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66 and mounted her, and the colt ran behind. He managed to keep his seat for a long time, in spite of all her efforts to throw him, but at length he grew so weary that he fell fast asleep, and when he woke he found himself sitting on a log, with the halter in his hands. He jumped up in terror, but the mare was nowhere to be seen, and he started with a beating heart in search of her. He had gone some way without a single trace to guide him, when he came to a little river. The sight of the water brought back to his mind the fish whom he had saved from death, and he hastily drew the scale from his pocket. It had hardly touched his fingers when the fish appeared in the stream beside him.
‘What is it, my brother?’ asked the fish anxiously.
‘The old woman’s mare strayed last night, and I don’t know where to look for her.’
‘Oh, I can tell you that: she has changed herself into a big fish, and her foal into a little one. But strike the water with the halter and say, “Come here, O mare of the mountain witch!” and she will come.’
The prince did as he was bid, and the mare and her foal stood before him. Then he put the halter round her neck, and rode her home, the foal always trotting behind them. The old woman was at the door to receive them, and gave the prince some food while she led the mare back to the stable.
‘You should have gone among the fishes,’ cried the old woman, striking the animal with a stick.
‘I did go among the fishes,’ replied the mare; ‘but they are no friends of mine, for they betrayed me at once.’
‘Well, go among the foxes this time,’ said she, and returned to the house, not knowing that the prince had overheard her.
So when it began to grow dark the prince mounted the mare for the second time and rode into the meadows, and the foal trotted behind its mother. Again he
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Can you see a therapist if you’re a pilot?
The FAA encourages pilots to seek help if they have a mental-health condition since most, if treated, do not disqualify a pilot from flying. In fact, only about 0.1% of medical certificate applicants who disclose health issues are denied.
Can pilots go to couples therapy?
We lay this out in one of our articles for Flying. But essentially as long as the issue doesn't arise the the level of a medical diagnosis then you do not need to report family or marriage counseling.
Can you be a pilot with bipolar depression?
Disqualifying by lawBipolar Disorder is one of the federally mandated disqualifying medical conditions by 14 CFR 67. The primary reason is because of the significant risk of suicide in people with bipolar disorder compared to the general population.
Can you be a pilot with depression?
Truth: The FAA allows individuals with mental health conditions to apply for a special issuance medical certificate. Myth: If I report my mental health condition, chances are high that I may never get my FAA medical back. Truth: The FAA reports that 99% of deferred FAA medical applications are approved.
Can you have PTSD and be a pilot?
We have highlighted some of what a pilot with PTSD needs to qualify for a medical certificate before. If your symptoms were minor enough and you are greater than two years removed from any symptoms or treatment, then your history of PTSD should not disrupt the medical certification process.
Can pilots see therapists?
What mental health conditions disqualify you from being a pilot?
In addition to vision and hearing impairments, the FAA also requires pilots to be free of any mental disorders that could affect their ability to safely operate an aircraft. Mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder can all potentially disqualify a pilot from flying.
Why can’t pilots go to therapy?
Myth: I will lose my FAA medical if I seek help for any mental health situation. Truth: The FAA will be concerned if you are clinically diagnosed with a psychiatric condition (depressive disorders, psychosis, personality disorders, anxiety disorder or bipolar disorder) or a substance abuse disorder.
Can I have ADHD as a pilot?
Due to the risks to flight safety posed by ADHD, regulatory authorities worldwide consider ADHD a disqualifying condition for pilots. Unfortunately, pilots sometimes fail to disclose ADHD to their Aviation Medical Examiner (AME).
Can I be a pilot if I have autism?
Nevertheless, language skills and cognitive development are not impaired and someone diagnosed with Asperger syndrome may be able to acquire the skills necessary to function safely as a pilot or air traffic controller.
Can pilots fly with ADHD?
Aviation medical examiners receive new guidanceA recent change to the FAA policy regarding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will ease the medical certification burden for many pilots with a history that includes this diagnosis.
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Press Gang (disambiguation)
Press Gang is a British children's television series.
Press Gang may also refer to:
* Press gang or impressment, the practice of pressing men into military service
* Press Gang (comics), a fictional group in the Marvel Comics universe
* Press Gang Publishers, a Canadian book publishing company
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How to Choose a Flight Controller for Multi-Rotors
Multi-rotors today have found a great application in many fields like photography, surveillance, transport, remote sensing, rescue-and-relief and also in entertainment purposes like racing. All Multi-rotors have four segments, the airframe (main body of the drone),power electronics (brushless motors and Electronic Speed Controllers or ESCs), power unit (the battery and power distribution boards) and finally the most important, the control unit which has the main flight controller and the transmitter/receiver unit.
The performance and working of the first three segments largely depends on the flight controllers which are the central electronic processing units with a number of fixed purpose ports for power, instruments, power electronics respectively, they have a vast array of sensing instruments onboard like accelerometers (tilt, orientation & axial acceleration), gyroscopes (for rotation vectors and motion vectors), GPS or Global Positioning Systems (for geographic position coordinates), compass (for directional orientation) and so much more. Commercially available flight controllers have some or all of the above components depending on their complexity and use. The flight controller draws data from all of these instruments and couples it with the input from the pilot to facilitate the desired flight using its complex algorithms and programmed settings.
It is therefore very crucial for an enthusiast or a hobbyist to understand which flight controller must be chosen for the multi-rotor based on its purpose, use cases, desired flight characteristics and the set of instruments that may be added. This is important because there are many different types of flight controllers that are available in the market with the same purpose to control the flight of the drone but differ in a lot of aspects like the number of I/O (Input/ Output) ports, software algorithms, and setup, weight, shape, and complexity.
Purposes ranging from free-flying, photography, racing, heavy lift transport, automated flying to acrobatics, each have their own requirements like responsiveness, signal lag, digital encoding, charge dissipation, weight, processing power and so much more, all of which are characteristics of these flight controller boards which are built based on their purpose.
This article will separate all the flight controller boards based on common characteristics and purpose with use cases for each. Here, they shall be divided into classes as Class I, Class II and Class III with their description, properties, purpose, and examples. It is therefore recommended to carefully read through all the properties of each class before opting for any of the commercially available boards for a multi-rotor. Following is a brief description of the same as explained earlier:
Class I: Beginners and Casual Flying
Class I flight controllers are designed for people who are new to the multi-rotor platform designing and flying. They are generally pre-programmed for basic flight and simple functions that beginners get to use out-of-the-box without going through a complex set-up and tuning process but these boards do give a choice to do so if required. They are usually on the lower side on technical complexity with sensors and instruments on the bare minimum which is needed for a simple flight like just and an accelerometer and a gyroscope. With no additional ports to attach advanced sensor extensions and positioning tools, these boards are designed for casual flying and learning purposes. They are an excellent platform for new pilots to dip their hands-on drone flying and control with a sense of understanding of different characteristics of electronic device properties in the air. They have basic tuning options that the beginners can modify on their own in order to get desired flight characteristics if needed. It is important to note that they have a basic software user interface with little to less scope for heave modification and the developer community behind this class is not a significant one. It is a board designed with a plug-and-play mechanism to give a smooth and stable flying experience to learners with ease.
Following are some of their important characteristics:
1. Basic Input and Output ports.
2. Designed for beginners and casual flyers.
3. Low responsiveness.
4. Limited on-board instruments.
5. Low cost but decent performance.
6. Simple and easy user interface.
7. Limited scope for feature expansion.
Examples of flight controllers in this class are
1. KK Board Series: KK2.0, KK2.1, KK2.1.5
Best board for beginners that has an LCD screen built-in for users to set-up and tune the board and the drone anywhere without the need for a computer. With a high performance to cost ratio this board is widely used for learning drone control and flight principles. These boards are easily available with very few and minor differences in subsequent versions. They do not have a developer community supporting them actively but the in-built software suite has an excellent graphic user interface which is easy, powerful and effective. The KK board series have low voltage needs i.e. 3.3-5 Volts and supports battery eliminating circuits too. It is one of the few boards which also supports camera gimbals that keep photography cameras on the drone stable mid-air.KK Multirotor Flight Controller Board
2. Beta Flight: Open Pilot CC3D
CC3D flight controllers are all types of stabilization hardware that run the Open Pilot firmware. They can be configured to fly any airframe from fixed-wing to an octocopter using the Open Pilot Ground Control Station (GCS) software. The board was remodeled with an improved gyroscope sensor. This revision is called the CC3D. This board, however, requires a lot of pre-configuration and is not recommended as it’s a counterpart, i.e. the KK boards offer much more advantage.Open Pilot CC3D
Class II: Acrobatics and Racing
Class II flight controllers are designed from ground up for agile multi-rotors which are built for racing and very fast flying, because of this they are very compact and ultra-light. The flight controllers in this class have a very specific purpose of being very fast data processors and with their high responsivity, they make for an excellent choice for drones that need to be light, powerful, aerodynamic and ultra-maneuverable. These flight controllers have a very elaborate software suite complimenting them which allows experienced multi-rotor pilots to configure the board and fine-tune very intricate parameters to achieve desired flight characteristics. These boards also come with a very sensitive array of sensors (more than Class I) which includes, accelerometer, gyroscope, temperature and voltage sensor, rotation vector sensor and much more. GPS module can be attached to these boards too.
Following are some important characteristics of this class:
1. Compact and Lightweight
2. Faster in-built processor for agility.
3. On-board software algorithms are tuned for high responsiveness.
4. Have an external software suite for configuration with good developer community support.
5. Easy connection-making process.
6. Come with shock and crash-resistant circuit structures.
Examples of flight controllers in this class are:
1. SP Racing F3 Flight Controller ACRO Version
The SP Racing F3 Flight Controller is designed to give a flight performance based on a very accurate set of sensors and also providing unparalleled I/O capabilities in a small and extremely lightweight form-factor using a next-generation CPU which supports a high bit rate and input signal processing. There are several great features in this board starting with a trusted STM32 F3 processing unit with integrated hardware-based floating-point units for precise flight calculations and faster ARM-Cortex M4 cores SOC. It black box flight log recorder that will help you optimize your tuning by comparing the current with previous values. Some more great features are the additional built-in sensors with the barometer mounted on the bottom of the board for easy wind isolation and automated control. Dedicated output for programmable LEDs – great for orientation, racing and night flying. The vast number of I/O supports several features at one go.SP Racing F3 Flight Controller ACRO Version
2. Naze32 6DOF Flight Control Board
Designed for serious and experience multi-copter racers and extreme freestyle flyers, the Afro Flight designed Naze32 flight controller is the most used and supported flight controller today. With a 32bit ST microprocessor and a host of equally impressive sensors, this Rev6 Acro version comes with 16mbit memory and the BMP280 barometer. This board also comes with angled header pins and is configurable with base flight / Cleanflight via the onboard USB connector.Naze32 6DOF Flight Control board
Class III: Advanced Flying
Advanced class flight controllers are designed to be the absolute best at being the all-rounder solution to any multi-rotor flight purpose with having highly advanced microprocessors, specialized I/O ports for massive expansion options with additional sensors, GPS, self-made electronics, additional control boards, custom electronics and so much more. These boards have the best in class software suites that enable them to be customized and configured to the highest degree with ease.
They have a great developer community support and thee boards are the best for unconventional flying purposes like automated flying and bring countless and highly advanced features that simply awestruck many pilots to this day. With an extremely high performance to cost ratio, these flight controller boards are the best choice to make for any purpose as they can be customized with already tried and tested configuration to be the absolute best at any use case.
Due to this versatility of these boards, they are used widely for many purposes in research work, remote sensing purposes, in transport and delivery drones, photography and security purposes. Enthusiasts and hobbyists can even experiment with their self-made sensors and other electronics on them because of their advances general-purpose input and output ports.
Following are their common characteristics:
1. Most advanced electronics onboard.
2. A vast array of precision built-in sensors.
3. Option for massive expansion via I/O ports.
4. Low price and high performance.
5. Excellent software suite and support.
6. Lightweight with great computational power.
7. Best for all pilots overall.
Examples of flight controllers in this class are:
1. APM Flight Controller Series:
APM 2.8 Multicopter Flight Controller is an overhauled rendition of 2.5; 2.6 with a Built-in Compass for FPV RC Drone Aircraft is the new APM (Ardupilot Mega) 2.8, flight controller. The sensors are actually equivalent to the APM 2.6 flight controller, be that as it may, this has the alternative to utilize the inherent compass or an outer compass by means of a jumper. This makes the APM 2.8 perfect for use with multi-copters and wanderers. The APM 2.8 Multicopter Flight Controller is a finished open-source autopilot framework and the top of the line innovation that won the esteemed Outback Challenge UAV rivalry.
It enables the client to turn any fixed, revolving wing or multirotor vehicle (even autos and vessels) into a completely self-ruling vehicle; equipped for performing customized GPS missions with waypoints. This correction of the board has a discretionary installed compass, which is intended for vehicles (particularly multi-copters and meanderers) where the compass ought to be set as a long way from power and engine sources as conceivable to stay away from the attractive obstruction. (On the fixed-wing flying machine it’s regularly simpler to mount APM far enough away from the engines and ESCs to dodge attractive impedance, so this isn’t as basic, yet APM 2.8 gives greater adaptability in that situating and is a decent decision for them, as well). This is intended to be utilized with the 3DR uBlox GPS with Compass so the GPS/Compass unit can be mounted further from commotion sources than APM itself.APM Flight Controller Series
These are the different flight controllers available in the market. With the help of these flight controllers, the making of a drone has become much easier. Hope this helps. Also, be on the lookout for new blogs related to drones/quadcopters in this section.
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This page was created to be deleted as a test of the administrative tools. It has since been restored.
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Use this URL to cite or link to this record in EThOS: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518398
Title: Behavioural and biological relationships between leisure-time physical activity and health outcomes during shift- and night-work
Author: Fullick, Sarah
Awarding Body: Liverpool John Moores University
Current Institution: Liverpool John Moores University
Date of Award: 2010
Availability of Full Text:
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Abstract:
Shift-work is increasingly common in society and is associated with a number of health inequalities. The health effects of shift-work can include a redudion in quality and quantity of sleep, insomnia, chronic fatigue, anxiety and depreSSion,decreased vigilance, metabolic syndrome, adverse cardiovascular (especially blood pressure), gastrOintestinal effects and reproductive effects in women. Shift-work is also associated with disturbances to a workers domestic and social life. Physical activity is known to either prevent or alleviate these health inequalities in those with 'normal diurnal' lifestyles such as day-workers. However, shift-work generally decreases opportunities for physical adivity. Moreover, the favourable affects of physical activity on such health inequalities have not been confirmed in shift-workers. The studies in the present thesis are designed to examine the associations between shift-work and physical activity covering a wide range of physiological and psycho-social variables in shift-workers. The first descriptive study was designed to provide the first detailed and multi-researchstrategy examination of LTPA and its correlates in shift-workers. One hundred and sixty one shift-workers partiCipated in the initial cross-sectional study. A cohort of ten of these partiCipants also volunteered for further diary- and inteNiew-based studies. PartiCipants completed the SSI together with a LTPA questionnaire. Gender, job type, age and shift-work experience were explored as correlates of LTPA. The cohort also completed a 7-day diary and wore an accelerometer for assessment of activity counts during work, leisure, and bedtime when working each shift-type (days, nights and rest). Participants also completed a semi-strudured email-administered interview. The total energy expenditure per week in LTPA of male shift-workers was found to be twice that of women. Midwives recorded the lowest LTPA. Firefighters reported the most LTPA. The time spent out of bed during night shift days was 4-h higher compared with rest days. Data from this study indicated that LTPA is generally low amongst shift-workers, the majority of whom are overweight or obese. Jobtype and gender are much more influential on LTPA than age or experience. Shift-workers spend more of their time on rest days in bed. The second descriptive study was designed to explore the relationships between coping strategies adopted by shift-workers and their leisure-time energy expenditure. The importance of coping strategies has been highlighted in previous research. Ninety-five participants completed an adapted version of the completed the SSI together with a LTPA qUestionnaire. Predictors of age, time spent in shift-work, gender, marital status and the various shift-work coping indices were explored with step-wise multiple regression. Leisuretime energy expenditure over a 14-day period was entered as the outcome variable. Gender (p < 0.023) and time spent in shift-work (p < 0.051) were found to be predictors of energy expenditure, with the most experienced, male shift-workers expending the most energy during leisure-time. Overall 'disengagement' coping scores from the SSI were positively related to leisure-time energy expenditure (p < 0.054). In males, disengagement of sleep problems (p > 0.086) was found to be negatively correlated to energy expenditure, whereas disengagement of domestic-related problems was found to be positively related to energy expenditure (p < 0.001). These relations were not found in female shift-workers (p > 0.762). These data indicated that experienced male shift-workers participate in the most leisure-time physical activity. These people 'disengage' more from their domestic-related problems, but less from their sleep-related problems. The next laboratory-based study was designed to examine the acute effects of evening exercise and meal frequency on psychophysiological and performance-related variables during a subsequent period of simulated night-work. Nine healthy participants, completed at least two crossover trials beginning at 18:00 h. Between 19:00-20:00 h, participants either rested or exercised at 50%V02peak and then remained awake throughout the night, completing various tasks until 05:15 h. Six participants completed a total of four trials in which they exercised or rested while either one standardized (SOkJlkg) meal at 22:00 h or two smaller (30 kJ/kg) meals at 22:00 and 02:00 h were eaten. Core Body Temperature (Tc), wrist activity, mood, sleepiness, arousal, self-chosen work-rate, and reaction time were all measured throughout the simulated night-shift. Following exercise, Tcwas Significantly lower throughout the night-shift compared with no prior exercise (95% Cl = 0.00 to 1.01°C), even though wrist activity was higher and sleepiness was lower after exercise. Self-chosen workrate was significantly higher (95% Cl = 20 to 43 W) and reaction time faster during the nightshift that followed exercise. Reaction time and alertness were worst when only 1 meal was ingested during the night-shift (p <0.04). These data indicate that a single bout of evening exercise can improve sleepiness as well as mental and physical performance during a subsequent simulated night-shift ... The findings from the studies in this thesis indicate that many of the short-term health benefits of exercise are apparent in contexts of shift- and night -work. The relatively small final intervention study demonstrates the potential utility of an individualised lifestyle intervention based on motivational interviewing for shift-workers.
Supervisor: Not available Sponsor: Not available
Qualification Name: Thesis (Ph.D.) Qualification Level: Doctoral
EThOS ID: uk.bl.ethos.518398 DOI: Not available
Keywords: QP Physiology ; RC1200 Sports Medicine
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Dorothy Mackaill
Dorothy Mackaill (March 4, 1903 – August 12, 1990) was a British-American actress, most active during the silent-film era and into the pre-Code era of the early 1930s.
Early life
Born in Sculcoates, Kingston upon Hull, in 1903 (although she later would claim 1904 or 1905 as her year of birth, including on her petition for naturalization as a United States citizen, giving 1904 as the year), Mackaill lived with her father after her parents separated when she was around eleven years old. She attended Thoresby Primary School.
In one account of her teenage years, Mackaill ran away to London to pursue a stage career as an actress. Another version of this period of her life describes Mackaill as teaching a Saturday evening dancing class at her father’s academy when her talent was recognised by visitors who persuaded her father to send her to London to learn elocution and dancing. This she did at the Thorne Academy of Dramatic Art and Dancing in Wigmore Hall, attending the first of a two year course before leaving to start her paid career.
At age 16, Mackaill danced in Joybelles at London's Hippodrome and worked in Paris acting in a few minor Pathé films. She met a Broadway stage choreographer who persuaded her to migrate to New York City, where aged 17 she became active in the Ziegfeld Follies, dancing in his Midnight Frolic review.
Career
By 1920, Mackaill had begun making the transition from "Follies Girl" to film actress. That same year she appeared in her first film, a Wilfred Noy-directed mystery, The Face at the Window. Mackaill also appeared in several comedies of 1920 opposite actor Johnny Hines. In 1921, she appeared opposite Anna May Wong, Noah Beery and Lon Chaney in the Marshall Neilan-directed drama Bits of Life. In the following years, Mackaill would appear opposite such popular actors as Richard Barthelmess, Rod La Rocque, Colleen Moore, John Barrymore, George O'Brien, Bebe Daniels, Milton Sills and Anna Q. Nilsson.
Mackaill rose to leading-lady status in the drama The Man Who Came Back (1924), opposite rugged matinee idol George O'Brien. In 1924, she also starred in the western film The Mine with the Iron Door, shot on location outside of Tucson, Arizona. That same year, the Western Association of Motion Picture Advertisers of the United States presented Mackaill with one of its WAMPAS Baby Stars awards, which each year honored thirteen young women whom the association believed to be on the threshold of movie stardom. Other notable recipients of the award in 1924 were Clara Bow, Julanne Johnston and Lucille Ricksen. Her career continued to flourish throughout the remainder of the 1920s, as she made a smooth transition to sound with the part-talkie The Barker (1928).
Later career and retirement
In September 1928, First National Pictures was acquired by Warner Bros., and her contract with First National was not renewed in 1931. Her most memorable role of this era was the 1932 Columbia Pictures B film release Love Affair (1932) with a then little-known Humphrey Bogart as her leading man. She made several films for MGM, Paramount and Columbia before retiring in 1937, to care for her ailing mother. In 1955, Mackaill moved to Honolulu, Hawaii. She had fallen in love with the islands while filming His Captive Woman (1929). Mackaill lived at the luxurious Royal Hawaiian Hotel on the beach at Waikiki as a sort of celebrity-in-residence and enjoyed swimming in the ocean nearly every day.
She occasionally came out of retirement to appear in television productions, including two episodes of Hawaii Five-O in 1976 and 1980.
Personal life
Mackaill was married three times. Her first marriage was to German film director Lothar Mendes, on November 17, 1926. They divorced in August 1928. On November 4, 1931, she married radio singer Neil Albert Miller. They divorced in February 1934. Her third and final marriage was to horticulturist Harold Patterson in June 1947. She filed for divorce in December 1948.
Mackaill had no children.
Naturalization as United States citizen
Mackaill became a naturalized United States citizen in 1926, giving 1904 as her year of birth, and her age as 22.
Death
Mackaill resided in Honolulu, Hawaii, during the last 35 years of her life. She died there of liver failure in her room at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel on August 12, 1990. She was cremated and her ashes scattered off Waikiki Beach.
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Nashville Convention
The Nashville Convention was a political meeting held in Nashville, Tennessee, on June 3–11, 1850. Delegates from nine slave states met to consider secession, if the United States Congress decided to ban slavery in the new territories being added to the country as a result of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican–American War. The compromises worked out in Nashville paved the way for the Compromise of 1850, including the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, and for a time, preserved the union of the United States.
The previous year, firebrand states rights advocate John C. Calhoun had urged that a preliminary bipartisan Southern convention be held in Mississippi to address the growing issue of the Federal government placing limits on the growth of slavery. The delegates to the October 1, 1849, Mississippi Convention denounced the controversial Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in the Mexican Cession, the land taken from Mexico at the end of the Mexican–American War. and the slaveholding states agreed to send delegates to Nashville to define a resistance strategy in the face of perceived Northern aggression. Mississippi's legislature appropriated $20,000 for the expenses of their Nashville delegates and $200,000 for any "necessary measures for protecting the state ... in the event of the passage of the Wilmot Proviso."
176 delegates from Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, Florida, and Tennessee convened at the McKendree United Methodist Church in Nashville for nine days in June 1850. 101 of these delegates were from Tennessee, where each county had been allowed to send whomever it wished. In the other cases, the delegates were selected by the state legislatures. A small delegation from Louisiana had been blocked from attending by that state's moderate legislature.
After heated debate, the Southerners who urged secession if slavery were restricted in any of the new territories were eventually overruled by the moderates. Speaking for the moderate position, the presiding officer, Judge William L. Sharkey of Mississippi, declared that the convention had not been "called to prevent but to perpetuate the Union." Thus, the Nashville delegates, while they denounced Henry Clay's omnibus bill and reaffirmed the constitutionality of slavery in a series of 28 resolutions passed on June 10, agreed to a "concession" whereby the geographic dividing line designated by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 would be extended to the Pacific Coast. The convention adjourned without taking any action against the Union, and the issue of secession was temporarily tabled.
In September, the U.S. Congress enacted the Compromise of 1850, and President Millard Fillmore signed it into law. As a result, in November a smaller group of Southern delegates met in Nashville in a second session of the Nashville Convention, this time dominated by the extremists. They denounced the compromise and affirmed the right of individual states to secede from the Union. This second session had little national impact, but the seeds continued to be sown for the American Civil War.
Among the prominent pro-secession delegates at the Nashville Convention was Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, who would a decade later become President of the Confederate States. One delegate who supported the compromise was famed adventurer Sam Houston of Texas.
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Ancient Greece is a fascinating period in history that has captured the imagination of people for centuries. One of the most common questions that people have about this period is whether Ancient Greece was a kingdom. The answer to this question is not as straightforward as you might think, and it requires a closer look at the political structure of Ancient Greece.
City-States in Ancient Greece
One of the defining features of Ancient Greece was the fact that it was made up of several independent city-states. These city-states were essentially small countries, each with its own government, laws, and army. Some of the most well-known city-states include Athens, Sparta, and Corinth.
Of all the city-states in Ancient Greece, Athens is perhaps the most famous for its democratic system of government. In Athens, citizens had a say in how their city-state was run through a system of direct democracy. This meant that citizens would vote on important decisions themselves rather than having representatives do it for them.
While Athens was often held up as an example of democracy in action, it’s important to note that not all Greeks had access to this system. Women and slaves were excluded from participating in Athenian democracy.
On the other end of the spectrum was Sparta, which had an oligarchic form of government. In Sparta, power was concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites who ruled over the rest of society. The Spartan government was known for its strict laws and emphasis on military training.
Absence of a Centralized Monarchy
One thing that’s clear from looking at these two examples is that there was no centralized monarchy in Ancient Greece. While some city-states had kings or queens who held symbolic power, they did not have absolute control over their subjects like monarchs in other parts of the world.
Instead, power was distributed among different groups within each city-state. In Athens, for example, power was held by the citizens themselves rather than a king or queen. In Sparta, it was held by a small group of elites.
So, was Ancient Greece a kingdom? The answer is no.
While there were certainly rulers and governing bodies within each city-state, there was no centralized monarchy that ruled over all of Ancient Greece. Instead, the period was defined by the presence of several independent city-states with their own unique forms of government.
Overall, Ancient Greece is a complex and fascinating period in history that is still relevant today. By understanding the political structures of this period, we can gain a greater appreciation for how societies can organize themselves and make important decisions.
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Solved
external hard drive not detected
when i am connecting my external hdd its not getting detected even when the yellow light of the hdd is on. please suggest the appropriate solution to fix this
11 answers Last reply Best Answer
More about external hard drive detected
1. Best answer
We need more information.
1. Is this a new external hard drive that you have never used? If that is the case, you probably have to Initialize that HDD, and there are simple tools in Windows to do that.
2. Is this a unit that you were using successfully before this, but now it suddenly does not work? In that case there are several possible problems, and hence a sequence of diagnostic tests to try to clarify the real source of your trouble.
Answer those, and we can advise on your next steps.
2. Roolyloo70 said:
Really? And how do you test a drive which is not recognized by your O/S?
3. Actually, there are ways to use diagnostic tests on INTERNAL HDD's that can bypass a common OS and work directly with the HDD controllers. But they usually would require that the HDD unit in the external enclosure be removed and mounted internally in the computer (so there is no communications interface to deal with). However, there is no point in going to all that trouble unless you have good reason to suspect failed hardware. My post above was asking for more information so we could decide whether such testing was needed for OP's case. There was not enough info given originally to indicate whether there is a hardware issue, or whether the problem is much simpler, such as a user unfamiliar with how to install this new piece of equipment.
4. I am aware of methods and applications (Knoppix, for one, comes to mind and various other boot Cds) which can work around Windows not recognizing an INTERNAL HDD ( :) ) as you stated. My question was aimed at Roolyloo70 suggesting apps which are 'In O/S' based when clearly the O/S is not recognizing the drive. Your questions and suggestions were perfect mate.
5. Hey
Mine is an old HD and have been in use for sme time now
It lights up but I cant detect the HD
I need to retrieve the information and then i am planning to format it cos I think it s corrupt
I plan to sort my information and then put it back on HD
suggest appropriate way I can do this
6. Pradeep Kr said:
when i am connecting my external hdd its not getting detected even when the yellow light of the hdd is on. please suggest the appropriate solution to fix this
there is a simple solution to this problem. it is so simple that promise me that you will not try to hit the wall by your head.(this method will work on every desktop computer)
step 1. unplug your external hard drive
step 2. turn around you computer's cpu
step 3. find the usb ports on back of it
step 4. plug your hard drive in any of the ports
step 5. say thank you
7. hello
i have the same issue but my external is functioning im tranferring a file then it went off and i cant locate anymore the external.. i want to know how to solve it
thank.. please help me
jhoiye
8. Same problem here.. got seagate 500gb that works well on my laptop when I need to transfer it to my desktop (which I think is infected) as my kid wanted to see cartoon movies.
After my kid was finished viewing the movie on the desktop I transferred the external drive on my laptop and thats it, the drive did not show up even as i tried it to all usb port available. however the drive is visible on the icon below which safely takeout the harddrive. Im thinking that it could be a virus? and hoping there is a solution to this coz I have important files on it.
I'm using window7 32 bit. Thanks.
9. Is the unit that I have been using it successfully before this, but now it suddenly does not work?
10. jhoiye said:
hello
i have the same issue but my external is functioning im tranferring a file then it went off and i cant locate anymore the external.. i want to know how to solve it
thank.. please help me
jhoiye
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Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 24, 2011
The Peregrine Falcon is a cosmopolitan bird of prey in the family Falconidae. The Peregrine reaches speeds of over 320 km/h during its characteristic hunting stoop, making it the fastest extant member of the animal kingdom. The world's most widespread bird of prey, it can be found nearly everywhere on Earth, except extreme polar regions, very high mountains, and most tropical rainforests; the only major ice-free landmass from which it is entirely absent is New Zealand. While its diet consists almost exclusively of medium-sized birds, the Peregrine Falcon will occasionally hunt small mammals, small reptiles or even insects. Reaching sexual maturity at one year, it mates for life and nests in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, in recent times, on tall human-made structures. The Peregrine Falcon became an endangered species in many areas due to the use of pesticides, especially DDT. Since the ban on DDT from the beginning of the 1970s, the populations recovered, supported by large scale protection of nesting places and releases to the wild. (more...)
