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When Postgres blocks: 7 tips for dealing with locks
Written by Marco Slot
February 22, 2018
Last week I wrote about locking behaviour in Postgres, which commands block each other, and how you can diagnose blocked commands. Of course, after the diagnosis you may also want a cure. With Postgres it is possible to shoot yourself in the foot, but Postgres also offers you a way to stay on target. These are some of the important do’s and don’ts that we’ve seen as helpful when working with users to migrate from their single node Postgres database to Citus or when building new real-time analytics apps on Citus.
1: Never add a column with a default value
A golden rule of PostgreSQL is: When you add a column to a table in production, never specify a default.
Adding a column takes a very aggressive lock on the table, which blocks read and write. If you add a column with a default, PostgreSQL will rewrite the whole table to fill in the default for every row, which can take hours on large tables. In the meantime, all queries will block, so your database will be unavailable.
Don’t do this:
-- reads and writes block until it is fully rewritten (hours?)
ALTER TABLE items ADD COLUMN last_update timestamptz DEFAULT now();
Do this instead:
-- select, update, insert, and delete block until the catalog is update (milliseconds)
ALTER TABLE items ADD COLUMN last_update timestamptz;
-- select and insert go through, some updates and deletes block while the table is rewritten
UPDATE items SET last_update = now();
Or better yet, avoid blocking updates and delete for a long time by updating in small batches, e.g.:
do {
numRowsUpdated = executeUpdate(
"UPDATE items SET last_update = ? " +
"WHERE ctid IN (SELECT ctid FROM items WHERE last_update IS NULL LIMIT 5000)",
now);
} while (numRowsUpdate > 0);
This way, you can add and populate a new column with minimal interruption to your users.
2: Beware of lock queues, use lock timeouts
Every lock in PostgreSQL has a queue. If a transaction B tries to acquire a lock that is already held by transaction A with a conflicting lock level, then transaction B will wait in the lock queue. Now something interesting happens: if another transaction C comes in, then it will not only have to check for conflict with A, but also with transaction B, and any other transaction in the lock queue.
This means that even if your DDL command can run very quickly, it might be in a queue for a long time waiting for queries to finish, and queries that start after it will be blocked behind it.
When you can have long-running SELECT queries on a table, don’t do this:
ALTER TABLE items ADD COLUMN last_update timestamptz;
Instead, do this:
SET lock_timeout TO '2s'
ALTER TABLE items ADD COLUMN last_update timestamptz;
By setting lock_timeout, the DDL command will fail if it ends up waiting for a lock, and thus blocking queries for more than 2 seconds. The downside is that your ALTER TABLE might not succeed, but you can try again later. You may want to query pg_stat_activity to see if there are long-running queries before starting the DDL command.
3: Create indexes CONCURRENTLY
Another golden rule of PostgreSQL is: Always create your indexes concurrently.
Creating an index on a large dataset can take hours or even days, and the regular CREATE INDEX command blocks all writes for the duration of the command. While it doesn’t block SELECTs, this is still pretty bad and there’s a better way: CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY.
Don’t do this:
-- blocks all writes
CREATE INDEX items_value_idx ON items USING GIN (value jsonb_path_ops);
Instead, do this:
-- only blocks other DDL
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY items_value_idx ON items USING GIN (value jsonb_path_ops);
Creating an index concurrently does have a downside. If something goes wrong it does not roll back and leaves an unfinished (“invalid”) index behind. If that happens, don’t worry, simply run DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY items_value_idx and try to create it again.
4: Take aggressive locks as late as possible
When you need to run a command that acquires aggressive locks on a table, try to do it as late in the transaction as possible to allow queries to continue for as long as possible.
For example, if you want to completely replace the contents of a table. Don’t do this:
BEGIN;
-- reads and writes blocked from here:
TRUNCATE items;
-- long-running operation:
\COPY items FROM 'newdata.csv' WITH CSV
COMMIT;
Instead, load the data into a new table and then replace the old table:
BEGIN;
CREATE TABLE items_new (LIKE items INCLUDING ALL);
-- long-running operation:
\COPY items_new FROM 'newdata.csv' WITH CSV
-- reads and writes blocked from here:
DROP TABLE items;
ALTER TABLE items_new RENAME TO items;
COMMIT;
There is one problem, we didn’t block writes from the start, and the old items table might have changed by the time we drop it. To prevent that, we can explicitly take a lock the table that blocks writes, but not reads:
BEGIN;
LOCK items IN EXCLUSIVE MODE;
...
Sometimes it’s better to take locking into your own hands.
5: Adding a primary key with minimal locking
It’s often a good idea to add a primary key to your tables. For example, when you want to use logical replication or migrate your database using Citus Warp.
Postgres makes it very easy to create a primary key using ALTER TABLE, but while the index for the primary key is being built, which can take a long time if the table is large, all queries will be blocked.
ALTER TABLE items ADD PRIMARY KEY (id); -- blocks queries for a long time
Fortunately, you can first do all the heavy lifting using CREATE UNIQUE INDEX CONCURRENTLY, and then use the unique index as a primary key, which is a fast operation.
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX CONCURRENTLY items_pk ON items (id); -- takes a long time, but doesn’t block queries
ALTER TABLE items ADD CONSTRAINT items_pk PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX items_pk; -- blocks queries, but only very briefly
By breaking down primary key creation into two steps, it has almost not impact on the user.
6: Never VACUUM FULL
The postgres user experience can be a little surprising sometimes. While VACUUM FULL sounds like something you want to do clear the dust of your database, a more appropriate command would have been:
PLEASE FREEZE MY DATABASE FOR HOURS;
VACUUM FULL rewrites the entire table to disk, which can take hours or days, and blocks all queries while doing it. While there some valid use cases for VACUUM FULL, such as a table that used to be big, but is now small and still takes up a lot of space, it is probably not your use case.
While you should aim to tune your autovacuum settings and use indexes to make your queries fast, you may occasionally want to run VACUUM, but NOT VACUUM FULL.
7: Avoid deadlocks by ordering commands
If you’ve been using PostgreSQL for a while, chances are you’ve seen errors like:
ERROR: deadlock detected
DETAIL: Process 13661 waits for ShareLock on transaction 45942; blocked by process 13483.
Process 13483 waits for ShareLock on transaction 45937; blocked by process 13661.
This happens when concurrent transactions take the same locks in a different order. For example, one transaction issues the following commands.
BEGIN;
UPDATE items SET counter = counter + 1 WHERE key = 'hello'; -- grabs lock on hello
UPDATE items SET counter = counter + 1 WHERE key = 'world'; -- blocks waiting for world
END;
Simultaneously, another transaction might be issuing the same commands, but in a different order.
BEGIN
UPDATE items SET counter = counter + 1 WHERE key = 'world'; -- grabs lock on world
UPDATE items SET counter = counter + 1 WHERE key = 'hello'; -- blocks waiting for hello
END;
If these transaction blocks run simultaneously, chances are that they get stuck waiting for each other and would never finish. Postgres will recognise this situation after a second or so and will cancel one of the transactions to let the other one finish. When this happen, you should take a look at your application to see if you can make your transactions always follow the same order. If both transactions first modify hello, then world, then the first transaction will block the second one on the hello lock before it can grab any other locks.
Share your tips!
We hope you found these tips helpful. If you have some other tips, feel free to tweet them @citusdata or on our active community of Citus users on Slack. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Frankenblick
Frankenblick is a municipality in the Sonneberg district of Thuringia, Germany.
Frankenblick was formed on 1 January 2012 by the merger of the former municipalities Effelder-Rauenstein and Mengersgereuth-Hämmern. Today, it consists of the districts Effelder, Rauenstein, Grümpen, Seltendorf, Rabenäußig, Rückerswind, Meschenbach, Döhlau and Mengersgereuth-Hämmern. | WIKI |
Doll Man
Doll Man is a superhero first appearing in American comic books from the Golden Age of Comics, originally published by Quality Comics and currently part of the DC Comics universe of characters. Doll Man was created by cartoonist Will Eisner and first appeared in a four-page story entitled "Meet the Doll Man" in Feature Comics #27. He was Quality's first super-powered character.
The issue's December 1939 cover date indicates that Doll Man is the first comic book superhero with a shrinking power. He notably predates the more-famous Ray Palmer (DC's the Atom) and Hank Pym (Marvel Comics' Ant-Man) by two decades.
Quality Comics publication history
The secret identity of Doll Man, "The World's Mightiest Mite", is research chemist Darrel Dane, who invents a formula that enables him to shrink to the height of six inches while retaining the full strength of his normal size. He was the first example of a shrinking superhero, and also one of the few that was unable to change to a height in between his minimum and maximum sizes (though artists would fail to keep his scale visually consistent). His first adventure in Feature Comics #27 involves the rescue of his fiancée, Martha Roberts, from a blackmailer. He subsequently decides to fight crime and adopts a red and blue costume sewn by Martha. Years later, somehow Martha's wish to be able to join him in his small size comes true, and now possessing the same shrinking powers, she becomes his partner known as Doll Girl in Doll Man #37. He also has the aid of Elmo the Wonder Dog, a Great Dane who serves as his occasional steed and rescuer, and the "Dollplane", which was deceptively presented as a model airplane in his study when not in use. In his adventures published during World War II, Doll Man was also frequently depicted riding a bald eagle.
The covers of Doll Man's comics frequently portrayed him tied in ropes or other bindings, in situations ranging from being tied crucifixion-style to a running sink faucet, to being hogtied to the trigger and barrel of a handgun. The persistence of this male bondage motif in Doll Man comics among others can be contrasted with other comic books which historically portrayed women in positions of vulnerability and submission.
Doll Man was the lead feature of the anthology series Feature Comics through #139 (October, 1949), with Eisner writing the early stories under the pen name William Erwin Maxwell, and art contributed first by Lou Fine, and later by Reed Crandall. Doll Man's own self-titled series ran from 1941 until 1953, for forty-seven issues. After the cancellation of Doll Man, original stories involving the character were not published again for two decades.
Darrel Dane
After Quality Comics went out of business in 1956, DC acquired their superhero characters. Doll Man and several other former Quality properties were re-launched in Justice League of America #107 (October 1973) as the Freedom Fighters. As was done with many other characters DC had acquired from other publishers or that were holdovers from Golden Age titles, the Freedom Fighters were located on a parallel world, one called Earth-X where Nazi Germany had won World War II. The team were featured in their own series for fifteen issues (1976–1978), in which the team temporarily leaves Earth-X for Earth-1 (where most DC titles were set). Doll Man was an occasional guest star in All-Star Squadron, a superhero team title that was set on Earth-2, the locale for DC's WWII-era superheroes, at a time prior to when he and the other Freedom Fighters are supposed to have left for Earth-X. Doll Man then appeared with the rest of DC's entire cast of superheroes in Crisis on Infinite Earths, a story that was intended to eliminate the similarly confusing histories that DC had attached to its characters by retroactively merging the various parallel worlds into one. This erased Doll Man's Earth-X days, and merged the character's All-Star Squadron and Freedom Fighter histories so that he is primarily a member of the Squadron, of which the Freedom Fighters are merely a splinter group.
Until the relaunch of the Freedom Fighters characters in 2006, Doll Man was little used by DC except for the retelling of his origin from Feature Comics #27 in Secret Origins #8 (November 1986). According to Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters #5 (January 2007), Darrel Dane is currently alive and confined to an unnamed mental institution.
In Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters v2 #3 (November 2007) Dane (whose given name is given as "Darryl" or "Darrel") appears as the leader of a subersive group of doll-sized soldiers. He reveals that the years spent at compressed size have damaged his mind, leaving him mentally unstable.
Lester Colt
A new Doll Man, alias Lester Colt was introduced in Crisis Aftermath: The Battle for Blüdhaven, a mini-series published by DC in 2006.
Lester Colt is a famous U.S. special operator, holding a B.A. in international politics and advanced degrees in the sciences. He is an "Operational Management and Strategic Adviser" to S.H.A.D.E. Colt seems to be highly trained in the martial arts, as well as being a very capable battlefield leader. Lester has a series of action figures named in his honor. However, he follows an "ends justifies the means" policy in his mission, and in Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters #1 is shown cold-bloodly killing a drug dealer in front of the man's young son at the boy's birthday party (he had infiltrated the drug dealer's home disguised as one of his own action figures). This action earns his a severe rebuke from the revived Uncle Sam in later issues when he detects from S.H.A.D.E. and joins the new Freedom Fighters.
Colt is a highly decorated "old soldier", and his personal decorations include the Legion of Merit, six Silver Stars for gallantry, fourteen Bronze Stars for Valor, and seventeen Purple Hearts.
Colt is romantically involved with scientist and former S.H.A.D.E. employee, Emma Glenn. Eager to contribute to his country, in something other than war, Lester agreed to an experiment created by Emma's father, which reduced him to his present height. A S.H.A.D.E. squad, masquerading as a terrorist group, killed Emma's father and destroyed the lab. Now stuck at a permanent height of six inches tall, Colt attempted to distance himself from Glenn, hoping to spare her the pain of a miniaturized boyfriend. Despite this, there are still strong feelings between the two and they are learning to cope with their new situation. This is aided by trips to The Heartland, the current Freedom Fighters' extradimensional home base, where colt is mystically restored to full height for brief periods.
In the new Freedom Fighters series (2007–08), Lester undergoes a procedure with several other shrunken people, including Darrel Dane, to be returned to normal size. The experiment goes horribly wrong, and the group are fused together into a human-sized monstrosity. Lester is eventually freed and returned to his normal size.
Powers and abilities
By willing himself, Doll Man can shrink to the height of six inches and a proportionate weight or return to his normal size. At his six-inch height, Doll Man retained the strength and athletics of a full grown man. In recent years, he have developed psionic powers, enabling him to levitate objects or destroy them with a mental blast. He has apparently aged a little, but not at all for decades, perhaps due to the mystic presence of Uncle Sam. Dane wears a special costume that changes size as he does. As Doll Man, he possesses a brilliant mind, as well as unarmed combat skills.
The second Doll Man has similar powers and access to high-tech equipment.
Other versions
* A version of Doll Man and Doll Girl about whom little has been revealed briefly appeared in Titans Secret Files #2.
* DC has another unrelated character called Doll Man, a non-powered criminal who encounters Batgirl.
* In the final issue of 52, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-10". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-X, including the Quality characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but a character visually similar to the Darrel Dane Doll Man appears. Based on comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-X.
Television
* An unrelated Dollman inspired by the Puppeteer appears in The Adventures of Batman episode "Beware of Living Dolls".
* The Darrel Dane incarnation of Doll Man appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Cry Freedom Fighters!", voiced by Jason C. Miller.
* An unidentified Doll Man makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Harley Quinn episode "Icons Only". This version is a Las Vegas performer who is killed by Starro during a fight with Rag Doll.
Miscellaneous
* An unidentified Doll Man appears in Justice League Unlimited #17.
* An alternate universe incarnation of Doll Man, spelled Dollman, appears in Freedom Fighters: The Ray, voiced by Matthew Mercer. This version hails from Earth-X. | WIKI |
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Infill Percent Display
by duncan916, published
Infill Percent Display by duncan916 Jul 16, 2015
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Summary
This is one of a series of educational displays I made for the Arcade Library in Sacramento to help teach people about 3D printing.
It can be difficult to explain important 3D printing concepts like infill percentage, shells, resolution, and the need for supports.
Sometimes all you need is a visual aid to make things click.
This is a infill display that shows the effect of different infill percent settings. A one inch cube is printed fifteen times with various settings. Cubes with 0-20 percent infill are on the first row and then 25-50% infill are on the next row followed by 60-100% on the top row. It is easy to see how the infill percentage effects a print.
See the instructions for details on how to make this display for your classroom, or anywhere else it will be useful.
I've also included the SketchUp files if you would like to make changes.
See the shell display in this photo here: http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:927684
Instructions
Start by printing out the "25mm cube.stl" with the following settings: 0.3mm layer height, 2 shells and 0% infill. Cancel the print before the printer finishes printing the top of the cube so you can see the infill inside of the cube.
Repeat the cube print 14 more times changing the infill percent to 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Use the first cube you printed to judge when to stop the next prints so the cubes are all the same height.
Tip: you can print the middle and last row of cubes shorter (cancel them sooner so they are not as tall) because they take much longer to print with such a high infill percentage.
The next step is printing "20.stl" and "50.stl" and "100.stl"
I used the settings 5% infill and 2 shells and 0.3mm layer height.
Pick two colors, one for the letters and one for the background of the letters. Load the filament of your choice for the background of the letters and start the print. When the printer has finished the last layer of the rectangular part of the label and starts the the first layer of the letters go to "change filament" in the menu of your 3D printer. Then proceed to unload the filament you were printing with, and load the filament you have chosen for the letters. Then continue the print.
Do these steps for all three files. I would not recommend printing all of the files at once in case you make a mistake and have to start over.
Repeat the same steps for "Percent Infill Label.stl" that goes on the front of the display stand.
Print the "Infill Display Stand.stl" file in the color filament of your choosing.
The settings I used were 0.3mm layer height, 2 shells and 5% infill.
Finally glue everything together.
The glue I used is "Model & Hobby Cement" from the dollar store. It's strong but not so strong that you cannot get it apart if you make a mistake.
Enjoy! Teach and spread the knowledge of 3D printing!
.
EDIT: It has been brought to my attention that there is a setting called "top layer height" in the advanced settings of MakerWare and Cura. Setting this to 0 will print the block without the top automatically, so you won't need to cancel the print manually to leave it open so you can see the infill.
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I can't seem to access the instructions, can anyone help with an assist?
No sure what happened I will contact Thingiverse
Since I just posted that comment erroneously 10 times in a row it's probably me...
Comments deleted.
"Cancel the print before the printer finishes printing the top of the cube so you can see the infill inside of the cube." Is there any other way? Is there any way to print without the top of the cube?
Very nice display. Though the one thing that it seems everyone forgets is that the % of infill size will changed based on the size of the object, because it is a % of that objects volume. So a 10% infill might give you a 1/4" honeycomb with this example.But if you scale it by 200% it will then give you a 1/2" honeycomb with the same 10% infill.
Will it? Couldn't it also just expand the same size pattern to whatever volume it's filling?
That is exactly what I'm saying it does. It takes the pattern and scales it up to that % of the object's volume.
Maybe I want clear. You were (I think) talking about it drawing larger hexes. I'm saying it would draw them the same size across, or would just fit more of them (or rather wondering if that's what if would do). A given hex size corresponds to a certain fill ratio, right?
that makes more sense to me infil should look same with different volumes the infill is the same width so 10% on something small would need the same space between as 10% on something big right?
very helpful, thank you very much!!!
Thank you for your amazing design!!! We wrote about this in our webpage!! http://www.filamentix.com/entendiendo-conceptos-3d-capas-infill-y-soportes/
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User:GMT2020UPRC/New sandbox
= Anxiety dream =
Why it happens
An anxiety dream, in short, typically refers to any dream that causes stress or distress. Most people feel panicked or nervous during the dream, but these emotions might also linger after they wake up, and general unease might persist throughout the day. Although nightmares often inspire feelings of terror more intense than general anxiety, these equally count as anxiety dreams, since anxiety during the day can make nightmares more likely.
Fear or stress
Stress is the thing that happens when something disturbs the equilibrium or motives an alternate to happen. This can be something physical in the outside world, or something emotionally generated internally due to the reality you experience something terrible will occur.
Fear is described as an [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-happens-brain-feel-fear-180966992/#:~:text=A%20threat%20stimulus%2C%20such%20as,hormones%20and%20sympathetic%20nervous%20system. emotional response] to a recognized or explicit danger. Fear can be presented in two ways, real or imagined threats – the brain cannot distinguish between the two – however, for each situation, the basic issue is that the individual picks out the peril to be distinct.
Traumatic events
Traumatic events are terrible, sudden events like accidents, natural disasters, unexpected death, or being assaulted. These events can bring in emotional and psychological trauma, and this can have an affect on all factors of our wellbeing
To reduce anxiety dreams:
* Meditate. Focus on the breath — breathe in and out slowly and deeply —and picture a quiet place, for example, a calmed seashore or grassy hill.
* Exercise. A regular workout is precise for the physique and health. Yoga can be specifically phenomenal at bringing down anxiety and pressure.
* Organize plans for the day. Spend time and strength on the duties that are actually important, and wreck up giant initiatives into smaller, without trouble oversaw tasks.
* Play music. Delicate, quieting songs can lower blood pressure and release up issues and body.
* Get enough amount of sleep. Sleeping recharges the mind and improves focus, concentration, and mood.
* Get distractions. Assist a family member or neighbor, or volunteer in the community. Helping others will take the thought from the uneasiness and fears.
* Talk to someone. Let friends and family be conscious of how they can help, and consider seeing a medical doctor or therapist. | WIKI |
The human amniotic fluid stem cell secretome effectively counteracts doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity
Scientific Reports
27 Luglio Lug 2016 one year ago
• Gambini E, Pompilio G
The anthracycline doxorubicin (Dox) is widely used in oncology, but it may cause a cardiomyopathy with bleak prognosis that cannot be effectively prevented. The secretome of human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (hAFS) has previously been demonstrated to significantly reduce ischemic cardiac damage. Here it is shown that, following hypoxic preconditioning, hAFS conditioned medium (hAFS-CM) antagonizes senescence and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and cardiac progenitor cells, two major features of Dox cardiotoxicity.
Reference
Lazzarini E, Balbi C, Altieri P, Pfeffer U, Gambini E, Canepa M, Varesio L, Bosco MC, Coviello D, Pompilio G, Brunelli C, Cancedda R, Ameri P, Bollini S. The human amniotic fluid stem cell secretome effectively counteracts doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Sci Rep 2016;6:29994
Go to PubMed | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Richard Marsh--The goddess a demon.djvu/215
Rh how he had brought my coffee to me, telling me of his inability to make the man hear; how I had gone along the balcony, looked through the window, called to him; how we had entered the room together, and what we had seen lying on the floor. When Atkins had told them so much they let him go. "Call John Ferguson."
It was unnecessary. John Ferguson was waiting, close at hand, completely at their service—or, at least, as much at their service as he was ever likely to be.
I stepped up to the table.
"Large size in blokes, ain't he?" whispered one idiot to another, as I passed through the little crowd.
The other idiot chuckled. I could have hammered their heads together, so sensitive was I at that moment to everything and anything, and so calmly judicial was my frame of mind, in excellent fettle to cut a proper figure on an occasion when everything—happiness, honour, life itself—might hang upon a word! | WIKI |
Myostatin follistatin and activin type II receptors are highly expressed in adenomyosis
Adenomyosis highly expresses myostatin, follistatin and activin A, as well as activin receptors (ActRIIa and ActRIIb).
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Authors
Patrizia Carrarelli, Ph.D., Chih-Fen Yen, M.D., Felice Arcuri, Ph.D., Lucia Funghi, Ph.D., Claudia Tosti, Ph.D., Tzu-Hao Wang, M.D., Joseph S. Huang, M.D., Ph.D., Felice Petraglia, M.D.
Volume 104, Issue 3, Pages 744-752
Abstract
Objective:
To evaluate the expression pattern of activins and related growth factor messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in adenomyotic nodule and in their endometrium.
Design:
Prospective study.
Setting:
University hospital.
Patient(s):
Symptomatic premenopausal women scheduled to undergo hysterectomy for adenomyosis.
Intervention(s):
Samples from adenomyotic nodules and homologous endometria were collected. Endometrial tissue was also obtained from a control group.
Main Outcome Measure(s):
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and immunohistochemical localization of activin-related growth factors (activin A, activin B, and myostatin), binding protein (follistatin), antagonists (inhibin-α, cripto), and receptors (ActRIIa, ActRIIb) were performed.
Result(s):
Myostatin mRNA levels in adenomyotic nodule were higher than in eutopic endometrium and myostatin, activin A, and follistatin concentrations were higher than in control endometrium. No difference was observed for inhibin-α, activin B, and cripto mRNA levels. Increased mRNA levels of ActRIIa and ActRIIb were observed in adenomyotic nodules compared with eutopic endometrium and control endometrium. Immunofluorescent staining for myostatin and follistatin confirmed higher protein expression in both glands and stroma of patients with adenomyosis than in controls.
Conclusion(s):
The present study showed for the first time that adenomyotic tissues express high levels of myostatin, follistatin, and activin A (growth factors involved in proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis). Increased expression of their receptors supports the hypothesis of a possible local effect of these growth factors in adenomyosis. The augmented expression of ActRIIa, ActRIIb, and follistatin in the endometrium of these patients may play a role in adenomyosis-related infertility.
Read the full text at: http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(15)00383-0/fulltext
Fertility and Sterility
Editorial Office, American Society for Reproductive Medicine
Fertility and Sterility® is an international journal for obstetricians, gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, urologists, basic scientists and others who treat and investigate problems of infertility and human reproductive disorders. The journal publishes juried original scientific articles in clinical and laboratory research relevant to reproductive endocrinology, urology, andrology, physiology, immunology, genetics, contraception, and menopause. Fertility and Sterility® encourages and supports meaningful basic and clinical research, and facilitates and promotes excellence in professional education, in the field of reproductive medicine.
No comments yet. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Start in Kingston for cocktails and culture, then head north through verdant landscapes to sample Jamaican cuisine and catch some sun by the sea.
36 Hours in Jamaica
Sun, sand and sea: a timeless recipe, readily available throughout the Caribbean. But sun, sand, sea — and city? Visit Jamaica to indulge in that one. Sure, the resplendent island has a range of resort areas where one can merrily get one’s beach-bum on. But it’s also got Kingston, a woefully underrated, misunderstood metropolis. Yes, there are slums and there is crime. But there is also cosmopolitan culture, pulsating night life, a booming local music scene and a host of other urban delights. With a new airline (Fly Jamaica), a 130-room Marriott under construction in the island’s capital, modish-yet-playful new lounges in both international airports (Club Kingston and Club Mobay, decked out in sprightly Jamaican colors) and restaurant openings across the island, it’s an ideal time to take a side of city with your sand, and heed the tourism board’s Bob Marley-inspired mantra, trite yet spot on: Come to Jamaica and feel all right. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Goldman Sachs flowchart on Brexit timeline and process
With the year coming to an end, everyone is starting to think about 2017 might hold for the world. Two of the biggest story lines of 2016 — Brexit and President Trump — will continue in the new year and Goldman Sachs has produced a comprehensive yet concise flowchart showing how the Brexit process should play out over the next few years. The chart, which was in the latest "Top of Mind" note sent to clients by the investment bank this week, doesn't present any new information but it is a handy cut-out-and-keep guide to the Brexit process (feel free to bookmark this page!) Here is the chart:
Get the latest Goldman Sachs stock price here. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Aide to French president Macron hit with initial charges in May Day protester assault
Alexandre Benalla stands with Emmanuel Macron during last year's French presidential election campaign. Benalla, now a top security aide to Macron, was caught on camera beating a May Day protester.
(AP Photo/Thibault Camus, File) PARIS – A French judge handed preliminary charges Sunday to one of President Emmanuel Macron&aposs top security aides after video surfaced that showed him beating a protester at a May Day demonstration. The initial charges against Alexandre Benalla came the same day French authorities opened a judicial investigation of the assault. The multiple alleged offenses included violence, interfering in the exercise of public office and the unauthorized public display of official insignia. The video made public by Le Monde newspaper on Wednesday has sparked the first major political crisis for Macron since he took office last year. Lawmakers and the president&aposs political opponents have questioned why Benalla was not fired and referred for prosecution when presidential officials learned about the beating months ago. The recording shows Benalla, who is not a police officer, wearing a police helmet at the May 1 protest. Surrounded by riot police, he brutally dragged a woman from the crowd and then repeatedly beat a young male protester on the ground. The man was heard begging Benalla to stop. The officers did not intervene. Four others were also charged Sunday night: Vincent Crase, who worked for Macron&aposs party and was with Benalla on the day of the protest, and three police officers who were suspected of illegally passing footage from the event to Benalla. Crase was handed preliminary charges of violence and prohibited possession of a weapon. Benalla, 26, handled Macron&aposs campaign security and remained close to France&aposs youngest president after his election. The presidential palace initiated proceedings to fire Benalla Friday and investigators raided his house Saturday. Macron&aposs office has said Benalla only was supposed to be accompanying officers to the May protest as an observer. However, the president&aposs office has been heavily criticized since it revealed that it knew about the assault before last week. Macron pledged as a candidate to restore integrity and transparency to the presidency. Lawmakers were aghast to learn that Benalla initially received only a two-week suspension and still had an office in the presidential palace 2 1/2 months after the beating. Suspicion about a possible cover-up surfaced after what appeared to be inconsistent answers from Macron&aposs office. It said last week that since May, Benalla had been working in an administrative role instead of security. But Benalla was photographed by the president&aposs side as his bodyguard during France&aposs July 14 national holiday. Macron&aposs political adversaries have seized the opportunity. Les Republicans party leader Laurent Wauquiez said the government was "trying to conceal a matter of state". Far-right leader Marine Le Pen tweeted: "If Macron doesn&apost explain himself, the Benalla affair will become the Macron affair." Macron has remained silent about the behavior captured on video. Lawmakers plan to question Interior Minister Gerard Collomb this week. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
URL links not working after duplicating/translating courses
I have found that URL links within courses are being altered when translated or duplicated - does anyone know what is causing this, and how to resolve it?
for example:
https://www.genomenon.com/mastermind-user-guides/#video-tutorials
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomenon.com%2Fmastermind-user-guides%2F%23video-tutorials
4 Replies
Congenica Training
Hi Crystal,
The URLs are text hyperlinks.
I can see that the issue arises when I export the XLIFF files - the non alphabetised characters in the URL aren't escaping.
The exported XLIFF is showing the URL as:
xhtml:href="https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomenon.com%2Fblog%2Fgoogle-scholar-vs-mastermind-variant-interpretation%2F" xhtml:rel="noopener noreferrer" xhtml:target="_blank">
I have been able to replicate this.
I have also seen this issue in files that haven't been exported as XLIFFs but which have been duplicated, however I am unable to replicate this.
Crystal Horn
Thanks for that info, Congenica. I was able to replicate this behavior when exporting a course for translation, too. I'm sharing details with my team so we can have a closer look.
For now, please manually adjust the hyperlinked text after you import your translations. I'll keep you updated on any changes. I'm sorry for the trouble! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Yuki Sasaki (mixed martial artist)
Yuki Sasaki (佐々木 有生) is a Japanese professional mixed martial artist that has fought for Shooto, DEEP, World Victory Road, Pancrase and the UFC.
Mixed martial arts
Sasaki has primarily competed in the Shooto and Pancrase organizations, and holds notable wins over veterans Paul Taylor, Yuya Shirai, Keiichiro Yamamiya, Ryuta Sakurai, Jason DeLucia and Yuki Kondo. Though his background is in karate, Sasaki has relied on his jiu-jitsu skills, as most of his wins have been via armbar or triangle.
Championships and accomplishments
* Sengoku
* 2008 Sengoku Middleweight Grand Prix Semifinalist | WIKI |
Wednesday 29 August 2018
FEATURE: Hitting the Brakes in Monza.
Monza is famous for its high-speed nature, with its long straights and only a limited number of corners. This makes every turn - and every time the drivers hit the brakes - even more important.
Why is braking important?
Before a Formula One car turns into a corner, it needs to be slowed down, so braking is the first part of any corner phase. So if a driver doesn't get the braking right, he will usually mess up the entire corner and lose valuable time. From an engineering point of view, a corner presents a bit of a contradiction. Under braking, the car should be as stable as possible, requiring the least amount of driver steering correction. However, once you reach the turning point of the corner, you want a car with a great turning capability that is very reactive to steering input. Ideal straight-line braking stability would require a rather numb front end with lots of front downforce; however, that would make turning into the corner very difficult. So the engineers have to fine-tune the car and try to find the right balance. The two main areas they will look at for this compromise are aerodynamics - mostly the front wing - and the suspension set-up.
What makes braking in Monza so important?
Monza is a relatively fast track, so the drivers have to slow down their cars from very high speeds. Additionally, they will be running the lowest downforce configuration of the year, which makes braking at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza even more tricky. Most of the track in Monza is wide open throttle and only limited by the drag characteristics of the car and the performance of the Power Unit, making the eleven corners of the circuit particularly important, as that's where a driver can easily gain or lose a chunk of lap time over his competitors. That is especially true for the two major braking events at the Autodromo - the Variante del Rettifilo (Turn 1 and 2) and the Variante della Roggia (Turn 4 and 5). On his fastest race lap in 2017 (Lap 50), Lewis was going over 330 km/h before he hit the brakes going into Turn 1, shedding over 260 km/h and slowing down to under 70 km/h. On the straight before Turn 4, he was doing 310 km/h and decelerated to under 110 km/h. At both events, the drivers will easily pull over 4G. To put this in comparison: a high-performance road car with special tyres can achieve a little over 1G. The heavy braking is not just demanding for drivers, but also for the brakes themselves: On the long straights, brake discs will cool down to about 200 degrees Celsius. But when the driver hits the brakes, temperatures will rise to over 1,000 degrees within a second. Managing the brake temperatures is therefore an important job of an F1 driver as brakes that are too hot are prone to fading and might cause reliability issues.
How similar are road cars and F1 cars when it comes to braking?
The short answer is not very similar at all. Formula One cars have lots of downforce available - and the amount of downforce increases the faster they drive. The more downforce the car produces, the higher the grip level - which means that the cars have more stopping potential at high speeds than they have at low speeds. This makes braking an F1 car quite challenging as the grip levels change. While, for example, it would be quite difficult to lock the wheels under braking when the car is going at speeds of over 300 km/h, it is in fact quite easy to do so at 60 km/h. So F1 drivers have to brake very hard at the start of braking when they have the most stopping potential and then fade it as they get towards the turning phase of the corner to prevent potential lockups. But that's not the only difference between an F1 car and a road car when it comes to braking. F1 cars also use brake migration - a dynamic change of the brake balance as a function of the brake pressure. Here's how it works: Under braking, there's a weight transfer happening in the car. It's the same kind of weight transfer you can experience when you stop any vehicle abruptly - in a road car, you're thrown into your seat belt, on the London Tube you might end up on your neighbour's lap. F1 cars use this kind of weight transfer to their advantage and shift the brake bias towards the front of the car when the drivers first hit the brakes. When they then slowly come off the brakes to prevent locking up, the weight transfer to the front is reduced. At that point, the brake power is migrated rearwards - by how much depends on the track and the type of corner. Drivers can adjust the brake migration on a corner-by-corner basis through a rotary switch on their steering wheel. Just before the turning point you could move the brake bias almost entirely to the rear to give the car a bit of oversteer, allowing it to turn more quickly - similar to the effect of pulling the hand brake in a road car.
How did hybrid technology and brake-by-wire systems change braking on an F1 car?
Hybrid engines have given the engineers the chance to harvest kinetic energy under braking and use that energy to propel the car forwards again when the driver accelerates. But in addition to harvesting energy, the introduction of hybrids and brake-by-wire systems gave the engineers another avenue to fine-tune the car and further advance braking by improving brake migration. In the pre-hybrid era, the teams used mechanical systems to change brake balance through a corner or a braking event. To quickly adjust the brake balance between corners, they would use a hydraulic system. Both of these functions can now be operated with a switch on the steering wheel - in fact, a total of five buttons and rotary switches on the wheel. This means that the drivers can access those functions much faster. Another benefit of the system is that the engineers can compensate for how the power unit behaves under braking and downshifting. Every time the driver opens the clutch, he loses the engine braking. In the pre-hybrid era, that would mean that there were sudden shifts in brake balance and brake power every time the clutch would open and close. Today, the cars can counteract that with a little spike of brake pressure every time the car loses the engine braking. This means that the rear brake torque is more continuous, allowing the driver to operate closer to the peak of the tyre slip.
How hard do F1 drivers hit the brakes? How much pressure do they apply to the brake pedals?
Generally speaking Formula One drivers generate a lot of brake pressure. When they hit the brakes, they basically stand up on the brake pedal. As they brake at 4G, they will apply roughly four times their body weight to the pedal. At the same time brakes - like almost everything else in an F1 car - are highly customisable and depend very much on driver preferences. The brake pedal can be adjusted to how hard a driver usually hits the brakes as it works as a lever upon the master brake cylinder. So if a driver feels that he has not enough power in his legs, the brake pedal can be manipulated to generate peak pressures more easily; however, this would also mean that the pedal will travel further. For that reason, training his legs is part of every driver's fitness programme.
How much does the braking point vary on a lap-by-lap basis? Are F1 drivers able to hit the brakes at the same time on every lap?
The ideal braking point will change over the course of the race - depending on fuel loads, compound choice, tyre degradation and how much the drivers have to manage the tyres. So the drivers have to vary their braking during the race, keeping in mind all the parameters that influence it. In qualifying, the braking points stay more or less the same as the car goes out on similar amounts of fuel and on fresh rubber. If you look at telemetry overlays from qualifying, you can appreciate that the drivers are able to repeatedly hit the brakes at roughly the same spot. Usually, they will brake within a couple of metres or less; five or six metres are a significant difference. This is all the more impressive if you consider that a car that's going 330 km/h travels almost 92 metres in a single second. So being able to hit the perfect braking point is a matter of fractions of a second.
How do drivers find the ideal braking points?
Drivers determine the ideal points for braking over the course of the weekend. They will start conservatively, braking early and allowing for a small margin of error. As the track builds up grip, they will push the braking points deeper and deeper towards the corner, changing it by a few meters at a time and pushing it all the way to the limit. But there's always one braking point that is extremely tricky to get exactly right: braking into Turn 1 on the opening lap of the race. There's no practice on Sundays, so drivers have to estimate the grip levels as best as they can from the few laps to grid they do before the race. To make things more challenging, the brakes will be cold, making it even harder to estimate where to brake. Additionally, the other drivers might be willing to take a bit more risk going into Turn 1 as the field is bunched up and one can easily gain a position, so you don't want to brake early as you might be overtaken. All those circumstances make it very difficult to determine when to brake into Turn 1. However, the drivers do get a bit of help from their engineers who will suggest brake balance and brake migration settings to them based on historical data.
FEATURE BY: Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport.
No comments:
Post a Comment | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The bootstrap.sh script has to go
Herbert Valerio Riedel hvr at gnu.org
Thu Jan 1 11:43:32 UTC 2015
On 2014-12-30 at 21:23:19 +0100, Jake Wheat wrote:
[...]
> Simplify the bootstrap.sh process:
>
> * always use a fixed set of versions of packages for the dependencies
For me, the primary use-case of `bootstrap.sh` is to be able to build a
matching `cabal-install` executable for a given major GHC version w/o
requiring having an existing cabal-install executable compatible w/ the
GHC version I'm trying to bootstrap cabal-install with. (If I had an
older `cabal-install` executable, I would use that to bootstrap the new
one)
So, if a given cabal-install's bootstrap.sh would only support
bootstrapping via its associated GHC major version
(e.g. cabal-install-1.22.x would require GHC 7.10.x) then I guess the
bootstrap.sh wouldn't need to perform any significant package version
resolving, and could just use such a single fixed set of versions (and
preferably in a sandbox to ignore any user pkg-db) as you seem to
propose.
Alternatively, GHC could start bundling cabal-install, which would IMHO
eliminate the need for a bootstrap.sh in the first place (but we had
that discussion already, and it would also require to pull
cabal-install's dependencies into the GHC distribution, while OTOH GHC
is trying to avoid acquiring additional build dependencies...)
Cheers,
hvr
More information about the cabal-devel mailing list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
[Solved] Email with Python?
On our last NAS (Buffalo), my company was able to send a daily status update to monitor free space on our backup device. Now that we have switched over to WD NAS (My Cloud Mirror) 8TB, we are no longer able to do this. After doing some Googling, I found this: https://community.wd.com/t/sending-email-with-python-on-wd-my-cloud/96006
After logging into SSH and creating my python script (send_email.py), I keep running into an error message:
ImportError: cannot import name SMTP_SSL
Has anyone been able to get this to work, or something similar?
NOTE: I am not asking for troubleshooting on this particular script… I’m asking if you have found a different way to accomplish the same thing, please share.
Thanks a bunch!
One of these threads might help:
Thanks for the answers, but I had already looked at those and did not get anywhere. My script is named “send_email.py”, so those answers didn’t apply to me.
Eventually, I figured this out. Here’s what I did:
I changed SMTP_SSL to just just SMTP. Since my situation was a little different in that we are using an open relay internally, I commented out the login portion of the script. Then… I created a BASH script to keep the emailing and the free space check broken out for troubleshooting (yes, I could have modified the Python script to do all of this for me, but I chose not to do it that way). After that, I just called the BASH script from the crontab.
Here’s my code for those who need to do this in the future:
send_email.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from email.header import Header
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from getpass import getpass
from smtplib import SMTP
import sys
#edit the line below
login, password, server, recipients = "redacted@redacted.com", "thepassword", "smtp.redacted.local", "redacted@redacted.com"
#send email
subject = sys.argv[1]
body = sys.argv[2]
msg = MIMEText(body, 'plain', 'utf-8')
msg['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
msg['From'] = login
msg['To'] = recipients
s = SMTP(server, 25, timeout=10)
s.set_debuglevel(1)
try:
#s.login(login, password) #Uncomment if you need authentication
s.sendmail(msg['From'], recipients, msg.as_string())
except Exception, error:
print "Unable to send e-mail: '%s'." % str(error)
finally:
s.quit()
freespacecheck.sh
message=`df -h`;
python /send_email.py "Backup NAS Status: $(df -h /dev/md1 | awk '{ print $5 }' | tail -n 1) Used" "$message" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bladder and prostate metastasis from small cell lung cancer: a rare entity
Francesco Pierconti, Marco Racioppi, Pierfrancesco Bassi, Emilio Sacco, Riccardo Bientinesi, Francesco Pinto, Giuseppe Palermo, C Gand, Aa Santoro, L Vaccarella
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
Abstract
Bladder metastases from lung cancer are extremely rare; in some previously reported cases in wich the primitive tumor was a lung adenocarcinoma, the finding of an intact epithelium overlying the bladder tumour was considered suggestive of a secondary lesion. Differentiating primary bladder non-urothelial cancers from metastatic lesions can be difficult. An endoscopic appearance consistent with primary bladder cancer further complicates the differential diagnosis, which heavily relies on pathologic evaluation and specific immunohistochemical staining. Here we describe the first case at our knowledge of bladder metastasis from lung small cell carcinoma, whereby endoscopic appearance was strongly consistent with primary bladder cancer.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)N/A-N/A
JournalOpen Access Journal of Urology and Nephrology
Publication statusPublished - 2016
Keywords
• Lung cancer, bladder metastasis, hematuria
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Bladder and prostate metastasis from small cell lung cancer: a rare entity'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
chica
Etymology 1
Borrowed from.
Noun
* 1) A Latin-American girl; a Latina.
Noun
* 1) An orange-red dyestuff obtained by boiling the leaves of the bignonia.
Etymology
From, a derivative of. Compare 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) fold, crease, wrinkle
* 2) fold, line, crease
* 3) sympathy, inclination towards someone
* 1) sympathy, inclination towards someone
* 1) sympathy, inclination towards someone
Noun
* : girl
* 1) gal, chick
* 2) A spice made from the orchid. | WIKI |
Page:The Imperial Magazine 1824-02 vol 6 no 62.djvu/50
W.F. Fry. sculp.
Hugh Blair. D. D.
Published by Henry Parker. Caxton, London. 1824 | WIKI |
Page:The Mabinogion.djvu/164
Rh end of the 15th century. It is also comprised in Myller's Selection of Ancient Poems, and in Karl Lachmann's edition of Wolfram von Eschenbach's Works. Berlin, 1833. 8vo. Mr. Albert Schulz (San Marte) has published a modern German translation of it. Magdeburg, 1836. 8vo.
The Romance of Peredur is found in Icelandic under the title of the Saga of Perceval, of which there are copies in the British Museum and in the Royal Library at Stockholm. | WIKI |
Amazon Relational Database Services (RDS) is a managed database service that runs on familiar database engines like PostgreSQL.
In this tutorial, we’ll walk you through how to connect an Amazon RDS PostgreSQL database to Stitch as a destination.
Prerequisites
• An up-and-running Amazon PostgreSQL RDS instance. Instructions for creating a Amazon PostgreSQL RDS destination are outside the scope of this tutorial; our instructions assume that you have an instance up and running. For help getting started with Amazon PostgreSQL RDS, refer to Amazon’s documentation.
Note: The database must be running version 9.3 or higher.
• Permissions in Amazon Web Services (AWS) that allow you to:
• Create/manage Security Groups, which is required to whitelist Stitch’s IP addresses.
• View database details, which is required for retrieving the database’s connection details.
• Database privileges that allow you to create users and grant privileges. This is required to create a database user for Stitch.
Step 1: Verify your Stitch account's data pipeline region
First, you’ll log into Stitch and verify the data pipeline region your account is using. Later in this guide, you’ll need to grant Stitch access by whitelisting our IP addresses.
The IP addresses you’ll whitelist depend on the Data pipeline region your account is in.
1. Sign into your Stitch account, if you haven’t already.
2. Click User menu (your icon) > Manage Account Settings and locate the Data pipeline region section to verify your account’s region.
3. Locate the list of IP addresses for your region:
Keep this list handy - you’ll need it later.
Step 2: Configure database connection settings
In this step, you’ll configure the database server to allow traffic from Stitch to access it. There are two ways to connect your database:
• A direct connection will work if your database is publicly accessible.
• An SSH tunnel is required if your database isn’t publicly accessible. This method uses a publicly accessible instance, or an SSH server, to act as an intermediary between Stitch and your database. The SSH server will forward traffic from Stitch through an encrypted tunnel to the private database.
Click the option you’re using below and follow the instructions.
For Stitch to successfully connect with your database instance, you’ll need to add our IP addresses to the appropriate Security Group via the AWS management console.
Security Groups must reside in the same VPC as the instance. Use the instructions below to create a security group for Stitch and grant access to the VPC.
1. Log into your AWS account.
2. Navigate to the Security Group Management page, typically Services > Compute > EC2.
3. Click the Security Groups option, under Network & Security in the menu on the left side of the page.
4. Click Create Security Group.
5. In the window that displays, fill in the fields as follows:
• Security group name: Enter a unique name for the Security Group. For example: Stitch
• Description: Enter a description for the security group.
• VPC: Select the VPC that contains the database you want to connect to Stitch. Note: The Security Group and database must be in the same VPC, or the connection will fail.
6. In the Inbound tab, click Add Rule.
7. Fill in the fields as follows:
• Type: Select Custom TCP Rule
• Port Range: Enter the port your database uses. (5432 by default)
• CIDR, IP or Security Group: Paste one of the Stitch IP addresses for your Stitch data pipeline region that you retrieved in Step 1.
8. Click Add Rule to add an additional Inbound rule.
9. Repeat steps 6-8 until all the IP addresses for your Stitch data pipeline region have been added.
This is what a Security Group using Stitch’s North America IP addresses looks like:
Whitelisting Stitch North America IP addresses through Inbound Security Group rules
10. When finished, click Create to create the Security Group.
1. Follow the steps in the Setting up an SSH Tunnel for a database in Amazon Web Services guide to set up an SSH tunnel for Amazon PostgreSQL RDS.
2. Complete the steps in this guide after the SSH setup is complete.
Step 3: Create a Amazon PostgreSQL RDS Stitch user
In the following tabs are the instructions for creating a Stitch Amazon PostgreSQL RDS database user and explanations for the permissions Stitch requires.
1. If you haven’t already, connect to your Amazon PostgreSQL RDS instance using your SQL client.
2. After connecting, run this command to create a user named stitch. Replace <password> with a secure password:
CREATE USER stitch WITH PASSWORD '<password>';
3. Next, you’ll assign the CREATE permissions to the Stitch user. For <database_name>, enter the name of the database where all Stitch-replicated data should be loaded.
Note: This must be a pre-existing database.
GRANT CREATE ON DATABASE <database_name> TO stitch
4. If you restricted access to the system tables, you’ll also need to run the following commands to grant the Stitch user SELECT permissions.
Note: You must have access to the information_schema and pg_catalog schemas to grant access to the Stitch user.
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA information_schema TO stitch
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA pg_catalog TO stitch
In the table below are the database user privileges Stitch requires to connect to and load data into Amazon PostgreSQL RDS.
Privilege name Reason for requirement
CREATE ON DATABASE
Required to create the necessary database objects to load and store your data.
CREATE permissions on the database are required to successfully load data. When Stitch loads data, it will run a CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS command, which will create a schema if it doesn’t already exist. To run this command, the Stitch user must have the CREATE ON DATABASE permission.
Note: The CREATE ON SCHEMA permission is not a sufficient alternative for CREATE ON DATABASE. As outlined in Amazon PostgreSQL RDS’s documentation, this permission only allows a user to create objects within a schema, but not the schema itself.
SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN information_schema
Required to select rows from tables in the information_schema schema. Prior to loading data, Stitch will use the data in this schema to verify the existence and structure of integration schemas and tables.
Note: Stitch will only ever read data from systems tables.
SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN pg_catalog
Required to select rows from tables in the pg_catalog schema. Prior to loading data, Stitch will use the data in this schema to verify the existence and structure of integration schemas and tables.
Note: Stitch will only ever read data from systems tables.
Step 4: Connect Stitch
To complete the setup, you need to enter your Amazon PostgreSQL RDS connection details into the Destination Settings page in Stitch.
Step 4.1: Locate the Amazon PostgreSQL RDS connection details in AWS
1. Sign into the AWS Console, if needed.
2. Navigate to the RDS option.
3. On the RDS Dashboard page, click the Databases option on the left side of the page. This will open the RDS Databases page.
4. In the list of databases, locate and click on the instance you want to connect to Stitch. This will open the Database Details page.
5. On the Database Details page, scroll down to the Connectivity & security section.
6. Locate the following fields:
• Endpoint
• DB Name: This field contains the name of the database used to launch the instance. You’ll only need this info if you want to connect this specific database to Stitch.
You can connect this database to Stitch, or another database within Amazon PostgreSQL RDS.
• Port: This is the port used by the database.
Leave this page open for now - you’ll need it to complete the setup.
Step 4.2: Define the connection details in Stitch
1. If you aren’t signed into your Stitch account, sign in now.
2. Click the Destination tab.
3. Locate and click the PostgreSQL icon.
4. Fill in the fields as follows:
• Host (Endpoint): Paste the Endpoint address from the Amazon PostgreSQL RDS Details page in AWS into this field. Don’t include the port number, if it’s appended to the end of the endpoint string - this will cause errors.
• Port: Enter the port used by the Amazon PostgreSQL RDS instance. The default is 5432.
• Username: Enter the Stitch Amazon PostgreSQL RDS database user’s username.
• Password: Enter the password for the Stitch Amazon PostgreSQL RDS database user.
• **: Enter the name of the Amazon PostgreSQL RDS database you want to connect to Stitch.
Step 4.3: Define SSH connection details
If you’re using an SSH tunnel to connect your Amazon PostgreSQL RDS database to Stitch, you’ll also need to define the SSH settings. Refer to the Setting up an SSH Tunnel for a database in Amazon Web Services guide for assistance with completing these fields.
1. Click the Encryption Type menu.
2. Select SSH to display the SSH fields.
3. Fill in the fields as follows:
• Remote Address: Paste the Public DNS of the SSH sever (EC2 instance) into this field. Refer to the Amazon SSH guide for instructions on retrieving this info.
• SSH Port: Enter the SSH port of the SSH server (EC2 instance) into this field. This will usually be 22.
• SSH User: Enter the Stitch Linux (SSH) user’s username.
Step 4.4: Define SSL connection details
1. Check the Connect using SSL checkbox. Note: The database must support and allow SSL connections for this setting to work correctly.
2. Fill in the fields as follows:
• SSL Certificate: Optional: Provide the certificate (typically a CA or server certificate) Stitch should verify the SSL connection against. The connection will succeed only if the server’s certificate verifies against the certificate provided here.
Note: Providing a certificate isn’t required to use SSL. This is only if Stitch should verify the connection against a specific certificate.
Step 4.5: Save the destination
When finished, click Check and Save.
Stitch will perform a connection test to the Amazon PostgreSQL RDS database; if successful, a Success! message will display at the top of the screen. Note: This test may take a few minutes to complete.
Questions? Feedback?
Did this article help? If you have questions or feedback, feel free to submit a pull request with your suggestions, open an issue on GitHub, or reach out to us. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Incyte Corporation (INCY) Stock Jumps on Promising Lung Cancer Drug
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Incyte Corporation (NASDAQ: INCY ) stock was up on Thursday on promising results for one of its lung cancer drugs.
Incyte Corporation's lung cancer drug that saw positive results is epacadostat. Epacadostat is a selective IDO1 enzyme inhibitor. The drug was being tested in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies in combination with Opdivo, a PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor.
The two drugs were tested together in the ECHO-204 study. This study was to determine the efficiency and safety of combining the two drugs. There were 241 patients in the study and some dropped out due to adverse effects.
The patients in Incyte Corporation's ECHO-204 study suffered several different negative effects. This included rash, fatigue and nausea. The most common adverse effect was rash. 7% of patients being treated with 100 mg of epacadostat left the study. Another 13% taking 300 mg of the drug also dropped out from the study due to the adverse effects. However, there were no deaths connected to the drug.
"These first Phase 1/2 data from our ECHO-204 trial evaluating epacadostat plus nivolumab in multiple solid tumors add to our knowledge of the therapeutic potential of IDO1 enzyme inhibition when combined with PD-1 blockade," Steven Stein, M.D., Chief Medical Officer for Incyte Corporation, said in a statement . "These results show that the combination was well-tolerated across patients studied and demonstrates promising clinical responses, particularly in melanoma and SCCHN."
7 Healthcare Stocks With A-Rated Prospects
Incyte Corporation says that it will be proving updated information concerning its study of combining epacadostat with Opdivo at the American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meeting. This meeting will take place in Chicago from June 2, 2017 to June 6, 2017.
INCY stock was up 6% as of noon Thursday and is up 28% year-to-date.
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The post Incyte Corporation (INCY) Stock Jumps on Promising Lung Cancer Drug appeared first on InvestorPlace .
