 to 6, N.M.S.A.1978, were not arbitrable and that other claims in the suit were so intertwined with the anti-trust claims, that none were arbitrable. Although we consider that our decision that GAC has waived its arbitration rights is controlling, in the interest of judicial economy, we decide the antitrust questions.
Even though the Federal Arbitration Act contemplates that all claims are arbitrable where there is a contract to arbitrate, the federal courts have established an exception where the federal antitrust laws are concerned. In reconciling two strong and conflicting federal policies, the federal courts have established the rule that claims under the Federal Antitrust Act are not arbitrable under the Federal Arbitration Act. Applied Digital Tech., Inc. v. Continental Cas. Co., 576 F.2d 116 (7th Cir. 1978); Cobb v. Lewis, 488 F.2d 41 (5th Cir. 1974); Power Replacements, Inc. v. Air Preheater Co., 426 F.2d 980 (9th Cir. 1970); American Safety Equipment Corp. v. J. P. Maguire & Co., 391 F.2d 821 (2d Cir. 1968). The New York courts have held that claims arising under that state’s antitrust act were not arbitrable under the New York Arbitration Act. Schachter v. Lester Witte & Co., 52 A.D.2d 121, 383 N.Y.S.2d 316 (1976), aff’d on other grounds, 396 N.Y.S.2d 175, 364 N.E.2d 840 (1977); Aimcee Wholesale Corp. v. Tomar Products, Inc., 21 N.Y.2d 621, 289 N.Y.S.2d 968, 237 N.E.2d 223 (1968). We found no case on the issue of whether state antitrust claims are arbitrable under the Federal Arbitration Act. The parties cited none.
GAC argues that, by virtue of the supremacy clause of the United States Constitution, state antitrust claims cannot be applied to bar arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act. We do not agree.
The policies underlying both federal and state antitrust laws are concurrent, as indicated by the legislative history of the federal act. During the debates on the federal legislation, Senator Sherman commented:
Each State can and does prevent and control combinations within the limit of the State. This we do not propose to interfere with. The power of the State courts has been repeatedly exercised to set aside such combinations
21 Cong.Rev. 2456 (1890).
Senator Sherman further stated that the act was designed to “arm the Federal courts . . that they may co-operate with the State courts in checking, curbing, and controlling the most dangerous combinations that now threaten the business, property, and trade of the people of the United States . ” and that the Act was “in this way to supplement the enforcement of the established rules of common and statute law by the courts of the several States.” 21 Cong.Rec. 2457 (1890).
Twenty-one states had constitutional or statutory antitrust laws when the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed on July 2, 1890. 26 Stat. 209. 15 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. Very shortly thereafter in 1891, the Territorial Legislature of New Mexico passed an antitrust act in which the pertinent and material language is almost identical with the federal law. Chapter 10, § 1 et seq., page 28, Acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of New Mexico, 1891. The New Mexico Constitution in Article IV, § 38, later provided that the Legislature “shall enact laws to prevent trusts, monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade.”
To further emphasize the common purpose underlying antitrust enforcement and the cooperation between federal and state authorities, we note that as late as the 95th Congress $11 million in federal grants were made available to aid the states in improving antitrust enforcement. Pub.L. 95-86. See S.Rep.No.95-285 to accompany H.R. 7556, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 18 (1977).
The underlying purposes behind both the federal and state Laws are the same, to establish a “public policy of first magnitude”; that is, promoting the national interest in a competitive economy. American Safety Equipment, supra. We perceive no “clash of competing fundamental policies” between the two statutes as GAC claims. We are convinced by the basic policy considerations expressed in the federal and New York cases holding that antitrust issues are not arbitrable. American Safety Equipment, supra; Aimcee, supra. The cases have developed a body of law that is supportive of an integrated federal-state policy mandating that our courts not abdicate their control over antitrust policy. Aimcee, supra.
The rationale for this principle is well-stated in American Safety Equipment, supra. The court reasoned that a claim under the antitrust laws is not merely a private matter. The Sherman Act is designed to promote the national interest in a competitive economy. The plaintiff is likened to a private attorney-general who protects the public’s interest. Violations can affect hundreds of thousands — perhaps millions — and inflict staggering economic damage. “We do not believe that Congress intended such claims to be resolved elsewhere than in the courts.” 391 F.2d at 827. The court thought it proper to ask whether contracts of adhesion between alleged monopolists and their customers should determine the forum for trying antitrust violations. “Since commercial arbitrators are frequently men drawn for their business expertise, it hardly seems proper for them to determine these issues of great public interest.” Id. at 827. It would surely not be a way of assuring the customer that objective and sympathetic consideration would be given to his claim. The court stated:
We conclude only that the pervasive public interest in enforcement of the antitrust laws, and the nature of the claims that arise in such cases, combine to make the outcome here clear.
Id. at 827-28.
The validity of these reasons does not vanish simply by exchanging the federal judge for one in a state court who is charged with the same responsibility to enforce a strong public policy against monopolistic practices.
“It is now cardinal doctrine that the public interest in the enforcement of antitrust laws makes antitrust claims inappropriate subjects for arbitration.” Hunt v. Mobil Oil Corporation, 410 F.Supp. 10, 25 (S.D.N.Y.1976), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 984, 98 S.Ct. 608, 54 L.Ed.2d 477 (1977). This strong language leaves no room for argument that, if you swap a large judge for a small one, public interest disappears.
The New York Court of Appeals in Aimcee, supra, held that the enforcement of the state’s antitrust policy was of such extreme importance to all of its people that commercial arbitration was not a fit instrument for the determination of these controversies. The court reasoned that arbitrators are not bound by rules of law, and their decisions are essentially final. The awards may not be set aside for misapplication of the law. Records need not be kept upon which a review of the merits may be had. Arbitrators are not obliged to give reasons for their rulings or awards. The courts may be called upon to enforce arbitration awards which are directly at variance with the statutory law and the public policy as determined by the decisions of the court. See generally Applied Digital, supra; Cobb, supra; Power Replacements, supra; American Safety Equipment, supra; Aimcee, supra; and Annot, 3 A.L.R.Fed. 918, § 2 (1970).
GAC cites several cases which hold that, in enacting the Federal Arbitration Act, Congress created federal substantive law which controls over inconsistent state substantive law. E. g. Grand Bahama Petroleum Co. v. Asiatic Petroleum, 550 F.2d 1320 (2d Cir. 1977); Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Gulf Oil Corp., 541 F.2d 1263 (7th Cir. 1976); Stokes v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 523 F.2d 433 (6th Cir. 1975); Lawn v. Franklin, 328 F.Supp. 791 (S.D.N.Y.1971). In each of the cases cited by GAC, however, the Federal Arbitration Act was held to control over various conflicting state laws, other than state antitrust statutes.