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Dictionary
neuraminidase
noun neur·amin·i·dase \ˌnr-ə-ˈmi-nə-ˌdās, ˌnyr-, -ˌdāz\
Definition of NEURAMINIDASE
: a hydrolytic enzyme that occurs on the surface of the pneumococcus, influenza-causing viruses, and some paramyxoviruses as an antigen and that splits mucoproteins by breaking a glucoside link
Origin of NEURAMINIDASE
neuraminic acid, an amino acid + -ide + -ase
First Known Use: 1957
neuraminidase
noun neur·amin·i·dase \ˌn(y)r-ə-ˈmin-ə-ˌdās, -ˌdāz\ (Medical Dictionary)
Medical Definition of NEURAMINIDASE
: a hydrolytic enzyme that occurs on the surface of the pneumococcus, the orthomyxoviruses, and some paramyxoviruses and that cleaves terminal acetylated neuraminic acids from sugar residues (as in glycoproteins and mucoproteins)
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refluent Hear it
Flowing back
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GOP hopes of keeping Senate brighten with Trump
After a summer of doom-and-gloom predictions that the Senate was all but lost, Republicans are in the midst of an upswing that’s put them in better position to hang on than at any point since the 2014 midterms. The GOP has hit a gusher of money from outside groups, forcing Democrats to shift their campaign tactics in difficult races. A spate of recent polls show Republicans gaining or even jumping ahead in competitive states thought to be slipping away. And, above all, presidential winds have shifted unexpectedly in their favor. Hillary Clinton’s struggles are dragging down Democrats just as Donald Trump’s more conventional campaign of late has allayed fears of a down-ticket deluge. There's still plenty of time before the election for fortunes to change again. Democrats are still favored to take the chamber by a narrow margin, thanks to an electoral map tilted decidedly in their direction. In a sign of bullishness, the party is pushing into some right-of-center states where GOP incumbents are more vulnerable than expected, such as North Carolina and Missouri. But the fact that the GOP is even in the conversation is stunning to senior members of both parties. “As you’ve seen Trump improve his game and you’ve seen the shrinking difference between Trump and Clinton, obviously he’s not the drag he was on our down-ballot candidates,” said Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas), a two-time former chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. “It makes people feel better about our prospects. But having said that, there’s 55 days until the election, and something could happen at the debates that changes the whole dynamic.” The GOP’s financial advantage is the Democrats’ chief worry — and for good reason. The Senate Leadership Fund, a super PAC with close ties to Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.), and the related One Nation raised an astonishing $42 million in August, and Republicans are hoping wealthy donors prioritize cash for Senate races regardless of Trump’s fortunes. Senate Leadership Fund currently has $58.7 million of television ad spending slated for the fall spread across eight key Senate races: New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Nevada, Missouri, North Carolina, Indiana and Florida. SLF also spent about $3.5 million earlier this year in Florida and in Indiana, where the group played in favor of Rep. Todd Young in the GOP primary there. One Nation, the affiliated nonprofit, has spent $25 million on issues ads in seven of the Senate battlegrounds, a spokesman said. While Democrats have kept pace at the campaign committee level — the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee has consistently outraised the NRSC — the concern is that GOP outside groups will swamp Democrats in fundraising in the final weeks of the campaign. Senate Majority PAC, the main super PAC dedicated to electing Democrats to the Senate, has spent $30.3 million as of Sept. 19 and has reserved an additional $31 million in Florida, Pennsylvania, Nevada and New Hampshire, according to a spokesman — figures that will likely change as the landscape evolves. Majority Forward, the group’s allied 501(c)4, has spent about $5.3 million. But in a sharp contrast, Senate Majority PAC had raised $31 million this entire cycle as of July 31 — a figure dwarfed by Senate Leadership Fund’s one-month haul in August. Majority PAC, which files its reports monthly, will disclose its August numbers next week. “Yes, it’s more challenging now than it once was,” Illinois Sen. Dick Durbin, the second-ranking Senate Democrat, said Wednesday. “Our candidates, I think, are quality candidates and are going to win and give us the majority. But it’s tougher now because of all this money.” Polling is also trending the GOP’s way. Sen. Kelly Ayotte (R-N.H.), who’d been running neck-and-neck with Democrat Maggie Hassan in polling, posted an 8-point lead in the latest NBC/Wall Street Journal/Marist poll, released earlier this week. In the Nevada Senate contest, a Monmouth Poll released Wednesday had Republican Joe Heck leading Democrat Catherine Cortez Masto by 3 points in a race long believed to tilt toward Democrats. And in Florida, Democrat Patrick Murphy has never led in public polling since Republican Marco Rubio decided at the last minute in June to run for reelection. “I think the fact that Marco’s putting away the race in Florida is good for us because it saves a ton of money,” said South Dakota Sen. John Thune, the No. 3 Senate Republican. If Florida is increasingly out of reach for Democrats, the party could have opportunities in a pair of states that are cheaper to advertise in: North Carolina and, to a lesser extent, Missouri. Democrats are angling to take out both Sens. Richard Burr of North Carolina and Roy Blunt of Missouri, hoping that anti-incumbent sentiment in those states will play in their favor. The topic of Senate control dominated both parties’ caucus meetings this month, even as congressional leaders try and hash out a deal to keep the government open. Republicans on Tuesday praised vice-presidential nominee Mike Pence for steadying the ticket, and McConnell, stressing the GOP’s brightening prospects, persuaded GOP senators to funnel $4 million from their own accounts into Senate Republican coffers. At one recent lunch meeting attended by Senate Democrats, DSCC Chairman Jon Tester went into detail about how close the battle for Senate control has become, especially as Trump has closed the gap with Clinton. Rather than a blue wave, Democrats are girding for a dogfight — and hoping their donors aren’t taking the favorable map for granted. “The last few days have been a wake-up call,” said one Democratic senator. “We’re worried about our donors becoming complacent,” added another. Democrats need to pick up five seats, or four if Clinton wins. Republicans currently control 54 seats, to 46 for Democrats. “I’m not counting on a wave. What I’m counting on is my candidates to perform,” Tester said in an interview. “What I am saying to everybody in our caucus and to Democrats around the country, is: Don’t assume things will happen just because somebody said it’s going to happen. It’s going to take a lot of work.” Democratic officials still believe Illinois and Wisconsin — where incumbent Republicans Mark Kirk and Ron Johnson, respectively, have struggled — are all but in the bag. They remain bullish about Indiana, though Democrat Evan Bayh’s once-massive polling advantage over Young has shrunk. If those three states hold, Democrats would need to win just one more seat, assuming Clinton prevails. A number of states could be the majority-maker in that scenario, such as New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, North Carolina or Missouri. Democrats have ramped up spending in the latter two states recently. “The only ways they are doing better than I expected is the many millions of dollars the Koch brothers are dumping in,” Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) said in an interview Wednesday. “She’s going to win the presidency, and we’re going to take control of the Senate.” But Democratic strategists who’d been salivating over a national wave — one that might gush into lower-tier territory like Iowa, Kentucky, Arizona and Georgia — are now narrowing their sights a bit. They concede the Senate will likely be won or lost in a small number of battleground states inundated with outside money. As of Wednesday, outside spending had reached $50 million in both Pennsylvania and Ohio, $30 million in New Hampshire and $25 million in Nevada. “The amount of money being spent is outrageous,” said Sen. Jeanne Shaheen (D-N.H.). “Despite all of the money that’s been spent, people view Gov. Hassan very favorably.” Though Ayotte posted the recent 8-point lead, the RealClearPolitics polling average shows a much closer race in New Hampshire. In Pennsylvania, Republican Sen. Pat Toomey has made up some ground in recent polling and is now essentially tied against Democrat Katie McGinty, according to the RCP average. And in Nevada, RCP shows Heck leading Cortez Masto by 1.5 points. Republicans probably need to take all three states to have a shot at keeping the Senate. In another encouraging sign for the GOP, Democrats have a 3.3-point edge in the generic congressional ballot, according to RCP, a smaller advantage than is typical before a wave election. “I think we would squeak through with a victory today,” NRSC Chairman Roger Wicker of Mississippi said Wednesday. “It’s a very close contest with a lot of seats in play, and we’ve had a very good couple of weeks. That doesn’t make me the least bit overconfident.”
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Quartz + Hibernate + PostgreSQL = Проблема с BYTEA и OID
В настоящее время работаю над одной клиент-серверной системой, использующей для поддержки персистентности широко известный Hibernate (а в качестве бэкэнда - СУБД PostgreSQL). И не далее как на прошлой неделе столкнулся с одной забавной проблемкой.
Понадобилось прикрутить к системе Quartz Scheduler, дабы была возможность запускать отдельные задачи "по расписанию". Для того, чтобы зареганные таски загадочно не исчезали после падения внеплановых остановов серверов ;), старина Quartz умеет сохранять данные о них в БД, стоит только поплясать над его конфигом. В целях максимальной переносимости Quartz использует JDBC, а вместе с дистрибутивом идет ряд SQL-скриптов, создающих все необходимые Quartz'у объекты в БД. Меня такое положение дел мягко сказать не удовлетворило и, думаю, многие в этом плане будут со мной полностью солидарны... Кому нужны дополнительные приплясывания, связанные с подготовкой структуры базы при развертывании системы? Пускай эта "нелегкая" задача ложится на плечи современных ORM-технологий.
Однако здесь то и возникла основная проблема. Все пользовательские данные задачи Quartz хранит в HashMap, а в базе - в бинарном виде. PostgreSQL предоставляет два способа хранения бинарных данных - поля BYTEA и OID (Large Object). Quartz работает с BYTEA, а Hibernate мэппит поля, помеченные JPA-аннотацией @Lob в OID. Т.е., при мэппинге вместо:
JOB_DATA BYTEA NULL
получаем:
JOB_DATA OID
И, как следствие, полный лог счастья...
Научить Hibernate работать с BYTEA - означает отказаться от одного из главных преимуществ его использования - переносимости. Уж лучше научить Quartz работать с OID. Благо такая возможность существует. Все средства работы с базой, не зависимые от конкретной СУБД, в Quartz'е сосредоточены в классе org.quartz.impl.jdbcjobstore.StdJDBCDelegate. Далее есть ряд классов-делегатов, расширяющих StdJDBCDelegate и предназначенных для работы с конкретными СУБД. Среди них можно найти и класс org.quartz.impl.jdbcjobstore.PostgreSQLDelegate, но мы о нем забудем, работа с BYTEA нам не нужна. Напишем свою реализацию делегата.
Собственно, все что нам нужно - это переопределить 3 метода класса StdJDBCDelegate:
Object getObjectFromBlob(ResultSet rs, String columnName)
throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException;
Object getJobDetailFromBlob(ResultSet rs, String columnName)
throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException;
void setBytes(PreparedStatement ps, int index, ByteArrayOutputStream baos)
throws SQLException;
Работа с сохранением и извлечением бинарных данных подробно расписана в документации на сайте PostgreSQL. Далее приводится код моего делегата.
package com.tuneit.wf.scheduled.quartz;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.postgresql.PGConnection;
import org.postgresql.largeobject.LargeObject;
import org.postgresql.largeobject.LargeObjectManager;
import org.quartz.impl.jdbcjobstore.StdJDBCDelegate;
/**
* <p>
* This is a driver delegate for the PostgreSQL JDBC driver.
* </p>
*
* @author Ruslan F. Isbarov
* @version 1.0
*/
public class PostgreSQLDelegate extends StdJDBCDelegate {
/**
* <p>
* Create new PostgreSQLDelegate instance.
* </p>
*
* @param log the logger to use during execution
* @param tablePrefix the prefix of all table names
*/
public PostgreSQLDelegate(Log log, String tablePrefix,
String instanceId) {
super(log, tablePrefix, instanceId);
}
/**
* <p>
* Create new PostgreSQLDelegate instance.
* </p>
*
* @param log the logger to use during execution
* @param tablePrefix the prefix of all table names
* @param useProperties use java.util.Properties for storage
*/
public PostgreSQLDelegate(Log log, String tablePrefix,
String instanceId, Boolean useProperties) {
super(log, tablePrefix, instanceId, useProperties);
}
/**
* <p>
* This method should be overridden by any delegate subclasses that need
* special handling for BLOBs. The default implementation uses standard
* JDBC <code>java.sql.Blob</code> operations.
* </p>
*
* @param rs the result set, already queued to the correct row
* @param columnName the column name for the BLOB
* @return the deserialized Object from the ResultSet BLOB
* @throws ClassNotFoundException
* if a class found during deserialization cannot be found
* @throws IOException if deserialization causes an error
*/
@Override
protected Object getObjectFromBlob(ResultSet rs, String columnName)
throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException {
try {
// Get bytes from the ResultSet BLOB.
byte[] buffer = getBytes(rs, columnName);
// Get the object from input stream.
Object object = null;
if (buffer != null && buffer.length != 0) {
ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(buffer);
ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(bais);
try {
object = ois.readObject();
} finally {
ois.close();
}
}
return object;
} catch (SQLException e) {
logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
throw e;
}
}
/**
* <p>
* This method should be overridden by any delegate subclasses that need
* special handling for BLOBs for job details. The default implementation
* uses standard JDBC <code>java.sql.Blob</code> operations.
* </p>
*
* @param rs the result set, already queued to the correct row
* @param columnName the column name for the BLOB
* @return the deserialized Object from the ResultSet BLOB
* @throws ClassNotFoundException
* if a class found during deserialization cannot be found
* @throws IOException if deserialization causes an error
*/
@Override
protected Object getJobDetailFromBlob(ResultSet rs, String columnName)
throws ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException {
if (canUseProperties()) {
try {
// Get bytes from the ResultSet BLOB.
byte[] buffer = getBytes(rs, columnName);
if (buffer != null && buffer.length != 0) {
return new ByteArrayInputStream(buffer);
}
return null;
} catch (SQLException e) {
logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
throw e;
}
}
return getObjectFromBlob(rs, columnName);
}
/**
* Returns a byte array from BLOB
*
* @param rs the result set, already queued to the correct row
* @param columnName the column name for the BLOB
* @return byte array from the ResultSet BLOB
*/
protected byte[] getBytes(ResultSet rs, String columnName) throws SQLException {
Connection connection = null;
try {
// Get DB connection.
connection = rs.getStatement().getConnection();
// Store previous auto-commit state.
boolean autoCommitState = connection.getAutoCommit();
// All LargeObject API calls must be within a transaction block.
connection.setAutoCommit(false);
// Get the Large Object Manager to perform operations with.
LargeObjectManager largeObjectManager =
((PGConnection) connection).getLargeObjectAPI();
// Get OID.
long oid = rs.getLong(columnName);
// Load LO.
LargeObject largeObject =
largeObjectManager.open(oid, LargeObjectManager.READ);
// Read the data.
byte buffer[] = new byte[largeObject.size()];
largeObject.read(buffer, 0, largeObject.size());
// Close the object.
largeObject.close();
// Finally, commit the transaction.
connection.commit();
// Restore auto-commit state.
connection.setAutoCommit(autoCommitState);
return buffer;
} catch (SQLException e) {
logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
if (connection != null) {
try {
connection.rollback();
} catch (Exception ignored) {
}
}
throw e;
}
}
/**
* Sets the designated parameter to the byte array of the given
* <code>ByteArrayOutputStream</code>. Will set parameter value to null if the
* <code>ByteArrayOutputStream</code> is null.
* This just wraps <code>{@link PreparedStatement#setBytes(int, byte[])}</code>
* by default, but it can be overloaded by subclass delegates for databases that
* don't explicitly support storing bytes in this way.
*/
@Override
protected void setBytes(PreparedStatement ps, int index,
ByteArrayOutputStream baos) throws SQLException {
Connection connection = null;
try {
// Get DB connection.
connection = ps.getConnection();
// Store auto-commit state.
boolean autoCommitState = connection.getAutoCommit();
// All LargeObject API calls must be within a transaction block.
connection.setAutoCommit(false);
// Get the Large Object Manager to perform operations with.
LargeObjectManager largeObjectManager =
((PGConnection) connection).getLargeObjectAPI();
// Create a new large object.
long oid = largeObjectManager.createLO(
LargeObjectManager.READ | LargeObjectManager.WRITE
);
// Open the large object for writing.
LargeObject largeObject =
largeObjectManager.open(oid, LargeObjectManager.WRITE);
// Copy the data from stream to the large object
largeObject.write((baos == null) ? new byte[0] : baos.toByteArray());
// Close the large object
largeObject.close();
ps.setLong(index, oid);
// Finally, commit the transaction.
connection.commit();
// Restore auto-commit state.
connection.setAutoCommit(autoCommitState);
} catch (SQLException e) {
logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
if (connection != null) {
try {
connection.rollback();
} catch (Exception ignored) {
}
}
throw e;
}
}
}
Все! Собираем, пакуем, кладем куда нам вздумается (главное, чтобы наше творение попало в CLASSPATH). И напоследок прописываем наш делегат в конфиге quartz.properties:
#==============================
# Configure JobStore
#==============================
org.quartz.jobStore.misfireThreshold = 60000
org.quartz.jobStore.class = org.quartz.impl.jdbcjobstore.JobStoreTX
org.quartz.jobStore.driverDelegateClass
= com.tuneit.wf.scheduled.quartz.PostgreSQLDelegate
org.quartz.jobStore.dataSource = WF2Pool
org.quartz.jobStore.tablePrefix = QRTZ_
org.quartz.jobStore.isClustered = false
Enjoy!
Назад Вперед
Область моих профессиональных интересов:
• - языки программирования Java, C/C++, C#;
• - базы данных;
• - криптография;
• - разработка корпоративных информационных систем с использованием различных технологий;
• - разработка приложений для устройств с ограниченными возможностями;
• - проектирование программных систем;
• - управление проектами;
• и многое другое...
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The start of the next leg down or classic bear trap? 5-23-23 SPY/ ES Futures, QQQ and VIX Daily Market Analysis
Last week I said I was still bullish on SPY and that I did think we would see 430… I still feel that way and I think that we are seeing the pullback before the next move up playing out here perfectly.
​
https://preview.redd.it/xpnzrqlx7n1b1.png?width=975&format=png&auto=webp&s=cfca3733ae3c70c56371aa01abb439fe086702ba
Before the bears absolutely took the bulls by the horn middle of day and plunged them off the cliff… I was targeting two major support areas on SPY and QQQ for tomorrow… while anyone who follows me know on a daily time frame my timing may not always be perfect (as I expected tomorrow) my levels almost always play out… Being that these levels played out a day early for me… I actually am expecting a bounce tomorrow… or by EOW minimally.
**SPY DAILY SUPPLY AND DEMAND**
​
https://preview.redd.it/hxa53g2y7n1b1.png?width=975&format=png&auto=webp&s=dc175a508967bb1e0e0170789e8d9cac3cf3f834
From a supply and demand standpoint we had a huge day… so we put in a new supply (resistance) at 418.78. This now makes this 418.78 to 419.5 a major supply and resistance area. In doing this we have no retraced all the way back down to take out 416.75, 415.58 and 413.91… we did fall just shy of touching 413.05 supply just under the daily 20ema though.
Taking out the daily 8ema is a bearish omen for the markets, however, bouncing off the 20ema like we did today is bullish in nature. This should be seen as a support bounce rather than a bigger sell off for now.
However, IF we continue to leg down tomorrow and close a candle under 413.05 supply which is the daily 20ema then I actually might be more apt for a that we see a retrace back to 410.2 demand (Support) before we bounce. This might be an example of being a day early for the bounce.
**SPY DAILY PRICE ACTION**
​
https://preview.redd.it/4anbi8ly7n1b1.png?width=975&format=png&auto=webp&s=466405364f29c67c25a0ff347e51cc5fd4ebe747
Bears took us all the way down through the daily 8ema and bounced us right off that red support line at 413.7. As of now that should still be considered support until proven other wise.
Support for tomorrow of that line will be 414.6 meaning bulls need a small gap up overnight in order to reconfirm and hold that support with hopes of a push up to the 417/418 area.
Now if this is the next leg down what bears need to do is break through 414.6 support and most importantly break under the daily 20ema and close a candle below it… If you remember we traded in that 410.2 to 413.9 range for almost 3 weeks before we finally broke out to 420… this actually is a back test of that support of that range. This is the bulls attempt to turn previous resistance into support.
Failing to do that would result in a retrace back to the 410 range. To really sell this market off bears need a closure under 410.2. That 410.2 level is our daily demand so that likely would be a major support bounce area for bulls.
SPY Daily Levels
Supply- 413 -> 418.8
Demand- 410.2
Support- 414.1 -> 412.3 -> 410.2
Resistance- 417.1 -> 418.6
**FUTURES DAILY SUPPLY AND DEMAND**
​
https://preview.redd.it/heeklg2z7n1b1.png?width=772&format=png&auto=webp&s=519662e80b9ac77085a70549a277d18c51d37076
Nearly identical movement from futes today setting a new supply at 4208. In doing this we would have expected the move down to the 4149/4143 supply area. We did come down and perfectly bounced off 4153. As of right now that is major support to watch.
There is a chance overnight bears get this to 4149 to take out that supply but from here I expect a bounce off the daily 20ema.
If bears continue their sell off though the biggest support will come at the 4127 demand.
**FUTURES DAILY PRICE ACTION**
​
https://preview.redd.it/tjx729hz7n1b1.png?width=975&format=png&auto=webp&s=98ddaa876ef8a04e0de3dd79fbfda243054e28cc
Futures did not quite breakdown and touch that red support line that SPY did today. However, Futures did come down and perfectly back test and bounce off 4153 support form the previous 4122 to 4153 channel.
We also are setting up to close exactly on the daily 20ema which would favor a possible double bottom support bounce and move back up.
The most probable play out here is a double bottom off 4158 that leads to a move back up to the 4172 to 4188 area.
However, if bears manage to break this down further then support is at 4125 if we see back to back selling off happen.
Futures Daily Levels
Supply- 4149 -> 4208
Demand- 4128 -> 4198
Support- 4158 -> 4125
Resistance- 4172 -> 4189
**QQQ Supply and Demand DAILY**
​
https://preview.redd.it/de7nq8zz7n1b1.png?width=948&format=png&auto=webp&s=93498a1053eb6d526ab81b64a62d534b69d3b2fb
I said last week I was looking for a possible sell off back to the daily 8ema being that QQQ is in extreme bull momentum in order to find an opportunity for a long entry. We are looking to be getting just that.
The daily officially turned 337.63 into a new supply… In doing so we come down and take out 337.29 and 333.11 supply. Now we do have another supply left down below at 326.82 but that is at the daily 20ema. That would be a larger sell off and with us being in extreme bull momentum I would be very surprised to see that move happen (not that it cant happen though).
I will be looking for the bulls to bounce off the daily 8ema tomorrow and look for a run back to the 336.37 demand area.
However, If this sell off continues then are most probable sell off target is that 326.82 supply which is also the daily 20ema. 325-326 is a pretty strong demand (Support) area that we would need more momentum to break through.
QQQ Daily Levels
Supply- 337.6 -> 326.82 -> 322.31
Demand- 336.37 -> 325.99 -> 324.99
**VIX**
​
https://preview.redd.it/elwg2ng08n1b1.png?width=975&format=png&auto=webp&s=80517c7a8dbc35e92590dba9b9a1062aef7261a3
The VIX actually had a really nice breakout today and after bouncing off the 16 support area 3 days ago now this is now retesting critical resistance at 18.86. IF the bears (spy) can close the VIX over 18.86 and target 20.08 then I would believe in a bigger sell off on SPY happening. However, this is a probable rejection area for the VIX. Even if the VIX gets to 20.08 we still honestly are more likely to reject then we are to sell off…
There just isn’t any real momentum to the downside and even watching the intraday movement today the dip continues to get bought.
With no debt ceiling talks till tomorrow minimum and FOMC minutes at 2pm we likely are to return to a slightly bullish narrative. There is a chance the market could bearishly take what JPOW had to say at FOMC but historically they usually receive FOMC minutes well not poorly.
​
https://preview.redd.it/ndrrkwv08n1b1.png?width=756&format=png&auto=webp&s=654018e23491d451e942967ccbfa2222fd1a7a11
Yellen is scheduled to talk at 1005am though so that could be a true wildcard. Tomorrow with Yellen and FOMC minutes is likely to be very volatile.
**DAILY TRADING LOG**
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https://preview.redd.it/5il29mb18n1b1.png?width=670&format=png&auto=webp&s=908eb23f35c3077d87c6855c63ccab1292ea5aa2
I really struggled this morning in that very tight range and chop… just seemed like premiums weren’t paying out for the move that was happening. However, was really able to capitalize on that mid day sell off and overall had a great day trading. Intraday secured another weeks of profit goal. Currently even if my QQQ and SPY Call lottos go to zero tomorrow I have officially secured 2.5x my weekly profit goal… if they don’t go to zero tomorrow then im sitting at 3x weekly profits goal.
Currently assuming my week ends profitable this will be my 8th green week in a row… that makes it tied for my second longest win streak in a row… my longest current win streak (since I have started documenting the way I do now… remember I used to work full time as a nurse and just traded in my off times) is 10 weeks in a row of green.
Just for transparency my longest red streak is 4 weeks in a row.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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bookmark_borderSQL: Delete all Rows with “foo” in the String
Let’s say you’re building something cool and you try to share this amazing thing with a friend. Then that friend decides to blow your DB up with useless entries. Because that is what friends do.
In such a scenario, you might end up with something like this:
select count(*) from table;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 12687 |
+----------+
If this is you, you might find yourself a bit distraught. But that’s ok, life is not that bad. Hopefully your friend did something like this:
| 12674 | foofoo12664 | foofoo12664@gmail.com | foofoo12664 | $2y$10$102qeaPYWOzdIrXX2xNTIeOfEjHDKPW9xSRpByRTXas1MgkF7SOby | NULL |
| 12675 | foofoo12665 | foofoo12665@gmail.com | foofoo12665 | $2y$10$rcwXM0qSM20OrY8RQIQtU.ztcy5B2kVlT1C09R1ugJudxDBWw.7BK | NULL |
| 12676 | foofoo12666 | foofoo12666@gmail.com | foofoo12666 | $2y$10$kCzO15VoVs.l5F2112WY8eAyByLz9Bm1AC/bklQRE3pddWEEjWqHm | NULL |
| 12677 | foofoo12667 | foofoo12667@gmail.com | foofoo12667 | $2y$10$lVZVuNIhAwVPTmuJpyyUoO1..HQJhcFmqiGYVBdMCYlLIip4m8xr. | NULL |
| 12678 | foofoo12668 | foofoo12668@gmail.com | foofoo12668 | $2y$10$X8RplBFJpeShCg0qnsy64ecloXAtRfotgymi2WR709bTZ6.uN4kem | NULL |
| 12679 | foofoo12669 | foofoo12669@gmail.com | foofoo12669 | $2y$10$LVCjD9fqOVXi6A2LVX5FMOSTWnwq5WUK959Kw/M1QeTUsO3qaTBcm | NULL |
| 12680 | foofoo12670 | foofoo12670@gmail.com | foofoo12670 | $2y$10$smcLn6eirBkKeZayWVP4mONcoRfEWJOwYRbK08LndCO4F2hJ2Xj.G | NULL |
| 12681 | foofoo12671 | foofoo12671@gmail.com | foofoo12671 | $2y$10$mY11LeuTrz4sPLRov2nJceY974TDUIzqzO5spzTkKUDJowMpyszkW | NULL |
| 12682 | foofoo12672 | foofoo12672@gmail.com | foofoo12672 | $2y$10$fZJEkthgTXsWHRVYBsQMHuqJFn6FFIHg1vqibm8hqVH4f0yAbuHk2 | NULL |
| 12683 | foofoo12673 | foofoo12673@gmail.com | foofoo12673 | $2y$10$1/swwPhmHy66Oole.6Fepeh4hxJDwlOroMlDtCkgggxnsQsjAC86. | NULL |
| 12684 | foofoo12674 | foofoo12674@gmail.com | foofoo12674 | $2y$10$Whrwt8j19R4jFC6KdjGLoupsG78mH2fTzXIR78.lfQ/6xtZ/mNc3u | NULL |
| 12685 | foofoo12675 | foofoo12675@gmail.com | foofoo12675 | $2y$10$U0o9q3xWAOD2q/L2MBWn/OH4M5mJPODuk07fnfGIbTeKgaLDbBnka | NULL
In this scenario you can see common each row has similarities (i.e., “foofoo”). Because of this you can open your terminal and use the “Delete” command like this:
DELETE FROM table WHERE usersUid LIKE 'foofoo%';
This will remove each record in the table. This is what you need to know of the command above:
tablethe table storing the data;
usersUidthe column you are going to query;
%his operator is the wildcard, in my scenario I wanted it to delete every row that started with “foofoo” because that was the syntax they used. If I used the % operator before the query words, it would look for that syntax anywhere in the string.
You can then buy your friend a bag of coal for the holidays.
Cheers.
bookmark_borderCreate MySql Database Backup in Linux Using MariaDB
If you need to do a MySQL database backup in linux, this is the basic command structure you want to use:
# mysqldump -u [username] -p [database name] > [filename]-$(date +%F).sql
This will prompt the password when you hit enter.
Continue reading “Create MySql Database Backup in Linux Using MariaDB”
bookmark_borderMySQL – ERROR 1819 (HY000): Your password does not satisfy the current policy requirements
If you run into this error it’s a strong indicator that the Password Validation Plugin is installed.
The quick and dirty way to fix this is to uninstall the plugin. You will need to be the root user in the database.
Continue reading “MySQL – ERROR 1819 (HY000): Your password does not satisfy the current policy requirements”
bookmark_borderSetting Root Password on MySql when it’s Empty
I was working on one of my servers when I realized that I had done a bone-head mistake. I left the root password blank in MySQl.
It was not as easy as I thought to fix the problem. There were a couple of things I didn’t account for, specifically that when you’re initially setting up MySQL on Ubuntu and don’t provide a password to the root user, it will use the auth_socket plugin. That plugin doesn’t care and doesn’t need a password. It just checks if the user is connecting using a UNIX socket and then compares the username.