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
#! /usr/bin/env bash set -e TOP_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd -P)" source "${TOP_DIR}/scripts/apollo.bashrc" ARCH="$(uname -m)" SUPPORTED_ARCHS=" x86_64 aarch64 " APOLLO_VERSION="@non-git" APOLLO_ENV="" USE_ESD_CAN=false : ${STAGE:=dev} function check_architecture_support() { if [[ "${SUPPORTED_ARCHS}" != *" ${ARCH} "* ]]; then error "Unsupported CPU arch: ${ARCH}. Currently, Apollo only" \ "supports running on the following CPU archs:" error "${TAB}${SUPPORTED_ARCHS}" exit 1 fi } function check_platform_support() { local platform="$(uname -s)" if [ "$platform" != "Linux" ]; then error "Unsupported platform: ${platform}." error "${TAB}Apollo is expected to run on Linux systems (E.g., Debian/Ubuntu)." exit 1 fi } function check_minimal_memory_requirement() { local minimal_mem_gb="2.0" local actual_mem_gb="$(free -m | awk '/Mem:/ {printf("%0.2f", $2 / 1024.0)}')" if (($(echo "$actual_mem_gb < $minimal_mem_gb" | bc -l))); then warning "System memory [${actual_mem_gb}G] is lower than the minimum required" \ "[${minimal_mem_gb}G]. Apollo build could fail." fi } function determine_esdcan_use() { local esdcan_dir="${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/third_party/can_card_library/esd_can" local use_esd=false if [ -f "${esdcan_dir}/include/ntcan.h" ] && [ -f "${esdcan_dir}/lib/libntcan.so.4" ]; then use_esd=true fi USE_ESD_CAN="${use_esd}" } function check_apollo_version() { local branch="$(git_branch)" if [ "${branch}" == "${APOLLO_VERSION}" ]; then return fi local sha1="$(git_sha1)" local stamp="$(git_date)" APOLLO_VERSION="${branch}-${stamp}-${sha1}" } function apollo_env_setup() { check_apollo_version check_architecture_support check_platform_support check_minimal_memory_requirement determine_gpu_use_target determine_esdcan_use APOLLO_ENV="${APOLLO_ENV} STAGE=${STAGE}" APOLLO_ENV="${APOLLO_ENV} USE_ESD_CAN=${USE_ESD_CAN}" # Add more here ... info "Apollo Environment Settings:" info "${TAB}APOLLO_ROOT_DIR: ${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}" info "${TAB}APOLLO_CACHE_DIR: ${APOLLO_CACHE_DIR}" info "${TAB}APOLLO_IN_DOCKER: ${APOLLO_IN_DOCKER}" info "${TAB}APOLLO_VERSION: ${APOLLO_VERSION}" if "${APOLLO_IN_DOCKER}"; then info "${TAB}DOCKER_IMG: ${DOCKER_IMG##*:}" fi info "${TAB}APOLLO_ENV: ${APOLLO_ENV}" info "${TAB}USE_GPU: USE_GPU_HOST=${USE_GPU_HOST} USE_GPU_TARGET=${USE_GPU_TARGET}" if [ ! -f "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/.apollo.bazelrc" ]; then env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_config.sh" --noninteractive fi } #TODO(all): Update node modules function build_dreamview_frontend() { pushd "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/modules/dreamview/frontend" >/dev/null yarn build popd >/dev/null } function build_test_and_lint() { env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${test_sh}" --config=unit_test env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_lint.sh" cpp success "Build and Test and Lint finished." } function _usage() { echo -e "\n${RED}Usage${NO_COLOR}: .${BOLD}/apollo.sh${NO_COLOR} [OPTION]" echo -e "\n${RED}Options${NO_COLOR}: ${BLUE}config [options]${NO_COLOR}: config bazel build environment either non-interactively (default) or interactively. ${BLUE}build [module]${NO_COLOR}: run build for cyber ( = cyber) or modules/. If unspecified, build all. ${BLUE}build_dbg [module]${NO_COLOR}: run debug build. ${BLUE}build_opt [module]${NO_COLOR}: run optimized build. ${BLUE}build_cpu [module]${NO_COLOR}: build in CPU mode. Equivalent to 'bazel build --config=cpu' ${BLUE}build_gpu [module]${NO_COLOR}: run build in GPU mode. Equivalent to 'bazel build --config=gpu' ${BLUE}build_opt_gpu [module]${NO_COLOR}: optimized build in GPU mode. Equivalent to 'bazel build --config=opt --config=gpu' ${BLUE}test [module]${NO_COLOR}: run unittest for cyber (module='cyber') or modules/. If unspecified, test all. ${BLUE}coverage [module]${NO_COLOR}: run coverage test for cyber (module='cyber') or modules/. If unspecified, coverage all. ${BLUE}lint${NO_COLOR}: run code style check ${BLUE}buildify${NO_COLOR}: run 'buildifier' to fix style of bazel files. ${BLUE}check${NO_COLOR}: run build, test and lint on all modules. Recommmened before checking in new code. ${BLUE}build_fe${NO_COLOR}: compile frontend JS code for Dreamview. Requires all node_modules pre-installed. ${BLUE}build_teleop${NO_COLOR}: run build with teleop enabled. ${BLUE}build_prof [module]${NO_COLOR}: build with perf profiling support. Not implemented yet. ${BLUE}doc${NO_COLOR}: generate doxygen document ${BLUE}clean${NO_COLOR}: cleanup bazel output and log/coredump files ${BLUE}format${NO_COLOR}: format C++/Python/Bazel/Shell files ${BLUE}usage${NO_COLOR}: show this message " } function main() { if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then _usage exit 0 fi apollo_env_setup local build_sh="${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_build.sh" local test_sh="${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_test.sh" local coverage_sh="${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_coverage.sh" local ci_sh="${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_ci.sh" local cmd="$1"; shift case "${cmd}" in config) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_config.sh" "$@" ;; build) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" "$@" ;; build_opt) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" --config=opt "$@" ;; build_dbg) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" --config=dbg "$@" ;; build_cpu) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" --config=cpu "$@" ;; build_gpu) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" --config=gpu "$@" ;; build_opt_gpu) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" --config=opt --config=gpu "$@" ;; build_prof) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" --config=prof "$@" ;; build_teleop) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${build_sh}" --config=teleop "$@" ;; build_fe) build_dreamview_frontend ;; test) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${test_sh}" --config=unit_test "$@" ;; coverage) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${coverage_sh}" "$@" ;; cibuild) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${ci_sh}" "build" ;; citest) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${ci_sh}" "test" ;; cilint) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${ci_sh}" "lint" ;; check) build_test_and_lint ;; buildify) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_buildify.sh" ;; lint) # FIXME(all): apollo_lint.sh "$@" when bash/python scripts are ready. env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_lint.sh" cpp ;; clean) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_clean.sh" "-a" ;; doc) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_docs.sh" "$@" ;; format) env ${APOLLO_ENV} bash "${APOLLO_ROOT_DIR}/scripts/apollo_format.sh" "$@" ;; usage) _usage ;; -h|--help) _usage ;; *) _usage ;; esac } main "$@" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to Use Dropbox in Non-Ext4 Linux Filesystem
Using Dropbox on Linux used to be very easy. For many people, it still is. If you happen to use a filesystem other than Ext4, however, it is suddenly much harder. Fortunately, you’re not completely out of luck.
What’s the Problem?
For a long time Dropbox supported most any filesystem you wanted to use, then the company quietly announced that it was dropping support for what it calls “uncommon” filesystems. In the case of Linux that means anything aside from Ext4.
dropbox-non-ext4-filesystem-system-requirements
You might have seen messages saying “Dropbox will stop syncing. Move your Dropbox folder to a supported file system.” Another error message is “Your Dropbox folder is on a file system that is no longer supported.”
What Are Your Options?
Whatever reasons Dropbox has for ending support for other filesystems, you have a few options. You could create an Ext4 partition on your hard drive just for Dropbox. This would technically work, but you’d have to resize this partition if your Dropbox folder grew too large. That’s an inelegant solution.
You could also just move away from Dropbox entirely. There are other cloud providers out there. You could also use your own self-hosted alternative like Nextcloud, OwnCloud, or Seafile. Look for suggestions in our article comparing these self-hosted cloud storage options.
Finally, you could use a workaround that lets you use Dropbox on non-Ext4 filesystems.
Getting Dropbox to Work on Non-Ext4 Systems Again
There are a few ways to bypass Dropbox’s filesystem detection, but one of the easiest is a tool named “dropbox-filesystem-fix.”
A Word of Warning
On the dropbox-filesystem-fix GitHub page, there is a fairly strong warning. It reads, “This is an experimental fix not supported by Dropbox. It might cause data loss.” Take note of this and make sure to back up your Dropbox folder often.
dropbox-non-ext4-filesystem-warning
Before You Start
Before you install the tool you’ll need to install the tools to build it. On Debian, Ubuntu, and similar systems, run the following:
There are alternatives for other distributions. On Fedora and other RPM-based distributions, the following should be enough:
On Arch and similar systemsmrun the following:
Install dropbox-filesystem-fix
The following instructions assume that you already have Dropbox installed. If you haven’t installed Dropbox yet, you can do so now.
To clone the GitHub repository and build the dropbox-filesystem-fix project, run the following commands:
dropbox-non-ext4-filesystem-git-clone
Once the build succeeds, you’ll want to move the entire folder to the “/opt/” directory. You also need to make the script to start the program executable. Run the following commands:
Now you can stop the Dropbox service (assuming it was running) with the following command:
dropbox-non-ext4-filesystem-dropbox-stop
Once this is complete, you can try running Dropbox via the newly installed fix:
If you don’t get any warnings and Dropbox is running, you’ve successfully installed the fix.
Making the Fix Permanent
Once the fixed version of Dropbox is running, go into settings and uncheck the box that reads “Start Dropbox on system startup.” From now on you’ll start Dropbox from the script you just ran. You can also run dropbox autostart n if you can’t find the settings dialog.
If the “~/config/.autostart” directory doesn’t already exist, create it.
Xreate a file in that directory named “dropbox-filesystem-fix.desktop.” Edit the file and add the following:
The above instructions are for Gnome. Setting this up for other desktops is relatively similar. Just consult the documentation for your desktop environment.
If you use KDE instead of Gnome, you can simply go to System Settings, then Startup & Shutdown, then Autostart. Here you can add the script.
Conclusion
At least for now, it seems that running Dropbox on non-Ext4 operating systems is entirely possible. Dropbox seems more concerned with not having to support other filesystems than actively preventing them from working. Still, this may not always be the case.
If you’re concerned with your files suddenly becoming unusable in the future, there are plenty of alternatives to Dropbox. We’ve got a list of the best cloud storage services for your buck if you’re interested in moving to a more Linux-friendly service.
One comment
1. Interesting article, yet dependant on an experimenting hack. IMHO, the most elegant and bullet-proof solution is to create an img file the same size as your dropbox’s quota, format it as ext4 and mount it at boot time under /home/$user/Dropbox using systemd’s usermount feature. With a simple “df | grep Dropbox” command you can check on your quota status. The day comes when you are renting more space from them, you just have to create a new file, move data, update systemd mount script accordingly, reboot and delete old img file after proper testing.
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OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate the association between smoking and incident type 2 diabetes, accounting for a large number of potential confounding factors, and to explore potential effect modifiers and intermediate factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct is a prospective case-cohort study within eight European countries, including 12,403 cases of incident type 2 diabetes and a random subcohort of 16,835 individuals. After exclusion of individuals with missing data, the analyses included 10,327 cases and 13,863 subcohort individuals. Smoking status was used (never, former, current), with never smokers as the reference. Country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and random-effects meta-analysis were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: In men, the HRs (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes were 1.40 (1.26, 1.55) for former smokers and 1.43 (1.27, 1.61) for current smokers, independent of age, education, center, physical activity, and alcohol, coffee, and meat consumption. In women, associations were weaker, with HRs (95% CI) of 1.18 (1.07, 1.30) and 1.13 (1.03, 1.25) for former and current smokers, respectively. There was some evidence of effect modification by BMI. The association tended to be slightly stronger in normal weight men compared with those with overall adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Former and current smoking was associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes compared with never smoking in men and women, independent of educational level, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and diet. Smoking may be regarded as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and smoking cessation should be encouraged for diabetes prevention.
Original publication
DOI
10.2337/dc14-1020
Type
Journal article
Journal
Diabetes Care
Publication Date
12/2014
Volume
37
Pages
3164 - 3171
Keywords
Adiposity, Adult, Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Europe, Feeding Behavior, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Obesity, Risk Factors, Smoking | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Susan Ahlquist/sandbox
Hi this is mysandbox and this is where I draft content before it goes into the live wikipedia article space. | WIKI |
Bone mineral density quantitative trait locus 8
Bone mineral density quantitative trait locus 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMND8 gene. | WIKI |
Discussions
EJB design: Idea for Unique Primary Keys
1. Idea for Unique Primary Keys (4 messages)
The issue of creating a unique primary key comes up often when speaking of EJBs. The problem is that autoincrementing schemes are db-specific, so other methods must be derived to build a unique id. Here's a simple method that seems to work:
// Snippets from some ejbCreate() method
BeanHome beanHome = (BeanHome) ctx.getEJBHome();
id = beanHome.findAll().size();
My question is this: can this guarantee a unique id, or can 2 create methods be fetching the size concurrently? What, if any, kind of transactions are needed to guarantee uniquness?
Threaded Messages (4)
2. Idea for Unique Primary Keys[ Go to top ]
See the Patterns section for a resonable algorithm for guaranteeing unique keys.
Dave Wolf
Internet Applications Division
Sybase
3. Idea for Unique Primary Keys[ Go to top ]
The extensive discussion in the patterns section actually prompted my question. I'm wondering if the very simple technique that I asked about could serve the same purpose.
4. Idea for Unique Primary Keys[ Go to top ]
The biggest negetive will be the performance of this. You need to do a table scan of an entire table just to get the next key id. Secondly there is nothing stopping what we call a Halloween scenario from happening. That is where another bean inserts a row while you are trying to do findAll. Now you can either skip a number, or have two beans get the same number of records and get duplicate keys.
Dave Wolf
Internet Applications Division
Sybase
5. Idea for Unique Primary Keys[ Go to top ]
Sure - the easiest approach is to use 'cheating' stateless session bean (or beans if you require a pool), which allocate chunks of PKs from the database and dispense them. The cheating here is that SSBs have to remember the state (chunk and the position in it). I have this schema working in Weblogic and it performs just fine. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
0
I am experiencing a strange error with the constructor for a binary search tree. The project is for an Hoffman Encoding scheme however the issue is whenever i insert more than two items into the STL priority queue, the copy constructor crashes.
void copyTree(myTreeNode* & copy,myTreeNode* originalTree)
{
cout<<"Copy tree was just called"<<endl;
if(originalTree==NULL)
{
copy=NULL;
}
else
{
copy=new myTreeNode();
//the constructor crashes on the third insertion here at this point
copy->data=originalTree->data;
copyTree(copy->left, originalTree->left);
copyTree(copy->right,originalTree->right);
}
}
myTree (const myTree & copy)
{
this->root=NULL;
this->copyTree(this->root, copy.root);
}
//main
priority_queue<myTree, vector<myTree>, treeCompare> treeQueue;
map<char, int> occurrenceTracker;
char character;
cin>>character;
occurrenceTracker[character]=1;
while(cin>>character&&character!='e')
{
if(occurrenceTracker.find(character)!=occurrenceTracker.end())
{
occurrenceTracker[character]++;
}
else
{
occurrenceTracker[character]=1;
}
}
map<char,int>::iterator itr;
for(itr=occurrenceTracker.begin();itr!=occurrenceTracker.end();itr++)
{
myTree characterTree;
treeNodeClass mapItem(itr->first,itr->second);
characterTree.insert(mapItem);
treeQueue.push(characterTree);
}
2
Contributors
1
Reply
2
Views
5 Years
Discussion Span
Last Post by mike_2000_17
0
I would imagine (since there is not enough code to tell), that the error is due to "originalTree" not being NULL, yet being invalid (either a pointer that has been deleted or a garbage address (uninitialized value)). Make sure that there is no way that either root, left or right pointers can be invalid (i.e. point to nowhere) and still have a non-NULL value. If the problem persists, post more code (like the insert method and the default constructor of myTreeNode).
This topic has been dead for over six months. Start a new discussion instead.
Have something to contribute to this discussion? Please be thoughtful, detailed and courteous, and be sure to adhere to our posting rules. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah
Tofazzal Hossain, popularly known as Manik Miah (c. 1911 – 1 June 1969), was a Pakistani Bengali journalist and politician. He served as the founding editor of The Daily Ittefaq. He wrote the editorial Rajnoitik Moncho ("The Political Stage"). Most of his newspaper's journalists were considered leftist, as Miah followed the pattern of Awami League. According to journalist and editor of Shongbad Bozlur Rahman, Awami activists followed his editorial more than any actual decision of a meeting. He was a close associate of the founder of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
Miah wrote his political columns in Bengali. He was equally prolific in his English renderings. Miah, who was popularly known for his powerful political column in The Daily Ittefaq (founded by Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani and Yar Mohammad Khan) under the pen-name 'Musafir', dedicated his entire life for the cause of emancipation of the people in the then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and establishing the democracy. Yar Mohammad Khan invited Miah, who was working at that time as a journalist, at Calcutta and made him the editor of The Daily Ittefaq.
Early life
Hossain was born in Bhandaria Thana of Pirojpur District, East Bengal, British India, in 1911. He attended Pirojpur High School upon passing his entrance examination and earned his B. A. degree from Barisal Brojomohun College.
Career
Hossain started working under the sub-divisional officer of Pirojpur as an assistant. Subsequently, he became Barisal's district public relation officer. He resigned from government job and took up journalism as a profession on the advice of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. He moved to Kolkata in 1943 and started working in the office of the Bengal Muslim League as a secretary. He joined the Daily Ittehad as secretary to the board of directors in Kolkata, founded by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.
Hossain moved to Dhaka in 1948 and joined the weekly Ittefaq, published from Dhaka. In 1951, he became the editor of the weekly Ittefaq replacing Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani. In 1952, he visited China to attend the Asia and Pacific Rim Peace Conference along with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Ataur Rahman Khan, Dr. Syed Yusuf Hasan, and Khandakar Mohammed Illias. Hossain converted the weekly Ittefaq into a daily in 1953. In 1959, he was detained for one year under martial law of President Ayub Khan. He was detained again in 1962.
Hossain served as the elected president of the Pakistan branch of International Press Institute in 1963, secretary of the government-sponsored Pakistan Press Court of Honours and director of Pakistan International Airlines (1956–58). On 16 June 1963, Hossain was detained again and the Daily Ittefaq banned. His press, New Nation Printing Press, was confiscated by the government of Pakistan. His two other newspapers, Dhaka Times and Purbani (Cine Weekly), were also forced close. After the 1963 Hazratbal Shrine theft of Prophet Muhammad's beard hair, in Kashmir, 1964 East Pakistan riots broke out. He helped in preventing the violence from spreading. He worked as the mouthpiece of the Combined Opposition Parties, which were the political parties of Pakistan working against General Ayub Khan and supporting the presidential candidacy of Fatima Jinnah, sister of the founder of Pakistan Mohammed Ali Jinnah.
Hossain played a notable role during the Six point movement of 1966. The movement—spearheaded by Awami League leadership after realizing that the East and West Pakistan were moving along divergent economic paths—tried to establish regional economic autonomy of East Pakistan. The announcement of the six-point movement was supposed to be made by Shah Azizur Rahman as per the decision of Mujib himself. However, Miah felt that it should be Mujib rather than Shah Azizur Rahman who should make the announcement. Mujib's declaration of the program in 1966 elevated his position as the undisputed supreme leader in what would become the movement for independence in 1971. He supported the six point movement, which bought him the pique of the government. Hossain was detained on 16 June 1966 and released on 27 March 1967.
Following the 1969 East Pakistan mass uprising, the ban on Ittefaq was lifted and it started operations again. The Daily Star described 1954 to 1971 as the "golden era" of The Daily Ittefaq under Hossain and uncompilable to any newspaper in Bangladesh. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, the office of Ittfaq was burned down by Pakistan Army on 25 March 1971 at the start of Operation Searchlight.
Death and legacy
Hossain died in 1969 at the age of 58 at Rawalpindi's Intercontinental Hotel, in Pakistan, of cardiac arrest. He was buried at the Azimpur graveyard, in present-day Dhaka, Bangladesh. His closest friend and companion at death was A.K. Rafiqul Hussain (Khair Miah Shahib). Shahib accompanied his dead body to Tejgaon Dhaka Airport. At the airport, many leaders were present to receive Miah's body. After the Independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the present Manik Miah Avenue of Dhaka was named after him. Mahfuz Anam described Hossain as "Manik Miah's clarity of vision, his powerful articulation, and his ability to communicate with his readers and the public beyond has proven to be unmatched in journalism till date".
Hossain's son, Anwar Hossain Manju, served as the editor of the Ittefaq and chairman of the Ittefaq Group of Publications. His older son, Mainul Hosein, was a barrister and publisher of The New Nation. The two brothers divided up the Ittefaq in 2010: Manju received the paper, while Mainul took the office building.
Books
* Pakistani Rajnitir Bish Bachhar (Twenty years of Pakistani Politics)
* Nirbachita Bhashan O Nibandha (Selected Speeches and Articles) | WIKI |
Cameron Wheatley
Cameron Wheatley (born 16 April 1992) is an Australian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Cricket Australia XI during Pakistan's tour of Australia on 8 December 2016. He opened the bowling on his first-class debut finishing with figures of 2/63 for the match. During the second innings of his first-class debut, he was given out caught at slip, after edging the ball to former Pakistan cricket captain Younis Khan. Wheatley was named in Tasmania's 13-man squad for their pink ball, 2015–16 Sheffield Shield season match against Queensland. Wheatley earned a full state contract for the Tasmanian Tigers for the 2016–17 season. He played Tasmanian Grade Cricket for Kingborough Cricket Club. Wheatley plays golf at Kingston Beach Golf Club in Tasmania and plays off 2 handicap under the GA handicap system. | WIKI |
Dom Based Xss Example
Posted on
The logic behind the dom xss is that an input from the user source goes to an execution point sink. Dom based xss vulnerabilities usually arise when javascript takes data from an attacker controllable source such as the url and passes it to a sink that supports dynamic code execution such as eval or innerhtml.
Only For Programmers Xss Attack Dom Based Xss
The document object model dom acting as a standard way to represent html objects i e.
Dom based xss example. Rule 7 fixing dom cross site scripting vulnerabilities the best way to fix dom based cross site scripting is to use the right output method sink. This will solve the problem and it is the right way to re mediate dom based xss vulnerabilities. Fixing dom cross site scripting vulnerabilities.
Dom based xss cheat sheet. For example if you want to use user input to write in a div tag element don t use innerhtml instead use innertext or textcontent. Dom based xss definition.
Acunetix uses its deepscan technology to attempt dom xss against the client side code and report vulnerabilities. The most popular objects from this perspective are document url document location and document referrer. The following is a basic example of a dom based cross site scripting vulnerability.
A typical example of a dom xss attack. To detect the possibility of a dom xss you must simulate the attack from the client side in the user s browser using a web application scanner like acunetix with dom based xss scanner functionality. The only script that is automatically executed during page load is a legitimate part of.
Advanced techniques and derivatives. Suppose the following code is used to create a form to let the user choose their preferred language. For example if you want to use user input to write in a div tag element don t use innerhtml instead use innertext or textcontent.
This enables attackers to execute malicious javascript which typically allows them to hijack other users accounts. The best way to fix dom based cross site scripting is to use the right output method sink. Dom based cross site scripting from now on called dom xss is a very particular variant of the cross site scripting family and in web application development is generally considered the amalgamation of the following.
Div div in a hierarchical manner. Dom based xss or as it is called in some texts type 0 xss is an xss attack wherein the attack payload. In the example of a dom based xss attack however there is no malicious script inserted as part of the page.
Potential consequences of dom based xss vulnerabilities are classified in the owasp top 10 2017 document as moderate. This will solve the problem and it is the right way to re mediate dom based xss vulnerabilities. Rule 7 fixing dom cross site scripting vulnerabilities.
In the example. For example if you want to use user input to write in a div element don t use innerhtml instead use innertext textcontent. The best way to fix dom based cross site scripting and improve web application security is to use the right output method sink.
This will solve the problem and it is the right way to remediate dom based xss vulnerabilities. In the previous example our source was document write and the sink was alert document cookie.
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The election of 1912 was the classic battle of Republicans versus Democrats but with an added twist known as Progressives, led by disgruntled former President Theodore Roosevelt. Incumbent President William Taft and Gov. Woodrow Wilson represented the Republicans and Democrats, respectively. Progressive reform revolved around this period in time from laborto environmental issues and proved to be the major question presented to these three candidates.
Theodore Roosevelt broke away from the Republican party after failing to receive the nomination for the Republican ticket to William Taft, his previously chosen successor. This party became known as the Progressive Party or “Bull Moose Party”. They were composed up of more radical Republicans who supported government restrictions on big businesses, backed labor unions as another matter to regulate the growing American industries. Roosevelt’s reformist attitude has connections to the working man within New York City where he was born and raised as well as to the frontiers men of “Missouri and North Dakota” who hunt.
The Republican Party was headed by William Taft, who originally was endorsed by Roosevelt after his previous terms in the presidency. Taft gradually began to shift to a more conservative approach than Roosevelt had expected leading to the forming of a rift eventually splitting the party into two seperate factions; Conservatives and Radicals. Taft held many contradicting views in respect to Roosevelt, he favored individual business leaders holding the power in large businesses.
As the other two parties battled one another the Democrats stood in the background with their candidate Woodrow Wilson. With his greatest opposition factioned and fighting amonst themselves it left for a much simpler election process for Wilson that one had seen in years past. At the news of his victory Wilson had successfully reunified the Democratic party after decades of hardship and anguish following the Civil War.
While the major concept of reform in the 1912 election was crafted and pushed into the spotlight by Roosevelt and his fellow Progressives it ended up being Woodrow Wilson and the Democrats who took on this challenge. Democrats became strong supporters of pro labor reform while Republicans stood by large individually owned businesses. This transformation of political parties has continued to be upheld throughout the decades that followed. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Cadillac Mountain
Cadillac Mountain is located on Mount Desert Island, within Acadia National Park, in the U.S. state of Maine. With an elevation of 1,530 ft, its summit is the highest point in Hancock County and the highest within 25 mi of the Atlantic shoreline of the North American continent between the Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia, and peaks in Mexico. It is known as the first place in the continental U.S. to see the sunrise, although that is only true for a portion of the year.
History
Cadillac Mountain was originally inhabited by the Wabanaki People or the "People of the Dawn Land." The Wabanaki Confederacy consists of four tribes: Maliseet, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot. Mount Desert Island provided the Wabanaki with a place to meet, trade, fish, and hunt. Before its name Green Mountain, it was thought the natives referred to the mountain as the Passamaquoddy word Pesamkuk. Additional research indicates that Pesamkuk refers to Mount Desert Island in general, and the name of the mountain itself was Wapuwoc, meaning "white mountain of the first light.". In the 1500s, the natives were confronted with European colonization; however, they withstood the confrontation and continue to inhabit the land today.
Before being renamed in 1918, the mountain had been called Green Mountain. The new name honors the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac. In 1688, De la Mothe requested and received from the Governor of New France a parcel of land in an area known as Donaquec which included part of the Donaquec River (now the Union River) and the island of Mount Desert in the present-day U.S. state of Maine. Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, a shameless self-promoter who had already appropriated the "de la Mothe" portion of his name from a local nobleman in his native Picardy, thereafter referred to himself as Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, Donaquec, and Mount Desert.
From 1883 until 1893 the Green Mountain Cog Railway ran to the summit to take visitors to the Green Mountain Hotel. The hotel burned down in 1895 and the cog train was sold and moved to the Mount Washington Cog Railway in New Hampshire.
The summit also played a significant role during World War II as a base for early-warning warcraft detection. The mountain's height and location made it the ideal place for a radar facility to achieve strong signals. Today the mountain continues to be used for communication by the police, National Park Service, Coast Guard, and fire department.
Overview
There are various hiking trails and a paved road that lead to the summit of Cadillac Mountain. Going to the summit to see the first sunrise in the continental U.S. is a common activity; however, Cadillac only experiences the first sunrise from October 7 through March 6. For a few weeks around the equinoxes, the sun rises first at West Quoddy Head in Lubec, Maine. During the remainder of spring and throughout summer, the sun rises first on Mars Hill, 150 mi to the northeast. | WIKI |
Page:A Grammar of Japanese Ornament and Design (1880).djvu/43
25 If we study the decorative art of the Japanese, we find the essential elements of beauty in design—Fitness for the purpose which the object is intended to fulfil, good workmanship and constructive soundness, which give a value to the commonest article, and some touch of ornament by a skilful hand, together creating a true work of art.
Japanese art may now be said to have culminated, and to have shown all that it is capable of producing, and it is with pain we perceive that the hour of decadence has arrived, for all modern Japanese work shows the inability of the artist to preserve its original delicacy, or to blend it harmoniously with foreign elements. No student can fail to recognize the signs of impotence and the depreciation of taste. It may not be too late to awaken the Japanese to a sense of the wrong they are doing to their national art, in which they might, if they so chose, continue supreme; but should their intuitive taste be overlaid by imitations of European vulgarities, it is no unimportant task to preserve the records of the most brilliant period in the artistic life of a singularly gifted people. | WIKI |
Impatient patients turn to online 'buyers club' for new drugs
Frustrated by delays in new medicines reaching their own country, a small but growing number of patients are turning to an online broker that bills itself as a legal version of the Dallas Buyers Club. While regulators warn of the risk of buying drugs online, the Amsterdam-based Social Medwork sees its network of trusted suppliers as filling a gap in the market for the latest drugs against diseases such as cancer, migraine and multiple sclerosis. Now it is looking to raise its profile and expand, by signing up former EU Commissioner Neelie Kroes to its supervisory board and securing 1.5 million euros ($1.73 million) in new funding from the Social Impact Ventures capital fund. Like Ron Woodroof, the 1980s AIDS patient in the movie 'Dallas Buyers Club', patients who cannot get the drugs they want through local healthcare systems are using the organization to self-import medicines from abroad. But while Woodroof had to smuggle drugs across the Mexican border, the Social Medwork's customers can place orders online legally, as long as they have a prescription and a doctor's letter stating that the drug is strictly for personal use. In the past 18 months, the group, which is registered with the Dutch Ministry of Health as a medicines intermediary, has supplied more than 3,000 patients. They include British migraine sufferer Senty Bera, 43, who recently used the system to buy Aimovig, a new monthly migraine injection from Amgen and Novartis, the first in an improved class of drugs that target a chemical involved in triggering attacks. "My quality of life was so poor I thought it was worth trying and it is working brilliantly," Bera said. As yet, Aimovig is not approved for use within Britain's state health service - though Bera hopes it will be soon - but its reputation means it is one of Social Medwork's top-sellers, despite a price tag of 698 euros for two autoinjectors. A spokeswoman for Britain's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency confirmed there were no formal restrictions on importing such medicines for personal use. In the past, informal drug-buying networks here have helped supply cheap generic versions of treatments for HIV and hepatitis C. But the Dutch group, which charges a fee of around 6 percent, claims to be the only organization focused on newly approved branded drugs. With customers in 70 countries, its line-up includes new cancer drugs that are U.S.-approved but not yet available elsewhere, as well as medicines for chronic disorders, such as Roche's new multiple sclerosis treatment Ocrevus. Founder Sjaak Vink says the Internet means patients are increasingly aware they may be waiting months or even years for novel drugs following a first approval elsewhere. "We really need to bridge this gap because this situation is ridiculous," he said in an interview. Vink said he was inspired to found the organization by delays in European availability of Merck's innovative cancer immunotherapy Keytruda. Today, his group has customers in Australia, the Middle East and Asia, as well as major European markets such as France, Italy, Germany and Britain, where drug delays could worsen if Brexit disrupts supply lines. Given relatively speedy U.S. approvals, there are currently fewer customers in America, although there was a spike in U.S. demand last year for Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma's amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drug Radicut/Radicava, which was approved first in Japan. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Didi4real
My name is Divine Eteng Otu. I am a 200level mass communication student of university of calabar (UNICAL). I am 24year old. I'm from a family of four precisely the only girl. I hope to be Nigerian greatest journalist someday course I have passion for journalism, this I believe. I am an entrepreneurial and had my first business experience working in a studio with my cousin as a graphic designer at the age of 20. This gave me the practical experience required to start and run a successful business enterprise. I leisurely act, dance,sing,cooking and really love to travel. I socialise a lot,get to make friends, no about people, study their life style and character. I am unpredictable, love to do the impossible and also make the impossible possible. I don't judge people. I love spending time alone course it helps me think deep about my live and future and also get inspiration from the HOLY GHOST who happens to be my friend and partner. I am a Christian I love God more than any other thing in this world course his the air I breath and without him I am a working cobs.
https://www.facebook.com/divine.otu.921 | WIKI |
Brevity Document Summarizer Toolkit
Main Functions Types Errors Demos Home
brSummarizeFile
Summarizes the text in a disk file. You should strip all formatting in your text otherwise Brevity may be unable to determine what is a word from what is formatting text. To get the generated summary call either brGetSummary or brGetOffsets.
Synopsis
void brSummarizeFile( SumManagerT Summarizer, char *FileName, StatusCodeT *Status )
Arguments
Summarizer The Brevity summarizer object returned by brCreateSummarizer.
FileName A string with the full path to the file you wish summarized.
Status A pointer to a value of type StatusCodeT. If an error occurs during the execution of the function a value representing the error will be stored in *Status. You should check *Status after every function call.
Returns
Nothing.
Related Functions
brSummarizeBuffer
Example
// We assume you've already created a Brevity summarizer object
// named Brevity and specified a dictionary.
ixSummarizeFile( Brevity, "c:\summary\tempfile.txt", &Status );
if ( *Status < 0 ) {
printerror( Status );
return; // error
}
// Code for getting the summary and printing it goes here
Previous Main Next Home
Copyright 2000 Lextek International | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Oakus53/sandbox
Old Quarry Middle School is a traditional public school located in Lemont, Illinois. It was established in 1997 and is part of the Lemont-Bromberek School District 113a.
History
A referendum was approved by voters in 1994 to build a new middle school. Controversies arose as the $28 million proposal by the district to fund for the new school was being pushed onto taxpayers and a lawsuit was started by the residents of Du-Page County. These lawsuits did nothing however as the school opened in 1997 with the ability to accommodate 900 pupils
Revamping
In 2012 Old Quarry Changed from housing grades 5-8 to 6-8. Grade 5 was then moved to the elementary school River
Valley where it remains today. | WIKI |
Hopkins House (Boston College)
Hopkins House (Boston College) is home to the Office of Governmental & Community Affairs at Boston College. Its mission is to foster communication and positive relationships with the university's host communities of Boston and Newton, as well as all levels of government.
Community Benefits
In addition to handling matters pertaining to campus development and the resolution of off-campus issues relating to student life, the Office oversees a wide range of programs that benefit the community. Notable involvements include the Community Fund, Scholarship Program, Flynn Recreation Complex Summer Program, Step Up Initiative, Food For Families, Read Aloud Program, and the Boston College/Boston Public Schools Partnership Program. These activities offer scholarship assistance to undergraduate students, continuing education benefits to municipal employees, grant funding for community-based organizations, and tutoring and literacy support for local schools.
Flynn Recreation Complex
The Flynn recreation complex is named after William J. Flynn who was director of Athletics at Boston College from 1957-1991. The Flynn recreation complex is used to host thirty (30) Allston/Brighton residents per day during the summer months (June 7, 2010 – August 13, 2010) free of charge. Residents are required to register for the program through Hopkins House. | WIKI |
User:Rossmccauley
Ross McCauley is a long time machinist. With no degrees but many years of training and experience he has finally achieved a level of income worthy of his experience at Spirit Aerosystems in McAlester, Oklahoma. He began his career as a machinist at Geophysical Research Corporation in Tulsa, Oklahoma. GRC, as it is known, is an historic breakoff of Amarada Oil Company of mid 20th century fame. He served a 3 1/2 year apprenticeship at GRC which served as a spring board to many years of service to a number of manufacturing companies in and around Tulsa, Oklahoma. | WIKI |
Almirola advances in NASCAR playoffs with Talladega win
TALLADEGA, Ala. (AP) — Tony Stewart hired Aric Almirola because he believed the journeyman would win races for Stewart-Haas Racing. Almirola came close time and again this year but fell short. The boss made sure to keep Almirola's spirits high every chance he got, including a pre-race pep talk Sunday at Talladega Superspeedway. "He just keeps telling me, 'Calm down, take deep breaths,'" Almirola said. "He's like, 'You're going to win, I promise you. The day I told you I was going to hire you, I knew you were going to win races for my company. Put yourself in position, and it will happen.'" | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Aristotelous peri psuxes.djvu/280
270 emanation of luminous rays from the eye as light proceeds from a torch or lamp; and he ridiculed the notion that vision is precluded in the dark owing to the extinction of those rays therein. It is probable that this theory first led him to adopt a medium and its successive motion, as the immediate cause of vision; as he had accounted for hearing by the propagation of the impulse given to the air by the sonorous body. Aristotle was unacquainted with the structure of the eye; but he was aware, of course, that it contains humours, and these he held to be necessary, not as being aqueous that is elementary but, as being diaphanous, for this property seemed to be as requisite for vision within the eye, as it is for the transmission of light to the eye. It was this assumed succession of action, after impression upon a diaphanous medium, which led to the conclusion that the eye itself must be diaphanous, and, therefore, that the visual power must be somewhere on the inside of the eye; and this is the only approximation to a right knowledge of the retina and its relations.
Note 6, p. 96. It has thus then been said, &c.] The cause of colour being visible is sufficiently obvious from what has been said; but fire was said to be visible both in darkness and in light, owing to its being, as fire, of the nature of the firmament above, which was believed to be fire, or something identical with fire. It may be presumed that the subject was here introduced, in order to notice and account for those luminous appearances, | WIKI |
Kansas Gov. Colyer hires lawyer for contested GOP primary
close Video Colyer on too close to call primary race: Count every vote Incumbent Republican Kansas Gov. Jeff Colyer says he wants to make sure that election rules are followed in his GOP gubernatorial primary battle with Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach. Kansas Gov. Jeff Colyer dug in for a legal fight over this past week’s Republican gubernatorial primary, hiring an outside lawyer for the vote-counting process with Secretary of State Kris Kobach leading the incumbent by less than a tenth of a percentage point. The Colyer campaign has hired Todd Graves, a Kansas City attorney who works on election law. “Governor Colyer is confident that Todd Graves’ experience as a U.S. Attorney and, in particular, his expertise in election law will be a valuable asset as we navigate this process,” Kendall Marr, a spokesperson for Mr. Colyer, wrote in an email. Mr. Colyer has ramped up pressure on Mr. Kobach as election officials continue to review the vote count and tally the remaining ballots. Mr. Colyer in a letter Thursday asked Mr. Kobach to recuse himself from advising county election officials on the matter, saying it had come to his attention that Mr. Kobach was making statements that “may serve to suppress the vote.” Mr. Kobach, who was endorsed by President Trump , formally recused himself Friday from his duties as secretary of state until the end of the primary process and designated assistant secretary of state Erick Rucker to fulfill his election responsibilities—a move that the Colyer campaign said was still insufficient. Mr. Kobach declined Mr. Colyer’s request to transfer responsibility for the election to the Kansas attorney general. Mr. Kobach refuted Mr. Colyer’s allegations in a letter of his own Friday. Continue reading this story in the Wall Street Journal . | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Olca
Olca is a stratovolcano on the border of Chile and Bolivia. It lies in the middle of a 15 km long ridge composed of several stratovolcanos. Cerro Minchincha lies to the west and Paruma to the east. It is also close to the pre-Holocene Cerro Paruma. It is andesitic and dacitic in composition, with lava flows extending several kilometres north of the peak. The only activity from the ridge during historical times was a flank eruption from 1865 to 1867. The exact source of this eruption is unclear.
Gas emissions and composition
The gasses emission is comprised by a single warm spring at the base and a persistent fumarole field over at the crater's dome for at least 60 years. The fumarolic field is about 0.1 km2 and the emissions measured in situ at the crater show a highly mixed magmatic system between high temperature temperature gasses and hydrothermal fluids.
The gas composition indicates low concentration of H2, CO and acidic gasses, and high concentration of H2S and hydrocarbons. The carbon/sulfur ratios are high and the isotopic values suggest the mixture between magmatic, hydrothermal, and atmospheric fluids. Other techniques used to measure the amount of SO2 includes remote sensing techniques called Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(DOAS) giving maximum concentration of 35 ppm.m of SO2; and the most recent taken with a UV camera suggesting an average of 18.4 t d−1.
Eruptive history and latest activity
Different information exists regarding the activity and activity migration of Olca. There is a study dating two flows, which suggest a formation during the Pleistocene, while others suggest to be much older with the appearance of the edifices volcanic activity migrated east over time. There is also evidence that glaciers were on the volcano in the late Pleistocene. The
Unconfirmed historical eruptions are suspected to have occurred in 1865–1867. The last activity has been reported of low-intensity seismicity accompanied with fumarolic activity in November 1989 and March 1990 intense degassing. In 2010, there a campaign conducted seismic activity showing 3 potencial swarms without a clear interpretation. | WIKI |
User:Blackshirtintheface/Black$hirt
Black$hirt- Rap Artist; Buffalo, New York; One of Buffalo's most notorious gangster rappers; Worked with Cory Wanderlich with beat making, producing and selling, also Corey Taylor of Slipknot and Viga; His EP is available for sampling at the links provided. http://www.facebook.com/pages/BLAcKHiRT/257986066510?ref=search http://www.myspace.com/blackshirtinthefacemusic | WIKI |
Lempel-Ziv (LZ) parsing is a central algorithm in data compression, at the core of tools like LZ4, Zstandard, snappy, gzip, p7zip, among many others. The LZ parsing achieves compression by finding previous occurrences of a text substrings (``source''), and replacing the current occurrence (``target'') by a backward pointer to the source. When the parsing is done greedily, the number of phrases is guaranteed to be minimized.
We have developed ReLZ, a memory-efficient variant for very large files that approximates the greedy parsing doing a two-steps parsing: The first iteration only replaces substrings with a source in a short prefix of the text, generating a intermediate sequence much smaller than the original input. The second step consists on a greedy Lempel-Ziv parsing that further compresses the input.
The aim of this project is to turn our parser into an efficient compressor: that includes the study and development of different encoding schemes for the backward pointers, and also the study of different variants of the parser itself that can lead to better compression ratios: for instance, one can decide to encode only longer phrases as pointer, and short phrases as literal strings. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 112 Part 1.djvu/970
B14 SUBJECT INDEX Page Intergovernmental Relations— Continued Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 1998 241 Workforce Investment Act of 1998 936 International Agreements See Foreign Relations Internet See also Computers; Communications and Telecommunications Child Online Protection Act 2681-736 Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 2681-728 Digital Millennium Copyright Act 2860 Internet Tax Freedom Act 2681-719 Next Generation Internet Research Act ofl998 2919 Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act 2877 Protection of Children From Sexual Predators Act of 1998 2974 Religious freedom Internet site, establishment 2795 Web-Based Education Commission Act 1822 Interstate Compacts National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Act of 1998 1874 Pacific Northwest Emergency Management Arrangement 3402 Potomac Highlands Airport Authority Compact 3212 Texas Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact Consent Act 1542 The Northwest Wildland Fire Protection Agreement 3391 Iowa FERC project deadline, extension 882 Iraq International obligations, material breach 1538 Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 3178 Ireland Irish Peace Process Cultural and Training Program Act of 1998 3013 Israel Fiftieth anniversary 102 Japan Fair Trade in Automotive Parts Act of 1998 2275 Jobs See Employment and Labor K Kadiri, Nuratu Olarewc^u Abeke 3669 Page Kansas Haskell Indian Nations University and Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute Administrative Systems Act of 1998 3171 Karlmark, Gloria Ray 2681-597 Kentucky The Land Between the Lakes Protection Act of 1998 2681-310 Labor See Employment and Labor LaNier, Carlotta Walls 2681-597 Law Enforcement and Crime Adoption provisions 658 Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Act of 1998 512 Care for Police Survivors Act of 1998 511 Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act of 1998 2681- 856 Crime Identification Technology Act of 1998 1871 Crime Victims With Disabilities Awareness Act 2838 Deadbeat Parents Punishment Act of 1998 618 Department ofJustice Appropriations Act, 1999 2681-50 Diplomatic immunity 3385 District of Colimibia Com-ts and Justice Technical Corrections Act of 1998 2419 Extradition Treaties Interpretation Act of 1998 3033 Federal prosecutors, ethical standards 2681-118 Guns, criminal use 3469 Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998 3007 International Anti-Bribery and Fair Competition Act of 1998 3302 Methamphetamine Trafficking Penalty Enhancement Act of 1998 2681-759 Money Laundering and Financial Crimes Strategy Act of 1998 2941 National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Act of 1998 1874 National Criminal History Access and Child Protection Act 1874 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act 1859 Police, Fire, and Emergency Officers Educational Assistance Act of 1998 3495 Prisons and Prisoners Convicted persons, government benefits, technical correction 1863
� | WIKI |
User:Tony414/List of highest weekend grosses of all time
List of highest weekend grosses of all time
This is a list of the highest weekend grosses of all time. This includes second-weekend grosses, third-weekend grosses, and so on. | WIKI |
User:Cooleen93/sandbox
Communal reinforcement is a social phenomenon in which a concept or idea is repeatedly asserted in a community, regardless of whether sufficient empirical evidence has been presented to support it. Communal reinforcement is a social construction in which a strong belief is formed when a claim is repeatedly asserted by members of a community, rather than due to the existence of empirical evidence for the validity of the claim. Over time, the concept or idea is reinforced to become a strong belief in many people's minds, and may be regarded by the members of the community as fact. Often times, with the publication of mass media, books and other sources, concepts are further enforced regardless of the legitimacy of the claims. The phrase "millions of people can't all be wrong" is indicative of the common tendency to accept a communally reinforced idea without question, which often aids in the widespread acceptance of urban legends, myths, and rumors.
Communal reinforcement works both for true and false concepts or ideas, making the communal reinforcement of an idea independent of its truth value. Therefore, the statement that many persons in a given communities share in a common belief is not indicative of it being valid or false information’s. An idea can be accepted and spread throughout a community regardless of the validity of the claim.
Communal reinforcement can also be a valuable tool for society, in that it reinforces a concept or idea which is beneficial to society, such as discouraging driving under the influence or education will help you achieve a greater life. Conversely it can be viewed as a negative factor if it reinforces ideas which are harmful to society, such as the belief that bathing was avoided in the Medieval Europe.
A possible explanation for communal reinforcement is cryptomnesia, literally, hidden memory. The term was coined by psychology professor Théodore Flournoy (1854-1921) and is used to explain the origin of experiences that people believe to be original but which are actually based on memories of events they've forgotten. It seems likely that most so-called past life regressions induced through hypnosis are confabulations fed by cryptomnesia. | WIKI |
Housing and Inflation in the Spotlight - Earnings Preview
Earnings Preview 2/10/12
Earnings season will be still going on this next week. 422 firms are scheduled to report, and 50 of those are members of the S&P 500. By the end of the week we will be over 80% done with earnings season.
Many large and significant companies will be reporting this week. They include: Applied Materials ( AMAT ), Apache ( APA ), CBS ( CBS ), Deere ( DE ), Devon Energy ( DVN ), Duke Energy ( DUK ), Masco ( MAS ) and Met Life ( MET ).
It will also be a busy week for economic data. Key reports include Retail Sales, Industrial Production, two regional "mini ISM's," Housing Starts and inflation -- both on the Producer and the Consumer levels.
Monday
Nothing of particular significance.
Tuesday
Retail Sales are expected to jump by 0.8% after they rose a disappointing 0.1% in December. This is a very broad measure of consumer activity, not just spending at the mall. Some of the strength is likely to come from the strong Auto sales we saw in January (already announced by the Automakers). Excluding Autos, sales are expected to rise 0.5% after a decline of 0.2% last month. The biggest part of the decline though was at gas stations, and reflected lower gasoline prices, which is a good thing. Look at the more discretionary types of consumer spending, such as Electronics and Furniture, for a gauge of the health and attitudes of the consumers.
Wednesday
The Empire State manufacturing index, the first of the regional "mini ISM's," is expected to rise to 14.0 from 13.5. Any reading over 0.0 indicates that the manufacturing sector in New York State is expanding. Thus it is expected to show robust and slightly accelerating growth.
Industrial Production is expected to rise by 0.6% in January, up from a 0.4% rise in December. This measures the output not only of the nation's factories but its Utilities and Mines as well. Output for utilities is often as much a function of the weather as it is of economic activity. Thus it is useful to look at the change in manufacturing output as well as the change in total industrial production. In December, factory output climbed by 0.9% and the overall output was restrained by a 2.7% plunge in utility output, mostly reflecting a very mild winter.
The same report is also expected to show that overall capacity utilization has climbed to 77.6% from 78.1% in December and 77.8% in November. As with industrial production, the total capacity utilization figures can be distorted by the utilities and the weather. The utilization of the nation's power plants was at an all-time low (since the late 1960's) last month. Factory utilization, which normally runs lower than total utilization, was 75.9% in December, up from 75.3% in November.
The National Association of Homebuilders index is expected to show less despair among the homebuilders. The index is expected to rise to 26 for its fourth straight monthly increase. However, any reading under 50 still indicates that the builders see conditions as poor. Thus, even though they are no longer about to slit their wrists, the homebuilders are not exactly upbeat.
The Federal Reserve will release the minutes to its most recent open market committee meeting. This should provide some light on the thinking that went into its commitment to keep short-term rates at ultra-low levels through the end of 2014, rather than just through mid-2013 as it had previously promised.
Thursday
Weekly Initial Claims for Unemployment Insurance fell by 15,000 to 358,000 last week. The consensus is looking for a slight rebound to 365,000. The drop in weekly claims well below the key 400,000 level was the first clue that the jobs situation was getting significantly better. If they fall again it would be a powerful sign that the momentum is continuing. The big seasonal adjustments are all in the rear view mirror, so last week's level is probably about right, but we have recently seen a lot of volatility in the weekly numbers. Thus the four-week average is the thing to focus on (at 366,250 last week). Keep an eye on the prior week's revision as well as the change from the revised number.
Continuing Jobless Claims have been in a downtrend of late, but the road down has been bumpy. Last week they rose by 64,000 to 3.515 million. That is down 421,000, or 10.7% from a year ago. The consensus is looking for a dip to 3.505 million. Some (most?) of the longer-term decline is due to people simply exhausting their regular state benefits, which run out after 26 weeks. Those, however, don't last forever either. Federally paid extended claims rose by 18,000 to 3.501 million last week and are down 1.091 million, or 23.8% over the last year. Looking at just the regular continuing claims numbers is a serious mistake. They only include a little over half of the unemployed now, given the unprecedentedly high duration of unemployment figures. A better measure is the total number of people getting unemployment benefits -- currently at 7.663 million. The total number of people getting benefits is now 1.699 million below year-ago levels. What is not known is how many people have left the extended claims via the road to prosperity -- finding a new job -- and how many have left on the road to poverty, having simply exhausted even the extended benefits. Unless the program is renewed, all extended benefits will end at the start of March. Make sure to look at both sets of numbers! Many of the press reports will not, but we will here at Zacks.
Housing Starts are expected to rise to an annual rate of 670,000 from 657,000 in December. While housing starts have been trending up in recent months, they are doing so from extremely depressed levels. Most of the increase has come from the extremely volatile apartment and condo sector. The very low level of housing starts has been one of the key reasons why this recovery has been relatively anemic. If we do get a sustained rebound in residential investment this year, economic growth is likely to be far better than most people now expect.
The best leading indicator of starts is Building Permits. They are expected to dip to an annual rate of 675,000 from 679,000 in December.
The Producer Price Index (PPI) is expected to rise by 0.3% after falling by 0.1% in December. Much of that increase will be due to a rebound in oil prices, as the drop last month was largely due to dropping oil prices in December. Stripping out the volatile food and energy parts of the index, the core PPI is expected to rise just 0.1%, down from a 0.3% rise last month. Those are the numbers for finished goods. The report will also provide data on prices further up the food chain as well, which help forecast the likely direction of inflation in the near future.
The Philly Fed index, another of the regional "mini ISM's," is expected to rise to 10.0 from 7.3 in January. Like the Empire State index, any reading over zero indicates expansion of factory activity in the Mid Atlantic region. The solid expansion last month is expected to accelerate.
Friday
The Consumer Price Index is expected to rise by 0.3% after having been unchanged last month. Higher gasoline prices are expected to be the main culprit in the acceleration of inflation. The core CPI (ex-food and energy) is expected to rise 0.2% after being up just 0.1% last month. Inflation has not been a major problem for the economy, and I do expect it to be one in the near to medium term.
The index of Leading Economic Indicators is expected to rise by 0.5% on top of a 0.4% rise in December.
Potential Positive or Negative Surprises
The best indicators of firms likely to report positive surprises are a recent history of positive surprises and rising estimates going into the report. The Zacks Rank is also a good indicator of potential surprises. Similarly, a recent history of earnings disappointments, cuts in the average estimate for the quarter in the month before the report is due and a poor Zacks Rank (#4 or #5) are often red flags pointing to a potential disappointing earnings report.
In the Earnings Calendar below, $999.00 should be read as N.A.
Potential Positive Surprises:
EOG Resources ( EOG ) is expected to earn $0.86, up from $0.36 a year ago. Last time out, it had a positive surprise of 2.47%, and over the last four weeks analysts have raised their estimates for the quarter by 5.84%. EOG is a Zacks #2 Rank stock.
Deere ( DE ) is expected to earn $1.23, up from $1.20 a year ago. Last time out, it had a positive surprise of 12.50%, and over the last four weeks analysts have raised their estimates for the quarter by 0.54%. DE is a Zacks #2 Rank stock.