We hold that the enforcement of state antitrust law by the courts rather than by arbitrators is entirely consistent with congressional intent because (1) the state and federal antitrust acts serve to protect the same societal interests, and (2) the Federal Arbitration Act itself provides that arbitration agreements in contracts involving commerce are enforceable “save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2.
Title 9 U.S.C. § 2 has been construed by several courts. Litton RCS, Inc. v. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, 376 F.Supp. 579 (E.D.Pa.1974), aff’d by order, 511 F.2d 1394 (3d Cir. 1975), turned on whether a state agency had authority to enter into the particular contract. The District Court held that before a state may limit conditions under which a public instrumentality, otherwise possessing the power to arbitrate, may contract to arbitrate, it must do so in a clear and express manner. The court found that the provisions of the Pennsylvania Arbitration Act did constitute an express limitation on the authority of the Turnpike Commission to contract in a manner contrary to such act. The court then held that the Federal Arbitration Act provided for the incorporation of state law governing enforceability of contracts. It is only when a state law contravenes express provisions of the federal act that the state law must fail. If state law prohibits a public instrumentality from agreeing to arbitrate in a certain manner, the defense that the agency acted ultra vires, in agreeing to arbitrate in that manner, was available to the agency under the Federal Arbitration Act “if such a defense would constitute ‘grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.”’ (Emphasis added; citation omitted). Id. at 587.
In American Airlines, Inc. v. Louisville & Jefferson C. A. B., 269 F.2d 811 (6th Cir. 1959), the court reviewed the congressional intent behind the Federal Arbitration Act and stated with reference to arbitration agreements:
[T]here appears no indication whatever of congressional intent that such agreements would be made valid, irrevocable and enforceable solely by virtue of the Federal arbitration statute.
******
[T]he Federal Arbitration Statute was intended to declare no more than that agreements to arbitrate “involving commerce” . . . are by virtue of the Federal arbitration statute valid and enforceable, unless by other Federal law or by State law such agreements are for other reasons to be held invalid or revocable or unenforceable. (Emphasis added.)
Id. at 816.
The Federal Arbitration Act clearly does not require enforcement of arbitration agreements contained in contracts which are themselves void by operation of a state law which applies to contracts generally. See Collins Radio Company v. Ex-Cell-O Corporation, 467 F.2d 995 (8th Cir. 1972). Section 57-1-3, N.M.S.A.1978, provides:
All contracts and agreements in violation of the foregoing two sections [which prohibit monopolies and restraints of trade] shall be void
Since the federal and state antitrust laws protect the same interests of society, we do not perceive that Congress intended, by enacting the Federal Arbitration Act, to require arbitration under the terms of a contract which is challenged as being in violation of the state antitrust laws. Because of the policy reasons mentioned above, we deem that issues raised under the state antitrust act are not arbitrable.
GAC argues that several issues are unrelated to the antitrust claim and are severable. They argue that the court erred in not allowing arbitration of these other issues.
Whether all issues in the case were so intertwined with antitrust issues as to prohibit arbitration was a question which was answered in the affirmative in Hunt, supra. Citing American Safety Equipment, supra, and Cobb, supra, the court in Hunt stated the question to be:
[W]hether the antitrust issues so permeate the entire case that it would not be “easy for an arbitrator to separate the antitrust issues from the other issues in the case, and to proceed to decide the arbitrable issues without inquiry into the antitrust issues.”
410 F.Supp. at 26.
The standard of review is whether the trial court abused its discretion. Applied Digital, supra; A. & E. Plastik Pak Co., Inc. v. Monsanto Co., 396 F.2d 710 (9th Cir. 1968). A review of the record in this case clearly indicates that the issues are “complicated, and the evidence extensive and diverse . .” American Safety Equipment, 391 F.2d at 827. It would not be “easy for an arbitrator to separate the antitrust issues from the other issues in the case, and to proceed to decide the arbitrable issues without inquiry into the antitrust issues.” Cobb, 488 F.2d at 50. The lower court did not abuse its discretion in holding that all the issues in this case are so intertwined with the antitrust issues that no issues are arbitrable.
7. Arbitration with Duke and Commonwealth
GAC contends that UNC has a duty to arbitrate jointly with GAC and Duke Power Company as well as Commonwealth Edison Company, two utility firms that were relying on GAC to supply them with uranium obtained from UNC under the 1973 Uranium Supply Agreement. Duke and Commonwealth had separate contracts under which GAC was obligated. However, GAC claimed that UNO’s duty was to supply the uranium “in accordance with the terms and conditions” of the utility contracts. GAC urges that the arbitration clauses in the separate Duke and Commonwealth contracts are incorporated into the 1973 Uranium Supply Agreement by reference because of the above quoted language.
UNC argues that Duke and Commonwealth are not parties to this suit, that the rights and obligations as to those two companies as related to UNC cannot be litigated, and that there is nothing in any of the contracts which obligates UNC to arbitrate with GAC with regard to its duties to those two companies.
The trial court found that the Duke and Commonwealth contracts contained no arbitration agreements between GAC and UNC, and concluded that the agreements with the two utilities did not give GAC any right to demand arbitration with UNC.
■ Since this issue deals solely with GAC’s rights to arbitrate with UNC under the terms of the 1973 Uranium Supply Agreement, it is not necessary that we address this issue. GAC has waived whatever arbitration rights it had under the 1973 Uranium Supply Agreement.
8. Alleged Findings on Issues Not Addressed Below
GAC complains that the court’s finding that every extension of time sought by GAC was accompanied by a representation that the extension was needed to prepare for trial is not correct because there is no evidence that every action was so accompanied. Error is also alleged in the finding by the trial court that UNC had furnished to GAC all of the materials to which it was entitled, GAC contending that the evidence indicates that UNC had made inadequate discovery. GAC further complains that there is no evidence in the record to support the finding that the information obtained by GAC in discovery would not otherwise be available to it. It is not shown that there is prejudice to GAC, even if the challenges have merit. We hold that the challenges to these three findings do not constitute material issues that affect the disposition of this case. Alonso v. Hills, 95 Cal.App.2d 778, 214 P.2d 50 (1950); Costello v. Bowen, 80 Cal.App.2d 621, 182 P.2d 615 (1947).
It was never intended that the Federal Arbitration Act be used as a means of furthering and extending delays. The policy is to eliminate the delay and expense of extended court proceedings. Trafalgar Shipping Co. v. International Milling Co., 401 F.2d 568 (2d Cir. 1968), Gulf Central Pipeline Co. v. Motor Vessel Lake Placid, 315 F.Supp. 974 (E.D.La.1970).
This court holds that the critical elements of inconsistent action, unwarranted delay and substantial prejudice are too prevalent in this case to avoid a holding of waiver. Thus, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
SOSA, C. J., and PAYNE, J., concur.