Continue reading “Setting Root Password on MySql when it’s Empty”
bookmark_borderHow do you show and update a MySQL database in a linux terminal?
This post will walk you through the process of showing and updating a MySQL database via terminal.
We’ll use a WordPress installation because it has an established database schema. The principles apply to any database.
Continue reading “How do you show and update a MySQL database in a linux terminal?”
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Path:okDatasheet > Datasheet Semiconductor > PanJit Datasheet > PanJit-58
P4KE350 P4SMAJ26 1SMC5369 1SMB3EZ56 SB3040CT SB250 SA70 SA8.0CA P4KE350C 1.5SMCJ8.5CA 3.0SMCJ24A UF150 1N5404 GBJ10J GBPC25005W 1SMB2EZ75 15KP18 BZX84C3V6W SA110A 1SMB5953 1N5383B P6KE15C SA13A ER102 UF1008F FL400 3KP54
PanJit Catálogo de datos-58
Parte NoFabricanteAplicación
SB150 PanJitSchottky barrier rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 50 V. Max average forward rectified current 0.375inches lead length at Ta = 75degC 1.0 A.
SA160CA PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 500 Watt peak pulse power. Vrwm = 160.00V, Vbr(min/max) = 178.00/205.00V, It = 1 mA.
SA6.5A PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 500 Watt peak pulse power. Vrwm = 6.50V, Vbr(min/max) = 7.22/8.30V, It = 10 mA.
P4KE350 PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 400 Watt peak power. 1.0 Watt steady state. Vrwm = 284.00V, Vbr(min/max) = 315.00/385.00V, It = 1 mA.
P4SMAJ26 PanJitSurfase mount transient voltage suppressor. Reverse stand-off voltage 26 V. Breakdown voltage(min/max) 28.9/36.6 V. Test current 1.0 mA. Reverse leakage 5 uA. Max clamp voltage 46.6 V. Peak pulse current 8.6 A.
1SMC5369 PanJitSurface mount silicon zener diode. Power 5.0 Watts. Nominal zener voltage Vz = 51 V. Test current Izt = 25 mA.
1SMB3EZ56 PanJitSurface mount silicon zener diode. Power 3.0 Watts. Nominal zener voltage Vz = 56 V. Test current Izt = 13 mA
SB3040CT PanJitSchottky barrier rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 40.0 V. Max average forward rectified current at Tc = 90degC 30 A.
SB250 PanJitSchottky barrier rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 50 V. Max average forward rectified current 0.375inches lead length at Ta = 75degC 2.0 A.
SA70 PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 500 Watt peak pulse power. Vrwm = 70.00V, Vbr(min/max) = 77.80/98.60V, It = 1 mA.
SA8.0CA PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 500 Watt peak pulse power. Vrwm = 8.00V, Vbr(min/max) = 8.89/10.23V, It = 1 mA.
P4KE350C PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 400 Watt peak power. 1.0 Watt steady state. Vrwm = 284.00V, Vbr(min/max) = 315.00/385.00V, It = 1 mA.
1.5SMCJ8.5CA PanJitSurfase mount transient voltage suppressor. 1500W peak power pulse. Vrwm = 8.5V; Vbr(min/max) = 9.44/10.82V @ It = 1.0mA; Ir(@ Vrwm) = 20uA; Vc = 14.4V @ Ipp = 104.2A
3.0SMCJ24A PanJitSurface mount transient voltage suppressor. Peak power pulse 3000 W. Vrwm = 24 V. Vbr(max/min) = 26.7/30.7 V @ It = 1.0 mA. Ir = 5 uA @ Vrwm. Vc = 38.9 V @ Ipp = 77.2 A.
UF150 PanJitUltrafast switching rectifier. Peak reverse voltage 50 V. Average forward current 1.5 A.
1N5404 PanJitHigh current plastic silicon rectifier. Max reccurent peak reverse voltage 400V. Max average forward rectified current 3.0A.
GBJ10J PanJitGlass passivated single-phase bridge rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 600V. Max average forward rectified output current 10.0 A(Tc=100degC), 8.0A(Ta=45degC)..
GBPC25005W PanJitHigh current silicon bridge rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 50 V. Max average forward current for resistive load at Tc=55degC 25 A.
1SMB2EZ75 PanJitSurface mount silicon zener diode. Nominal zener voltage Vz = 75.0 V. Test current Izt = 6.7 mA
15KP18 PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. Vrwm = 18 V. Vbr(min/max) = 20.0/25.3 V @ It = 50 mA. Ir = 5000 uA. Vc = 32.2 V @ Ipp = 439 A.
BZX84C3V6W PanJitSurface mount silicon zener diode. Power 200 mWatts. Nominal zener voltage 3.6 V
SA110A PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 500 Watt peak pulse power. Vrwm = 110.00V, Vbr(min/max) = 122.00/140.50V, It = 1 mA.
1SMB5953 PanJitSurface mount silicon zener diode. Power 1.5 Watts. Nominal zener voltage Vz = 150 V. Test current Izt = 2.5 mA
1N5383B PanJitGlass passivated junction silicon zener diode. Power 5.0 Watt. Vz @ Izt = 150V, Izt = 8.0mA
P6KE15C PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 600 Watt peak power. 5.0 Watt steady state. Vrwm = 12.10V, Vbr(min/max) = 13.50/16.50V, It = 1 mA.
SA13A PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 500 Watt peak pulse power. Vrwm = 13.00V, Vbr(min/max) = 14.40/16.50V, It = 1 mA.
ER102 PanJitSuperfast recovery rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 200V. Max average forward current (9.5mm lead length atTa=55degC) 1.0A.
UF1008F PanJitUltrafast switching rectifier. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 800 V. Max average forward rectified current 10.0 A.
FL400 PanJitIn-line miniature single phase silicon bridge. Max recurrent peak reverse voltage 50V. Max average rectified output current 4.0 A.
3KP54 PanJitGlass passivated junction transient voltage suppressor. 3000 W peak pulse power. Vrwm = 54.00 V. Vbr = 60.00 V (min), 76.00 V (max). It = 1 mA.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/59446
Type: Artigo de periódico
Title: Phase equilibrium measurements for the system clove (Eugenia caryophyllus) oil plus CO2
Author: Souza, AT
Corazza, ML
Cardozo, L
Guirardello, R
Meireles, MAA
Abstract: Phase equilibria data for the system formed by clove oil + CO2 were measured at pressures from 58.3 to 108.1 bar and temperatures of 303.2, 313.2, and 328.2 K. The phase equilibrium experiments (cloud points) were performed using a high-pressure variable-volume view cell. The phase transitions were visually recorded as bubble or dew points. The clove oil used in the present work was extracted with carbon dioxide at 150 bar and 298.2 K, and it consisted of a mixture of the following mass fractions: eugenol (75.5%), beta-caryophyllene (12.1%), eugenol acetate (11.0%), and alpha-humulene (1.40%). Liquid-liquid-vapor equilibria were observed at 303.2 and 308.2 K, and liquid-vapor equilibria were observed at 313.2, 318.2, and 328.2 K. The phase equilibria data were modeled assuming the system to be a pseudobinary system. The Peng-Robinson equation of state with the quadratic mixing rule was used. The experimental data were fitted using the simulated annealing minimization method. Two different procedures were employed: (i) the phase stability was calculated using the Helmholtz free energy and the interval analysis, and (ii) the phase equilibrium was calculated using the Gibbs free energy, which was solved with the simulated annealing method. The model described quantitatively the experimental data.
Country: EUA
Editor: Amer Chemical Soc
Citation: Journal Of Chemical And Engineering Data. Amer Chemical Soc, v. 49, n. 2, n. 352, n. 356, 2004.
Rights: fechado
Identifier DOI: 10.1021/je034190f
Date Issue: 2004
Appears in Collections:Unicamp - Artigos e Outros Documentos
Files in This Item:
File Description SizeFormat
WOS000220226600036.pdf74.88 kBAdobe PDFView/Open
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Tech
How To Boost Immune System (Immunity), Minerals And Vitamin'S To Boost Your Immunity
Now we are all living in an epidemic situation, so it is importance to be strong physically and mentally to protect our self from this disease. Your strong immunity will help you to prevent your body from the virus attack, and we also know that “prevention is better than cure”. Due to this boost your immunity is one of the best ways to stay safe and strong from any epidemic.
We know that there are numerous methods to boost your immune system. All these methods help you to reduce your vulnerability to different types of disease. Everyone’s immune system is not same. It is different. For those who are struggling because of low immune system there are many simple ways available to boost it. So today we mainly focus on immunity. Here in this new page of TROOTOP we give everything about your immunity and you get an clear idea about how to improve your immunity power naturally.
This page is divided into 4 sections; each section you can get new use full knowledge.
MINERALS AND VITAMIN'S TO BOOST YOUR IMMUNITY
• VITAMIN A
Vitamin a helps our immune system to function normally. Vitamin a helps to develop white blood cells which produce antibodies in our body. Vitamin a rich foods include eggs, green leafy veggies and some oils.
• VITAMIN C
This vitamin is also support the cellular functions needed for immune system. Tomatoes strawberries etc are rich with vitamin C. Try to remember that eat vitamin C rich food daily because our body doesn’t store it.
• VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is good for immune system it helps to maintain our immune system strong. We can get vitamin D from sunlight.
• ZINC
Daily recommended 25 mg zinc rich foods, from red meat, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, eggs, chickpeas, and fish, are helps to the normal functioning of our immunity.
HOW TO BOOST IMMUNE SYSTEM (IMMUNITY)
Fist way is PROTEIN; protein is the key to all cells in our body it is also helps to increase our immunity. Amino acid in protein known as L-arginine, which help to generate helper T cells and this T cells help to specific cells to fight the virus. And the herbs also help our body to boost immunity. HERBS include turmeric, oregano; cayenne and pepper etc are good for our body. The mushrooms and garlic are also immunity booster food because mushrooms are rich with anti-inflammatory properties. These two foods are best food to boost our immunity level. The next easy step to boost your immunity is very simple. It is MOVING or EXERCISE this is one of the great way to boost our immunity. Because movement of our body, like exercise and walking, immune system will responds to it and producing extra blood cells which attack bacterial invaders. Who does exercise regularly, they have more immunity power.
One of the important things is that when we REDUCE STRESS it will help our immune system being normal. So you can reduce your stress by doing yoga and other meditations. Another thing is SLEEP when we get good, night sleep and your body will get enough rest and this way it also help to maintain immune system normally. And also sleep has an important role in creating the right immune cells to fight off diseases. SUNLIGHT also energizes infection fighting T cells in our body.
SOME FOODS THAT WILL BOOST YOUR IMMUNE POWER
If you eat certain types of foods that will helps your immune power.
• CITRUS FRUITS
Vitamin C is good for immunity and in some citrus fruits like grape oranges, lemon, limes and Clementine fruits are good source of vitamin C which can stop you from getting sick.
• RED BELL PEPPER'S
Red bell peppers are rich with vitamin C and also have lot of beta carotene. This helps your eyes and skin being healthy.
• BROCCOLI
Broccoli is one of the best veggie which contains lot of vitamins and minerals. This contains vitamin A, C and E and anti oxidants.
• SPINACH
Spinach is one of the another veggie that have full of vitamin C and it help our body to fight infection.
Yogurt, spices, drinking tea including ginger tea, fennel and chamomile, golden honey are also very healthy foods to improve your immunity system.
NATURAL WELLNESS SHOT TO BOOST YOUR IMMUNITY
Here we give a natural drink that helps to strengthening your immunity. This easy immunity shot help you to improve your immunity. First we talks what is ‘shot’ shots are nutritious and concentrated small doses made with some super foods. It can consume the whole day.
We give you the simple immunity shot with a small description about its benefits which you can prepare yourself from your home. The ingredients are lemon, turmeric and bee glue or propolis. Note that we only use three ingredients. We know that lemon have the power to improve digestion and also help to boost immunity. In turmeric have lot of anti oxidants and this is anti inflammatory. Bee glue is antiseptic also have protective effects.
We need one lemon and one teaspoon turmeric and 20 drops of bee glue; then take a small glass and squeeze the lemon and add both propolis and turmeric and mix this and drink in the morning. Try this in your home.
Thank you guys for you supports. Stay safe and stay healthy.
Post a Comment
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Mitch Hancox
Mitchell John Hancox (born 9 November 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left-back or central midfielder for National League North club Chester. He has played in the English Football League for Birmingham City, Crawley Town and Milton Keynes Dons.
Hancox began his career with hometown club Birmingham City, for whom he made his Football League debut in October 2012. In the 2015–16 season, he spent three months on loan to League Two club Crawley Town. Released by Birmingham at the end of that season, Hancox signed for National League club Macclesfield Town in August 2016. After two years, during which he helped Macclesfield win the 2017–18 National League title, he moved on to Milton Keynes Dons. Hancox joined his Solihull Moors in May 2019, spent time on loan to another National League club, Harrogate Town at the end of that year, and was released in 2021. He then signed for Hereford, and joined York City on loan later that year, helping them to promotion to the National League. York signed him permanently in June 2022, loaned him to Hartlepool United in 2023–24, and released him in March 2024. Hancox finished the season with Altrincham, and signed for Chester in June 2024.
Early life
Hancox was born in Solihull, West Midlands. He has three older brothers; the eldest, Matthew, was seriously wounded in 2011 while serving in Afghanistan with the Royal Marines. Hancox was recruited into Birmingham City's youth system at the age of eight after being noticed playing in a six-a-side competition. As a youngster, he was a Birmingham City supporter, and particularly admired full-backs Jeff Kenna and Martin Grainger and wing-back Stan Lazaridis.
While still a 15-year-old Lyndon School student, he played for Birmingham's reserve team. He was picked out as "one of the bright spots of the evening from a home perspective" in a heavy defeat to Arsenal in the 2009–10 Premier Reserve League, and described by then Academy manager Terry Westley as "one of the few players to come out with any credit" from a defeat to Leamington in the Birmingham Senior Cup. On leaving school, he began a two-year scholarship with Birmingham City in July 2010.
Birmingham City
His first competitive involvement with Birmingham City's first team came when he was an unused substitute for the 2011–12 Europa League play-off round second leg against Nacional. Hancox signed his first professional contract, of six months, in May 2012, and was given a first-team squad number in August of that year.
Hancox made his competitive debut in the 1–0 home defeat by Huddersfield Town in the Championship on 6 October, as an 80th-minute substitute for the injured Curtis Davies. He played at left-back, allowing Paul Robinson to move to centre-back, and according to the Birmingham Mail, "can be pleased with his urgent and determined contribution in the last 10 minutes. He's only on a six-month contract but would sweat blood for his boyhood club." A few days later, he was given a six-month extension to his contract. When Robinson took over from Steven Caldwell as first-choice centre-back, Hancox was able to establish himself at left-back. He ended the season with 20 appearances, including 14 starts, and signed a new three-year contract.
With David Murphy still recovering from injury, Hancox hoped to establish himself as first choice at left-back, but a bruised testicle sustained in training and the loan signing of Shane Ferguson obstructed his progress. His first appearance of the season was in mid-September, as a substitute with Birmingham already 3–0 down at Burnley, followed by two League Cup ties, the second of which, at home to Stoke City, was 4–4 after extra time. Hancox volunteered to take the first penalty in the shootout, but his powerful kick struck the top of the crossbar and went over; Birmingham went on to lose the shootout. A run of games in November was halted by a knee injury, and ankle damage put an end to another run in the new year. He returned for the last few matches of the season, with Birmingham in danger of relegation. Needing at least a point from the final fixture, away to Bolton Wanderers and for other results to go in their favour, Hancox came on at half-time, and two minutes after Bolton took a two-goal lead, he crossed for Nikola Žigić to score with a header. Well into stoppage time, Paul Caddis scored the equaliser that kept Birmingham in the second tier.
In the 2014 close season, Lee Clark signed left-back Jonathan Grounds, who was almost ever-present under the management both of Clark and his successor Gary Rowett. Hancox played only one first-team match in 2014–15, in the FA Cup against Blyth Spartans, but he was a member of the 2015 Birmingham Senior Cup-winning team, consisting mainly of reserve-team players but also including first-teamers Matt Green and Žigić, who was making his last appearance for the club.
Crawley Town (loan)
After just one League Cup appearance in 2015–16, Hancox joined League Two club Crawley Town on a month's loan on 2 October 2015. He went straight into the starting eleven for the next day's visit to Plymouth Argyle, which Crawley lost 2–1 to a very late goal. In his second League Two match, at home to Leyton Orient, he scored his first senior goal. The score was 1–1 when Orient's goalkeeper Alex Cisak put the ball behind from Hancox's cross. Hancox himself took the corner, and when it was cleared he hit the loose ball past Cisak at his near post. He then made the pass that put Rhys Murphy through on goal, Murphy was fouled for a penalty that put Crawley two goals ahead, and the team held on for a 3–2 win. After he started all seven of Crawley's matches during his first month with the club, his loan was extended for a second month, and then a third. He finished his loan spell with two goals from sixteen appearances in all competitions.
Hancox played no more first-team football after returning to Birmingham. His last appearance for the club was as captain of the reserve team in the 2016 Birmingham Senior Cup final defeat to National League North champions Solihull Moors. Anxious for regular football, he was released when his contract expired at the end of the season; he had been with the club for fourteen years, and made 40 first-team appearances without scoring.
Macclesfield Town
Hancox signed for National League club Macclesfield Town on 4 August 2016. He made his debut two days later in the opening match of the season, a 2–1 win against Torquay United, but in his third match, a 3–1 defeat of Braintree Town, he conceded a penalty and was sent off for two yellow cards. In December 2016, Hancox signed a new deal with Macclesfield to run until the end of the 2017–18 season. As well as at left-back, he also featured as a holding midfielder for Macclesfield. He finished his first season with 38 National League appearances and 6 goals, which included a hat-trick against Boreham Wood in March 2017, and helped his team reach the 2017 FA Trophy final against York City. He was fouled for the free kick that led to Rhys Browne making the score 1–1, but Macclesfield finished on the losing side.
Hancox scored his second hat-trick for Macclesfield on 1 January 2018 in a 4–1 win away to FC Halifax Town. He finished the 2017–18 season with 7 goals in 39 appearances as Macclesfield were promoted to League Two as National League champions.
Milton Keynes Dons
Hancox rejected Macclesfield's offer of a new contract, and signed for newly-relegated League Two club Milton Keynes Dons on 21 June 2018 on a one-year contract. However, following limited first team opportunities, Hancox was one of ten players released by the club at the end of the 2018–19 season.
Solihull Moors
Hancox signed for National League club Solihull Moors on 24 May 2019 on a two-year contract. He made nine league appearances in the first few weeks of the season, but only two were starts. After two months during which his only appearance was in the Scottish Challenge Cup – Solihull Moors were one of eight non-Scottish participants – he joined another National League team, Harrogate Town on loan until 5 January 2020; striker Sam Jones made a similar move in the opposite direction. He made five National League appearances for Harrogate and a further ten for Solihull Moors before the season was curtailed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020–21 he was a regular in the matchday squad, and made 20 league appearances of which nine were as a starter, before being released when his contract expired at the end of the season.
Hereford and York City
Hancox signed for National League North club Hereford on 18 June 2021. Having begun the season as a regular in the side, his appearances became intermittent, and in late October Hancox went on a month's loan at another National North club, York City, managed by Steve Watson, with whom he had worked at Birmingham and Macclesfield. His loan was extended initially until January 2022 and then for the rest of the season. Hereford manager Josh Gowling said his club had intended to bring Hancox back into the squad in January 2022 but could not do so for financial reasons. He was part of the York team that earned promotion to the National League, playing in their 2–0 win over Boston United on 21 May in the National League North play-off final. Hancox was released by Hereford at the end of the season before signing for York permanently on 23 June on a one-year contract. He was a regular in the side during the 2022–23 season, and his contract was extended for two years in January 2023, but he fell out of favour in 2023–24.
Hancox joined York City's divisional rivals, Hartlepool United on 7 November on loan until January 2024. He made seven National League appearances, scoring once, before returning to York City, who cancelled his contract by mutual consent on 15 March 2024.
Altrincham
Later that day, Hancox joined another National League club, Altrincham.
Chester
In June 2024, Hancox signed a one-year deal with National League North club Chester.
Honours
Macclesfield Town
* National League: 2017–18
* FA Trophy runner-up: 2016–17
York City
* National League North play-offs: 2022
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Frank Turner (gymnast)
Frank Conway Turner (5 November 1922 – 27 September 2010) was a British gymnast who took part in four Olympic Games, three as a competitor and the fourth as National Coach; he was captain of the British Gymnastics team in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Turner was four times British gymnastics champion.
Biography
Born in the East End of London in 1922, Turner developed an interest in sports as a boy, training in table tennis, diving, football, boxing and gymnastics. As a flyweight Turner boxed in the semi-finals of the Amateur Boxing Association of England Championship before deciding to develop his interest in gymnastics. Aged 11 he won the South of England Boys Championship in 1933 before making his international debut aged 15 in 1938. On leaving school in 1939 he worked as a bank clerk, but during World War II he was conscripted into the Royal Artillery in 1941. He served in North Africa and Sicily and was twice wounded.
On being selected to captain the British gymnastics team in the 1948 Summer Olympics, Turner and the rest of the team had little if any experience of competing at an international level, and were unofficially coached by Helmut Bantz, a recently released German prisoner of war who had stayed in England as an agricultural worker. Turner competed in the Men's Individual All-Around, the Men's Team All-Around, the Men's Floor Exercise, the Men's Horse Vault, the Men's Parallel Bars, the Men's Horizontal Bar, the Men's Rings, and the Men's Pommelled Horse. A lifelong friend was fellow competitor George Weedon.
Turner was also at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, competing in the Men's Individual All-Around, the Men's Team All-Around, the Men's Floor Exercise, the Men's Horse Vault, the Men's Parallel Bars, the Men's Horizontal Bar, the Men's Rings, and Men's Pommelled Horse.
In the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne Turner competed in the Men's Individual All-Around, the Men's Floor Exercise, the Men's Horse Vault, the Men's Parallel Bars, the Men's Horizontal Bar, the Men's Rings, and the Men's Pommelled Horse. As National Coach to the British gymnastics team he also attended the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.
Turner was four times British all-around gymnastics champion, from 1949 to 1951, and again in 1953. He also took part in the 1950 World Championships in Basel, and the 1954 European Championships in Frankfurt. He achieved his International Judges Brevet award in 1963 and was awarded his 'Master Gymnast' in 1974. In 1964 he took a BA degree in Sports science at the Royal Polytechnic and a BEd from the Open University before becoming a lecturer at Watford College of Technology and Dulwich College. He was made a Freeman of the City of London in 1965. He was also a Freemason. He doubled for actors including Michael Bentine and Norman Wisdom when gymnastic stunts were required in films and television dramas. He received the Honorary Award of 'Distinguished Judge' from British Gymnastics. With his wife he had two sons, Keith and Colin Turner.
Frank Turner died of cancer at his home in Bricket Wood in Hertfordshire in September 2010 aged 87. His ashes were scattered in a field in Aldenham.
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Marco Rubio just mocked Donald Trump, Donald Trump style
Marco Rubio unloaded on Donald Trump at a rally on Friday, attempting to beat Trump at his own game. Here's one example, from reporter Alysha Love: .@marcorubio reads #MeanTweets from @realDonaldTrump https://t.co/xBkDSmJL3c What does Donald Trump do when things go wrong? He takes to Twitter. I have them right here. Let's read some. You'll have fun. All right. Number one, here's the first one: "Lightweight Marco Rubio was working hard last night." This is true. "The problem is he is a chocker. And once a chocker, always a choker." I guess that's what he meant to say. He spelled choker C-H-O-K-E-R. Chocker. He called me Mr. Meltdown. Let me tell you something, last night in the debate, during one of the breaks — two of the breaks — he went backstage, he was having a meltdown. First he had this little makeup thing applying, like, makeup around his mustache because he had one of those sweat mustaches. Then, then, he asked for a full-length mirror. I don't know why, because the podium goes up to here. But he wanted a full-length mirror. Maybe to make sure his pants weren't wet — I don't know. Here are some other quotes, reported by Ed O'Keefe at the Washington Post: The props, the zingers, the style — it's all very Trump. But it's hard to blame Rubio for stealing from Trump's handbook. After all, the billionaire has so far won three of four Republican primary elections — and Rubio has won zero.
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The One Group Hospitality Inc (STKS) Q1 2025 Earnings Call Highlights: Record Revenue Surge and ...
Revenue: Increased by 148.4% to $211.1 million from $85 million in the prior year quarter.
Company-Owned Restaurant Net Revenue: Rose by 154.5% to $207.4 million from $81.5 million in the prior year quarter.
Comparable Sales: Decreased by 3.2% on a consolidated basis.
Restaurant-Level EBITDA: Improved to 16.4%, a 50-basis-point increase year-over-year.
Adjusted EBITDA: Increased by 233% to $25.2 million from $7.6 million in the prior year quarter.
Net Loss: $6.6 million or $0.21 per share, compared to $2.1 million or $0.07 per share in the prior year quarter.
Adjusted Net Income: $4.6 million or $0.14 per share, compared to an adjusted net loss of $0.6 million or $0.02 per share in the prior year quarter.
Cash and Liquidity: $34.1 million in cash and short-term credit card receivables, with $33.6 million available under the revolving credit facility.
New Store Openings: Opened a company-owned Benihana in San Mateo, California, and an STK restaurant in Topanga, California.
Future Expansion Plans: Plan to open five to seven new venues in 2025.
Warning! GuruFocus has detected 4 Warning Signs with STKS.
Release Date: May 07, 2025
For the complete transcript of the earnings call, please refer to the full earnings call transcript.
First-quarter revenues increased by almost 150% to $211 million, driven by contributions from Benihana and RA Sushi and new units.
Adjusted EBITDA increased by over 230% to $25.2 million, demonstrating improved profitability.
Benihana and STK concepts achieved industry-leading restaurant-level EBITDA margins of 20.1% and 17.7%, respectively.
The company successfully opened new locations, including a Benihana in San Mateo and an STK in Topanga, California.
The launch of the Friends with Benefits Rewards program aims to enhance guest experiences and drive customer loyalty.
Consolidated comparable sales decreased by 3.2%, indicating challenges in maintaining same-store growth.
Company-owned restaurant operating expenses increased by 120 basis points, impacting overall profitability.
Net loss available to common stockholders was $6.6 million, compared to $2.1 million in the prior year quarter.
Interest expense rose significantly to $9.8 million due to higher levels of outstanding debt post-acquisition.
The company faces challenges in the casual dining segment, requiring increased marketing efforts to compete.
Q: Can you discuss consumer behavior trends, particularly regarding higher-end consumers versus grill concept consumers? A: Emanuel Hilario, President, CEO, and Director, noted that the trends are more about strategic emphasis on value rather than demographic shifts. The STK brand's performance is attributed to strategic initiatives rather than consumer demographics. The grill concept remains more challenging.
Q: What efforts are being made to improve results in grill concepts, and what are the long-term plans for these units? A: Emanuel Hilario highlighted increased marketing efforts, particularly grassroots and local store marketing, as well as the launch of the Friends with Benefits loyalty program. Execution quality remains high, with a focus on marketing to drive improvements.
Q: How are restaurant labor costs and retention trends currently? A: Emanuel Hilario stated that retention is stable compared to the previous year, with no significant changes. Inflationary pressures on wages have been moderate, and there are no major issues with labor costs.
Q: Can you provide an update on franchising efforts and the development of the franchising team? A: Emanuel Hilario explained that the company has enhanced its franchising infrastructure and increased participation in franchising conventions. There is significant interest from potential franchisees, and development deals are being negotiated.
Q: What is the strategy regarding pricing, and are there plans for price increases? A: Emanuel Hilario emphasized a conservative approach to pricing, focusing on maintaining value positioning and building traffic. The company aims to gain market share and prioritize long-term traffic growth over immediate price increases.
For the complete transcript of the earnings call, please refer to the full earnings call transcript.
This article first appeared on GuruFocus.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Role of the alternate pathway of dihydrotestosterone formation in virilization of the Wolffian ducts of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii
Geoffrey Shaw, Jane Fenelon, Michelle Sichlau, Richard J. Auchus, Jean D. Wilson, Marilyn B. Renfree
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
28 Scopus citations
Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone in androgen target tissues is formed under most circumstances by the 5α-reduction of testosterone, but an alternate pathway involves the oxidation of androstanediol to dihydrotestosterone. To investigate the mechanism by which androgens virilize the Wolffian ducts in the tammar wallaby, [ 3H]progesterone was incubated with testes from d 10 and 19 pouch young, and radioactivity was recovered in testosterone and androstanediol at both ages. Analysis of the intermediates indicates that androstanediol was formed both from testosterone via 5α-reduction and 3α-keto reduction and directly from 5α-reduced progestogens. 5α-Reductase activity was high in minces of mesonephros/epididymis from d 6-21 pouch young. When minces of urogenital tract tissues from d 19 pouch young were incubated with [ 3H]testosterone, [ 3H]dihydrotestosterone, and [ 3H]androstanediol, dihydrotestosterone was the principal androgen formed in the mesonephros/epididymis, urogenital sinus, and urogenital tubercle, whereas androstanediol was the principal androgen formed by the testis. In intact pouch young studied between d 10 and 34, administration of the 5α-reductase inhibitor, 17β-(N,N-diethyl)carbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5α-androstan-3-one, blocked virilization of the Wolffian ducts in males, and administration of androstanediol caused virilization of the Wolffian ducts in females. We conclude that dihydrotestosterone, largely formed in the tissue by the oxidation of androstanediol derived from the testes and also the 5α-reduction of testosterone, is responsible for Wolffian duct virilization in this species.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)2368-2373
Number of pages6
JournalEndocrinology
Volume147
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - May 2006
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Endocrinology
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adhortatio
Noun
* 1) exhortation
* 2) encouragement
* 3) An exhortation intended to win the consent or desire of the audience.
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Total Control (video game)
Total Control is a real time strategy video game, developed and published by the Russian company DOCA in 1995.
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δασεία
Etymology 1
Learnedly, from, substantivised feminine form of the ancient.
Noun
* 1) rough breathing, spiritus asper Ancient Greek diacritical mark
Etymology 2
Inflectional form.