Ventas ( VTR ) is expected to earn $0.89, up from $0.77 a year ago. Last time out, it had a positive surprise of 8.64%, and over the last four weeks analysts have raised their estimates for the quarter by 0.26%. VTR is a Zacks #2 Rank stock.
Potential Negative Surprises:
Avon Products ( AVP ) is expected to earn $0.51, down from $0.59 a year ago. Last time out, it had a negative surprise of 17.39%, and over the last four weeks analysts have cut their estimates for the quarter by 1.82%. AVP is a Zacks #4 Rank stock.
Host Hotels ( HST ) is expected to earn $0.30, up from $0.26 a year ago. Last time out, it had a negative surprise of 5.88%, and over the last four weeks analysts have slashed their estimates for the quarter by 0.39%. HST is a Zacks #4 Rank stock.
Progress Energy ( PGN ) is expected to earn $0.52, up from $0.45 a year ago. Last time out, it had a negative surprise of 6.45%, and over the last four weeks analysts have cut their estimates for the quarter by 0.69%. PGN is a Zacks #4 Rank stock.
Earnings Calendar
APPLD MATLS INC ( AMAT ): Free Stock Analysis Report
APACHE CORP ( APA ): Free Stock Analysis Report
CBS CORP ( CBS ): Free Stock Analysis Report
DEERE & CO ( DE ): Free Stock Analysis Report
DEVON ENERGY ( DVN ): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Accordingto the Khan Academy website the 1920s was the year of consumption, prosperityand the creation of new technology. The assembly line caused an economic growthto sweep through the homes of many Americans. It is the process of assembling aproduct through series of workers to create identical items. As manufacturing rose,people and other industries made more money than before.
With the introductionof credit being used and new technology being created, it began a consumeristsociety and people were able to afford to live in luxury. New aspects ofculture were being established as people found better ways to improve theirlifestyle and enjoy life. America has been shaped from many of the things thathappened in the 1920s; these two decades relate to each other by the technologythat were used, the desire to consume, and the growth of advertisement.Technology is one of the greatestadvancement that has influences both the 1920s and modern time. There was the creation of household appliance such as radios, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, andrefrigerators. Cars werenot the only advancements of transportation; airplane travel was also being in use.
According to the Khan Academy website “In 1934, the number of US domestic airpassengers was just over 450,000 annually. By the end of the decade, thatnumber had increased to nearly two million.” Today airplane travel is still aspopular as it was during those times. All of these technologies that wereproduced during the 1920s are now a big deal and a part of everyday life becauseit dramatically improves the lifestyles of many people.
During the 1920s, Henry Ford created what’scalled the “assembly line” that mass produced cars. Mass production enabled the consumer lifestyle and that is still a partof current society. The assembly line was a huge change for this erabecause it reduces labor costs and allowed an increase of income. The creationof the assembly line has made a huge impact in modern times as it is stillbeing currently used today. We use the assembly line to produce almosteverything but it is more machine based now. With the reliance on credit andthe increase of income, due to the assembly line, people during the 1920ssought to buy new house hold appliances and cars.
Similarly, to modern time westill use credits for our consuming craze. The production of cars benefitted the economy and allowedother industries to grow. As more people are buying cars, roads are being build,which leads to the growth of shopping centers and restaurants that we havetoday. The 1920s was the start of major consumption whichrelates to today because it continued on to modern time and everyone around theworld are still consuming more by the day.
Advertisementsis one of the main issues of today, but started to become known thing duringthe 1920s. Advertising productsbecame popular with as many new cars, products and machines became available tothe majority public. As Khan Academy stated, “Advertising became a centralinstitution in this new consumer economy.” In conclusion, although the 1920s is a completelydifferent era from modern times, the products and ideas that were producedduring that era has made a huge impact on today. 1920s created cars andintroduced domestic airplane travel that we still use today. That decadecreated new house hold appliances such as washing machines and refrigeratorsthat we still today and improved.
The assembly line and advertising is still impactingour consumerist economy. The roaring twenties is relevant to today and influencedAmerica because of the growth of advertisements, the growth of consumption, andthe growth of new technology. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Python Operator Samples
About the Samples
These samples illustrate how to use the Python operator, and how to configure a local Python execution environment with the Python Instance operator.
The Python operator allows you to execute any valid Python code within an EventFlow module. The Python operator and its companion Python Instance operator allow Python-centric teams to reuse existing Python code in an event processing context without requiring major rewrites to that code. The Python operators allow the execution of Python-based statistical modeling, data science processing, and machine learning produced with Python packages such as SciPy and TensorFlow.
Importing This Sample into StreamBase Studio
In StreamBase Studio, import this sample with the following steps:
• From the top menu, select FileLoad StreamBase Sample.
• In the search field, enter python to narrow the list of samples.
• Select Using the Python operator from the Large Data Storage and Analysis category.
• Click OK.
StreamBase Studio creates a single project containing the sample files.
Samples Setup
Before running the samples, open the sample project's sbd.sbconf file. You must edit the configuration file in two places to point to the path of your installed version of Python:
• Edit the <adapter-configurations> section to specify the Python version for the global instance of Python to use in EventFlow modules as a whole. The section affects the P01-Version sample.
• Edit the <operator-paramters> section to specify the Python version for local instances defined by Python Instance operators. This section affects the P02-Local-Instance and P023-TensorFlow samples.
The sbd.sbconf file for this project includes extensive comments that show example path names. You can also consult Python Versions Supported in the StreamBase Authoring Guide.
Running the P01-Version Sample
This sample demonstrates performing a very basic Python call and returning a result.
1. Make sure you have edited this sample's configuration file to specify the path to the Python version you want to use.
2. In the Package Explorer view, double-click to open P01-version.sbapp. Make sure the application is the currently active tab in the EventFlow Editor.
3. Click the Run button. This opens the SB Test/Debug perspective and starts the application.
4. The sample runs itself one time on startup by means of a Once adapter. Look in the Application Output view for a report of the configured Python source and version number.
5. To run the sample again, click Send Data in the Manual Input view. This sends an empty tuple that populates another row in the Application Output view.
6. When done, press F9 or click the Stop Running Application button.
Running the P02-Local-Instance Sample
This sample demonstrates two things:
• Asking Python to perform a simple calculation of the Fibonacci numbers that are less than a provided integer.
• Making that Python calculation in a local instance defined by a Python Instance operator.
Note
On macOS, this sample runs with pypy3 only if you set LANG=en_US.UTF-8 in the Environment tab of the Run Configuration for this module. (Or set LANG to the appropriate value for your locale.)
Follow these steps:
1. Make sure you have edited this sample's configuration file to specify the path to the Python version you want to use.
2. In the Package Explorer view, double-click to open P02-local-instance.sbapp. Make sure the application is the currently active tab in the EventFlow Editor.
3. Click the Run button. This opens the SB Test/Debug perspective and starts the application.
4. In the Manual Input view, the InputStream stream is preselected.
Enter any integer into the fib field, such as 90, 500, or 1100.
Click Send Data.
5. In the Application Output view, look for an OutputStream tuple that show a list of the members of the Fibonacci series that are less than the integer you sent.
6. Enter another integer in the fib input field and press Send Data.
7. Now, in the Manual Input view, select the Input Stream named zControl.
8. Enter stop in the command field and press Send Data.
9. Select the InputStream stream again, and send another integer to Python. This time, the result is an Adapter Exception error message.
This is because the stop command disabled the local Python execution environment defined by the Python Instance operator. Notice that the name of this operator is ThisInstance, and notice that in the Properties view for the Python operator that its Instance Type is Local and its Local Instance Id is ThisInstance.
This means the Python operator is configured to operate in the local execution environment named ThisInstance, but in steps 7 and 8, you disabled ThisInstance.
10. Re-enable the local execution environment by selecting the zControl input stream and sending the command start.
11. Now return to the InputStream stream and send in more integers, which succeed this time.
12. When done, press F9 or click the Stop Running Application button.
Running the P03-TensorFlow Sample
This sample demonstrates using Google's open source TensorFlow machine learning framework to run a model in multiple thread instances, to evaluate model input, and to receive model output. This sample requires that the Python installation you wish to use is configured with the TensorFlow and OpenCV-Python packages. In addition, there are limitations on the Python vendors and versions you can use with TensorFlow and with this sample.
The S03-TensorFlow sample was tested with TensorFlow 1.13.1 on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
TensorFlow Limitations
The TensorFlow package, and also therefore the P03-TensorFlow sample, has the following limitations:
• On Windows, TensorFlow requires Python 3.5 or 3.6. It is not supported with Python 2.7 on Windows.
• On Windows, ActiveState provides both Python 3.5 and 3.6 installers, but recommends using their Python 3.5 installer.
• The P03-TensorFlow sample does not run with ActiveState Python 3.6.
• ActiveState Python 3.5 installs a large set of data science Python packages, including TensorFlow and OpenCV-Python. However, these bundled packages are old versions and must be upgraded with commands like the following:
pip3 install --update tensorflow
pip3 install --update opencv-python
• On Linux and macOS, TensorFlow supports Python 2.7, 3.4, 3.5, or 3.6.
• This sample does not run with Pypy because no Pypy-compatible TensorFlow package is available at the time of this writing in April, 2019.
Installing TensorFlow and OpenCV-Python Packages
The usual way to install Python packages is with the pip or pip3 command. Make sure you have installed a compatible pip command to match your Python version and vendor, as described in Python Versions Supported in the StreamBase Authoring Guide.
With standard installations of Python and Pip as described in that section, Windows and macOS users should need only the following commands:
pip3 install tensorflow
pip3 install opencv-python
On Linux, preface the same commands with sudo -H:
sudo -H pip install tensorflow
sudo -H pip install opencv-python
Use the pip or pip3 command associated with your Python version to confirm that these packages were installed for that Python version:
pip3 list
or
pip list
Steps to Run
The P03-TensorFlow sample uses a worker module to allow eight operations to run simultaneously. The worker module is run with a StreamBase concurrency setting of multiplicity=8. Each simultaneous module has its own instance of Python and initializes the model within each instance. This occurs in worker-only.sbapp, which does not run on its own, but only when called by P03-tensorflow.sbapp.
1. Make sure you have edited this sample's configuration file to specify the path to the Python version you want to use.
2. In the Package Explorer view, double-click to open P03-tensorflow.sbapp. Make sure the module is the currently active tab in the EventFlow Editor.
3. Click the Run button. This opens the SB Test/Debug perspective and starts the module, which is self-running by means of a Once adapter.
4. As the server starts, StreamBase Studio switches to the SB Test/Debug perspective.
5. In the Application Output view, select the stream named OutputStream in the Stream control. After a moment of operation, this stream shows a list of image files and their result strings.
6. If you wish to rerun the model processing, send any tuple (including a null tuple) on the Restart input stream, and click Send Data.
7. When done, press F9 or click the Terminate EventFlow Fragment button.
Running the P04-Script-Resource Sample
This sample demonstrates three ways to load the Python script:
• From Python file.
• From script text box.
• Enable control port and load script when running.
Follow these steps:
1. Edit this sample's configuration file to specify the path to the Python version you want to use.
2. In the Package Explorer view, double-click to open P04-script-resource.sbapp. Make sure the application is the currently active tab in the EventFlow Editor.
3. Double-click the Python adapter and open the Script tab. The Script text is checked as Script source.
4. Save the module and click the Run button. This opens the SB Test/Debug perspective and starts the application.
5. In the Manual Input view, Use the Stream control to select the InputStream stream.
Enter any integer into the fib field, such as 90, 500, or 1100.
Click Send Data.
6. In the Application Output view, select the result tuple to see it in the details section below. Look for a tuple field named fibresult that show a list of the members of the Fibonacci series that are less than the integer you sent. Notice that this field is in the top row of three, with the other two fields empty.
7. Press F9 or click the Stop Running Application button. (We do this to clear the Application Output view of previous results.)
8. Double-click the Python adapter icon and open the Script tab. In the Script source control, select File.
In the Script file control, make sure fib.py is selected. If not, use the Browse button to search the resource path for this file.
9. Save the module and click the Run button again.
10. In the Manual Input view, Select the InputStream stream, enter an integer into the fib field, and click Send Data.
11. In the Application Output view, look for an output tuple field named fibresultFromFile that shows the Fibonacci series again. Notice that this output fills the middle field this time, with top and bottom fields empty.
12. Press F9 or click the Stop Running Application button.
13. Double-click the Python adapter icon again. With either File or Script text selected, make sure Enable control port is selected. (When this check box is enabled and the control port is used, it overrides either setting of Script source.)
14. Save the module and click the Run button again.
15. To take advantage of the control stream, you must send a replacement script to the running module. To do this, in the Manual Input view, select yControlStream from the Stream control. Then:
1. In the Command field, enter Load.
2. In the Script field, copy and paste the following script. Be careful not to change the indent levels.
from __future__ import print_function
def fib2(n):
result = []
a, b = 0, 1
while b < n:
result.append(b)
a, b = b, a+b
return result
fibresultFromControlStream = fib2(fib)
print(fibresultFromControlStream)
print('')
Once pasted, you can only see the top line of the script. Use the up and down arrow keys to scroll through the pasted script in the Script control to make sure the line breaks and indentation pasted correctly.
3. Click Send Data. There is no feedback for this step.
16. In the Manual Input view, select the InputStream stream, enter an integer into the fib field, and click Send Data.
17. In the Application Output view, look for a tuple this time named fibresultFromControlStream that shows the results of the Fibonacci calculation as before. This time, the output tuple fills the bottom field of the three, with the top and middle fields empty.
18. When done, press F9 or click the Stop Running Application button.
Sample Location
When you load the sample into StreamBase Studio, Studio copies the sample project's files to your Studio workspace, which is normally part of your home directory, with full access rights.
Important
Load this sample in StreamBase Studio, and thereafter use the Studio workspace copy of the sample to run and test it, even when running from the command prompt.
Using the workspace copy of the sample avoids permission problems. The default workspace location for this sample is:
studio-workspace/sample_python
See Default Installation Directories for the default location of studio-workspace on your system. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
svn commit: r231086 - in stable/8: bin/sh tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins
Jean-Sebastien Pedron dumbbell at FreeBSD.org
Mon Feb 6 13:36:50 UTC 2012
Author: dumbbell
Date: Mon Feb 6 13:36:49 2012
New Revision: 231086
URL: http://svn.freebsd.org/changeset/base/231086
Log:
MFC r230212:
sh: Fix execution of multiple statements in a trap when evalskip is set
Before this fix, only the first statement of the trap was executed if
evalskip was set. This is for example the case when:
o "-e" is set for this shell
o a trap is set on EXIT
o a function returns 1 and causes the script to abort
Reviewed by: jilles
Sponsored by: Yakaz (http://www.yakaz.com)
Added:
stable/8/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap10.0
- copied unchanged from r230212, head/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap10.0
stable/8/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap11.0
- copied unchanged from r230212, head/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap11.0
Modified:
stable/8/bin/sh/eval.c
stable/8/bin/sh/eval.h
stable/8/bin/sh/trap.c
Directory Properties:
stable/8/bin/sh/ (props changed)
stable/8/tools/ (props changed)
stable/8/tools/regression/bin/ (props changed)
stable/8/tools/regression/bin/sh/ (props changed)
Modified: stable/8/bin/sh/eval.c
==============================================================================
--- stable/8/bin/sh/eval.c Mon Feb 6 13:29:50 2012 (r231085)
+++ stable/8/bin/sh/eval.c Mon Feb 6 13:36:49 2012 (r231086)
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
int evalskip; /* set if we are skipping commands */
-static int skipcount; /* number of levels to skip */
+int skipcount; /* number of levels to skip */
MKINIT int loopnest; /* current loop nesting level */
int funcnest; /* depth of function calls */
static int builtin_flags; /* evalcommand flags for builtins */
Modified: stable/8/bin/sh/eval.h
==============================================================================
--- stable/8/bin/sh/eval.h Mon Feb 6 13:29:50 2012 (r231085)
+++ stable/8/bin/sh/eval.h Mon Feb 6 13:36:49 2012 (r231086)
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ int commandcmd(int, char **);
#define in_function() funcnest
extern int funcnest;
extern int evalskip;
+extern int skipcount;
/* reasons for skipping commands (see comment on breakcmd routine) */
#define SKIPBREAK 1
Modified: stable/8/bin/sh/trap.c
==============================================================================
--- stable/8/bin/sh/trap.c Mon Feb 6 13:29:50 2012 (r231085)
+++ stable/8/bin/sh/trap.c Mon Feb 6 13:36:49 2012 (r231086)
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ void
dotrap(void)
{
int i;
- int savestatus;
+ int savestatus, prev_evalskip, prev_skipcount;
in_dotrap++;
for (;;) {
@@ -430,9 +430,35 @@ dotrap(void)
*/
if (i == SIGCHLD)
ignore_sigchld++;
+
+ /*
+ * Backup current evalskip
+ * state and reset it before
+ * executing a trap, so that the
+ * trap is not disturbed by an
+ * ongoing break/continue/return
+ * statement.
+ */
+ prev_evalskip = evalskip;
+ prev_skipcount = skipcount;
+ evalskip = 0;
+
savestatus = exitstatus;
evalstring(trap[i], 0);
exitstatus = savestatus;
+
+ /*
+ * If such a command was not
+ * already in progress, allow a
+ * break/continue/return in the
+ * trap action to have an effect
+ * outside of it.
+ */
+ if (prev_evalskip != 0) {
+ evalskip = prev_evalskip;
+ skipcount = prev_skipcount;
+ }
+
if (i == SIGCHLD)
ignore_sigchld--;
}
@@ -485,6 +511,11 @@ exitshell(int status)
}
handler = &loc1;
if ((p = trap[0]) != NULL && *p != '\0') {
+ /*
+ * Reset evalskip, or the trap on EXIT could be
+ * interrupted if the last command was a "return".
+ */
+ evalskip = 0;
trap[0] = NULL;
evalstring(p, 0);
}
Copied: stable/8/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap10.0 (from r230212, head/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap10.0)
==============================================================================
--- /dev/null 00:00:00 1970 (empty, because file is newly added)
+++ stable/8/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap10.0 Mon Feb 6 13:36:49 2012 (r231086, copy of r230212, head/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap10.0)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# $FreeBSD$
+
+# Check that the return statement will not break the EXIT trap, ie. all
+# trap commands are executed before the script exits.
+
+test "$(trap 'printf trap; echo ped' EXIT; f() { return; }; f)" = trapped || exit 1
Copied: stable/8/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap11.0 (from r230212, head/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap11.0)
==============================================================================
--- /dev/null 00:00:00 1970 (empty, because file is newly added)
+++ stable/8/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap11.0 Mon Feb 6 13:36:49 2012 (r231086, copy of r230212, head/tools/regression/bin/sh/builtins/trap11.0)
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# $FreeBSD$
+
+# Check that the return statement will not break the USR1 trap, ie. all
+# trap commands are executed before the script resumes.
+
+result=$(${SH} -c 'trap "printf trap; echo ped" USR1; f() { return $(kill -USR1 $$); }; f')
+test $? -eq 0 || exit 1
+test "$result" = trapped || exit 1
More information about the svn-src-all mailing list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Introduction: Mr. Rileys Class Computer Build
Building a computer can be dangerous. Make sure you have electrostatic protection such as an anti-static wrist-strap or anti-static mat. You will want everything near you and ready.
Step 1: Add the CPU
We will start by adding a CPU to the motherboard. There is no force to be applied down on the CPU since it should fit into place on its own once lined up. (note: make sure if you have an AMD you raise the metal bar before inserting the CPU.)
Step 2: The Cooling Fan
Now that the CPU is done we need a way to cool it. Make sure that there is new thermal paste before adding the fan. Then while putting the fan on use the lever to lock the fan in place on the two plastic ledges. Then plug the fan into the pins on the motherboard labeled CPU fan.
Step 3: Ram
Next we will put in a stick of ram. In the RAM port pull the two arms back and insert the RAM card. You will need down pressure or its not gonna be easy. Once the ram stick is down you will hear a click. Push the arms back to anchor in place.
Step 4: Graphics Card and Speaker
Now when putting the graphics card in you will want an elevated work space there may be an arm you ave to move back before applying pressure. once the card is in plug in a speaker into the speaker pins.
Step 5: Power and Testing
The power supply has many cords so this can be confusing. the cords that we will use are the 24 pin and 4 pin power cords once those are in transfer to a monitor and turn on by shorting out the two power switch pines on the mother board. a beep and a no hard drive warning is a good sign that everything is working so far.
Step 6: Fitting It All Together
Now we want to get everything in the case. Once that's done make sure to screw in the motherboard standoffs and the hard drive in its spot. when everything is in plug all the cords from the case and the power supply into the corresponding spots. Plug in the SATA cable and SATA power. once the case is back together you are ready to install the OS. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Adapting and Writing Language Lessons.pdf/251
CHAPTER 5 Prepare a full set of examples for each field chosen in step 3. Insert the examples into the essay at the points marked in step 2, and type the result onto what are to be the left-hand pages of the finished synopsis. (The Thai example [Appendix M, pp. 235-256] has been carried to this point. For each section, prepare self-test1ng frames of approximately the same length in column-inches as the section itself. Put these on the right-hand pages. (The Swahili example on pp. 272-283 illustrates this format. Add any interpretive material that seems desirable.(An example is the opening paragraphs,of the Thai synopsis [Appendix M, pp. 235-237].) | WIKI |
Sunrun (RUN) Shares Jump Higher – Here’s Why
We recently published a list of Investors Are Gobbling Up Shares of These 10 Firms. In this article, we are going to take a look at where Sunrun Inc. (NASDAQ:RUN) stands against other top-performing companies on Tuesday.
Sunrun grew its share price by 7.13 percent on Tuesday to close at $8.86 apiece, as investors loaded up portfolios while waiting for more concrete developments from the US-China trade negotiations.
The company’s stock has been trading sideways over the past few days amid the lack of fresh company-specific catalysts, but cautiously loaded up portfolios amid the US and China’s efforts in negotiating tariff policies.
Sunrun Inc. (NASDAQ:RUN), alongside its counterparts, have been on the spotlight over the past few weeks as investors continued to digest the impact of the “One Big, Beautiful Bill Act” into its business, with tax perks for clean energy expected to end in December this year and effectively raise the prices of its products.
In an interview with Newsweek last week, Sunrun Inc. (NASDAQ:RUN) CEO Mary Powell warned that the new bill will rip the rug out from under 5 million plus customers.
A field of solar panels glistening in the afternoon sun, symbolizing the company's renewable energy ambitions.
“We immediately went to work on how we can ensure our message about the importance of what we do for Americans on energy independence and advancing the agenda around energy dominance is heard,” she noted.
Overall, RUN ranks 5th on our list of top-performing companies on Tuesday. While we acknowledge the potential of RUN as an investment, our conviction lies in the belief that some AI stocks hold greater promise for delivering higher returns and have limited downside risk. If you are looking for an extremely cheap AI stock that is also a major beneficiary of Trump tariffs and onshoring, see our free report on the best short-term AI stock.
READ NEXT: 20 Best AI Stocks To Buy Now and 30 Best Stocks to Buy Now According to Billionaires.
Disclosure: None. This article is originally published at Insider Monkey. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Idalina Mantovani
AFD rationale
the article was posted in the wrong order as it should have been her husband's article posted first. it was posted today though a lot more research is to be done on him. I strongly ask you to reconsider as they have relevance in the local political scenario during the 70s and 80'. You can google him. Tks Ambassador —Preceding unsigned comment added by Embaixador (talk • contribs) 08:31, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
* You are welcome to comment and express your opinion in the AfD discussion, Articles for deletion/Idalina mantovani. If you can provide some independent reliable sources, as defined by WP:V, to verify the facts presented in the article and establish notability of the subject per WP:BIO, that'd be good. An AfD usually runs for at least 5 days. Nsk92 (talk) 15:36, 13 September 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Decompilation turns function expression into function declaration
VERIFIED FIXED in mozilla1.8.1
Status
()
defect
P1
normal
VERIFIED FIXED
13 years ago
13 years ago
People
(Reporter: jruderman, Assigned: brendan)
Tracking
(Blocks 1 bug, {testcase, verified1.8.1})
Trunk
mozilla1.8.1
Points:
---
Dependency tree / graph
Bug Flags:
in-testsuite +
Firefox Tracking Flags
(Not tracked)
Details
Attachments
(1 attachment)
js> function() { (function x() { }); return x; }
function () {
function x() {};
return x;
}
In the example in comment 0, decompilation changes the meaning of the funciton. Here's an example where decompilation creates something that doesn't compile:
js> function() { (function(){} | x) }
function () {
function () {} | x;
}
Posted patch fixSplinter Review
As with '{', if an expression statement starts with 'function ', it must be parenthesized.
Note how let (x=y) function(){} is free of this rule, but not let (x=y) ({p:x}).
/be
Assignee: general → brendan
Status: NEW → ASSIGNED
Attachment #237803 - Flags: review?(mrbkap)
OS: Mac OS X 10.4 → All
Priority: -- → P1
Hardware: Macintosh → All
Target Milestone: --- → mozilla1.8.1
Attachment #237803 - Flags: review?(mrbkap) → review+
Attachment #237803 - Flags: approval1.8.1?
Fixed on trunk.
/be
Status: ASSIGNED → RESOLVED
Closed: 13 years ago
Resolution: --- → FIXED
Comment on attachment 237803 [details] [diff] [review]
fix
a=schrep
Attachment #237803 - Flags: approval1.8.1? → approval1.8.1+
Fixed on the 1.8 branch.
/be
Keywords: fixed1.8.1
Checking in regress-352073.js;
/cvsroot/mozilla/js/tests/js1_5/Regress/regress-352073.js,v <-- regress-352073.js
initial revision: 1.1
done
Flags: in-testsuite+
verified fixed 1.8 20060914 windows/linux 1.9 20060914 windows/mac*/linux
Status: RESOLVED → VERIFIED
You need to log in before you can comment on or make changes to this bug. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 103 Part 3.djvu/240
103 STAT. 2308 PUBLIC LAW 101-239—DEC. 19, 1989 "(ii) UNUSED HOUSING CREDIT CARRYOVER. —For pur- poses of this subparagraph, the unused housing credit carryover of a State for any ctdendar year is the excess (if any) of the unused State housing credit ceiHng for such year (as defined in subparagraph (C)(ii)) over the excess (if any) of— "(I) the aggregate housing credit dollar amount allocated for such year, over "(II) the amount described in clause (i) of subparagraph (C). "(iii) FORMULA FOR ALLOCATION OF UNUSED HOUSING CREDIT CARRYOVERS AMONG QUALIFIED STATES. —The amount allocated under this subparagraph to a quali- fied State for any calendar year shall be the amount determined by the Secretary to bear the same ratio to the aggregate unused housing credit carryovers of all States for the preceding calendar year sis such State's population for the calendar year bears to the popu- lation of all qualified States for the calendar year. For purposes of the preceding sentence, population shall be determined in accordance with section 146(j). "(iv) QuAUFiED STATE.— For purposes of this subpara- graph, the term 'qualified Static' means, with respect to a calendar year, any State— "(I) which allocated its entire State housing credit ceiling for the preceding calendar year, and "(II) for which a request is made (not later than May 1 of the calendar year) to receive an allocation under clause (iii)." (2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS. — (A) Subparagraph (E) of section 42(h)(5) is amended by striking "subparagraph (E)" and inserting "subparagraph '- (F)". (B) Paragraph (6) of section 42(h) is amended by striking subparagraph (B) and by redesignating subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E) as subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D), respectively. (c) BUILDINGS ELIGIBLE FOR CREDIT ONLY IF MINIMUM LONG-TERM COMMITMENT TO LOW-INCOME HOUSING. — (1) IN GENERAL.— Section 42(h) (relating to limitation on aggregate credit allowable with respect to projects located in a State) is amended by redesignating paragraphs (6) and (7) as paragraphs (7) and (8), respectively, and by inserting after paragraph (5) the following new paragraph: "(6) BUILDINGS ELIGIBLE FOR CREDIT ONLY IF MINIMUM LONG- TERM COMMITMENT TO LOW-INCOME HOUSING. — "(A) IN GENERAL. —No credit shall be allowed by reason of this section with respect to any building for the taxable year unless an extended low-income housing commitment is in effect as of the end of such taxable year. " (B) EXTENDED LOW-INCOME HOUSING COMMITMENT. — For purposes of this paragraph, the term 'extended low-income housing commitment means any agreement between the taxpayer and the housing credit agency— "(i) which requires that the applicable fraction (as defined in subsection (c)(D) for the building for each taxable year in the extended use period will not be less
� | WIKI |
Newly-released documents have revealed the extent of the huge evacuation process in the lead up to World War Two.
With the outbreak of war expected at any moment – and fearing mass casualties from a sustained German bombing campaign, plans were drawn up for the mass evacuation of women and children from Britain’s major towns and cities.
Over the course of three days from September 1, 1939 – when Hitler invaded Poland and before Britain declared war on Nazi Germany – 1.5 million children, mothers with infants and other vulnerable people were evacuated to areas out of the Luftwaffe’s reach.
Operation Pied Piper – the Government Evacuation Scheme – was overseen by the Ministry of Health, working closely with the local councils, teachers and railway staff.
But the British authorities also turned to the backbone of the home front – the Royal Voluntary Service (RVS).
The organisation was formed in 1938 by Lady Stella Reading as the Women’s Voluntary Service for Air Raid Precautions as Britain prepared for war.
More than one million women joined the RVS during World War Two, and thanks to their tireless efforts the “women in green” – as they became fondly known – were central to winning the war.
The evacuation was voluntary, but the fear of bombing, the closure of many urban schools and the organised transportation of school groups helped persuade families to send their children away.
The RVS met tired and apprehensive evacuees at railway stations, ran reception centres and organised the feeding, clothing and billeting of the women and children.
To mark the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of World War Two, the RVS has opened its archive in Devizes, Wiltshire.
Life in the countryside proved a difficult experience for both the host families and the evacuees – with many hosts having to buy clothing for the children.
Many inner city evacuees had never seen farm animals and poverty was seen as neglect, while some farmers chose strong looking lads to work on the land.
Some householders refused to allow the evacuees to use the cooking and washing facilities and turned them out of the door each morning, telling them not to return until the evening.
A report from the Caernarfon branch in September 1939 stated that North Wales had been treated “abominably” in re-homing families from Liverpool.
“The women were filthy, verminous, and in some cases diseased, they were abusive, refused to be separated from their friends, and quite without manners or morals,” the report said.
“They went back in droves within a week, but they have made it impossible for us to take others.
“The children were verminous but carbolic baths worked wonders. There is a nasty spirit among the mothers and some of the children – ‘The Government pays you for all you are doing for us’ – and the hostesses object when they have clothed a child at their own expense to have this thrown at them.”
In a report of the evacuation of Vauxhall Street School to Swanage in Dorset, the RVS reported in January 1940: “Whatever the differences the war has made to the children still in London, one thing is certain, that the evacuated children are benefiting in every way from being down here.
“Some, who were troublesome in London, have completely changed since they left their homes.”
In Lincolnshire, the county organiser suggested in a report written days after the first evacuations that the Government should set up nursery homes.
“These women who are used to dirty homes feel unhappy and cannot settle in the much cleaner homes where they are billeted, whose occupiers naturally resent their dirty ways,” the organiser wrote.
“I feel everything would have been alright and difficulties could have been coped with if no mothers had arrived at all, and preschool children could have been kept together in nursery homes and properly looked after.”
Within a few weeks of the outbreak of war – the “Phoney War” period – many mothers and children had left the countryside and returned to their extended families after the widely anticipated bombing campaign had failed to materialise.
By early 1940, it was estimated that around 80% had returned home. But that summer, another wave of evacuations took place after Hitler invaded France and the launch of the Blitz.
Further evacuations took place from June 1944 following the launch of the German V-weapons against towns and cities in London and the south east. | FINEWEB-EDU |
3 Reasons Ambarella Inc Stock Could Fall
Ambarella (NASDAQ: AMBA) is trailing the market this year, and the stock recently dipped below $50 per share to mark a dramatic slide from its all-time high of over $120 in mid-2015.
The slump could set the camera tech specialist up for nice rebound if things play out as management hopes. On the other hand, returns could also get worse for investors.
Let's look at a few of the surprises that might add to Ambarella's brutal stock slump.
Diversification stumbles
Ambarella is moving away from its intense reliance on just a few customers that fuel most of its sales growth. A deep link-up with GoPro (NASDAQ: GPRO) , for example, might have looked good to executives back in 2015 when its devices were flying off retailers' shelves. But GoPro's collapsing sales and profit margins last year played the biggest role in pushing Ambarella's own revenue pace into negative territory.
AMBA Revenue (Quarterly YoY Growth) . Data by YCharts .
GoPro was responsible for about 25% of Ambarella's business last year and executives see that number falling over time as they expand deeper into other market niches like security cameras. Yet for now the action camera giant remains a key customer, and so surprisingly weak holiday sales or a losing GoPro entirely as a customer could halt the tech specialist's modest growth pace.
New markets don't pan out
Ambarella's low-power, high-definition camera technology seems well suited to a range of industries that could be set for stunning growth in the coming decades. These include exciting fields like virtual reality, automotive, drones, and police cameras, just to name a few.
There's no guarantee that the company will succeed in building and maintaining a leadership position in any of these emerging markets, though. And even if it does, Ambarella still has to continuously raise the bar on the features its technology enables -- or else risk losing pricing power. Today's drone market is a good example of these risks in action. Recent product introductions include flashy features like 4K video and advanced image stabilization that take full advantage of Ambarella's integrated SoC solution. Ambarella's hardware, however, didn't make it into the popular Spark drone product by DJI, calling into question the strength of its position in the industry.
Sinking margins
The company's competitive advantage is founded on its deep portfolio of intellectual property consisting of semiconductor and software design tech. When these features are in high demand, and when Ambarella is leading the market in delivering exactly what hardware manufacturers want, the company enjoys booming sales and can also raise its average selling prices and boost profitability in the process.
Any degradation in that leadership position threatens the business and promises to send profit margins down. That's why Ambarella dedicates a huge portion of its annual spending toward research and development . Three-quarters of its employees, after all, are engineers engaged in the crucial task of advancing the industry in areas like image capturing and compression, power usage, and semiconductor design.
AMBA Gross Profit Margin (TTM) . Data by YCharts .
The first hint that Ambarella is losing its grip on innovation in these fields will likely be declining gross profit margins. That metric has ranged from as high as 68% of sales to a low 63% set in early 2014. After a nice climb higher, profitability took a slight step back last quarter because its product mix moved toward less profitable areas like home monitoring. That dip isn't something that should worry investors -- unless it continues into a long-term trend.
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Demitrios Kalogeropoulos has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends Ambarella and GoPro. The Motley Fool has the following options: short January 2019 $12 calls on GoPro and long January 2019 $12 puts on GoPro. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy .
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Asian Currencies Gain on Interest-Rate Outlook, Rally in Regional Stocks
Asian currencies climbed, led by
Singapore ’s dollar, on speculation regional central banks will
tolerate faster appreciation and raise borrowing costs to tame
inflation. The Bank of Thailand raised interest rates yesterday, for
the sixth time in less than a year, and signaled more increases
are likely. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and People’s Bank of
China Deputy Governor Hu Xiaolian have said in the past week the
yuan’s flexibility may play a role in countering the fastest
inflation in 32 months. The MSCI Asia-Pacific Index of regional
stocks rose 1.2 percent after U.S. companies, including Apple
Inc., reported better results than analysts had forecast. “Central banks in Asia , from China to Singapore to
Malaysia, seem to be allowing currency gains to help curb
inflation,” said Shigehisa Shiroki, chief trader on the Asian
and emerging-markets team at Mizuho Corporate Bank Ltd. in Tokyo . Singapore’s dollar strengthened 0.4 percent to S$1.2347
against its U.S. counterpart as of 4:44 p.m. local time,
according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Taiwan ’s dollar,
Indonesia’s rupiah and Malaysia’s ringgit all advanced 0.3
percent to NT$28.926, 8,628, and 3.0075, respectively. Taiwan’s dollar touched the highest level in more than two
months after official data released yesterday showed the
island’s export orders rose 13.4 percent in March from a year
earlier, compared with median forecast of 4.7 percent in a
Bloomberg survey. “The surprisingly good export figures lifted sentiment,”
said Tarsicio Tong, a Taipei-based currency trader at the Union
Bank of Taiwan. “More income from overseas will support the
currency.” Malaysian Inflation The ringgit rose to a 13-year high on speculation the
fastest inflation in 23 months will prompt policy makers to
raise interest rates when they next meet on May 5. Consumer
prices rose 3 percent in March from a year earlier, the most
since April 2009, the statistics department said yesterday. Bank
Negara Malaysia next has kept its overnight rate at 2.75 percent
since July. “The inflation data increases the odds of a rate increase
this quarter,” said Suresh Kumar Ramanathan, foreign-exchange
strategist at CIMB Investment Bank Bhd. in Kuala Lumpur . “Also,
the intervention risk is lowered with most Asian currencies
gaining in tandem.” Thailand’s baht touched a four-month high after Bank of
Thailand Assistant Governor Paiboon Kittisrikangwan said
yesterday that interest rates are on a rising trend and the
central bank needs to keep raising them as the economy expands.
The baht advanced 0.2 percent to 29.89 per dollar, according to
data compiled by Bloomberg. It touched 29.88 earlier, the
strongest level since Dec. 6. Elsewhere, South Korea’s won gained 0.2 percent to 1,080.13
per dollar, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. China ’s
yuan rose 0.08 percent to 6.5205 and India ’s rupee strengthened
0.1 percent to 44.29. Financial markets in the Philippines are
closed today and tomorrow for the Easter holidays. To contact the reporters on this story:
Andrea Wong in Taipei at
awong268@bloomberg.net ;
Yumi Teso in Bangkok at
yteso1@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
James Regan at
jregan19@bloomberg.net . | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Trump has the lowest approval of any modern president at the end of his first year
A majority of Americans don’t think too highly of the job Donald Trump is doing as president. It has propelled him to a singular accomplishment: the lowest approval rating of any modern president in December of his first year in office. Trump’s most recent approval rating, according to Gallup, is at 35 percent. Another CNN poll, which surveyed a random sampling of 1,001 adults from December 14 to 17, put him at 35 percent. They are some of his worst marks yet as president. No other modern president has come close to such failing grades from the American people at about 330 days in office. His predecessor, Barack Obama, had an approval rating of 50 percent in mid-December 2009. Ronald Reagan previously held the record for lowest approval rating for his first December in office, at 49 percent. George W. Bush achieved the highest approval rating at 86 percent in December 2001, though he likely benefitted from a post-9/11 boost. His dad, George H.W. Bush, hit a respectable 71 percent, only behind John F. Kennedy, at 77 percent, in December of 1961. Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter, and Richard Nixon had approval ratings in the 50s in the fourth quarter of their first presidential year. Lyndon Johnson and Gerald Ford are excluded from this chart, as their first Decembers in office didn’t come after an electoral victory, and didn’t amount to almost a full year as president. (Still, both their approval ratings were above 35 percent, though Ford’s was the lowest — at 42 percent in December 1974 — after taking office in August following Nixon’s resignation.) Trump entered office in January 2017 with the lowest approval rate of a modern president at 45 percent, and he avoided the goodwill honeymoon normally afforded new presidents. He’s matched that high since, but has not exceeded a 46 percent approval rating since he took office, based on Gallup’s polling. Trump’s support has eroded over the past year, but it hasn’t, unlike other presidents, dipped or dropped dramatically. Instead, it’s bounced around that 40 percent mark. This likely speaks to the country’s deep partisan polarization: Democrats overwhelmingly disapprove of the president, while Trump’s Republican base has remained mostly loyal. For example, for the week of December 11, 77 percent of Republicans approved of Trump. Only 7 percent of Democrats did. (And 31 percent of independents.) Trump’s approval rating lives and dies on support among Republicans; he isn’t likely, at this point, to win over too many Democratic fans with his policies or personality. But 89 percent of Republicans approved of Trump after his inauguration. Today, at 77 percent, their rating is down just a little more than 10 percentage points — and that’s reflected in Trump’s overall approval numbers. The president’s dismal approval rating does have some tangible consequences. As Matthew Glassman, a senior fellow at Georgetown University’s Government Affairs Institute, explained in Vox earlier this month, “Such numbers sap Trump’s power to leverage popularity into persuasion. They also depress party loyalists concerned about 2018 and embolden potential primary challengers for 2020.” Trump can take consolation in one thing, at least. Gallup is still polling Hillary Clinton’s favorability — and at 36 percent, it happens to be almost as bleak as Trump’s approval rating. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Spatially-Resolved Dense Molecular Gas and Star Formation Rate in M51
Hao, Chen 1 Yu, Gao J. Braine 2 Qiusheng, Gu
2 FORMATION STELLAIRE 2015
LAB - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac], UB - Université de Bordeaux, INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers , CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Abstract : We present the spatially-resolved observations of HCN J = 1 -- 0 emission in the nearby spiral galaxy M51 using the IRAM 30 m telescope. The HCN map covers an extent of $4\arcmin\times5\arcmin$ with spatial resolution of $28\arcsec$, which is, so far, the largest in M51. There is a correlation between infrared emission (star formation rate indicator) and HCN (1--0) emission (dense gas tracer) at kpc scale in M51, a natural extension of the proportionality between the star formation rate (SFR) and the dense gas mass established globally in galaxies. Within M51, the relation appears to be sub-linear (with a slope of 0.74$\pm$0.16) as $L_{\rm IR}$ rises less quickly than $L_{\rm HCN}$. We attribute this to a difference between center and outer disk such that the central regions have stronger HCN (1--0) emission per unit star formation. The IR-HCN correlation in M51 is further compared with global one from Milky Way to high-z galaxies and bridges the gap between giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and galaxies. Like the centers of nearby galaxies, the $L_{\rm IR}$/$L_{\rm HCN}$ ratio measured in M51 (particularly in the central regions), is slightly lower than what is measured globally in galaxies, yet is still within the scatter. This implies that though the $L_{\rm IR}$/$L_{\rm HCN}$ ratio varies as a function of physical environment in the different positions of M51, IR and HCN indeed show a linear correlation over 10 orders of magnitude.
Type de document :
Article dans une revue
Astrophysical Journal, American Astronomical Society, 2015, 810 (2), pp.id. 140. 〈10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/140〉
Liste complète des métadonnées
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01197442
Contributeur : Marie-Paule Pomies <>
Soumis le : vendredi 11 septembre 2015 - 16:33:55
Dernière modification le : mardi 29 mai 2018 - 12:51:08
Lien texte intégral
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Collections
Citation
Hao, Chen, Yu, Gao, J. Braine, Qiusheng, Gu. Spatially-Resolved Dense Molecular Gas and Star Formation Rate in M51. Astrophysical Journal, American Astronomical Society, 2015, 810 (2), pp.id. 140. 〈10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/140〉. 〈hal-01197442〉
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118 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- Airsynergy in Talks to Market Quieter, Cheaper Shrouded Turbines
Irish developer Airsynergy will bring
a wind turbine encased in a shroud to market this year that it
says is cheaper, more powerful and quieter than other products. Airsynergy, based in County Longford, is in “serious”
discussions with six companies in nations including the U.S.,
U.K., Ireland and China and in South America , Adrian Kelly,
business development director for the company, said yesterday.
It has already partnered with U.S.-based Aris Energy LLC to
develop and sell its products in as many as 32 states, he said. “Before the end of the year we intend to get our second
license deal,” Kelly said in London. The company is looking to
license its technology to large industrial companies and
utilities that can distribute and install its systems. The turbine, which features a circular shroud that
increases the velocity of wind, is the first of its kind to come
to market, said Jim Smyth, chief executive officer. It’s capable
of producing twice the annual power of a conventional turbine,
halving the cost of generation and making it more economical for
sites that aren’t currently viable, he said. It’s also smaller
and quieter than other turbines. The company has a 5-kilowatt turbine that it plans to
scale-up to 1-megawatt and bring to market in 2014 to 2015. The
large models will produce power at about $45 to $50 a megawatt-hour, Smyth said. Airsynergy’s products start paying for themselves after
three to five years, Kelly said. Onshore wind energy costs about
$82.60 a megawatt-hour and coal-fired power about $78, according
to Bloomberg estimates. Installing renewable energy systems can help homes and
businesses to trim their bills by reducing dependence on
volatile fossil-fuel prices. Countries including the U.K. offer
premium payments for on-site low-carbon generation. Alongside the domestic turbine, Airsynergy is working on a
wind-powered streetlight that can be attached to existing poles,
Smyth said. It hopes to bring this product to market before
year-end. To contact the reporter on this story:
Louise Downing in London at
ldowning4@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Reed Landberg at
landberg@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
MISSOURI PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY, Plaintiff, v. CARGILL, INCORPORATED and the First Boston Corporation, Defendants.
No. 73 Civ. 5464.
United States District Court, S. D. New York.
April 15, 1974.
Davis Polk & Wardwell, New York City, for plaintiff; Daniel F. Kolb, New York City, of counsel.
Lord, Day & Lord, New York City, for defendant Cargill, Inc.; John W. Castles, III, Gordon B. Spivack, New York City, of counsel.
Sullivan & Cromwell, New York City, for defendant The First Boston Corp.; John F. Arning, New York City, of counsel.
OPINION
STEWART, District Judge:
Background.
Federal courts have become a common arena in which tender offer battles are waged. The action before this Court began with an order to show cause why Cargill, Incorporated (Cargill) should not be restrained from continuing its cash tender offer to purchase all outstanding shares of Missouri Portland Cement Company (Missouri Portland). The action and counter-action arise under Sections 9, 10(b), 13, 14(d) and 14(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78i, 78j(b), 78m, 78n(d) and 78n(e), and under Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 and 2, and Sections 4, 7 and 16 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 15, 18 and 26. This Court has jurisdiction over the action under 15 U.S.C. §§ 26, 78aa.
Plaintiff Missouri Portland is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware with its principal place of business in St. Louis, Missouri. Defendant Cargill is a closely held corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware with its principal place of business in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
After a hearing on an application by Missouri Portland for a temporary restraining order on Friday, December 28, 1973, this Court denied Missouri Port-land’s application on the same day and also granted an order for expeditious discovery. The following Wednesday, January 2, 1974, hearings began on Missouri Portland’s application for a preliminary injunction against Cargill’s tender offer to which was joined Car-gill’s claim that Missouri Portland had violated the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and for appropriate relief. Missouri Portland’s first claim is that Car-gill violated the securities laws by misrepresenting and omitting material facts in its tender offer statements. The second claim against Cargill is based on the allegation that Cargill’s takeover of Missouri Portland would constitute a violation of the antitrust laws. While the hearings for a preliminary injunction were proceeding, Cargill applied to the Court for an order requiring Missouri Portland to stop communicating with its shareholders, to correct misrepresentations, and to turn over its shareholder list to Cargill. The orders of January 7 and 14, 1974, granted Missouri Port-land’s application for a preliminary injunction on the basis of the antitrust allegations and generally preserved the status quo pending appeal.
The first part of this opinion is limited to a determination of the antitrust allegations.
I Antitrust Allegations
Facts. The Portland Cement Industry.
Missouri Portland’s principal business is the production of portland cement, a binding agent used in a mixture to produce concrete. The manufacturing of this dark gray fungible powder is only the first and relatively inexpensive stage in the cement business. While the manufacturing process for portland cement is well known and quite simple, the capital outlays to enter the industry are substantial, e. g., the cost of constructing a cement plant. A company planning to enter the cement business would have to have substantial resources and staying power.
The heavy bulk commodity is generally sold to ready mix concrete dealers and in some cases directly to building contractors. The cost of transporting the cement is the major expense involved in the production and distribution of the product. Ready mix dealers do not have storage facilities for cement so their needs require prompt delivery on short notice. The portland cement industry is thus characterized by substantial capital investment for the construction of plants and by the need for prompt transportation of the cement to ready mix dealers in the surrounding areas. This Court notes that Cargill’s general pricing policy conforms to the structure of the cement business: to cut costs, operate on a very low margin and rely on high volume to earn profits.
Missouri Portland.
Missouri Portland has three plants from which it distributes cement. They are located in St. Louis, Missouri, on the Mississippi River; Independence (Kansas City), Missouri, on the Missouri River; and Joppa, Illinois, on the Ohio River. Its plants are located on rivers so that the cement may be barged in bulk to its eight terminals located in Memphis, Tenn., Decatur, Ala., Nashville, Tenn., Owensboro, Ky., Louisville, Ky., Omaha, Neb., Peoria, Ill. and Chicago, Ill. Most of Missouri Portland’s cement is transported by truck from these plants and terminals. Because of a zone pricing system used in the trucking business cement is generally not transported over 200 miles from the plant or terminal. As a result, ready mix dealers rarely order cement from suppliers who do not have terminals or plants nearby. Although Missouri Portland operates in 11 Midwestern states it has demonstrated that its principal marketing areas are generally located within a radius of 200 miles of its plants or terminals. The underlying business factors (cost and promptness of transportation) support the contention that Missouri Portland’s prime market areas are centralized around its plants and terminals. Defendant urges us to find that Missouri Portland services 11 states. We so find, but we also find that the testimony and record before this Court reflect that the serviced areas with which we are concerned are tightly concentrated around Missouri’s plants and terminals. To find otherwise would be to ignore economic realities. Based upon these business realities this Court finds that the metropolitan areas which Missouri Portland services are the relevant market areas for a determination of the antitrust issues.
Portland Cement Market.
While defendant urges this Court to address itself to the general 11 state area and to the capacity of the companies in those states, we find that Missouri Portland’s markets and submarkets in which competition will be adversely affected are, more particularly, metropolitan areas. Production capacities, while they are interesting, do not alone reflect actual market conditions, nor can they be used to infer the relative market positions of Portland cement producers in specific metropolitan areas.
The metropolitan centers in the eleven Midwestern states served by Missouri Portland have different definable characteristics which make them distinguishable submarkets. Prices may differ from one market to another depending on the competitors present. Different markets are served by different companies. Missouri Portland has one set of competitors in Kansas City, another set in St. Louis, another in Memphis, and so on.
The seven major metropolitan marketing areas served by Missouri Portland are highly concentrated markets. Missouri Portland ranks first and accounts for 28% of the cement shipments in the St. Louis, Missouri marketing area. Ninety percent of the cement shipments are accounted for by the top four, companies. In the Kansas City area Missouri Portland ranks first and accounts for 30% of the cement shipment. In this market area the top four companies account for 89% of the market. Missouri Portland ranks first in the Memphis, Tennessee metropolitan area with 30% of the market. The top three companies in this area account for approximately 100% of the cement shipments. In the Omaha, Nebraska area the top four companies account for 98% of the cement shipments. Missouri Portland accounts for 21% and ranks second in this area. Each of these metropolitan areas is a relevant market for determining whether there will be a substantial lessening of competition by a takeover of Missouri Portland by Cargill.
There is nothing in the record to reflect that the dominance of Missouri Portland in the relevant metropolitan cement markets is diminished by the existence of theoretically stronger companies in the same areas which have chosen not to produce at full capacity or not to expand their cement divisions with their extensive capital resources.
The cement industry is aptly described as capital intensive, a factor affecting market conditions. There is a trend toward larger production facilities increasing the already substantial amount of capital necessary to build production plants. This is reflected by the fact that since 1950 entry into the industry has tended to be by large companies, either foreign cement companies or large diversified American companies. The increase in capacity has been principally made by large cement producers or by cement companies owned by large well-financed companies. The lack of capital has caused smaller plants to close down. This trend has continued to make the cement industry more highly concentrated. Difficulty of entry into this capital intensive industry is demonstrated by the estimation that it would cost $200 million to reproduce Missouri Portland’s present cement facilities.
Cargill’s Position.
A. Cargill is a huge privately held company with substantial diversification in bulk commodity markets. Cargill had net sales of $5.3 billion and a net income of $107.8 million for fiscal year ending May 31, 1973. Its net worth as of May 31, 1973 was $352.4 million. Cargill’s continuing growth is reflected by the fact that on November 30, 1973 its sales were ahead of a comparable period for the prior fiscal year by $1.6 billion.
Cargill has been principally engaged in grain trading since 1865. Cargill’s chief executive officer has aptly described the grain business as a commodities type business. It involves the sale of goods and shipment in bulk. Since 1932 Cargill, through a subsidiary, has engaged in the operation of river barges which carry bulk commodity products and of tow boats which push the barges. By owning its own barges and tow boats Cargill has a competitive advantage in the transportation of grain and other commodity products because its service can be more prompt and less expensive than if it had to rely on transportation facilities of another company. By having its own barges Cargill can carry bulk commodities to a customer and then return with another commodity. Car-gill’s capacity for transporting bulk commodities makes diversification into commodity businesses other than grain both economically feasible and advantageous. In fact, since 1940 Cargill’s expansion has been directed towards businesses involving bulk commodities. Transportation is one of the principal economic factors in any bulk commodities business, and as discussed above, this fact is especially true of Portland cement.
Since 1940 Cargill has been engaged in the vegetable oil processing (soybeans) and animal feeds businesses. These products are fungible products, like grain, which are shipped in bulk. In entering these businesses Cargill began by acquiring small plants and then greatly expanding the business. Car-gill’s chief executive since 1960, Mr. Kelm, asserts that Cargill always endeavors to become a significant factor in any business it enters. Approximately eighty percent of Cargill’s business in 1960 was in grain trading and vegetable oil processing. Cargill has developed considerable expertise in the production, marketing and distribution of bulk commodities. The commodities business requires skill in negotiation of price with sophisticated industrial users, an ability to control and limit excessive transportation costs and an ability to provide service that is expected by usual industrial customers. These skills are substantially transferable from one commodity to another. In this area Cargill has salesmen who know how to sell fungible products and have been transferred by Cargill from the sale of one bulk commodity to another. Cargill has also developed the ability to transport heavy bulk products profitably, promptly and reliably. Because Cargill is a large shipper it is given preferential treatment by railroads and other shippers. Railroads and other shippers respond quickly to service requests by Cargill. Being an immense company with prompt access to transportation services of its own as well as of others places Cargill in an ideal position to exploit these abilities by expanding its business into different bulk products.