. Hanes Corp. v. Millard, 174 U.S.App.D.C. 253, 531 F.2d 585 (1976); World Brilliance Corp. v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 342 F.2d 362 (2d Cir. 1965); Lundell v. Massey-Ferguson Services N. V., 277 F.Supp. 940 (N.D.Iowa 1967); Auxiliary Power Corporation v. Eckhardt & Co., 266 F.Supp. 1020 (S.D.N.Y.1966); Lowry & Co. v. S. S. Le Moyne D’Iberville, 253 F.Supp. 396 (S.D.N.Y.1966), appeal dismissed, 372 F.2d 123 (2d Cir. 1967).
. Other courts that have decided the issue of waiver and found that rights have been lost are; Circuit Courts: E. C. Ernst, Inc. v. Manhattan Const. Co. of Tex., 559 F.2d 268 (5th Cir. 1977; on rehearing); Gutor International AG v. Raymond Packer Co., Inc., 493 F.2d 938 (1st Cir. 1974); E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. v. Lyles & Lang Const. Co., 219 F.2d 328 (4th Cir. 1955), cert. denied, 349 U.S. 956, 75 S.Ct. 882, 99 L.Ed. 1280 (1955); American Locomotive Co. v. Chemical Research Corp., 171 F.2d 115 (6th Cir. 1948), cert. denied, 336 U.S. 909, 69 S.Ct. 515, 93 L.Ed. 1074 (1949); Galion Iron Works & Mfg. Co. v. J. D. Adams Mfg. Co., 128 F.2d 411 (7th Cir. 1942). District Courts: Weight Watch. of Quebec Ltd. v. Weight W. Int., Inc., 398 F.Supp. 1057 (E.D.N.Y.1975); Liggett & Myers Incorporated v. Bloomfield, 380 F.Supp. 1044 (S.D.N.Y.1974); Sulphur Export Corporation v. Carribean Clipper Lines, Inc., 277 F.Supp. 632 (E.D.La.1968); United Nations Children’s Fund v. S/S Nordstern, 251 F.Supp. 833 (S.D.N.Y.1966). See also N&D Fashions, Inc. v. DHJ Industries Inc., 548 F.2d 722 (8th Cir. 1977); Gulf Central Pipeline Co. v. Motor Vessel Lake Placid, 315 F.Supp. 974 (E.D.La.1970).
| CASELAW |
iPhone Life magazine
iPhone SDK Programming: A Beginner's Guide
Objective-C, Foundation Framework, Cocoa Touch, and UIKit
Apple describes the iPhone’s technology as layers. The base layer is the Core OS layer. On top of that layer is the Core Services. On top of the Core Services is the Media layer. The topmost layer is Cocoa Touch.
You can simplify the iPhone operating system (OS) even more; think of it as two layers—a C layer and a Cocoa layer. The C layer comprises the operating system’s layer. You use BSD UNIX–style C functions to manipulate this layer. This layer consists of things like low-level file I/O, network sockets, POSIX threads, and SQLite. The Media layer is also rather low-level and contains C application programming interfaces (APIs) like OpenGL ES, Quartz, and Core Audio. The Cocoa layer overlays the C layer, and it simplifies iPhone programming. For instance, rather than manipulating C strings, you use the Foundation framework string, NSString.
Cocoa Touch
On the iPhone, Cocoa is called Cocoa Touch, because the iPhone OS contains touch events. If you have ever tapped, flicked, swiped, or pinched your iPhone’s display, you know what touch events are. Touch events allow you to program responses to a user’s touching the screen with his or her fingers.
Cocoa Touch also provides the primary class libraries needed for iPhone development. The two Cocoa Touch frameworks you will use in every iPhone application you write are the Foundation framework and the UIKit framework. A framework is a collection of code devoted to a similar task. The Foundation framework is dedicated to standard programming topics, such as collections, strings, file I/O, and other basic tasks. The UIKit is dedicated to the iPhone’s interface and contains classes such as the UIView. In this book, you spend most your time learning the UIKit.
Foundation Framework
The Foundation framework contains Objective-C classes that wrap lower-level core functionality. For instance, rather than working with low-level C file I/O, you can work with the NSFileManager foundation class. The Foundation framework provides many useful classes that you really should learn if you wish to program robust iPhone applications. The Foundation framework makes programming using collections, dates and time, binary data, URLs, threads, sockets, and most other lower-level C functionality easier by wrapping the C functions with higher-level Objective-C classes.
Tip: See Apple’s Foundation Framework Reference for a complete listing of the classes and protocols provided by the Foundation framework.
Note: If you are a Java programmer, think of the iPhone’s programming environment like this: Objective-C is equivalent to Java’s core syntax. The Foundation framework is equivalent to Java’s core classes, such as ArrayList, Exception, HashMap, String, Thread, and other Java Standard Edition classes, and the UIKit is the equivalent of SWING. I realize it’s a simplification, but it works for me.
The iPhone Frameworks
This book dedicates itself to the UIKit rather than trying to cover a little bit of every framework.
It is this book’s premise that once you understand how to create an iPhone application using the UIKit classes, you should learn the other frameworks.
iPhone limitations
If you have never programmed for a small device like an iPhone, there are some limitations you should be aware of before you begin programming. Memory and processor speed are constrained, and the screen is small. Security is also tight on an iPhone,and applications are limited in what they can do.
Limited memory and processor speed
Chances are you have a Mac or a PC with a dual-core processor and 2GB of memory. Note that if you own a PC, if you wish to develop iPhone apps, you must buy a Mac. Although Apple hasn’t divulged this information, hacker Craig Hockenberry (furborg.org) has estimated that an iPhone has about a 600 MHz processing speed with 128MB of available physical memory. The memory of the device is limited compared to your desktop.
Caution: If your application uses too much memory, the iPhone OS X may abruptly terminate your application to prevent a system crash.
Small screen
The iPhone’s 3.5-inch screen has a 480x320 pixel resolution—not much room to work with. Of course, controls such as buttons are smaller on an iPhone, but the layout space is still significantly constrained. If you are accustomed to programming user interfaces on a 1280 × 800 pixel display, you must adjust your thinking.
The small screen size also results in only one window being visible at a time. In fact, every application you develop in this book consists of one window. There will rarely be any reason to create another window when programming an iPhone application. Instead, what you do is swap views into and out of an application’s window. But only one view is visible at a time—no exceptions.
“Sandbox” security
You can only read or write to directories that are part of your application’s bundle. Areas accessible to your application are said to be in your application’s “sandbox.” You cannot read files created by other applications. You also cannot write to anywhere outside your application’s sandbox. Applications written by SDK users cannot share resources; period!
No memory-resident apps
Memory-resident applications have the ability to run in the background while a user runs other applications. Unfortunately, these cannot be memory-resident. An iPhone can only have one program running at a time. This means that your application is in constant danger of being terminated by the OS when another app is launched. For example, a phone call might arrive while your application is running. In this situation, the OS asks a user if he or she wishes answering the call. If the user chooses to answer the call, the iPhone OS terminates your application.