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Talk:Rafael Celestino Benítez
Untitled
Could someone who is more knowledgeable about his life include more about his wartime service? It's a main reason for his notability, but the information about his wartime service leaves out what theater(s) he served in, what battles (if any, though it does say he was depth-charged), what vessels he served on. In short, it lacks virtually all the information one would expect for a military figure. Thanks in advance. Darkstar8799 (talk) 18:56, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
I'd like to see more on his stint at Pan Am and what he achieved as Vice President of Pan Am's Latin American network-remember, he was Vice-President during the time Pan Am used Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in his own country, Puerto Rico, as a Latin American hub.
Thanks and God bless
Antonio Socratesman Martin
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Page:Karl Liebknecht - Militarism (1917).djvu/199
Rh nations during May-day demonstrations and Reichstag elections remain very well-known up to these days; very well-known are also the incidents accompanying the suffrage theft committed against the Saxon people in 1896, and the part the military played in the "pacification" of the Saxon populace in 1905 and 1906. During the Hamburg election parades in November, 1905, on "Red Wednesday," the military, which consists of Hamburgers, was kept in the background; the sabre and revolver of the police sufficed; the result of their work were the two corpses which decorated the streets of the free Hansa city.
However, it was the 2ist day of January, 1906, which showed the bulwark of capitalism in its full splendor. He who on that day, in the quiet of "holy" sabbath, saw the guns that were rattling along in the streets of Berlin might have looked
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Page:Notes and Queries - Series 12 - Volume 1.djvu/197
12 s. i. MAE. 4, i9i6.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
191
Andrew Lang, in ' Pickle the Spy,' mentions that he had access to the papers of the late Count d'Albanie, and he leaves them with the comment : " The time has not come to tell the whole strange tale of ' John Stolberg Sobieski Stuart ' and Charles Edward Stuart/ if, indeed, that tale can ever be told." In his 'Prince Charles Edward' (1903) he is more definite. He calls their story a " legend," and suggests that they were " the victims of megalomania." He re- cognizes a strange kind of sincerity, but thinks the phenomena resemble those of hysterical illusion. Even then he is unable to account for two brothers being similarly affected. In another passage he attributes their pretensions to " an over-indulged habit of romantic day-dreaming which acquired the force of actual hallucination." They spent many years in Austria, where Charles Edward Stuart's son, Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart (born 1824, died 1882), rose to be a colonel of Austrian cavalry. If they were really the sons of a lieutenant, and the grandsons of an admiral, in the British navy, it is hard to understand why they expatriated themselves for nearly twenty years in Austria ; but this is only another of the mysteries of this case. Mr. W. Townend, in * Descendants of the Stuarts ' (second edition), takes the view that they were the descendants of Prince Charles Edward's mistress, the Lanarkshire lady Clementina Walkinshaw. But after she fled from the Prince, owing to his ill- treatment, she made in 1767 an affidavit that no marriage had ever taken place, and the Sobieski-Stuarts claimed to be legitimate heirs of the Stuarts. A slashing attack on the Sobieski-Stuarts, apropos of their book in The Quarterly Review (vol. Ixxi. p. 57) from the pen of Prof. Skene. Mr. Archibald Forbes published an article on the brothers, under the title of ' Real or Bogus Stuarts,' in The New Review, 1893, vol. i. p. 72, in which he gave some interesting details of their later life as habitues of the British Museum Reading-Room in the sixties and seventies.
* Tales of the Century' (1847), appeared
If one may hazard a guess, the claims of the brothers and the documents they possessed owed something to that busy adventurer Dr. Robert Watson, who hanged himself in London in 1838. He had been private secretary to Lord George Gordon, and afterwards, as a member of the London Corresponding Society, was forced to fly the country. He was appointed by Napoleon Principal of the revived Scots College in
Paris. In 1813 in Rome he secured pos- session of three cartloads of papers which had been left neglected since the death of their owner, Henry, Cardinal of York, brother of the " Young Pretender." Watson's dealings with this material are described in The Quarterly Review, vol. Ixxix. p. 167, and in the introduction to vol. i. of the Stuart Papers (Hist. MSS. ) ; and it is clear that he had handed over some of the papers to various persons as specimens before the Prince Regent obtained possession of the bulk. Mr. F. H. Groome, in the ' D.N.B.' article on the Sobieski-Stuarts, says that they are known to have had dealings with Watson ; and it is safe to assume that he is the " Dr. Beaton " who appears as the authority for the romantic narrative which they put forward in their ' Tales of the Cen- tury.' Mr. Groome also wrote on their case, under the title of ' Monarchs in Partibus,' in The Bookman, September, 1892; and there is an article by Mr. Henry Jenner (which I have not seen) in The Genealogical Magazine, May, 1897. The earliest reference to their claims appeared in The Catholic Magazine in 1843. Other references will be found in Chambers' s Journal, May, 1844 ; Dr. Doran's ' London in Jacobite Times,' vol. ii. p. 390 ; Vernon Lee's * Countess of Albany ' ; and ' Under Fourteen Flags,' vol. ii. p. 146. 'The Legitimist Kalendar ' gives the descendants of Charles Edward Stuart, the younger of the brothers. R. S. PENGELLY.
12 Poynder's Road, Clapham Park, 8.W.
1 am grateful for the numerous references to your pages, 1877 passim. None of them touches the sale of the Count d'Albanie's effects, of which I quoted The Times adver- tisement. Can any one tell me how the Stuart relics at this sale were regarded- genuine or speculative ?
HAEOLD S. ROGERS.
DAVID Ross (12 S. i. 127). I believe that the marriage of David Ross and Fanny Murray took place between June, 1756, and March, 1759, but I do not know the exact date. The most circumstantial account will be found in ' Records of my Life,' by John Taylor, i. 362-6. Perhaps the Journals of the House of Lords, April 10, 1771 (when his appeal for the reversion of the decision of the Lords of Session with regard to his father's will was decided), may disclose his father's name. Or it may be found in the Records of the Court of Session in Scotland, Dec. 23, 1769, and Jan. 27, 1770.
HORACE BLEACKLEY.
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Cardiovascular diseases: The most common cause of cardiovascular diseases in the United States is atherosclerosis, the narrowing and hardening of arteries that reduces blood flow. Atherosclerosis (a type of vascular disease) typically affects arteries throughout the body; hypertension, high blood cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus aggravate atherosclerosis. Hardening of the arteries to the penis and pelvic organs, atherosclerosis, causes insufficient blood flow into the penis. There is a close correlation between the severity of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and erectile dysfunction. For example, men with more severe coronary artery atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries in the heart) also tend to have more erectile dysfunction than men with mild or no coronary artery atherosclerosis. Some doctors suggest that men with new onset erectile dysfunction undergo evaluation for silent coronary artery diseases (advanced coronary artery atherosclerosis that has not yet caused angina or heart attacks).
The time the dose should be taken and how long the effects last depend on the medication used. The most common side effect of these medications is a headache. However, there is a potential for certain dangerous drug interactions. Anyone prescribed this medication must let his doctor know about any medications he's on, and especially if he's taking nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin spray, nitroglycerin pills, or nitroglycerin patch) for heart problems.
Factors that mediate contraction in the penis include noradrenaline, endothelin-1, neuropeptide Y, prostanoids, angiotensin II, and others not yet identified. Factors that mediate relaxation include acetylcholine, nitric oxide (NO), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pituitary adenylyl cyclase–activating peptide, calcitonin gene–related peptide, adrenomedullin, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine prostanoids.
Research is mixed on the effectiveness of acupuncture as an erectile dysfunction cure, but one study published in November 2013 in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine found that acupuncture can be beneficial for men experiencing erectile dysfunction as a side effect of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).
But the main challenge to finding the best ED drug for you may turn out to be health insurance rules—not biochemistry. It's a common practice among insurers to limit the number of pills you can obtain per month. After you hit your limit, the out-of-pocket cost for a single pill can be as high as $20. "The main obstacle in my practice is the cost," Dr. Liou says. You'll need to work with your doctor to get the pill you need at a price you can afford.
A study published in May 2014 in The Journal of Sexual Medicine found that some men can reverse erectile dysfunction with healthy lifestyle changes, such as exercise, weight loss, a varied diet, and good sleep. The Australian researchers also showed that even if erectile dysfunction medication is required, it's likely to be more effective if you implement these healthy lifestyle changes.
The physical side effects of chemotherapy are usually temporary and resolve within one to two weeks after stopping the chemotherapy. However, chemotherapy agents, such as Ciplatin or Vincristine, may interfere with the nerves that control erection leading to possible impotence. Make sure you discuss potential side effects of cancer chemotherapy with your doctor or healthcare provider.
Conditions that may be associated with ED include diabetes, [25, 26, 27] hypertension, [28] , and CAD, as well as neurologic disorders, endocrinopathies, benign prostatic hyperplasia, [29] , sleep apnea [30] , COPD, [31] and depression (see Table 1 below). [32, 33, 34, 35] In fact, almost any disease may affect erectile function by altering the nervous, vascular, or hormonal systems. Various diseases may produce changes in the smooth muscle tissue of the corpora cavernosa or influence the patient’s psychological mood and behavior.
Look, ED can have many causes. Most of the time, it’s physiological. But there are also lots of psychological reasons why someone may experience ED. Treating ED isn’t all about medication. Dealing with some of these psychological issues can help you battle ED, too. I’m talking about depression, anxiety, loss of desire, sense of inadequacy, guilt, fatigue, anger, relationship dysfunction. Working through these types of psychological challenges can help you achieve the happy, healthy manhood you deserve.
Endocrine evaluation consisting of a morning serum testosterone is generally indicated. Measurement of serum prolactin may be indicated. A low testosterone level merits repeat measurement together with assessment of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin levels. Other tests may be helpful in excluding unrecognized systemic disease and include a complete blood count, urinalysis, creatinine, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, and thyroid function studies.
Healthy lifestyle minimizes risk of ED. Erection depends on blood flow through the penis. Anything that impairs it increases ED risk: smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, being overweight, sedentary lifestyle, more than two alcoholic drinks a day, and fewer than five daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Avoiding these risk factors does not prevent post-50 erection changes, but it preserves erection function and helps prevent ED.
Factors that mediate contraction in the penis include noradrenaline, endothelin-1, neuropeptide Y, prostanoids, angiotensin II, and others not yet identified. Factors that mediate relaxation include acetylcholine, nitric oxide (NO), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pituitary adenylyl cyclase–activating peptide, calcitonin gene–related peptide, adrenomedullin, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine prostanoids.
Can apple cider vinegar treat erectile dysfunction? Apple cider vinegar is thought to have many health benefits, but can it help treat erectile dysfunction (ED)? ED can result from cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and other factors. Apple cider vinegar may help improve symptoms of conditions related to ED. Find out how it may help, and how to use it safely. A Home-Based Walking Program Improves Erectile Dysfunction in Men With an Acute Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 115(5), 5741-575. Retrieved from http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(14)02270-X/abstract
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Fusion – Sarvodaya ICT4D Movement
Fusion is the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) for Development (ICT4D) movement of Sarvodaya, Sri Lanka, the leading NGO, serving over 15,000 villages. The name Sarvodaya is taken from the Sanskrit meaning of 'awakening (udaya) of all (sarva)', and roots back to the Gandhian ideals. Fusion, as implied by the true meaning of the word, envisages the fusion of the vision and mission of Sarvodaya into the broader development scenario, using Information and Communication technologies (ICT) as a common fabric. Thus, Fusion is identified as the ICT for Development (ICT4D) movement of Sarvodaya.
Fusion primarily, but not exclusively, works with the villages that have already been socially and economically uplifted through diverse community development programs carried out over a period of time. Thus they are better prepared to connect with the Information Age. For instance a community having a registered society, with a healthy track record of micro-finance activities is recognized as better prepared to interact with digital technologies.
Fusion partners with multiple institutions including the State (Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka), corporate, academic and civil organizations.
Vision
The project's vision is the e-Empowerment of rural poor communities.
Fusion's broader mission is founded on the following three pillars;
* Practice: keeping 'Community' first, and listening and recognizing the needs of the people, Fusion plans and implements programs as a response to their needs.
* Partnership: Fusion trusts and values the interdependence, sharing and sense of cooperation of the donors, educational establishments, state and corporate institutions that are carrying out the programs.
* Research: Fusion updates its development tools deriving information from the research. For instance, on one hand it seeks to adapt North-born technologies to the less well developed South. On the other hand, it strives to add value to indigenous wisdom and amplify the voices of the voiceless people of the South.
History
The program builds on the pioneering telecenter, that has been trialled by the Social Empowerment Program of Sarvodaya, in 1997, at a remote township (Kahawatta) of Ratnapura District, Sri Lanka.
Since it started it has progressed through a remarkable learning curve;
* Pilot testing and setting up of first ever Telecentre in Sri Lanka - 1997
* Formulation of Village Information Centre (VIC) concept and replication around the country - 1999
* First donor funded ICT program (by UNESCO Appeal) - 2003
* Initial partnership with Governments ICT program (eSriLanka) - 2003
* Developing Subsidy Voucher for the eSriLanka program - 2004
* Expansion of telecentre program with introduction of community scholarships (with Microsoft-UP) - 2004
* Beginning of ICT4D Research Program - ‘Virtual Villages; Socio-anthropological and technological study on last mile’ - 2004
* Setting up Telecentre Family Network (in collaboration with eSrilanka program) as an apex telecentre alliance - 2006
* Design and implementation of Agri-clinics as a farmer centric information delivery mechanism - 2006
* Sarvodaya-Fusion being elected as the Regional Coordinator for GKP (Global Knowledge Partnership) South Asia - 2006 May
* Launch of Sarvodaya-Fusion as a specialized ICT4D program of Sarvodaya - 2006 May
Village Information Centers (VIC)
Village Information Centers are simple community based libraries. Their unique features include:
* Simple, locally appropriate model
* Ability to adapt to diverse rural demands
* Community participation and ownership
* Ability to build community aspirations towards the digital age.
VICs are initiated by the youth leaders (volunteers) of rural villages. They are housed within low cost rural buildings, donated by the community. Some are maintained adjoining Sarvodaya Village Banks.
VICs accumulate and manage basic livelihood information related to health, transport, agriculture, education and governance.
There are VICs having enormous indigenous resources such as Traditional Medical Recipes (on Ola leaves), Indigenous crop harvest equipment, Storage systems, Traditional songs and books. Some VICs gather information related to local bio-diversity (birds, plant species etc.).
Telecentres
Telecentres are small units having a few computers and other ICT equipment located in rural districts. They provide internet access, ICT education and other IT services to rural communities.
The majority of the telecentres with which Fusion partners are owned by rural communities, (mostly sponsored by the State sponsored eSriLanka program). Fusion maintains a small network of telecentres to carry out pilot projects, the knowledge obtained from which can finally be adopted by the wider community.
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WIKI
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Aerococcus
Aerococcus is a genus in the phylum Bacillota (Bacteria). The genus was first identified in 1953 from samples of air and dust as a catalase-negative, gram-positive coccus that grew in small clusters. They were subsequently found in hospital environments and meat-curing brines. It has been difficult to identify as it resembles alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus on blood agar plates and is difficult to identify by biochemical means. Sequencing of 16S rRNA has become the gold standard for identification, but other techniques such as MALDI-TOF have also been useful for identifying both the genus and species.
Etymology
The name Aerococcus derives from the Greek aer, aeros (ἀήρ, ἀέρος), air; Neo-Latin coccus (from Greekkokkos (κόκκος)), a berry; Neo-Latin Aerococcus, air coccus. The name was given based on its round shape and that it was first discovered in air samples.
Species
The genus contains these species:
* A. christensenii Collins et al., 1999, named after the Danish microbiologist Jens J. Christensen
* A. sanguinicola Lawson et al., 2001 (from the Latin for blood-dweller)
* A. suis Vela et al., 2007 (Latin for "of a hog")
* A. urinae Aguirre & Collins, 1992 (Latin for "of urine")
* A. urinaeequi (Garvie, 1988) Felis et al., 2005 (Latin for "of the urine of a horse", source of isolation of the type strain)
* A. urinaehominis Lawson et al., 2001 (Latin for "of the urine of a human", source of isolation of the type strain)
* A. viridans Williams et al., 1953 – type species of the genus (Latin for "making green", producing a green color). Causative agent of gaffkaemia, a disease of lobsters.
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WIKI
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Marin Headlands
The Marin Headlands are located in southern Marin County, in the North Bay region of the Bay Area of California. Part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, the Marin Headlands offer beaches, hiking, history, and spectacular views of the California coast.
By car
Follow U.S. 101 north across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco, or south from other parts of Marin County. Exit at Alexander Ave. If coming north, this is the second exit, after the "Vista Point". Going either way on Alexander Avenue can take you to the Marin Headlands.
If you go west, turn right before the road goes back into the freeway. You can park in a lot right next to the highway, or proceed on the road (Conzelman Road) up the hillside. Various roadside parking areas line this road. Along this road you will see breathtaking views of the Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco. Eventually this road becomes one-way steep downhill "roller coaster" heading west, so if you pass this point you will have to return by a different route.
If you go east, turn left at the first intersection, with signs pointing to Marin Headlands. (If you enter Sausalito, you've gone too far.) This road goes through a one-lane tunnel (Bunker Road) controlled by a traffic light. After you pass through the tunnel, you will be in the Tennessee Valley area of the Marin Headlands.
If you want to search direction from your place to Marin Headlands, use the following address:
948 Fort Barry, Sausalito, CA 94965, US
Get around
There are two parallel roads into the Marin Headlands: Conzelman Road (the Coastal Route) and Bunker Road (the Tunnel Route). Conzelman Road is more scenic. Bunker Road goes through an old one-lane tunnel at one point. After Hawk Hill, Conzelman Road turns into a one-way section, which eventually intersects with Field Road. Field Road goes to the Point Bonita Lighthouse trailhead. You can also use Field Road to return to Bunker Road for the return trip (Bunker Road is the only way back after passing the one-way Conzelman Road.) McCullough Road also connects Bunker Road and Conzelman Road after the Bunker Road tunnel, but before one-way section of Conzelman Road, so you can use it to switch between the roads if one of them is blocked by construction.
Do
* Drive the
* Drive the
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WIKI
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The people of Europe have not stood alone in settling and ruling America, for the blacks of Africa, brought to the New World as slaves, have made themselves masters of one of the largest and most fertile islands of the West Indies, that attractive gem of the tropics which, under the name of Hispaniola, was the pioneer among Spanish dominions on American soil.
Hispaniola has had a strange and cruel history. The Spaniards enslaved its original inhabitants and treated them so ruthlessly that they were soon annihilated. Then the island was filled with negro slaves. About 1630 the buccaneers, or hunters of wild bulls, made it their haunt, and as these were mostly French, the western part of the island was ceded to France in 1697. During the century that followed Africans were brought over in multitudes, until there were nearly half a million blacks in Hayti,—the Indian name of the island,—while there were less than forty thousand whites and thirty thousand mulattoes, the latter being neither citizens nor slaves. These facts are given as a necessary introduction to the story we are about to tell.
It was the white revolution in France that brought about the black revolution in Hayti. In 1789 the States-General met in France and overturned the ancient system of oppression in that land. Liberty for all was the tocsin of its members, and it was proclaimed that not only the whites of France and her colonies, but the blacks also, were entitled to freedom and a voice in the government. The news of this decree created a ferment of passion in Hayti. The white planters of the island, who had long controlled everything, burst into fury, forswore all allegiance to France, and trampled the national flag under foot in their rage.
But they had others than the French Assembly to deal with. The mulattoes, or free people of color, rose in arms for the rights of which they had been deprived. They were soon put down, but in the following year (1791) a much more terrible outbreak took place, that of the slaves. There followed a reign of terror as sanguinary in type as that of France. The revolt began on the night of August 21, on the plantation of Noé, near Cape Haytien. The long-oppressed and savage blacks mercilessly killed all the whites who fell into their hands. Down from the mountains they poured on every side, their routes marked by blood and devastation. Hills and plains were swept with fire and sword, atrocities of the most horrible kinds were committed, and nearly all the residents on the plantations, more than two thousand in number, were brutally slaughtered, while a thousand sugar and coffee estates were swept by fire.
In the first revolution the mulattoes aided the whites of the cities to repel the blacks, but later, believing themselves betrayed by the whites, they joined the blacks, and the revolt became a war of extermination. It did not end until the negroes became masters of all the country districts, and gained a control of the mountainous interior of the island which, except for a brief interval, they have ever since retained.
This success was in great part due to the famous leader of the blacks, the renowned Toussaint L' Ouverture, a man who proved himself one of the greatest and noblest of his race. Born in Hayti, of negro parents, he was descended from an African prince, and, slave though he was in condition, had himself the soul of a prince. He taught himself to read and write, and also something of mathematics and of Latin, and was taken from the fields to become coachman for the overseer of the estate of his master, the Count de Breda.
When the negro revolt began, and the furious blacks were seeking victims on all sides, Toussaint concealed the overseer and his family in the forest, took them food at the risk of his own life, and finally led them to the coast, where they took ship for the United States.
While he was thus engaged, the negroes, led by a gigantic black named Bouckman, and subsequently by three others, were continuing their course of butchery and devastation. Toussaint joined them after the escape of the overseer, and quickly gained an influence over them, largely from his knowledge of medicinal plants and a degree of skill in surgery. This influence enabled him to put himself at their head and to mitigate the ferocity of their actions. His ascendency was due not only to his knowledge, but also to his valor, and from his courage in opening a breach in the ranks of the enemy he became known as L' Ouverture, or the opener.
Under their new leader the revolted slaves held their own against their enemies, declaring in favor of the king, Louis XVI., and against the revolutionists. On the other hand, the English came to the aid of the whites, and the island was thrown into a state of horrible confusion, increased by the interference of the Spaniards, who held the eastern section of the island.
In 1794, after the Convention in Paris had issued a decree demanding the liberation of the slaves, Toussaint and his followers joined the revolutionary cause, and aided the French general Laveaux to expel the British and Spanish invaders. In this campaign he won a number of victories, and showed such military skill and ability as to prove him a leader of the highest qualities. Beard says of him, "His energy and his prowess made him the idol of his troops. . . . In his deeds and war-like achievements he equalled the great captains of ancient and modern times."
South American Native Hut.
One example of the risks which he ran in battle occurred in his efforts to put down an insurrection of the mulattoes. In this contest he fell into an ambush in the mountains near Port de Paix, a shower of bullets sweeping his ranks. His private physician fell dead by his side and a plume of feathers in his hat was shot away, but he remained unharmed. The same was the case soon after when, in a narrow pass, his coachman was shot down. The negro leader seemed, like Napoleon, to bear a charmed life.
Declaring himself lieutenant-general of the colony, he wrote to the Directory in Paris, guaranteeing to be responsible for the orderly behavior of the blacks and their good will to France. He sent at the same time his two elder sons to Paris to be educated, making them practically hostages for his honor and good faith.
In 1798 the war, which had lasted for years, came to an end, the British being expelled from the island and the rebellious mulattoes put down. Peace prevailed, and the negro conqueror now devoted himself to the complete pacification of the people. Agriculture was encouraged, the churches were reopened, schools were established, and law and justice were made equal for all. At the same time the army was kept in excellent training and a rigid discipline exacted.
As is usual in such cases, there were abundant applications among the negroes for official positions, and Toussaint was sorely put to it to dispose of these ignorant aspirers after high places without giving offence. He seems, however, to have been well versed in political management, and is said to have disposed of one unlearned applicant for a judicial position with the words, "Ah, yes; you would make an excellent magistrate. Of course you understand Latin.—No?—Why, that is very unfortunate, for you know that Latin is absolutely necessary."
There is another evidence of his wisdom in dealing with his people that is worth repeating. As has been said, when the revolution began Hayti had about half a million of blacks to seventy thousand whites and mulattoes. Toussaint adopted an original method of making the force of this fact evident to his followers. He would fill a glass with black grains of corn and throw upon them a few grains of white. "You are the black grains," he would say; "your enemies are the white." Then he would shake the glass. "Where are the white grains now? You see they have disappeared."
The authorities in France could not but recognize the ability and the moderation of the black leader, and in 1796 he was appointed commander-in-chief in the island, a commission which was confirmed by Bonaparte about December, 1799. All classes and colors regarded him as a general benefactor and a wise and judicious ruler. Order and prosperity were restored, and his government was conducted with moderation and humanity. It looked as though peace and good will might continue in Hayti as long as this able governor lived, but unluckily he had to deal with a man in whom ambition and pride of place overruled all conceptions of justice. This was Napoleon Bonaparte, who had now risen to the supreme power in France.
Bonaparte seems to have been angered by two letters which Toussaint sent him, after having completely pacified the island. These were addressed, "The First of the Blacks to the First of the Whites." The assumed equality seems to have touched the pride of the conqueror, for he disdained to answer the letters of the Haytian ruler. Early in 1800 a republican constitution was drafted under the auspices of Toussaint, which made Hayti virtually independent, though under the guardianship of France. An election was held and the liberator chosen president for life.
When the news of this action reached France in July, 1800, Napoleon was furious. He had just been made First Consul and would brook no equal. "He is a revolted slave, whom we must punish," he exclaimed; "the honor of France is outraged." Resolved to reduce the negroes again to slavery, he sent to Hayti a fleet of sixty ships and an army of about thirty-five thousand men, under General Leclerc, the husband of Pauline Bonaparte. Pauline accompanied him, and also several officers who had been former opponents of Toussaint.
Meanwhile, the Haytian president had not been idle. Having subdued the French portion of the island, he led his army into the Spanish portion, which was also reduced, San Domingo, its capital, being taken on January 2, 1801. When the keys of this city were handed to him by its governor, the negro conqueror said, solemnly, "I accept them in the name of the French Republic." Yet his conquests in the name of France did not soften the heart of the First Consul, who was bent on treating him as a daring rebel. The Peace of Amiens left the hands of Napoleon free in Europe, and the expedition under Leclerc reached the island about the end of 1801.
To oppose the strong army of Napoleon's veterans, men who had been trained to victory under his own eye, Toussaint had a force of blacks little more than half as strong. As he looked at the soldiers disembarking from the ships in the Bay of Samana he exclaimed in dismay, "We are lost! All France is coming to invade our poor island!"
The French made landings at several of the ports of Hayti, driving back their defenders. The city of San Domingo, held by Toussaint's brother, Paul, was taken. Cristophe, a daring negro who was to figure high in the subsequent history of the island, commanded at Cape Haytien, and when Leclerc summoned him to surrender, replied, "Go tell your general that the French shall march here only over ashes, and that the ground shall burn beneath their feet." This was not bombast, for when he found further defence impossible, he set fire to the city and retreated to the mountains, taking with him two thousand white prisoners. Grief and despair filled the soul of Toussaint when, marching to the relief of Cristophe, he saw the roads filled with fugitives and the city in ashes.
But though the French became masters of the ports, the army of the, blacks maintained itself in the mountain fastnesses, in which Toussaint defied all the efforts of his foes. After Leclerc had lost heavily, and began to despair of subduing his able opponent by force of arms, he had recourse to strategy. He had brought with him Toussaint's two sons. Napoleon had interviewed these boys before their departure from France, saying to them, "Your father is a great man, and has rendered good service to France. Tell him I say so, and bid him not to believe I have any hostile intention against the island. The troops I send are not designed to fight the natives, but to increase their strength, and the man I have appointed to command is my own brother-in-law."
Leclerc sent these boys to Toussaint, with the demand that he should submit or send his children back as hostages. An affecting interview took place between the boys and their father, and when they repeated to him Napoleon's words, he was at first inclined to yield, but fuller consideration induced him to refuse.
"I cannot accept your terms," he said. The First Consul offers me peace, but his general no sooner arrives than he begins a fierce war. No; my country demands my first consideration. Take back my sons."
In the continuation of the war a French force of twenty thousand men under Rochambeau marched against Toussaint, who was strongly intrenched at Crête à Pierrot. In the contest that followed Toussaint at first outgeneralled Rochambeau and defeated him with severe loss. But the assistance he looked for from his subordinates failed to reach him, and at length he was forced to retreat.
The French, however, despite their superior numbers and the military experience of their leaders, found that they had no mean antagonist in the negro general, and Leclerc again resorted to negotiation, offering the blacks their freedom if they would submit. Toussaint, seeing that he was unable to hold his own against his powerful foe, and convinced that the terms offered would be advantageous to his country, now decided to accept them, saying, "I accept everything which is favorable for the people and for the army; as for myself, I wish to live in retirement."
The negro liberator trusted his enemies too much. The pride of Napoleon had not yet digested the affront of Toussaint's message, "From the First of the Blacks to the First of the Whites," and he sent orders to Leclerc to arrest and send him to France. In June, 1802, a force was sent secretly at night to Toussaint's home, where he was dwelling in peace and quiet. The house was surrounded, two blacks that sought to defend him were killed on the spot, and he was dragged from his bed and taken to the coast. Here he was placed on board a man-of-war, which at once set sail for France.
Napoleon's treatment of Toussaint was one of the dark deeds in his career. Reaching France, the captive was separated from his wife and children and confined in the dungeon of a dreary frontier castle. Here, one morning in April, 1803, Toussaint L' Ouverture, the negro liberator, was found dead. He had been starved to death, if we may accept the belief of some authors.
The Haytien patriot died in poverty, though he might easily have accumulated vast wealth. In his official position he had maintained a degree of magnificence, and Napoleon believed that he had concealed great riches somewhere in the island. He sent spies to question him, but Toussaint's only reply was, "No, the treasures you seek are not those I have lost." The lost ones were his wife, his children, and his liberty.
Treachery is often an error, and Napoleon was soon to find that he had made a fatal mistake in his treatment of the leader of the blacks. Alarmed at his seizure, and having no one to control them, the negroes flew to arms, and soon the revolt spread over the whole island. Yellow fever came to the aid of the blacks, raging in Leclerc's army until thousands of soldiers and fifteen hundred officers found graves in the land they had invaded. In the end Leclerc himself died, and Pauline was taken back to France. When Napoleon heard the story of the fate of his expedition, he exclaimed in dismay,—
"Here, then, is all that remains of my fine army; the body of a brother-in-law, of a general, my right arm, a handful of dust! All has perished, all will perish! Fatal conquest! Cursed land! Perfidious colonists! A wretched slave in revolt. These are the causes of so many evils." He might more truly have said, "My own perfidy is the cause of all those evils."