Since 1960 Cargill’s diversification has accelerated for two significant reasons: (1) Cargill wanted opportunities to reinvest its capital at a return that was greater than in grain and soybean, and (2) diversification promised to provide more stable earnings because the grain business was “dramatically cyclical.” Cargill’s diversification plans begin at the department levels where determinations to go into a particular product could be based on daily business factors. A Long Range Planning Committee of the Board aids Cargill’s chief executive in studying various areas of possible diversification. The record reflects that since 1960 Cargill has diversified into several bulk commodity businesses. Its entry into other businesses was accomplished by acquisition of either a small or medium sized company or plant or by de novo entry in a business. After entering the area Cargill significantly expands production, and sales by substantial expenditures.
Cargill has entered one bulk commodities business after another in which its skills and facilities have enabled it to become a dominant factor in the market. In the 1960s Cargill entered the sugar trading business. Because sugar is a fungible bulk commodity Cargill eased into the business by hiring a man experienced in the field who then trained employees of Cargill to run the sugar business on their own. Also, in the 1960s Cargill purchased a long established medium sized ores and metals company for $6,000,000. Again these fungible products involved many of the same business skills as used in Cargill’s other businesses. Cargill’s subsequent purchase of a steel distributing company expanded its ores and metals business. Cargill also entered the fertilizer business in the 1960s by establishing mixing plants in strategic country locations, building warehouses and by using its personnel from other similar bulk commodities products to run its fertilizer busihess.
Cargill entered de novo into the business of international shipping of commodities and now has ocean-going vessels built for shipping bulk commodities. This expansion cost approximately $54 million and required the difficult task of hiring expert personnel and trained seamen.
A classic example of Cargill’s ability to enter related bulk commodities businesses was its entry into the flour milling and corn wet milling businesses. After acquiring a small company in each business, Cargill expanded the businesses substantially. It expanded a small corn wet milling plant at a cost of $6.8 million and then built a second plant for approximately $45 million.
The chemical division of Cargill has expanded into the manufacture of man-made resins and polyurethanes, which are shipped in bulk by train or truck. The poultry products business attracted Cargill in the early 1960s and it acquired small plants in Arkansas, Florida and Delaware. It has since expanded these plants. Because transportation is a significant aspect of this business, Cargill’s best skills and assets were employed in the poultry business also.
The salt business was also entered by Cargill in the 1960s. In its general fashion, Cargill entered the business through a rather small operation and thereafter expanded. By entering the salt business Cargill now possesses an additional business skill in mining. Entry into the Portland cement business has now been termed “very logical” by Cargill.
Cargill’s Decision to Enter the Portland Cement Industry.
In August of 1972 the Salt Department established a Salt Expansion and Diversification Group (Salt Group) to investigate priorities and expansion opportunities. The Salt Group met on August 4, 1972 and decided that expansion into a related industry should only be considered if the industry was similar to salt with respect to two of the department’s skills in production, marketing and distribution. After researching such industries as coal, cement, lime, chlorine, kaolin, aggregates, zinc, flour-spar, asphalt, potash, phosphate and caustic soda, and studying preliminary reports, at a meeting on October 24, 1972, the Salt Group rated the cement industry as the number one acquisition prospect. Mr. Leisz who had been researching the cement industry was assigned to expand the investigation and to gather financial information about cement companies. Cargill determined from independent research and from professional assistance from outside consultants that there was similarity between the cement industry and the milling industry. The consultant’s report, An Overview of the Cement Industry, discussed the regional markets in the cement industry, the concentrated and concentrating nature of the markets and the cost factors involved in constructing a new cement plant. After considering reports and studies the Salt Group met on December 26, 1972 and agreed that the cement industry was the primary prospect for diversification.
Cargill’s firm determination to enter the cement business is further evidenced by steps taken in 1973 beginning in February when Cargill retained Robert Morrison, former President of Marquette Cement Company, to assist in selection of a cement company. It is significant to note that in setting forth Cargill’s intentions to Mr. Morrison, Mr. Leisz (the cement man of the Salt Group) stated that Cargill desired an acquisition that “would allow Cargill to become the tenth largest cement company in ten years, the fifth largest in fifteen years and the largest in twenty years.” This desire relates to the country as a whole but it is relevant to show what Cargill’s anticipated market position will be regarding the pertinent market areas in the present lawsuit.
Having received reports on various companies by Mr. Morrison, on March 26, Mr. Leisz submitted his final report which amplified his previous conclusions and specified the following similarities between the salt and cement industries: both products are primarily bulk; products move either directly from production or through terminals to customers; the Interstate Commerce Commission regulates these commodities; trucking accounts for over 80% of product deliveries to customers; the season for cement usage is opposite from that of salt; users have small inventories, so producers must provide excellent service; the market served from production or terminal point is generally within 150 miles; the quarrying of limestone is similar to mining salt; the needs and caliber of the sales force is the same; production equipment is similar for cement and salt; and there are two or more competitors calling on customers on a regular and frequent basis.
It was recommended that Cargill acquire a plant producing between 1 y2 and 3 million barrels per year. Missouri Portland’s present capacity is about 10 million barrels per year. Cargill’s management had advised the Salt Group that it could spend no more than $10 million for entry into the cement industry. Cargill thereafter decided to spend substantially more than $10 million. The Salt Group had previously recommended the acquisition of a small cement company or plant. Mr. Kelm testified that the Salt Department was in the best position to judge the proper size of an efficient cement plant.
At this point Cargill’s interest in the cement industry spurred concrete approaches to cement companies. While many cement companies were studied, 23 of the 51 United States cement companies were actually contacted by letter as to whether they were interested in acquisition by Cargill. Thirty-one companies were finally contacted either in person or by letter. Executive level meetings were also held with ten companies who responded positively. Extensive discussions were held relating to the acquisition of the assets or part of the assets of several cement companies, including Valley Cement Industries, Alpha Portland Cement Company, American Cement Company, Coplay Cement Company and the River Cement Plant. Except for American Cement Company, all of the above firms, or the specific assets sought to be acquired by Cargill, are smaller than Missouri Portland. We find that acquisition of these and other firms was feasible and seriously considered by Cargill.
On September 27, 1973 Mr. Leisz submitted to the Long Range Planning Committee a report which repeated the desirability of entry into the cement industry and recommended purchasing either Coplay or Valley Cement Company. Coplay Cement possesses approximately % of Missouri Portland’s present capacity. Valley Cement possesses approximately Vu of the capacity of Missouri Portland. The September 27, 1973 report also stated that the Financial Department viewed Missouri Portland as the number one potential tender offer target. The list included several other companies, some smaller than Missouri Portland. The Long Range Planning Committee at this time concluded that it was disposed to invest $20 to $40 million to enter the cement industry and that Missouri Portland was its first choice.
This Court finds that there is no evidence that Cargill would not enter the cement industry through some other company if it did not acquire Missouri Portland. In fact, the extensive research, study and pursuit of entry by Cargill into the cement business is conclusive of one thing — Cargill has amply demonstrated its intention to enter the cement industry. This intention is well known to the cement industry because of Cargill’s active conduct in attempting to enter the industry before actual contact was made with Missouri Portland and long before initiating its tender offer. The fact that there are large cement companies outside the markets relevant in this case does not as a matter of fact make them likely entrants. Finally, based upon the evidence of Cargill’s subjective interest in the cement industry as well as the abundant objective criteria which makes the cement industry perfect for Cargill’s diversification plans, this Court finds that Cargill was for some time and still is the most likely potential entrant into the cement industry markets in which Missouri Portland has been found to be dominant.
Balancing the Equities.
Cargill’s Interest.
Cargill will not be foreclosed from renewing its tender offer at a future time if this Court decides at the trial on the merits that there are no antitrust violations. Thus, enjoining the tender offer results in inconvenience and financial loss of what would amount to processing a new tender offer.
Missouri Portland’s Interests.
On the other hand, if the tender offer were allowed to proceed, Missouri Portland would be seriously harmed; its corporate situation would be seriously prejudiced. Serious disruption to Missouri Portland’s personnel would result from having Cargill as a substantial owner pending the trial. Long-range planning and hiring would be significantly impaired. The returning of shares to the market and the unscrambling of the assets would present substantial difficulties and might well result in serious harm to Missouri Port-land and its shareholders. This Court finds that harmful practical effects on Missouri Portland and its shareholders would result if the tender offer were allowed to proceed, whereas the termination has inconsequential effects as to Cargill.
Conclusions of Law as to Antitrust Allegations.
The acquisition of Missouri Portland by Cargill raises substantial and difficult antitrust questions as to whether such action would eliminate a prime potential toehold entrant, eliminate a significant and well-known competitor on the edge of the market, and entrench or add to the existing dominance of a competitor in the relevant cement markets. Courts have found that any one of these three anticompetitive effects constitutes a violation of Section 7 of the Clayton Act. The market conditions and the size and positions of the corporations involved are crucial factors in determining what acts are likely to have the effect of substantially lessening competition.
In addressing the antitrust issues before this Court, we are concerned, as was Congress, with “probabilities not certainties.” Section 7 of the Clayton Act provides that:
No corporation engaged in commerce shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital and no corporation subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission shall acquire the whole or any part of the assets of another corporation engaged also in commerce, where in any line of commerce in any section of the country, the effect of such acquisition may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly. 15 U.S.C. § 18.
One of the primary objectives of Congress when enacting this statute was to impede any trend towards economic concentration in its incipiency. The legal analysis of the findings in this case must be consistent with the purpose of the Clayton Act and must be made in light of what other courts and the Federal Trade Commission have found to be situations tending to substantially lessen competition.
A brief analysis of the corporations and markets involved in this action is important before proceeding to discuss the likelihood of each of the above described anticompetitive effects resulting from Cargill’s acquisition of Missouri Portland.
The Degree of Concentration in the Relevant Market Areas.
To consider the Midwestern states as a whole as being the relevant market area for purposes of determining anticompetitive effects of the challenged acquisition would be to ignore the purpose of the Clayton Act, and to ignore the practical economic realities of the Portland cement industry. The following data shows the degree of concentration of the Portland cement industry in four metropolitan areas and the degree of dominance of Missouri Portland in those areas:
St. Louis, Missouri
Metropolitan Marketing Area
Missouri Portland Cement 28%
River Cement 24
Alpha Cement 20
Universal Atlas Cement 18
Top 4 90%
Dundee Cement 10%
Kansas City, Missouri Metropolitan Marketing Area
Missouri Portland Cement 30%
Lone Star Cement 25
Ash Grove Cement ' 22
Universal Atlas Cement 12
Top 4 89%
Monarch Cement 5%
General Portland Cement 5
Dewey Cement 2
Memphis, Tennessee Metropolitan Marketing Area
Missouri Portland Cement 30%
Marquette Cement 27
River Cement 21
Arkansas Cement 10
Top 4 88%
Other 12%
Omaha, Nebraska Metropolitan Marketing Area
Ash Grove Cement 62%
Missouri Portland Cement 21
Lone Star Cement 10
Ideal Cement 5
Top 4 98%
Other. 2%
Section 7 of the Clayton Act rules out acquisitions “in any section of the country” which may substantially lessen competition. An acquisition which would probably result in the substantial lessening of competition in the metropolitan areas of St. Louis, Missouri; Kansas City, Missouri; Memphis, Tennessee and Omaha, Nebraska constitutes a violation of Section 7.
To determine the probability of an anticompetitive effect of an acquisition there are certain indicia which courts require to be demonstrated by the party attacking the acquisition. First there must be a relevant product line. Portland cement is the relevant product line. Next, the degree of concentration in relevant market areas must be high or at least tending towards a high level of concentration. In the cement market areas, relevant in this case, concentration has been shown to be greater than that in the Falstaff, Procter & Gamble and Kennecott cases. In the recent past other courts have examined the high concentration of the cement industry in the same market areas (Kansas City and Memphis) as are before this Court and have concluded that :
The finding by the Commission [FTC] that there is a trend toward concentration in the designated markets as well as in the industry as a whole is not contested. . . . The percentages of concentration previously referred to in these markets have been held to be unduly high in previous antitrust cases.
In 1966 the Federal Trade Commission expressed its deep concern with the concentrated nature of the cement industry and concluded:
A comparison of concentration figures on a state basis with similar data for other products shows cement to be among the most highly concentrated products. The median four-firm ‘State’ concentration ratio for port-land cement was 83 percent. This is higher than most other regional industries.
We note in passing that Cargill’s own analysis of the industry reflected indicia of a concentrated industry.
The high degree of concentration in the cement industry especially in regional submarkets makes any acquisition which would cause further concentration particularly suspect.
The evidence in this case, prior F.T.C. determinations and findings by other courts make it clear to this Court that there is a high degree of concentration in the portland cement industry. The evidence also shows that Missouri Portland is in a dominant position in the relevant submarket areas. We conclude that there is substantial evidence to support a conclusion that the acquisition of Missouri Portland by Cargill would be a significant element in increasing the already concentrated ratios of the leading firms in the cement industry.
We now turn our attention to the specific ways in which Cargill’s acquisition in this case will violate the Clayton Act. The three possible anticompetitive effects of the challenged acquisition are discussed below:
1. Cargill’s acquisition of Missouri Portland will eliminate Cargill as an additional competitor in highly concentrated regional submarkets in the portland cement industry. The loss of a most likely entrant as a de novo or toehold entrant in a concentrated market is likely to cause a substantial anticompetitive effect in the relevant submarkets. This conclusion has been reached by the Supreme Court on numerous occasions.
It is apparent from the findings in this case that Cargill is engaged in business activity directly related to the port-land cement industry and has clearly demonstrated its desire to enter the Portland cement business. In Procter & Gamble, supra, the Supreme Court established a factual analysis test in determining the likelihood of entry into the industry by an acquiring company. The factual situation in the Procter & Gamble case presented many of the same factors that make the portland cement industry a natural area for diversification by Cargill.
The court stated in Procter & Gamble:
Liquid bleach was a natural avenue of diversification since it is complementary to Procter’s products, is sold to the same customers through the same channels, and is advertised and merchandised in the same manner. Procter had substantial advantages in advertising and sales promotion, which, as we have seen, are vital to the success of liquid bleach . . . . Procter’s management was experienced in producing and marketing goods similar to liquid bleach. Procter had considered the possibility of independently entering but decided against it because the acquisition of Clorox would enable Procter to capture a more commanding share of the market. 386 U.S. at 580-581, 87 S.Ct. at 1231.
It is apparent from this Court’s findings that Cargill is just as likely an entrant into the cement industry as Procter was into liquid bleach.
In Falstaff the Supreme Court reiterated its objective test as to what factors are determinative in deciding whether a corporation is a prime potential entrant. It stated:
The specific question with respect to this phase of the case is not what Falstaff’s internal company decisions were but whether, given its financial capabilities and conditions in the New England market, it would be reasonable to consider it a potential entrant into that market. 410 U.S. at 533, 93 S.Ct. at 1101.
Cargill, a company of huge financial capabilities, comes squarely within the purview of the Supreme Court’s objective test.
This Court has found Cargill to be a prime entrant, in fact the most likely potential entrant, into the highly concentrated cement industry. The crux of a conclusion that antitrust violations have occurred is that a likely entrant is entering the market by acquiring a dominant firm instead of entering de novo or by toehold entry. The anticompetitive effect of this acquisition is the elimination of additional competition that Cargill would engender if it entered independently or by toehold acquisition. Toehold or de novo entry by Cargill would have put it in competition with Missouri Portland. In the Procter & Gamble case the Supreme Court concluded under very similar circumstances that:
The anticompetitive effects with which this product-extension merger is fraught can easily be seen: (1) the substitution of the powerful acquiring firm for the smaller, but already dominant, firm may substantially reduce the competitive structure of the industry by raising entry barriers and by dissuading the smaller firms from aggressively competing; (2) the acquisition eliminates the potential competition of the acquiring firm. 386 U.S. at 578, 87 S.Ct. at 1230.
We conclude that the loss of Cargill as a competitor in a concentrated cement market by its acquisition of Missouri Portland is likely to substantially lessen competition or at the very least raises serious questions as to the anticompetitive effects resulting therefrom.
2. The challenged acquisition raises a serious possibility of a second anticompetitve effect resulting from the elimination of Cargill’s disciplining influence on competition caused by its presence as a potential competitor on the fringe of the market. When a large company like Cargill decides to enter an industry intimately related to its own, such decision exerts an influence on the competitive forces in the market place. When faced with situations similar to this action the Supreme Court has concluded :
Suspect also is the acquisition by a company not competing in the market but so situated as to be a potential competitor and likely to exercise substantial influence on market behavior. Entry through merger by such a company, although its competitive conduct in the market may be the mirror image of that of the acquired company, may nevertheless violate § 7 because the entry eliminates a potential competitor exercising present influence on the market. Falstaff, supra,, 410 U.S. at 531-532, 93 S.Ct. at 1100.
The decision by Cargill to enter the cement industry, Cargill’s vast resources and the probability of Missouri Port-land’s already dominant position being expanded are facts well known to the companies in the portland cement indus-' try.
The Supreme Court commented on this situation in the Penn-Olin case:
The existence of an aggressive, well equipped and well financed corporation engaged in the same or related lines of commerce waiting anxiously to enter an oligopolistic market would be a substantial incentive to competition which cannot be underestimated. 378 U.S. at 174, 84. S.Ct. at 1719.
The evidence before us brings this case well within the relevant factors and applied principles of the Falstaff, Procter & Gamble, Penn-Olin and Ford cases.
This Court holds that substantial and difficult antitrust questions are raised by Cargill’s acquisition because the acquisition eliminates from the edge of the market a huge corporation with expressed intentions to enter the highly concentrated portland cement industry.
3. The acquisition of and subsequent grafting of Cargill’s huge financial resources and competitive advantages onto Missouri Portland, already dominant in highly concentrated sub-markets, will raise significant barriers to entry into those markets and will increase the dominance of Missouri Port-land in the already concentrated markets. Prohibiting an acquisition which will tend to increase the concentration of a market and heighten barriers to entry into the market is at the very heart of the purpose and the explicit language of Section 7 of the Clayton Act. As the 10th Circuit stated in the Kennecott case:
The trend towards high concentration is material. Moreover, the preservation of the possibility of future deconcentration is a legitimate aim, and the inhibition of that possibility, because of the acquisition, is a relevant factor in assessing illegality. [Citations omitted.] 467 F.2d at 78.
Just because there are large companies or subsidiaries of large companies in and around the market which theoretically have the resources to compete strongly or to overcome the barriers and enter the market does not necessarily mean there is healthy competition in that market. Most antitrust actions arise in an atmosphere where if the court were to look at the universe of possible competitors and entrants, and ignore the present and actual structure of the market few mergers would ever be prohibited. The evidence before this Court shows that the portland cement industry is in short supply tending toward higher concentration with barriers to entry continually rising because of the capital intensive structure of the business. It further shows that Cargill will be acquiring and expanding a company already dominant in the relevant markets.
In the Falstaff and Procter & Gamble cases, the Supreme Court addressed itself to similar situations. It stated in Falstaff that Section 7 :
bars certain acquisitions of a market competitor by a noncompetitor, such as a merger by an entrant who threatens to dominate the market or otherwise upset market conditions to the detriment of competition, F. T. C. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 386 U.S. 568, 578-580, [87 S.Ct. 1224, 1230-1231, 18 L.Ed.2d 303] (1967). 410 U.S. at 531, 93 S.Ct. at 1100.
In Procter & Gamble the Court clearly stated its position against acquisitions like the one before this Court in the following pertinent language:
[T]he substitution of the powerful acquiring firm for the smaller, but already dominant, firm may substantially reduce the competitive structure of the industry by raising entry barriers and by dissuading the smaller firms from aggressively competing. . . . 386 U.S. at 578, 87 S.Ct. at 1230.
Cargill’s acquisition of Missouri Port-land raises a clear threat that competition will be substantially lessened because such acquisition will tend to increase the concentration of the market and make the barriers to entry higher than they are already.
Missouri Portland at the very least raises serious antitrust issues the resolution of which necessitates further investigation as to whether the challenged acquisition will substantially lessen competition in the above discussed metropolitan areas. As discussed in the findings, very little, if any, harm will result to Cargill if it is presently enjoined from carrying out its tender offer. Missouri Portland will suffer serious and irreparable harm caused by the disruptive effect on Company .morale, the difficulties of unscrambling merged assets and the adverse effect on it for being involved in an antitrust violation. The interest of the public also clearly favors enjoining an acquisition which may substantially lessen competition.
II Securities Law Claims
We now turn to the part of this case marked more by overzealousness than by unlawful activity. The securities claims and counterclaims, as will be reflected in the findings and conclusions below, present issues about which reasonable men could differ. But plaintiff’s claims as to securities law violations do not alone raise serious enough questions to warrant the granting of a preliminary injunction. We also address defendants’ counterclaims at this time so that the Court of Appeals will be able to rule on this issue without remand in the event that it allows the tender offer to proceed.
Cargill’s Tender Offer.
Cargill announced and filed a 13D Statement and an Invitation for Tenders on December 19, 1973 as its offer to purchase all of the outstanding common stock of Missouri Portland for cash at $30.00 per share. The Offer was to expire, unless extended at the option of Cargill, on January 4, 1974. The tender offer provided that shares tendered could be withdrawn through December 27, 1973 and, unless purchased by Car-gill in the interim, could also be withdrawn after February 17, 1974. The offer further provided that tendered shares would be paid for promptly, effective December 28, 1973. There is disagreement between the parties as to the effect of the conditions under which Cargill would not be required to meet its obligation to pay for shares tendered but not paid for. The conditions set out in the Offer to Purchase essentially provide that in the event Missouri Port-land issued additional security, initiated legal action or entered into an agreement of merger or to sell its assets, then as provided by paragraph 3, certificate of tendered shares not purchased “will be returned without expense to the tendering stockholder as promptly as practicable.”
The offer originally included only financial information relating to fiscal year 1973. The Offer also required Cargill to give upon request of Missouri Portland shareholders more detailed financial information. Then on December 31, 1973 Cargill filed additional financial information covering fiscal year 1972.
Cargill’s Offer to Purchase included a statement as to what business plans it had in mind for Missouri Portland. Such statement put Missouri Portland’s shareholders on notice of the possibility that Cargill might make business changes according to what it deemed was in the best interest of Missouri Portland. Lastly, Cargill made no mention of possible antitrust violations arising out of the proposed acquisition.
Actions Taken by Parties Since Announcement of Tender Offer.
A special meeting of the Missouri Portland board was convened on December 18, 1973 at which time a resolution was passed authorizing management to take action to resist the tender offer. At this meeting the Chairman, Mr. Alexander, was given a seven-year employment contract. The contract, his first, requires that Missouri Portland pay Mr. Alexander $118,000/year for a seven-year term. The contract further provided that severance pay would be given to Mr. Alexander if Missouri Portland should terminate his employment without just cause or if he should terminate for good reason.
Missouri Portland filed the present action on December 21, 1973. Then, on December 24, 1973 at a special meeting of the Missouri Portland board the board declared a 25 percent stock dividend and also declared the customary quarterly dividend rate of 40 cents per share. The cash dividend was to be paid on all outstanding shares thus increasing the dividend amount paid to those shareholders participating in the 25 percent stock distribution. The motivation for this stock distribution has been seriously challenged by Cargill. It contends that “the primary purpose of the stock distribution was to defeat the Car-gill tender offer.” On the other hand, retained earnings of Missouri Portland had grown to $5 million and an increase in shares was well within the authorized limit. Although it seems likely that the timing of the dividend was strongly influenced by the tender offer, the stock distribution resulting in a dividend increase was justified as a proper business decision based on Missouri Portland’s financial position.
Communications by Missouri Portland to its Shareholders.
Cargill attacks Missouri Portland’s communications to its shareholders contending that the statements were misleading and omitted material facts. The communications failed to disclose that Missouri Portland had authorized Smith, Barney & Co. to purchase 100,000 of its own shares throughout 1973 at not more than $30 per share. This purchase plan which resulted in the purchase of 85,000 shares was undertaken because Missouri Portland believed that its shares were undervalued and by purchasing shares from the market and holding them as treasury shares it hoped to increase the market price per share. This business decision did not constitute a judgment that the shares were worth any certain amount.
Missouri Portland also stated in its December 28, 1973 Wall Street Journal advertisement that shareholders who tendered could be “locked in” without being paid for their stock and would not be able to use or sell their stock. This Court finds that this statement as to the possibility of being “locked in” is accurate, although the likelihood of being “locked in” was tenuous. Two of the conditions, issuance of additional securities and the initiation of court action, which would allow Cargill not to pay for shares tendered, had occurred. The offer states that the shares would be returned as promptly as practicable, so the possibility of being locked in was not foreclosed.
On January 3, 1974 the following advertisement appeared in The Wall Street Journal:
1. This is Cargill’s first bid. Car-gill has indicated that it would like to acquire all of Missouri Portland’s outstanding Common Stock. If Cargill does not get all of the Missouri Port-land stock it seeks, you should ask yourself whether Cargill is likely to buy additional shares at a price higher than $30 per share — either in the open market or by raising its tender price. Cargill has reserved the right to do just this in its tender offer.
Paragraph 3 of Cargill’s Offer to Tender states:
If, prior to the expiration of this Offer, the Purchaser shall improve the terms of this Offer, such improvement shall extend to all Shares tendered*and purchased prior thereto.
Also in the January 3, 1974 advertisement Missouri alerted its shareholders to the present price of its stock which was just above $30.
As a final note on the subject of communication between the parties, we find that Cargill did not mention in its ad of January 2, 1974 in The Wall Street Journal that Missouri Portland’s stock distribution apparently constituted one of the three conditions in the tender offer which nullified Cargill’s obligation to pay for tendered shares.
Conclusions of Law as to Securities Claims.
Sections 14(d) and (e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Williams Act) is the statute which governs the claims and counterclaims before this Court as to alleged securities law violations. In pertinent part the statute provides :
§ 14(e). It shall be unlawful for any person to make any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make- the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading, or to engage in any fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative acts or practices, in connection with any tender offer or request or invitation for tenders, or any solicitation of security holders in opposition to or in favor of any such offer, request or invitation. .
The purpose behind this section is to provide investors with such disclosure as will give them adequate information with which to decide to accept or reject the tender offer.
Missouri Portland Securities Claims.
Plaintiff urges this Court to conclude that Cargill’s offer to purchase and its subsequent acts related thereto were false and misleading and violated Sections 14(d) and 14(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in that (1) the offer failed to provide sufficient financial information as to Cargill; (2) it failed to define Cargill’s plans to change the nature of Missouri Portland’s business; (3) the possibility of antitrust violations arising out of the acquisition was not revealed by Cargill; (4) Cargill stated that Missouri Portland’s stock distribution did not affect the tender offer; and (5) Cargill told Missouri Portland that it would not make an unfriendly tender offer and thus impaired the latter’s ability to resist.
As to the last allegation, none of the communications between Cargill and Missouri Portland before the tender offer rise to the level of a violation of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These were strictly business dealings and negotiations. There is nothing in the record before us that would cause this Court to conclude that either party engaged in any impropriety prior to the announcement of the tender offer.
As to Missouri Portland’s first claim, there is no mystical number of years for which financial statements should be submitted, which will give shareholders sufficient data to make up their minds to tender or not. It has been ordered however in this circuit that under circumstances similar to those before this Court, two years of financials must be provided to shareholders of the target company. Schiavone, the acquiring company, was a closed corporation which showed “a clear picture of increasing profitability” changing from a loss of $259,000 in fiscal 1972 to a profit of $233,000 in fiscal 1973 and a $618,000 profit for the first quarter of fiscal 1974. Cargill’s pattern is very similar. Net income for 1972 was $40.2 million, for 1973 it was $107.8 million. Cargill filed additional information on December 31, 1973 before a large percentage of the tendering was done.
A stockholder might decide to retain his stock in the target company if the acquiring company looked like a strong investment. He might decide otherwise if the financial status of the acquiring company was gloomy. Shareholders of a target company must be provided financial data for as many years as are necessary for such stockholders reasonably to assess the offer- or’s business prospects. Therefore, under the circumstances, we conclude that the additional financial information provided by Cargill was adequate and was filed before the major part of the tendering occurred.
As with each of the securities law claims, what- this Court requires under the Williams Act concerning financial statements should be regarded as the very minimum standard for disclosure. It is hoped that the Williams Act, as well as the other disclosure and anti-fraud provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, would cause corporations to act, not as close as possible to the fine line between adequate disclosure and omission, or between a questionable statement and misrepresentation, but rather to give full and clear statements to shareholders at all times.
Missouri Portland’s second major allegation as to the deficiency in Cargill’s Offer to Purchase is its failure to inform Missouri Portland’s shareholders of its plans to make major changes in their company’s business. In this respect, 17 C.F.R. § 240.13d-101 item 4 requires the tenderor to state the purpose of the proposed purchase and specify any contemplated major change in the business or corporate structure of the target company. Cargill’s statements as to its plans to make large capital expenditures to expand Missouri Portland is not such a change and does not appear to be so definitely decided as to make Cargill’s statement in its Offer to Purchase misleading.
Cargill’s failure to disclose the possibility of antitrust violations is claimed by Missouri Portland to be a material omission in its Offer to Purchase. The fact that this Court has issued a preliminary injunction against Cargill on the basis of the antitrust issues presented does not mean that we must automatically conclude that Cargill omitted a material fact because it did not state that there was a likelihood of antitrust violations. To hold such would be to impose a hindsight standard that whenever a court concludes that an acquisition violates the antitrust laws, the acquiring company should have included a statement as to the likelihood of antitrust violations in its tender offer statement.
The two cases upon which plaintiff relies stand for the principle that when antitrust violations clearly raise obstacles to the acquisitions, failure to disclose the probable liability for such violations would be to omit a fact of “obvious concern” to the target company’s shareholders. But the circumstances in both cases supported a conclusion that the position of the companies and the market conditions were such as to make the probability of antitrust violations clearly apparent at the time of the offer, and the Offer to Purchase should have included such a statement if any conscientious attempt had been made to state basic facts material to shareholders in reaching their decisions. Here, however, it would not have been unreasonable for Cargill’s management to have concluded after appropriate inquiry that no substantial antitrust obstacles stood in the way of its acquisition. Therefore, under the circumstances before us, the possibility that the acquisition would result in antitrust violations, a possibility that exists with every merger, need not have been disclosed to Missouri Portland’s shareholders.
Cargill’s Allegations as to Securities Violations.
The conduct of Missouri Portland in opposing Cargill’s tender offer raises disturbing questions as to whether Missouri Portland’s conduct met the minimum standards of conduct required by the Williams Act.
The standards of conduct which the Williams Act imposes on the management of a target company are set forth in a recent case in this circuit, Chris-Craft Industries, Inc. v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 480 F.2d 341 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 910, 94 S.Ct. 232, 38 L.Ed.2d 148 (1973).
In making this determination we should bear in mind that a major congressional policy behind the securities laws in general, and the antifraud provisions in particular, is the protection of investors who rely on the completeness and accuracy of information made available to them. See 1 Bromberg, Securities Law: Rule 10b-5, § 7.1 at 14 (1971). Those with greater access to information, or having a special relationship to investors making use of the informatioin, often may have an affirmative duty of disclosure. When making a representation, they are required to ascertain what is material as of the time of the transaction and to disclose fully ‘those material facts about which the [investor] is presumably uninformed and which would, in reasonable anticipation, affect his judgment’. Kohler v. Kohler Co., 319 F.2d 634, 642 (7th Cir. 1963).
******
Corporate officiers and directors in their relations with shareholders owe a high fiduciary duty of honesty and fair dealing .... By reason of the special relationship between them, shareholders are likely to rely heavily upon the representations of corporate insiders when the shareholders find themselves in the midst of a battle for control. Corporate insiders therefore have a special responsibility to be meticulous and precise in their representations to shareholders. 480 F.2d at 363-365.
Cargill complains that Missouri Portland violated the Williams Act by statements that its shareholders would be “locked in” for a period of time if they tendered their shares, by its failure to disclose that it had placed a $30 per share limitation on the purchase of its own shares during the preceding year, by its stock split and communications pursuant thereto, and by the seven-year employment contract given to Mr. Alexander immediately after the tender was announced.
Based upon our findings, this Court concludes that Cargill has failed to show that Missouri Portland violated the Williams Act by acting in .the above described manner. The statements by Missouri Portland, especially as to the “locked in” advertisements, the value of Missouri Portland’s stock ($30 or more), and as to its stock split are clearly material according to the test expressed in Mills v. Electric Auto-Lite Co., 396 U.S. 375, 384, 90 S.Ct. 616, 24 L.Ed.2d 593 (1970). However, although the conduct complained of is material, we conclude that, upon the evidence before this Court, as discussed above, the statements and conduct of Missouri Port-land’s were accurate and not without basis in fact.
The final allegation by Cargill left to be considered is the claim that Missouri Portland made a material misrepresentation when it implied in its January 3, 1974 advertisement in The Wall Street Journal that its shareholders would not be able to take advantage of an improved offer by Cargill. The advertisement clearly implies that if Missouri Portland’s shareholders tendered now they would be foreclosed from getting a higher price for their stock in case Car-gill made a new offer. Not only does Cargill’s offer itself commit Cargill to paying additional consideration to shares already tendered in case a subsequent improvement in the offer were made, but also § 14(d)(7) of the Williams Act requires that any increase in the price of the offer be given to shareholders who had tendered prior to the improved offer.
The advertisement contains a material misrepresentation and clearly violates the Williams Act. Missouri Portland’s energetic and possibly over-enthusiastic opposition to Cargill’s tender offer as well as this violation of § 14(d) have convinced this Court that we should monitor Missouri Portland’s communications to its shareholders in the event that the tender offer is allowed to proceed after the contemplated review on appeal.
Conclusion.
Accordingly, it is
Ordered that plaintiff is granted a preliminary injunction enjoining Cargill and anyone acting on its behalf from further soliciting the tender of any Missouri Portland shares; acquiring any Missouri Portland shares as a result of the tender offer; voting any shares of Missouri Portland common stock; and otherwise utilizing such stock as a means of. gaining control of Missouri Portland until a full trial on the merits can be held. Plaintiff is denied a preliminary injunction as to its securities claims.
Based on this Court’s conclusions as to Cargill’s counterclaims it is hereby further
Ordered, in the event that the tender offer is allowed to proceed, that Missouri Portland or anyone acting on its-behalf shall not in any way, directly or indirectly, issue any public statement or any communication concerning the tender offer by Cargill without first serving on notice such statement or communication upon the other parties to this action, and unless all parties herein consent to the contents of the proposed draft, the statement shall not be communicated without approval of this Court; and it is further
Ordered that plaintiff Missouri Port-land shall give bond forthwith in the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.) which shall be held as security for the payment of such costs and damages as may be incurred or suffered by any party who is found to be wrongfully enjoined or restrained.
So ordered.
. This Court ordered Cargill to refrain from any action taken for the purpose of acquiring stock in Missorui Portland. We restrained Missouri Portland from making any material changes in its business and required both parties to serve proposed drafts of advertisements and communications on each other and required that all parties must consent to the drafts or apply for leave of this Court.
. On September 27, 1973 Cargill's salt division reported to the long range planning committee of the Cargill board:
“WHY DOES CEMENT LOOK PROMISING EOR THE SALT DEPARTMENT
1. Distribution, marketing and some' production aspects of cement are very similar to salt.
2. Opposite seasonality of salt and cement which would balance out the Salt Department’s sales throughout the year.
3. Demand is growing at a rate of 3-4% per year and it is estimated that this rate of growth will continue until at least 1980.
4. A world shortage of cement is developing which limits the amount of competition from foreign imports.
5. Recently prices have been trending upward. Industry representatives are optimistic that more realistic price increases will be allowed in the near future.
6. The industry is presently in a slump, which affords ease of entry, but a critical point of turn-around is forthcoming.
WHY DOES CEMENT LOOK PROMISING EOR CARGILL, INCORPORATED
1. The cement industry is capital intensive, which keeps the industry tied to a relatively few companies that are large and have ‘staying power’.
2. It is a basic industry to the U.S. economy and its pattern can be closely monitored by watching G.N.P.
3. Cement is a basic bulk commodity which would enable Cargill to utilize its transportation expertise, both in relation to land and water.
4. Cement is an international commodity which would fit into Cargill’s international operations readily.”
. Without any expansion Cargill would be acquiring a company (Missouri Portland) which is presently the number one company in three large metropolitan markets and number two in another.
. After Cargill’s initial acquisition inquiry was turned down by Missouri Portland, it reviewed other alternatives and recontacted Universal Atlas, Amcord, Dundee Cement and River Cement. After these inquiries Cargill decided to attempt to acquire Missouri Portland through a tender offer.
. Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294, 323, 82 S.Ct. 1502, 8 L.Ed.2d 510 (1962).
. See id. at 317, 82 S.Ct. 1502. “A requirement of certainty and actuality of injury to competition is incompatible with any efforts to supplement the Sherman Act by reaching incipient restraints.” S.Rep.No.1775, 81st Cong., 2d Sess. 6.
. Portland cement has been held to be a relevant product line in Mississippi River Corp. v. F. T. C., 454 F.2d 1083, 1090 (8th Cir. 1972) ; United States Steel Corp. v. F. T. C., 426 F.2d 592, 596 (6th Cir. 1970).
. In United States v. Falstaff Brewing Corp., 410 U.S. 526, 527-528, 93 S.Ct. 1096, 35 L.Ed.2d 475, the four largest beer companies controlled 61% of sales and the eight largest controlled 81%.
. The top two companies controlled 65% of bleach sales and the top six companies controlled approximately 80% of the market in F. T. C. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 386 U.S. 568, 571, 87 S.Ct. 1224, 18 L.Ed.2d 303 (1967).
. As to the coal industry the court in Kennecott Copper Corp. v. F. T. C., 467 F.2d 67, 73 (10th Cir. 1972), cert. denied — U.S. —, 94 S.Ct. 1617, 40 L.Ed.2d 114 (1974), found that the top four companies controlled 29%' of coal production and the top eight controlled 39%.
. Mississippi River Corp. v. F. T. C., 454 F.2d 1083, 1092 (8th Cir. 1972). See also United States Steel Corp. v. F. T. C., 426 F.2d 592 (6th Cir. 1970), in which the court made the following conclusion as to concentration:
Any increase in concentration in industries whose concentration levels are already “great” is alarming because such increases make so much less likely the possibility of eventual deconcentration. Id. at 602.
. Economic Report on Mergers and Vertical Integration in the Cement Industry, Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission, April 1966, at p. 7.
. See United States v. Penn-Olin Chemical Co., 378 U.S. 158, 171-172, 84 S.Ct. 1710, 12 L.Ed.2d 775 (1964) ; United States v. Aluminum Co., 377 U.S. 271, 84 S.Ct. 1283, 12 L.Ed.2d 314 (1964) ; United States v. Philadelphia National Bank, 374 U.S. 321, 83 S.Ct. 1715, 10 L.Ed.2d 915 (1963).
. See United States v. Falstaff Brewing Corp., 410 U.S. 526, 93 S.Ct. 1096, 35 L.Ed.2d 475 (1973) ; Ford Motor Co. v. United States, 405 U.S. 562, 92 S.Ct. 1142, 31 L.Ed.2d 492 (1972). See also F. T. C. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 386 U.S. 568, 87 S.Ct. 1224, 18 L.Ed.2d 303 (1967) ; United States v. El Paso Natural Gas Co., 376 U.S. 651, 84 S.Ct. 1044, 12 L.Ed.2d 12 (1964) ; Kennecott Copper Corp. v. F. T. C., supra.
. See p. 19 supra.
. There is no distinction in principle between de novo and toehold entry. In United States v. Falstaff Brewing Corp., 410 U.S. 526, 93 S.Ct. 1096, 35 L.Ed.2d 475 (1973), the court noted that “reference to de novo entry includes ‘toe-hold’ acquisition as well.” 410 U.S. at 530 n. 10, 93 S.Ct. at 1099. It is significant to note that the District Court in Falstaff faced evidence that management had consistently rejected de novo or toehold entry. Id. at 530, 93 S.Ct. 1096. There is no such evidence in the instant case. See also Procter & Gamble, supra, 386 U.S. at 580, 87 S.Ct. 1224.
. See United States v. Penn-Olin Chemical Co., 378 U.S. 158, 84 S.Ct. 1710, 12 L.Ed.2d 775 (1964).
. See also Ford Motor Co. v. United States, 405 U.S. 562, 92 S.Ct. 1142, 31 L.Ed.2d 492 (1972) (Acquisition of Autolite, spark plug manufacturer, was anticompetitive, inter alia, because it precluded the competition that may have resulted from the independent entry of Ford into the spark plug business.) ; United States v. Penn-Olin Chemical Co., 378 U.S. 158, 84 S.Ct. 1710, 12 L.Ed.2d 775 (1964) ; Kennecott Copper Co. v. F. T. C., supra.
. The Court reversed the District Court in Falstaff for failing .to have appraised the economic facts about Falstaff and the New England Market in order to determine whether Falstaff was actually “a potential competitor on the fringe of the market with likely influence on existing competition.” 410 U.S. at 534, 93 S.Ct. at 1101.
. See Mississippi River Corp. v. F. T. C., 454 F.2d 1083, 1090 (8th Cir. 1972) for a similar holding in which the industry and market areas were the same as those before this Court. The court simply stated that the acquisition would substantially lessen competition because “[b]arriers to entry in a market strengthen the market power of existing firms allowing the use of oligopolistic power with relative safety from new competition. Any new barriers make a strong market position even stronger.” Id. at 1092.
. See Gulf & Western Industries, Inc. v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, Inc., 476 F.2d 687 (2d Cir. 1973) ; Elco Corp. v. Microdot Inc., 360 F.Supp. 741, 753-754 (D.Del.1973).
. “7. Certain Conditions of the Offer. The Purchaser shall not be required to purchase or pay for any Shares tendered if, before the ■ time of payment therefor, in the judgment of the Purchaser’s management: (a) Missouri shall have issued or authorized the issuance of . . . other securities in respect of, in lieu of, or in substitution for the now outstanding shares ... or (b) Missouri or any of its subsidiaries shall have entered into an agreement or otherwise committed itself with respect to a merger, consolidation, acquisition of assets, disposition of assets, or other comparable event not in the ordinary course of business, or (c) there shall have been instituted or threatened any action or proceedings before any court or administrative agency, by any government agency or any other person, challenging the acquisition by the Purchaser of the Shares or otherwise relating to this Offer, or otherwise materially adversely affecting Missouri or the Purchaser.”
. "For the fiscal year ended May 31, 1973 the Purchaser had net sales of $5,270.4 million and net income of $107.8 million. At May 31, 1973, the Purchaser had gross assets of $1,112.9 million, net current assets of $251.3 million and net worth of $352.4 million.”
. “For the fiscal years ended May 31, 1973 and May 31, 1972 the Purchaser had sales of merchandise, products and services of $5,336.9 million and $3,476.7 million, respectively, and net income of $107.8 million, and $40.2 million respectively. At May 31, 1973 the Purchaser had assets of $1,103.9 million, net current assets of $251.3 million and net worth of $352.4 million, as compared to May 31, 1972 at which date the Purchaser had assets of $791.0 million, net current assets of $117.4 million, and net worth of $246.3 million.”
. The Offer to Purchase stated:
“Except as described above, the Purchaser does not have any plan or proposal to liquidate Missouri, to sell its assets or to merge it with any other person, nor does the Purchaser at this time plan or propose any changes in the business of Missouri since the Purchaser wishes to review the situation in the light of circumstances prevailing if and when it acquires control of Missouri and at this time it reserves the right to make such changes as it deems in the best interest of Missouri’s business.”
. Just cause was defined as willful failure to perform such duties as may be assigned, gross misconduct, engaging in competitive conduct or incapacitation by reason of health for 12 consecutive months. Good reason would exist if Mr. Alexander was assigned to duties other than those customarily performed, was transferred from the St. Louis area, or if he received a reduction in compensation. [Exhibit I in Evidence ¶ 6],
. Missouri Portland’s advertisement in The Wall Street Journal of December 28, 1973 stated:
1. On December 24, 1973 your Board of Directors voted a 25% stock distribution on all shares of Missouri Portland common stock outstanding. This distribution — which means you will receive one additional share of Missouri Portland common stock for each four shares you now own — will be payable on January 18, 1974 only to stockholders of record at the close of business on January 7, 1974. (Three days after Cargill’s offer will expire.)
You are cautioned that if you sell your shares or tender them to Cargill you will not be entitled to receive the stock distribution.
. In The Wall Street Journal of December 28, 1973 the advertisement states :
We believe that there are important reasons why your investment in Missouri Port-land, and ours, is worth substantially more than what Cargill is bidding. Here are additional facts which you should consider carefully before deciding whether to dispose of your investment:
What is Cargill after?
It stands to reason that if Cargill is willing to pay you $30 a share for your Missouri Portland stock it must see a much greater value in your Company. The $30 bid is below book value. Estimated book value at September 30, 1973, unaudited, was $31.52 per share. In management’s opinion, the cost of duplicating our assets today would be more than $200,000,000 or $138. per share.
. See n. 21 supra for the terms of Cargill’s Tender to Purchase. The advertisement read:
. . . If you tender now you could be ‘locked in’ from December 27, 1973 until February 17, 1974 and not be able to withdraw your stock should you wish to do so. While locked in, you would not be able to sell your stock elsewhere if you suddenly needed cash or if a more favorable offer were made. Nor would you be able to borrow on your stock.
. See n. 21 supra.
. “Missouri Portland’s recent market price has exceeded $30 per share. On December 28, 1973 Missouri Portland’s stock sold on the New York Stock Exchange at a high of $30% and closed at $30% per share. On December 3, 1973 its stock sold at a high of $30% and closed at $30%. I urge you to consult your newspaper for the current market price.”
. “On December 24, 1973, Missouri announced a 25% stock distribution on its outstanding shares of Common Stock payable on January 18, 1974 to stockholders o£ record on January 7, 1974 and also announced the payment of the quarterly dividend of $.40 per share payable March 15, 1974 to stockholders of record on February 20, 1974 which is equivalent to a 25% increase in the quarterly dividend. Neither such 25% stock distribution nor such cash dividend increase affects the Purchaser’s Offer of $30 per share which expires on January 4, 1974 ...”
. “It lias been argued that a cash tender offer is a straightforward business proposi- ■ tion which can be rejected or accepted by a shareholder like any other bid for his securities. But where no information is available about the persons seeking control, or their plans, the shareholder is forced to make a decision on the basis of' a market price which reflects an evaluation of the company based on the assumption that the present management and its policies will continue.
The persons seeking control, however, have information about themselves and about their plans which, if known to investors, might substantially change the assumptions on which the market price is based. This bill is designed to make the relevant facts known so that shareholders have a fair opportunity to make their decision.
£ sis sjs s¡: $
The bill avoids tipping the balance of regulation either in favor of management or in favor of tlie person making the takeover bid. It is designed to require full and fair disclosure for the benefit of investors while at the same time providing the offeror and management equal opportunity to fairly present their case.
While the bill may discourage tender offers or other attempts to acquire control by some who are unwilling to expose themselves to the light of disclosure, the committee believes this is a small price to pay for adequate investor protection. In fact, experience under the Securities Act of 1933 and tlie Securities Exchange Act of 1934 has amply demonstrated that the disclosure requirements of the Federal securities acts are an aid to legitimate business transactions, not a hindrance.” 2 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News, 90th Cong., 2d Sess. (1968) at pp. 2813-14.
. See Corenco Corp. v. Schiavone & Sons, Inc., 362 F.Supp. 939 (S.D.N.Y.1973).
. See Gulf & Western Industries, Inc. v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., Inc., 476 F.2d 687, 697 (2d Cir. 1973) ; Elco Corp. v. Microdot Inc., 360 F.Supp. 741, 753 (D.Del.1973).
. 476 F.2d at 697.
. See pp. 39-40 supra.
| CASELAW |
Forgotten scripts of Indian languages
Exploring the lost scripts of Indus, Kharosthi, Tamil-Brahmi, Sharada, Modi, and Takri and their significance in Indian linguistic history
India is a country that is home to a diverse range of languages and scripts. While many of these scripts are well-known and widely used today, there are also several forgotten scripts of Indian languages that have been lost to history. These scripts were once used by different communities in India to write their languages, but over time, they were gradually replaced by other scripts, and today, they are all but forgotten. In this blog, we will explore some of these forgotten scripts and their history.
One of the most famous forgotten scripts of Indian languages is the Indus script. This script was used during the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. The Indus script is one of the oldest scripts in the world, and it has been found on seals and tablets made of various materials such as terracotta, steatite, and copper. However, despite the efforts of many linguists and scholars, the Indus script has not yet been deciphered, and much of its meaning remains a mystery.
Another forgotten script of Indian languages is the Kharosthi script. This script was used to write the Gandhari language, which was spoken in the region that is now Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Kharosthi script was also used to write other languages such as Sanskrit and Prakrit. The script was written from right to left, and it was used from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. Today, very few examples of this script survive, and it is mostly known from inscriptions found in ancient Buddhist stupas and rock-cut caves.
The Tamil-Brahmi script is another forgotten script of Indian languages. This script was used to write the Tamil language, and it was used from around the 3rd century BCE to the 6th century CE. The Tamil-Brahmi script was based on the Brahmi script, which was used to write many Indian languages. However, the Tamil-Brahmi script had some unique features that were specific to the Tamil language. Today, very few examples of this script survive, and it is mostly known from inscriptions found on cave walls and pottery.
The Sharada script is another forgotten script of Indian languages. This script was used to write the Kashmiri language, which is spoken in the region that is now Jammu and Kashmir. The Sharada script was used from around the 9th century CE to the 14th century CE. It was written from left to right, and it was similar in structure to the Devanagari script. Today, the Sharada script is no longer in use, and very few examples of it survive.
The Modi script, also known as the Moḍī script, was a script that was used to write the Marathi language. It was developed in the 13th century CE by the saint and poet Namdev. The script was widely used in the regions that are now Maharashtra and parts of Karnataka, and it continued to be used until the 20th century. The Modi script was written from left to right and had 46 letters. The letters were cursive and were often written in a flowing manner, with some letters being written above or below the line. The Modi script was derived from the Brahmi script and had similarities with the Gujarati script.
The Dogri language traditionally used the Takri script for writing, which is a script used primarily in the Northwestern region of India. Takri script was mainly used by the Dogri-speaking community of the Jammu region of present-day Jammu and Kashmir state and the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. However, with the advent of the modern Devanagari script, most of the Dogri literature is now written in the Devanagari script. The Takri script is still used in some parts of the region for ceremonial purposes, but it is no longer in common use for daily writing and reading.
India is a country that has a rich linguistic heritage, with many languages and scripts that have evolved over time. While some of these scripts are well-known and widely used today, there are also several forgotten scripts of Indian languages that have been lost to history. These scripts were once used by different communities in India to write their languages, but over time, they were gradually replaced by other scripts. Despite the loss of these scripts, they are still a part of India's cultural heritage and offer insights into the country's rich linguistic history. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Midnight Special (store) (2nd nomination)
The result of the debate was delete. Babajobu 00:59, 18 February 2006 (UTC)
Midnight Special (store)
This article miraculously survived an AFD a little while ago (Articles for deletion/Midnight Special) with very few votes, in spite of the fact the article only says that it's a store in Santa Monica, making it borderline speediable. Not a single claim of notability, nor any indication that it's anything other than one of several hundred thousand bookstores in the country. -R. fiend 20:09, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
* Delete what's in there - short as it is - includes apparent editorialising ("forced to close"). Does not quite reach the giddy heights of being a stub. I would not know this place from a hole in the ground, which is apparently what it now is... Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 22:21, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
* Keep, interesting and verifiable history . Possible merge. Kappa 10:10, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
* You know, it's just so fantastic when people argue at AFD about how fascinating and unique a subject is, while the article (which is what we're discussing) still says "it's a store". -R. fiend 18:27, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
* One-line substub, that's a delete from me. I'm open to change if it's expanded; otherwise I will infer that nobody cares about it enough :) Stifle 23:33, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. Ardenn 22:52, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
* Delete. Does not appear to meet WP:CORP. Vegaswikian 23:37, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Impaired vitreous composition and retinal pigment epithelium function in the FoxG1::LRP2 myopic mice - Microscopie Electronique Access content directly
Journal Articles Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease Year : 2017
Impaired vitreous composition and retinal pigment epithelium function in the FoxG1::LRP2 myopic mice
Abstract
High myopia (HM) is one of the main causes of visual impairment and blindness all over the world and an unsolved medical problem. Persons with HM are predisposed to other eye pathologies such as retinal detachment, myopic retinopathy or glaucomatous optic neuropathy, complications that may at least partly result from the extensive liquefaction of the myopic vitreous gel. To identify the involvement of the liquid vitreous in the pathogenesis of HM we here analyzed the vitreous of the recently described highly myopic low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (Lrp2)-deficient eyes. Whereas the gel-like fraction was not apparently modified, the volume of the liquid vitreous fraction (LVF) was much higher in the myopic eyes. Biochemical and proteome analysis of the LVF revealed several modifications including a marked decrease of potassium, sodium and chloride, of proteins involved in ocular tissue homeostasis and repair as well as of ADP-ribosylation factor 4 (ARF4), a protein possibly involved in LRP2 trafficking. A small number of proteins, mainly comprising known LRP2 ligands or proteins of the inflammatory response, were over expressed in the mutants. Moreover the morphology of the LRP2-deficient retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells was affected and the expression of ARF4 as well as of proteins involved in degradative endocytosis was strongly reduced. Our results support the idea that impairment of the RPE structure and most likely endocytic function may contribute to the vitreal modifications and pathogenesis of HM.