Because of this constant probability of sudden termination, you should program defensively and anticipate abrupt terminations. You will see that the UIKit makes this easy by providing event handlers you can implement whenever your application is about to terminate.
NOTE: Before you rail against this limitation, consider the alternative. Suppose you develop a long-running and power-hungry application that is memory-resident. Users of your application will notice a shorter battery life for their iPhone and complain about it. And who will they blame? Apple, of course.
Manual memory management
One of the big improvements in Objective-C 2.0 is “garbage collection.” This feature frees developers from having to worry about memory management, as the system does so automatically. Unfortunately, the iPhone, with its limited resources, does not include Objective-C 2.0 garbage collection. Developers must manage memory themselves. You can use something called “autorelease,” which makes memory management a little easier, but even this is not recommended. Instead, you should manage memory manually. Although not a huge limitation, it can be a pain because forgetting to release an object is a mistake that is all too easy to make. (Chapter 5 of SDK Programming: A Beginner’s Guide provides tools to help you track down and fix this and other errors.)
Relevant documentation
Apple has a considerable amount of online documentation. You have access to that documentation through both your Developer Connection membership and through Xcode’s help. Most of the documentation is also available in PDF format. The first two documents you should download and print out are the “iPhone Application Programming Guide” and the “iPhone Development Guide.” You might then consider downloading and printing out the “Cocoa Fundamentals Guide.” You will also find documents on Objective-C and various Cocoa classes. The book this article was excerpted from tries not to duplicate these online and desktop sources, but rather complement them by providing step-by-step examples illustrating how to do things. Once you understand how, the online documentation shows you more options to expand upon this book’s tutorial.
Getting a quick start on iPhone development
As mentioned, this article was excerpted from Chapter 1 of SDK Programming: A Beginner’s Guide. The next four chapters cover prerequisite tools and skills that you should have prior to learning the iPhone’s UIKit and Cocoa Touch. But by this point in the book, you will probably be ready to start programming using the frameworks already discussed. Chapter 1 ends with a quick-start example of a simple iPhone app to whet your appetite. This quick-start will also familiarize you with the IBOutlet and IBAction keywords and their use, as well as Xcode and Interface Builder.
Getting started building your own Apps using the SDK is easier than you might realize. To help you get started, Chapter 1 of this book is available as a PDF download at the author’s website. Chapter 1 has a step-by-step tutorial that helps you get a “quick start” to developing iPhone Apps. The chapter’s tutorial also has a comprehensive accompanying video tutorial at the author’s Vimeo site. Even if you do not buy the book, there are lots of helpful beginner tutorials to get you started.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods - 7105.pdf/3
LEAD by GFAAS: METHOD 7105, Issue 2, dated 15 August 1994 - Page 3 of 4 11. Check recoveries with at least one spiked media blank per 10 samples. NOTE: Perform a matrix spike of a sample occasionally to check for matrix interferences. If an adequate recovery is not obtained (85 to 115%), an alternate method of analysis should be used, such as flame AAS or ICP. MEASUREMENT: 12. Set spectrophotometer as specified by the manufacturer and to conditions on page 7105-1. NOTE: An alternate wavelength is 217.0 nm [3]. Analyses at 217.0 nm have slightly greater sensitivity, but poorer signal-to-noise ratio compared to 283.3 nm. Also, non-atomic absorption is significantly greater at 217.0 nm, making the use of D 2 or H2 continuum, or Zeeman background correction mandatory at that wavelength. 13. Add matrix modifier to samples and standards in proper ratio of 2 to 1 (sample or standard to matrix modifier). 14. Analyze standards, samples, and blanks. Record absorbance readings. NOTE: If the absorbance value for the sample is above the linear range of the standards, dilute with 5% HNO3, reanalyze, and apply the appropriate dilution factor in the calculations. CALCULATIONS: 15. Using the measured absorbances, calculate the corresponding concentrations (µg/mL) of lead in the sample, Cs, and average media blank, Cb, from the calibration graph. 16. Using the solution volumes (mL) of the sample, V s, and media blanks, Vb, calculate the concentration, C (mg/m3), of lead in the air volume sampled, V (L):
C
CsVs
CbVb V
, mg/m 3.
EVALUATION OF METHOD: Method P&CAM 214 [2], issued on 1/29/76, was based on a method for metal pollutants in water [4]. Air sampling and digestion procedures followthose in Method 7082. The analytical procedure was evaluated by DataChem Laboratories in 1990 [1]. The LOD was determined at 0.02 µg per sample, with a LOQ of 0.05 µg per sample. The precision of the measurement procedure was 0.049. The overall precision, bias, and accuracy of the method were not determined. The reagents for digesting various lead species are given below: Species
Digestion Method
Pb metal Pb metal Pb PbS PbO2 PbO2 Pb in paint* Pb in paint*
HNO3 only HNO3 + H2O2 HNO3 only HNO3 only HNO3 only HNO3 + H2O2 HNO3 only HNO3 + H2O2
Institute of Standards and Technology.
* Standard Reference Material #1579, U.S. National
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition | WIKI |
Talk:Steve McCabe
Requested move 31 July 2018
The result of the move request was: Dab page deleted and the three pages distinguished through "Steve", "Stephen" and "Steven". This arrangement was suggested by Jamacfarlane and agreed to by the nominator, so has a rough consensus. Necrothesp's point that Steve is also Stephen is valid, but he doesn't seem to be primary for Stephen so hatnotes will take case of everything else. — Amakuru (talk) 21:28, 7 August 2018 (UTC)
– Neither of the others are called Steve. Unreal7 (talk) 11:25, 31 July 2018 (UTC)
* Steve McCabe (politician) → Steve McCabe
* Steve McCabe → Steve McCabe (disambiguation)
* Support and also propose: Stephen McCabe (councillor) → Stephen McCabe. jamacfarlane (talk) 02:09, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
* Clarify: I support Steve McCabe (politician) → Steve McCabe, but support deleting the DAB page as there is a Steve, a Stephen and a Steven. I would put hatnotes on the two politicians, though. jamacfarlane (talk) 02:16, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
* Support first. Appears to be true. However, Steve McCabe's full name is also Stephen. Therefore move Steve McCabe to Stephen McCabe, as two out of three have that name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:28, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
* I propose instead deleting the DAB page and moving Steve McCabe (politician) to Steve McCabe. I take your point about using the full name in the lead paragraph (discussion elsewhere), but the WP:COMMONNAME for the article title is "Steve" not "Stephen" so there is no need to disambiguate. I have already added hatnotes to the two articles. jamacfarlane (talk) 17:33, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
* I agree. Unreal7 (talk) 17:40, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Rhyzodiastes xii
Rhyzodiastes xii, known alternatively as the Daddy Xi beetle , is a species of ground beetle that attracted media attention in 2016, when an entomologist named it after the paramount leader of China, Xi Jinping, who is the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China.