A few words must conclude this tale. General Rochambeau was sent large reinforcements, and with an army of twenty thousand men attempted the reconquest of the island. After a campaign of ferocity on both sides, he found himself blockaded at Cape Haytien, and was saved from surrender to the revengeful blacks only by the British, to whom he yielded the eight thousand men he had left. As he sailed from the island he saw the mountain-tops blazing with the beacon-fires of joy kindled by the blacks. From that day to this the island of Hayti has remained in the hands of the negro race.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Virtual Desktops in Windows 11 [ULTIMATE GUIDE]
Updated June 2024: Stop error messages and fix your computer problem with this tool. Get it now at this link
1. Download and install the software.
2. It will scan your computer for problems.
3. The tool will then fix the issues that were found.
View Your Virtual Desktops
Windows 10 lets you create multiple virtual desktops—desktop spaces where you can keep different programs open side by side. You can drag windows from one workspace to another, and even move apps around within a single desktop. But what if you want to view your entire desktop setup without having to dig through folders? Here are some tips for viewing your virtual desktops.
To see your current desktop layout, press Win+Spacebar on your keyboard. This opens up the Start menu, which lists all of your desktops. To go directly to a specific desktop, type the name of the desktop followed by Enter. For example, typing Desktop 2 will take you to the second desktop. If you don’t see the desktop you’re looking for, try pressing Alt+Enter to open the Search box. Type the name of the desktop you’re trying to access, and hit Enter.
You can also use the Task View feature to browse your desktops. Press Ctrl+Shift+Esc on your keyboard to bring up the task switcher. Click the arrow next to the desktop you’d like to view, and select “Task view.” From there, you’ll be able to see every open application on that desktop.
If you want to create a new desktop, simply drag an app onto the blank area of the screen. When you drop it, the app appears in its own desktop space. You can resize individual applications by clicking and holding down the mouse button while moving the cursor around the edge of the window. Dragging an icon out of the window will close the application.
The Windows+Tab keyboard shortcut brings up the task switcher, allowing you to easily navigate between desktops. Simply hold down the Shift key while pressing Tab to cycle through your desktops.
Create New Desktops
To create a new desktop, simply press the key combination or mouse button to activate it. If you already had another desktop open, the application window will move there. Any open applications remain active.
PCMag-Recommended Windows 11 Accessories
Windows 10 may be Microsoft’s most popular operating system ever, but it doesn’t come without some drawbacks. For one thing, you might find yourself wishing there were more ways to customize the OS. Luckily, there are plenty of third-party apps designed specifically to make your PC work better. Here are our favorite Windows 11 accessories.
Re-Order Your Desktops
You know how it feels when you want to move something out of place on your computer screen? You drag it over to where you think it belongs, but it doesn’t budge. Or maybe you try dragging it off the edge of the screen, but it just bounces back into position.
That’s what happens when you use the mouse or trackpad to re-arrange your desktop icons. But there are better ways to do it. Here’s how to make your task easier.
1. Move the cursor to the left side of the screen.
2. Click on the icon that represents the desktop you want to change.
3. If necessary, click again to highlight the entire desktop.
4. Press and hold down the Shift key on your keyboard.
5. Release the keys while moving the mouse pointer to the opposite side of the screen. This moves the desktop to the desired location.
Updated: June 2024
We highly recommend that you use this tool for your error. Furthermore, this tool detects and removes common computer errors, protects you from loss of files, malware, and hardware failures, and optimizes your device for maximum performance. This software will help you fix your PC problems and prevent others from happening again:
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Change the Backgrounds on Your Desktops
Windows 10 introduced the ability to add multiple virtual desktops to your computer. These virtual workspaces allow you to keep several programs open at once without having to worry about switching windows. However, there are many different ways to do this. In fact, Microsoft does not recommend changing the backgrounds of your virtual desktops because it could cause issues with certain apps. But if you want to change the backgrounds anyway, here are some tips to help you out.
1. Choose a New Background for Each Virtual Desktop
To add a new background to your virtual desktop, follow these steps:
a. b. Click Change Theme Color.
c. Select a color from the list of colors or pick one from the image gallery.
d. Click Apply.
Have Windows Appear Across Desktops
By default, apps are kept separated from one another on desktops. You can open multiple instances of the same app, but it isn’t possible to view them side-by-side. If you want to keep multiple copies of the same app open simultaneously, there’s no easy way to do so. However, there is a workaround. Rightclick an app and select “Show this window everywhere.” This will allow you to see that app on every desktop.
Drag Apps Into Another Desktop
With Windows 10, you can drag apps from one desktop to another. This feature allows you to move apps around without having to close them. You can even open an app directly into a different desktop. This tip works best with multiple monitors.
To do it, follow these steps:
1. Right-click the taskbar and select Properties.
2. Click the Taskbar tab.
3. Select Allow apps to run full screen under each monitor option.
4. Close the window.
5. Now you can drag apps from desktop to desktop. To do this, simply hold down Ctrl+Alt while dragging the icon from one desktop to another desktop.
Customize Quick-View Taskbar Settings
The Windows 10 taskbar is one of those features you either love or hate. If you’re looking for something different, here are some tips on how to customize it.
To access the settings, simply open the Start menu and type “taskbar.” You’ll see a list of options under the heading “Taskbar & Navigation Pane,” including “Show icons on the taskbar.” Here, you can choose whether to display apps’ icons on the taskbar or just show the name of each program.
You can also change the color scheme used throughout the taskbar. Just select the option labeled “Color Scheme” and pick a theme from the dropdown menu. There are many themes included, such as “Classic,” “Modern Dark,” and “Modern Light.”
If you want to add more space to the taskbar, you can do so by clicking the plus symbol next to the word “Icons.” This will expand the area where you can place icons.
Finally, there’s a setting called “Quick View.” When enabled, this feature allows you to quickly view all open programs without having to navigate away from the current application. Simply press Win+Tab to toggle this function on or off.
Change the Desktops Icon’s position
Right clicking on the task bar gives you some options to customize it. You can add or remove the Desktophicon from the taskbar. This allows you to quickly switch desktops without having to open up multiple windows. If you want to disable the desktop shortcut completely, simply delete the icon. For example, here are the steps to do so:
1. Open Control Panel.
2. Click “Appearance & Personalization.”
3. Select the “Desktop Icons” tab.
4. Under “Show Desktop,” select either “None” or “Only Show Desktop Icons”.
5. Click OK.
6. Restart your computer.
RECOMMENATION: Click here for help with Windows errors.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are multisessions?
A virtual machine (VM) is a complete operating system environment running inside a hypervisor. When you launch a VM it appears as though it is running on a separate computer. This is called “multisession.”
How do I know what type of session I am using?
If you see a green circle next to the name of the session, it indicates that the session is active. If there is a red X over the session name, it means that the session is inactive.
Can I run more than one application at once?
Yes, each session runs independently. For example, if you open three browsers at the same time, they will run in different sessions.
How to move Windows 11 windows between desktops
To move an application from one desktop to another, go into Task View window and click the desktop where the app sits. Rightclick on the app icon and select Move to. Choose the destination desktop. You can also drag apps to different desktops by clicking and dragging them there.
What to do in Windows 11 to close a desktop
To close a desktop, hover your mouse cursor over it until you see a small x icon in its upper right corner. Click once on the x to close the desktop. If you want to open another desktop, press Win+Tab.
If you are running Windows 10 Pro or Enterprise edition, there is no option to close a desktop. You must use the Task Manager to kill processes associated with the desktop.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Category talk:California
Comment
What do y'all think about a "Category:Parks in California" (or "California parks"--was there ever a resolution on preferred syntax?) category? Several of them currently seem to be in "California geography", which is not really where I'd look for parks. Elf | Talk 17:44, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
* created in jan 2006, i linked to it just now.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 05:42, 29 November 2012 (UTC)
ca 'stubs'?
re: above Q re:parks, my reaction: Could parks be incl in nat history expander?
My question is a wikiware question (likely there is a better place to ask than here, but where?) Why not provide a clickable "expand all expanders", so we can textsearch for (partial)words such as "agricultur" 2z2z 07:34, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
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WIKI
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lsinitrd - tool to show the contents of an initramfs image
NAME SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION OPTIONS AVAILABILITY AUTHORS SEE ALSO
NAME
lsinitrd − tool to show the contents of an initramfs image
SYNOPSIS
lsinitrd [OPTION...] [<image> [<filename> [<filename> [...] ]]]
lsinitrd [OPTION...] −k <kernel version>
DESCRIPTION
lsinitrd shows the contents of an initramfs image. if <image> is omitted, then lsinitrd uses the default image /efi/<machine−id>/<kernel−version>/initrd, /boot/<machine−id>/<kernel−version>/initrd, /boot/efi/<machine−id>/<kernel−version>/initrd, /lib/modules/<kernel−version>/initrd or /boot/initramfs−<kernel−version>.img.
OPTIONS
−h, −−help
print a help message and exit.
−s, −−size
sort the contents of the initramfs by size.
−f, −−file <filename>
print the contents of <filename>.
−k, −−kver <kernel version>
inspect the initramfs of <kernel version>.
−m, −−mod
list dracut modules included of the initramfs image.
−−unpack
unpack the initramfs to the current directory, instead of displaying the contents. If optional filenames are given, will only unpack specified files, else the whole image will be unpacked. Won’t unpack anything from early cpio part.
−−unpackearly
unpack the early microcode initramfs to the current directory, instead of displaying the contents. Same as −−unpack, but only unpack files from early cpio part.
−v, −−verbose
unpack verbosely
AVAILABILITY
The lsinitrd command is part of the dracut package and is available from https://github.com/dracutdevs/dracut
AUTHORS
Harald Hoyer
Amerigo Wang
Nikoli
SEE ALSO
dracut(8)
Updated 2024-01-29 - jenkler.se | uex.se
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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1. The real Valentine is shrouded in mystery.
Although he lived in the third century AD, almost nothing is known about this saint or the life he led. It’s not even clear how many holy men named Valentine there were, or which one is honored on Valentine’s Day.
Regardless, fragments about the saint have become the realm of legends. The consensus is that he was a priest who broke the law by doing what he believed. Some stories say that he performed marriages between soldiers and his loved ones. In Rome during that time, this was against the law. Soldiers were not allowed to marry. When Valentine was captured, he was imprisoned and sentenced to death for defying Roman rule.
Another story also involves his imprisonment, but this time for practicing his faith and refusing to worship the emperor. While in prison, he befriended the jailer’s daughter. He prayed for her, and she was healed of her illnesses. On the night of her execution, Valentine gave her friend a note from her to comfort her. She simply said, “From your Valentine.”
2. Matchmaking was an ancient Roman tradition that preceded Valentine’s Day
The lupercalia was a festival that was celebrated every year in ancient Rome between February 13 and 15. Its purpose was to cleanse and protect the community. Some of the holiday traditions were meant to get rid of evil spirits and bless the crops.
There was also a matchmaking component to the festivities. The women put their names in an urn. The men chose names from the ballot box. Couples formed by this lottery system were expected to stay together for a year. Surprisingly, many of these random matches resulted in marriages.
Centuries later, this ancient celebration merged with the new tradition of honoring Valentine on February 14. The new holiday was much more subdued, but some of the romantic aspects of the festival continued.
3. Valentine’s Day cards were all the rage in Victorian England
In the Middle Ages, nobles wrote (or hired others to write for them) passionate love notes to loved ones. But it wasn’t until the Victorian era in the mid-19th century that sending Valentine’s cards became a popular custom.
First they were handmade cards adorned with lace and ribbons. They were fancy cards with intricate designs that included cutouts and pop-ups. The tradition caught on in England and came to the United States several decades later.
With advances in printing technology, cards began to be mass produced. Currently, 180 million Valentine’s Day cards are exchanged each year in the US alone. Designs continue to evolve, but floral and heart themes are still as popular as they were in the Victorian era.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Switch Case In Python – (Replacement)
As we all know, that every other language has a switch control or case-control structure. In this tutorial, we will see how to use switch case-control statements in python by the implicit definition of the structure.
To get started we must be familiar with dictionary mapping in Python.
Mapping in mathematics is an operation that associates each element of a given set (the domain) with one or more elements of a second set (the range). Likewise, dictionary mapping is a way of connecting the keys with the values that are mapping all of them to establish a link which makes accessible in one go.
How to implement switch statement in Python
The Pythonian way to implement switch statement is using powerful dictionary mappings feature, which also known as associative arrays, that provides simple one-to-one key-value mappings.
Here’s an implementation of the above switch statement in Python. In the example down below, we create a dictionary named switch to store all the switch-like cases.
def switch_demo(argument):
switch = {
1: "January",
2: "February",
3: "March",
4: "April",
5: "May",
6: "June",
7: "July",
8: "August",
9: "September",
10: "October",
11: "November",
12: "December"
}
print switch.get(argument, "Invalid month")
#main
x=raw_input()
switch_demo(x)
In the above example, when you pass an argument to the switch_demo function, it is looked up against the switch dictionary mapping.
1. If the match finds, it prints the associated value.
2. Else it prints a default string (‘Invalid Month’) The default string helps implement the ‘default case’ of a switch statement.
Switch case statement comes handy when we try to form a menu driven/user-driven programs.
The user provides the choices as input. The function runs in accordance with the choice entered.
It’s highly useful in case there is a requirement for pattern matching. Using Switch statements ensures that visual compactness of any program and make it look more appealing and attractive.
Also, refer these for better understanding,
PHP Switch Case Statement
Creation, Addition, Removal, Modification of Dictionary in Python
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Order of Parental Glory
The Order of Parental Glory (Орден «Родительская Слава») is a state award of the Russian Federation. It was established on May 13, 2008 by presidential decree 775 to reward deserving parents of exceptionally large families. It can trace its origins to the Soviet Order "Mother Heroine". The Order's statute was amended on September 7, 2010 by presidential decree 1099, the same document that established the Medal of the Order of Parental Glory.
Award statute
The Order of Parental Glory is awarded to parents or adoptive parents who are married, in a civil union, or in the case of single-parent families, to one of the parents or adoptive parents who are/is raising, or have raised seven or more children as citizens of the Russian Federation. For leading a healthy family life, being socially responsible, providing an adequate level of health care, education, physical, spiritual and moral development of the children, full and harmonious development of their personality, and setting an example to strengthen the institution of the family and child rearing.
The award is made when the seventh child reaches the age of three, and in the presence of the other living children, except in the cases of older children who were killed or missing in action in defence of the Fatherland or its interests, in the performance of military, official or civic duties, who died as a result of injury, concussion or disease received in these circumstances, either because of occupational injury or illness.
The Russian Federation Order of Precedence dictates that the Order of Parental Glory is to be worn on the left breast with other orders and medals immediately after the Order of Friendship.
Award description
The badge of the Order is a 70 mm wide gilt silver cross pattée, with arms that are flared towards the concave outer ends. The cross obverse is enamelled in blue. At its center is a circular red enamelled medallion edged in gold and bearing the gilded coat of arms of the Russian Federation. A green enamelled laurel wreath passes under and near the outer ends of the cross. Golden rays extend between the cross's arms to the laurel wreath. The reverse is plain (golden) and bears the award serial number.
A smaller 40 mm wide badge of the Order is also given for wear in special circumstances. The gentlemen's badge is suspended by a ring through the badge suspension loop from a standard Russian pentagonal mount covered by a 24 mm wide overlapping white silk moiré ribbon with two 1,5 mm wide light blue stripes situated 8 mm from the ribbon outer edge. The ladies' badge hangs from a bow made of the same ribbon. Both are worn on the left breast.
Recipients of the Order of Parental Glory (partial list)
The individuals listed below were awarded the Order of Parental Glory.
* Vladimir and Galina Belyaeva – June 1, 2009
* Yuri and Svetlana Druzhinin – June 1, 2009
* Anatoly and Helen Kitaev – June 1, 2009
* Sergei and Elena Kitka – June 1, 2009
* Sergey and Vera Malikov – June 1, 2009
* Gabriel and Marina Medvedev – June 1, 2009
* Sergey and Nadezhda Nikolaev – June 1, 2009
* Abdulkhalik and Hanpira Khalikova – January 13, 2009
* Nicholas and Xenia Lyovka – January 13, 2009
* Ildar and Ramzi Gabsalyamov – January 13, 2009
* Vladimir and Olga Maksimov – January 13, 2009
* Andrei and Svetlana Maltsev – January 13, 2009
* Ivan and Nadezhda Osyaki – January 13, 2009
* Ivan and Elena Novikov – January 13, 2009
* Vladimir and Nadezhda Popov – January 13, 2009
* Nikolai and Tatyana Saltykov – June 2, 2010
* Nikolay and Lyudmila Nikolenko – June 2, 2010
* Konstantin and Svetlana Rozenko – June 2, 2010
* Valery and Nadia Isiny – June 2, 2010
* Alexander and Tatiana Vasilyev – June 2, 2010
* Nicholas and Natalya Arkhipov – June 2, 2010
* Cyril and Julia Voroshilov – June 2, 2010
* Mudaris and Dilbyar Shafigullin – June 2, 2010
* Nadezhda and Ivan Pinchuk – June 1, 2011
* Irina and Sergei Levin – June 1, 2011
* Mary and Andrew Gamm – June 1, 2011
* Irina and Vladimir Makhovym – June 1, 2011
* Irae Gil'mutdinov and Constantine Goloshchapov – June 1, 2011
* Olga and Ivan Sukhov – June 1, 2011
* Inessa and Eugene Fisenko – June 1, 2011
* Valeriy and Tatiana Novik – May 31, 2017
Medal of the Order
The Medal of the Order of Parental Glory was established on September 7, 2010 by presidential decree 1099. Its award criteria differ from those of the main Order only in the number of children required. The Medal of the Order of Parental Glory is awarded for raising four children, as opposed to seven for the Order, and the remainder of the statute is the same.
The Medal of the Order of Parental Glory is made of gilt silver and is 32mm in diameter. The obverse has a reproduction (without enamels) of the badge of the Order of Parental Glory. The reverse is plain with the central inscription "FOR RAISING CHILDREN" (Russian: "ЗА ВОСПИТАНИЕ ДЕТЕЙ"). The medal hangs from the same mount and ribbon as the Order's smaller badge destined for wear.
The Russian Federation Order of Precedence dictates that the Medal of Parental Glory is to be worn on the left breast with other medals immediately after the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration".
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WIKI
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Coconut shell based activated carbon with no greenhouse gas emission
April 27, 2012
The use of activated carbon to remove harmful impurities like organic contaminants from water has been practiced since Roman times.
The use of activated carbon to remove harmful impurities like organic contaminants from water has been practiced since Roman times. Activated carbon is the generic term used to describe a family of carbonaceous adsorbents with a highly amorphous form and extensively developed internal pore structure.
Activated carbon is extremely porous with a very large surface area, which makes it an effective adsorbent material. This large surface area relative to the size of the actual carbon particle makes it easy to remove large amounts of impurities in a relatively small enclosed space.
An approximate ratio of surface area is one square meter per gram. The intermolecular attractions in the smallest pores result in adsorption. The molecules of the contaminants in the water are adsorbed on to the surface of the activated carbon by either physical or chemical attraction. Physical attraction does not alter the adsorbate molecular structure; chemical adsorption results in changing the adsorbate molecular structure. Some like to refer to these two phenomenon as physisorption (physical adsorption) and chemisorption (chemical adsorption).
The two mechanisms by which the chemicals are adsorbed onto activated carbon are either it ‘dislikes’ water or it attracts into the activated carbon. Activated carbon adsorption proceeds through three basic steps:
1. Substances adsorb to the exterior of the carbon surface.
2. Substances move into the carbon adsorption pore with the highest adsorption energy.
3. Substances adsorb to the interior graphitic platelets of the carbon.
Many natural substances are used as base materials to make activated carbon. The most common of these used in water purification are lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal and peat, wood and coconut shell.
Different base materials and the activation process results in unique pore size and pore distribution. The pore size grouping in carbon is commonly described by its pore diameter. Macropores (above 50 nanometers [nm] in diameter); mesopores (two to 50 nm diameter) and micropores (under two nm diameter). Another way to think of and visualize pore structure is transport and adsorption pores: transport pores bring adsorables to the adsorption pores.
Coconut shell-based activated carbons are the least dusty. Predominantly microporous, they are well-suited for organic chemical adsorption. Coconut shell-based carbon has the highest hardness compared to other types of activated carbons, which makes it the ideal carbon for water purification.
In terms of base materials, coconut shell and wood are renewable resources. Coconut plantations with millions of acres of land continue to provide all the benefits of green trees to our environment in spite of using billions of coconut shells per year for activation.
Activated carbon is produced from coconut shells in a two-step process.
The first step in activation is to carbonize the shells to drive about two-thirds of the volatiles out of the shells, creating a carbonaceous mass full of tiny pores.
In the second stage, this carbonized base material is activated at high temperature (1,100°C/2,012°F) in steam. Activation temperature and the amount of activation time are important to create the internal pore networks and to impart certain surface chemistries (functional group) inside each particle. In essence, the total activation process gives carbon its unique adsorption characteristics.
Current carbonization process
The process of carbonization is to convert coconut shells to char or charcoal.
The charring process (the making of charcoal) is known as pyrolysis, which is the chemical decomposition of the shell by heating in the absence of oxygen.
During the carbonization of coconut shells, volatiles amounting to 70 percent of the mass of the coconut shells are released into the atmosphere, yielding 30 percent of the coconut shell mass as charcoal. The volatiles released during the carbonization process are methane, CO2, water vapor and a wide range of organic vapors.
Coconut shells are carbonized in an age-old process commonly known as the open-pit method. In this process, earth is used as an insulator and to heat the shells in the absence of oxygen. The pit charcoaling cycle consists of three stages:
1. Pyrolosis phase. Over 12 hours long, when gases are released.
2. Pacification phase. When the pit is closed and the char is cooled for 12 hours.
3. Unloading. Final step where charcoal is unloaded and fresh shells are loaded for the next production cycle.
The temperature maintained in the process is vital for complete pyrolysis. Experiments have shown that the charcoal yield is directly proportional to the temperature in the pits.
In addition, the amount of methane released into the atmosphere is directly related to the temperature in the pit.
By and large, pits yield 30 percent char, which means they maintain a temperature of 500°C (932°F). Several experiments have been conducted to measure the amount of gases released; on average, one million ton (MT) of coconut shells releases about 12 to 15 Kg of methane into the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases emitted by current charring processes
Greenhouse gases insulate the Earth from the cold of space. As incoming solar radiations are adsorbed and re-emitted back from the Earth’s surface as infrared energy, greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere prevent a portion of this heat from escaping into space, instead re-emitting the energy back to further warm the surface.
Human activities are amplifying the natural greenhouse effect. Our emissions of GHGs are modifying the Earth’s energy balance between incoming solar radiation and the heat released back into space, resulting in climate change.
Climate change can alter temperature, precipitation and sea levels and may adversely impact human and natural systems, including water resources, human health and settlements and the biodiversity of our ecosystems.
The apparent acceleration of the climate change model over the last 50 years and the increasing confidence in global climate model results adds to the compelling evidence that climate is being effected by GHG emissions from human activities. If this is true, we all must do what we can to limit GHGs.
There are several GHGs, of which water vapor, methane and carbon dioxide are both naturally accruing and industrially generated. CO2 and methane are emitted primarily from fossil fuel combustion. Land-use changes and deforestation are significant sources of CO2 emission.
India, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Indonesia are the primary countries that char coconut shells for activation to be used in water and air purification. Several countries in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) region in recent years have started doing so as well.
A conservative estimate is that in the four leading countries, about 350 MT/year of methane is emitted to the atmosphere by the pit method of charring. This is the equivalent of the CO2 emitted by 350,000 mid-size cars driven 20,000 miles per year. Methane is four times more effective (and therefore, detrimental) as a GHG compared to CO2.
Disruptive technology prevents greenhouse gas emission
In the pit method of charring coconut shells, GHGs are emitted to the atmosphere without any control and treatment of effluent gases. Recently, a company has developed a novel process working with the Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore) to char the coconut shells in a reactor, thereby capturing the GHGs and using them under controlled conditions for the production of thermal energy. Coconut shells contain cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, which an average composition of C6 H10 O5 with slight variations depending on the nature of the biomass. Theoretically, the ratio of air-to-fuel required for the complete combustion of the shells, defined as stoichiometric (pertaining to or involving substances that are in the exact proportions required for a given reaction) combustion, is 6:1 to 6.5:1 with the end products of CO2 and H2O.
In this new process, the combustion is carried out in sub-stoichiometric conditions, with the air-to-fuel ratio being 1.5:1 and 1.8:1. The gas so obtained is called producer gas, which is combustible. This process is made possible in a device called a ‘char reactor’ in a limited supply of air. Two reactions take place: oxidation and reduction.
The first part of the sub-stoichiometric oxidation (air with shells) leads to the loss of volatiles from the shells and is exothermic. It results in peak temperatures of 800°C (1,472°F) and the generation of gaseous products like carbon monoxide and hydrogen (in the same proportions) and carbon dioxide and water vapor, which, in turn, are reduced in part to carbon monoxide and hydrogen by the hot bed of charcoal generated during the gasification process. Reduction reaction is endothermic; generating combustible products like CO, H2 and CH4 as indicated below.
C + CO2 —> 2CO
C + H2O —> CO + H2
C + 2H2 —> CH4
Since char is generated during the gasification process, the entire operation is self-sustaining.
The development of the state-of-the-art technology wherein the shells are fed from the top with a twin air entry re-burn process by the company is the critical element. This process consists of a fuel and ash handling system, a gasification system reactor and gas cooling and cleaning systems. The process is unique and prevents tar formation during pyrolysis.
Results
The char produced in this process is of consistently good quality compared to that produced by the open pit method. It has a consistent, high iodine value and is free from contaminants coming from the pit, such as soil, silica and pebbles. This char forms a good base material for the activation process, enabling high performance.
Dr. P.A. Shankar is chief technology cfficer for Singapore-based Filtrex Holdings Group. He can be reached via email to [email protected].
Reprinted with permission of Water Conditioning & Purification Magazine©, March 2008. Any reuse or republication, in part or whole, must be with the written consent of the Publisher.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Austin teen arrested for robbing a bank after using a Jump scooter as his getaway vehicle
The first rule of robbing a bank in 2019 is apparently not to use your credit card to rent the getaway car. According to Austin, Texas newspaper the Austin American-Statesman, 19-year-old Luca Mangiarano was charged yesterday with robbery by threat after showing up to a BBVA Compass bank on Austin’s Sixth Street and demanding money via a note handed to a teller. He was caught, however, because he allegedly used an Uber-owned Jump electric scooter as his means of escape after leaving with the cash. The Statesman reports that Austin police contacted Uber about the robbery, and the company handed over Mangiarano’s name, address, and credit card number in relation to his renting of a Jump scooter seen in video footage, a scooter the police had reason to believe featured the suspect. Police were able to further verify Mangiarano’s connection by tracing the scooter from the scene of the crime to outside his apartment, as well as using data from his cellphone provider that indicated he was in the area during the time of the robbery. So while not the smartest move obviously, the scooter-related arrest illustrates a couple important points about privately-owned transit options. First and foremost, don’t commit a crime and then verify your location, name, and credit card number with an easy-to-access timestamp attached. Secondly, and perhaps more applicable to most regular people, a lot of your public comings and goings are being tracked when you access these private companies’ services with accounts only usable with credit cards, so it’s something to keep in mind if you value maximum privacy. Of course, Uber only complied in this case because it was a law enforcement matter with ample video footage to back up the request. But with scooter use only continuing to increase, as companies pour money into new ventures and try and loosen city restrictions around adding ever more vehicles to the pool, it’s likely Uber, Bird, and other companies are going to have a lot more information about how people get around. That’s useful to them, and in some cases to law enforcement, and not so helpful to your average shortsighted criminal.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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-- Disney Taps Twitter to Gauge 'Avengers' Opening, FT Says
Walt Disney Co. (DIS) is hoping to
predict more accurately how much money “The Avengers” will
bring in when it debuts next week by analyzing social networking
sites such as Twitter, the Financial Times reported. The sites have made it easier to gauge public sentiment,
making Hollywood research firm Fizziology forecast that the
superhero film will probably generate $135 million to $150
million in its opening weekend, according to the newspaper. To contact the reporter on this story:
Trista Kelley in London at
tkelley2@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Phil Serafino at
pserafino@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Why Does Stress and Mood Swings Can Lower Life Expectancy
Stress is an unavoidable part of life. A great many interior or outer elements might set off stress influencing mood, confidence, and feeling of prosperity, conduct and actual health. A specific measure of stress is important for an ordinary life. Nonetheless, in the event that it continues it involves concern.
Whenever left uncontrolled, what could begin as a momentary dissatisfaction could ultimately advance to a drawn out misery. A few perilous impacts of long haul stress are hypertension, stoutness, disease, diabetes, stroke and coronary failure. Ongoing examinations have demonstrated the way that delayed openness to wearisome stress in life can bring about serious harm to urgent pieces of the DNA, which thus might below person’s normal future. Those encountering constant degrees of stress risk abbreviated telomeres, which are cap-like designs toward the finish of each strand of DNA to safeguard the chromosomes. The subsequent harm incurred for these telomeres causes blunders in the manner DNA trains cells to act. Consequently, their length is straightforwardly connected to future.
One of the significant results of disintegrated and abbreviated telomeres is a higher gamble for hereditary transformations in any case healthy cells and qualities. Such a surprising burst of the hereditary code builds a singular’s defenselessness to malignant growth and numerous other life-shortening illnesses alongside a general poor physical and psychological well-being. With a compromised resistant framework, the weakness to contaminations increments, making it hard for the body to battle infections, including disease. Contingent upon individual survival methods, hereditary inclinations and in general health conditions, there is adequate exploration based proof to demonstrate that amassed stress combined with fluctuating mood swings can really diminish the life expectancy by as much as four to eight years. Here are far to diminish stress in both the short-as well as long haul
Partaking in actual work- Doing works out, for example, lively strolling, running, moving or yoga, consistently can process the unnecessary stress chemicals in the body.
Looking for social help- Talking is an outlet to deliver the stacked up feelings and pressures. Discussing one’s thoughts with others can assist with lessening stress partially.