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hal-01501624 , version 1 (04-04-2017)
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Olivier Cases, Antoine Obry, Sirine Ben-Yacoub, Sébastien Augustin, Antoine Joseph, et al.. Impaired vitreous composition and retinal pigment epithelium function in the FoxG1::LRP2 myopic mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease, 2017, 1863 (6), pp.1242-1254. ⟨10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.022⟩. ⟨hal-01501624⟩
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How To Use Fat Burners
A large and growing percentage of the world’s population is overweight or obese. There are lots of reasons for this, including socioeconomics, an increased reliance on labor-saving devices, mechanized transport, and an abundance of calorie-dense food.
In short, people are eating more and moving less.
While some people are content to be overweight, others realize that excess body fat is unhealthy and not always attractive. Gyms are full of people trying to exercise the fat away, and most overweight people also make changes to what they eat by following low-calorie diets. Some take more extreme measures, such as undergoing weight-loss surgery.
While there is no miracle weight loss drug (yet!), a lot of dieters and exercisers also turn to supplements to help them lose weight faster and more easily. Protein powder, branched-chain amino acids, low-calorie meal replacement bars and drinks, and fiber supplements are all popular choices.
However, the most widely used weight loss supplements are fat burners.
Fat burners won’t cause weight loss overnight, but they can be beneficial when used sensibly and correctly. In this article, we explain how to use fat burners for both safety and effectiveness.
How To Use Fat Burners
What Is A Fat Burner?
Different fat burner supplements
A fat burner is a dietary supplement designed to speed up weight loss and fat burning.
Although the ingredients vary from product to product, most contain herbs, spices, and naturally occurring compounds to help you reach your weight loss goal quicker and more easily.
Most fat burners come in capsule form and are designed to be taken several times a day.
Fat burners usually have a very subtle effect. After all, they are NOT medications or drugs. However, when you’re trying to lose weight and battling with things like low energy, hunger, and cravings, even a small boost can be very welcome.
Do Fat Burners Really Work?
Fat burners are nutritional supplements. Because they aren’t classed as drugs, they’re not regulated by the FDA, and any claims of effectiveness have yet to be proven. That said, most fat burners contain ingredients that have been studied and demonstrated to work or compounds used in traditional medicine for fat loss.
Depending on the formulation, a fat burner will have some or all of the following effects:
Less Hunger
Eating less is part of losing weight, but it’s not always easy. Fat burners often contain fiber and other appetite suppressing ingredients. With less hunger and fewer cravings to contend with, you’ll find sticking to your diet easier, and that will lead to faster fat loss.
Increased Metabolism
Ingredients like green tea, green coffee, and caffeine anhydrous help speed up your metabolism so that you burn more calories per day, even while you are at rest. On the downside, these stimulants can also cause insomnia, anxiety, and muscle tremors. The good news is that some fat burners are designated stimulant-free and are ideal for anyone who is overly sensitive to ingredients like caffeine.
More Energy
Eating less can sometimes leave you feeling flat, tired, and demotivated. The ingredients in some far burners will help alleviate these symptoms.
Increased Insulin Sensitivity
High blood glucose levels and raised insulin can block fat burning and prime your body for fat storage. Ingredients like cinnamon and zinc increase insulin sensitivity which a) lowers blood glucose, b) increases your ability to metabolize sugar and carbs, and c) creates a better internal environment for fat burning.
Better Focus
A lot of dieters suffer from something called brain fog. This is especially problematic on very low-carb diets like keto. Brain fog can reduce workplace productivity and could even lead to accidents. Some supplements are designed to address this issue and increase mental acuity.
Rapid Weight Loss
Some fat burners cause rapid weight loss by ridding your body of excess water. Diuretic ingredients like dandelion extract increase urine output to reduce bloating. Water loss is not the same as fat loss, but if you feel bloated or simply want to lose water weight instead of fat, diuretic ingredients may be beneficial.
Benefits of Using Fat Burners
Fat burner benefits
Even the most potent fat burner will only have a modest effect. That said, when you’re trying to lose weight, even a tiny boost can be very welcome.
Using a fat burner may make it easier to stick to your chosen diet, give you the energy you need to power through your day or work out harder or longer, and could enhance the mechanisms of fat burning.
Will using a fat burner help you lose weight if you don’t diet and exercise? Probably not. But they will give you a slight advantage and magnify your efforts. The harder you work, the more beneficial fat burners become.
However, if you were hoping to just pop a few capsules and lose weight without dieting or exercising, you’re going to be disappointed. Even the most powerful weight loss supplement can’t do that.
That said, a lot of people eat more healthily when they take fat burners. While this is due to a placebo effect, it should not be ignored. If taking a fat burner makes you more motivated to stick to your diet, they’re a very valuable supplement.
How to Use Fat Burners?
Benefits of fat burners
To get the most from your chosen fat burner, you should use it according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Taking more than the recommended dose will not produce better results and increases the risk of unwanted side effects.
That said, there are a few times during the day when fat burners are especially useful. Depending on your product, you may benefit from using fat burners at these times:
On Waking
Your metabolism slows down while you sleep. Wake it up by taking a fat burner on rising. This may also give you a welcome energy boost before you head off to work or the gym.
Before a Workout
Most fat burners contain energizing ingredients. Take a capsule 15-30 minutes before exercise so you can train harder or longer than usual, burning more calories in the process.
Between Meals
Hunger usually strikes a few hours before you are due to eat. This can cause snacking and eating more when your mealtime finally rolls around. Taking a fat burner between meals may help ward off hunger. That’s especially true if your chosen product contains appetite suppressants such a konjac fiber.
Before Bed
Some fat burners contain way too much caffeine to be used at nighttime. Many contain as much caffeine as two large cups of coffee. However, if you buy a stim-free/nighttime fat burner, you may be able to take it at night so you burn more calories while you sleep and avoid the nighttime hunger pangs that could lead to midnight snacks.
When You Need Energy
Low energy levels can soon lead to unplanned snacks. After all, when we feel tired, a lot of us turn so sugar for a boost. Avoid derailing your diet by taking a fat burner instead of an unplanned snack.
Dangers/Side Effects of Using Fat Burners
Dangers of fat burners
Fat burners are mostly safe to use. However, taking more than recommended amount and sensitivities to some of the ingredients could cause the following side effects…
Anxiety, Insomnia, Tremors, and Headaches
These side effects are invariably caused by caffeine. A standard cup of coffee contains around 100mg of caffeine. Some far burners contain as much as 300mg per serving.
If you know that a cup or two of strong coffee gives you the jitters, you should avoid very high caffeine fat burners and seek out low or non-stim products instead.
Stomach Upsets
Fibrous ingredients like Konjac root are effective appetite suppressants. Still, they can also cause stomach upsets because they aren’t very digestible and remain in your stomach for a long time.
Increased Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
The caffeine in fat burners can cause your heart rate to speed up, which causes a corresponding increase in blood pressure. For this reason, people with high blood pressure and heart conditions should not use high-stim fat burners and should speak to their doctor before using this type of supplement.
Ineffectual Formulas
Not all fat burners were created equal, and some are better than others. Avoid products that contain proprietary blends which disguise the exact ingredients and quantities. Instead, buy fat burners from reputable supplement companies that are clearly labeled, so you know exactly what you are taking.
Bottom Line
If you want to lose weight and keep it off, you need to reduce your calorie intake and start exercising more. This will create a negative energy balance that your body will meet by burning stored body fat for fuel. If you are consuming more calories than your body needs, it won’t burn fat. This is the basis for all successful diet and workout plans.
However, you can make your diet and workout a little more effective and easier to live with by using a good-quality fat burner. No fat burner will magically melt fat or help you lose weight without exercise and diet, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t helpful.
Using a fat burner may help boost your energy, suppress your appetite, prevent cravings, sharpen your mind, and otherwise make sticking to your diet easier. Think of them as weight loss helpers. You still need to do the work, but a good fat burner means you’ll get better results from your efforts.
There are lots of different fat burner supplements to choose from, and some are better than others. Unfortunately, the supplement industry is largely unregulated, so it’s a case of buyer beware. That said, there are some excellent products around. Just don’t expect miracles; when it comes to weight loss and fat burning, diet and exercise are the foundations of your success.
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick Dale is an ex-British Royal Marine and owner and lecturer for a fitness qualifications company. In addition to training prospective personal trainers, Patrick has also authored three fitness and exercise books, dozens of e-books, thousands of articles, and several fitness videos.
Fitness Equipment Reviews
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Chang Yongxiang
Chang Yongxiang (born September 16, 1983) is a Chinese Greco-Roman wrestler who competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where he won the silver medal.
His personal best was coming 1st at the 2008 Asian Championships. | WIKI |
Author talk:Catherine Gasquoine Hartley
Biographical sources
- AdamBMorgan (talk) 12:00, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
* The Modernist Journals Project
* Oxford DNB | WIKI |
-- First Pacquiao Loss in 7 Years Enrages Fans; Rematch Agreed
Manny Pacquiao lost his first bout
in seven years, a split decision to unbeaten Timothy Bradley
that enraged fans of the Philippine boxer, setting the stage for
a rematch in November. “Pac-Man was cheated,” said Karen Selevares, using the
nickname of the fighter who’s become a national hero in the
Southeast Asian nation. “They’re probably setting up a
rematch,” said the 29-year-old housewife, who took her 6-year-
old son to a live screening of the fight two hours ahead of time
to get good seats. Pacquiao was elected to Congress in May 2010 after winning
world championships in eight weight classes. The crowd at the
MGM Grand in Las Vegas jeered as Bradley, 28, was declared the
winner on the night of June 9. The American boxer was ahead 115-
113 on two judges’ scorecards, while Pacquiao won 115-113 on the
third. “I respect the decision but I believe 100 percent I won
the fight,” Pacquiao told reporters after the bout. Bob Arum, promoter of both fighters, said the two judges
who scored in Bradley’s favor should have their eyes examined.
Oscar De La Hoya, who lost to Pacquiao (54-4-3, 38 knockouts) in
December 2008, wrote on Twitter that Bradley shouldn’t have
accepted the victory. Pacquiao landed 253 punches to Bradley’s
159, and out-slugged Bradley 190-108 on power punches, according
to CompuBox , a computerized punch scoring system. November Rematch “I cannot believe what I just saw,” singer Justin Timberlake wrote on Twitter. “Please tell me they read the
decision wrong.” Pacquiao said he wants a rematch and one is being scheduled
in November. “I thought I won the fight,” said Bradley, who is 29-0
with 11 knockouts. “I didn’t think he was as good as everyone
says. I didn’t feel his power.” Pacquiao, 33, is a high school dropout who brought his
family out of poverty through boxing. In the 1990s, he fought
for purses as small as 150 pesos ($3.50) -- then about the cost
of a T-shirt in the Philippines . Today he’s the richest
Philippine congressman, surpassing Imelda Marcos , with a net
worth inflated by TV appearances and endorsing products with the
Nike, Hennessy Cognac and HP brands. “I did my best,” Pacquiao said. “I guess my best wasn’t
good enough.” Presidential Support Filipinos support for their champion remains strong as ever,
Abigail Valte, a presidential spokeswoman, said in an e-mail
yesterday. “During your next fights, and during the challenges
that will undoubtedly come your way in the future, you can
certainly count on us to stand by you,” Valte said. “He is no longer Pacquiao, the unstoppable,” said Ramon Casiple , executive director at the Institute for Political and
Electoral Reform in Manila . His viability as politician and a
product endorser will depend on whether he beats Bradley on the
rematch, he said. “I heard boos at the end of the night which is OK,”
Bradley said. “We need to definitely do this again in November
and let’s make it more decisive for everybody.” To contact the reporters on this story:
Clarissa Batino in Manila at
cbatino@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Lars Klemming at lklemming@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
akhet generated does not work
Issue #10 new
Anonymous created an issue
When using 'python ./setup.py test' I get this error:
{{{ Traceback (most recent call last): File "/tmp/testapp/testapp/tests.py", line 8, in setUp self.engine = sqlahelper.add_engine(url="sqlite://") TypeError: add_engine() got an unexpected keyword argument 'url' }}}
It seems that recent sqlahelper does not have a 'url' keyword argument for add_engine().
Comments (1)
1. Anonymous
Taking from the other templates, here's what I have now, which works well:
def _initTestingDB():
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from hvac.models import initialize_sql
session = initialize_sql(create_engine('sqlite://'))
return session
class MyHandlerTests(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
from pyramid.config import Configurator
self.session = _initTestingDB()
self.config = Configurator(autocommit=True)
self.config.begin()
Sorry about the name of this bug, I meant it to say, "akhet generated tests.py does not work," but as I do not have a login, I can't edit it now.
2. Log in to comment | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Swift Company v. United States (276 U.S. 311)/Opinion of the Court
This case presents the question whether the consent decree entered February 27, 1920, with a view to preventing a long-feared monopoly in meat and other food products, is void.
On that day the United States filed in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, sitting in equity, a petition under section 4 of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, July 2, 1890, c. 647, 26 Stat. 209 (15 USCA § 4), to enjoin violations of that statute and of the Clayton Act, October 15, 1914, c. 323, 38 Stat. 730, 736. It named as defendants the five leading packers; namely, Swift & Co., Armour & Co., Morris & Co., Wilson & Co., Inc., and the Cudahy Packing Company. And it joined with them 80 other corporations and 50 individuals, all but four of whom were associated with some one of the five defendants above named. The petition charged the defendants with attempting to monopolize a large proportion of the food supply of the nation and with attempting to extend the monopoly by methods set forth. It stated that the purpose of the suit was to put an end to the monopoly described and to deprive the defendants of the instrumentalities by which they were perfecting their attempts to monopolize. It sought a comprehensive injunction and also the divestiture of the instrumentalities described.
Simultaneously with the filing of the petition, all the defendants filed answers which denied material allegations of the bill. There was filed at the same time a stipulation, signed by all the parties to the suit, which provided that the court might, without finding any fact, enter the proposed decree therein set forth. On the same day a decree in the form so agreed upon was entered. To this decree all parties filed assents. In its opening paragraph, the decree embodied a clause of the stipulation to the effect that, while the several corporations and individual defendants 'maintain the truth of their answers and assert their innocence of any violation of law in fact or intent, they nevertheless, desiring to avoid every appearance of placing themselves in a position of antagonism to the government, have consented and do consent to the making and entry of the decree now about to be entered without any findings of fact, upon condition that their consents to the entry of said decree shall not constitute or be considered an admission, and the rendition or entry of said decree, or the decree itself, shall not constitute or be considered and adjudication that the defendants or any of them have in fact violated any law of the United States.'
The decree declared, among other things, that the court had jurisdiction of the persons and the subject-matter, and 'that the allegations of the petitioner state a cause of action against the defendants under the provisions' of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and supplementary legislation. It granted comprehensive relief in accordance with the prayer of the bill. The details will be discussed later. The decree closed with this provision:
'Eighteenth. That jurisdiction of this cause be, and is hereby, retained by this court for the purpose of taking such other action or adding at the foot of this decree such other relief, if any, as may become necessary or appropriate for the carrying out and enforcement of this decree and for the purpose of entertaining at any time hereafter any application which the parties may make with respect to this decree.'
None of the original parties to the suit made any application to the court between the date of the entry of the consent decree and November 5, 1924; but three intervening petitions were filed-that of the Southern Wholesale Grocers' Association, allowed September 10, 1921, that of the National Wholesale Grocers' Association, allowed November 5, 1921, and that of the California Co-operative Canneries, allowed September 13, 1924. See California Co-op. Canneries v. United States, 55 App. D. C. 36, 299 F. 908. On November 5, 1924, two motions to vacate the decree were filed in the cause. One was by Swift & Co. and the subsidiary corporations and individual defendants associated with it; the other by Armour & Co. and the subsidiary corporations and individual defendants associated with it. The allegations of the two motions were identical; and each prayed that the consent decree be declared void. The grounds of invalidity relied upon will be stated later. On May 1, 1925, the two motions to vacate the consent decree were overruled. From the order overruling them, Swift & Co. and Armour & Co., with their respective associates, took appeals to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia.
On May 28, 1926, the United States filed in that court a motion to dismiss the appeals for want of jurisdiction, contending that an appeal lay only directly to this court. On January 3, 1927, the Court of Appeals of the District entered an order dismissing the appeals. Promptly thereafter, Swift & Co., Armour & Co., and their respective associates, moved that court to stay the mandate and to transfer the appeals to this Court, pursuant to the Act of September 14, 1922, c. 305, 42 Stat. 837, incorporated in the Judicial Code as § 238(a). On January 31, 1927, the Court of Appeals vacated its opinion and order, and restored the case for reargument upon the question of its jurisdiction of the appeals and for argument on its jurisdiction to transfer the appeals to this court. Thereafter, having heard argument, the Court 13, 1925, c. 229, 43 Stat. 936. On October 17, court, under section 251 of the Judicial Code as existing prior to the Act of February 13, 1925, c. 229, 43 S. Stat. 936. On October 17, 1927, this court, having heard argument on the certificate, ordered that the entire record in the cause be sent here, as provided in the same section. On that record the case is before us. Many questions are presented.
An objection of the government to the jurisdiction of this court must first be considered. The Expediting Act of February 11, 1903, c. 544, 32 Stat. 823, U.S.C. tit. 15, § 29 (15 USCA § 29), provides that, from a final decree in a suit in equity brought by the government under the Anti-Trust Act, an appeal lies only directly to this court. The government suggests that under the Expediting Act no appeal lay to the Court of Appeal from the order denying the motion to vacate; that the Court of Appeals consequently was powerless to certify questions relating to the merits; that this court by ordering up the record, as provided in section 251 of the Judicial Code, did not acquire jurisdiction to decide questions which could not lawfully have been certified under that section; that the case may not be treated as here on transfer, because the Court of Appeals of the District is not a Circuit Court of Appeals within the meaning of the Act of 1922; and that this court is therefore without power to pass on the merits of the cause. Swift and Armour answer that the motions to vacate the consent decree are not subject to the provisions of the Expediting Act because they are not a part of the suit filed February 27, 1920, under the Anti-Trust Act, but constitute a new suit. Compare Stevirmac Oil & Gas Co. v. Dittman, 245 U.S. 210, 38 S.C.t. 116, 62 L. Ed. 248. The argument is that the original suit ended with the entry of the consent decree, or at all events, at the expiration of the term, or at the end of the 60 days from the entry of the decree allowed by the Expediting Act for an appeal. We need not inquire whether an independent suit to set aside a decree entered upon the Anti-Trust Act is subject to the provisions of the Expediting Act. The consent decree provided by paragraph eighteenth for 'entertaining at any time hereafter any application which the parties may make with respect to this decree.' Swift and Armour made these motions to vacate in the original suit; they arose out of the three proceedings for intervention filed after entry of the consent decree, and they were entitled in the original cause.
The court of Appeals of the District was therefore without jurisdiction to entertain the appeals. We think, however, that it was a Circuit Court of Appeals within the meaning of the Transfer Act; and, as the judgment appealed from was entered before the effective date of the Act of February 13, 1925, the appeals should have been transferred to this Court. Compare Pascagoula National Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 269 U.S. 537, 46 S.C.t. 119, 70 L. Ed. 400; Salinger v. United States, 272 U.S. 542, 549, 47 S.C.t. 173, 71 L. Ed. 398; Rossi v. United States, 273 U.S. 636, 47 S.C.t. 90, 71 L. Ed. 815; Timken Roller Bearing Co. v. Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 274 U.S. 181, 186, 47 S.C.t. 550, 71 L. Ed. 989. The want of a formal order of transfer would not have been fatal to our taking jurisdiction of the whole case, had it come before us on writ of error or appeal. Wagner Electric Manufacturing Co. v. Lyndon, 262 U.S. 226, 231, 43 S.C.t. 589, 67 L. Ed. 961; Waggoner Estate v. Wichita County, 273 U.S. 113, 116, 47 S.C.t. 271, 71 L. Ed. 566. It is no more so now, when we have required the record to be sent up to us. We treat the case as here.
The decree sought to be vacated was entered with the defendants' consent. Under the English practice a consent decree could not be set aside by appeal or bill of review, except in case of clerical error. Webb v. Webb, 3 Swanst. 658; Bradish v. Gee, 1 Amb. 229; Daniell, Chancery Practice (6th Am. Ed.) 973-974. In this Court a somewhat more liberal rule has prevailed. Decrees entered by consent have been reviewed upon appeal or bill of review where there was a claim of lack of actual consent to the decree as entered (Pacific R. R. Co. v. Ketchum, 101 U.S. 289, 295, 25 L. Ed. 932; White v. Joyce, 158 U.S. 128, 147, 15 S.C.t. 788, 39 L. Ed. 921); or of fraud in its procurement (Thompson v. Maxwell Land Grant Co., 168 U.S. 451, 18 S.C.t. 121, 42 L. Ed. 539); or that there was lack of federal jurisdiction because of the citizenship of the parties. (Pacific R. R. Co. v. Ketchum, supra). Compare Fraenkl v. Cerecedo, 216 U.S. 295, 30 S.C.t. 322, 54 L. Ed. 486. But 'a decree, which appears by the record to have been rendered by consent is always affirmed, without considering the merits of the cause.' Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Ry. Co. v. United States, 113 U.S. 261, 266, 5 S.C.t. 460, 28 L. Ed. 971. Compare United States v. Babbitt, 104 U.S. 767, 26 L. Ed. 921; McGowan v. Parish, 237 U.S. 285, 295, 35 S.C.t. 543, 59 L. Ed. 955. Where, as here, the attack is not by appeal or by bill of review, but by a motion to vacate, filed more than four years after the entry of the decree, the scope of the inquiry may be even narrower. Compare Kennedy v. Georgia Bank, 8 How. 586, 611, 612, 12 L. Ed. 1209. It is not suggested by Swift and Armour that the decree is subject to infirmity because of any lack of formal consent, or fraud, or mistake. But eight reasons are relied on as showing that, in whole or in part, it was beyond the jurisdiction of the court.
First. At the time the questions were certified, there was a contention that the Supreme Court of the District lacked jurisdiction of the Subject-matter, because it is not a District Court of the United States within the meaning of the Anti-Trust Act. After entry of the case in this court, that contention was disposed of by Federal Trade Commission v. Klesner, 274 U.S. 145, 47 S.C.t. 557, 71 L. Ed. 972. Now, it is conceded that the Supreme Court of the District has power to administer relief under the Anti-Trust Act; but the claim is made that in this proceeding it was without jurisdiction, because the petition was addressed to the 'Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, sitting in equity,' instead of to the special term of that court 'as the District Court of the United States.' The argument has compelled inquiry into legislation affecting the courts of the District, enacted from time to time during a long period. It would not be profitable to discuss the details of the legislation. We are of opinion that this suit under section 4 of the Anti-Trust Act (15 USCA § 4), which could only have been brought in a court of equity, was properly brought in the Supreme Court of the District, sitting in equity. This conclusion has support in established practice in analogous cases.
Second. It is contended that the Supreme Court lacked jurisdiction because there was no case or controversy within the meaning of section 2 of article 3 of the Constitution. Compare Lord v. Veazie, 8 How. 251, 12 L. Ed. 1067; Little v. Bowers, 134 U.S. 547, 10 S.C.t. 620, 33 L. Ed. 1016; South Spring Hill Gold Mining Co. v. Amador Medean Gold Mining Co., 145 U.S. 300, 12 S.C.t. 921, 36 L. Ed. 712; California v. San Pablo & Tulare R. R. Co., 149 U.S. 308, 13 S.C.t. 876, 37 L. Ed. 747. The defendants concede that there was a case at the time when the government filed its petition and the defendants their answers; but they insist that the controversy had ceased before the decree was entered. The argument is that, as the government made no proof of facts to overcome the denials of the answers, and stipulated both that there need be no findings of fact and that the decree should not constitute or be considered an adjudication of guilt, it thereby abandoned all charges that the defendants had violated the law; and hence the decree was a nullity. The argument ignores the fact that a suit for an injunction deals primarily, not with past violations, but with threatened future ones; and that an injunction may issue to prevent future wrong, although no right has yet been violated. Vicksburg Waterworks Co. v. Vicksburg, 185 U.S. 65, 82, 22 S.C.t. 585, 46 L. Ed. 808; Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 536, 45 S.C.t. 571, 69 L. Ed. 1070, 39 A. L. R. 468. Moreover, the objection is one which is not open on a motion to vacate. The court had jurisdiction both of the general subject-matter-enforcement of the Anti-Trust Act-and of the parties. If it erred in deciding that there was a case or controversy, the error is one which could have been corrected only by an appeal or by a bill of review. Compare Pacific R. R. Co. v. Ketchum, 101 U.S. 289, 297, 25 L. Ed. 932. On a motion to vacate, the determination by the Supreme Court of the District that a case or controversy existed is not open to attack. Compare Cameron v. M'Roberts, 3 Wheat. 591, 4 L. Ed. 467; McCormick v. Sullivant, 10 Wheat. 192, 199, 6 L. Ed. 300; Kennedy v. Georgia Bank, 8 How. 586, 611, 612, 12 L. Ed. 1209; Des Moines Navigation Co. v. Iowa Homestead Co., 123 U.S. 552, 557, 8 S.C.t. 217, 31 L. Ed. 202; Dowell v. Applegate, 152 U.S. 327, 14 S.C.t. 611, 38 L. Ed. 463; Cutler v. Huston, 158 U.S. 423, 430, 15 S.C.t. 868, 39 L. Ed. 1040; New Orleans v. Fisher, 180 U.S. 185, 196, 21 S.C.t. 347, 45 L. Ed. 485; Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. McCabe, 213 U.S. 207, 29 S.C.t. 430, 53 L. Ed. 765. Third. It is contended that the consent decree was without jurisdiction because it was entered without the support of facts. The argument is that jurisdiction under the Anti-Trust Acts cannot be conferred by consent; that jurisdiction can exist only if the transactions complained of are in fact violations of the act; that merely to allege facts showing violation of the anti-trust laws is not sufficient; that the facts must also be established according to the regular course of chancery procedure; that this requires either admission or proof; and that here there was no admission but, on the contrary, a denial of the allegations of the bill, and a recital in the decree that the defendants maintain the truth of their answers, assert their innocence, and consent to the entry of the decree without any finding of fact, only upon condition that their consent shall not constitute or be considered an admission. The argument ignores both the nature of injunctions, already discussed, and the legal implications of a consent decree. The allegations of the bill not specifically denied may have afforded ample basis for a decree limited to future acts. Deputron v. Young, 134 U.S. 241, 250, 251, 10 S.C.t. 539, 33 L. Ed. 923. If the court erred in finding in these allegations a basis for fear of future wrong sufficient to warrant an injunction, its error was of a character ordinarily remediable on appeal. Such an error is waived by the consent to the decree. United States v. Babbitt, 104 U.S. 767, 26 L. Ed. 921; McGowan v. Parish, 237 U.S. 285, 295, 35 S.C.t. 543, 59 L. Ed. 955. Clearly it does not go to the power of the court to adjudicate between the parties. Voorhees v. Bank of the United States, 10 Pet. 449, 9 L. Ed. 490; Cooper v. Reynolds, 10 Wall. 308, 19 L. Ed. 931; Christianson v. King County, 239 U.S. 356, 372, 36 S.C.t. 114, 60 L. Ed. 327.
Fourth. It is contended that, even if the decree is not void as a whole, parts of it must be set aside as being in excess of the court's jurisdiction. This is urged in respect to the first and the ninth paragraphs, which are said to be too vague and general. The first enjoins the corporation defendants from 'in any manner maintaining or entering into any contract, combination, or conspiracy * * * in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or from * * * monopolizing or attempting to monopolize * * * any part of such trade or commerce.' The ninth enjoins the corporation defendants from 'using any illegal trade practices of any nature whatsoever in relation to the conduct of any business in which they or any of them may be engaged.' It is insisted that, as a court's power is limited to restraining acts which violate or tend to violate laws, the acts to be enjoined must be set forth definitely; and that these paragraphs are so general in terms as to make the defendants liable to proceedings for contempt if they commit any breach of the law. The paragraphs, if standing alone, might be open on appeal to the objection that they are too general to be sanctioned. Compare Swift & Co. v. United States, 196 U.S. 375, 396, 401, 25 S.C.t. 276, 49 L. Ed. 518. But they do not stand alone. They are to be read in connection with other paragraphs of the decree and with the allegations of the bill. Barnes v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Co., 122 U.S. 1, 14, 7 S.C.t. 1043, 30 L. Ed. 1128; City of Vicksburg v. Henson, 231 U.S. 259, 269, 34 S.C.t. 95, 58 L. Ed. 209. When so read, any uncertainties are removed. Moreover, the defendants by their consent lost the opportunity of raising the question on appeal. Obviously the generality of a court's decree does not render it subject to a motion to vacate.
Fifth. It is contended that paragraphs second to eighth of the decree are void because of their comprehensiveness. These paragraphs enjoin the defendants from holding directly or indirectly (without the consent of the court) any interest in any public stockyard, or any stockyard terminal railroad, or any stockyard market journal published in the United States, and enjoin the defendants, except as there provided, from engaging or being interested in the business of manufacturing, buying, selling, or handling any one of 114 enumerated food products or any one of 30 other named articles of commerce; from selling meat at retail; from selling milk or cream; from holding any interest in any public cold storage plant; from using their distributive systems (including branch houses, refrigerator cars, route cars, and autotrucks) in any manner for the purpose of handling any of the many articles above referred to; and from having more than a half interest in or control of any business engaged in manufacturing, jobbing, selling, transporting, or delivering any one of most of the articles above referred to.
The argument is that the power to issue an injunction is limited by the scope of the transactions prohibited by sections 1, 2, and 3 of the Anti-Trust Act (15 USCA §§ 1-3); that the defendants are here enjoined, not only from remaining in these lawful businesses named, but also from ever re-entering them; that none of these 'unrelated' lines of business are unlawful in themselves; that none can be restrained unless, by a finding of the essential facts, the connection with the conspiracy is established; that no such facts have been found; that the parties cannot by consent confer jurisdiction to issue an injunction broader than the facts warrant; and that an injunction so broad as that entered involves usurpation by the judicial branch of the government of the function of Congress. Compare United States v. New York Coffee & Sugar Exchange, 263 U.S. 611, 621, 44 S.C.t. 225, 68 L. Ed. 475. Here again, the defendants ignore the fact that by consenting to the entry of the decree, 'without any findings of fact,' they left to the court the power to construe the pleadings, and, in so doing, to find in them the existence of circumstances of danger which justified compelling the defendants to abandon all participation in these businesses, to divest themselves of their interest therein, and to abstain from acquiring any interest hereafter. Sixth. The defendants make a further contention concerning paragraphs second to eighth, which differs little from that just answered. It is urged that the decree is void, because it obliges the defendants to abandon completely certain business which are inherently lawful and forbids them from entering into other businesses which may be lawfully conducted; and that to do this is not merely unauthorized by, but is contrary to, the common law and the Anti-Trust Act. Compare Nordenfelt v. Maxim Nordenfelt Co. (1897) A. C. 535; United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. (C. C. A.) 85 F. 271, 46 L. R. A. 122. But the court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the parties. And even gross error in the decree would not render it void. Compare Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet. 193, 7 L. Ed. 650; Ex parte Parks, 93 U.S. 18, 23 L. Ed. 650; Ex parte Parks, 93 U.S. 18, 23 L. Ed. 787; In re Coy, 127 U.S. 731, 756, 8 S.C.t. 1263, 32 L. Ed. 274.
Seventh. It is contended that the decree is void because the injunction is not limited to acts in interstate commerce. This objection is in essence like the two preceding ones. The argument is that each of the businesses named in paragraphs second to eighth is susceptible of being carried on in intrastate commerce alone; that some of these businesses, for instance retail meat markets, are distinctly intrastate in character; that there was no finding of an interweaving of intrastate and interstate transactions as in United States v. New York Central R. R. Co., 272 U.S. 457, 464, 47 S.C.t. 130, 71 L. Ed. 350, or that the intrastate transactions had any relation to interstate operations, as in Swift & Co. v. United States, 196 U.S. 375, 397, 25 S.C.t. 276, 49 L. Ed. 518, and Stafford v. Wallace, 258 U.S. 495, 42 S.C.t. 397, 66 L. Ed. 735, 23 A. L. R. 229; and that, therefore, the prohibition of intrastate transactions was an overstepping of federal powers which renders the decree a nullity. Again, the argument fails to distinguish an error in decision from the want of power to decide. The allegations of a conspiracy to obstruct interstate commerce brought the case within the jurisdiction of the court. The Fair v. Kohler Die Co., 228 U.S. 22, 33 S.C.t. 410, 57 L. Ed. 716; Binderup v. Pathe Exchange, 263 U.S. 291, 304, 44 S.C.t. 96, 68 L. Ed. 308; Moore v. New York Cotton Exchange, 270 U.S. 593, 608, 46 S.C.t. 367, 70 L. Ed. 750, 45 A. L. R. 1370. Compare Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Schendel, 270 U.S. 611, 616-617, 46 S.C.t. 420, 70 L. Ed. 757. If the court, in addition to enjoining acts that were admittedly interstate, enjoined some that were wholly intrastate and in no way related to the conspiracy to obstruct interstate commerce, it erred; and, had the defendants not waived such error by their consent, they might have had it corrected on appeal. But the error, if any, does not go to the jurisdiction of the court. The power to enjoin includes the power to enjoin too much. Compare Fauntleroy v. Lum, 210 U.S. 230, 28 S.C.t. 641, 52 L. Ed. 1039.
Eighth. Finally, it is urged that the decree is void, because the Attorney General had no power to agree to its entry. Compare Kelley v. Milan, 127 U.S. 139, 159, 8 S.C.t. 1101, 32 L. Ed. 77. The argument is that the utmost limit of his authority was to agree to a decree which would prohibit the defendants from doing specific acts which constitute contracting, combining, conspiring, or monopolizing in violating of the anti-trust law; that he was without authority to enter into a contract by which citizens of the United States were prohibited absolutely and forever from engaging in the lawful business of conducting stockyards, storage warehouses, or the manufacture and distribution of many named food and other products, and by which many corporations and individuals would be forever taken out of the field of competition with others engaged in the same lines of business. Whether it would follow that the defendants are entitled to have the decree vacated because of such lack of authority, we need not decide. For we do not find in the statutes defining the powers and duties of the Attorney General any such limitation on the exercise of his discretion as this contention involves. His authority to make determinations includes the power to make erroneous decisions as well as correct ones. Compare United States v. San Jacinto Tin Co., 125 U.S. 273, 278-280, 8 S.C.t. 850, 31 L. Ed. 747; Noble v. Union River Logging R. R. Co., 147 U.S. 165, 13 S.C.t. 271, 37 L. Ed. 123; Kern River Co. v. United States, 257 U.S. 147, 155, 42 S.C.t. 60, 66 L. Ed. 175; Ponzi v. Fessenden, 258 U.S. 254, 262, 42 S.C.t. 309, 66 L. Ed. 607, 22 A. L. R. 879.
Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND and Mr. Justice STONE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. | WIKI |
Differences between html (), text (), val () in JQuery, and jqueryval
Source: Internet
Author: User
Differences between html (), text (), val () in JQuery, and jqueryval
1. HTML
Html (): gets the html content of the First Matching Element. This function cannot be used in XML documents. But it can be used in XHTML documents.
Html (val): sets the html content of each matching element. This function cannot be used in XML documents. But it can be used in XHTML documents.
2. TEXT
Text (): Get the content of all matching elements.
The result is a combination of text content contained by all matching elements. This method is effective for both HTML and XML documents.
Text (val): Set the text content of all matching elements.
Similar to html (), but the encoding HTML (replace "<" and ">" with the corresponding HTML Entity ).
3. VAL
Val (): obtains the current value of the First Matching Element.
Val (val): sets the value of each matching element.
The above content is copied in the help document of JQuery, and it is not nonsense. Below are some exercises you have made. The Code is as follows:
During the exercises, I found another difference between html and text.
When html () is used to remove the content of an element, the format below the selected element can also be obtained.
For example, <div id = "divShow"> <B> <I> Write Less Do More </I> </B> </div>
If we use var strHTML = $ ("# divShow" cmd.html,
Result: <B> <I> Write Less Do More </I> </B>
If we use var strHTML2 =$ ("# divShow B I" cmd.html ();
The result is Write Less Do More.
Text does not have the first case,
If var strText = $ ("# divShow"). text ();
The result is Write Less Do More.
<% @ Page language = "java" import = "java. util. * "pageEncoding =" UTF-8 "%> <% String path = request. getContextPath (); String basePath = request. getScheme () + ": //" + request. getServerName () + ":" + request. getServerPort () + path + "/"; %> <! Doctype html public "-// W3C // dtd html 4.01 Transitional // EN">
You can also verify it by yourself. The above is my experiment, and the JQuery I use is 1.6
Summary:
. Html () uses HTML tags for reading and modifying elements
. Text () is used to read or modify the plain text content of an element.
. Val () is used to read or modify the value of a form element.
Functional Comparison of the three methods
The three types of content .html (,.text(),.val()..) are used to read and select elements. Only the content .html () is used to read the HTML content of elements (including its Html tags ),. text () is used to read the plain text content of an element, including its child element ,. val () is the "value" value used to read form elements. Except () is the same. If it is applied to multiple elements, it can only read the "value" value of the first form element,. text () is different from them, if. when text () is applied to multiple elements, the text content of all selected elements is read.
. Html (htmlString ),. text (textString) and. val (value) is used to replace the content of the selected element. If the three methods are applied to multiple elements at the same time, the content of all selected elements will be replaced.
. Html (),. text (),. val () can use the return value of the callback function to dynamically change the content of multiple elements.
In jquery, html (), text (), and val () are different.
Html means you can add tags such as <a> </a> and <p> </p>.
Only text can be written. If the above mark is written, it will be output as text.
Val is an attribute. Only objects with this attribute can be called.
What are the differences between text (), html (), and val () in jQuery?
Text (): obtains or modifies the text of a specified element.
Html (): gets or modifies the html elements and text of a specified element.
Val (): Get or change the value of a specified Element (usually a form element)
The above three are all the syntaxes in the jquery class library.
The second problem is that there is basically no difference. The function is to obtain the value of the current object (usually a form element)
However, this. value is the native Syntax of js, and $ (this). val () is the syntax of jquery.
Using this. value removes the need to introduce any library files, while $ (this). val () requires the introduction of jquery library files.
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By Progress for Today
February is a very special month, and no, not just because of Valentine’s Day. The whole entire month is special. February is known to many as Black History Month. Black History Month started as a single week started by Dr. Carter G. Woodson. The week of Fredrick Douglass and President Lincoln’s birthday was the original “Black History Month”. Then in 1976, President Gerald Ford made Black History Month an official month. Now every year, there is a chance for people to have a platform to explain African-American history. It is also the only time in the year where we can grab the attention of people and teach things that people don’t normally learn. In this article, I’ll be giving mini-biographies on black historical figures. Some are well known, and some aren’t as recognized. I want to give these brief explanations, so you have the interest to go look into the background and lives of these people, from Civil War Spies to artists.
Mary Bowser was a former slave who operated as a spy for the Union during the Civil War. She was born on a plantation owned by John Van Lew in 1839. After the death of John Van Lew in 1843, his daughter (Elizabeth) and wife freed their slaves. Elizabeth was a very outspoken abolitionist and arranged for Bowser to get an education in Philadelphia, but tension grew between the South and North. Bowser ended up going back to work for the Van Lew family as a household servant. Before the war, Elizabeth would send reports to Union officials on things that were happening in the South. Elizabeth also knew that there was a war looming over America, so she recommended Bowser for a Davis Household staff position. Bowser was a very successful spy for the Union. The other staff believed she was a slave. This caused military leaders and David and his cabinet members to speak very openly in front of her about their strategies. They also took her illiteracy for granted because she was able to read important documents Davis left lying around. She would then share the newfound information with the Union or Van Lew who then shared the information with military leaders.
Not much is known about the life of the Civil War spy, Mary Bowser. After the war, the U.S. government destroyed any record of her and her work. They also destroyed records of Van Lew and others for their protection. There is no record of her life after the war, not even information about her death.
James Baldwin was a novelist and playwright and used his writing to voice his opinion on the Civil Rights movement. He was known as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. He broke so many barriers with his writing about racial and social issues. He was most known for his essays on the Black experience in the United States. Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924, in Harlem, New York. He was the oldest of nine children. His dad was a preacher, and this encouraged him to become a preacher when he was 14. When he was 18, he graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School. While he was going to this school, he wrote for the school magazine. At this time, he realized that he wanted to be a writer and do it for a living. In 1944, Baldwin met the writer Richard Wright. Wright helped Baldwin earn a writing award so he could have enough money to give all of his time to literature. Baldwin soon decided that he could not get his work done properly in the U.S., so in 1948, he moved out to France to escape the mountains of civil unrest. While in France, Baldwin published 3 books: Notes of a Native Son, Go Tell It on the Mountain, and Giovanni’s Room.
After 9 years of living overseas, Baldwin returned to America as the leading spokesperson among writers for the civil rights of African Americans. He traveled around the South giving lectures to groups of people (sometimes the groups were all white people), teaching them about Civil Rights. While moving throughout the South, Baldwin realized that the social conditions for African Americans had worsened even more while he was overseas. With the increasing violence in the South, in the mid-1960s, Baldwin responded with 3 books: Nobody Knows My Name, More Notes of a Native Son, and The Fire Next Time. Along with the 3 books, he published 2 plays: The Amen Corner and Blues for Mr. Charlie. Blues for Mr. Charlie was based on the Emmett Till case (Emmett Till was a 14-year old boy that was lynched for supposedly whistling at a woman, more on him later).
Baldwin was making a real name for himself and making a change during the civil rights movement. Then there was the sudden assassination of his friends: Medgar Evers (1926-1963), Malcolm X (1925-1956), and Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968). All of his plans to help end the racial divide in America had washed away. Baldwin decided to move back to France. He lived in France and continued to publish his work. James Baldwin sadly passed away on December 1, 1987.
Nina Simone, born Eunice Kathleen Waymon, was born in Tyron, North Carolina on February 21, 1933. She started music at the age of 3, when she would play piano by ear. Her parents taught her to carry herself with dignity and to always work hard. Her performances started in her mother’s church. She would play piano, but wouldn’t sing. She graduated high school as valedictorian of her class, and her community raised enough money for a scholarship for Simone. She was denied admission by the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. Her dreams of becoming a classical pianist were blown away. She then ended up with an even better, worldwide career as Nina Simone.
Her new stage name was from taking the nickname “Nina” (which in Spanish means “little one”) and “Simone” after the actor Simone Signoret. Simone’s big break was when she cut the song “My Baby Just Cares For Me” by Nate King Cole. Her cut was used in a European commercial for Chanel in the 1980s. Simone also wrote music that expressed moments during the Civil Rights Movement. She also wrote songs of empowerment, such as the song “To Be Young, Gifted, & Black” which was written in memory of her good friend Lorraine Hansberry. During the 1970s and early 1980s, she lived in multiple countries. She also settled in Southern France after her two marriages and continued to do tours through the 1990s. With her autobiography, she explains that she wanted her music “...to make people feel on a deep level.” Simone died in her sleep at her home on April 21, 2003. Her funeral was attended by very famous people such as singer Pattie Labelle and poet Sonia Sanchez. Nina Simone’s legacy still continues today with her music everywhere.
Emmitt Till was a 14-year old African American boy that lived on the south side of Chicago. His elementary school was segregated, and his mom would often tell him to worry about his surroundings because of his race. Emmett still enjoyed pulling pranks. On August 24, Emmett, some friends, and his cousins were standing outside of a country store in Money. Mississippi. They were joking around and dared Emmett to go flirt with the lady behind the counter. He bought some candy and was heard saying, “Bye baby” on the way put to the woman. There were no witnesses to clarify or give any other details, but Carolyn Bryant (the white woman behind the store counter) claimed that he made physical contact with her and wolf-whistled at her as he left the store.
Roy Bryant (Carolyn’s husband) returned home from a business trip a few days after that say, and Carilyn told him about the things Emmett had allegedly done. He was very angry and decided to to go Emmett’s great uncle’s house (Mose Wright) with his half-brother, J.W. Milam, early in the morning of August 28. They made Wright bring Emmett to them and Wright begged them, but it didn’t work. They forced Emmett into the car and drove, eventually they arrived at the Tallahatchie River. Three days after Emmett was taken from the home, his body was found. Due to the violent nature of the crime, his Great Uncle Wright couldn’t recognize him. The only thing that identified Emmett was the ring that had his initials.
After seeing her son, Emmett Till’s mother (Mamie Bradley) decided to have an open-casket funeral so the world could see what the violent racists did to her son. An African American magazine, Jet, published a photo of Emmett’s body and it got the attention of the mainstream media. In about two weeks after Emmett Till was buried, Milam and Bryant went on trial in a segregated courthouse. There weren’t very many witnesses. On September 23, the (all-white) jury (discussing for less than an hour) issued the verdict of “not-guilty”. They explained that they believed that the state failed to prove the identity of the body. So many people around the country were furious with the verdict. Milam and Bryant were also never charged with kidnapping. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Page:Once a Clown, Always a Clown.djvu/147
Rh one of the characters, usually the faithful old servant, entered, and talking to himself, dropped the necessary clues to get the plot going. It was brief and effective, but it also was, no one denied, stilted and theatrical. Today an audience would snicker.
So the playwrights now get out and crank, and if the motor is cold and the ignition feeble, as frequently happens, the process is laborious and painful to all concerned. It is a rare play that can leap forward with the rise of the curtain without first taking the spectators into its confidence. The playwright now either gives over a third of his first act to trying to get the play under way naturally by the force of gravity, or he puts false whiskers on the soliloquy in the hope that the audience will not recognize the discredited old gentleman.
Thus the property man rings the prop telephone. If society drama, that calls for a servant to answer, but that will not serve our purposes. We want the heroine to answer that insistent ring, or we want to keep the cast down, so we give the servants a night off and bring the heroine on, complaining about the servant problem.
She takes off the receiver, discloses her identity | WIKI |
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Implant FAQ
1. What are dental implants?
• Meng Dentistry uses dental implants made of a medically pure Titanium. These screws are placed in the jaw bone and rest under the gum for 3 – 6 months. While the jaw bone heals the implant fuses to the jawbone and become osseo (bone) integrated. Once the jaw bone has healed our dentist will use this screw to replace one or more missing teeth.
2. How long have implants been used in dentistry?
• Dental implants have been available for the past 50 or so years. There are differences between the various types of implants. These differences are important since they are related to the implants success rate. The implants currently in use today, osseintegrated implants, were originally developed in Sweden by Dr. P.I. Branemark., a Swedish Orthopedist approximately 25-30 years ago. They have been used in the U.S. for the past 12 years.
3. Is there a difference between the different implant manufacturers?
• All implants in use in the United States are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. All of the implants we use are from companies which are FDA approved and meet very stringent requirements. Your dental team will choose the system that is best for you and the one that allows them to accomplish your mutual restorative goal.
4. What are implants made of?
• Implants are made of commercially and medically pure Titanium. This is the same metal that has been successfully used in hip implants for many years. It is inert and is not known to cause any type of rejection phenomenon.
5. How complicated is the surgery?
• Implant surgery is done in two stages.
1. Stage one involves the placement of the implants into the available jaw bone. This is usually proformed with a local anesthesia. It is complicated only in the sense that the surgery requires great precision. The room is set up similar to an operating room, the equipment thoroughly sterilized and the most modern techniques utilized.
2. Stage two involves the uncovering of the implants after they have integrated ( fused ). This requires minor gum surgery and is a relatively minor procedure.
6. Can implants be rejected?
• No! They are made of an inert metal which has no history of rejection by the body. They are not a living organ such as the lung or liver and therefore there is no rejection phenomenon. If you have any questions regarding this or any other aspect of the implant process, ask your dentist.
7. If I lose several teeth, do they each have to be replaced with a separate implant?
• No. Although implants simulate the roots of teeth, one implant can be used to replace one or more teeth. This will depend upon your specific case. At your consultation your dentist will discuss the various treatment alternatives and the type and number of implants that are needed in order to fulfill your treatment objectives.
8. What about infection and complications?
• Our dentists will prescribe the appropriate antibiotics as a precautionary measure. Once the implants have been engaged in your prosthesis, it is imperative for you to maintain good oral hygiene. Success very often depends on your cooperation and homecare efforts.
9. What types of restorations can be placed on implants?
• The answer to this question depends upon your treatment objectives. The implant allows several options, simple removable prostheses, implants for retention, supported porcelain fused to metal crowns and bridges. Confused? Do not worry, your dental team will discuss the best options for your case with you. The good news is that we are now able to replace single or multiple missing teeth!
10. What types of restorations can be placed on implants?
• The answer to this question depends upon your treatment objectives. This can vary from simple removable prostheses, using the implants for retention , to totally implant supported porcelain fused to metal crowns and bridges. Implant bridges can be either removable or fixed (not removable) depending upon the number of implants. We are now finally able to replace single or multiple missing teeth returning the dentition to a biologically healthy and esthetically pleasing state.
11. How long is the entire implant process?
• Dental implants take approximately 3-4 months in the lower jaw and 6 months in the upper jaw. Once the jaw has healed, it takes several visits over several months to complete the restoration depending upon the complexity.
12. What is the cost?
• The cost of implant dentistry is based upon a combination of the surgical phase and the prosthetic phase. Your total treatment fee will depend upon the number of implants and the complexity of your final restoration.
If you have questions regarding implant dentistry and would like a free consultation please schedule an appointment. Our dentists will be happy to discuss any of these questions with you at your consultation. Please write down your questions so that we can be sure to answer them to your satisfaction. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
[whatwg] WA1 - The Section Header Problem
Matthew Raymond mattraymond at earthlink.net
Mon Nov 15 07:55:57 PST 2004
THOUGHTS ON HEADERS AND THE SECTION ELEMENT:
The following steps COMBINED should solve all problems related to
section headers:
1) The <h#> elements should be depreciated.
2) The <h#> elements will have no SEMANTIC meaning when inside a
<section> header. Their presentation, however, will remain the same.
3) Within an <h> element, <h#> elements (but not their contents) will be
ignored entirely.
4) The <h> element will be the only way to create a semantically valid
header for a section.
5) There should only be one <h> element for each section. Any <h>
element after the first <h> element will have no semantic meaning, but
can still have the same presentation as the first <h> element.
6) The only way to create semantically valid subsections within a
<section> element is to create child <section> elements within the
<section> element.
So, let's say you have the following HTML 4.01 markup:
| <h1>Header 1</h1>
| <p>...Content 1...</p>
| <h2>Header 1.1</h2>
| <p>...Content 1.1...</p>
| <h2>Header 1.2</h2>
| <p>...Content 1.2...</p>
| <h3>Header 1.2.1</h3>
| <p>...Content 1.2.1...</p>
| <h3>Header 1.2.2</h3>
| <p>...Content 1.2.2...</p>
This would still be valid in "HTML5" because it's not in a
<section>. If you wanted to put all of this in a <section>, and you
didn't care about subsections, you'd use this markup:
| <section>
| <h><h1>Header 1</h1></h>
| <p>...Content 1...</p>
| <h2>Header 1.1</h2>
| <p>...Content 1.1...</p>
| <h2>Header 1.2</h2>
| <p>...Content 1.2...</p>
| <h3>Header 1.2.1</h3>
| <p>...Content 1.2.1...</p>
| <h3>Header 1.2.2</h3>
| <p>...Content 1.2.2...</p>
| </section>
However, to duplicate the semantic value of this markup, you'd have
to do something more extensive:
| <section>
| <h><h1>Header 1</h1></h>
| <p>...Content 1...</p>
| <section>
| <h><h2>Header 1.1</h2></h>
| <p>...Content 1.1...</p>
| </section>
| <section>
| <h><h2>Header 1.2</h2></h>
| <p>...Content 1.2...</p>
| <section>
| <h><h3>Header 1.2.1</h3></h>
| <p>...Content 1.2.1...</p>
| </section>
| <section>
| <h><h3>Header 1.2.2</h3></h>
| <p>...Content 1.2.2...</p>
| </section>
| </section>
| </section>
Here's what it would look like without legacy markup and with
autonumbering already set up in CSS:
| <section>
| <h>Header</h>
| <p>...Content 1...</p>
| <section>
| <h>Header</h>
| <p>...Content 1.1...</p>
| </section>
| <section>
| <h>Header</h>
| <p>...Content 1.2...</p>
| <section>
| <h>Header</h>
| <p>...Content 1.2.1...</p>
| </section>
| <section>
| <h>Header</h>
| <p>...Content 1.2.2...</p>
| </section>
| </section>
| </section>
COUNTERARGUMENTS:
Some may have problems with the six rules above that go something
like this:
1) The <h1>-<h6> elements should not be depreciated. We should allow
both methods for greater flexibility.
Using two different section systems will only result in confusion
and bloated user agents. The simple fact of the matter is that the <h#>
elements are inferior or otherwise we wouldn't be creating new markup,
and therefore we should move to discontinue them with "all due speed".
2) Why should <h#> elements have no semantic value when inside
<section>? The webmasters should be allowed to mix markup for the sake
of legacy support.
The <section> element is new markup. Therefore, if a page uses it,
then the contents are not legacy markup. If a webmaster wants to use
sections, I see no reason for allowing them to mix section-related
markup when the newer markup is obviously superior. The specification
should not encourage poor markup, nor allow markup combinations that may
confuse those reading the markup.
3) The presentation of <h1>-<h6> should be retained inside <h> to avoid
removing the presentation that the webmaster wants to use.
If the webmaster doesn't like the styling of <h> for a specific
level, he/she should style the appropriate <h> elements. The use of <h#>
elements in <h> is intended solely for legacy user agents, so we
shouldn't encourage webmasters to use if or styling in WA1 clients.
4) Why not use the <h1> through <h6> tags for headers instead of <h>?
Because it only goes to six levels, and it makes it encourages mixed
section markup.
5-6) We could use repeated <h> elements to save markup instead of having
a <section> for every subsection on the same level.