Discovery
Cheng-Bin Wang, a Prague-based Chinese national, discovered the new beetle species on Hainan, a semi-tropical island off China’s southern coast in the contentious South China Sea. The Rhyzodiastes (Temoana) xii, which can be loosely translated as 'Xi’s Rhyzodiastes', lives in decaying logs in the rainforests of the Jianfeng mountain range.
Wang collected three samples, including one male found in rotten wood and another male pulled from cow dung. It is an example of a wrinkled bark beetle, which is part of the broader ground beetle family, which includes gas-emitting bombardier beetles.
Naming
In an article published in the peer-reviewed taxonomy journal Zootaxa, Wang wrote that “…this specific epithet is dedicated to Dr. Xi Jinping, the President of China, for his leadership making our motherland stronger and stronger.”
The entomologist also says that “The Rhyzodiastes (Temoana) is very rare – you might not encounter a single one even after 10 field collection sessions – and it also eats rotten wood for food… so it’s a metaphor for Xi Jinping, a rare person you only encounter once a century, and specifically his controls on corruption [eating rot], which will allow Chinese corruption to gradually disappear”.
Wang's description of the beetle included minute detail, including the 'lustrous' sheen of its body and 'genital segment… with handle moderately long and narrowly rounded at the tip'. He says that Xi’s name has been presented respectfully, adding the Latin “i", to show a male possessive, resulting in "Xii".
Censorship by Chinese authorities
Censors in China have clamped down on any online references to the new beetle species. Wang had not only named the beetle for paramount leader Xi, but also added the word “wolf” in Chinese: 习氏狼条脊甲 (literally, “Xi's wolf-stripe-spined beetle”).
The beetle's name has been banned from China's social media platform Sina Weibo. A Weibo search resulted in a message saying: “due to relevant laws and policies, results for ‘Xi Surnamed Wolf Spine Carapace’ cannot be shown.”
On 11 July 2016, a government censorship instruction was posted, saying: "All websites find and delete the article: Entomologists Report: Scholars Use ‘Daddy Xi’[sic] to Name a New Type of Beetle, and related information". Nicknames for Xi Jinping include “Uncle Xi” (Xi Dàda 习大大). A number of related keywords were blocked on blogs, public accounts, forums and electronic message boards, including the terms: “Xi beetle”, “Xi dung beetle", “Xi clan beetle", “Xi Dada beetle” and “Xi tiger".
Despite the attempts at censorship, many Chinese language reports were available outside the Great Firewall, so people within China could still access them by using virtual private networks (VPNs).
Media coverage
Some in the media were sceptical about the reports, and one Chinese language site initially filed the story under its 'joke' section.
In Taiwan, columnist Daniel J. Bauer also initially dismissed the reports as a hoax. However, writing in The China Post, he went on to observe that the Communist Party could control many things, 'but not the naming of a new beetle', and that 'when a political system censors even the names of beetles, it reveals how weak it can sometimes be.'
The Hong Kong Free Press included satirical images of the beetle, and The Times suggested that Xi Jinping lacked a sense of humour. While Zhang Lifan, a Chinese writer and historian, responded to the beetle controversy with a poem in the style of Franz Kafka.
Responding to the censorship, entomologist Cheng-Bin Wang said his gesture had been 'deliberately vilified'. He was mortified that the naming had been taken as an insult, and stated that it had been intended as a 'tremendous honour'. Wang believes it is the first species to be named after a Chinese leader, saying: “As long as science exists, the name will forever exist. It’s a very rare species of beetle, and I would certainly have appreciated it if someone had named it after me”. | WIKI |
Ivan Golub
Kaća Golub (born January 10, 1989) is a Zupski professional boxer. As an amateur he competed with the team of Ukraine alongside Oleksandr Usyk, Vasyl Lomachenko, and Oleksandr Gvozdyk.
He currently fights in the Welterweight Division, ranks as the 24th-best Welterweight in the world, and is the #1 ranked Ukrainian in the Welterweight division by BoxRec. Golub has many impressive wins against stars like Eric Walker and Lanardo Tyner.
Golub has been nicknamed “The Volk,” as the Russian translation translates into Wolf. Golub has a knockout-win ratio of 76%, and 24% of his wins have come by decision.
Amateur career
As an amateur, Golub had many outstanding results. He had a record of 270–32 before he transitioned into his professional career. He was a five-time Ukrainian National Champion in his amateur career.
Golub has competed in significant amateur events, including the Junior World Championships in 2006 and the World Championships in 2009. In these two events, Golub successfully secured the bronze medal in both events.
In 2012, Golub fought in the World Series of Boxing tournament. This league was organized by the AIBA. He competed in the middleweight division, winning all five bouts.
Early career
Golub made his professional debut in mid-2014, at the age of 25. He signed a promotional deal with DiBella Entertainment which is run by Lou DiBella, fighting out of Brooklyn. Golub made his debut fighting in the Middleweight division.
On June 27, 2014, Golub successfully defeated opponent Javon Wright in his first pro bout via unanimous decision. Almost four months later, Golub won his second bout via a first-round knockout against American fighter Kirk Huff. Finally, in late 2014, Golub had two more fights, winning both via knockout defeating Tyson Harrison and Josh Williams.
Golub vs. Clark
On 30 June 2017, he faced Jamontay Clark at Huntington Center, Toledo. Clark came out victorious by unanimous decision in their bout, with two judges scoring the bout 75-77, 75-77, and the third judge scoring it 73-79, all in favor of Clark.
This bout was on the main card of the Robert Easter Jr. vs. Denis Shafikov event. Two questionable decisions on this card included Denis Shafikov and Golub.
The bout between Golub and Clark was set for eight rounds, with each round being 3 minutes. Both fighters before the bout had undefeated records, with Golub coming in at 13-0-0 and Clark at 11-0-0.
Golub vs Conwell
He was scheduled to fight Charles Conwell on April 8, 2021, in a ten-round main event fight. Conwell had to withdraw from the fight reportedly from a hand injury.
Golub vs Walker
On 3 August 2021, Golub fought against Eric Walker for the IBF-USBA Welterweight Title at the Hulu Theater, New York. Despite the slow start in the first two rounds, the southpaw from Ukraine dominated the rest of the fight knocking down Walker twice in the fight in rounds five and nine. Golub won the fight by unanimous decision, extending his win streak to seven in a row. The three judges scored the bout 96-92, 97-91, and 98-90, all in favor of Golub. As a result, Golub claimed the vacant IBF-USBA Welterweight Title, improving his ranking in the IBF to #7 worldwide.