Carving out opportunity to snicker- As the idiom goes, laughter is a pain killer with no side effects, it positively reduces a portion of the stress as the cerebrum is connected to feelings and looks.
Assuming command over circumstances- Learning more up to date procedures to find answers for the issues that might appear to be unsolvable on a superficial level can bring down a great deal of stress.
Rehearsing reflection- Rehearsing some type of care can assist the body with delivering many stress-related pessimistic feelings and unwind.
Any sort of stress can make life damnation and Visit Website to read more information. However, there is trust, gave the side effects are not disregarded and followed up on with impeccable timing. Prescription and backing can go far in changing negative idea designs that create because of stress for anyone experiencing any kind of emotional wellness issue. However, with regards to patients with a drawn out stressful condition, recuperation might take a little longer time than expected.
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Mental Health & Skin Health Connection
May 28, 2021 4 min read
Mental Health & Skin Health Connection
Does Mental Health Affect My Skin?
Not only do Mental health disorders take a toll on overall well-being, but they can also have an impact on the body and skin health. For those suffering from acne, eczema, hair loss, hives, psoriasis, rosacea, and skin picking - anxiety can increase these symptoms and cause uncomfortable flare-ups. When one no longer feels in control, the skin can respond.
It’s A Chemical Imbalance
Under emotional stress, the skin recovers more slowly, causing many skin problems to become worse, as well as causing changes to the immune response via inflammation. This in turn affects the mechanism of inflammatory skin diseases, often aggravating them.
Stress causes your body to make hormones like cortisol, which tells glands in your skin to make more oil. Oily skin is more prone to acne and other skin problems. Other chemical responses in your body can cause the skin to be more sensitive and reactive. For example, anxiety and/or stress can aggravate psoriasis, rosacea, and eczema.
Healthy Mind, Healthy Skin
There are many routines and activities that are recommended for helping to balance anxiety and stress. Many of these will also help to balance hormones and chemical functions that may be contributing to skin issues as well. A few examples:
• Schedule time for relaxing activities. Scheduling time for activities that make you feel relaxed may help you reduce stress if you feel overwhelmed by your busy schedule.
• Maintain good lifestyle habits. Continuing to eat a healthy diet as well as getting plenty of sleep will help your body better manage stress.
• Stay active. Exercise can help you lower levels of your stress hormones and give you some time to take your mind off the cause of your stress.
• Talk to others. Talking to a friend, family member, or mental health professional helps many people deal with stress.
• Avoid drugs and alcohol. Persistent use of drugs and alcohol can cause additional problems to your stress.
How to De-Stress Your Skin
In a cruel catch-22, the worse our skin looks, the more it can impact our mental well-being. Just as the routines mentioned above can help to calm and balance from the inside-out, a regimented skincare routine can be the key to calming and balancing what is happening topically on your skin.
Utilizing ingredients ranging from blemish busters to skin barrier-building ceramides and hydrating hyaluronic acid along with anti-inflammatories can truly help to change your skin challenges, as well as be one less thing to stress about.
One of the most beneficial ingredients to look for when dealing with stress related skin conditions is Probiotics. Probiotics are microorganisms that naturally live on the surface of the skin, creating a protective veil referred to as the skin’s microbiome. When the microbiome is in balance, it helps offset factors that can negatively influence skin, such as redness, dryness, breakouts, and a weakened surface.
Breakouts and Acne Skin Concerns
• One of the most important things to remember with breakouts, is DO NOT PICK! Picking is often a subconscious act that is triggered by stress and anxiety. Picking can lead to longer healing time as well as scaring and skin discolorations. One of the best ways to help prevent the pickable spots is to not over-dry the skin with harsh ingredients. Look for Salicylic Acid in combination with anti-inflammatories, hydrating and soothing ingredients.
• Which GLOWBIOTICS products can help? (add links to each product below)
Mental Health & Skin Health Connection
Dehydrated & Dull Complexion Skin Concerns
• If your skin has lost it’s glow and looks tired, you need a hydration boost. Research shows that hydrating your body on the inside, helps the outside as well. Drinking more water and eating foods with a high-water content can help, along with 8 to 10 glasses of water each day. Look for products that contain Hyaluronic Acid to help hydrate as well as soothe the skin.
• Which GLOWBIOTICS products can help? (add links to each product below)
1. Instant Refreshing Gel Hydrator
2. HydraGlow Cream Oil
3. Ultra Rich Brightening Cream
Rosacea Skin Concerns
• This chronic skin condition can be triggered by many things - alcohol, certain medications, spicy food, environmental factors, and emotional stress. This condition is defined by inflammation and we know that stress causes inflammation in the body and skin. Look for “formulated for sensitive skin” on the label of your skincare products, to help with this condition.
• Which GLOWBIOTICS products can help? (add links to each product below)
1. Revitalizing Cleanser
2. Calming Restorative Treatment
3. Gentle Calming Lotion
Mental Health & Skin Health Connection
Eczema Skin Concerns
• This condition is caused by an overactive immune system, triggered by anything from irritating ingredients to, you guessed it, stress. Eczema is a sign of an unhealthy skin microbiome and can weaken the skin barrier, which can open the door for irritation and dryness.
• Which GLOWBIOTICS products can help? (add links to each product below)
1. Calming Restorative Treatment
2. Anti-Pollution + Firming Treatment
3. Gentle Calming Lotion
How to Take Back Your Skin
How do you decide where to begin? Visit GLOWBIOTICS Skin Quiz to learn what products will transform your skin and your self-esteem!
For more information on ending the stigma around mental health, please visit Bring Change to Mind, a charity GLOWBIOTICS partners with the end the stigma around mental health. For those of you who are struggling with their mental health or know someone that is, you are not alone and what you’re feeling right now is valid. If you need to talk, please contact Crisis Text Line by texting “BC2M” to 741-741 or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255).
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Make your dreams come true love what you do.
Forums
Rewritten: jQuery / How do I use an array
• # June 18, 2009 at 12:50 pm
I removed my other post, because it was too long…and have revised my question, to simplify things.
Situation: I have a series of checkboxes on a page, and each time a box is clicked, the value gets amended an array, then take the content of that array and build a url which should be loaded using .load. If the box is unchecked, I would like that value removed from the array and url rebuild and new page loaded.
Question 1: Once a box is clicked how can I store that value to an array?
Question 2: How do I build the .load url with an array?
Here is the code I have so far…which works (kinda)
Code:
This only works for one checkbox at a time…as there is currently no array. Can someone explain how I can store a clicked value?
I kinda think I need to do something more like…
If a box is checked, see what other boxes are checked and then send the values of all the boxes that are checked.
Then, when a box is unchecked, check what boxes are checked and then resend the values in a url. Thoughts?
Thanks!
# June 21, 2009 at 4:27 am
The way you got your code working is everytime they click on a checkbox it will post information to server and load
From how you are explaining im not sure what the end product is supposed to do anyways to answer you question if you want to store all the checkboxs in an array it would be done like this
Code:
From the example above the array will have ["something","somethingElse"]
For second Question:
Depends on what language you are using, python, perl, php, ruby ect? but the universal way is to send a long string
Code:
This will send "something, somethingElse" to the sever
((php: $_POST == "something, somethingElse" ))
Then you could split that string back into a array or defintion list (all depending on the language)
# June 21, 2009 at 5:01 am
Quote:
$.post(‘/link/to/file/’, {data : checkData.join(‘, ‘)} );
That is not the best way to send data to a php script.
The most efficient way is to use a subscripted variable, this way the data will be accessible as an array in the php script.
For example:
Code:
$.post(‘/link/to/file/’, { ‘data[]‘ : checkData });
Now in php the posted data will be available as an array:
$_POST[0]
$_POST[1]
etc…
# June 21, 2009 at 5:10 am
Your probably right
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Geethanjali (1989 film)
Geethanjali is a 1989 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film written and directed by Mani Ratnam. It stars Nagarjuna and Girija who appears as the titular character in her film debut. The music is composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Upon release, the film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. The film won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment and also won six state Nandi Awards. The film was later remade in Hindi as Yaad Rakhegi Duniya (1992).
Plot
Prakash, a carefree, mischievous student graduates from College. During his celebration with his friends, he gets into a road accident. Although the accident is only minor, during medical tests, he is diagnosed with terminal cancer and has a few months to live. Unable to hear his mother's constant wailing, he packs his bags and leaves to his family's vacation home in Ooty to spend a happy and peaceful time.
There, he meets Geetanjali, who enjoys playing pranks on people around her. In one incident, Geetanjali asks a guy to meet her near a church after sundown to elope with her. When he comes to meet her, she along with her sisters and friends play an elaborate prank by dressing up as ghosts to scare him away. When she tries to pull the same prank on Prakash, who is already aware of this, it backfires as he pulls a bigger prank on her by dressing himself as a vampire and along with aerial wire stunts, scares her.
After being unsuccessful in scaring Prakash away, Geethanjali forms another plan in which she complains to her grandmother that Prakash had asked her (Geethanjali) to elope with him. Furious at this knowledge, Geethanjali's grandmother confronts Prakash about it. Though Prakash tries his best to explain the truth, Geethanjali's grandmother chides him and humiliates him in public. Prakash becomes angry and retaliates by driving Geethanjali to a hillside area and leaving her there. Later that night, Geethanjali's youngest sister comes to Prakash and tells him that Geethanjali has still not returned home and they are getting worried about her. Prakash goes out to look for her and upon finding her shivering in the cold, brings her back to her family. Geethanjali's grandmother scolds Prakash for pulling such a stunt on Geethanjali as such things could have worsened her health condition. Curious at this, Prakash inquires about her health. To his dismay, he finds out that she has a terminal illness. This intrigues him as she is always happy and energetic. Geethanjali tells him that she's not worried about her impending death as everyone who lives in this world will be gone someday. She also tells him that she's not bothered about what happens in the future and she only lives for today. This teaches Prakash to take his own impending death in stride and live life to the fullest.
Prakash begins to fall in love with Geethanjali and pursues her. Thinking that this is also a part of his mischief, Geethanjali keeps putting him off. But one thing leads to another and soon, she too reciprocates his love. One day, Prakash's mother comes to visit him and finds out about her son's love. Not knowing that Prakash has been keeping his illness a secret from Geethanjali, his mother blurts out the truth to Geethanjali. She becomes heart-broken knowing that Prakash's condition is worse than her own. She confronts Prakash and tells him to leave her. Prakash reminds Geethanjali that everyone dies one day and so will he. He tells her that his death is no exception. But a devastated Geethanjali admits that his own life is more important to her than her own and she would not be able to see his death. She begs him to leave her and tells him that she doesn't want to see him again. That night, Geethanjali's health worsens and she is admitted in the hospital. After getting the news, Prakash rushes to the hospital to meet her, but Geethanjali's father, who happens to be a doctor, requests him to leave since Geethanjali wishes the same. Prakash becomes sad and decides to leave the town. At the same time, Geethanjali undergoes an operation for her heart. Hours after her operation, Geethanjali slowly opens her eyes. Her whole family rejoices at her recovery. Geethanjali looks at her father and tells him that she wants to meet Prakash. The family finds out that he is planning to leave the town and rush to the railway station. Prakash sees Geethanjali and turns back to run to her and hold her hand which she outstretches. The movie ends as Geethanjali and Prakash reunite and kiss.
Cast
* Special appearances (listed alphabetically)
* Chandramohan
* Silk Smitha in "Jagada Jagada"
Production
Fascinated by the script and box office performance of Mani Ratnam's Mouna Ragam (1986), Nagarjuna was keen on starring in a film directed by him. Nagarjuna revealed that he used to wait outside Ratnam's house every morning when the director would go on his daily walk to exchange conversations. After a month of regularly attempting to run into the director, Nagarjuna requested him to direct a Telugu film with him in the lead, which the director agreed to after initial reluctance, which became Geethanjali. It remains the only Telugu film directed by Ratnam. Girija was cast as the lead actress after Ratnam saw her at his wedding with Suhasini, accompanying the sister of Krishnamachari Srikkanth. Girija's voice was dubbed by Rohini during post-production.
Principal photography began on 12 October 1988 and was completed in sixty working days. Most of the scenes were shot in Ooty and a few shots were filmed in Madras. Ratnam shot the film in the misty valleys of Ooty to give it a soft, poetic atmosphere. Filming would start early in the dawn, around 5 AM, and wrap up by about 11 AM. To capture the scenes in a dreamy atmosphere; the cast and crew had to arrive on location an hour before filming. In addition, an ice machine was brought from Madras to provide any additional mist if the shot did not look romantic enough.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics by Veturi. The first song finalised was "O Papa Lali!". "O Priya Priya!" would later be reused in the 1990 Hindi film Dil under the same name.
Release
Geethanjali was released on 12 May 1989. Praveen Kumar Reddy had to distribute the film himself in select places like Visakhapatnam as distributors were sceptical; despite this, it was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. The Tamil-dubbed version Idhayathai Thirudathe was released on 5 July 1989 and was also successful.
Legacy
Nagarjuna became the heart-throb of Telugu filmgoers with Geethanjali. An immense following of girls and ladies began for Nagarjuna. Geethanjali was released five months prior to another trend-setter, Siva starring Nagarjuna. These two films helped Nagarjuna gain both class and mass audience and were the stepping stones for many more blockbusters later in his career. Ratnam also gained a huge following in Andhra Pradesh with this film. The film was unofficially remade in Hindi as Yaad Rakhegi Duniya (1992).
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ⲛⲓⲣⲁⲛ
Etymology
. Heuser suggest it to be an abbreviation of another name, most likely, "the one of the names".
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Senate Poised to Vote on Trade Aid That May Advance Accords
The Senate is debating and plans to
vote today on the renewal of aid for workers who lose their jobs
to foreign competition, a step that would open the way for
President Barack Obama to submit three free-trade agreements. Lawmakers are to consider a scaled-back version of Trade
Adjustment Assistance negotiated by Senator Max Baucus , a
Montana Democrat, and Representative Dave Camp , a Michigan
Republican as an amendment to a bill renewing tariff preferences
for developing nations. Republicans led by Senator Orrin Hatch
of Utah failed in the past two days to trim the benefits and
enact the aid only when trade deals with South Korea , Colombia
and Panama are signed into law. Renewing the worker benefits would meet a condition Obama
set before he would send Congress the trade accords reached
under President George W. Bush and awaiting approval since 2007. “It’s been four years that people have been hanging around
waiting for these things to be submitted to the floor,” William Reinsch , president of the National Foreign Trade Council and a
Commerce Department official in the Clinton administration, said
in an interview. “I’m optimistic we can get all this done.” Trade Adjustment Assistance augments health and
unemployment benefits to workers who lose their jobs because of
overseas competition. As part of stimulus legislation in 2009,
it was expanded beyond manufacturing to include service workers
such as call-center employees. Republicans say renewing the
extended aid would be too costly when lawmakers are struggling
to reduce the federal deficit. Trade Deals The proposal to renew aid for service workers, estimated by
the Senate Finance Committee to cost $320 million annually,
would continue most of the assistance through 2013 and provide
retroactive benefits to those left out so far this year. The South Korea trade deal, the biggest for the U.S. since
the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994, would boost
U.S. exports by as much as $10.9 billion in the first year in
which it’s in full effect, according to the U.S. International
Trade Commission. The accord with Colombia would increase
exports by as much as $1.1 billion a year. Companies such as Ace Ltd. (ACE) , Citigroup Inc. (C) and Pfizer Inc. (PFE)
have led the effort to get the South Korea deal passed, while
Caterpillar Inc., General Electric Co. (GE) , Whirlpool Corp. (WHR) , have
been among the biggest backers of the accord with Colombia. Republican Senator Marco Rubio of Florida urged lawmakers
today to support his amendment limiting the aid only to workers
hurt by imports from U.S. partners in free-trade agreements. The
Baucus proposal would include workers harmed by products from
nations lacking deals with the U.S., such as China and India. Reports to Congress An amendment by Senator John Thune , a South Dakota
Republican, would require the U.S. International Trade
Commission to report on the costs to businesses when free-trade
agreements are signed by the president and submission to
Congress for approval is delayed more than two years. “If the president believes a trade agreement is in
America’s national and economic interests, he needs to submit it
to Congress,” Thune said during debate. Senator John Cornyn, a Texas Republican, pushed an
amendment forcing the sale to Taiwan of 66 new F-16 C/D jets
built in his state. Taiwan said it needs to replace an aging air
fleet as China deploys missiles across a strait separating the
foes in Asia’s biggest military spending program. Baucus said the trade-preferences bill isn’t the “time,
place or season,” for considering the sale of weapons. Democrats staved off a push by Senate Republican leader
Mitch McConnell of Kentucky on Sept. 20 to add “fast-track”
authority intended to require that Congress act on trade
agreements within a limited time and without changes after the
president submits them. The mandate expired after Democrats
gained control of Congress under Bush in 2007. Obama hasn’t requested renewal of the authority. A push for
it may “trigger an all-out ideological struggle over U.S. trade
policy,” a Council on Foreign Relations panel that included
former Democratic Senate leader Tom Daschle and Andrew Card, the
White House chief of staff under Bush, said in a Sept. 19
report. The bill is H.R. 2832. To contact the reporter on this story:
Eric Martin in Washington at
emartin21@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Larry Liebert at
lliebert@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Disrupted tRNA gene diversity and possible evolutionary scenarios
Junichi Sugahara, Kosuke Fujishima, Keisuke Morita, Masaru Tomita, Akio Kanai
研究成果: Review article査読
33 被引用数 (Scopus)
抄録
The following unusual tRNAs have recently been discovered in the genomes of Archaea and primitive Eukaryota: multiple-intron-containing tRNAs, which have more than one intron; split tRNAs, which are produced from two pieces of RNA transcribed from separate genes; tri-split tRNAs, which are produced from three separate genes; and permuted tRNA, in which the 5′ and 3′ halves are encoded with permuted orientations within a single gene. All these disrupted tRNA genes can form mature contiguous tRNA, which is aminoacylated after processing by cis or trans splicing. The discovery of such tRNA disruptions has raised the question of when and why these complex tRNA processing pathways emerged during the evolution of life. Many previous reports have noted that tRNA genes contain a single intron in the anticodon loop region, a feature common throughout all three domains of life, suggesting an ancient trait of the last universal common ancestor. In this context, these unique tRNA disruptions recently found only in Archaea and primitive Eukaryota provide new insight into the origin and evolution of tRNA genes, encouraging further research in this field. In this paper, we summarize the phylogeny, structure, and processing machinery of all known types of disrupted tRNAs and discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for these tRNA genes.
本文言語English
ページ（範囲）497-504
ページ数8
ジャーナルJournal of Molecular Evolution
69
5
DOI
出版ステータスPublished - 2009 11月
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• 生態、進化、行動および分類学
• 分子生物学
• 遺伝学
フィンガープリント
「Disrupted tRNA gene diversity and possible evolutionary scenarios」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。
引用スタイル
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Beverly Long (activist)
Beverly Benson Long (March 3, 1920 – October 30, 2015) was an American activist from Athens, Georgia. She was particularly invested in the fight to desegregate Georgia's public schools between 1958 and 1961. Later, she became an advocate for those with mental illnesses.
Early life and education
Beverly Benson Long was the daughter of William Howard Benson and Charlotte Moor Benson of Athens, Georgia. She had one younger brother, Howard Edsel "Ed" Benson. Long's father founded Benson's Bakery in downtown Athens in 1918, two years before Long was born.
In 1941, Long earned a Bachelor of Science from the University of Georgia. She then received a master's in public health from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1942 and a master's in psychology from the University of Georgia in 1959.
Civil rights advocacy
In 1954, the United States Supreme Court ruled on the case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas and declared that all public schools in the country must desegregate. To counter this ruling, Georgia passed several laws with the intent of preserving segregation throughout the state. These laws decreed that all Georgia public schools would close if any school integrated within the state.
As an advocate for school integration, Beverly Long joined the organization Help Our Public Education Incorporated (HOPE Inc.). The purpose of HOPE Inc. was to disseminate factual information to Georgians regarding the potential closure of public schools and provide a course of action for concerned citizens who wished to keep the public school system operational. To appeal to the largest demographic of Georgians, the organization maintained a neutral stance on the issue of integration, but by advocating for the retention of the public school system HOPE Inc. implicitly supported desegregation. Other notable members of HOPE Inc. included former U.S. Attorney James Doresey, the former manager of the Atlanta chapter of the Red Cross Harry Boyte, and the former Georgia state president of the League of Women Voters Frances Pauley.
While working with Hope Inc., Long assisted with a variety of outreach projects. In 1960, she presented a petition at the Georgia Capital with over 10,000 names that called for legislation to allow public schools to remain open. Long also worked with 986 of Georgia's leading businessmen to send a telegraph to the state government advocating for new laws.
Long served as chair for the Athen's chapter of HOPE Inc. between 1958 and 1960. In 1960 she assumed the position of chair of the executive committee. She held this title until HOPE Inc. became inactive in 1961, after Georgia's segregation laws were revised to allow integration in public schools.
Mental health advocacy
Throughout her life, Long served on several committees and worked with numerous organizations committed to advocating for mental health awareness on local, national, and global levels.
Within her home state of Georgia, Long served as the president of the National Mental Health Association of Atlanta between 1968 and 1969. She then took on the role of president of the National Mental Health Association of Georgia (now known as Mental Health America of Georgia) from 1973 to 1974. Between 1975 and 1978, Long served as the first chair of the Georgia Governor's Advisory Council on Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse.
In 1977 Long was appointed by President Jimmy Carter, who she met during his term as the 76th Governor of Georgia, to be a member of the President's Commission on Public Health, the first presidential commission formed to address issues of mental health policy. The commission was instrumental in formulating the National Plan for the Chronically Mentally Ill that influenced governmental policy regarding Supplemental Security Income, Social Security Disability Insurance, Medicaid, and Medicare. Between 1979 and 1980 Long served as President for the National Mental Health Association. In 1984, she founded and chaired the Commission on the Prevention of Mental-Emotional Disabilities within the National Mental Health Association. In 1987, Long helped to found the National Prevention Coalition, which she chaired until 1991.
Between 1995 and 1997 Long served as the president of the World Federation for Mental Health. She also worked with the United Nations on issues related to mental health and was an active committee member of the Biennial Conference series produced by the Global Consortium for the Advancement of Promotion and Prevention.
Long also helped to create the Rosalynn Carter Endowed Chair for Mental Health at the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University.
Honors and awards
In 2007, Long received an honorary Doctor of Science from Emory University in Atlanta, GA in recognition of her advocacy for mental health. She was nominated for this honor by former First Lady Rosalynn Carter, former Carter Center President and CEO John Hardman, and the Carter Center's Mental Health Program.
Personal life
Long married Maurice Wayne Long, an engineer and professor, in 1963. Together, they had two children, Anne Catherine Long Key and Elizabeth Long Rice. Long also had two children from a previous marriage, Theodore Douglas Downing and Beverly Patricia Downing.
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Six Days of Chicago
The Six Days of Chicago was a six-day cycling event, held in Chicago, Illinois between 1915 and 1957. It took place fifty times during that period, as two editions were often held in one year. Gustav Kilian holds the record for most wins with a total of six, between 1935 and 1939.
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Isaiah 43
Isaiah 43 is the forty-third chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets.
Chapters 40–55 are known as "Deutero-Isaiah" and date from the time of the Israelites' exile in Babylon. This chapter "refers mainly to the promised deliverance from Babylon". "But now", the opening words of this chapter, reverse the tone of the latter part of Isaiah 42, connecting the two chapters. In, the prophet has rebuked the people of Israel for their blindness and deafness; in he calls for "the blind people who have eyes, and the deaf who have ears" to hear the proclamation of a "new Exodus".
Text
The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 28 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).
Fragments containing parts of this chapter were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls (3rd century BC or later):
* 1QIsaa: complete
* 1QIsab: extant: verses 2–14, 20‑21, 23-27
* 4QIsab (4Q56): extant: verses 12‑15
* 4QIsag (4Q61): extant: verses 1–4, 17-24
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; $$ \mathfrak{G}$$B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: $$ \mathfrak{G}$$S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; $$ \mathfrak{G}$$A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; $$ \mathfrak{G}$$Q; 6th century).
Parashot
The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex. Isaiah 43 is a part of the Consolations (Isaiah 40–66). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.
* [{P} 42:18-25] 43:1-10 {S} 43:11-13 {S} 43:14-15 {S} 43:16-21 {S} 43:22-28 {P}
The Lord will redeem his people (43:1–7)
This section contains an oracle of salvation, with the repetition of 'Do not fear' in verses 1 and 5 to emphasize the message of reassurance, that YHWH had made the people of Israel part of his family and just as in the past, he is active in delivering them from every kind of danger in the future.
Verse 1
* But now thus says the Lord,
* he who created you, O Jacob,
* he who formed you, O Israel:
* "Fear not, for I have redeemed you;
* I have called you by name, you are mine."
* "Have redeemed you": NCV: “saved you”; CEV: “rescued you”; NLT: “ransomed you"; NET Bible: "will protect you." This is the act of a "kinsman redeemer" (in Hebrew: גֹּאֵל, goʾel) who is 'a protector of the extended family's interests'.
Verse 6
* I will say to the north, Give up;
* and to the south, Keep not back:
* bring my sons from far,
* and my daughters from the ends of the earth;
* Cross reference: Isaiah 2:3; Isaiah 11:10; Isaiah 49:22; Isaiah 60:3; Isaiah 66:12
The Lord declares his sovereignty (43:8–13)
In this section the language of a trial returns with the demand for Israel to bear witness to YHWH's deeds, although they are blind and deaf (cf. Isaiah 42:18), to declare the incomparability of YHWH.
Verse 10
* "You are My witnesses," says the Lord,
* "And My servant whom I have chosen,
* That you may know and believe Me,
* And understand that I am He.
* Before Me there was no God formed,
* Nor shall there be after Me.
* "Nor shall there be after Me": Hebrew: "and after me, there will not be"; NASB "there will be none after Me."
The Lord will do something new (43:14–21)
The oracle in this section commands the hearers not to remember the former things as they will pale into insignificance before 'the new thing' that YHWH will do in the future with his saving power.
Verse 17
* Which bringeth forth the chariot and horse, the army and the power;
* they shall lie down together, they shall not rise:
* they are extinct, they are quenched as tow.
* "Quenched": from the Hebrew root: k-b-h (כבה, kabah, "to be quenched or extinguished, to go out" ), is also used in Isaiah 1:31 and Isaiah 66:24 for: "the fire shall not be quenched"; Isaiah 34:10: 'the fire devouring Edom "will not be quenched"'; as well as of the servant in 42:3, that "a dimly burning wick ('smoking flax') he will not quench".
* "Tow" or "wick" in NKJV
Verse 18
* Remember not the former things,
* nor consider the things of old.
* "The former things": refer to 'events that had been predicted and fulfilled in the past (41:22; 42:9; 43:9; 46:9; 48:3),' in particular the event of "the Exodus", in contrast to the predicted "new Exodus" that God will perform differently so it should be 'allowed to stand in its own right' (cf. Jeremiah 23:7–8).
The Lord rebukes his unfaithful people (43:22–28)
In verses 22–24 YHWH condemns the people for the failure to participate in worship, which seems to be in contrast with what was condemned earlier in Isaiah 1:10—17, that is, 'misplaced enthusiasm for worship' (also similarly condemned in other prophetic passages (Amos 5:18-24; Hosea 6:6; Micah 6:6-8), but this section is 'concerned with the worship of other gods', as emphasized by the repetition of the word 'me' (8 times in 3 verses). Verses 25–28 clarify that the condemnation 'is to be seen in the context of the trial' and the whole community is not free from blame.
Verse 24
* You have bought Me no sweet cane with money,
* Nor have you satisfied Me with the fat of your sacrifices;
* But you have burdened Me with your sins,
* You have wearied Me with your iniquities.
* "Sweet cane" (Hebrew: qâneh) is also mentioned in as coming from a “far country”. Skinner, in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, suggests that this refers to calamus odoratus (Plin. 12:12, 48) with scientific name Acorus calamus, a product of India, but grown also in Arabia and Syria. NIV renders it "calamus"; NCV, TEV, NLT "incense"; CEV "spices."
* "Nor have you satisfied Me": Hebrew: "you did not saturate me"; NASB "Neither have you filled Me."
Verse 26
* Put Me in remembrance;
* let us plead together;
* state your cause, that you may be justified.
* "State your cause, that you may be justified": translated from Hebrew, literally: "you tell in order that you may be right".
Jewish
* Isaiah 43 Original Hebrew with Parallel English
Christian
* Isaiah 43 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
* What is the Real meaning of Isaiah 43:2?
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Julina BELIZAIRE, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Gibson Belizaire, deceased, Plaintiff, v. CITY OF MIAMI, Miguel A. Exposito, in his official capacity, George Diaz, Police Officer Eric Guzman, and Police Officer Pierre Cazassus, Defendants.
Case No. 12-23327-CIV.
United States District Court, S.D. Florida, Miami Division.
April 16, 2013.
Jon A. Zepnick, Jon A. Zepnick PA, Hollywood, FL, for Plaintiff.
Henry Joseph Hunnefeld, Warren Bittner, Miami City Attorney’s Office, Miami, FL, Oscar Edmund Marrero, Lourdes Espino Wydler, Marrero & Wydler, Coral Gables, FL, Jon Michael Kreger, Ronald Jay Cohen, Ronald J. Cohen, P.A., Miami Lakes, FL, for Defendants.
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT OFFICERS’ MOTION TO DISMISS, GRANTING DEFENDANT EXPOSITOR MOTION TO DISMISS, AND GRANTING IN PART DEFENDANT CITY OF MIAMI’S MOTION TO DISMISS
FEDERICO A. MORENO, District Judge.