By enforcing the single header rule, we create a situation where the
webmaster must create the document structure in markup rather than
relying on implied meanings. Why is this important? Well, for example,
let's say you have this markup:
| <section>
| <h>Header 1</h>
| <p>...Content 1...</p>
| <h>Header 2</h>
| <p>...Content 2...</p>
| <h>Header 3</h>
| <p>...Content 3...</p>
| </section>
Now suppose you want to put the individual sections in tabs? You
have to break up the one big section into three separate sections:
| <tabbox>
| <section>
| <h>Header 1</h>
| <p>...Content 1...</p>
| </section>
| <section>
| <h>Header 2</h>
| <p>...Content 2...</p>
| </section>
| <section>
| <h>Header 3</h>
| <p>...Content 3...</p>
| </section>
| </tabbox>
And what if the user has a special default CSS file to override
yours? They could be using CSS to put borders around each section, but
here that doesn't work.
Well, those are my thoughts. Line starts here for beating the crap
out of them.
More information about the whatwg mailing list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Though, the creature is often referred to as the monster, he cannot be viewed as one-dimensional. He is responsible for the murders of William, the younger brother, Henry Clerval, Victor’s friend, and Elizabeth Lavenza, as well as being responsible for the hanging of Justine, the maid of the Frankenstein’s. Although the creature took revenge because of his anger and bitterness, it can be said that he was not born with those character traits. He became such a being due to Victor’s rejection. He experiences hate from the very beginning as Victor is horrified by his creation.
“The creature is bitter and dejected after being turned away from human civilization, much the same way that Adam in “Paradise lost was turned out of the Garden of Eden. One difference, though, makes the monster a sympathetic character, especially to contemporary readers. In the biblical story, Adam causes his own fate by sinning. His creator, Victor, however, causes the creature’s hideous existence, and it is this grotesqueness that leads to the creature’s being spurned. Only after he is repeatedly rejected does the creature become violent and decides to seek revenge” (Mellor 106).
Victor Frankenstein created a monster in the book Frankenstein. At first, Victor just wants to recreate human life, but he realized that the being looks ugly and thought that his creation is evil right off the bat. After some time pass by in the book, the monster slowly becomes a murderer due to Victor’s interference in making him suffered. This will make the monster as a victim to the cruelty of the world. The monster was treated horribly by the people in the story.
In doing so, Frankenstein left the creation to terrible experience that cause him to become murderer. The deaths that the creation orchestrated were all rooted to not being raised correctly and having a warped view of the world. All of the deaths in Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein” are Victor’s fault because he left his creation to experience all of the terrible aspects of humanity without any balance or love that a creator owes to its creation. These experiences all begin with Frankenstein running away after realizing what he has created. When Frankenstein brought his poor victim to life he realised the magnitude of his actions.
These dark thoughts breed into deadly cruelty. As a result of his anger and loneliness, the Creature vows to seek revenge on the person who cursed him with his miserable existence, Victor Frankenstein. The Creature’s first of many victims, Victor’s younger brother, is killed after he insults the Creature by calling him an “ugly wretch… monster” (123). The Creature’s murder of William symbolizes the Creature’s descent to darkness, as his anger externalizes for the first time and he commits an act of violence out of uncontrollable rage. The Creature also realizes that the best way to gain revenge on Victor is to hurt those who Victor love, a twisted revelation stemming from the Creature's own limited experiences with companionship.
Then, he kills someone he was going to create to make up for it. Both of these things were wrong, and they both together do not make anything he did right. “Had I a right, for my own benefit, to inflict this curse upon everlasting generations? I had before been moved by the sophisms of the being I had created; I had been struck senseless by his fiendish threats; but now, for the first time, the wickedness of my promise burst upon me…”(Shelly, 121). Frankenstein later realised, when it was too late, that what he was doing was wicked.
His first indication of his egotistic behavior is when he embarks on the task of creating life. His egotism and cowardice manifest itself even more when it not only leads to the death of his younger brother William, but also to that of Justine the young girl accused of murder, and his childhood friend Clerval( Storment, 2002). Victor claims at hand to admit to the murder so that he will be incarcerated however, he abstains from coming clean in light of the fact that he is embarrassed about himself and his unsuccessful experiment which has hurt his sense of self-pride furthermore society
Victor Frankenstein him self represent the ego the pursuer of his own wishes and ends, the experimenter who uses reason even whilst feeling guilty about it. Freud defines his concept in just these terms “The ego represents what may be called reason … in contrast to the id, which contains the passions” (Freud) even though Victor preferred isolation on people he is not happy and he blames his family for being far away from him and he blames them for the calamity that happened. Thus we can say that victor Frankenstein has an evil side in his personality, and we can say that doppelganger is what runs victor life. Victor is the true monster of the story and he himself realize that, he realize his vanity and maybe he tries to warn his people by his isolation but it ended by the murder of them all. Then he tries to kill the monster after it ends by killing all his family, but the only way of killing the monster and destroying his is by his own death, as they are one person one cannot survive without the other.
The audience sees this treatment through his constant manipulations of Othello’s mind, planting seeds of jealousy. While talking to Brabantio, Iago also describes Othello and Desdemona’s relationship as animalistic. This furthers the idea that Iago views Othello as non-human, causing him to take inhumane actions upon him. He describes to Brabantio that “your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs” (Shakespeare 1277). This animalistic imagery shows that not only is Othello being dehumanized by Iago, but Desdemona is as well.
I cringe, clawing my flesh, and flee for home” (Gardener 14). This shows that Grendel has such a disgust and hate towards humans because they are able to turn tragedy into triumph. This happens because Grendel sees the humans burning up bits of the lost men that Grendel has killed. Another example, is when Grendel states, "Neither Breca nor you ever fought such battles," he said. "I | FINEWEB-EDU |
Category:Top-importance Chicago articles
Chicago articles rated according to the Chicago Project Team process. This category based list contains Chicago Project articles that have been rated for the Importance parameter by the WikiProject Chicago team of editors. Articles are automatically placed in this category list when there is a value given for the Importance parameter. Once a value is added into the parameter (see instructions given below), the article will be automatically placed within this category based list. Do not add articles to this category list directly. Instead, please follow a two step process: (1)Set a "placeholder" High Importance value (this will be there until Chicago Project Team consensus is obtained) within the articles' Talk page (see instructions given below); and, (2) Add your article to the suggestions (you may want to set the Watch so you can look for feedback). To set the Importance parameter values (or the "placeholder" High Importance" label) add and/or edit the article's Template:WikiProject Chicago Talk page tag, as follows:
These labels (i.e., values placed within the Importance parameter) refer to this grading scheme: | WIKI |
Kjeld Rimberg
Kjeld Rimberg (born 25 November 1943) is a Norwegian businessperson.
Personal life
Rimberg was born in Bergen on 25 November 1943, a son of Sverre Johan Rimberg and Eli Lien. He married architect Reidun Tvedt in 1965.
Early career
Rimberg is from Nordnes in Bergen, and was an avid skier and ski-instructor in his youth. He worked as instructor in Switzerland for some time, combined with studies in Zurich. He took his education in construction engineering at ETH Zürich before graduating from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1969. He was active in the Student Society in Trondheim, and worked as a research assistant at the Norwegian Institute of Technology as well as a researcher for NTNF for five years.
In 1982 he became the CEO of Asplan. From September to 31 December he worked as CEO of Byggforsk to get that organization on its feet. In 1986 he was named as board member of Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk. He was also a board member of Norconsult, and was in 1987 named as chair of Vinmonopolet, where he stayed until 1995. Shortly thereafter the company KV Forsvar was split from Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk, and Rimberg became chair there as well. He was a deputy board member of Statoil.
Norwegian State Railways
In 1988 Rimberg applied for the director-general position in the Norwegian State Railways. Robert Nordén had left, and Tore Lindholt was acting director-general. He was hired in September. He had to overcome opposition from Leif Thue and the Norwegian Union of Railway Workers, then the wage question had to be sorted out. The name of the position was changed from director-general to chief executive officer. In February 1990, after thirteen months in the job, he resigned, citing lack of freedom from political regulations as the reason. Leif Thue and the Union of Railway Workers stated that they did "not lament" his resignation.
Consulting career
In 1989 Rimberg had become chairman of the Norwegian Polytechnic Society. He remained so until 1991. In 1990 he became a board member of Den Norske Hypotekforening and Rogalandsforskning, and chairman of Norsk Nyetablering. He was also chair of Chr. Grøner and Terramar, and deputy chair of Byggholt. After resigning Rimberg started his own consulting firm. In 1990 he was a project adviser in Statkraft, He was also an adviser for the Norwegian School of Management. He also hired other consultants to work in the company, including Siri Hatlen.
Rimberg chaired Nationaltheatret from 1992 to 2001. He was chairman of Forskningsparken, Anthon B Nilsen, STEP, and Berstad Wallendahl, a board member of Aschehoug, Norge 2005, and Aker. He has also been an owner in Aker. In 2006 he had 10,300 stocks in the company, through his own company Kjeld Rimberg & Co.
He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. | WIKI |
-- Ronaldo Matches Messi’s Penalty Miss as Bayern Reaches Final
Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ,
who amassed a combined 112 goals this season, messed up just
when the pressure was on in their Champions League semifinals. Ronaldo had his penalty shootout kick saved as Real Madrid
was eliminated by Bayern Munich , a day after Messi fired a spot
kick against the crossbar in Barcelona’s ousting by Chelsea. Bayern won the penalty shootout 3-1 to advance to the May
19 final at its own Allianz Arena against Chelsea. Ronaldo
scored twice in the first 14 minutes before Arjen Robben got a
goal to make it 3-3 over the two-game semifinal. Madrid’s
players lacked energy after that, coach Jose Mourinho told
reporters. Real’s Kaka and Sergio Ramos also didn’t score with
their shootout kicks. “The best tennis players in the world make a mistake on
match ball and in Formula One the drivers make errors when there
are just a couple of laps to go,” Mourinho said. “These
players have been running like animals for two hours.” Madrid paid 80 million pounds ($129 million) for Ronaldo in
2009, making him the most expensive player in the world, while
Messi is the record-tying three-time World Player of the Year.
He hit a penalty kick against the crossbar for Barcelona two
nights ago. Bayern, a four-time European champion, will become the
first team to play a final at its home stadium since the
tournament changed to the Champions League format in 1992. “This is something to go absolutely crazy about,” Bayern
coach Jupp Heynckes, dressed in a suit and tie, told reporters
at Santiago Bernabeu stadium in Madrid. Suspended Players Heynckes said his only regret was that three of his players
will be suspended after getting yellow cards last night: David
Alaba, Holger Badstuber and Luiz Gustavo. Chelsea will be
without John Terry , who was red-carded against Barcelona, as
well as Ramires, Raul Meireles and Branislav Ivanovic. “It’s a shame the best players won’t be playing the final
-- for Bayern Munich and Chelsea,” Heynckes said. “The rules
should be changed.” Ronaldo did score with his first penalty kick. With Real
Madrid trailing 2-1 from last week’s first game in Munich, he
converted his spot kick in the sixth minute after a handball
against Alaba. The Portuguese added his second goal eight
minutes later to give Real the lead in the series. Robben then scored with a penalty kick in the 27th minute,
after Gomez was taken down by Pepe, to leave the teams tied 3-3
on aggregate. Madrid created fewer chances as the game progressed. The
team had faced off against Barcelona in the Spanish league’s El
Clasico on April 21, which proved a disadvantage against a more
energized Bayern team, Mourinho said. La Liga Lead Real won 2-1 at Barcelona to take a seven-point lead in the
domestic league with four games left. “If we hadn’t been going for the championship we would
have rested players,” Mourinho said, adding his players lacked
“physical freshness.” After both teams failed to score during extra time, Bayern
goalkeeper Manuel Neuer dived to his right to block penalty
kicks by Ronaldo and Kaka. Sergio Ramos blasted his kick over
the crossbar. After Alaba and Mario Gomez scored for Bayern, Bastian Schweinsteiger smashed in his kick to clinch victory before
removing his jersey and sprinting to the corner of the field
near where Bayern’s fans were celebrating. As Spaniards digest a second La Liga team losing in the
semifinals, the focus shouldn’t be on Ronaldo or Messi missing
penalty kicks, Mourinho said. “It saddens me that you won’t forget Messi missed a
penalty,” Mourinho told reporters. “The people who speak about
that live on the second floor and are exhausted when they get
there -- or take the lift.” To contact the reporters on this story:
Alex Duff in Madrid at
aduff4@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Christopher Elser at at
celser@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
前几篇中简单介绍了下rspec的基本用法:
现在介绍下rspec在rails的controller中一些常见的测试例子
事先的准备(这里假定对user的firstname做了限定，不允许为空)：
FactoryGirl.define do
factory :user do
sequence(:firstname) { |n| "user#{n}" }
lastname ['jack', 'lucy', 'dave', 'lily', 'john', 'beth'].sample
factory :invalid_user do
firstname nil
end
end
end
1.Testing GET methods
let(:user) { create :user }
describe "GET #index" do
it "populates an array of users" do
user = create :user
get :index
assigns(:users).should eq([user])
end
it "renders the :index view" do
get :index
response.should render_template :index
end
end
describe "GET #show" do
it "assigns the requested user to user" do
get :show, id: user
assigns(:user).should eq(user)
end
it "renders the #show view" do
get :show, id: user.id
response.should render_template :show
end
end
attributes_for:用来生成一个包含了指定对象的值的hash
id: user 等同与 id: user.id
2.Testing POST methods
describe "POST create" do
context "with valid attributes" do
let(:valid_attributes) { attributes_for(:user) }
it "creates a new user" do
expect{
post :create, user: valid_attributes
}.to change(User,:count).by(1)
end
it "redirects to the new user" do
post :create, user: valid_attributes
response.should redirect_to User.last
end
end
context "with invalid attributes" do
let(:invalid_user) { attributes_for(:invalid_user) }
it "does not save the new user" do
expect{
post :create, user: invalid_user
}.to_not change(User,:count)
end
it "re-renders the new method" do
post :create, user: invalid_user
response.should render_template :new
end
end
end
3.Testing PUT methods
describe 'PUT update' do
let(:user) { create :user, firstname: "Lawrence", lastname: "Smith" }
context "valid attributes" do
let(:valid_attributes) { attributes_for(:user) }
it "located the requested user" do
put :update, id: user, user: valid_attributes
assigns(:user).should eq(user)
end
it "changes user's attributes" do
put :update, id: user,
user: Factory.attributes_for(:user, firstname: "Larry", lastname: "Smith")
user.reload
user.firstname.should eq("Larry")
user.lastname.should eq("Smith")
end
it "redirects to the updated user" do
put :update, id: user, user: valid_attributes
response.should redirect_to user
end
end
context "invalid attributes" do
let(:invalid_attributes) { attributes_for(:invalid_user) }
it "locates the requested user" do
put :update, id: user, user: invalid_attributes
assigns(:user).should eq(user)
end
it "does not change user's attributes" do
put :update, id: user,
user: Factory.attributes_for(:user, firstname: nil, lastname: "Jack")
user.reload
user.firstname.should eq("Lawrence")
user.lastname.should_not eq("Jack")
end
it "re-renders the edit method" do
put :update, id: user, user: invalid_attributes
response.should render_template :edit
end
end
end
4.Testing DELETE methods
describe 'DELETE destroy' do
let(:user) { create :user }
it "deletes the user" do
expect{
delete :destroy, id: user
}.to change(User,:count).by(-1)
end
it "redirects to users#index" do
delete :destroy, id: user
response.should redirect_to users_url
end
end
参考：
• http://rubydoc.info/gems/rspec-rails/frames
• http://railscasts.com/episodes/71-testing-controllers-with-rspec
• http://railscasts.com/episodes/157-rspec-matchers-macros
• http://everydayrails.com/2012/04/07/testing-series-rspec-controllers.html | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Peace psychology
Peace psychology is a subfield of psychology and peace research that deals with the psychological aspects of peace, conflict, violence, and war. Peace psychology can be characterized by four interconnected pillars: (1) research, (2) education, (3) practice, and (4) advocacy. The first pillar, research, is documented most extensively in this article.
Peace psychological activities are based on psychological models (theories) and methods; they are usually normatively bound in their means and objectives by working towards the ideal of sustainable peace using nonviolent means. Violence and peace can be defined in terms of Johan Galtung's extended conceptualization of peace, according to which peace is not merely the absence of personal (direct) violence and war (= negative peace), but also the absence of structural (indirect) and cultural violence (= positive peace). The ideal of peace can also be conceptualized as the comprehensive implementation of human rights (civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights); this should, among other purposes, ensure the satisfaction of basic human needs, such as positive personal and social identity, sense of control, security, (social) justice, well-being, a safe environment, and access to adequate food and shelter.
Research
Peace psychological research can be analytically (research on peace) or normatively (research for peace) oriented. Regardless of its analytical or normative orientation, peace psychological research mainly deals with the psychological aspects of the formation, escalation, reduction, and resolution of conflicts (including war), the psychosocial conditions conducive or detrimental to a sustainable peace, and the psychosocial effects of war and violence. In each case, different levels of analysis and explanation are relevant: from the level of individuals to groups, social organizations and institutions, states and state systems (e.g., the European Union), military alliances (e.g., NATO), and collective security systems (e.g., the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe [OSCE]).
Formation and escalation of conflict
Peace psychology focuses on the psychological aspects of the formation, escalation, reduction, and resolution of conflicts. A conflict exists when the expectations, interests, needs, or actions of at least two parties to the conflict are perceived by at least one of the parties to be incompatible. Peace psychology is mainly concerned with conflicts between social groups (intergroup conflicts, such as between ethnic groups, clans, religious groups, states etc.), in terms of domains like power, wealth, access to raw materials and markets, cultural or religious values, honor, dignity, or recognition. In conflicts one has to distinguish between (overt) positions (e.g., "we don't negotiate with X") and underlying interests (e.g., power, spheres of influence and wealth) as well as between current triggers (e.g., violence at a political protest) and systematic, enduring, structural causes (e.g., deprivation of a group's political participation or access to professional employment). Although conflicts are inevitable and can lead to positive change when dealt with constructively, the escalation of conflicts and in particular the occurrence of violence are preventable. Psychological processes of information processing (attention, perception, memory, thinking, judgment), emotion, and motivation influence substantially how a conflict is handled, and in particular whether conflicts escalate to violent episodes. An important factor is the different points of view of the conflict parties, such as when behavior that is based on positive intentions is perceived by the opponent as aggressive and therefore contributes to escalation. Conflicts can easily escalate. A cycle of violence can arise in which both parties are involved, and original victims can become perpetrators, without realizing it ("victim myth").
Conflicts can be intensified specifically through the construction of enemy images, psychological warfare, and propaganda promulgated by the media, political elite, educational systems, socialization, cultural symbols and other means. Enemy images may have a kernel of truth, but overstate the negative sides of the opponent. The core features of a strong enemy image include: (1) a negative evaluation of the opponent (e.g., aggressive, immoral, but also inferior), (2) a one-sided blame for negative events, and (3) a different evaluation of similar actions of one's own side than the enemy ("double standard"; e.g., build-up of arms on one’s own side is self-defense, on the enemy's it is aggression). These constructions can cause dehumanization of the opponent, so that moral standards no longer apply. In extreme cases, it may seem acceptable, even desirable, for the opponent to suffer and be killed. The construction of the enemy image has the central function of justifying armament, violence, and war. In addition, it enhances the individual and collective self-image.
Psychological warfare includes methods of generating or strengthening war support among the civilian population and the military. These methods include disinformation using the media (war propaganda), but also sabotage, displacement, murder, and terror. War propaganda consists of two complementary strategies: (1) repeating, highlighting, and embellishing with detail information that functions to intensify the enemy image or threat perceptions, and (2) ignoring and devaluing information that may lead to de-escalation. In addition, negative behavior of the adversary may be provoked (e.g., by maneuvers at the state borders) or charges that the enemy engaged in heinous acts may be entirely invented (e.g., the Nayirah testimony).
Conflict reduction and resolution (peace psychological strategies)
Different peace psychological strategies for non-violent conflict resolution are discussed (conflict de-escalation, conflict resolution, conflict transformation). One can distinguish between strategies on the official level (e.g., measures of tension reduction and trust build such as Charles E. Osgood's "Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction" [GRIT], negotiations, mediation), approaches of unofficial diplomacy (interactive problem-solving workshops), and strategies at the level of peace and conflict civil society (e.g., peace journalism, contact between social groups).
Official level
Osgood's GRIT model was designed as a counter-concept to the arms race in the East-West conflict, in which the former superpowers, USA and USSR, constantly increased the quantity and quality of their arms so that the destruction of humankind by a nuclear war seemed increasingly possible. The GRIT model, in contrast, aimed to de-escalate and create an atmosphere of mutual trust. One party publicly announces and performs a verifiable, concrete step to reduce tension, and asks or invites the other side to do something similar (developing a spiral of trust). Care is taken so that each step does not endanger the safety of one's own side. GRIT was designed to reverse the tension involved in the nuclear arms race by having each side engage in graduated and reciprocal inititiatives. While there is no firm evidence, it has been suggested that U.S. President Kennedy and the Soviet leader Khrushchev based their negotiations after the Cuban Missile Crisis on this concept.
When conflicted parties are engaged in long-lasting, severe conflicts, it can be difficult to have constructive bilateral negotiations. In this case, a third party (e.g., a social scientist or reputed politician) can serve as a mediator in order to facilitate conflict management. Mediators must be well aware of the conflict and its history, should have the confidence of both conflict parties, and need to be familiar with conflict analysis and communication strategies. Important strategies include establishing trust, working out the essential elements of conflict, and possibly dividing the problem so that at least partial solutions can be achieved and violence can be prevented or stopped. Problems arise when mediators are biased and have strong individual interests. Mediation success is more likely if the conflict is moderately intense, the power difference between the parties is low, and the mediators have high prestige (as a person or because of organizational affiliation).
Unofficial level
In severe, long-lasting conflicts, it may be advisable to intervene at a level below official diplomacy. Interactive problem solving is such an informal approach to bring members of the conflict parties together. These can include citizens who are well-respected from different areas of society, such as media, business, politics, education, or religion. A team of social scientists (e.g., psychologists) initiate and promote a problem-solving process with the elements of conflict diagnosis, generation of alternatives, and development of nonviolent solutions that results in outcomes that are satisfactory to all parties involved. There is the expectation or hope that the participants influence their governments and public opinion so that official negotiations can follow. Psychologically important components of the process are that the respective self and enemy images are corrected. Interactive problem solving was used in particular in the Israel-Palestine conflict by the U.S. psychologist Herbert Kelman and his team.
Civil society level
Media are often involved in the formation of enemy images and escalation of conflict. Peace journalism, in contrast, has the objective of investigating and using the influence of the media as a means of encouraging the constructive, non-violent resolution of conflict. Key strategies include representing the conflicting parties as well as the conflict and its history appropriately, identifying propaganda, and articulating the suffering of the people.
The collective action and peaceful demonstrations of the population toward peaceful and socially just ends can have an influence on the decisions of those in power – particularly in democracies. Citizens' commitment depends, among other factors, on the existence of opportunities in society, individual value orientations (e.g., valuing non-violence, social justice), the presence of role models, and the perceived probability of success of one's actions.
Contacts between opposing groups (e.g., on the level of municipalities, associations, universities, trade unions) can contribute to building positive relationships and the reduction of prejudice (see contact hypothesis). Conditions associated with the improvement of intergroup relations when groups come in contact with one another include: The actors involved have similar social status; there are common goals that can be achieved through cooperation; and the contacts are supported by authorities in society.
In asymmetric conflicts, where one conflict party is politically, economically, and/or militarily clearly superior, the stronger party may not be interested in a truly sustainable conflict resolution. Under asymmetric conditions, when the root causes of the conflict cannot be sufficiently addressed, structural violence persists. For such situations, approaches have been developed such as nonviolent resistance and liberation psychology, which originated in Latin America and is related to liberation theology.
Nonviolent resistance refers to public, nonviolent behavior directed against injustice; it involves publicly explicating one's own intentions, committing to communicate with the other side, and the willingness to endure negative consequences of one's own actions. Methods of nonviolent resistance range from protests (e.g., demonstrations) to non-cooperation (e.g., strikes, boycotts) to civil resistance. Particularly well known are the actions, speeches, and writings of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
Effects of war and violence
Peace psychology examines war and violence between groups also with the aim of illustrating the psychological and social costs of war and violence and to document the human suffering caused. The psychological consequences include, in particular, traumatization (mainly of the civilian population, but also members of the military), cognitive and emotional damage, and the destruction of trustful social relationships. Wars often do not resolve the underlying problems; they often provoke new violence and wars. For example, in post-war societies an increased level of family and community violence can be observed. In addition, resources necessary to deal with civilian issues (e.g., education, health, social welfare) are lost. There is still little comprehensive and objective research on the consequences and costs of war.
Psychosocial conditions of sustainable peace
Even when violence has been stopped or a Peace Treaty reached, to prevent the risk of a renewed escalation, physical and economic reconstruction as well as socio-political and psychosocial interventions are required. These interventions aim to cure psychosocial wounds of war, build trust, develop a common collective memory, recognize past wrongdoing, and achieve reconciliation and/or forgiveness. Examples are trauma therapy and Truth and Reconciliation Commissions.
Also, irrespective of any specific conflict and violence, peace psychological research looks at the psychosocial conditions that hamper or promote sustainable peace. The basic aim is to transform cultures of violence into cultures of peace.
The following cultural characteristics are obstacles to the development of sustainable peace: the view of one's own group (ethnicity, religion, nation, etc.) to be superior and more valuable and others as inferior and of little value (or in the extreme case: no value); the development of enemy images, dehumanization of others, legitimization of violence and damage; underlying beliefs (ideologies) such as ethnocentrism, social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, nationalism, militarism, and an education system that promotes these ideologies; power differentials that are defended or increased by the powerful and that create unequal conditions in areas such as wealth, health, education, and political participation (structural violence).
Among factors conducive to the development of sustainable peace are: the fundamental belief that conflicts are frequent, but that they can be solved without violence and for the benefit of the various conflict parties; the concept of humanism with the features of human dignity, pacifism, empathy, respect, tolerance and solidarity, and respect for all people or for humanity as a whole; critical proximity to one's own group that – in addition to positive identification – also integrates own weaknesses, mistakes, and committed wrongdoings in the collective self-concept.
In the transformation of cultures of violence into cultures of peace the focus on human rights is of high importance. Human rights are inalienable rights that apply to all human beings, without distinction as to sex, color, ethnicity, language, religion, political opinion, or social origin (prohibition of discrimination). The UN Human Rights Charter contains the essential documents of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948) and the Twin Covenants (1966, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights). The UDHR consists of 30 articles with more than 100 individual rights, including civil and political rights (e.g., right to life, prohibition of torture, right to fair and public trial, right to asylum, freedom of speech, regular elections), but also social, economic, and cultural rights (including the right to work, rest, holidays with pay, protection from unemployment, the right to food, clothing, housing, medical care, and free primary education). Of particular importance in the UN's human rights concept is that all human rights are significant (indivisibility) and that they apply to all people (universality). Psychological research on human rights has mainly examined knowledge, attitudes, and readiness to act in support of human rights. Representative surveys in Germany show that the realization of human rights is considered to be very important, but at the same time knowledge of human rights is low and inaccurate. The results show a "halving" of human rights: Some civil rights are known, while economic and social rights are hardly considered human rights. Of importance in peace psychology are also analyses of whether human rights are used in the sense of peace or whether they are abused for the construction of enemy images or to prepare wars.
In education
Peace psychological findings are used in the content and practice of peace education at various levels, from primary school to secondary and tertiary education (e.g., in the form of peace psychology courses at universities ) to vocational training.
Practice
Peace psychology practice refers, for example, to trauma therapeutic work, the implementation of trainings in nonviolent conflict resolution, and activities in such roles as conflict mediator or civil peace worker. Of particular importance is the cooperation between research and practice, such as in the form of evaluation research, to contribute to the continuous improvement of practice.
Overview literature
* Bar-Tal, D. (2013). Intractable conflicts: Socio-psychological foundations and dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Bar-Tal, D. (Ed.) (2011). Intergroup conflicts and their resolution: A social psychological perspective. New York: Psychology Press.
* Blumberg, H. H., Hare, A. P., & Costin, A. (2006). Peace psychology: A comprehensive introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Bretherton, D., & Balvin, N. (Eds.) (2012). Peace psychology in Australia. New York: Springer.
* Christie, D. J. (Ed.) (2012). The encyclopedia of peace psychology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
* Christie, D. J., & Pim, J. E. (Eds.) (2012). Nonkilling Psychology. Honolulu, HI: Center for Global Nonkilling. http://nonkilling.org/pdf/nkpsy.pdf
* Christie, D. J., Wagner, R. V., & Winter, D. D. (Eds.) (2001). Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology for the 21st century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. https://web.archive.org/web/20140625170938/http://academic.marion.ohio-state.edu/dchristie/Peace%20Psychology%20Book.html
* Coleman, P. T., & Deutsch, M. (Eds.) (2012). Psychological components of sustainable peace. New York: Springer.
* Deutsch, M., Coleman, P. T., & Marcus, E. C. (2007). The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
* Gal-Ed, H., Dr. (2016). Garden of Peace: Responding to the challenge of a civilization of peace.Journal of Applied Arts & Health, 7(2), 275-288.
* Gal-Ed, H., Dr. (2009). Art and Meaning: ARTiculation as a Modality in Processing Forgiveness and Peace Consciousness, in Kalayjian, A., & Paloutzian, R.F. (Eds.). Peace psychology book series. Forgiveness and reconciliation: Psychological pathways to conflict transformation and peace building.'' New York: Springer Science + Business Media.
* MacNair, R. M. (2011). The psychology of peace: An introduction (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
* Montiel, C. J., & Noor, N. M. (Eds.) (2009). Peace psychology in Asia. New York: Springer.
* Simić, O., Volčič, Z., & Philpot, C. R. (Eds.) (2012). Peace psychology in the Balkans: Dealing with a violent past while building peace. New York: Springer.
* Sommer, G. & Fuchs, A. (Hrsg.) (2004). Krieg und Frieden: Handbuch der Konflikt- und Friedenspsychologie. Weinheim: Beltz. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/es/2013/0003/
* Staub, E. (2013). Overcoming evil: Genocide, violent conflict, and terrorism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Tropp, L. R. (Ed.) (2012). The Oxford handbook of intergroup conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Book series
* Peace Psychology Book Series
Journals
* Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology
* Journal of Social and Political Psychology | WIKI |
Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/54
85 to 12, rejected the military budget. The ministry was saved by a mere accident—the expulsion of Danish agitators from North Schleswig by the German government, which evoked a passion of patriotic protest throughout Denmark, and united all parties, the war minister declaring in the Folketing, during the debate on the military budget (January 1899), that the armaments of Denmark were so far advanced that any great power must think twice before venturing to attack her. The chief event of the year 1899 was the great strike of 40,000 artisans, which cost Denmark 50,000,000 crowns, and brought about a reconstruction of the cabinet in order to bring in, as minister of the interior, Ludwig Ernest Bramsen, the great specialist in industrial matters, who succeeded (September 2-4) in bringing about an understanding between workmen and employers. The session 1900–1901 was remarkable for the further disintegration of the Conservative party still in office (the Sehested cabinet superseded the Hörring cabinet on the 27th of April 1900) and the almost total paralysis of parliament, caused by the interminable debates on the question of taxation reform. The crisis came in 1901. Deprived of nearly all its supporters in the Folketing, the Conservative ministry resigned, and King Christian was obliged to assent to the formation of a “cabinet of the Left” under Professor Deuntzer. Various reforms were carried, but the proposal to sell the Danish islands in the West Indies to the United States fell through. During these years the relations between Denmark and the German empire improved, and in the country itself the cause of social democracy made great progress. In January 1906 King Christian ended his long reign, and was succeeded by his son Frederick VIII. At the elections of 1906 the government lost its small absolute majority, but remained in power with support from the Moderates and Conservatives. It was severely shaken, however, when Herr A. Alberti, who had been minister of justice since 1901, and was admitted to be the strongest member of the cabinet, was openly accused of nepotism and abuse of the power of his position. These charges gathered weight until the minister was forced to resign in July 1908, and in September he was arrested on a charge of forgery in his capacity as director of the Zealand Peasants’ Savings Bank. The ministry, of which Herr Jens Christian Christensen was head, was compelled to resign in October. The effect of these revelations was profound not only politically, but also economically; the important export trade in Danish butter, especially, was adversely affected, as Herr Alberti had been interested in numerous dairy companies.
The present language of Denmark is derived directly from the same source as that of Sweden, and the parent of both is the old Scandinavian (see ). In Iceland this tongue, with some modifications, has remained in use, and until about 1100 it was the literary language of the whole of Scandinavia. The influence of Low German first, and High German afterwards, has had the effect of drawing modern Danish constantly farther from this early type. The difference began to show itself in the 12th century. R. K. Rask, and after him N. M. Petersen, have distinguished four periods in the development of the language, The first, which has been called Oldest Danish, dating from about 1100 and 1250, shows a slightly changed character, mainly depending on the system of inflections. In the second period, that of Old Danish, bringing us down to 1400, the change of the system of vowels begins to be settled, and masculine and feminine are mingled in a common gender. An indefinite article has been formed, and in the conjugation of the verb a great simplicity sets in. In the third period, 1400–1530, the influence of German upon the language is supreme, and culminates in the Reformation. The fourth period, from 1530 to about 1680, completes the work of development, and leaves the language as we at present find it.
The earliest work known to have been written in Denmark was a Latin biography of Knud the Saint, written by an English monk Ælnoth, who was attached to the church of St Alban in Odense where King Knud was murdered. Denmark produced several Latin writers of merit. Anders Sunesen (d. 1228) wrote a long poem in hexameters, Hexaëmeron, describing the creation. Under the auspices of Archbishop Absalon the monks of Sorö began to compile the annals of Denmark, and at the end of the 12th century Svend Aagesen, a cleric of Lund, compiled from Icelandic sources and oral tradition his Compendiosa historia regum Daniae. The great (q.v.) wrote his Historia Danica under the same patronage.
It was not till the 16th century that literature began to be generally practised in the vernacular in Denmark. The oldest laws which are still preserved date from the beginning of the 13th century, and many different collections are in existence. A single work detains us in the 13th century, a treatise on medicine by Henrik Harpestreng, who died in 1244. The first royal edict written in Danish is dated 1386; and the Act of Union at Kalmar, written in 1397, is the most important piece of the vernacular of the 14th century. Between 1300 and 1500, however, it is supposed that the Kjaempeviser, or Danish ballads, a large collection of about 500 epical and lyrical poems, were originally composed, and these form the most precious legacy of the Denmark of the middle ages, whether judged historically or poetically. We know nothing of the authors of these poems, which treat of the heroic adventures of the great warriors and lovely ladies of the chivalric age in strains of artless but often exquisite beauty. Some of the subjects are borrowed in altered form from the old mythology, while a few derive from Christian legend, and many deal with national history. The language in which we receive these ballads, however, is as late as the 16th or even the 17th century, but it is believed that they have become gradually modernized in the course of oral tradition. The first attempt to collect the ballads was made in 1591 by Anders Sörensen Vedel (1542–1616), who published 100 of them. Peder Syv printed 100 more in 1695. In 1812–1814 an elaborate collection in five volumes appeared at Christiania, edited by W. H. F. Abrahamson, R. Nyerup and K. M. Rahbek. Finally, Svend Grundtvig produced an exhaustive edition, Danmarks gamle Folkeviser (Copenhagen, 1853–1883, 5 vols.), which was supplemented (1891) by A. Olrik.
In 1490, the first printing press was set up at Copenhagen, by Gottfried of Gemen, who had brought it from Westphalia; and five years later the first Danish book was printed. This was the famous Rimkrönike ; a history of Denmark in rhymed Danish verse, attributed by its first editor to Niels (d. 1481); a monk of the monastery of Sorö. It extends to the death of Christian I., in 1481, which may be supposed to be approximately the date of the poem. In 1479 the university of Copenhagen had been founded. In 1506 the same Gottfried of Gemen published a famous collection of proverbs, attributed to Peder Laale. Mikkel, priest of St Alban’s Church in Odense, wrote three sacred poems, The Rose-Garland of Maiden Mary, The Creation and | WIKI |
Abdominal Mesothelioma
Abdominal mesothelioma, also known as peritoneal mesothelioma, makes up only about 35% of all mesothelioma cases.
The mesothelium is the tissue that surrounds and covers the organs in the chest cavity and abdomen. The mesothelium allows all of the internal organs, the lungs and heart, on down to the stomach and colon, to move and perform their individual life-sustaining dances. This mesothelium tissue extends from the upper chest to the bottom of the pelvis. The more common form of mesothelioma originates in the upper part of the mesothelium, generally affecting the tissue around the lungs and heart, and is referred to as pleural mesothelioma. Abdominal mesothelioma originates in the lower part of the mesothelium, in the abdominal cavity. The mesothelium in the abdominal cavity is referred to as the peritoneum, hence the name peritoneal mesothelioma.
Only 100 to 500 cases of abdominal or peritoneal mesothelioma are reported in the United States each year. The cause of this cancer is widely attributed to exposure to asbestos. Some sources say that exposure to asbestos is the only known cause of malignant mesothelioma, while other sources mention the asbestos connection in a more non-committal way. In cases where asbestos has been identified as a contributing factor, the lag between the time of exposure to asbestos and the inception of the disease can be one or more decades.
Asbestos
Asbestos is a mineral and has been used for hundreds of years as a building material and substance in fabric. Its chief claim to fame is that it is fire retardant. Asbestos has also been recognized as a health hazard for nearly as long. The Greeks noted that the slaves who wove asbestos into cloth suffered lung damage. So, it’s interesting that it became a popular building material during the industrial revolution in the 1860s, used to insulate and provide safety from the threat of fire. It wasn’t until 1918 that a Prudential company official noted that insurance companies refuse to cover workers who are regularly exposed to asbestos because of the heath factor.
The highest risk people are construction and shipyard workers. The use of asbestos still occurs, but is highly regulated. Most contact is made by construction crews who must remove asbestos in buildings being renovated. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has addressed the exposure to asbestos in policies related to general industry, shipyard employment, and the construction industry. OSHA’s general duty clause requires employers to “furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.”
Asbestos is a mineral with long fibers. These fibers are either ingested or inhaled into the body, where they may work themselves into the peritoneal cavity. The cells in the mesothelium produce liquid to enable the intestines to slide over one another. Once the asbestos fibers settle in, they cause the cells in the mesothelium to over-produce fluid used to keep the intestines slick and moist. Mesothelioma occurs when the cells within the mesothelium become abnormal and start to divide uncontrollably. Once it takes hold, mesothelioma is extremely aggressive. If not caught early, the cells metastasize and spread to other organs throughout the body.
Symptoms and diagnosis
The symptoms of mesothelioma are not unique or remarkable in any way, which can cause it to be difficult to diagnose. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, weight loss, coughing, possibly coughing up blood, fatigue, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or there may be no symptoms at all. Cases of mesothelioma can go undetected or be misdiagnosed. For those who may be at risk, it is imperative to share one’s case history and work experience with one’s physician.
The physician usually starts with an x-ray, CAT Scan or MRI of the chest and abdomen. Even if peritoneal mesothelioma is the chief concern, the doctor needs to rule out that the origin isn’t higher up. Plural mesothelioma is more common and will spread into the abdominal cavity if given the time to do so. If the results of these tests warrant, the doctor will look inside the abdomen with a peritoneoscope. The test with the peritoneoscope is done in the hospital with a local anesthetic. The scope is inserted through an opening made in the abdomen, and the mesothelium tissue is examined. If the tissue cells appear abnormal, a sample of the tissue will be collected for viewing under a microscope for malignancy.
Treatment
Many treatments are available and practiced for abdominal mesothelioma. The usual treatments of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are at the top of the list. Most mesothelioma treatment plans include a combination of methods. Utilizing multiple treatment methods is termed the multimodality approach.
The actions taken with surgery depend on the disposition of the disease. A surgeon may remove part of the mesothelium lining in the abdomen, he or she may remove part of the diaphragm. In severe cases, a doctor might need to remove all or portions of organs.
Radiation treatment or chemotherapy are frequently coupled with surgery. Radiation treatment uses high-energy x-rays to burn cancer cells and reduce tumors. With chemotherapy, the patient is injected with chemicals to kill the cancer cells.
Other types of treatment are Intraoperative photodynamic therapy, which is a new form of treatment. A chemical is injected into the patient several days before surgery. The chemical makes cancer cells more sensitive to light. During surgery, a special light is shone into the abdominal cavity to destroy cancer cells.
Life expectancy
Studies in the United States show that men are more at risk of developing peritoneal mesothelioma, probably because more men work in the construction field. Women, however, have been found to be more vulnerable to the spreading of the disease once it is contracted. Because the disease is so aggressive, survival rates are poor. The chances of recovery depend on the size and range of the cancer and the stage of its development when treatment commences. This is why early detection is so crucial.
See also our page on benign mesothelioma, the non-cancerous form of mesothelioma.
Free Information Packet on Mesothelioma
If you would like to receive a FREE information packet on mesothelioma**, or if you have a comment or question, please complete the following:
**(Packet includes information on treatment, clinical trials, cancer links, how to access legal and financial resources, and frequently asked legal questions with answers provided by The David Law Firm, P.C.). By filling out the above form you consent to being contacted by The David Law Firm regarding potentially retaining legal services. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Lake Bell reveals her second home birth was traumatic
(CNN)Lake Bell had a rewarding and healthy home birth with her with her daughter in 2014. But when she did a second home birth with her son, it didn't go as planned. The actress, 40, talked about her birthing experiences in a new episode of Dax Shepard's podcast, "Armchair Expert." The two star together in "Bless This Mess." Bell welcomed her second child, Ozzy, with husband Scott Campbell in May 2017 and faced the possibility her son would "never walk or talk." "We had two home births. The first was with [daughter] Nova in Brooklyn. I felt very empowered ... the home birth was this amazing primal bonding," Bell said. "When my daughter came out, she had the [umbilical] cord wrapped around her neck, and it was very scary. She was on my chest and she wasn't breathing. The midwife gave her three lifesaving breaths on my chest and my husband was there. She came to life and we saw it." Bell says, "I felt very empowered by that experience," so she went for it a second time. "I got pregnant again, and this time we're in L.A. and I said, I want a home birth again. We had him at home. I was huge, he was 11 lbs. The same thing happened, I was at home and he had the cord wrapped around and he was on my chest," Bell said. "He was not coming to. Now you're in really f---ing life and death. Your child is there and the entire room is trying to resuscitate him and they can't. The paramedics are on their way, he's still there. This person you don't know." She continued, "The paramedics come in, the cord is still on so he has oxygen through my blood. They cut the cord and Scott ran out half-naked [with their son] and I was naked after my seven hours of laboring. I was looking at my phone as they were sewing me up and I get a little video from Scott: little Ozzy just barely taking breaths with the oxygen mask and I just passed out. Because I was like, 'He's alive,' and then I just passed out." Following the birth, her son was in the hospital's NICU for 11 days. "He was hypoxic, he was without oxygen for longer than the four minutes that is associated with being okay," Bell said. "We were told that he could [have] cerebral palsy or never walk or talk. That was our reality. Children's Hospital Los Angeles saved his life." The podcast conversation was the first time Bell shared the experience publicly, she said, adding that she's proud of her son and "proud of walking out of that hospital with a clean bill of health." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Science the handmaid of religion.djvu/16
12 in any way committing ourselves to an adhesion to this doctrine, which, though in many respects shown to be probable, has not yet been proved, we may say that it confirms, rather than overthrows, what theology has asserted respecting the wisdom of God. For while it is the wisdom of a man to adapt some means to some ends, and he has most wisdom who adapts most means to the accomplishment of most good ends, we should see, supposing the doctrine to be true, all means adapted to all ends. From the atom, and that which precedes the atom, to man, the highest organism with which we are acquainted, we might regard each step as an end which all previous conditions were intended to bring about; and each end so brought about we might regard as a condition necessary to that which was to follow. In entertaining this conception of nature, we rather enhance, than depreciate, our conceptions of the wisdom of God.
No doubt theologians are rather to blame in that they had exalted miracle as something more worthy of our awe and admiration than the ordinary works of God. But what miracle can be more wonderful than the existence of the world; or in what respects could our idea of the wisdom of God be more exalted than by considering the whole sum of visible things as resulting from conditions which He formed when He laid the foundations of the universe, as consequences dependent on antecedents which He determined and foreknew? | WIKI |
User:ChrisPantale/Sandbox
Wayne Valley High School: Established 1957
Location: Northern New Jersey, Passaic County. Located on Valley Road. Enrollment: 1,494 students with 110 teachers, ranked 63 public school in NJ Motto: Tribe with Pride Sports: 2007 Football team reached state championship where they were defeated by Wayne Hills. 2008 Boys basketball team won State Championship. 2008 Boys track team won the Skyline Conference Championship. | WIKI |
BRIEF-Brightcove posts Q3 adj. loss per share $0.06
Oct 26 (Reuters) - Brightcove Inc * Brightcove announces financial results for third quarter fiscal year 2017 * Q3 non-GAAP loss per share $0.06 excluding items * Q3 loss per share $0.16 * Q3 revenue $39.5 million versus I/B/E/S view $38 million * Sees Q4 2017 non-GAAP loss per share $0.02 to $0.03 excluding items * Sees Q4 2017 revenue $39.3 million to $39.8 million * Q3 earnings per share view $-0.10 — Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Circovirus
Circovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Circoviridae. Birds (such as pigeons and ducks ) and pigs serve as natural hosts, though dogs have been shown to be infected as well. It is a single stranded DNA virus (ssDNA). There are 49 species in this genus. Some members of this genus cause disease: PCV-1 is non pathogenic, while PCV-2 causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS).
Taxonomy
The following species are recognized:
* Barbel circovirus
* Bat associated circovirus 1
* Bat associated circovirus 2
* Bat associated circovirus 3
* Bat associated circovirus 4
* Bat associated circovirus 5
* Bat associated circovirus 6
* Bat associated circovirus 7
* Bat associated circovirus 8
* Bat associated circovirus 9
* Bat associated circovirus 10
* Bat associated circovirus 11
* Bat associated circovirus 12
* Bat associated circovirus 13
* Beak and feather disease virus
* Bear circovirus
* Canary circovirus
* Canine circovirus
* Chimpanzee associated circovirus 1
* Civet circovirus
* Duck circovirus
* Elk circovirus
* European catfish circovirus
* Finch circovirus
* Goose circovirus
* Gull circovirus
* Human associated circovirus 1 (HCirV-1)
* Mink circovirus
* Mosquito associated circovirus 1
* Penguin circovirus
* Pigeon circovirus
* Porcine circovirus 1
* Porcine circovirus 2
* Porcine circovirus 3
* Porcine circovirus 4
* Raven circovirus
* Rodent associated circovirus 1
* Rodent associated circovirus 2
* Rodent associated circovirus 3
* Rodent associated circovirus 4
* Rodent associated circovirus 5
* Rodent associated circovirus 6
* Rodent associated circovirus 7
* Starling circovirus
* Swan circovirus
* Tick associated circovirus 1
* Tick associated circovirus 2
* Whale circovirus
* Zebra finch circovirus
Structure
Viruses in Circovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and round geometries, and T=1 symmetry. The diameter is around 17 nm. Genomes are circular and non-segmented.
The virions of Circoviruses are surprisingly small, with diameters ranging from 17 up to 22 nm.
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration. Replication follows the ssDNA rolling circle model. DNA templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and nuclear pore export. Birds and pigs serve as the natural host. The virus is known to cause "immunosuppressive conditions" in animals that are infected; as well as having the ability to jump between species, creating difficulty in identifying the origin of infection. Transmission routes are fecal-oral and parental.
Genome
Circovirus has a monopartite, circular, and ssDNA genome of between 1759 and 2319nt, making it possibly the virus of shortest genome size in mammal viruses. The virus replicates through an dsDNA intermediate initiated by the Rep protein. Two major genes are transcribed from open reading frame (ORF) 1 and 2. ORF1 encodes Rep and Rep' for initiation of rolling-circle replication; ORF2 encodes Cap, the only structural and most immunogenic protein forming the viral capsid. | WIKI |
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2012-12-17/Op-ed
* Definitely. Wouldn't immediate semi-protection or PC-ing of pages like this work to keep away the less desirable edits? — Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:18, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
* Certainly, but the same argument could be made that semi-protecting the entire encyclopedia would serve the same purpose. We do not do that, and we are reluctant to do it for individual articles, for a very good reason: that we want IPs and new users to edit articles. We only reluctantly shut them out if there are too many vandals out and about, but it's not a desirable state. Powers T 23:33, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
* Seems to me that such an article would be a perfect opportunity to test out PC on a current high viewed and edited article. We can see if it works well or not in such a situation. That should be done next time. Silver seren C 00:59, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* Maybe--but who gets to approve the edits, admins or regular editors also? Besides, I wonder how that works when you have an edit per minute and want to reject an earlier edit. It's an interesting proposition, though. But what you're doing, then, is shrinking the number of gatekeepers even further. I'm not saying that's a bad thing: it probably is a good thing. At the same time, there will be a lot more clamoring about censorship. I'm surprised that it's actually relatively quiet on the talk page as far as that is concerned. I tell you what, it's certainly something to consider next time, yes. Drmies (talk) 03:22, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* I'd think about it. We should have some decent field testing. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 06:33, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* If memory serves, one of the things we concluded from the initial trial was that PC isn't so good at pages like this - fast moving pages means that edits tend to pile up one on another, and by the time a version gets patrolled it's been edited again. Andrew Gray (talk) 10:42, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* "either supplant or compliment" - oh dear. --Demiurge1000 (talk) 00:21, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* I went back to check; indeed. Ah well, Demiurge, it's cutting-edge journalism. I tell you what, that article is chockful of data; a geek could have a field day with it. And it's interesting to see how we are studied... Drmies (talk) 03:22, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* I think the suggestion above about a page of "breaking news guidelines" is a pretty good one - we do the right thing in most cases, but there's a lot of effort expended on reinventing the wheel sometimes. WP:BREAKING, where I'd expected to find something, just points to the notability policy. Andrew Gray (talk) 09:43, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* … where there are seven paragraphs of guidelines for editors on not rushing. You could always help Drmies to write User:Drmies/Notoriety, too. Uncle G (talk) 09:57, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* Mmm, though those seven paras are oriented more towards the question of whether to have an article at all rather than "so, now we have one thrust upon us, how do you practically handle it"? Things like the recommendation to create and protect names, past decisions on when to apply semi-protection, etc. (And thanks for the notoriety page, I'd not seen that before!) Andrew Gray (talk) 10:42, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* I hadn't seen it either, Andrew. Odd, no? Then again, Uncle G forgot he wrote up WP:LGB. Drmies (talk) 15:37, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
* I think where we can do better than established outlets are in two areas
* We do not need column inches or minutes of commentary, therefore we do not need to report poorly sourced information
* What we do report is always sourced, and in the early stages should always be explicitly attributed - in a sense, by doing this we can only be reporting truth
The rush to report is not wholly negative, people come to us for information, and that it is recent is no reason per se to exclude it. And while the editorial decisions on what to leave out and what to put in do benefit form being a little on the conservative side, it is important to remember we are only documenting as a tertiary source and are capable of revising the content rapidly. On the other side of the coin, we need to remember that, deny it as they might, journalists will also be turning to Wikipedia, though they seem to be better at understanding our nature of recent years. Rich Farmbrough, 20:52, 20 December 2012 (UTC).
* I have argued before that the tendency of articles on recent events to balloon into an unorganized mess is actually a desirable first stage in the article evolution process. It's always better to clean up a long article with many sources than to try to grow one after sources and enthusiasm are no longer readily available. Dcoetzee 14:01, 22 December 2012 (UTC)
* I wish people would archive the sources that they do use, though. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 14:06, 22 December 2012 (UTC)
* "all the truths we thought we knew about the trench coat mafia being bullied by the jocks." What is THIS supposed to mean? GeorgeLouis (talk) 05:20, 23 December 2012 (UTC)
* Fortunately, there's an encyclopaedia around here somewhere, which has articles on the Columbine High School massacre and Columbine (book) — and indeed the Trenchcoat Mafia — that explain all of that. Uncle G (talk) 08:57, 23 December 2012 (UTC)
* Thank you for the somewhat really very snarky answer. GeorgeLouis (talk) 02:28, 24 December 2012 (UTC)
* Times change I guess. I protected the Osama bin Laden article on the day of his death only to be promptly overturned by other admins. This despite the fact that edits were occurring so fast I couldn't remove some "naughty words" vandalism and the fact that for at least an hour the article stated that the U.S. President had gone on TV and declared Osama was dead - at a time when all that had, in fact, occurred was an announcement that the President would soon speak. But the ability for everyone to edit was judged more important than mere facts then. Rmhermen (talk) 13:46, 23 December 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Roman Catholic Church/Archive 14
Dealing with naming conflicts
The guideline on naming conflicts sets the following standards for making a choice among controversial names:
* If the name of an inanimate or non-human entity is disputed by two jurisdictions and one or more English-language equivalents exists, use the most common English-language name.
A number of objective criteria can be used to determine common or self-identifying usage:
* Is the name in common usage in English? (check Google, other reference works, websites of media, government and international organisations; focus on reliable sources)
* Is it the official current name of the subject? (check if the name is used in a legal context, e.g. a constitution)
* Is it the name used by the subject to describe itself or themselves? (check if it is a self-identifying term).
Now, it seems to me that we have followed this set of policies and guidelines to arrive at some conclusions. We have used objective criteria to determine common or self-identifying usage. These criteria included use of google to determine that "Catholic Church" was the most common name and that "Roman Catholic Church" is also frequently used. Searches of the Vatican site determined that the Church uses "Catholic Church" in its constitution and legal documents. We also determined that "Roman Catholic Church" is used in encyclicals (particularly for ecumenical purposes) and that "Roman Catholic Church" is the legal name of many individual churches. Any note would have to include these facts, IMO.