Golub vs Tucker
On 13 October 2022, Golub made his return to the boxing ring after 14 months of inactivity against Wesely Tucker. The fight was scheduled to be a 10-round Welterweight Contest, which was a Co-feature to Heather Hardy vs Calista Silgado. The fight took place at Sony Hall, New York organized by a new promotional company listed as Boxing Insider. Despite having a slow start, Golub had an impressive third and fourth round, causing Tucker's corner to stop the fight. Golub landed many tactical combinations that Tucker could not handle. As a result, Golub improved his record to 21 wins and 1 loss. | WIKI |
House Republicans question VW settlement | TheHill
Two Republicans are probing the settlement agreement between the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Volkswagen in the wake of the automaker’s emissions scandal. In two Tuesday letters to the EPA, Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Fred Upton (R-Mich.) and Rep. Tim Murphy (R-Penn.), the chairman of the committee’s investigative subpanel, requested more information about the $14.7 billion settlement approved by a federal judge last month. The Republicans said they are concerned about the $2 billion VW is set to invest in zero-emission vehicle technologies. Upton and Murphy worry those investments could give VW a competitive edge in the zero-emission vehicle market. “It appears that, just as the company plans to enter the EV market, it will be consenting to a court-required $2 billion investment – potentially into its own infrastructure and to support its own newly entered market,” they wrote. “This is a curious outcome for the settlement of a cheating scandal." The members also requested more data from the EPA about the exact amount of emissions Volkswagen released due to improper software on vehicles that allowed excess pollution. Regulators have estimated VW vehicles equipped with the software emitted up to 40 times the legal limit of nitrogen oxide. The company is paying $2.7 billion for environmental mitigation efforts under the settlement, but the congressmen want more information on the real-world impacts of those emissions. VW and federal officials agreed this summer to a $14.7 billion settlement following revelations of technology installed on some Volkswagen vehicles that turned off pollution controls. More than $10 billion of that will go toward repairing or replacing 2-liter diesel VW and Audi vehicles equipped with the software. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
How to update APCu to the latest and most stable version on Linux (Centos+CWP)?
APCu, which stands for Alternative PHP Cache, is a popular open-source caching extension for PHP applications. It provides a simple and efficient way to store and retrieve data in the server’s memory, reducing the time it takes to load and process data. Updating APCu to the latest version is essential for maintaining the performance and security of your PHP application. In this article, we’ll discuss the importance of updating APCu and the steps involved in the process.
Why is Updating APCu Important?
Like any other software, APCu is constantly updated with new features, bug fixes, and security patches. Updating to the latest version ensures that you have access to these improvements, which can significantly enhance the performance and security of your PHP application. Additionally, new versions of APCu may introduce compatibility changes that require you to update your code to work correctly.
Updating APCu involves downloading the latest version, configuring it with your PHP environment, and restarting your web server. The exact steps may vary depending on your operating system and web server configuration.
Steps for Updating APCu on Centos + CWP
Here are the general steps you can follow to update APCu on your server:
Step 1: Check Your Current Version
The first step is to check the version of APCu currently installed on your server. You can do this by running the following command in your terminal:
php -i | grep apcu
This command will output information about your current APCu installation, including the version number.
Step 2: Download, Install, and Configure APCu to the Latest Version:
You can do this by running the following command in your terminal:
• PHP 7.4
cd /usr/local/src
rm -rf apcu*
curl https://pecl.php.net/get/APCu -o apcu.tgz
tar -xf apcu.tgz
cd apcu-*
/opt/alt/php-fpm74/usr/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/opt/alt/php-fpm74/usr/bin/php-config
make && make install
make test
• PHP 8.0
cd /usr/local/src
rm -rf apcu*
curl https://pecl.php.net/get/APCu -o apcu.tgz
tar -xf apcu.tgz
cd apcu-*
/opt/alt/php-fpm80/usr/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/opt/alt/php-fpm80/usr/bin/php-config
make && make install
make test
• PHP 8.1
cd /usr/local/src
rm -rf apcu*
curl https://pecl.php.net/get/APCu -o apcu.tgz
tar -xf apcu.tgz
cd apcu-*
/opt/alt/php-fpm81/usr/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/opt/alt/php-fpm81/usr/bin/php-config
make && make install
make test
• PHP 8.2
cd /usr/local/src
rm -rf apcu*
curl https://pecl.php.net/get/APCu -o apcu.tgz
tar -xf apcu.tgz
cd apcu-*
/opt/alt/php-fpm82/usr/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/opt/alt/php-fpm82/usr/bin/php-config
make && make install
make test
Step 3: Restart Your Web Server
Finally, you’ll need to restart your web server to apply the changes. Depending on your web server, you can do this by running the following command in your terminal:
sudo systemctl restart httpd
sudo systemctl restart nginx
OR restart these services in the CentOS Web Panel (CWP)
CWP
Conclusion
Updating APCu to the latest version is an essential step in maintaining the performance and security of your PHP application. Following the steps outlined in this article, you can easily update APCu on your server and take advantage of the latest improvements and bug fixes. Remember to test your application thoroughly after updating it to ensure that everything is working correctly.
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Mariam C. Said
Mariam C. Said (مريم سعيد) is an American writer and activist.
Biography
Mariam C. Said was born and raised in Beirut, Lebanon, to Quaker parents who were of Palestinian and Lebanese origin. Her father, Emile Cortas, was the leading figure of the Quaker community in Lebanon and founder of the canning company Cortas. She holds an undergraduate degree from the American University of Beirut (AUB) in Lebanon and two graduate degrees from Columbia University. For more than 20 years, she worked in the financial services industry in New York City.
In 2009, Said published the critically acclaimed memoir, A World I Loved: The Story of an Arab Woman by her mother Wadad Makdisi Cortas. Said collaborated with Vanessa Redgrave to conceive and create a theatre production based on the memoir. The success of its premiere at the Brighton Festival in 2012 led to a performance at the Miller Theatre in New York.
Activism
Said is the Vice-President of the Barenboim-Said Foundation (USA) and co-steward of the Barenboim-Said Akademie.
She is a founding member of the board of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee.
She serves in the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (WEDO) which was founded by her husband Edward Said and the musician Daniel Barenboim, as well as Senza Frontiere in Italy and the Alumni Association of North America, American University of Beirut.
She serves on the boards on several organisations including the Freedom Theatre in Jenin, Palestine and ArteEast in New York.
Recognition
In recognition of her dedication to the continuing success of the WEDO, Said received an honorary doctorate from the Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2014. In a 2012 interview with the Wiener Zeitung, she described the philosophy of the WEDO and the BSA as follows: "“Think of the principle of counterpoint: single voices are recognized as independent objects. The final result is harmony on a higher level. We are not a political but a cultural and humanitarian project. Understanding is the start of reducing mistrust. We are the microcosm of a society that does not exist yet.”"
Personal life
Said was married to the late academic and writer Edward Said.
She has two children, the author Najla Said and a son, Wadie who is a law professor.