THIS CAUSE came before the Court upon Defendant Miguel A. Exposito’s Motion to Dismiss (D.E. No. 24), filed on October 29, 2012, Defendant City of Miami’s Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint (D.E. No. 29), filed on November 2, 2012. and Defendant Police Officers’ Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint (D.E. No. 35), filed on November 26, 2012. Plaintiff Julina Belizaire, acting as the personal representative of the estate of her son Gibson Belizaire, initiated this suit claiming that the use of deadly force against her son was both tortious and in violation of Mr. Belizaire’s Fourth Amendment rights. Defendants in turn filed three motions to dismiss all seven counts of Ms. Belizaire’s complaint. For the following reasons, the Court grants Defendant Officers’ motion to dismiss, grants Defendant Exposito’s motion to dismiss, and grants in part Defendant City of Miami’s motion to dismiss. Specifically, the Court dismisses Counts IV, V, VI, and VII on qualified immunity grounds. In addition, the Court dismisses Count II as the theory of negligent retention under Florida law requires that a defendant commit a tortious act outside the scope of employment in order to trigger liability. The Court will resolve the challenges to Counts I and III at a later time.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On August 14, 2010, officers of the Miami Police Department answered a 911 call regarding an alleged domestic dispute. At approximately 12:50 p.m., the officers intercepted Gibson Belizaire in response to the call. During this confrontation, Mr. Belizaire was “suspected of having fired a gun in the direction of [the] ... officers.” Pl.’s Second Am. Compl. ¶ 10. Mr. Belizaire then fled from the scene, retreating to a vacant lot behind an automobile repair shop at the corner of the intersection. He remained there for over an hour and a half.
At approximately 2:32 p.m., Miami Police Department officers, along with canine units and SWAT teams, established a perimeter around the repair shop and the vacant lot. These officers included Defendants George Diaz, Eric Guzman, and Pierre Cazassus. Cutting the suspect off from any avenues of escape, the police perimeter essentially backed Mr. Belizaire up against the exterior wall of the repair shop.
At no time during this standoff did the police request that Mr. Belizaire drop any weapons he had and surrender himself peacefully. Instead, the officers without warning fired approximately 130 rounds at Mr. Belizaire. Plaintiff Julina Belizaire, Gibson’s mother and personal representative of his estate, has now filed this suit against former Chief of Police Miguel A. Expósito, the City of Miami, and Officers Diaz, Guzman, and Cazassus. In her second amended complaint, Ms. Belizaire asserts seven counts against Defendants, all stemming from the officers’ use of deadly force against her son. Counts I and II consist of Florida tort law claims against the City of Miami for battery and negligent retention, respectively. Additionally, Ms. Belizaire alleges in Count III that the City of Miami has violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by adopting an unofficial policy condoning the use of excessive force by its police officers in violation of the Fourth Amendment, a policy that subsequently led to Mr. Belizaire’s death. Similarly, Ms. Belizaire maintains in Count IV that Expósito violated 42 U.S.C. § 1983 during his tenure as chief of police by both adopting an unofficial policy tolerating excessive force and failing to address a history of widespread abuse by his officers. Ms. Belizaire contends that Exposito’s deliberate indifference to constitutional rights led to the use of excessive force against her son in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Finally, Ms. Belizaire asserts in Counts V, VI, and VII that Officers Diaz, Guzman, and Cazassus violated the Fourth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 through their use of excessive and deadly force against her son.
Defendants have now filed three separate motions to dismiss Ms. Belizaire’s second amended complaint. The City of Miami and Expósito have filed individual motions to dismiss Counts I through IV, primarily arguing that the Court should dismiss the counts for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Likewise, Officers Diaz, Guzman, and Cazassus have jointly filed a single motion to dismiss Counts V, VI, and VII for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Expósito and the officers therefore maintain that they are entitled to qualified immunity.
Because the officers’ conduct lies at the heart of Ms. Belizaire’s claims, the Court will address their motion to dismiss first. The Court will then proceed to the related § 1983 arguments associated with Exposito’s motion to dismiss Count IV. Finally, the Court will discuss the City’s challenges to the state law negligent retention claim in Count II.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Rule 8, a plaintiff must provide a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). When ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a court must view the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and assume the veracity of well-pleaded factual allegations. Speaker v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs. Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, 623 F.3d 1371, 1379 (11th Cir.2010). However, this tenet does not apply to-legal conclusions, and such conclusions “must be supported by factual allegations.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). Though a proper complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations,” it must contain “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). At a minimum, a plaintiff must present “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955.
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. This standard is “not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. In other words, the complaint must contain “enough fact to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence” of the required element. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955. “And, of course, a well-pleaded complaint may proceed even if it strikes a savvy judge that actual proof of those facts is improbable, and ‘that a recovery is very remote and unlikely.’ ” Id. (quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974)).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Officers Diaz, Guzman, and Cazassus’s Motion to Dismiss Counts V, VI, and VII
In their motion to dismiss, Officers Diaz, Guzman, and Cazassus contend that Ms. Belizaire has failed to state a claim of excessive and deadly force in violation of the Fourth Amendment and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Correspondingly, since Ms. Belizaire cannot allege a constitutional violation in Counts V, VI, and VII, they insist that they are entitled to qualified immunity. Alternatively, the officers assert that qualified immunity applies even if Ms. Belizaire has sufficiently alleged a constitutional violation since her complaint fails to allege the violation of a clearly established right.
Under § 1983, “[a]ny person acting under color of state law who violates a constitutional right of another is liable for the injured party’s losses.” See Rivas v. Figueroa, No. 11-23195-Civ-SCOLA, 2012 WL 1343949, at *2, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55633, at *5 (S.D.Fla. Apr. 19, 2012) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1983). For civil rights actions brought pursuant to § 1983, the doctrine of qualified immunity “offers complete protection- for government officials sued in their individual capacities if their conduct ‘does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’ ” Vinyard v. Wilson, 311 F.3d 1340, 1346 (11th Cir.2002) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982)). Since the purpose of the doctrine is to “allow government officials to carry out their discretionary duties without fear of personal liability,” Steen v. City of Pensacola, 809 F.Supp.2d 1342, 1348 (N.D.Fla.2011), qualified immunity protects “all but the plainly incompetent or one who is knowingly violating the federal law.” Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1194 (11th Cir.2002). Additionally, “it is important for a court to ascertain the validity of a qualified immunity defense as early in the lawsuit as possible.” Storck v. City of Coral Springs, 354 F.3d 1307, 1314 (11th Cir.2003).
In resolving the matter of qualified immunity, courts employ a multi-step, burden-shifting analysis. As an initial matter, the public official must “prove that he was acting within the scope of his discretionary authority when the allegedly wrongful acts occurred.” Penley v. Eslinger, 605 F.3d 843, 849 (11th Cir.2010). In this case, Ms. Belizaire does not contest the fact that Officers Diaz, Guzman, and Cazassus were acting within the scope of their discretionary authority when they shot her son.
Having established that a defendant was acting within his or her discretionary authority as a public official, the burden then “shifts to the plaintiff to show that qualified immunity is not appropriate.” Lee, 284' F.3d at 1194. First, the court must determine “whether the facts alleged make out a violation of a constitutional right.” See Steen, 809 F.Supp.2d at 1349. Second, the Court must analyze “whether that right was ‘clearly established’ at the time of the defendant’s alleged misconduct.” Id.
Regarding the first prong of the inquiry, Ms. Belizaire alleges in her complaint that the officers’ use of excessive and deadly force violated her son’s right under the Fourth Amendment to be free from unreasonable seizure. For purposes of this motion, the Court will presume that Ms. Belizaire has adequately stated a claim for a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The Court therefore turns to the officers’ contention that Ms. Belizaire has failed to allege the violation of a clearly established constitutional right.
In analyzing the second half of a plaintiffs burden under the qualified immunity analysis, a court must decide as a matter of law whether the constitutional right alleged was clearly established at the time of the violation. Id. at 1352. To make this determination, the court must assess “whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Vinyard, 311 F.3d at 1350 (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001)). Thus the critical inquiry is “whether the law gave the officer ‘fair warning’ that his conduct would be clearly unlawful.” Steen, 809 F.Supp.2d at 1353.
The Eleventh Circuit has recognized two approaches in ascertaining whether a constitutional right was clearly established in the context of excessive force claims. The first “looks at the relevant case law at the time of the violation; the right is clearly established if ‘a concrete factual context [exists] so as to make it obvious to a reasonable government actor that his actions violate federal law.’ ” Fils v. City of Aventura, 647 F.3d 1272, 1291 (11th Cir.2011) (quoting Hadley v. Gutierrez, 526 F.3d 1324, 1333 (11th Cir.2008)). “[I]f case law, in factual terms, has not staked out a bright line, qualified immunity almost always protects the defendant.” Steen, 809 F.Supp.2d at 1353 (quoting Oliver v. Fiorino, 586 F.3d 898, 907 (11th Cir.2009)). To provide sufficient notice to a government official, the case law must present factual circumstances that are “materially similar” and “not fairly distinguishable.” Id. Though a case directly on point is not a prerequisite, “existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd — U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 2083, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011). Furthermore, only decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, and the Florida Supreme Court may constitute precedent clearly establishing a constitutional right in this case. See Steen, 809 F.Supp.2d at 1353.
The alternative method “looks not at case law, but at the officer’s conduct, and inquires whether that conduct ‘lies so obviously at the very core of what the Fourth Amendment prohibits that the unlawfulness of the conduct was readily apparent to [the officer], notwithstanding the lack of fact-specific case law.’ ” Fils, 647 F.3d at 1291 (quoting Vinyard, 311 F.3d at 1355). This method, known as the “obvious clarity” approach, is a “narrow exception” to the general reliance on case law for determining clearly established rights. Steen, 809 F.Supp.2d at 1354. As described by the Eleventh Circuit, “[concrete facts are generally necessary to provide officers with notice of the ‘hazy border between excessive and acceptable force.’ But, where the officer’s conduct is so outrageous that it clearly goes ‘so far beyond’ these borders, qualified immunity will not protect him even in the absence of case law.” Id. (quoting Fils, 647 F.3d at 1291-92). Under this standard, force is deemed excessive where it “violates ‘some broad statements of principle in case law [that] are not tied to particularized facts.’ ” Id. (quoting Vinyard 311 F.3d at 1351). To qualify as a broad principle clearly establishing the, the principle “must do so ‘with obvious clarity’ to the point that every objectively reasonable government official facing the circumstances would know that the official’s conduct did violate federal law when the official acted.” Vinyard, 311 F.3d at 1351. Not surprisingly, this standard is a difficult one to meet. Id.
In support of her contention that the complaint alleges the violation of a clearly established right, Ms. Belizaire first cites the Supreme Court’s decision in Tennessee v. Gamer as precedential support. In Gamer, a police officer confronted an unarmed, fleeing individual suspected of home invasion. See Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 3, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985). Upon a warning from the officer to halt, the suspect began climbing a fence in an effort to escape. Id. at 4, 105 S.Ct. 1694. Believing that the suspect would avoid capture if he climbed the fence, the officer then fired at the suspect, fatally wounding him. Evaluating the case under the objective reasonableness standard, the Court held that it is not constitutionally unreasonable for a police officer to use deadly force against a fleeing suspect “[wjhere the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others.” Id. at 11, 105 S.Ct. 1694. Thus,
if the suspect threatens the officer with a weapon or there is probable cause to believe that he has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm, deadly force may be used if necessary to prevent escape, and if, where feasible, some warning has been given.
Id. at 11-12,105 S.Ct. 1694.
In addition, Ms. Belizaire points to two other cases from the Eleventh Circuit that found qualified immunity to be inappropriate where police used deadly force without warning against a non-fleeing individual who did not pose a threat. In McKinney v. DeKalb County, Georgia, police officers responded to call from a mother reporting that her adolescent son had locked himself in a room with a knife. McKinney v. DeKalb Cnty., Ga., 997 F.2d 1440, 1442 (11th Cir.1993). Finding the son sitting on the floor of his closet with the knife in his hand, the officers attempted to communicate with the boy but received no response. Id. When the son placed the knife down and began to rise from the floor, an officer fired five shots at the boy, paralyzing him. Id. In the second case, Lundgren v. McDaniel, police entered a video store on the suspicion that a burglary was underway. Lundgren v. McDaniel, 814 F.2d 600, 602 (11th Cir.1987). Unknown to the officers, the owner of the store was sleeping inside behind a desk. Id. According to the facts accepted by the jury at trial, the officers fired upon the store owner without provocation when he rose from behind the desk, killing him. See id. at 602-03. Ms. Belizaire asserts that both decisions present sufficiently similar factual contexts to the present case as her son was also not fleeing and did not present a threat to officers when he was shot without warning.
The officers in turn first reject Ms. Belizaire’s citation of Gamer, They maintain that Gamer is distinguishable from the present facts, emphasizing that the case involved the shooting of an unarmed individual who was fleeing and did not pose a threat. The officers contend that McKinney and Lundgren are dissimilar as well. In neither case were the officers looking for an armed, dangerous felon. Rather, the officers in both cases used deadly force without sufficient provocation or need for such force. Consequently, the officers argue that there is no precedent clearly establishing the constitutional right asserted in this case.
Because Ms. Belizaire has failed to satisfy her burden of alleging the violation of a clearly established constitutional right, the Court finds that the officers are entitled to qualified immunity. First, Ms. Belizaire has not presented, and the Court has not found, case law acknowledging that the right alleged was clearly established. As the officers noted, none of the cases that Ms. Belizaire offered present factual circumstances that are materially similar to the present matter. Gamer dealt with the use of deadly force against an unarmed, fleeing suspect. Hence, the Supreme Court fashioned its standard in Gamer for the use of deadly force to prevent the escape of fleeing suspects. See Gamer, 471 U.S. at 11-12, 105 S.Ct. 1694. Here, the complaint concedes that Belizaire was not fleeing at the time of his death. Likewise, McKinney and Lundgren involved scenarios where officers utilized deadly force against individuals who admittedly did not pose a threat to anyone. See McKinney, 997 F.2d at 1443; Lundgren, 814 F.2d at 603. In this case by contrast, Mr. Belizaire had fired at police officers and was believed to be armed during the time that he remained in the vacant lot. Though Mr. Belizaire may not have posed an immediate threat, he did in fact pose a threat.
Indeed, precedent may actually may lend some support to the officers’ case. In Penley v. Eslinger, the Eleventh Circuit dealt with a case in which a fifteen-year-old boy brought a modified toy gun to school and initiated a standoff with police. Penley, 605 F.3d at 845. Presuming the boy to be armed, the police cornered him into a bathroom where he paced back and forth occasionally pointing the weapon at police and at himself. Id. at 846. Following failed negotiation attempts, a sniper shot the boy in an effort to protect officers in proximity to the boy as well as other children suspected to be nearby. See id. at 847. In concluding that a reasonable officer would have believed that the boy was gravely dangerous, the court held that the use of deadly force was permissible in this context against an armed, non-fleeing individual. See id. at 854.
The Court notes that there are some key similarities between Penley and the factual circumstances presented here. First, the police in both cases believed the suspects to be armed. Further, while the officers in Penley requested that the boy drop his weapon, the court found that the sniper’s failure to give a warning about the use of deadly force did not alter its conclusion that the use of such force was objectively reasonable. See id. at 854 n. 6. Finally, the boy, like Mr. Belizaire, was not fleeing at the time of the shooting.
However, there is also a significant distinction between the two cases. Unlike the facts alleged in the present complaint, the officers in Penley faced what they believed to be an immediate threat from the boy. As a result, the situation there may have forced the officers to make a quicker decision about how to resolve the standoff without endangering their lives or the lives of any bystanders. In contrast, there are no allegations here that Mr. Belizaire presented an immediate threat to anyone once he reached the vacant lot. In fact, the complaint states that the officers did not shoot Mr. Belizaire until over an hour and a half after the initial confrontation. During the period that Mr. Belizaire remained in the lot before his death, there are no allegations that he ever displayed his weapon or attempted to fire back at the police perimeter. Accordingly, the Court at this stage is not prepared to use Penley as a definite endorsement of the officers’ actions against Mr. Belizaire. Nevertheless, Penley indicates the nebulous state of the law and counters Ms. Belizaire’s assertion that she has alleged the violation of a clearly established right.
Due to this vagueness, the Court also concludes that Ms. Belizaire has failed to allege the violation of a broad principle that establishes the law with obvious clarity. In truth, the officers’ use of force falls into that “hazy border between excessive and acceptable force” that requires concrete facts to defeat qualified immunity. See Steen, 809 F.Supp.2d at 1354 (quoting Fils, 647 F.3d at 1291-92). For these reasons, the Court finds that the officers are entitled to qualified immunity and grants the officers’ motion to dismiss.
B. Exposito’s Motion to Dismiss Count IV (Supervisory Liability)
Expósito likewise moves to dismiss Count IV for failure to state a claim of supervisory liability under § 1983, arguing that the complaint lacks sufficient allegations to establish a causal connection between his conduct as chief of police and the officers’ shooting of Mr. Belizaire. From this, he concludes that he is entitled to qualified immunity as it is undisputed that he was acting within his discretionary authority during the time of the shooting.
In the Eleventh Circuit, supervisory officials “are not liable under § 1983 for the unconstitutional acts of their subordinates ‘on the basis of respondeat superi- or or vicarious liability.’ ” Hartley v. Parnell, 193 F.3d 1263, 1269 (11th Cir.1999) (quoting Belcher v. City of Foley, 30 F.3d 1390, 1396 (11th Cir.1994)). Rather, “[supervisors will be held individually liable only if (1) the supervisor personally participates in the underlying violation; or (2) there is a causal connection between the actions of the supervisor and that violation.” Steen, 809 F.Supp.2d at 1347. Thus where, as in this case, there are no allegations of personal participation by the supervisor, the plaintiff must establish a causal connection. Such causal connection is traditionally demonstrated when:
(1) a history of widespread abuse puts the responsible supervisor on notice of the need to correct the alleged deprivation and he fails to do so; (2) the supervisor’s custom and policy results in deliberate indifference to constitutional rights; or (3) the facts support an inference that the supervisor directed his subordinates to act unlawfully or knew that the subordinates would act unlawfully, and yet he failed to stop them from doing so.
Id. This type of liability under § 1983 is limited and the “standard by which a supervisor is held liable in her individual capacity for the actions of a subordinate is extremely rigorous.” Braddy v. Fla. Dep’t of Labor & Emp’t Sec., 133 F.3d 797, 802 (11th Cir.1998).
In this case, Ms. Belizaire’s complaint attempts to demonstrate both a history of widespread abuse as well as an unofficial custom or policy adopted by Expósito condoning the use of excessive force. To establish a history of abuse, Ms. Belizaire points to thirteen shootings by Miami police that took place under Exposito’s tenure as chief of police, six of which were fatal. In fact, Officers Guzman and Diaz were responsible for three of these fatal shootings. Additionally, Ms. Belizaire alleges that Expósito obstructed approximately fifty internal affairs investigations, referred to his officers as “predators,” and tolerated the use of deadly force through the adoption of his program “Operation Take Back Our Streets.” Together, she claims that this conduct constituted an unofficial policy that resulted in deliberate indifference to the constitutional rights of citizens.
Expósito rejects these allegations as unconnected to the shooting of Mr. Belizaire. Specifically, he points out that the complaint fails to allege that any of the prior shootings were ever unjustified or involved the use of excessive force, much less that they resembled in any way the case at hand. Further, he challenges Ms. Belizaire’s attempt to link his alleged hindrance of investigations and his description of officers as “predators” to the disputed conduct here. Since the complaint therefore does not allege a causal connection sufficient to assert supervisory liability for the officers’ supposed constitutional violation, Expósito insists that he is entitled to qualified immunity.
Even assuming that Ms. Belizaire has adequately stated a claim for a causal connection warranting supervisory liability for the officers’ alleged constitutional violation, the Court nevertheless finds that Expósito is entitled to qualified immunity as Mr. Belizaire’s alleged constitutional right was not clearly established at the time of the shooting. As discussed in relation to the officers’ motion to dismiss, Ms. Belizaire has failed to identify, and the Court is not independently aware of, any precedent clearly establishing that the officers’ use of force violated Mr. Belizaire’s right to be free from unreasonable seizure. Thus, even if Expósito caused a violation of Mr. Belizaire’s Fourth Amendment right through his failure to address a history of widespread abuse or his adoption of a policy tolerating the use of excessive force, the violation of that right in the form of the officers’ use of force was not clearly unlawful. Therefore, since Ms. Belizaire fails to allege the violation of a clearly established right, Expósito is entitled to qualified immunity. See Bailey v. Hughes, 815 F.Supp.2d 1246, 1263-64 (M.D.Ala.2011) (holding that prison supervisors were entitled to qualified immunity where an inmate failed to allege that prison officials violated any of his clearly established constitutional rights); Steen, 809 F.Supp.2d at 1352-56 (finding that a chief of police was entitled to qualified immunity for an officer’s use of a taser where the plaintiff failed to allege a clearly unconstitutional use of force by the officer). Accordingly, the Court grants Exposito’s motion to dismiss.
C. The City’s Motion to Dismiss Count II (Negligent Retention)
Finally, the City moves to dismiss the negligent retention claim in Count II for failure to state a claim as the officers’ actions were committed within the scope of their employment. Unlike the theory of respondeat superior where an employer faces liability for an employee’s acts committed within the course or scope of employment, the tort of negligent hiring or retention under Florida law “allows for recovery against an employer for acts of an employee committed outside the scope and course of employment.” Garcia v. Duffy, 492 So.2d 435, 438 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1986). As recognized by the Florida Supreme Court in Mallory v. O’Neil, 69 So.2d 313 (Fla.1954), the rule as conceived “allowed for recovery based on the negligence of an employer who knowingly kept a dangerous employee on the premises” and permitted liability “for an employee’s acts committed outside the scope of employment, whether willful, malicious, or negligent, where the acts trespassed against the rights of someone legally on the employer’s premises.” Garcia, 492 So.2d at 438. Thus section 317 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts defined the rule as “the employer’s duty to exercise reasonable care to control his servant while acting outside the course of his employment, in order to prevent the employee from intentionally harming others and from creating an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to them.” Id.
In light of this precedent, the City contends that the tort of negligent retention is limited to an employee’s acts that are committed outside the scope of employment. Since it is undisputed that the officers were acting within the course of their employment when they shot Mr. Belizaire, the City requests that the Court dismiss Count II. Ms. Belizaire disputes this interpretation of Florida law, arguing instead that negligent retention does not necessarily require that the acts be committed outside the scope of employment. Rather, Ms. Belizaire claims that the tort, in contrast to respondeat superior, allows recovery for acts committed within and without the scope of employment. In essence, she maintains that the scope of employment is irrelevant to the negligent retention analysis.
Because Florida law ties liability under the theory of negligent retention to acts committed outside the scope of employment, the Court grants the City’s motion to dismiss. As the Third District Court of Appeal of Florida has stated, “[b]y its very nature, an action for negligent retention involves acts which are not within the course and scope of employment and allows recovery even when an employer is not vicariously liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Watson v. City of Hialeah, 552 So.2d 1146, 1148 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1989) (emphasis added). Indeed, the Middle District of Florida has recognized that “the alleged acts by employees giving rise to liability for negligent supervision must occur outside the employees’ scope of employment.” Santillana v. Fla. State Court Sys., No. 6:09-cv-2095-Orl-19KRS, 2010 WL 271433, at *11, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3049, at *33 (M.D.Fla. Jan. 14, 2010) (emphasis added) (citing Watson, 552 So.2d at 1148). In reaching this decision, the court relied upon the Florida Supreme Court’s decision in Mallory as well as upon the Restatement’s description of the rule. See id. at *11, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3049, at *34. From this determination, the court went on to dismiss a claim for negligent supervision as the plaintiff had not alleged facts allowing the court to conclude that the defendants had acted outside the scope of their employment. See id.
Although this Court in Green v. R.J. Behar & Co. failed to determine whether negligent retention under Florida law definitely required the pertinent acts to be committed outside the scope of employment, see Green v. R.J. Behar & Co., No. 09-62044-CIV-ALTONAGA/Brown, 2010 WL 1839262, at *4, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44304, at *10 (S.D.Fla. May 6, 2010), that decision does not prevent the Court from reaching its holding here. First, the Court in Green did not consider the pronouncement of the Third District Court of Appeal in Watson. See id. at *3-5, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44304, at *9-12. Second, the Court’s statement in Green regarding the status of the law was not necessary to the resolution of that case. Even assuming that acting outside the scope of employment was an element of negligent retention, the Court found in Green that the plaintiff adequately stated a claim for negligent retention as she had alleged that the defendant’s employee was acting outside the scope of his employment. Id. at *4, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44304, at *11. This conclusion thus obviated any need to ascertain the precise contours of Florida law.
Nevertheless, as stated in Watson and reiterated in Santillana, Florida law requires that a claim for negligent retention allege acts committed outside the course and scope of employment. As the officers here were acting within the scope of their employment, the Court grants the City’s motion to dismiss Count II.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, it is
ADJUDGED that
(1) Defendant Police Officers’ Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint (D.E. No. 35), filed on November 26, 2012, is GRANTED. The Court therefore dismisses Counts V, VI, and VII.
(2) Defendant Miguel A. Exposito’s Motion to Dismiss (D.E. No. 24), filed on October 29, 2012, is GRANTED. The Court therefore dismisses Count IV.
(3) Defendant City of Miami’s Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint (D.E. No. 29), filed on November 2, 2012, is GRANTED IN PART. The Court dismisses Count II and will resolve the City’s challenges to Counts I and III at a later date.
. The Court only presents those facts offered in the second amended complaint. Consequently, details not included in the complaint, such as the exact location of the confrontation between Mr. Belizaire and the police, are not included here.
. Expósito also moves to dismiss Count IV on the grounds that Ms. Belizaire has failed to sufficiently allege an underlying constitutional violation by the officers. As discussed below, the Court does not need to address this issue to resolve Exposito’s motion to dismiss.
. The City also moves to dismiss Count II on the grounds that Ms. Belizaire has failed to sufficiently allege an underlying tort. As discussed below, the Court does not need to address this issue to resolve the City's motion to dismiss.
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CASELAW
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Drawing Without the WM_PAINT Message
Although applications carry out most drawing operations while the WM_PAINT message is processing, it is sometimes more efficient for an application to draw directly in a window without relying on the WM_PAINT message. This can be useful when the user needs immediate feedback, such as when selecting text and dragging or sizing an object. In such cases, the application usually draws while processing keyboard or mouse messages.
To draw in a window without using a WM_PAINT message, the application uses the GetDC or GetDCEx function to retrieve a display device context for the window. With the display device context, the application can draw in the window and avoid intruding into other windows. When the application has finished drawing, it calls the ReleaseDC function to release the display device context for use by other applications.
When drawing without using a WM_PAINT message, the application usually does not invalidate the window. Instead, it draws in such a fashion that it can easily restore the window and remove the drawing. For example, when the user selects text or an object, the application typically draws the selection by inverting whatever is already in the window. The application can remove the selection and restore the original contents of the window by simply inverting again.
The application is responsible for carefully managing any changes it makes to the window. In particular, if an application draws a selection and an intervening WM_PAINT message occurs, the application must ensure that any drawing done during the message does not corrupt the selection. To avoid this, many applications remove the selection, carry out usual drawing operations, and then restore the selection when drawing is complete.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Routine Eye Exams
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Routine Eye Exams
What is a routine eye exam?
In our office, a routine eye exam is a complete eye exam, including a new prescription, for people WITHOUT medical needs.
How is this different from a medical eye exam?
There are a lot of similarities between a medical exam and a routine eye exam. Both exams are comprehensive in nature and include a full dilated retina examination. The major difference between a medical exam and routine exam in our office is that with a routine exam, you will receive a prescription for glasses at the same time but with a medical exam you will not.
We use a medical dilated exam to determine the health of your eyes and to determine if you need an updated glasses prescription. We do this because it's possible that the blurry vision patients experience may be due to an underlying issue such as cataracts or dry eye and then the glasses prescription may change quickly or not be accurate.
As part of the medical dilated exam, our providers will review with you whether or not a glasses change will benefit your vision. Then if you would like to come to our office for a new prescription we would be happy to schedule a glasses exam for you. (Click HERE to learn more about glasses exams).
If you have a previously known eye problems, such as cataracts, dry eye, glaucoma, macular degeneration then you would start with a medical dilated eye exam.
What is checked during a routine exam?
A routine eye exam is a full dilated eye exam focusing on your medical background and any current visual symptoms. Your care team will ask you about any medical issues in your family, current medications and any current eye prescriptions will be measured. Your visual acuity will be checked in each eye at multiple distances to see if you are 20/20. One of our experienced doctors will then determine if your current eye glass prescription is correct and perform a refraction to ensure you are wearing an accurate prescription. Next the health of your eyes is assessed by checking your eye pressure, pupils, eye movements, and side vision. Finally, your eyes are dilated and examined for any medical issues. If any abnormalities are noted, the doctor will recommend in office testing to better understand your condition.
How often should I have a routine eye exam?
Each patient will require a different frequency of visits depending on their age, family history of eye problems, and symptoms. The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends getting a complete eye exam at the age of 40 to screen for any ocular health issues. It is important to catch any ocular disease early. Early treatment can help preserve your vision. Talk with your doctor to establish the correct timeline for your visits.
What ages do we examine?
We are happy to examine patients 5 years of age and older.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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What’s The Link Between Your Body Clock and Mood?
Millennials
SHORT STORY
According to a new study, if your internal body clock is regularly disrupted, it can seriously mess with your mood.
LONG STORY
We often hear the term “body clock” but what does it really mean? Moreover, is there a relationship between a person’s internal clock and their emotional health?
Here’s a quick answer to both questions.
Your body clock, also known as circadian rhythm, is what controls the physical, emotional, and behavioral changes that that go on within your system throughout the day.
Think of it like a routine.
If you normally go to bed at 10 pm and wakeup at 6 am, your body clock will begin to adapt to that schedule. It’s why you might start getting sleepy around 9 pm and why you may wake up naturally just before dawn.
Make sense?
According to a new study appearing in The Lancet Psychiatry, disrupting the regular cycle of your body clock may be bad for your mood.
The research, which had over 91,000 participants, concludes that interruptions to circadian rhythm can lead to a person being more vulnerable to severe depression and bipolar disorder.
In a press release, lead author Dr. Laura Lyall from the University of Glasgow in the UK shared the following:
“Our findings indicate an association between altered daily circadian rhythms and mood disorders and wellbeing.”
Your body clock governs basic physiological and behavioral functions that range from body temperature to eating habits. It is your brain’s internal time-keeping system and it anticipates environmental changes as adjustments are needed throughout the day.
For example – if you have a bowel movement around the same time each morning, your body clock is probably the reason why. The same holds true if you work out and notice your energy levels are higher in the late afternoon.