* I dispute that "Roman Catholic Church" is the legal name of "many individual churches" we would need a reference for that. I can't find one and the Annuario Pontificio, which lists all the individual dioceses does not have a single one that is called "Roman Catholic". Also, the term "Roman Catholic" is not used by the Church in encyclicals. The term is used by separate organizations like ARCIC that are created by joint agreement between Catholic and other religious organizations. However, I am very happy you have nailed down the points above in what policy to follow. Our discussion has been difficult because some think that fringe sources constitute WP:RS when they do not meet WP:V. Nancy Heise talk 09:26, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
* For the use of "Roman Catholic Church" as the legal name of individual churches, please look at the sources provided by Secisek here. Click on the links that say "Scroll to the legal copyright at the bottom." For the use of "Roman Catholic Church" in encyclicals and speeches by Popes, Defteri provided the following research:
* Using "Search" on www.vatican.va produced the following cases of "Roman Catholic Church" (in English) used by Popes with regard to the whole Church, not just to the diocese of Rome or the Latin Church: Pius XI ref), Pius XII (ref), Paul VI (ref ref), John Paul II ref ref ref, Benedict XVI (ref ref).
* Note that the ones by Pius XI and Pius XII are encyclicals. Sunray (talk) 10:44, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
* We've already been through the above. Most are joint declarations with Anglicans and others. One of the encyclicals is a use of RC in a QUOTATION (ie not a use by a Pope), that leaves one rogue use in one old encyclical. As far as a few individual US churches websites, that really doesn't signify. It's what the World Church does that counts. As I said earlier, most of these are historic local usages. I find it strange that one use at the bottom of a website seems to make Roman Catholic that church's "legal name", but x,000 uses of Catholic Church by the worldwide Church in far more important documents doesn't apparently make that the Church's legal name....
* These things can be mentioned in the note, but they are marginal uses, and must not be given the undue weight some want to give to this OR. Once again, the fact that the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is far more widely known as the Mormon Church, and itself often uses the name Mormon,(far more often than the CC ever uses RCC), does not detract from the fact that Mormon is not its official, proper or legal name. And this is reflected in Wikipedia.
* It should be possible to get an agreed note, but only if people do not try to overstate and draw false conclusions from what sources say. It is also perhaps not wise to try to write a note without an agreed article text. Xan dar 22:37, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
* You stress the importance of not overstating or drawing false conclusions. That seems important to me. The note will need to be crystal clear on usage. Sunray (talk) 01:06, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* Sunray, I really appreciate your help so very much. I also appreciate Secisek's efforts in finding all the uses of Roman Catholic online by various individual Church's websites. However I have to point out that the structure of the Catholic Church is that all individual Churches are like subsidiaries of a corporation, the corporation in the Catholic Church is the individual Dioceses. Each Church is not a separate entity, for either legal or accounting purposes, that is why when the Church is sued, they sue the diocese and the bishop, not the individual parish. A website's copyright is not the legal name of the actual Church corporation as identified by the Church itself but in some English speaking States and countries such as England, the Church is required - by State Law- to use the name "Roman Catholic" in legal documents, even though this is not the official name of the Church - this is what our sources also tell us namely Catholic Encyclopedia and John McClintock. The Annuario Pontificio contains the actual official names of each diocese around the world. None of them have "Roman Catholic" in their official names and I can reference this to Annuario. Also, all of the Church's self defining documents, those officially agreed to by the highest authority of the Church, the Vatican Councils, are signed by the various pope's using the formula "I (pope) Bishop of the Catholic Church". The term Roman is allowed as a descriptive name, hence its use in ecumenical dealings with Anglican Church but the difference between a descriptive name (ie. Holy, Apostolic, Roman, etc) and THE official name "Catholic Church" is described in several of our sources. Nancy Heise talk 01:46, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Nancy, none of the names of the dioceses in the Annuario Pontificio, what you call "the actual official names", has the word "Catholic" (in any language). Take your own, for example: the Annuario just gives "Birmingham U.S.A.", followed by its "Curial" name in Latin, Birminghamien(sis) in Alabama. Neither form has either "Catholic" or "Roman Catholic" or "Catholic Apostolic" or, as Greek Orthodox dioceses would have, "Sacred". Soidi (talk) 04:49, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
New direction
What we have not yet done is apply WP:VER to the various sources mentioned to determine their reliability. I note that the section on reliable sources gives precedence to peer reviewed publications: "Academic and peer-reviewed publications are highly valued and usually the most reliable sources." I think we should review the sources with these criteria in mind. Obviously, any source we use would have to support legal and constitutional documents of the Church.
Would participants be able to agree on a course of action to determine the construction of a mutually agreeable note? If we can work collaboratively on that, great. If participants cannot work collaboratively on that right now, I am going to request that they stop further work on that until the wording of the lead is finalized. My reasoning is that in order for this mediation to be successful, we need to find things that we can work on collaboratively. We need to start building on successes. I assure you, though, I have every reason to believe that we can produce a note that will be acceptable.
My final request is that all participants who have not yet responded to my three questions in the section headed Summary of discussion and next steps. I apologize for the length of this post. Thank you for your patience and cooperation. Sunray (talk) 08:25, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
* I agree with this new direction. All sources dealing with the Church name have been collected by Richard, Gimmetrow and myself and are listed here. All we need to do is apply the policies according to your plan. Nancy Heise talk 09:34, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
* I agree. --Richard (talk) 13:46, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
* Agreed, provided that participants respond to your Summary of discussion and next steps first. Majoreditor (talk) 01:12, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
Test of consensus
This is my sense of the consensus:
While not all participants have spoken, those that have indicated a preference favor the following wording for the lead sentence:
* The Catholic Church, also known as or the Roman Catholic Church1 is the...
The option of renaming the page to "Catholic Church" is the preferred option. The note would clarify the usage.
Do all participants either support the above or agree to stand aside? If not, what are the outstanding concerns? Sunray (talk) 01:36, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* Insofar as this removes the word "official" from the main text, it is an improvement, but the note also has serious issues and needs substantial modification. Since mediation is ongoing, should the article not have a topnote alerting readers to the dispute? Gimmetrow 01:53, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* There is a template that can be placed on the article talk page. I'm just about to call it a night, but if someone would like to dig that out and put it up that would be great. Otherwise, I can do it tomorrow. Sunray (talk) 08:59, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* ✅ Sunray (talk) 17:49, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* Actually, I mean more than that. I mean a notice in the article. A disputed tag, or comparable, as a notice to readers. Gimmetrow 06:03, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* Well, if you think it needs it, by all means, go ahead and add it. I am not a big fan of such tags - which imply to the reader that there is something wrong with the article. In this case, I'm not sure that is true. As to the dispute, I like to think that we are making considerable progress :-) Sunray (talk) 07:11, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* As a response to replies below: although I personally would prefer the article be at CC, I don't think, practically speaking, that it's likely to happen. I think it would be a distraction to tie resolution of this mediation to moving the article. In my view, there are issues here related to WP policy that can and should be resolved on their own. Gimmetrow 02:45, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* I agree. I would urge that we adopt either the sentence proposed above or "The Catholic Church or the Roman Catholic Church. Then I would suggest that we start a Proposed Move discussion to move the article to Catholic Church. Then, having started the discussion, we should return here to discuss the note. --Richard (talk) 02:42, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* I've made that modification to the wording. What do others think of the approach Richard is suggesting? Sunray (talk) 08:59, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* I strongly feel that it is foolish to start at this point a Proposed Move discussion about the title of the article, when we are still far from agreeing on the alleged single official name of the Church. Would it not be better to concentrate our energy on the discussion on which we are already engaged, without adding to it a simultaneous discussion on another issue that will prove even more contentious? I hereby register my strong opposition to the proposal; but, if the rest of you are determined to go down this path, I cannot stand in your way. I reject all responsibility for the result. Richard speaks of "returning" here after "starting" the other discussion. Even that sounds like a proposal to suspend the discussion that we are supposed to be engaged in, even if only for enough time to "start" the other discussion. But is it perhaps possible that some want to start a different discussion just for the sake of putting the present one indefinitely in the freezer and perpetuating the "single official name" claim in the article? Past experience shows that the other discussion will not be easy. We should settle one difficult discussion before starting another no less difficult one. Defteri (talk) 10:40, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* Yeh, I thought about that before making my proposal. I tried to figure out what order of steps would lead us to an amicable resolution of this dispute. There is the risk that the move to Catholic Church will become another tarpit. However, I cherish the glimmer of a hope that this dispute will become easier to resolve if we move the article to Catholic Church and change the title to something neutral like "The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church,...". If we could accomplish that, all that would remain would be the wording of the Note. Even that is not an easy task, I admit, but it is nonetheless an easier one than the one we have in front of us now. --Richard (talk) 17:24, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* If I read him right, Defteri has said he would stand aside regarding the article title change. He is suggesting that we continue the discussion about the official name and how to refer to it. It may be possible to work on both tracks. We would have to be very well organized to do that. Sunray (talk) 17:37, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* Yes, but please wait at least another 12 hours, so as to be sure that the others are really determined to get into another tarpit.
* I think Xandar and Nancy have both indicated that they will still insist that the article must proclaim, at least in a note, that "Catholic Church" is the one and only official name of the Church. That is tarpit enough without pushing us into another as well. We would have hope of getting free of the present tar only if they would give some even slight indication of willingness to allow also an indication of the verifiable fact that the Church refers to itself in its official documents, not just in off-the-cuff remarks, by other names too. Am I wrong in thinking that they have both said that they won't, not even with a change in the title? Defteri (talk) 17:58, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* Defteri, let's please not lock ourselves or others into non-negotiable positions. Let us find things we can agree on and then work on things that we don't agree on. The two things we seem to agree on are: this article should be at Catholic Church and the lead can omit mention of "official name" status for "Catholic Church" as long as it neither asserts nor denies that status. What the Note to say is still to be determined. We might wind up trying for an NPOV presentation of relevant sources, stating that some sources say it is the official name and other sources suggest otherwise. I don't know where we will wind up and trying to lock that down now impedes progress rather than furthers it. --Richard (talk) 18:28, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* What we are here to discuss is precisely an NPOV presentation of relevant sources, stating that some sources say it (CC) is the official name and other sources suggest otherwise. I believe that Xandar and Nancy have indicated that they will accept no such solution even if the title is changed. If they were willing to accept a change under some condition, that would make the condition interesting. But, as things are, whether the other discussion brings about a change or, as in the past, results in no consensus to change, this discussion will not have been assisted in the slightest. So why add to our already existing troubles? I have already indicated that I will not stand in the way if the other editors involved here are bent on what to me seems folly. But am I really asking too much when I beg you to have twelve hours' patience? Defteri (talk) 19:22, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
No hurry. Twelve, twenty-four hours, whatever. By all means, let's hear from the rest of the crew before proceeding. I am not bent on changing the title or the lead in a hurry. I just figured that achieving small, agreed-upon successes would help this process. Also, I am a bit concerned that we will assume that it is possible to change the article title and then find out that it is more difficult than we expected. Alternatively, we might be assuming it is impossible when it might in fact be feasible. I would like to know the answer rather than guess at what the truth is. If others disagree, I will not push the point. --Richard (talk) 20:10, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
* I would go along with Sunray's suggestion at the top of this section: "The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church", combined with the title move to Catholic Church. This would enable the word "official" or "proper" to be removed from the main text, since the text would no longer imply the contrary. Such a move should not occasion such a tarpit as this, since the issues are simply those of WP naming policies. As far as the note goes, I am quite amenable for the sources to be set out for the readers examination. What I am against is an OR conclusion being drawn from the sources that the Church has two official names. If the note says that Roman Catholic and other names have been used by the Church, it needs to specify very clearly in what CONTEXT and FREQUENCY these other names have been so used. Xan dar 23:08, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
So Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church is ok but Roman Catholic Church, also known as the Catholic Church isn't? What is the difference? In the spirt of moving forward, how is one fine and the other completely unacceptable? I would be fine with the first usage provided there was a perpetual agreement not to move the page as part of the compromise. I would also Strongly oppose any attempt to move the article from its present location which is exactly the other major reference dictionaries and ecyclopedias put it. -- Secisek (talk) 00:23, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* I agree with Secisek; I STRONGLY disagree with moving the article from it's current position; further, I believe I may be the original author of the phrase "The Roman Catholic Church, also known as the Catholic Church". I stongly feel that that is the correct wording to remove any potential point of view or lack of clarity; explanatory information can be added, if individual editors wish, to argue that "Catholic Church" may be an official wording, but it is not the ONLY official wording. As I've stated in numerous places, my own church is unique in that it is both Roman Catholic and Anglican (Episocpal) and it's own name (The Church of the Holy Apostles Anglican-Roman Catholic) has been officially blessed by three of the last four popes (Only JP didn't personally bless the existence of the church, due to his short time in office). From that, alone, Roman Catholic has been at least unofficially blessed. Perhaps we should return to the current status quo, and simply contact the Vatican directly to find which name should be used, officially. Might take time, but at least there would be a difinitive answer. As a Catholic who strongly feels that the term is being grossly misused by some to push a POV that only one particular part of the Church uses that term, I would be willing to accept a definitive answer from there. Bill Ward (talk) 20:23, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
* While remaining strongly of the same view as before, I now step aside and will not comment further on this question. I leave the decision to others, even if they do decide to start chasing after a new hare instead of concentrating on the subject of discussion. Defteri (talk) 05:45, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* The reason why ordering is important is that one way round gives the false impression that RCC is the proper name of the Church and Catholic Church is the nickname. On the name move, what other dictionaries do is not material to Wikipedia policies. The prime considerations for naming are how the group self-identifies and English language usage. Xan dar 22:29, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
Secisek asks about the order of the two names: My take on this is that several participants have been attempting to reconcile the requirements of WP policy, which I would summarize as follows: Where there are two names, the official name or the one most commonly used should be the name of the article. Where there are two names commonly used, as in our case, the policies and guidelines suggest a process, which I've outlined in the section on "Dealing with naming conflicts," above. I think we have followed that. I appreciate your agreement to go along with the first wording. I'm not clear on what you mean when you say that you would oppose any attempt to move the article from its present location. Do you mean you do not favor re-naming the article? If so, how could we deal with the policies on article names? Sunray (talk) 21:52, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* Sorry I have been away for a few days. I am very happy to see this progressing intelligently with Sunray's help. I support Sunray's suggestion at the top of this section to reword the lead sentence first and then rename the article to Catholic Church. Nancy Heise talk 01:34, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* I agree with Gimmetrow's remark above, "I think it would be a distraction to tie resolution of this mediation to moving the article." Changing the title of the article is clearly what
Secisek too meant, when he said he would oppose any attempt to move the article from its present location. Xandar rightly understood him in that way, saying that the title does not have to be what Secisek wants it to be, namely the same as the articles that other encyclopedias have about this Church. Soidi (talk) 05:02, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* I like the "CC, also known as RCC" wording as well. I also think renaming the article is logical since the lead would start with CC. Will there be any issue moving the talk archives along with the rest of the article? -- Kraftlos (Talk | Contrib) 09:20, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* No, the archives automatically move with the talk page. Sunray (talk) 23:02, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
Beginning on the note
The note currently in the text says that "...in common usage it refers to the body also known as Roman Catholic Church and its members" and cites Walsh for that. I can't find anything directly on point in Walsh, except where Walsh refers to "the Christians commonly known as Catholics". Although Walsh notes that many "object to the epithet 'Roman'", the full quote is "the Christians commonly known as Catholics should more properly be known as Roman Catholics". Since the source is cited it is presumably considered reliable, but the source expresses some form of alternative view which is suppressed here.
The end of the note says: "Within the Church, the term refers" - what "term" is that? It comes after a quote from the CE about the designation "Roman Catholic", so a reader sees: "Neither do the Catholics always seem to have objected to the appellation [Roman Catholic], but sometimes used it themselves. Within the Church, the term [Roman Catholic] refers to the Diocese of Rome..." This is misleading, as it says that Catholics only use the term "Roman Catholic" to refer to the diocese of Rome. There is no suggestion of any alternative view. Gimmetrow 19:35, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* Yes, at a minimum, the sentence should be expanded to include usage of "Roman Catholic" to refer to Latin-rite churches. And, though some have disputed this, we also have numerous instances where "Roman Catholic" has been used within the church to refer to the whole Church. --Richard (talk) 20:07, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* The note says "refers to the Diocese of Rome or to the Roman Rite..." The "Roman Rite" part was omitted for brevity since that wasn't my focus, but rather the omission that "RC" is sometimes used to refer to the entire Church. Gimmetrow 04:41, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* Although an instance in less precise nineteenth-century usage exists, there is absolutely no twentieth- or twenty-first-century case of official usage of "Roman Catholic" to refer to the (singular) Latin Rite Church, still less to Latin rites. Use of "Roman Catholic Church" to mean the local Church in Rome is extremely rare: much more common are consecrated phrases like "sanctae romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" (without "Catholic") meaning "Cardinal of the holy Roman Church", which in English would most often be translated as "Cardinal of the holy Church of Rome". But "Roman Catholic Church" to refer to the Church as a whole is, of course, quite common, and is found even in highly official texts. Soidi (talk) 20:29, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910, makes use of this usage here. "As part of the Latin Church England must submit to Latin canon law and the Roman Rite just as much as France or Germany. The comparison with Eastern Rite Catholics rests on a misconception of the whole situation. It follows also that the expression Latin (or even Roman) Catholic is quite justifiable, inasmuch as we express by it that we are not only Catholics but also members of the Latin or Roman patriarchate. A Eastern Rite Catholic on the other hand is a Byzantine, or Armenian, or Maronite Catholic." Xan dar 22:39, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
* There are no sources to support Soidi's assertion above. Regarding Gimmetrow's comments, we eliminated Walsh's obvious statements of opinion which use word like "should" and included his statements of fact which use words like "are". There was previous discussion on the talk page regarding being careful to eliminate scholars statements of opinion and include only statements of fact. This was done to make sure the page adhered to NPOV. Nancy Heise talk 01:51, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* NPOV does not exclude significant views. The current note excludes signifcant views. You draw the conclusion. Gimmetrow 02:01, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Gimmetrow, since you are now trying to raise the temperature further by putting the improper template (dubious) on referenced material in the agreed first sentence of the article, I can presume that your interest is primarily POV-pushing and stalling any reasonable agreement or progress in resolving this dispute. I have removed the tag since it is there not for legitimate purposes but to push a POV. Xan dar 11:50, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Your reply notes no disagreement with my objections to the note. Thank you. Gimmetrow 14:12, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
Other problems with the note.
* "The Church herself in her official documents since the first Council of Nicea in 325 and including the documents of the most recent ecumenical councils, Vatican I and Vatican II, uses the name "Catholic Church"." This says that the Church "in her official documents" (ie, all of them) has always used one name and never used any other name. The source doesn't say that.
* "According to Kenneth Whitehead, in his book One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic which was used by Catholic media to explain the Church's name to worldwide viewers..." This line of reasoning is not cited, so it is original research by synthesis.
* ""The term 'Roman Catholic' is not used by the Church herself; it is a relatively modern term, confined largely to the English language."" - Yes, Whitehead says this, but other sources say opposing things. It is bias to select views which only support one view, while omitting contrary views.
These are some of the problem we've been arguing about for months now. If I am wrong, then all that happens is I am wrong. However, if I am right, the text violates multiple Wikipedia policies, and if certain editors will not allow even editors on their own side to fix the text, then we need to alert readers. This is not a game. Gimmetrow 14:32, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* I don't think anyone has objected to changes in the note or addition of sources. However these sources have to be reliable and need to be properly weighted. ie. saying that the Church "uses several names" but hiding the fact that one name is used in 95% of important documents and the others in less than 5% is misleading. Your first point above could be answered by placing the words "in a large majority of" before "her official documents," That would respect the facts and include the exceptions.
* Your second point is objecting to a simple fact about the book.
* The third point above suggests that the note quote other opposing views. However solid reliable opposing views have not been produced. We have not seen widespread examples of non-anglophone use of "Roman catholic", or of reliable sources stating this. There is original research showing occasional and very limited use of Roman Catholic by the Church, but again no reliable non-fringe secondary source. Nor a proposed wording that does not overstate the facts by wrongly implying a parity of usage. WP:UNDUE states "Wikipedia should not present a dispute as if a view held by a small minority deserved as much attention overall as a majority view." Xan dar 21:27, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Xandar. The only source which actually says on point that CC is the official name is ... Madrid. That's the only one. All other sources are talking about something else. What we have currently in the article is, therefore, Madrid's apologetics argument... without citing Madrid. I sympathize with what it's trying to do, but it's a bad argument and bad apologetics. (The only way to make it a good argument is to cite official church documents which clearly define an official name - and there apparently aren't any.) The majority deal with this issue by discussing nomenclature and the dislike of "RCC" without going into "official name" territory. That's what we should be doing, not going into fringe apologetics. Gimmetrow 02:15, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* On to your replies.
* 1) Yes, in fact, people have objected to changing the note. It is precisely because certain editors refuse to allow changes to the note that we are here.
* 2) It's not so simple. Its presence in the mainspace article is an argument which is original research by synthesis. If you have any doubt, note that Nancy objected to even the mere presence of a parallel argument on a sandbox page as "unsourced OR". It is, therefore, far worse unsourced OR in a high-profile mainspace article. Yet neither you nor Nancy allow anyone to remove it, nor do you remove it yourselves. Why is that?
* 3) Plenty of reliable opposing views have been produced - at least as reliable as the ones currently used in the article. Gimmetrow 04:33, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
Edit-Warring
It seems that gimmetrow has decided to short-circuit the discussion here by edit-warring on the article page. Putting the template (dubious) on referenced material in the agreed first sentence of the article, is improper use of the template. The material is referenced and the product of consensus and ongoing discussion here. There is already a quite extensive ongoing discussion, so the template is not being used for its appropriate purpose ie to flag up an issue where something has slipped past consideration and to launch a discussion. The template used deliberately expresses an unreferenced point of view, and I believe that his reverting the template amounts to edit-warring. I can only presume that this insistence rest is primarily POV-pushing and raising the temperature in order to stall any reasonable agreement or progress in resolving this dispute. Xan dar 12:18, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* If there is any POV-pushing, it is from the editors who have stonewalled all possible improvements to a policy-violating text for months. This is not a game, Xandar. Gimmetrow 14:10, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
I note that the same editors who refuse to allow any change to a policy-violating text also refuse even to alert readers to this. (Not just now, but multiple times in the past the same editors have removed "citation needed" and related tags without addressing the issue.) What do you stand to lose by a discreet tag alerting readers, Xandar? Gimmetrow 14:43, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* When you put "citation-needed" in before, a few months ago, it was explained that there WERE citations for this statement, primary and secondary. It was just that you didn't agree with them. Additionally, you could find no reliable sources saying the opposite. This was misuse of the tag, since you were applying your personal opinion to negate the sources. Changes to the consensus wording needed to be negotiated and verified. Using the "dubious" tag is just as wrong. And it is certainly not discreet. This tag should be reserved for seriously outlandish material which is unreferenced, not the result of a debate and consensus among editors. Xan dar 20:55, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* As has been stated multiple times, the sources you are claiming to use do not, in fact, support the text, and I and others have provided numerous sources to show this. When you removed the tags, you implicitly made a contract that you would provide full and sufficient sources to support the disputed text. This has now gone on for months, and is nearing a year. Remember: if I'm right, you have been continuously supporting a text which violates multiple Wikipedia policies including original research, verifiability and neutral point of view. That's pretty serious. Gimmetrow 21:32, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Gimmetrow, Sunray was doing a good job mediating this discussion and you are being an obstructionist to the process with your provacative manner. I was looking forward to a clear evaluation of the sources using WP:V and coming to consensus agreement on a new form of lead sentence but it appears that is getting lost amid the wasteful efforts here regarding your unhelpful and antagonistic efforts. Are you trying to sidetrack real evaluation of your weak sources compared to the solid sources that actually support the article text you dislike? Nancy Heise talk 19:34, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Please stop trolling, Nancy. You have failed to reply on the merits. At this point you are just being obstructionist. Gimmetrow 19:53, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* I agree with you, Gimmetrow, that it is wrong of Nancy and Xandar to prevent any indication being placed in the article to show that the view they have expressed there is not universally held. But if we quarrel with them there, they succeed in distracting attention from the substantive discussion here. Let them be. For now. Soidi (talk) 20:06, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* OK, very well. For now. Gimmetrow 20:16, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
By now you are all well aware of this, but, because what just happened was a surprise to me, I am going to repeat this one more time: Would all participants please avoid personal attacks? Accusing each other of POV-pushing or trolling are, at best, non-productive and run the risk of stalling the mediation. So let's rally, folks. We are making progress. Comment on content... Sunray (talk) 01:16, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
Source comparisons
I have compiled the best sources put forth from all of those presented so far, including those presented on Richard's page. These sources are really the only ones that we can consider using for the article because all others fail some sort of WP:V test. What makes these sources the best are that they are modern (not published in the 1800's), scholarly (created and cited by scholarly experts), and they do not fail the specifics set forth in WP:V's self published criteria or that put forth in the Questionable sources criteria.
I would like to ask for a list of sources that support "Roman Catholic" as an official name of the Church that would meet the requirements of WP:V. These requirements specify that the source can not be self-published (like the Arthur Piepkorn's Lutheran Confessions) and others. Almost all of the sources put forth to support "Roman Catholic" fall into the category of Questionable sources defined by WP:V as such "Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for fact-checking. Such sources include websites and publications expressing views that are widely acknowledged as extremist, or promotional in nature, or which rely heavily on rumors and personal opinions. Questionable sources should only be used as sources of material on themselves, especially in articles about themselves." On the other hand, the sources that support "Catholic Church" as the "official" name meet the requirements of WP:V. Specifically Whitehead. I have a list of PhD's and other academic experts who comprise EWTN's list of editorial experts here and. The fact that the world's largest religious media organization, , , whose editorial staff is comprised of so many experts, whose board is comprised of Catholic Hierarchy and belongs to SIGNIS uses Whitehead, is significant. The fact that the 1911 Encyclopedia Brittanica and 1995 Academic American Encyclopedia support the claims as well as other notable Catholic writers and experts is significant. The fact that non-experts and self published sources claim something different should not outweigh the facts presented by the actual experts and the obvious evidence found in the most significant primary documents such as the Catechism and the Vatican Council documents signed in the name of the Catholic Church, not Roman Catholic Church. Nancy Heise talk 19:50, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* You have again failed to reply to the substance of the dispute. Are you, or are you not, representing only one point of view? Are you, or are you not, applying rules inconsistently to exclude some sources and some points of view? Are you, or are you not, misrepresenting sources? Are you, or are you not, presenting lines of argument which are not actually in sources? Are you, or are you not preventing others from fixing these issues, and even preventing a notice to readers? Gimmetrow 20:10, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* The sources identified above represent the most modern (they aren't published in the 1800's) scholarship (written and cited by scholars) that are not self-published books written by non-experts. I am applying the criteria supplied by WP:V, not pushing a POV. I have provided links to the actual sources in the table above so anyone can read for themselves and come to decision on whether I am misrepresenting sources or not. I imagine that if I intended to do any misrepresenting, I could have easily omitted the links but that is not my intention. Nancy Heise talk 20:13, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* God help modern scholarship if it has to classify as "scholarship" a Sunday newspaper, a television station's website that hosts contradictory views and a book that says the term "Roman Catholic" is not used by the Church herself (when popes and bishops etc. repeatedly use the term), that claims that, because one particular term is used (along with many others) in some documents, that particular term alone must be the proper one, that thinks the Roman Rite is a particular Church ... Soidi (talk) 21:08, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Since none of the sources currently in Nancy's table actually support the disputed text, Nancy is still not replying to the substance of the dispute. It's been stated ad nauseum that Whitehead does not say "CC is official name"; the CCC also doesn't (which ought to be a significant omission for you, Nancy, given that you represent the CCC as not just a summary but a "detail" of the church's beliefs). But source selection is an issue. So, why do you omit Walsh ? Why do you omit Richard McBrien? Why do you omit Granderath ("one of the most important contributions to the literature of dogmatic theology") and related historical accounts of what actually happened at Vatican I? It is apparently a matter of definition that "the only sources that qualify as WP:RS are those that support Catholic Church as the official name." Are you automatically dismissing any other view simply by declaring it "widely acknowledged as extremist"? Nancy, you are extremely rigid on any source or argument which goes against you point-of-view, but you allow sloppy reasoning when it supports your point-of-view. For example, you have repeatedly argued that Whitehead is reliable because of EWTN because of SIGNIS because of the PCSC. When someone attempts to show the OR in that argument by creating a seemingly parallel argument, you scream "unsourced OR". Well, if that's "unsourced OR" and you don't even want it on a sandbox page, then you should be able to see why someone might object to the parallel argument in a high-profile mainspace article. No? Gimmetrow 21:17, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* I see Gimmetrow got in before me, and will have expressed himself much better than I can. But I will still paste here my own observations, which have been held up by edit conflicts.
* As for the others sources that Nancy has pasted, do any of them say that "Catholic Church" is the one official name that the Church uses? The Catechism of the Catholic Church does not say it. The Academic American Encyclopedia says the Church claimed CC as its title, but not as its only title. The old 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica says the the Church of Rome alone is known officially and in common parlance as the Catholic Church (as everybody agrees), but it does not say that the Church of Rome is known as nothing else but the Catholic Church both officially and in common parlance (in fact it is known by several other names both officially and in common parlance), the author of the Catholic Encyclopedia article exhorts Catholics not to use "Roman Catholic" but admits that the English bishops did use the term in an official address to the British Sovereign and publicly justified the use of the term, the New Catholic Encyclopedia says that, though the term "Roman Catholic" was resented by English Catholics, it in fact became accepted! Why on earth do you quote these as if they supported your contention that there is one and only one officialy name of the Church, and that that name is CC? Soidi (talk) 21:28, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Gimmetrow. Not only the CCC, but also the Code of Canon Law and the Eastern Catholic Code of Canon Law clearly and officially repeat the definition from Lumen Gentium as to the name of the Church. Your hang-up on the usage of the word "official" takes nit-picking to an extreme, since you will not also admit the word "proper". In addition, there is the work of Madrid and the britannica and other quotes that DO use the precise word "official" that you are demanding. As far as I can see, claims that Roman Catholic is official come from fringe and non-reliable sources. But why not be constructive and set out clearly what wording you WOULD like and what references you propose to back it up?
* Soidi your point about other names is a red-herring. We only need a source saying that the Church has an official or proper name, not a negative statement saying there are no other names in case this might be claimed by someone. I see no reliable verifiable source saying that the church has other official names. Your other points are assertions or OR. Again, the time for negativity is past. Xan dar 21:45, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Xandar, I outlined what I would like said ages and ages ago. Do I need to cut and paste it again? Neither the CCC, nor the CJC actually define an "official" name for the church. Neither does Lumen Gentium. We've argued all this before. And where did I argue against "proper"? If you wanted to say something like
* Whitehead argues the proper name of the church is the Catholic Church; others, like Walsh and the Bishop of Brixen at Vatican I argue that "Roman Catholic Church" is the proper name of the Church; yet others, like Snell, say the church's name is "the Church". As McBrien says: "To choose one side, however, is not necessarily to reject the other... What is important is that each side explain and support the reasons for the position taken."
* we might have something. Gimmetrow 22:37, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
* Yes, I like the text proposed by Gimmetrow --Richard (talk) 01:37, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
Thanks for adding the table, Nancy. I find it a useful compendium of sources. Because WP policy and guidelines point us to usage and primary sources in determining an official name, I think that we should not only include the Catechism of the Catholic Church, but also Lumen Gentium and the Code of Canon Law. The primary sources determine how the names are used. I think that Gimmetrow has given a reasonable example of the style of the note with respect to secondary sources. I would suggest that the text on secondary sources be preceded by a summary of usage, listing key primary sources for each name. Then, I would suggest adding the commentary, using secondary sources. I think that we should confine our examples to modern ones (i.e., post Vatican II). Sunray (talk) 01:51, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* Usage does not determine the "official name" - a declaration or definition does. Neither the CCC, LG nor CJC define or declare the official name of the Church to be "the Catholic Church". Indeed, the CCC has a section called "Names and Images of the Church". One would think, if "Catholic Church" were the name of the church, it would be discussed there, but it's not. What is discussed? The name Ecclesia: '"The Church" is the People that God gathers in the whole world.' As I stated at the start, this focus on "CC is official name" is an attempt to address a different issue - the problem with the name "Roman Catholic Church". Mainstream writers address that issue directly - they discuss the problem with the name RCC. That's what we should be doing in the article. Gimmetrow 05:03, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* I too thank Nancy for placing the table of sources. It makes clear that the best of them do not at all say that CC is the Church's only official name. Do any of us deny that "Catholic Church" is used as an official title of the Church, one of the titles that it claims as its own, proper to it and to no other group? The better sources do not say what Nancy and Xandar attribute to them. (I see that Xandar once again wants to cut an important aside from his quotation of Lumen Gentium, a quotation that at no point says that CC is the only official name for the Church, no matter how much Xandar's wishful thinking makes him picture it as saying so.) Do any of us deny that, at least in one sense, the name that the Church most often uses is CC? So why think it a conquest when some source says that the Church uses CC as its name? Will Nancy and Xandar please open their eyes at last and see that CC is not the only name by which the Church refers to itself officially?
* I said that CC is, in one sense, the name the Church most frequently used. In another sense, "the Church" is by far the most common name by which it refers to itself - just look at the text of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which has extremely few mentions of "Catholic Church", but hundreds of "the Church". But, I think, that name is best left with names like "the Mystical Body of Christ" or "the Bride of Christ". It is not normally used, perhaps never used, in the context of distinguishing the Church governed by the successor of Peter and the bishops in communion with him from other groups of Christians. For this purpose, that Church does use the name CC. But can anyone deny that, for that same purpose, it also uses RCC? CC is thus not the only official name by which the Church indicates its particular identity. And I have not spoken of other names like "Igreja Catóólica Apostóólica Romana" (I leave this name in Portuguese because of Xandar's quibbling about the order of the adjectives when translated into English), which John Paul II used more than once, and similar names. Soidi (talk) 05:56, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* First, let's get rid of one rather silly red herring. "The Church" is not a formal official or any other name of the Catholic church. It is shorthand and is used by every denomination in the world in internal documents to describe itself. The Baptist Church uses it, the Anglican Church use it - just as a company contract will say "the company" instead of repeating "General Motors" all the time! This does not mean that the name of General Motors is "the company"! So lets get rid of that rather ridiculous argument quickly. We're supposed to be being serious here - not just using any delaying tactic, however spurious. Xan dar 11:27, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* Next, let's look at Gimmetrow's proposed note text.
* Whitehead argues the proper name of the church is the Catholic Church; others, like Walsh and the Bishop of Brixen at Vatican I argue that "Roman Catholic Church" is the proper name of the Church; yet others, like Snell, say the church's name is "the Church". As McBrien says: "To choose one side, however, is not necessarily to reject the other... What is important is that each side explain and support the reasons for the position taken."
* This falls into the error against NPOV of giving minority or fringe opinion the same or greater weighting tha than informed verifiable and majority opinion. As WP:NPOV states:
* In attributing competing views, it is necessary to ensure that the attribution adequately reflects the relative levels of support for those views, and that it does not give a false impression of parity. For example, to state that "according to Simon Wiesenthal, the Holocaust was a program of extermination of the Jewish people in Germany, but David Irving disputes this analysis" would be to give apparent parity between the supermajority view and a tiny minority view by assigning each to a single activist in the field.
* In fact with three to one in favour of his viewpoint, Gimmetrow's text would lead the reader to believe that those stating that Catholic Church is the name of the Church are the small minority! As for the sources... The hearsay about what a Bishop of Brixen may have said a hundred and forty years ago is irrelevant. We don't even know what he said, and his views, if correctly reported, were not acted upon. Anyone who says "The Church" is an official name can be discounted at once as a fringe theorist. Quoting a non-Catholic like Walsh for views of how the Church self-identifies is also wrong. Walsh can be quoted but he must be identified as who he is and what POV he comes from. Xan dar 11:44, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* Further to Gimmetrow's comments on the Catechism. he is not looking at the right section. The part that quotes the Lumen Gentium definition is here. in Section 816, repeated in 870. "Catholic Church" is used throughout. Xan dar 12:09, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* I go to the CCC section called "Names and images of the Church" and I find ecclesia, not "Catholic Church". I go to your section and I find a discussion of the four notes of this Church. This is not a red herring. The Church is not parallel to a company - the Church claims it is the *only* Ecclesia or People of God. If the church has any "official" name, the most basic and fundamental is Ecclesia. Of course, saying so is theology, and as Soidi says it doesn't function very well when the Church talks with other Christian groups, but you have the article text saying "officially" without any qualification or restriction. If you're not going to allow any context or restriction to the claim, then you have a problem.
* And the claim is still without sources. Really, this is absurd. You have provided only one source (Madrid) which is on point. Everything else is original research and synthesis. We've provided multiple other sources to question that claim. Essentially, you have taken a niche argument, one that is suspect at best, one that mainstream authors do not use, and placed it at the start of the article with a bunch of sources which don't actually support it. These sources DO support a discussion of the reasons RCC is disliked, which is what mainstream authors do on this point, but that is something different. The note doesn't actually support the article text, but rather something else. Gimmetrow 13:05, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* I think you are getting into deep water, trying to deal in an amateur way with complex theological issues. "Ecclesia" is simply Latin for "church" or the chosen people of God. if you are looking for its use as a name, you are looking at the wrong church. What you are missing is that the whole section "Names and Images of the Church" to which you refer, is about 'the wider theological concept of the Church, ie. the mystical body of Christ, existing both in and out of time, in earth and in heaven, rather than the earthly official society. Section 771 of the Catechism states "The Church is at the same time: i) a "society structured with hierarchical organs and the mystical body of Christ; ii) the visible society and the spiritual community; iii) the earthly Church and the Church endowed with heavenly riches. In pother words, you are at cross-purposes with what that section is about.
* Paragraph 3 to which I directed you, is about the earthly organisation of the Church and its recognisable marks, this says "The sole Church of Christ [is that] which our Savior, after his Resurrection, entrusted to Peter's pastoral care, commissioning him and the other apostles to extend and rule it. This Church, constituted and organized as a society in the present world, subsists in (subsistit in) the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him." In other words here is the official identifying statement of the Church and its name, which is repeated again in the summary of the section, in Lumen Gentium, and in the Codes of Canon Law such as that of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Xan dar 23:19, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* I'm going to AGF and assume you meant "amateur" in the sense of someone passionate about a topic, and not something derogatory. Gimmetrow 01:31, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* I meant amateur, in the sense of persons who are not professional experts in the matters under discussion. Xan dar 10:00, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Then you've made a derogatory, condescending and dismissive ad hominem personal attack rather than reply with anything substantive. Gimmetrow 11:55, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* The purpose of putting forth the best sources is to comply with WP:V. I have compiled these sources and we need to use these to come up with an agreed wording for the first sentence and the note. They all basically say the same thing, that Catholic Church is the name accepted as the title for the whole organization. They also give explanations as to use of Roman Catholic. We need to incorporate this information into the note and lead. I think that the note and lead already has this information in it but I am willing to agree to wording changes if that will make Gimmetrow happy without creating the false impression that Roman Catholic is the official name. Also, I received an email from a priest who is a top official in the Diocese of Hawaii that explains use of the term Roman Catholic in the legal copyright of their website. I have asked him for permission to print his email and for guidance from Raul on how to upload this email officially on Wikipedia. I think it will dispell some misconceptions being thrown around here about Church use of the term "Roman Catholic". If it helps, he says exactly what Whitehead and McClintock also say but I would like for you to see that for yourself. Nancy Heise talk 18:02, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* I would also like to respond to Gimmetrows question as to why I omitted certain sources such as McBrien and Granderath. I omitted sources that were not modern and those that were not created or approved by multiple scholars - WP:V says to use those sources with a reputation for fact checking. McBriens book Catholicism was officially censored by the Church for its inaccuracies. The sources in the table represent those that have multiple scholarly oversight. All others do not. Soidi says that EWTN has hosted an opposing opinion on the Church's name but he knows this is incorrect. If you check the reference that he says is evidence of an opposing opinion here you can clearly see that it is a question and answer site that does not say what he suggests. Nancy Heise talk 18:21, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* Interesting. I have tried to find what, if any, scholarly credentials Whitehead posseses, but I haven't found anything. His books are written so they avoid making outlandish assertions, so he probably has an education, but he makes errors as if he's writing outside his field of expertise. You argue that Whitehead is reliable because his work is hosted by EWTN which is a member of SIGNIS, etc. Well, McBrien appears to be a professor of theology at a Catholic University which is a member of the IFCU which was approved by Pope Pius XII. He has written a lot about the church so he apparently has some expertise. I would expect (without checking) that he has a licentiate in sacred theology and probably a doctorate. So apparently the only reason you reject him is because someone disagrees with some of his views apparently unrelated to the point at hand? Gimmetrow 01:28, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
All this back and forth about the sources is still beside the point. None of the sources listed above says on point that the "official name" of the church is the "Catholic Church", and the disputed text is still, after all these months, unsupported. Gimmetrow 01:28, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* "They (the sources placed in Nancy's table) all basically say the same thing, that Catholic Church is the name accepted as the title for the whole organization," says Nancy above. This would be true if "the name" were changed to "a name". They don't say that "Catholic Church" is the only title for the whole organization. So of what use are they?
* Nancy still has not responded to the following observations:
* The Catechism of the Catholic Church does not say that "Catholic Church" is the one official name that the Church uses. The Academic American Encyclopedia says the Church claimed CC as its title, but not as its only title. The old 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica says the the Church of Rome alone is known officially and in common parlance as the Catholic Church (as everybody agrees), but it does not say that the Church of Rome is known as nothing else but the Catholic Church both officially and in common parlance (in fact it is known by several other names both officially and in common parlance). The author of the Catholic Encyclopedia article exhorts Catholics not to use "Roman Catholic" but admits that the English bishops did use the term in an official address to the British Sovereign and publicly justified the use of the term. The New Catholic Encyclopedia says that, though the term "Roman Catholic" was resented by English Catholics, it in fact became accepted! (In any case, "resented by English Catholics" is not the same as "rejected by the Church", which continues to use the term.) Why are these sources presented as supporting the contention that there is one and only one official name of the Church, and that that name is CC? Soidi (talk) 05:48, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* OK, let me get this straight - Gimmetrow is suggesting that we place greater reliance on a book officially declared to be full of inaccuracies by the Church (McBrien's Catholicism) rather than use a source that is the only source used by the world's largest religious media outlet whose editorial staff is full of PhD's and other experts and whose board of directors contains members of the Catholic hierarchy and other priests? Gimmetrow, that will be a hard position to defend at FAC and elsewhere. I can not agree to that logic. Responding to Soidi, all of these sources point to one name as the name "claimed as its title" over the other name which is and AKA used sometimes. I am not sure why we are so willing to toss Academic American Encyclopedia and Whitehead in favor of sources that clearly do not meet WP:V. Can you please tell me what wording you would prefer? All you have done to date is object to every wording suggestion put forward by others, including consensus, that is supported by WP:V sources. Nancy Heise talk 16:21, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* I don't recall saying "greater reliance". I really don't care whether McBrien or Whitehead is more reliable, because the source you keep referring to - Whitehead - doesn't say what you claim it says, and therefore doesn't support the disputed text. I don't need to cite any sources to argue that. The only reason to bring up other sources is to try to get you to admit your bias. So let's get this straight: you are suggesting that we place greater reliance on a single book published by someone with no known relevant academic credentials, a book that has never been peer reviewed as far as we know, and which has demonstrable factual errors in the relevant passage, over the multiple works of a professor of theology at a fairly significant university, with known scholarly credentials (doctorate in sacred theology ) writing in his field of expertise? Gimmetrow 00:50, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
* Oh my gosh Gimmetrow - we can't use a book no matter who authored it if it has bad reviews from other scholars, in this case the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops who declared it full of inaccuracies and officially censored it. It is falls under the definition of "fringe source" at WP:V. On the flip side, no matter who authors a book, if it is cited by scholars who are experts in the field and used by them to explain something - that makes it peer reviewed, that makes it scholarly. If there were a single bad review of Whitehead's book by a scholar who is an expert in the field, I would not consider the source but that is not the case with Whitehead. Nancy Heise talk 03:13, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
* BTW Kenneth Whitehead, is a scholar who holds a PhD, from Fransican University of Steubenville. . Nancy Heise talk 03:24, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
* That says he has an honorary doctorate. Are you really saying that because one of a reputable scholar's works was allegedly criticized, but not by the Vatican and not in any way that had any consequence (he is still a professor of theology at a catholic university), that you reject him as an authority on anything else he's ever written about? But you accept without question the writings of a non-scholar with obvious factual errors on the very point you wish to cite? And that you, in fact, defend citing those very factual errors as true? Gimmetrow 12:16, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
* Honorary doctorate from Franciscan University of Steubenville is a legitimate doctorate bestowed on an individual for lifetime acheivements in a certain field that equate to an academic education in that same field. Wikipedia does not differentiate between one or the other in WP:V. Nancy Heise talk 18:16, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
* If it doesn't, perhaps it should. Honorary doctorates are not the same as earned doctorates. Gimmetrow 01:29, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
Naming policy guidelines
It seems to me that we are sidestepping a key issue here. I would like us to get clear on how article names are determined according to WP policies. The policy on naming conventions directs us to "use the most common name of a person or thing." In the case of a controversial name, where there is a naming conflict (our case, right), I will (again) repeat the criteria given in the guideline:
* Is the name in common usage in English? (check Google, other reference works, websites of media, government and international organisations; focus on reliable sources)
* Is it the official current name of the subject? (check if the name is used in a legal context, e.g. a constitution)
* Is it the name used by the subject to describe itself or themselves? (check if it is a self-identifying term)
Check me if I am wrong, but I think we have determined that the "Catholic Church" is the most common name in general use and by the Vatican, right. It is the name mainly used in legal and constitutional documents, is it not? It is the name most commonly used in official communications by the church to describe itself, right? This is not to say that other names are not used. We have documented several other names that are also sometimes used, right? Note: We recognize that the Church does not say "the official name of the Church is..." Therefore, we are going by usage.
Again, check me if I'm wrong, but I think that we have determined that the name "Roman Catholic Church" is also in common use, right? It is widely used outside the Church to refer to the church. It is used by the Church in ecumenical communications, and it is used by individual churches. "Roman Catholic Church," is not as frequently used, but it is used (in those senses mentioned), right?
So would we not want the note to simply follow the standards and criteria given in applicable WP policies and guidelines? If I've missed something, please let's discuss it now. Sunray (talk) 07:55, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* The criteria Sunray quotes for naming articles ("Wikipedia's policy on how to name pages") are indeed of interest in our present debate.
* CC and RCC are in common usage in English (CC probably more commonly but not solely).
* CC and RCC are currently used as official names (CC probably more commonly but not solely), as in agreements signed with other Churches (RCC probably more commonly but not solely)
* CC and RCC (and many other names) are used by the Church to describe itself (CC most commonly - apart from "the Church" - but not solely).
* These criteria directly concern the naming of the article, where it is impossible to use two or more names, and so the most easily recognizable one must normally be chosen, not the others. The Wikipedia policy gives first place to "Roman Catholic Church vs. Catholic Church" in its examples of "often unproductive" debating of controversial names, and I think we should not waste time on unproductively debating here the title of the article. What we are debating, I believe, is the distinct "official name" question: Does the Church have one and only one official name? On this question I think the criteria Sunray mentions are indeed helpful: CC and RCC are both in common usage in English; they are both currently used as official names; they are both used by the Church to describe itself. Soidi (talk) 09:23, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* Perhaps, just perhaps, it is worthwhile to point out that, when Sunray says that "the most common name in general use and by the Vatican" is the name to choose for the title of the article, we must understand the phrase "the most common name in general use" as a paraphrase of the actual words of the Wikipedia policy: "what the greatest number of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity". The actual words of the policy, with its reference to ambiguity, make it even more likely that a debate on changing the name of the article ("moving" the article) would be altogether unproductive. But, as I already said, that is not what we are debating here, and I don't want this remark to be used as a red herring to distract from what we are debating. Soidi (talk) 09:45, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* What is being ignored here is the guidance on names which are used by self-identifying bodies. Naming_conflict. I think it deserves a substantial quote:
* "A city, country, people or person by contrast, is a self-identifying entity: it has a preferred name for itself. The city formerly called Danzig now calls itself Gdańsk; the man formerly known as Cassius Clay now calls himself Muhammad Ali. These names are not simply arbitrary terms but are key statements of an entity's own identity. This should always be borne in mind when dealing with controversies involving self-identifying names. ... Where self-identifying names are in use, they should be used within articles. Wikipedia does not take any position on whether a self-identifying entity has any right to use a name; this encyclopedia merely notes the fact that they do use that name.
* "Example. Suppose that the people of the fictional country of Maputa oppose the use of the term "Cabindan" as a self-identification by another ethnic group. The Maputans oppose this usage because they believe that the Cabindans have no moral or historical right to use the term. Wikipedia should not attempt to say which side is right or wrong. However, the fact that the Cabindans call themselves Cabindans is objectively true – both sides can agree that this does in fact happen. By contrast, the claim that the Cabindans have no moral right to that name is purely subjective. It is not a question that Wikipedia can, or should, decide. In this instance, therefore, using the term "Cabindans" does not conflict with the NPOV policy. It would be a purely objective description of what the Cabindans call themselves. On the other hand, not using the term because of Maputan objections would not conform with a NPOV, as it would defer to the subjective Maputan POV."
* The example here is a perfect parallel to the Catholic Church issue. In other words, the name used in Wikipedia should be the name by which the group primarily self-identifies. Xan dar 11:17, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* This Wikipedia policy too is helpful in the present debate. "The city formerly called Danzig now calls itself Gdańsk." The Church that calls itself the Catholic Church sometimes calls itself the Roman Catholic Church, and other names. "The fact that the Cabindans call themselves Cabindans is objectively true." The fact that in official documents the Church calls itself the Roman Catholic Church, and other names, is objectively true. "By contrast, the claim that the Cabindans have no moral right to that name is purely subjective." By contrast, the claim that the Church headed by the Pope has no moral right either to call itself Catholic or to call itself Roman Catholic is purely subjective. I don't question the right of the Church to call itself the Catholic Church, but Xandar at times questions the right of the Church to call itself the Roman Catholic Church, to the extent even of denying that in the documents in which it calls itself the Roman Catholic Church it is really doing so. "Not using the term because of Maputan objections would not conform with a NPOV, as it would defer to the subjective Maputan POV." Not using the term because of Xandar's objections would not conform with a NPOV, as it would defer to the subjective Xandaran POV.