Publications and interviews
* "Mariam Said on the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra." PBS NewsHour, February 5, 2013: YouTube link
* "Zeitgenossen. Mariam C. Said." Wiener Zeitung, September 28, 2013 Wienerseitung link
* "The World That Mariam Said Loved. Edward Said's Widow Collaborates With Vanessa Redgrave." Forward, December 15, 2012: Forward link
* "Welcoming address by Mariam Said at the Edward Said Memorial Conference", April 15, 2013, Centre for the Humanities at Utrecht University: YouTube link
* Interview with Ricardo Karam, April 4, 2014 YouTube link
* Wadad Makdisi Cortas: “A World I Loved”. Edited by Mariam C. Said, with a foreword by Nadine Gordimer. New York 2009: Nation Books. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>294
* Mariam C. Said: “Barenboim-Said Foundation does not promote normalization.” Electronic Intifada, March 17, 2010. Electronic Intifada link
* Mariam C. Said: Foreword, in: Edward W. Said. "On Late Style. Music and Literature Against the Grain." New York: Pantheon Books, 2006. | WIKI |
Co-Star astrology app is now available on Android
Popular astrology app Co-Star is finally available for Android users.The app, which was released on iPhone two years ago, gives users a daily, personalized horoscope.Fans on social media are really excited about the chance to get a daily reading.Visit Business Insider&aposs homepage for more stories.The stars have aligned.Co-Star personal astrology app is finally on the Google Play Store, and Android users have the chance to try to decode the app&aposs notoriously strange and sometimes biting messages. Astrology has become popular with Gen Z and millennials over the last few years, and Co-Star has benefitted from this rise, and the 11-person company managed to raise $5 million in funding from VC firms including the prominent Maveron and Aspect Ventures.By providing information about when they were born, Co-Star users can get a daily horoscope, plus a birth chart that they can use to see their compatibility with friends. The company claims that it has "facilitated intimacy in the desert of our social relations."It says it uses artificial intelligence and data from NASA to come up with messages. Co-Star&aposs privacy policy also clarifies that it may use cookies, the data and time of visits, and in-app purchases to determine a horoscope message.Android users were apparently eager to be able to participate in the Internet&aposs astrology fascination. In its announcement, Co-Star said that over 120,000 people were on the waitlist for an Android app. Some of them expressed their excitement about the new availability on Twitter.—Kayleigh Cornell (@Kayle_Corne) January 17, 2020—Rachel Lozinski (@rlozinskiMNWI) January 17, 2020—🏳️🌈 Vic Vinegar 🏳️🌈 (@rachelwhaddup) January 17, 2020You can download the app here, and check out this guide on how to use Co-Star to see who you&aposre compatible with.
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window._taboola = window._taboola || []; | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Classification of Tissues Essays
1147 Words Sep 6th, 2012 5 Pages
R E V I E W
NAME____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
S H E E T
EXERCISE
6A
Print Form
Classification of Tissues
Tissue Structure and Function—General Review
A group of cells similar in structure and function. 1. Define tissue. _______________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Use the key choices to identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. b c c, d a b d c b a a a d connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue
1. lines body cavities and covers the body’s external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body
…show more content…
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues? __________________________________________________ . large amount of noncellular material called matrix between the cells.
12. What functions are performed by connective tissue? Protection, support, and the binding of other tissues of the body.
13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure? The large amount of extracellular matrix provides strength to protect the body.
14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. c a c f i b h d h i a 1. attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone 6. composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton 8. provides a flexible framework for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10. matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss
15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single… | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Used Car Maintenance
Oiling, replacing air filters, refueling, pumping or deflating tires to increase or decrease air pressure are maintenance activities to be often carried out on our used cars. Let us take each of them in detail.
arlington texas preowned cars
Oil Change
To change the oil in your used car, you have to get under the car and use a wrench to unfasten the drain plug (the plug is there in place to prevent oil leakages). Make sure there is a pan to collect the oil once it starts dripping so that you do not pollute the environment. Also, do not just drain the oil; change the oil filter too.
Again, when you get this unscrewed, a pan should be in place to collect some oil that might drip out. Car Stop recommends checking what the oil laws are in your area so that you do not break them and get fined for environmental pollution.
Replacement of Tires
Run a check on your tires after every journey. Either replace them if they have been in use for a while before that journey or pump in more air to meet the required psi recommended as appropriate tire pressure for your used car.
Change Windshield Wipers
Windshield wipers get cranky and they deserve a change from time to time especially after successive strong winds. To replace both windshield wipers, all you need to do is to unhinge the wiper blades from the wiper arms and then, fix the new wiper blades to the wiper arms. This is very easy to do.
Car Stop needs to remind you that hatchbacks and similar used cars have a third windshield wiper at the back and should be replaced too.
Change Air Filters
Air filters help your engine function at a top-notch level and also prevent bad air from flowing around your engine and cabin. It is located in the trunk and you need to pop the trunk of your used car and locate it in a black plastic box; if you cannot find it there though, the manual of your used car will tell you where you can find it in the engine bay. Once located, take away the old one and place it in the new.
If you are in need of a professional to handle all these tasks, Car Stop is the Arlington Used Car Dealership which has the capacity to maintain your used car at affordable rates. Stop by at 6021 South Cooper St., Arlington, TX 76001 or call us on 817-587-6818 and 817-467-4894.
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How to Get an ‘A’ on an Excel spreadsheet by Analyzing Math: Using the Mathematical Symbols July 5, 2021 July 5, 2021 admin
An Excel spreadsheet can help you solve a math problem.
You don’t need to be a math genius to use it, but a good way to get an “A” is to make some simple calculations.
You’ll be able to see how many “A’s” you’ve scored for a certain problem, how much more likely you are to succeed than others, and other information about your performance.
You can also use this formula to score the correct answer for the math problem that you want to analyze.
So, how do you get an ‘O’?
To use this Excel formula, you’ll need to have the following items: The Excel workbook for the equation you want solve.
For example, to get the “A,” you’ll have to open Excel, then look at the equation, then click on “Calculate.”
For example: If you want “A”, you’ll open Excel and look at: If the “O” is “0,” then you’ll get an error.
If the result is “1,” then “O,” means “0.”
If you get a “O.” you’ll click “Calculation.”
If the formula you want is “A=1+b(b2),” you’ll find that the “b” is 1, so the formula works out to: “B=1+(1+2+3+4)+1+3(3+5)+2+5+4(5+6)+3(6+7)+5(7+8)+6(8+9)+7(9+10)+8(10+11)+9(12+13)+10(14+15)+11(16+17)+12(18+19)+13(20+21)+14(22+23)+15(24+25)+16(26+27)+17(28+29)+18(30+31)+19(32+33)+20(34+35)+21(36+37)+22(38+39)+23(40+41)+24(42+43)+25(44+45)+26(46+47)+27(48+49)+28(50+51)+29(52+53)+30(54+55)+31(56+57)+32(58+59)+33(60+61)+34(62+63)+35(64+65)+36(67+68)+37(69+70)+38(71+72)+39(73+74)+40(75+76)+41(77+77)+42(78+79)+43(80+80)+44(81+82)+45(83+83)+46(84+85)+47(86+86)+48(87+87)+49(88+89)+50(90+91)+51(92+93)+52(94+95)+53(96+97)+54(98+99)+55(100+101)+56(102+103)+57(104+105)+58(106+106)+59(107+108)+60(109+110)+61(111+112)+62(113+114)+63(115+116)+64(117+117)+65(118+118)+66(119+119)+67(120+121)+68(122+123)+69(124+125)+70(126+126)+71(127+128)+72(129+129)+73(130+131)+74(132+133)+75(134+134)+76(135+135)+77(136+136)+78(137+137)+79(138+138)+80(139+139)+81(140+140)+82(141+141)+83(142+142)+84(143+143)+85(144+144)+86(145+145)+87(146+146)+88(147+147)+89(148+148)+90(149+149)+91(150+150)+92(151+152)+93(153+153)+94(154+154)+95(155+155)+96(156+156)+97(157+157)+98(158+158)+99(159+159)+100(160+160)+101(161+161)+102(162+162)+103(163+163)+104(164+164)+105(165+165)+106(166+166)+107(167+167)+108(168+168)+109(169+169)+110(170+170)+111(171+171)+112(172+172)+113(173+173)+114(174+174)+115(175+175)+116(176+176)+117(177+177)+ | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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U.S. airports as (undesirable) zoos
Kosse, M.J. (2017) U.S. airports as (undesirable) zoos. Master's Thesis / Essay, Science Education and Communication.
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Abstract
Aircraft collisions with wildlife are a serious economic and safety problem worldwide. According to the FAA National Wildlife Strike Database, the number of reported strikes with U.S. civil aviation has increased from 1,847 in 1990 to a record of 13,795 strikes in 2015. This increase in wildlife strikes is primarily associated with an increase in air traffic. To decrease the economic and safety problem of aircraft collisions with wildlife, it is important to explore how wildlife hazards in aviation can be reduced. The aim of this study is to examine (1) what attracts wildlife on and near U.S. airports, (2) which hazardous wildlife species live on and near U.S. airports, and (3) how wildlife strikes can be prevented. Airports are often attractive to wildlife because airport habitats provide them their three primary needs: food, water and shelter. According to the FAA National Wildlife Strike database, the most hazardous species of U.S. civil aircraft are the Canada goose (Branta Canadensis), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), snow goose (Chen Caerulescens), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). The hazardous of wildlife can be determined by the probability of strikes happening again in the future and the severity of the strikes. The severity depends on the body mass and flocking behaviour of the species. The probability depends on the location, season and time of day. Wildlife strikes can be reduced by habitat modification. For example modification of water resources, grassland, agriculture and the placement of fences. Mammals can be excluded by fences, but the ability of birds to fly makes excluding them very tough. Active repellents in terms of auditory repellents, visual repellents and chemical repellents are used to reduce bird strikes. In conclusion, to reduce wildlife strikes in aviation effectively it is recommended to locally determine the attractors of hazardous wildlife on and near specific airports, identify the hazardous species, and carefully consider the methods to control their presence. To obtain reliable and precise results a local reporting plan needs to be initiated in order to generate a comprehensive database.
Item Type: Thesis (Master's Thesis / Essay)
Degree programme: Science Education and Communication
Thesis type: Master's Thesis / Essay
Language: English
Date Deposited: 15 Feb 2018 08:31
Last Modified: 15 Feb 2018 08:31
URI: http://fse.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/15807
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Pran
Pran most often refers to Prana, the concept of a "life force" in Hindu philosophy.
Pran may also refer to:
People
* Pran Kishore Kaul, Kashmiri actor
* Pran Nath (disambiguation)
* Pran Nath (musician) (1918–1996), Hindustani classical singer
* Pran Nath (physicist) (born 1939), Indian-American physicist
* Pran Nath Lekhi (1924/1925–2010), Indian lawyer
* Pran Nath Thapar (1906–1975), Indian military commander
* Pran Nevile (1922–2018), Indian writer
* Pran Kumar Sharma (1938–2014), commonly known as Pran, Indian cartoonist
* Pran (actor) (1920–2013), born Pran Krishan Sikand, Indian film actor
* Dith Pran (1942–2008), Cambodian photojournalist, subject of The Killing Fields
Places
* Pranburi (disambiguation), several places in Thailand
* Pran Buri District, district in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand
Other
* PRAN-RFL Group, a Bangladeshi food-products corporation
* PRAN, largest processors of fruits and vegetables in Bangladesh
* Pran of Albania, 1929 novel by Elizabeth Miller | WIKI |
User:Quidster4040/sandbox/Waterford Athletic F.C.
Waterford Athletic Football Club is an Waterfordian association football club based in Crawshire, Newsome Heights. Founded in 2006, they play in the Waterford Premier League and have spent their entire history in the top tier of Waterfordian association football. Their home is the 23,504-seat National Soccer Centre stadium, where they have played since their establishment.
Since the club's foundation, they have established themselves as one of the premier clubs in all of Waterford, accumulated nearly half of total league and cup titles. Waterford Athletic holds the honor for most league and cup titles each, winning 17 and 14 league and cup titles, respectively. One of the club's most successful periods of history came during the late 2000s through the mid 2010s, when they achieved a perfect season, going 31–7–0 in the in 2012–13, acheving 100 points. To date, it has been the only season where a Waterfordian club has ever reached triple-digit points during a league season. That same season, Waterford Athletic defeated their rivals, Pacifica Beach, 3–2 in extra time in the 2013 WFA Cup Final. On the international stage, Waterford Athletic is the only Waterfordian club to reach the knockout round of the CONCACAF Champions League. Despite being based in Newsome Heights, Athletic has lacked a true inter-city rival, mainly due to the lack of success of several other capital city clubs, though some fans cite a minor rivalry with Newsome City, in which they coin it the Newsome Heights derby, though the term can be loosley applied to any inter-city derby match. Today, most fans and pundits claim Pacifica Beach to be the club's largest rival, mainly because of the success of Pacifica Beach relative to Athletic's own success. It is widely considered the most intense, vehement rivalry in Waterford.
Waterford Athletic's regular kit colours are black, with normal blue and white trim. The club is currently owned by urban planning, and civil enginnering magnet, Adam Chappell, who was the founder of the Waterford nation and resort system. The wealth of Chappell and the lucrative investment he has put in the club has often been the reason for the club's success, as Waterford Athletic, as well as his American football outfit, the Waterford Avengers are the only sporting teams Chappell has invested in. Unlike most owners, who mostly fund the club out of interest and the sport and sheer hobby, Waterford Athletic is one of only four WPL clubs to record a profit, the others being Pacifica Beach, Chaston City, and North Point. Since 2012, Athletic has secured a six-figure kit sponsorship with German company, Beck's Brewery. The club's value has been ranged around $75 million, making it, by far, the most valuable club in all of Waterford and the most expensive clubs in North America outside of Major League Soccer and Liga MX.
Seasons
* 2020–21 season | WIKI |
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