* Indicating as it does that articles do not have to use as title an official name - still less an alleged official name - it would also be helpful in a debate on changing the title of this article. It accepts "United States" as a good name for an article on a country that does have a documented single official name, a name different from the article's title. However, that is not what we are debating. What we are debating is whether the Church has chosen to have only one official name. It certainly does not act as if it had only one. Soidi (talk) 12:46, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* Good examples from policy and guidelines. I might have missed something, but I haven't seen use of "Roman Catholic Church" in official documents other than ecumenical communications. I don't think it appears in the constitution or catechism or other such documents, does it? At any rate, I think we have the basis for the note now. Sunray (talk) 16:30, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* The best answer to your question is to refer you to User:Richardshusr/Names of the Catholic Church which, although it was started by me in my userspace, is the result of the joint effort of several participants in this mediation. If by "ecumenical communications", you mean communications with other churches, the answer to your question is "No". See the uses of "Roman Catholic" in Divini Illius Magistri and Humani Generis. --Richard (talk) 16:57, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* The page you and others have put together on Names of the Catholic Church has been most useful. As was mentioned, this could become a new article. While the note could refer to it, the note itself would logically be a fairly tightly worded paragraph. Sunray (talk) 17:31, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* And the fairly tightly worded paragraph would logically reflect what is in this collection of sources, which clearly show that the Church officially refers to herself by more names than one. Soidi (talk) 05:48, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
I would like to add my thoughts to this discussion. Having the article name at Roman Catholic Church gives Reader a false impression that the name is more commonly used and/or is the official name unless we have some wording to let them know that the sources meeting WP:V say otherwise. Either we change the article name to Catholic Church (which I do not favor) or we have wording in the lead sentence to let Reader know the real truth. We have already searched for various wordings over the past five months and the only consensus reached was for "officially known as". We tried "more properly and commonly known" we tried "or", we suggested "titles itself as" and various other wordings but there has not been a new consensus agreement. I also responded to the remarks made on sources in the section above that I would like for you to see. Thanks. Nancy Heise talk 18:10, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* Incidentally, it was Anglican editors who objected to the "more commonly and properly known as" and preferred "officially known as". It seemed to be the jackpot solution because both Catholic editors and Anglican editors agreed to "officially" after reviewing the sources. Nancy Heise talk 18:12, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* The only way of getting out of the fruitless and increasingly pedantic argument about "official" and "proper" names is to go for the plain and simple solution of "The Catholic Church also known as the Roman Catholic Church.." with the rename. That is the simplest solution since it is clear that some people will never agree a usage which states the normative official/proper name of the Church in so many words. Xan dar 23:27, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
* If I understand Xandar rightly, he does envisage, under certain conditions, omitting all reference to a supposed "normative official/proper name of the Church in so many words". That would be very welcome. Unfortunately, though, even if he does mean what I think he says, his idea of "the rename" is unrealistic. As the Wikipedia policy article on the matter indicates, a discussion on that would be "unproductive". But I applaud what may be a sign of a more open attitude. Soidi (talk) 05:48, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* While renaming the article wouldn't be easy, I wouldn't underestimate the value given to a consensus of editors on the article page. Assuming that we have, or are close to, that consensus, it would be a matter of preparing a convincing description of our reasoning to present in the RfC. Consensus would be the key to achieving success, IMO. Sunray (talk) 07:05, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* I don't think we are anywhere near a consensus. In view of what the Wikipedia policy pages say, I am now definitely against something so unproductive as raising the question. Defteri has been against the proposal. Secisek has declared his strong opposition to changing the title of the article. Nancy has said, just above, that she does not support changing the title. How many did declare in favour of changing the title? The proposal was in two parts: the first was to change the order of RCC and CC in the text; the second was to make a change also in the title of the article. Going only on my memory and without checking back, I think that maybe Xandar was the only editor who explicitly proposed changing the title of the article. The situation does not look anything close to a consensus on changing the title. I even suspect that some of those who, in the abstract, were/are in favour of changing the title would, for the same reasons that I now see, be against raising the question. Soidi (talk) 08:44, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* The policy doesn't say "don't do it," it just points out the difficulties, absent consensus. I need to hear more from participants who do not favor the name change. Other than the fact that it is difficult, do you have other reasons for not supporting a name change. I would also like to hear from Defteri and Secisek on this. Sunray (talk) 18:38, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* You can't have it both ways. There are only two solutions that avoid the article giving the false impression that the Church's proper name is RCC. We either keep the current name and continue to state in some clear formulation the proper/official name of the Church in the first sentence, or we use a more ambiguous formula, but place the title at Catholic Church. Rejecting both solutions can only be seen as obstructionism, and there has to come a time when obstructionists get ignored. Xan dar 09:55, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* We already ignored them but they kept arguing the matter on the talk page for the past 5 months so I suggested this mediation to try to help bring the matter to a close. Nancy Heise talk 16:08, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Also, I am not opposed to renaming the article "Catholic Church" but I dont think we should consider it if Soidi and Gimmetrow object because they are the only reason we are even considering it. I prefer the article just the way it is at RCC with the term "officially known as" in the lead because that is the form of sentence that most editors preferred, not just in the consensus vote but also after the last FAC where 24 people supported the page and 13 opposed but only one of those (Soidi) opposing for the lead sentence issue. When you have 99% of editors agreeing to one form and 1% disagreeing and all efforts to come to 100% agreement have failed to reach a greater percentage of agreement, all that is left is to stick with the form that 99% agreed with. I think that is where we are now. Soidi and Gimmetrow have not put forth a more acceptable format nor have they put forth more acceptable sources. Gimmetrow's suggestion to use Richard McBrien's Catholicism, a source that has been officially censored by the Church as containing inaccuracies, is not a source that meets WP:V, it falls under the category of questionable sources covered by that policy. I suggest we close this mediation because it seems clear that no matter how good the sources and clear the evidence is, Gimmetrow and Soidi are going to oppose unless we put forth a lead sentence that is misleading and that would not be more acceptable to the greater Wikipedia community than what we have already achieved. Nancy Heise talk 16:31, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Please note that most FAC reviewers are not required to provide an exhaustive list of every single very tiny thing that they would like to see fixed in the article. The fact that a reviewer did not mention the naming issue does not mean that the reviewer agreed with the wording at the time, but that it did not rank as highly as other (potentially broader) issues that the reviewer wanted to have addressed. FAC provides consensus on whether the article broadly meets the FA criteria, not consensus on a particular wording. Karanacs (talk) 19:03, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
I am saying that we either have consensus or are very close to it. I suggest that participants not respond to each other with their opinions. It will be much more helpful to stick with the facts and aim for a result that is in keeping with the policies. I have asked participants to comment about the option of changing the article name. Most have said that they either favor that or would stand aside. Let's keep working on points of agreement. Sunray (talk) 18:32, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
Proposal for article name change - further discussion
A significant number of participants favor a name change for the article. The policies regarding that have been clarified. I suggest that we discuss this further. Would those participants not in favor of a name change please elaborate on their thinking? If they prefer an alternative approach it would be good to propose that now. Sunray (talk) 18:44, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Sunray, I hope you do not consider this to be a mere repetition. I am against a name change for the article because, in the first place, only one editor has actually proposed that the article name be changed, and that is not "a significant number". Gimmetrow, Xandar, Richardshusr, Marauder40, jbmurray, SynKobiety, NancyHeise declared in favour of "The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church,..." (see ). But, of these, only Xandar also asked for a change of the title, and some of the other six, NancyHeise for example, do not favour that change. In the second place, I am against a change of name for reasons that include the requirement that the article's name must be sufficiently unambiguous, and "Catholic Church" (though unambiguous in the context of what the Church calls itself) is, in my opinion and, I feel sure, in that of many others, too ambiguous for the title of a Wikipedia article. Soidi (talk) 20:56, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Sorry... I am also in favor of changing the article's title. In fact, I think I was the one who brought up the topic. I am only afraid that we will not be able to get consensus when we propose it at Talk:Roman Catholic Church. I do think it's worth trying so that we know what is and is not feasible. We could put a time limit on the proposal (decide up or down in a week; pull the plug if we don't have 80% support at the end of the week).
* I really do think the title change and the proposed compromise wording together will go a long way towards resolving this dispute.
* --Richard (talk) 22:00, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* I'm also in favor of the name change [as stated before]. -- Kraftlos (Talk | Contrib) 22:48, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* The argument of ambiguity against placing the article at Catholic Church is offset by the fact that typing in "Catholic Church" redirects to this article anyway. Not being a paper encyclopedia has the advantage that one click of a top-link can then (as now) transfer the minority of readers who want another meaning of Catholic Church to get there. The first line will still prominently include the name "Roman Catholic Church" for those seeking that designation. Along with an automatic redirect from RCC, this should solve any potential ambiguity problems. However a veto should not be allowed to people who object to the move on illegitimate sectarian lines, which are contrary to Wikipedia policy. Xan dar 23:30, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
Re Secisek's point about major reference dictionaries and encyclopedias: I checked the Encyclopedia Britannica and it uses the title "Roman Catholic Church". I suspect he is saying that we should follow the standard set by the professionals. I think it's a valid argument but I am of the opinion that we should follow Wikipedia's naming policy instead. --Richard (talk) 23:51, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Richard, one of the largest Encyclopedia's, Encyclopedia Americana has the article at "Catholic Church", not Roman Catholic Church. I think the professional standard set here is that we can place it either at one or the other and still be within the parameters of professionalism set by the major encyclopedias. Nancy Heise talk 01:48, 19 March 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
Robert GARY, Plaintiff, v. USAA LIFE INSURANCE CO., Defendant.
Case No.: PWG-15-1998
United States District Court, D. Maryland, Southern Division.
Signed 01/17/2017
Erik D. Frye, Erik D. Frye PA, Upper Marlboro, MD, for Plaintiff.
Gregory L. Vangeison, Jonathan Adrian Cusson, Anderson Coe and King LLP, Baltimore, MD, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Paul W. Grimm, United States District Judge
When the Plaintiff, Colonel Robert Gary, made a claim for benefits under a life insurance policy (the “Policy”) that Defendant USAA Life Insurance Co. (“USAA Life”) had issued to his wife Angela Maddox-Gary less than two years earlier, USAA Life denied his claim because Ms. Maddox-Gary had made a misrepresentation in the medical questionnaire interview (“Medical Questionnaire”) that was part of the application process for the Policy. Gary filed suit against USAA Life to recover benefits under the Policy. USAA Life moved for summary judgment, insisting that Ms. Maddox-Gary’s misrepresentation was material and therefore provided a basis for USAA Life to rescind the Policy. Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 29; Def.’s Mem. 5, ECF No. 29-1. Gary filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, ECF No. 32, admitting that Ms. Maddox-Gary made the misrepresentation but arguing that, “[u]n-der the applicable statutes, USAA Life is precluded from declaring Ms. Maddox-Gary’s policy void because of failure to disclose an Echocardiogram.” Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 4, ECF No. 32-2. He also contends that the Medical Questionnaire is not part of the application but rather inadmissible hearsay that could not alter the written application, id. at 5, 8, and that the misrepresentation was not material, id. at 14. Additionally, Gary argues that the Court should exclude testimony from one of USAA Life’s principal underwriters, Tammy Koenig. Id. at 16. Gary has not established grounds for excluding the evidence, and the Medical Questionnaire is a part of the application. Moreover, Ms. Maddox-Gary’s misrepresentation, which was material, indeed provides a basis for rescission. Accordingly, I will grant USAA Life’s motion and deny Gary’s.
Standard of Review
Summary judgment is proper when the moving party demonstrates, through “particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations ..., admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials,” that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), (c)(1)(A); see Baldwin v. City of Greensboro, 714 F.3d 828, 833 (4th Cir. 2013). If the party seeking summary judgment demonstrates that there is no evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to identify evidence that shows that a genuine dispute exists as to material facts. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585-87 & n.10, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). The existence of only a “scintilla of evidence” is not enough to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Instead, the evidentiary materials submitted must show facts from which the finder of fact reasonably could find for the party opposing summary judgment. Id.
Preliminary Matters
On a motion for summary judgment, “[a] party may object that the material cited to support or dispute a fact cannot be presented in a form that would be admissible in evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2). To establish that the decedent made a misrepresentation and that the misrepresentation was material, USAA Life relies in part on the Medical Questionnaire, as well as Koe-nig’s affidavit and deposition testimony. Gary challenges the insurer’s ability to present the facts it introduces through these documents as admissible evidence.
Admissibility of Medical Questionnaire
Gary notes that Ms. Maddox-Gary completed the Medical Questionnaire, Jt. Rec. 28-31, in a telephone interview that “an unidentified third party” conducted, for which her answers were not recorded verbatim, and which she did not see in written form before the Policy issued. Ph’s Opp’n & Mem. 6-8. Gary argues that, although it is “authentic as part of USAA Life’s business records ..., there is incurable hearsay within the document that render[s] the entire document inadmissible.” Id. at 5. He insists that “the truthfulness of the information within the document cannot be presumed absent authentication by the interviewer or the opportunity by Ms. Maddox-Gary to review and adopt the written answers.” Id.; see Pl.’s Reply 6 (arguing that under Fed. R. Evid. 803(6), the Medical Questionnaire “qualifies as inadmissible hearsay as it lacks trustworthiness”).
Yet, as USAA Life correctly asserts, Ms. Maddox-Gary’s statements “are not hearsay because USAA does not offer her statements to establish the truth of her assertion that she did not have diagnostic procedures, but rather ... to establish that the statement was made.” Cover Page to Jt. Ex. 1, ECF No. 36, at 4. In essence, USAA contends that the document is offered not to prove the truth of the assertions it contains, but rather to show what USAA did in response to having received and relied on those statements (i.e., it issued the policy at the lower premium rate than it would have required had it known the actual facts). A hearsay statement is one made outside of the current court proceeding and that “a party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” Fed. R. Evid. 801(c)(2). This case focuses on Ms. Maddox-Gary’s misrepresentation in the Medical Questionnaire; if what she said were true, or if USAA Life believed that it was true, then USAA Life would not have rescinded the Policy based on her statement, and this case would not be before me. And, because the statement was not true, but USAA mistakenly thought that it was when it issued the policy, it is, so to speak, offered for its non-truth—the antithesis of hearsay. Thus, the misrepresentation is not offered for its truth and simply cannot be hearsay, and is not inadmissible on that ground. See id.
The only other contents of the Medical Questionnaire on which USAA Life relies, see Def.’s Mem. 2, are the text of Question 8.a, as it appeared in the Medical Questionnaire and in the transcript of Ms. Maddox-Gary’s interview, which also is not offered for its truth, and Ms. Maddox-Gary’s response that she had her finger x-rayed, which is not disputed. Therefore, insofar as USAA Life relies on the contents of the Medical Questionnaire, Gary’s objection that it is inadmissible hearsay is overruled for purposes of this summary judgment analysis. See Fed. R. Evid. 801(c)(2).
Admissibility of Koenig’s Statements
Gary argues that “[t]he nature of Ms. Koenig’s testimony as well as the skill required to conduct her investigation clearly demonstrate that she should have been disclosed as an expert under Red. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B),” and because USAA Life did not disclose her as an expert witness, her opinion testimony on whether the decedent made a material misrepresentation is inadmissible. Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 16. According to Gary, Koenig testified at her deposition that “she was not involved [in] nor did she have personal knowledge of the application []or the underwriting process of the life insurance policy at issue,” and that “her involvement in this matter was solely to render an opinion on the final issue in this matter.” Id. at 17.
USAA Life responds that Koenig is not an expert witness and that her “testimony is not ‘opinion’ testimony.” Def.’s Reply & Opp’n 13. In its view, Koenig testified that she input results from Ms. Maddox-Gary’s undisclosed echocardiogram into a calculator that “then determined the future risk demonstrated by those measurements.” Id. at 13-14. USAA Life insists that Koenig did not exercise her judgment in the process. Id. Alternatively, USAA Life argues that, if her testimony were opinion testimony, it would be admissible lay opinion testimony under Fed. R. Evid. 701. Id. at 14. Defendant asserts that “[t]he testimony USAA intends to elicit from Ms. Koenig is based on her personal knowledge of the circumstances surrounding USAA’s decision to rescind the life insurance policy at issue in this case....” Id. at 15.
In Gary’s view, “while simply plugging in numbers to a calculator may not require any skill, this was just a small step in the much larger process which le[ ]d Ms. Koe-nig to her conclusion, a process which clearly requires the ability of an expert.” Pl.’s Reply 4. He contends that Koenig “was able to read through Ms. Maddox-Gary’s medical records and ‘interpreted’ Dr. Shakoor’s notes to determine that an echocardiogram had been scheduled.” Id.
Koenig testified that she “offered an opinion” with regard to the decedent’s Policy “[a]t the time of contestable claim review,” after USAA Life had issued the Policy. Koenig Dep. 5:17-24, Jt. Rec. 80. She stated that, after “reviewing] the information obtained during the contestable claim review,” it was her opinion “[t]hat there was misrepresentation and that the policy would not have been issued at the risk class it was issued.” Id. at 7:21-8:4, Jt. Rec. 80; see id. at 17:17-20, Jt. Rec. 83. She testified that Ms. Maddox-Gary’s failure to disclose her echocardiogram was “material because it changes her policy rating.” Id. at 37:7-13, Jt. Rec. 88. She acknowledged that she used her “knowledge and experience as an underwriter in making this determination.” Id. at 8:5-15, Jt. Rec. 80. According to Koenig, she was testifying from her personal memory as well as her contemporaneous notes. Id. at 21:13-23, Jt. Rec. 84.
Similarly, in her affidavit, Koenig explained how she “conduct[ed] the contesta-bility review of the claim made on the policy of life insurance issued to Angela Maddox-Gary,” including reviewing medical records and entering data into a calculator “[t]o determine whether the results of [an] echocardiogram had any significance for underwriting purposes.” Koenig Aff. ¶¶ 2-9, Jt. Rec. 100-01. She stated:
Had USAA Life known of the echocardi-ogram results at the time that it was originally underwriting the policy, Ms. Maddox-Gary would not have been offered the policy at the preferred rate. Rather, the rate would have been 100-150% of the rate that she paid, based upon the Swiss Re Left Ventricular Mass Calculator.
Id. ¶ 10.
Federal Rule of Evidence 701 provides that a lay witness may provide testimony that is “rationally based on the witness’s perception,” “helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue,” and “not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.” In United States v. Roe, 606 F.3d 180 (4th Cir. 2010), the Fourth Circuit reiterated its observation of the blurred line between Rule 701 and Rule 702 testimony from United States v. Perkins, 470 F.3d 150, 155-56 (4th Cir. 2006):
We have previously recognized that the distinction between lay and expert testimony “is a fine one” and “not easy to draw.” In describing this tension, we have observed:
While we have noted that a critical distinction between Rule 701 and Rule 702 testimony is that an expert witness must possess some specialized knowledge or skill or education that is not in possession of the jurors, we also have acknowledged that the subject matter of Rule 702 testimony need not be arcane or even especially difficult to comprehend. The interpretive waters are muddier still: while lay opinion testimony must be based on personal knowledge, expert opinions may also be based on first hand observation and experience.
Roe, 606 F.3d at 185-86 (quoting Perkins, 470 F.3d at 155-56 (internal quotation marks omitted)). In Perkins, the Fourth Circuit observed that the addition of subsection (c) “did not work a sea change to the rule,” but rather “ ‘serves more to prohibit the inappropriate admission of expert opinion under Rule 701 than to change the ' substantive requirements of the admissibility of lay opinion.’” Id. at 155 & n.8 (quoting United States v. Garcia, 291 F.3d 127, 139 n.8 (2d Cir. 2002)).
In Roe, 606 F.3d 180, in appealing his conviction, Roe argued that the district court should not have allowed the Government’s witness Sergeant Russell, who had not been designated or qualified as an expert, “to testify about the authority possessed by the holders of a Maryland private detective and security guard certification and a handgun permit” because, in Roe’s view, “Sergeant Russell’s testimony constituted ‘expert’ testimony.” Id. at 185. The Fourth Circuit disagreed with Roe, concluding that “the district court did not err in admitting [Sergeant Russell’s testimony] as lay testimony.” Id. It reasoned:
Sergeant Russell was in charge of the unit that issues handgun carry permits, as well as security guard and private detective certifications in Maryland. He was qualified to testify as to the requirements for getting such permits and cer-tifieations and to state what possessing those permits permitted an individual to do based on his personal knowledge acquired in that capacity. Such knowledge was not “specialized knowledge” in the Rule 702 sense, and does not constitute expert testimony. Instead, it falls under Rule 701’s description of lay testimony, being “rationally based on the perception of the witness” and helpful to the jury’s “determination of a fact in issue.”
Id. at 185-86 (quoting Perkins, 470 F.3d at 155-56 (internal quotation marks omitted)).
MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. Wanzer, 897 F.2d 708, 706 (4th Cir. 1990), also provides guidance. There, the defendant offered Lillian Harrison, the accountant for a corporation with which the defendant worked, as a lay witness to testify about the corporation’s profits. The Fourth Circuit concluded that the district court erred in ruling that Harrison’s testimony “constituted expert testimony” and that, because she was not designated as an expert, her testimony was inadmissible. The appellate court reasoned:
In ruling Harrison’s testimony inadmissible, the district court failed “to distinguish between opinion testimony which may be introduced by lay witnesses and that which requires experts.” “The modern trend favors the admission of opinion testimony, provided that it is well founded on personal knowledge [as distinguished from hypothetical facts] and susceptible to specific cross-examination. A lay witness in a federal court proceeding is permitted under Fed. R. Evid. 701 to offer an opinion on the basis of relevant historical or narrative facts that the witness has perceived.”
MCI Telecomms., 897 F.2d at 706 (quoting Teen-Ed, Inc. v. Kimball International, Inc., 620 F.2d 399, 403 (3d Cir. 1980) (citing 3 J. Weinstein, Evidence, ¶ 701[02] at 701-9 and 701-17 (1978))) (footnote omitted).
The Fourth Circuit compared the facts before it to those in Teen-Ed, where
the party’s accountant, even though ... not identified before trial as an expert witness under Rules 702 and 703, was permitted to testify as a lay witness on the basis of facts and data perceived by him in his capacity as an accountant and bookkeeper and to submit a projection of profits based on such records.
Id. The court concluded that the facts were “substantially” the same, observing:
Harrison was the bookkeeper. She was testifying on the basis of records kept by her personally under her control, and her projection of profits under the lease as prepared by her was predicated on her personal knowledge and perception. As such she was a lay witness, whose identification as an expert witness under Rules 702 and 703 was not required. That was precisely what was held in Teen-Ed and we agree. The district judge erred in refusing to permit Harrison to testify. •
Id.; see also United States ex rel. Ubl v. IIF Data Solutions, 650 F.3d 445, 455 (4th Cir. 2011) (concluding that witness’s testimony was admissible lay testimony where witness was owner of financial planning and tax accounting business who “provided accounting services to IIF, and ... also worked with IIF on its application to secure [a] contract” and he “testified generally about how the GSA contracting process worked and about his efforts to held IIF obtain [that] contract.... based on his personal knowledge and understanding of the contracting system that was derived from his years of experience with government contracting”).
Here, Koenig, who “review[s] about one or two [contestable claims] a month” for USAA Life, Koenig Dep. 21:20-23, Jt. Rec. 84, describes how contestable claim review works, her role in the process, and her role in the review of the decedent’s Policy in particular. This lay testimony that is based on Koenig’s personal knowledge and experience working for USAA Life and on this claim clearly is admissible under Rule 701. See Ubl, 650 F.3d at 455; MCI Telecomms., 897 F.2d at 706; Roe, 606 F.3d at 185-86. She is not applying “principles and methods to the facts of the case,” see Fed. R. Evid. 702(d), but rather recounting her previous application of certain procedures to explain how USAA Life reached its decision to rescind the decedent’s Policy. See United States v. Lloyd, 645 Fed.Appx. 273, 280 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 137 S.Ct. 213, 196 L.Ed.2d 165 (2016) (expert testimony is testimony from a witness “qualified by ‘knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education,’ ” and it is testimony ‘“based on sufficient facts or data’ produced by reliable principles and methods that have been reliably applied to the facts of the case” (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702(a)-(d)) (emphasis added)). Moreover, her opinion on how knowledge of Ms. Maddox-Gary’s echocardiogram results would have changed the rate she received on her Policy is admissible as lay opinion testimony based on Koenig’s personal knowledge—not of the decedent’s original application process but rather of the contestable claim review process—and Koe-nig’s participation in USAA Life’s business on a day-to-day basis. See Ubl, 650 F.3d at 455; MCI Telecomms., 897 F.2d at 706; Roe, 606 F.3d at 185-86; Columbia Gas Transmission LLC v. Tri-State Airport Auth., No. 14-11854, 2016 WL 1737120, at *4 (S.D. W. Va. May 2, 2016) (concluding that it had properly admitted lay opinion testimony where the witness was “explaining why he removed organic material” and his testimony was “based on knowledge and participation in the day to day affairs of slope repair work”).
Certainly, Koenig later testified that, in her opinion, when the decedent “simply reveal[ed] that she had a physical,” her statement “did not indicate that she may have had an EKG or echocardio-gram.” Koenig Dep. 34:1-10, Jt. Rec. 87. And she testified that, in her opinion, Ms. Maddox-Gary knew what an echocardio-gram was. Id. at 34:24-35:16, Jt. Rec. 87. This opinion testimony is not based on Koenig’s personal knowledge and is inadmissible, and I will not consider it in ruling on the pending motion. See Fed. R. Evid. 701, 702.
Factual Background
On December 11, 2012, Angela Maddox-Gary completed and electronically signed a written application for a life insurance policy from USAA Life. Jt. Stmt, of Facts, Def.’s Mem. 1; see also Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 1; Written Application, Jt. Rec. 22-26. Then,- “[a]s part of the application process, Ms. Maddox-Gary participated in a verbal recorded medical questionnaire” on December 14, 2012. Jt. Stmt, of Facts, Def.’s Mem. 1; see also Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 1. To complete the questionnaire, Ms. Maddox-Gary answered questions in a phone interview conducted by a third party, and the interviewer input her responses into “some software” that “created” the Medical Questionnaire. Koenig Dep. 15:5-8, 27:16-28:24, Jt. Rec. 82, 85. The interviewer did not record Ms. Maddox-Gary’s responses verbatim. Id. at 27:16-29:10, Jt. Rec. 85-86. Ms. Maddox-Gary answered questions “to the best of [her] knowledge.” Interview Tr. 26, Jt. Rec. 68. She verbally signed, but did not read, the Medical Questionnaire before USAA Life issued the Policy. Koenig Dep. 29:11-23, Jt. Rec. 86; see Med. Questionnaire, Jt. Rec. 28-30; see also Interview Tr. 3, Jt. Rec. 45. USAA Life attached the completed Medical Questionnaire to the Policy and viewed it as “part of the application.” Med. Questionnaire, Jt. Rec. 30; see also Interview Tr. 2, Jt. Rec. 44 (stating that interviewer was “gathering the required information regarding [Maddox-Gary’s] medical history and lifestyle in order to complete [her] insurance application” and “[a]s part of this process [the interviewer] need[ed] to ask [her] questions and record [her] answers for the USAA underwriting department”).
In the interview, Ms. Maddox-Gary stated that she had “a heart murmur” that was diagnosed “[w]hen [she] was six years old,” that she had no “symptoms or problems experienced with the murmur,” and that it did not cause shortness of breath or limit her physical activities. Interview Tr. 10-12, Jt. Rec. 52-54. As part of the interview, she was asked Question 8.a: “Have you in the past five years had an electrocardiogram, x-ray or any other diagnostic test or procedure not previously discussed?” Interview Tr. 19, Jt. Rec. 61. Ms. Maddox-Gary stated that she “had an x-ray on [her] finger,” id. but when asked “Any other diagnostic test or procedure,” she answered “No,” id. at 21, Jt. Rec. 63. On the Medical Questionnaire, next to the question, “Has any insured, within the last five years: a. had an electrocardiogram, X-ray or any other diagnostic test or procedure that was not previously disclosed?” the box “Yes” was checked. Med. Questionnaire, Jt. Rec. 29. The continuation sheet indicated that she had an “X-RAY” taken of her “FINGER.” Id., Jt. Rec. 31. Ms. Maddox-Gary did not reveal at that time, or earlier in the interview, that she had an echocardiogram on January 31, 2011. Interview Tr., Jt. Rec. 44-72; Koe-nig Aff. ¶¶ 4-5, Jt. Rec. 100, Echocardio-gram Rpt., Jt. Rec. 107-08.
USAA Life issued a policy of life insurance to Ms. Maddox-Gary, effective February 1, 2013. The policy was issued in the amount of $100,000.00, and provides for interest from the date of death at the legal rate, which is 6% per an-num. The policy issued to Ms. Maddox-Gary was offered at the preferred rate.
Ms. Maddox-Gary died December 27, 2013, while within the two-year contesta-bility time-period under the policy. At the time of Ms. Maddox-Gary’s death, the policy was in force and the premium paid. The Medical Examiner’s Report recorded the cause of death as related to ischemic heart disease. The beneficiary under the policy, Robert Gary, made a timely claim for benefits.
Jt. Stmt, of Facts, Def.’s Mem. 1-2; see also Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 1-2.
USAA Life directed one of its principal underwriters, Tammy Koenig, to “perform! ] an investigation during the contest-ability period.” Jt. Stmt, of Facts, Def.’s Mem. 2; see also Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 2; Exhibit 4, Koenig Aff. ¶2, Jt. Rec. 100. Through the investigation, in which USAA Life obtained Ms. Maddox-Gary’s medical records, including the results of the decedent’s January 31, 2011 echocardiogram, the insurer learned about that echocardio-gram. Koenig Aff. ¶¶ 3-5, Jt. Rec. 100. “To determine whether the results of the echo-cardiogram had any significance for underwriting purposes, [Koenig] consulted the Swiss Re underwriting guidelines, USAA Life’s underwriting manual of record.” Id. ¶ 6. Koenig explained:
The Swiss Re guidelines instructed me to use the Left Ventricular Mass Calculator to assess the results of the echo-cardiogram.
... The Left Ventricular Mass Calculator contains fields into which a portion of the results of the echocardiogram are inserted. Based on the input from the echocardiogram report, the calculator provides a response answering whether the information from the echocardio-gram affects the rating of the policy.
Id. ¶¶ 7-8. Koenig “populated the fields requested by the calculator with the results from the echocardiogram,” including “the left ventricular interior dimension (LVID), the posterior wall thickness (PWT), and the septal wall thickness (SWT),” as well as “Ms. Maddox-Gary’s height and weight.” Id. ¶ 9. Based on that data, “[t]he calculator determined that, under the Swiss Re underwriting guidelines, the premium was increased by 100-150%.” Id.
After entering the decedent’s data into the calculator, Koenig “provide[d] [her] opinion” to her superiors that “the policy was not issued at the correct class,” and the “claims executive” decided to deny Gary’s claim. Koenig Dep. 17:19-20, 19:8— 19, 45:8-16, Jt. Rec. 83, 90. USAA Life notified Gary by letter on September 22, 2014 that “it was denying his claim and rescinding the policy.” Jt. Stmt, of Facts, Def.’s Mem. 2; see also Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 2. It “returned the premium to Mr. Gary by check, but the check has not been negotiated.” Id.
According to Koenig, if Ms. Maddox-Gary had disclosed that she had an echo-cardiogram in January 2011, “records would have been obtained” for USAA Life to consider the results. Koenig Dep. 37:2-10, Jt. Rec. 88. Further,
Had USAA Life known of the echocardi-ogram results at the time that it was originally underwriting the policy, Ms. Maddox-Gary would not have been offered the policy at the preferred rate. Rather, the rate would have been 100-150% of the rate that she paid, based upon the Swiss Re Left Ventricular Mass Calculator.
Koenig Aff. ¶ 10. In Koenig’s view, Ms. Maddox-Gary’s failure to disclose her echocardiogram in response to Question 8.a was “material because it change[d] her policy rating.” Koenig Dep. 37:7-13, Jt. Rec. 88.
Discussion
Under Maryland law, “a material misrepresentation in the form of an incorrect statement in an application invalidates a policy issued on the basis of such application.” Fitzgerald v. Franklin Life Ins. Co., 465 F.Supp. 527, 534 (D. Md. 1979) (citing Hofmann v. John Hancock Mutual Life Ins. Co., 400 F.Supp. 827, 829 (D. Md. 1975); Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Hilton-Green, 241 U.S. 613, 36 S.Ct. 676, 60 L.Ed. 1202 (1916)), aff'd, 634 F.2d 622 (4th Cir. 1980). Specifically, the Maryland Insurance Code provides that, with regard to “[statements in applications for life ... insurance”:
A misrepresentation, omission, concealment of facts, or incorrect statement does not prevent a recovery under the policy or contract unless:
(1) the misrepresentation, omission, concealment, or statement is fraudulent or material to the acceptance of the risk or to the hazard that the insurer assumes; or
(2) if the correct facts had been made known to the insurer, as required by the application for the policy or contract or otherwise, the insurer in good faith would not have:
(ii) issued the policy ... at the same premium or rate....
Md. Code Ann., Ins. § 12-207(b). Pursuant to this statute, “[t]he insurer may avoid the policy regardless of whether the material misrepresentation is made intentionally, or through mistake and in good faith.” Fitzgerald, 465 F.Supp. at 534. USAA Life moves for summary judgment on the basis that “Ms. Maddox-Gary’s failure to disclose that she had undergone an echocar-diogram in the year previous to her application was material,” and therefore “the insurer [was] entitled to deny coverage on [the] claim.” Def.’s Mem. 7.
To determine whether USAA Life was permitted to rescind the Policy under the statute, the Court considers two factors. Fitzgerald, 465 F.Supp. at 534. “First, the Court must decide whether a misrepresentation occurred.” Id. at 534-35 (citations omitted). The burden is on the insurer “to establish fraud or misrepresentation by the insured in the application for insurance,” but “Maryland law still imposes a heavy burden on the applicant to be responsible for all statements in or omissions from the application submitted by him.” Id. at 535. Second, “the Court must determine whether the misrepresentation was material to the risk assumed by the insurer.” Id.
Gary argues that, regardless whether a misrepresentation occurred or it was material, “under [Md. Code Ann., Ins.] § 16-216, USAA Life cannot declare the policy void for medical attention [namely the January 31, 2011 echocardiogram] given prior to February 1, 2011,” more than two years before the Policy issued. Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 4-5. Certainly, § 16-216 provides that a life insurance policy “may not contain ... a provision that gives the insurer the right to declare the policy void because the insured has had a disease or ailment, whether specified or not, or has received institutional, hospital, medical, or surgical treatment or attention,” unless “the insured has received institutional, hospital, medical, or surgical treatment or attention within 2 years before the policy was issued” and “the insured or a claimant under the policy fails to show that the condition occasioning the treatment or attention was not serious or was not material to the risk.” Ins. § 16-216(a)(2). But, this provision simply is not relevant: USAA Life declared the Policy void because Ms. Maddox-Gary failed to disclose the echo-cardiogram and the insurer considered that to be a material omission, not because she had the echocardiogram. See Koenig Dep. 37:7-13, Jt. Rec. 88. Indeed, Koenig testified that, had the insurer known about the echocardiogram, it still “would have offered her the policy,” but at an increased premium. Id. at 39:7-13, Jt. Rec. 88. Therefore, I will turn to the factors.
1. Misrepresentation in insurance application
The parties agree that Ms. Maddox-Gary made a misrepresentation, but as Gary sees it, Ms. Maddox-Gary’s response to Question 8.a simply was not a statement in a life insurance application, and “§ 12-207(b)(2) only permits policy voidance for misrepresentations made on the application itself.” Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 6-7. It is true that the question in response to which Ms. Maddox-Gary should have disclosed the echocardiogram was on the Medical Questionnaire, not the Written Application. Yet, the Medical Questionnaire was a part of the application, not an unrelated document or an alteration that would be impermissible under Ins. § 12—206(c)(1), as Gary insists, see id. at 8. As USAA Life asserts:
at the outset of the interview during which the Questionnaire was completed, the interviewer stated:
I will be assisting you with your telephone interview, and it’s my goal to provide an excellent member experience in gathering the required information regarding your medical history and lifestyle in order to complete your insurance application[.] As part of this process I need to ask you questions and record your answers for the USAA underwriting department.... Upon completion of the interview, USAA will request that you provide a recorded voice signature. This confirms that you agree with the accuracy and completeness of your answers. The voice signature will save significant amounts of time by eliminating the need to obtain an ink signature and eliminating the need to mail paper documents back and forth. USAA can then begin to process your application much faster. Do I have your permission to proceed on this basis?
([Interview Tr., Jt. Rec.] 44-45 (emphasis added)). Ms. Maddox Gary answered, “Yes.” (Id.). Accordingly, before the interview began, Ms. Maddox-Gary was aware that the answers she gave would be recorded on the Questionnaire, that those answers were part of her application, and that her application would be relied upon by USAA as the basis of any policy thereafter issued.
Def.’s Reply & Opp’n 5. Defendant correctly concludes that “[t]he representations Ms. Maddox made during the interview, as recorded on the Questionnaire, were part of her application.” See id. Therefore, the decedent’s failure to disclose the echocar-diogram was a misrepresentation in the insurance application.
Yet, “failure to disclose information is grounds for rescission only if the application form was ‘reasonably designed to elicit from the applicant the information which was material to the risk.’ ” Parker v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 900 F.2d 772, 777-78 (4th Cir. 1990) (quoting People’s Life Ins. Co. v. Jerrell, 271 Md. 536, 318 A.2d 519, 522 (Md. 1974)). And, “[i]f the application form prepared by the insurance company is ambiguous, it must be construed in a manner favorable to the policyholder.” Fitzgerald, 465 F.Supp. at 535. Gary argues that the misrepresentation cannot provide grounds for rescission because Question 8.a on the Medical Questionnaire, as asked in the interview (“Have you in the past five years had an electrocardiogram, x-ray or any other diagnostic test or procedure not previously discussed,” with the follow-up question, “Any other diagnostic test or procedure,” Interview Tr. 19, 21, Jt. Rec. 61, 63), was “improperly phrased and ambiguous.” Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 13. He questions the phrasing, specifically that the interviewer used the word “discussed,” where the transcript called for the world “disclosed,” because the decedent previously had stated that she did not have an echocardiogram for her heart murmur. Id.-, see Interview Tr. 11, Jt. Rec. 53. Additionally, Gary argues that the question is ambiguous because it referred to “other diagnostic tests,” while the echocardiogram was to monitor an already-diagnosed condition. Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 13 (emphasis added).
As noted, Question 8.a of the Medical Questionnaire interview was “Have you in the past five years had an electrocardiogram, x-ray or any other diagnostic test or procedure not previously discussed,” with the follow-up question, “Any other diagnostic test or procedure?” Interview Tr. 19, 21, Jt. Rec. 61, 63. There is no ambiguity in this language. It asks whether Ms. Maddox-Gary had an echocardiogram that she did not already mention. While Ms. Maddox-Gary previously mentioned not having an echocardiogram for her heart murmur, she had not previously mentioned having an echocardiogram. Moreover, the question was “reasonably designed to elicit from the applicant” the fact that she had an echocardiogram in January 2011. See Parker, 900 F.2d at 777-78 (quoting Jer-rell, 318 A.2d at 522).
Gary argues that it is “difficult to believe that an errant or mistaken response would be considered a misrepresentation warranting voidance of the policy,” because Ms. Maddox-Gary only was asked to answer the interview questions, including Question 8.a, “to the best of [her] knowledge.” Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 9. Gary does not cite any authority in support of his position, and I have not identified any Maryland law providing that a statement made to the best of an applicant’s ability cannot constitute a misrepresentation for purposes of voiding an insurance policy.
As for the fact that the decedent did not have the opportunity to review the Medical Questionnaire before the Policy issued, I note that, at the outset of the interview, she consented to “provide a recorded voice signature” to “confirm that [she] agree[d] with the accuracy and completeness of [her] answers” to “eliminate the need to mail paper documents back and forth” and allow USAA Life to “begin to process [her] application much faster.” Interview Tr. 3, Jt. Rec. 45. The Maryland Court of Appeals has held that to sign an insurance “application without reading it and without its being read to” the insured is “inexcusable negligence,” because when an applicant signs an application, she is “bound to know what she signed.” Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Samis, 172 Md. 517, 192 A. 335, 338-39 (Md. 1937). Further, “[t]he law requires that the insured shall not only, in good faith, answer all the interrogatories correctly, but shall use reasonable diligence to see that the answers are correctly written. It is for his interest to do so, and the insurer has a right to presume that he will do it.” Id. at 339. Indeed,
Even where there has been a material misrepresentation by an agent without the initial knowledge of the insured, if the insured “has the means to ascertain that the application contains false statements, he is charged with the misrepresentations just as if he had actual knowledge of them and was a participant therein.”
Shepard v. Keystone Ins. Co., 743 F.Supp. 429, 433 (D. Md. 1990) (quoting Parker, 900 F.2d at 778 n. 7 (quoting Serdenes v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 21 Md.App. 453, 319 A.2d 858 (1974))).
Notably, when Ms. Maddox-Gary received the Policy, with the Medical Questionnaire attached, she was informed that the “entire contract consisted] of’ the Policy and “[a]ny application.” Policy 5, Jt. Rec. 10. The Medical Questionnaire stated, above her voice signature line:
I have read the above statements and answers and represent that they are true and complete and correctly recorded. I agree that such statements shall be part of the application and are made with the expectation that USAA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY will consider the information when determining whether to issue the policy or contract for which I have applied.
Med. Questionnaire, Jt. Rec. 30. The decedent was directed to “READ [the] POLICY CAREFULLY.” Policy 1, Jt. Rec. 1. And, she was informed that she had the “RIGHT TO CANCEL” by “returning] it within 20 [or more if required by law] days after [she] received it.” Id.; see id., Jt. Rec. 40 (stating that insured had 31 days to cancel for full refund). She was provided with a number to call USAA Life with any questions. Id. Under these circumstances, Ms. Maddox-Gary is presumed to have reviewed the contract she received from the insurer, including the Medical Questionnaire. See Samis, 192 A. at 338-39; see also Shepard, 743 F.Supp. at 433; Fitzgerald, 465 F.Supp. at 535.
2. Materiality
The remaining issue is whether the decedent’s failure to disclose the echocardiogram was a material misrepresentation or whether, if Ms. Maddox-Gary had disclosed the echocardiogram, USAA Life would not have issued the Policy at the same premium. See Ins. § 12-207(b)(1), (2)(ii). “[T]he materiality inquiry focuses on what the insurer’s use of the undisclosed information would have been in determining the life risk of the insured at the time of application for the policy.” Holsey v. Ohio State Life Ins. Co., 39 F.3d 1177, 1994 WL 592750, at *3 (4th Cir. 1994) (quoting Fitzgerald, 465 F.Supp. at 535). Typically, “whether misstatements in an application are false and material to the risk are ... questions of fact for the jury,” but “when the evidence is clear and convincing, or uncontradicted, the court may rule as a matter of law.” People’s Life Ins. Co. v. Jerrell, 271 Md. 536, 318 A.2d 519, 520 (1974) (citations omitted).
The Fourth Circuit has held that, under Maryland law, where an applicant failed to make an elicited disclosure that he smoked, and the uncontradicted evidence established that the “policy premium would have been substantially higher” had he made the disclosure, “the uncontradict-ed evidence ... show[ed] a material misrepresentation sufficient to warrant rescission of the contract by [the insurer].” Parker v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 900 F.2d 772, 778 (4th Cir. 1990). Similarly, in Holsey v. Ohio State Life Ins. Co., 39 F.3d 1177, 1994 WL 592750, at *3 (4th Cir. 1994), the Fourth Circuit held that the record “clearly establishes a material misrepresentation sufficient to warrant rescission of the contract by Ohio Life” under Maryland law and affirmed summary judgment for the insurer. There, the insurance applicants had “obtained a lower premium through misrepresentation about Mrs. Holsey’s smoking.” Id. The court noted that the insurer offered evidence that “had it known of Mrs. Holsey’s smoking history, it probably would not have issued the policy, and, if it had, it would have required a substantially higher premium.” Id.; see also Chawla v. Transam. Occidental Life Ins. Co., 440 F.3d 639, 641 (4th Cir. 2006) (affirming summary judgment for insurer on basis of misrepresentations in life insurance applications where applicant failed to disclose two surgeries and three hospitalizations and did not contend that the undisclosed medical information was immaterial to life insurance application).
Here, USAA Life offers Koenig’s statements that if Ms. Maddox-Gary had disclosed the echocardiogram, USAA Life would not have issued the Policy at the same premium, and therefore the misrepresentation was material. Koenig Dep. 7:21-8:4, Jt. Rec. 80; Koenig Aff. ¶ 10. Gary has not identified any evidence to the contrary. While he argues that the insurer’s knowledge of Ms. Maddox-Gary’s heart murmur without requesting her medical records means that the failure to disclose the echocardiogram was not material because the insurer already had a reason to request medical records (to learn more about the murmur), this is not so. Rather, the insurer established by uncon-tradicted evidence that the murmur was “considered benign and not worth pursuing the records,” Koenig Dep. 32:17-23, Jt. Rec. 86, whereas if Ms. Maddox-Gary had disclosed that she had an echocardiogram in January 2011, “records would have been obtained” for USAA Life to consider the results, Koenig Dep. 37:2-10, Jt. Rec. 88. Specifically, the underwriter would “follow the guidelines in Swiss Re,” Koenig Dep. 25:15-20, Jt. Rec. 85, which, when Koenig followed them, indicated that a higher premium rate category would have applied to the decedent, id. at 7:21-8:4, Jt. Rec. 80; Koenig Aff. ¶ 10. Therefore, disclosure of the echocardiogram was material because it would have prompted review of the records and resulted in a different rate. See Holsey, 1994 WL 592750, at *3; Parker, 900 F.2d at 778.
Thus, Ms. Maddox-Gary’s failure to disclose the echocardiogram was a material misrepresentation that led the insurer to issue the Policy at a much lower premium, and such a material misrepresentation on an insurance application provides grounds for an insurer to rescind the policy and deny a claim. See Parker, 900 F.2d at 778; Ins. § 12-207(b)(1), (2)(ii).
Conclusion
In sum, the undisputed evidence that would be admissible at trial shows that Ms. Maddox-Gary made a material misrepresentation in her application, which cause USAA Life to issue the Policy at a lower rate than it would have charged had it known. Therefore, the insürer had the authority to rescind the Policy and deny Gary’s claim. Accordingly, USAA Life’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 29, IS GRANTED, and Gary’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No.' 32, IS DENIED. A separate order shall issue.
. The parties fully briefed the motions, ECF Nos. 29-1, 32-2, 33, 34, and submitted a Joint Record with their exhibits, ECF No. 36. A hearing is not necessary. See Loe. R. 105.6.
. Some care needs to be taken when citing cases discussing the scope of Rule 701 that were issued before 2000. Prior to the amendments to the rule in 2000, there were only two elements required to admit lay opinion testimony. It had to be rationally based on the witness’s perception, and helpful to the fact-finder. See Garcia, 291 F.3d at 139 & n.8; Fed. R. Evid. 701 (1987). In 2000, the third element was added, requiring that in addition to the original two elements, the lay witnesses' opinion could not be based on scientific, technical or specialized knowledge "within the scope of" Rule 702 (the expert witness rule). This further circumscribed the type of opinions that a lay witness could offer. But, as noted, the line separating lay and expert opinion is not so easy to distinguish and the intent of the 2000 amendment was not to "work a sea change to the rule.” Perkins, 470 F.3d at 155 n.8. Accordingly, pre-2000 cases discussing the scope of Rule 701 still have value in determining the kinds of opinion testimony traditionally thought not to be "within the scope” of the expert witness rule, Rule 702.
. Plaintiff also argues that Koenig's affidavit cannot be considered because USAA failed to disclose Koenig's opinions as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(B). Pl.’s Opp’n & Mem. 16. Plaintiff is mistaken, because Rule 26(b)(2)(B) only requires disclosure of opinions and their bases from those witnesses "retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in the case or one whose duties as the party's employee regularly involve giving expert testimony.” But, as already discussed, Koenig's affidavit is offered under Rule 701, not Rule 702, and Rule 26(b)(2)(B) disclosures are not required from witnessed providing lay opinion testimony. Plaintiff does not argue that USAA should have disclosed Koenig’s lay opinions under Rule 26(b)(2)(C), but that rule, too, applies only to opinions expressed under Rule 702, 703, or 705, not 701. Thus, there was no failure by USAA to make disclosures required by Rule 26(a)(2).
. Because the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, " 'each motion [is] considered individually, and the facts relevant to each [are] viewed in the light most favorable to the non-movant.’ ” Lynn v. Monarch Recovery Mgmt., Inc., No. WDQ-11-2824, 2013 WL 1247815, at *1 n.5 (D. Md. Mar. 25, 2013) (quoting Mellen v. Bunting, 327 F.3d 355, 363 (4th Cir. 2003)). Although Gary challenges the admissibility of the Medical Questionnaire and Koenig’s opinion testimony, neither party contests the facts presented in the opposing briefs.
. The parties agree that Maryland law governs. See Def.'s Mem. 6 n.6; PL’s Opp’n & Mem. 2.
. Gary relies on the language of subsection (b)(2), but § 12-207(b) is disjunctive: a policy can be rescinded based on a material misrepresentation, Ins. § 12-207(b)(l), or based on facts that the insurer elicited in the application that would have caused the insurer to charge a higher premium, Ins. § 12— 207(b)(2)(ii). Section 12-207(b)(l), unlike (b)(2), is not limited to facts "required by the application.” Nonetheless, the statute itself is titled "Statements in applications for life or health insurance or annuities.” Ins. § 12-207 (emphasis added). Thus, both subsections .apply to statements in life insurance applications, and Gary’s argument applies whether the failure to disclosed is categorized as a material misrepresentation under subsection (b)(1) or a fact the disclosure of which would have changed the premium under subsection (b)(2)(H).
. In Virginia, "where a policy contains a recitation that the applicant's answers are correct to the best of his knowledge ... the insurer must also show that his answers are knowingly false.” Van Anderson v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., No. 11-CV-50, 2012 WL 1077794, at *9 (W.D. Va. Mar. 30, 2012) (citing Old Republic Life Ins. Co. v. Bales, 213 Va. 771, 195 S.E.2d 854, 856 (Va. 1973)). But, even under this heightened standard, what the insurer must show is "that the applicant was aware or should have been aware of the fact in question based on the circumstances.” Id. at *11. In Van Anderson, after reviewing the medical records in the record, the court found that, when the insured completed the application on November 10, 2008, "[a]s a matter of common sense, he certainly would have been aware of the fact that he was taking Ativan for anxiety” and "also certainly would have been aware of the battery of tests [including x-rays, blood tests, urinalyses, ultrasounds, and CT scans] that he personally underwent on February 26, March 19, March 20, March 27, and June 6, 2008.” Id.
Likewise, here, the evidence is undisputed that Ms. Maddox-Gary had an echocardio-gram on January 31, 2011 and completed the Medical Questionnaire on December 14, 2012, less than two years later. The echocar-diogram was not one of many tests that Ms. Maddox-Gary underwent over the course of those two years; the only other test she identified was an x-ray of her finger. Clearly, Ms. Maddox-Gary knew or should have known that she had that echocardiogram. As noted, "Maryland law ... imposes a heavy burden on the applicant to be responsible for all statements in or omissions from the application submitted by him.” Fitzgerald, 465 F.Supp. at 535. Thus, even if the standard applied, under these circumstances, the decedent’s answer was knowingly false. See Van Anderson, 2012 WL 1077794, at *11.
| CASELAW |
Cacti sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide by converting it to oxalate and combining it with soil-derived calcium ions which ultimately lead to the formation of solid calcium carbonate.
Edit Hook
Through the process of photosynthesis, plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to build all the carbon-based compounds it needs for structure and function. When most plants die, these carbon-based compounds break down into their constituent components with a re-release of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Saguaro cactus uses some of the carbon dioxide it removes from the atmosphere to make compounds called oxalates which combine with calcium ions taken up from the soil by the plants roots. The resulting calcium oxalate takes a different path following the death of the cactus. Rather than degrade to its constituent components, calcium oxalate slowly transforms into solid calcium carbonate (calcite), thus essentially sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide into the soil.
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References
“Cacti contain large quantities of Ca Oxalate biominerals, with C derived from atmospheric CO2. Their death releases these biominerals into the environment, which subsequently transforms to calcite via a monohydrocalcite intermediate…Calcium oxalates form in plants from soil-derived Ca and biologically synthesized oxalate. The C in the oxalates forms from atmospheric CO2 (Catm) via a series of complex biochemical pathways…A large [Carnegiea] gigantea contains on the order of 1×105 g of the Ca oxalate weddellite—CaC2O4·2H2O. In areas with high C. gigantea density, there is an estimated 40 g Catm m−2 sequestered in Ca oxalates. Following the death of the plant, the weddellite transforms to calcite on the order to 10–20 years. In areas with high saguaro density, there is an estimated release of up to 2.4 g calcite m−2 year−1 onto the desert soil. Similar transformation mechanisms occur with the Ca oxalates that are abundant in the majority of cacti. Thus, the total atmospheric C returned to the soil of areas with a high number density of cacti is large, suggesting that there may be a significant long-term accumulation of atmospheric C in these soils derived from Ca oxalate biominerals. These findings demonstrate that plant decay in arid environments may have locally significant impacts on the Ca and inorganic C cycles.” (Garvie 2006:114)
“The source of the Ca in the saguaro is from water uptake by the roots of the rhizosphere. The Ca enters the soil solution as a result of abiotic and biotic dissolution of Ca-bearing minerals such as calcite, feldspars, and micas. While calcite is undoubtedly a significant source of Ca for the saguaro, the importance of other Ca-bearing minerals cannot be ignored…Organic acids produced by soil microorganisms and plant roots greatly enhance the dissolution of soil minerals, making essential plant nutrients available for transport by the xylem.” (Garvie 2006:117)
Journal article
Decay of cacti and carbon cyclingNaturwissenschaftenFebruary 1, 2006
Laurence A. J. Garvie
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Living System/s
Organism
SaguaroCarnegiea giganteaSpecies
Edit Living Systems | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The effects of the coronavirus pandemic have been far-reaching and for many have taken a psychological as opposed to physiological form, with studies showing that numbers of adults suffering from mental distress, anxiety and depression have risen to up to three times that of recent years. Given these figures, there has been considerable worry about how the situation has been affecting teenagers.
Adolescence is a developmental stage when social connections and a need to separate from parents become of great importance. So when the restrictions and lockdowns necessitated by the pandemic first began to come into force, there were fears about the emotional impact that school closures, a lack of opportunity to see friends, and being stuck at home with their families might have on teens' mental health.
Surprisingly, though, many teens seem to have reacted to the situation in unexpectedly positive ways.
Using four criteria - life satisfaction, happiness, loneliness and depression - to assess mental well-being, one survey of 1,523 North American teens carried out between May and June 2020 appears to show that their mental health has not suffered unduly over the pandemic, with percentages of unhappy or dissatisfied teens only slightly higher than they were in 2018, and percentages of depressed or lonely teens actually lower. The results are especially striking given the fact that nearly a third of those responding said that they knew people who had been diagnosed with COVID-19, a quarter had a parent who had been made redundant, a quarter were worried about their families not having enough to eat, and two-thirds were worried about not being able to see their friends.
There may be several reasons for this positive response. Firstly, most of the respondents reported spending increased amounts of time with their families, with over half saying the family now ate together, and almost 70% saying that the pandemic had brought their families closer. Positive family relationships are often linked to better mental health, so this increased family time may have actually helped teens manage the situation.
Another important factor is sleep. Adolescent brains need nine to ten hours of sleep a night, and sleep-deprived teens are more likely to suffer from depression, stress and lower levels of cognitive functioning. Teenagers' body clocks are programmed to go to sleep later in the evening and wake up later in the day, and now that they are not being forced to wake up early to get to school, teens are at greater liberty to follow these natural rhythms. In fact, the number of teens who said they usually slept seven or more hours a night has jumped from 55% in 2018 to 84%.
A third factor may also be linked to a decrease in - or more purposeful use of - social-media. Research has shown that using social media actively as opposed to passively (i.e. engaging directly with contacts rather than doomscrolling through endless posts) can be helpful for mental health, and in fact half the teens in the survey said they were avoiding using social media passively, with almost 80% saying social media had allowed them to connect with their friends during quarantine.
The survey seems to show that sleeping more, spending more time with family and using social-media in productive ways may have helped mitigate the potentially negative effects of lockdowns, personal distancing and quarantine for many teens – in fact, over half said that they felt the experience had made them more resilient. Let's hope that as things go forward, they continue to find equally positive ways to face what is undoubtedly an extremely challenging situation for them. | FINEWEB-EDU |
KFC to test vegetarian plant based fried chicken
KFC is joining the healthier food trend by testing vegetarian fried chicken. Foodbeast reports that it would be the first vegetarian fried chicken offered by a big-name quick-service chain. Louisville-based KFC will test the product in the United Kingdom, and Foodbeast says smaller restaurants there, such as Temple Seitan, are famous for their versions of plant-based fried chicken. Few details about the product were available, but it will use KFC's secret blend of 11 herbs and spices. KFC UK told Foodbeast that it is still working on the recipe and plans to test it with customers this year and launch the product next year. KFC UK hopes to cut its calories per serving by 20 percent in the next seven years, according to the report. And it will introduce meals that are under 600 calories by 2020. KFC, part of Louisville-based Yum Brands Inc. (NYSE: YUM) has no plans to introduce the product in the U.S. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
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