So, is there anything that can be extrapolated from this study? While the research doesn’t come right out and say it, the results seem to suggest that humans need to have a daily routine to aid in homeostasis.
Disrupting that routine, such as not getting enough sleep and not keeping to a schedule, is terrible for your emotional health.
About John D. Moore 345 Articles
Dr. John Moore is a licensed counselor and Editor-in-Chief of Guy Counseling. A journalist and blogger, he writes about a variety of topics related to wellness. His interests include technology, outdoor activities, science, and men's health. Check out his show --> The Men's Self Help Podcast
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Alabama and Mississippi Rivers Railroad
Merger proposal
I have commented on the talk page of Selma and Meridian Railroad where the proposed merger of that article with this article is being discussed. Donner60 (talk) 12:29, 14 February 2018 (UTC)
American Civil War
As time permits, probably later in March, I will do a little research to see whether some facts can be found about the company during the American Civil War. Donner60 (talk) 19:19, 16 February 2018 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Le Grand High School
Le Grand High School is a public high school located in Le Grand, California.
Statistics
In the 2016–17 school year, the school had a total of 463 students.
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WIKI
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China state media calls for cleanup of online fan behaviour
SHANGHAI, Aug 17 (Reuters) - Irrational and undesirable online fan behaviour in China interferes with socio-economic and cultural order, and should be addressed and corrected, a commentary in the Communist Party's official People's Daily newspaper said on Tuesday.
"Following stars is a personal choice, but it should not cross bottom lines and boundaries," the commentary said.
It said Chinese regulators had achieved some success in "rectifying undesirable fan culture", closing more than 4,000 illegal social media accounts, removing more than 150,000 pieces of what it termed negative and harmful information, and closing down groups and topics of discussion.
But it added that fan groups presented a considerable challenge to governance given "intertwined chains of capital and interests" as well as "undesirable tendencies" including money-worship, noting that fan groups mostly comprise teenagers in need of positive guidance.
"The next step is to continue to strengthen regulation...and form long-term mechanisms so that those who cross bottom lines pay the price, and those who illegally pursue profits are punished," it said.
The commentary was the latest in a string of editorials published in state media in recent weeks calling for online platforms to rein in the over-promotion of celebrities, and for crackdowns on industries such as gaming and alcohol.
Social media giant Weibo Corp WB.O has also come under fire in the wake of a scandal involving Chinese-Canadian pop singer Kris Wu, who was detained by police amid allegations of seducing underage women. Wu has denied the accusations.
Last week, Chinese authorities arrested a top Weibo public relations executive, and the company fired him over suspected bribery.
(Reporting by Andrew Galbraith; Editing by Michael Perry)
((Andrew.Galbraith@tr.com; +86 21 2083 0079; Reuters Messaging: andrew.galbraith.thomsonreuters.com@reuters.net ; Twitter: https://twitter.com/apgalbraith))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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GCC Code Coverage Report
Directory: ./ Exec Total Coverage
File: api/embed_helpers.cc Lines: 82 92 89.1 %
Date: 2022-07-18 04:15:58 Branches: 31 48 64.6 %
Line Branch Exec Source
1
#include "node.h"
2
#include "env-inl.h"
3
#include "debug_utils-inl.h"
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5
using v8::Context;
6
using v8::Function;
7
using v8::Global;
8
using v8::HandleScope;
9
using v8::Isolate;
10
using v8::Local;
11
using v8::Locker;
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using v8::Maybe;
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using v8::Nothing;
14
using v8::SealHandleScope;
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16
namespace node {
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18
6218
Maybe<int> SpinEventLoop(Environment* env) {
19
6218
CHECK_NOT_NULL(env);
20
6218
MultiIsolatePlatform* platform = GetMultiIsolatePlatform(env);
21
6218
CHECK_NOT_NULL(platform);
22
23
6218
Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
24
12209
HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
25
6218
Context::Scope context_scope(env->context());
26
12209
SealHandleScope seal(isolate);
27
28
6218
if (env->is_stopping()) return Nothing<int>();
29
30
6218
env->set_trace_sync_io(env->options()->trace_sync_io);
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{
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bool more;
33
6218
env->performance_state()->Mark(
34
node::performance::NODE_PERFORMANCE_MILESTONE_LOOP_START);
35
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do {
36
6251
if (env->is_stopping()) break;
37
6251
uv_run(env->event_loop(), UV_RUN_DEFAULT);
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6044
if (env->is_stopping()) break;
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platform->DrainTasks(isolate);
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5235
more = uv_loop_alive(env->event_loop());
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if (more && !env->is_stopping()) continue;
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10430
if (EmitProcessBeforeExit(env).IsNothing())
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break;
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{
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5207
HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
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10414
if (env->RunSnapshotSerializeCallback().IsEmpty()) {
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break;
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}
53
}
54
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// Emit `beforeExit` if the loop became alive either after emitting
56
// event, or after running some callbacks.
57
5207
more = uv_loop_alive(env->event_loop());
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5226
} while (more == true && !env->is_stopping());
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6001
env->performance_state()->Mark(
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node::performance::NODE_PERFORMANCE_MILESTONE_LOOP_EXIT);
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}
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6001
if (env->is_stopping()) return Nothing<int>();
63
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5191
env->set_trace_sync_io(false);
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// Clear the serialize callback even though the JS-land queue should
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// be empty this point so that the deserialized instance won't
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// attempt to call into JS again.
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10382
env->set_snapshot_serialize_callback(Local<Function>());
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env->PrintInfoForSnapshotIfDebug();
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env->VerifyNoStrongBaseObjects();
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return EmitProcessExit(env);
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}
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struct CommonEnvironmentSetup::Impl {
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MultiIsolatePlatform* platform = nullptr;
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uv_loop_t loop;
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std::shared_ptr<ArrayBufferAllocator> allocator;
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Isolate* isolate = nullptr;
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DeleteFnPtr<IsolateData, FreeIsolateData> isolate_data;
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DeleteFnPtr<Environment, FreeEnvironment> env;
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Global<Context> context;
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};
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CommonEnvironmentSetup::CommonEnvironmentSetup(
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MultiIsolatePlatform* platform,
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std::vector<std::string>* errors,
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7
std::function<Environment*(const CommonEnvironmentSetup*)> make_env)
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7
: impl_(new Impl()) {
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7
CHECK_NOT_NULL(platform);
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CHECK_NOT_NULL(errors);
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impl_->platform = platform;
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uv_loop_t* loop = &impl_->loop;
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// Use `data` to tell the destructor whether the loop was initialized or not.
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loop->data = nullptr;
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int ret = uv_loop_init(loop);
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7
if (ret != 0) {
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errors->push_back(
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SPrintF("Failed to initialize loop: %s", uv_err_name(ret)));
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return;
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}
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7
loop->data = this;
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105
7
impl_->allocator = ArrayBufferAllocator::Create();
106
7
impl_->isolate = NewIsolate(impl_->allocator, &impl_->loop, platform);
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7
Isolate* isolate = impl_->isolate;
108
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{
110
Locker locker(isolate);
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7
Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
112
7
impl_->isolate_data.reset(CreateIsolateData(
113
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isolate, loop, platform, impl_->allocator.get()));
114
115
7
HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
116
7
Local<Context> context = NewContext(isolate);
117
7
impl_->context.Reset(isolate, context);
118
7
if (context.IsEmpty()) {
119
errors->push_back("Failed to initialize V8 Context");
120
return;
121
}
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123
7
Context::Scope context_scope(context);
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7
impl_->env.reset(make_env(this));
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}
126
}
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CommonEnvironmentSetup::~CommonEnvironmentSetup() {
129
5
if (impl_->isolate != nullptr) {
130
5
Isolate* isolate = impl_->isolate;
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{
132
5
Locker locker(isolate);
133
10
Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
134
135
5
impl_->context.Reset();
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impl_->env.reset();
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5
impl_->isolate_data.reset();
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}
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140
5
bool platform_finished = false;
141
5
impl_->platform->AddIsolateFinishedCallback(isolate, [](void* data) {
142
5
*static_cast<bool*>(data) = true;
143
5
}, &platform_finished);
144
5
impl_->platform->UnregisterIsolate(isolate);
145
5
isolate->Dispose();
146
147
// Wait until the platform has cleaned up all relevant resources.
148
10
while (!platform_finished)
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5
uv_run(&impl_->loop, UV_RUN_ONCE);
150
}
151
152
5
if (impl_->isolate || impl_->loop.data != nullptr)
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5
CheckedUvLoopClose(&impl_->loop);
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155
5
delete impl_;
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5
}
157
158
159
uv_loop_t* CommonEnvironmentSetup::event_loop() const {
160
return &impl_->loop;
161
}
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std::shared_ptr<ArrayBufferAllocator>
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CommonEnvironmentSetup::array_buffer_allocator() const {
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return impl_->allocator;
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}
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168
7
Isolate* CommonEnvironmentSetup::isolate() const {
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7
return impl_->isolate;
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}
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7
IsolateData* CommonEnvironmentSetup::isolate_data() const {
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7
return impl_->isolate_data.get();
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}
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176
7
Environment* CommonEnvironmentSetup::env() const {
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7
return impl_->env.get();
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}
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180
14
v8::Local<v8::Context> CommonEnvironmentSetup::context() const {
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return impl_->context.Get(impl_->isolate);
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}
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184
} // namespace node
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Church of San Lorenzo de Vallejo de Mena, Burgos
The Church of San Lorenzo is located in Valle de Mena, a village in the Valley of Mena, part of the region of Las Merindades in the Province of Burgos, Spain.
The sources that support the dating of the church are limited. An inscription in the church likely dating from the early 13th century states that the site was donated to the Order of Saint John Hospitallers. The church was probably built in two phases; during the first one, in the last years of the 12th century, the apse was erected, while the second one, in the first quarter of the 13th century, resulted in the completion of the nave.
The building
The building plan follows the standard Romanesque style, with a single apse on the eastern side and a basilical nave. The church has three entrances; the main one is located on the western façade, a second entrance opens on the south façade and a third smaller door is located on the northern side.
The western façade is decorated with a slightly pointed arch composed of four archivolts that are profusely decorated, mainly with vegetable motifs, fantastic animals and monsters. Each archivolt is supported on a carved capital atop a semidetached column.
The decoration of the apse is unusually complex. It is divided into five panels by a set of four semidetached columns topped by carved capitals. Each panel is decorated with a narrow window that is surmounted by an arcade consisting of three arches. The sculpture themes range from vegetal motifs to scenes with animals and human figures.
The interior
The interior is richly decorated with sculptures in the capitals of the columns and the windows.
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WIKI
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Date of Award
2013-01-01
Degree Name
Master of Science
Department
Civil Engineering
Advisor(s)
Thomas A. Davids
Second Advisor
Camacho M. Lucy
Abstract
Among various water purification and recycling technologies, adsorption is a fast, inexpensive and universal method. The development of low-cost adsorbents has led to the rapid growth of research interests in this field. The objective of this present study is the optimization of process parameters in adsorption of arsenic, chromium and uranium ions. The adsorption behavior of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) has been studied in order to determine its applicability in treating water containing arsenic, chromium and uranium. The multiple adsorption of arsenic As (V), trivalent chromium Cr (III)] and uranium (VI) on natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in single component and multiple component systems has been studied. The optimum conditions for the treatment process were investigated by observing the influence of pH, time, adsorbate concentration, the presence of competing ions and the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) on metal ions adsorption by natural zeolite. The adsorption of arsenic, chromium and uranium by clinoptilolite was studied under batch and column experiments. The adsorption of the metals was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The data were interpreted with an adsorption model, in which a linear relationship was employed to express the equilibrium relationship using Langmuir and Freundlich models. According to the equilibrium studies, the adsorption selectivity sequence in both single and multiple systems can be given as Cr > U > As. The Freundlich equation was the most suitable adsorption model for the adsorption equilibrium data with R2 values of 0.96, 0.96, and 0.95 for As, Cr, and U respectively. The adsorption studies showed low affinity by clinoptilolite for the removal of Arsenic (37.2%) compared to both chromium (88.6%) and uranium (87.5%) at initial maximum concentration of 1000 (í¬g/L) in the multiple component adsorption system. The presence of sodium chloride increased the adsorption rates of the clinoptilolite. In the single component adsorption the maximum percent adsorption of As, Cr and U were 38.3%, 87.8% and, 85.2% respectively and in the binary metal mixtures the maximum percent adsorptions of As, Cr and U were 34.8%, 87.3%, and 82.6 % respectively at an initial concentration of 1000 í¬g/L. This was no significant difference when the metals were in a single component system or in a binary mixture. The breakthrough curve analysis was determined using the experimental data obtained from the continuous adsorption column experiment. The chromium and uranium had a break-through time of 25 h and 21 h, respectively, while arsenic had an instant breakthrough from the zeolite. Regeneration of the zeolite was carried out with hydrochloric acid to reduce the sludge produced and for economic benefits. The spent acid was recovered with an anion-exchange membrane by diffusion dialysis. The result obtained indicates high performance of the diffusion dialysis with 77% HCl recovery, 94% chromium ion rejection and 71.7% uranium rejection. The anion-exchange membrane by diffusion dialysis was not effective in the rejection of arsenic. It has 0% rejection, which is an indication of a negative charged arsenic complex formed. Clinoptilolite natural zeolite proved to be a good adsorbent for removing chromium and uranium but not arsenic. Diffusion dialysis with an anion-exchange membrane effectively recovers acid from the spent regenerant waste stream.
Language
en
Provenance
Received from ProQuest
File Size
104 pages
File Format
application/pdf
Rights Holder
Mutiu Olaitan Tanimola
Share
COinS
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Scatterbox
Scatterbox is an American punk rock band from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Formed in 2000, the current lineup includes Tom White (vocals), Scott Rozell (drums), Mark Cogburn (guitar), Ryan White (bass), and Sean Nicol (guitar). They are currently signed with Blackhouse Records of Spokane, Washington. Scatterbox has released five full-length albums (including one live record), and three EPs, one of which was a split release with the now-defunct Spokane, Washington band, American Zero (whose members went on to join The Lashes, Moral Crux, and Kay Kay and His Weathered Underground).
Past members
Past members include (all guitarists) Dan Stamper (2000–2002), Jared Brown (2002–2005), Chris Copulos (2003–2005), and Sean Nicol (2005–2009). Dan Stamper played guitar on the first two Scatterbox releases Run Faster, Jump Higher, and Lipstick Stains and Shotgun Shells. Shortly after the release of Lipstick Stains..., Stamper left the band, and was replaced by (at the time) American Zero and Moral Crux guitarist Jared Brown. Brown left the band in 2005 to pursue other interests, and Sean Nicol (Intifada, Hellrods) stepped in. Chris Copulos was added as a second guitarist in 2003 after leaving the band Ghoul. Copulos left the band in 2006 to move back to his native Chicago, Illinois, and shortly afterwards joined the band Nightcap. Mark Cogburn joined the band officially on New Year's Day of 2007 and has been noted as a permanent member. Nicol left the band in 2009 to attend school in Florida and went on to work for Boeing. In late 2010, the band added Justin Smith to the lineup. Jared Brown and Scott Rozell were also members of Lookout! Records band Moral Crux at a point in time. Brown left the band in 2008, whereas Rozell departed in 2005, rejoined in 2007, and departed again in early 2009. Brown rejoined in 2015 after Justin Smith's departure to Seattle, Washington. Rozell joined Green Jellÿ (AKA Green Jello) in the summer of 2018 as a touring drummer. As of 2019, the band's lineup consists of the White brothers, Rozell and Cogburn as a four piece, and are in the process of writing new material for a new album with a release date to be determined.
Release history
The first three Scatterbox releases were self-released on the band's own imprint, Blackhouse Records. In 2004, the band signed with Clickpop Records, making the newest album Sudden Movements the first Scatterbox record to have national and international distribution. The previous records are harder to find currently in physical format. The discography is available on digital format.
Scatterbox has appeared on many compilations with bands such as DEK, The Dillinger Escape Plan, Against All Authority, Morrissey, Citizen Fish, MDC, Destruction Made Simple, The Dresden Dolls, and others. In 2006, the song "Sensitive" from the 2003 album Infection III was used in the soundtrack of Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead from Troma Entertainment alongside the likes of The Dwarves, The Nihilistics, and Thee Obscene.
The band's newest studio record, Ritual, was released on October 28, 2014, via Blackhouse Records/T.F. Enterprises. Nick Jarvelin handled the production duties (Android Hero, Sledgeback, The Hollowpoints).
The band went on a lengthy hiatus for over a year for personal reasons before getting back together and moving forward with more recording, touring, and one-off shows.
The documentary Scatterbox Live : The 20th Anniversary was released November 11, 2022.
Discography
* Run Faster, Jump Higher (2001, Blackhouse)
* Lipstick Stains and Shotgun Shells (2002, Blackhouse) - split with American Zero
* Infection III (2003, Blackhouse)
* Sudden Movements (2005 Clickpop Records)
* Enemies (2008 Clickpop Records/Blackhouse)
* 208: Live at The Knitting Factory (Blackhouse/Amazon) - release date: August 3, 2010
* Ritual (2014, Blackhouse/T.F. Enterprises/Amazon) - release date: October 28, 2014
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WIKI
|
John W. Parker v. James W. Lynch et al.
(Filed July 30, 1898.)
1. Jurisdiction Defined. Jurisdiction is the authority by which courts and judicial officers take co-gn'izance of .and decide cases. Power to -hear .and d> ifcermine a cause-. If a court has jur isdiction of the persons to the action, and the cause Ss the kind of a cause triable in such court, it has jurisdiction of the subject of the -action and hias the power to render any rightful judgm.ant therein,
2. Homestead — Contest—Rights of Parties — Trustee. The offering to file a contest against a homestead entry, gives a party no interest in the landl By such offer, he acquires no vested right in any sense of the word. If the L-and Department entertain a contest, and permit it too be filed, the parity filing the same has the right too have it heard, hut hti has no right or interest in the land itself; and the fact that One offered a contest against a homestead entry, even though h's -grounds named therein were valid, and the contest should have been entertained and a hearing granted, yet 'if ‘the Department rejected his contest, he, by -the offering of such contest, -acquired no interest whatever in the land embraced in the entry, and he cannot maintain an action to declare the patentee, who was the entryman at the time he offered h's contest, -a trustee, for his use ¡and bijnefit.
(Syllabus by the Couit.)
Error from the District Court of Kay County, before A. (r. C. Bierer, District Judye.
S. L. Overstreet, for plaintiff in error.
Pollock & Lafferty, for defendant in error.
STATEMENT OF FACTS.
This is an action commenced by John W. Parker, in the district court of Kay county, against James W. Lynch and the town of Ponca City, to declare a resulting trust. Judgment was rendered for defendant, from which plaintiff appeals to this court.
The original petition was filed on May 17, 1895. To this, the defendants interposed their respective -demurrers on two grounds: (1) That the court had no jurisdiction of the subject matter of the action; and, (2) that the petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The record does not show that these demurrers were sustained to plaintiff’s petition, but the sustaining of the demurrer to plaintiff’s original petition is assigned as error. This court will not consider any assignment of error which is not presented by the record. It might be suggested, though, that this very question was decided by this court in the case of Kingman v. Pirn-ley, this volume, p. 351. The court held in that case that when a demurrer is sustained to a petition, and plaintiff, after obtaining leave of court, flies an amended petition, and the issues are joined thereon, and a trial had, the plaintiff, by filing his- amended pleading, waives any error committed by the trial court, in sustaining such demurrer. Citing, Young, et al v. Martin, 8 Wall. 354, and Rosa v. M. K. & T. R. R. Go., 18 Kan. 124.
It is shown by the record that plaintiff obtained leave of court on August 10, 1895, to file an amended petition, which was filed in due time. The amended petition, omitting the caption and exhibits, is as follows:
“The plaintiff, John W. Parker, leave of court having been first obtained, makes-, presents and files this his amended petition, and for cause of action herein against said defendants and each of them, alleges:
“That the said defendant, the town of Ponca City, claims to be a municipal corporation duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the Territory of Oklahoma, but the true character of which this plaintiff does not know, and as a part of the lands within the boundaries of said defendant, the town of Ponca City, is the southwest quarter of section 27 in township 26 north of range 2 east of the Indian meridian, in Kay county, Oklahoma Territory.
“That this plaintiff now is and at all times lie. einafter mentioned was a native born citizen of tbe United States, over the age of twenty-one years, and in all respects duly qualified under the homestead laws of the United States, and under the law and president’s proclamation, (dated August 19,1893, opening to homestead settlement certain lanes in the Cherokee Outlet,) to make homestead entry of not to exceed 160 acres of said lands.
“That by said proclamation, under and by virtue of the laws of the Unted States, the piesident opened to homestead settlement, at the hour of 12 o’clock, noon, Central Standard time, September 16, 1893, among other lands, the said southwest one quarter of section 27, in township 26, north of range 2, east of the Indian meridian, in Kay county, Oklahoma Territory, which said lands were so opened to homestead settlement by reason of the act of congress approved March 3,1893, and the said president’s proclamation, dated August 19, 1893,. and plaintiff avers that he at no time violated the law or the president’s proclamation concerning the entry into, or upon the lauds opened to settlement as aforesaid, or the regulations of the president or secretary of the interior, but in all things, stiictly, legally and honestly complied with the law and the proclamation and the rules and regulations of the secretary of the interior concerning the opening, occu-l>ancy and settlement, and entry of and upon said lands, and, plaintiff avers, that on the 16th day of September, 1893, prior to the hour of 12 o’clock, noon, Central Standard time, of that day, the said James W. Lynch, contrary to law and the said president’s proclamation, and the sa.d rules and regulations of the secretary of the interior, wrongfully and without right, and in defiance of the law and said proclamation, entered upon the lands opened at the hour of 12 o’clock noon,CentralSlandard time, as herein aforesaid, and also procured and caused one David Pry- or, as his agent and representative, to likewise enter upon said land, and as a special messenger in his behalf, to convey the homestead application and other papers accompanying it to make homestead entry of said southwest one quarter of section 27, township 26, north of range 2, east of the Indian meridian, Kay county, Oklahoma Te”ri-tory, to the United States local land office at Perry, Oklahoma Territory, to which said land was attached.
“That as such agent and employee of said defendant, the said David Pryor as aforesaid, did, about the hour of 4 o’clock A. H., September 16, 1893, enter upon said lands, and as the agent and for the benefit of said defendant, James W. Lynch, did convey the homestead application of said defendant, and other papers accompanying it, as a special messenger, to the local land office at Perry, Oklahoma Territory, and presented and filed, or caused the same to be presented and filed there at about 12:30 o’clock, P. M., September 16, 1893. That in so doing, the said David Pryor, as the agent of the said James Lynch, entered upon said lands so opened to settlement as aforesaid, near the north line thereof, and more than fifty miles from the said Perry land office, and in conveying said defendant Lynch’s said homestead application as aforesaid, said Pryor entered upon and traveled over the lands so opened to settlement as aforesaid, for more than forty miles, prior to the hour of 12 o’clock noon, Central Standard time, September 16, 1893, and reached said land office, and the government townsite of Perry, within said lands so opened to settlement as aforesaid, and filed or caused to be filed his said homestead application, and other, papers of said defendant, Lynch, long prior to the time that any one did, or could have reached said land office, or said government townsite of Perry, had they legally entered said lands from any point at the outer boundary thereof, as fixed by the law and the president’s proclamation at the hour of opening, or at the point were said Pryor entered the same which said application was marked filed in said local land office at Perry, as rejected application No. 1; that afterwards on January 4,1894, the said application was placed of record Ly the register of said land office, as homestead entry No. 5030.
“Plaintiff further says that said application was not sworn to as required by law, nor as required by the rules and regulations of the interior department, nor before an officer authorized to administer oaths, nor presented and filed as required by the rules and regulations, or the law's of the interior department of the United States; that afterwards, the said James W. Lynch made application to commute said homestead entry, and purchase said lands for townsite purposes under the second proviso of section 22 under the Organic Act of the Territory of Oklahoma, and made final proof thereunder before B. N. Woodson, probate judge of Kay county, Oklahoma Territory, which said proof was by said Woodson transmitted to said register and receiver of said Perry land office, and by them transmitted to the honorable commissioner of the general land office of the United States.
“That afterwards, and about the 19th day of May, 1894, and prior to the approval of said final proof of defendant, by the commissioner of the general land office, and prior to the issuance and delivery of any certificate of purchase to said land to the defendant, Lnych, this plaintiff filed.in the United States land office-at Perry, Oklahoma Territory, his affidavit of contest against the said homestead entry and application of said Lynch, to commute the said southwest one-quarter of section 27, township 26, aforesaid. That afterwards, this plaintiff filed with the commissioner of the general land office, various affidavits of various persons corroborating his contest affidavit herein aforesaid; that afterwards, the honorable commissioner of the general land office in considering the premises, did not entertain this plaintiff’s application to contest the said entry of defendant Lynch, but wholly failed and refused so to do.
“That afterwards this plaintiff filed an additional affidavit of contest amendatory and supplemental to his first aforesaid affidavit of contest against the defendant Lynch’s said homestead entry and townsite appl'cation.
“That afterwards, one J. W. Whitten, as special agent of the interior department of the United States, investigated the matters herein aforesaid, and made two several reports thereon, in which he filed and presented the affidavits of the defendant, James W. Lynch, and the said David Pryor, in which said affidavits said Lynch and Pryor admitted the allegations of the contest affidavit of this plaintiff.
“That afterwards the said homestead application of the said defendant Lynch, and all matters relating thereto, came on for consideration by the honorable commissioner of the general land office, and secretary of the interior. and upon consideration thereof, said honorable commissioner and secretary denied this plaintiff’s right or application to contest the application and homestead entry of the defendant Lynch herein aforesaid.
“That afterwards and within the time allowed by the rules of practice of the interior department, this plaintiff filed his motion for a review of said decision; that after-wards, on the 11th day of January, 1895, the said honorable secretary denied this plaintiff’s motion for a review of said matters, and denied this plaintiff’s right to contest the said application and homestead entry of the defendant James Lynch. A copy of the decidons of the commissioner of the general land office and secretary of the interior of tne United States, and all papers filed and proceedings had in the United States land office at Perry, Oklahoma Territory, in the interior department, relative to said matter, showing all the facts herein aforesaid, being a complete record of all said proceedings, are filed herewith, attached hereto, marked ‘exhibit A’ and made a part hereof.
“Plaintiff further avers that at the time of filing his affidavit of contest as herein aforesaid, he made a deposit of money with the local United States land office at Perry, Oklahoma Territory, under and in accordance with the rules thereof, to secure the payment of fees, costs and expenses of •said contest, all as required by the rules and regulations of the land and interior department of the United States, which said moneys are still held by said land office and the department of the interior of the United States; that in the contest proceedings herein aforesaid, he has expended a large amount of money in addition to the deposit of said money as aforesaid.
“Plaintiff avers that the last decision of the secretary of the interior, as herein aforesaid being final, the said honorable secretary awarded said lands, to-wit: the southwest one quarter of section 27, in township 26, north of range 2, east of the Indian meridian, Kay county, Oklahoma Territory, to said defendant, James' W. Lynch, and on January 12, 1895, caused the said land to be patented by the president to James W. Lynch, and caused said patent to be recorded in the recording department of the general land office of the United States, and caused said patent thereafter to be delivered to said defendant, James W. Lynch, thereby patenting and conveying to said James W. Lynch all the said lands except certain reservations, to said defendant the town of Ponca City; and plaintiff avers that at the time of the commencement of this action, the said defendants were the owners and holders of the legal title to said lands.
“Plaintiffs avers that the commissioner of the general land office of the United States, and the secretary of the interior in their proceedings, and in rendering their decision as aforesaid, and in denying this plaintiff his rights under the laws of the United States, to contest said application and homestead entry of the defendant James W. Lynch, under all the facts herein aforesaid, committed gross error and mistake of law and the acts of Congress, and the well known and established rules of practice of the interior department of the United States, in such case made and provided
“Plaintiff avers that the said defendant, James W. Lynch, was disqualified by reason of the allegations and facts herein aforesaid to make homestead entry to said tract of land, or to receive a patent therefor, and that his entry thereof was fraudulent and void, and ought to have been cancelled by the land department of the United States.
“That all of the statements made and set forth in the plaintiff’s affidavit of contest and the affidavits corroborating the same concerning the fraudulent entry of the land's by the said James W. Lynch, were true; and if this plaintiff had been allowed to contest said entry and application, he could have, and would have proved said facts by competent evidence and testimony, and in fact all the allegations aforesaid were admitted by said Lynch and his agent, David Pryor, as herein aforesaid; and had plaintiff been permitted so to do, as was his right under the law, and to have conducted his contest as prayed' for against said application and homestead entry, he could have and would have established the fact of the disqualification of said Lynch, to make homestead entry as herein aforesaid, and in addition to the moneys, the usual deposit by him as aforesaid, and so paid out by him as aforesaid, he could have, and would have paid the land office fees and procured the cancellation of said homestead entry and application of the -said James W. Lynch, for the lands aforesaid, and thereby, under the law. acquired a preference right to make homestead entry of said tract.
“Plaintiff avers that he has in all things exhausted his right in the premises before the land and Interior department of the United States.
“That under the law and the facts he has acquired a vested right in the land herein aforesaid; that he is without adequate remedy at law in the premises without the aid of this honorable court in the exercise of its chancery powers; that he is now ready and willing to pay into court the sum of $400 for said tract of land, together with the fees and expenses lawfully incurred in obtaining title to said tract of land, and that he is ready and willing, and will do equity in the premises as required by this honorable court.”
The prayer was in the usual form.
From this petition and exhibits thereto attached and made a part thereof, it will be seen that Lynch, on September 16, 1893, made application to enter the land in controversy, by mail, at the United States land office at Perry, O. T., which application was rejected, but Lynch was not notified by the lar d office of the action for a considerable time thereafter. When he was notified, he made an additional showing as to why his application was sent by mail, and it was. placed of record, he having bought off all of the adverse claimants for the land.
After having secured his homestead entry, Lynch, on March 13, 1894, made application to purchase said tract under section 22 of the act of congress of May 2, 1890, which act is as follows:
“That the provisions of title 32, chapter 8, of the Be-vised Statutes of the United States relating to 'Reservation and sale of townsites on the public lands,’ shall apply to the lands open or to be opened to settlement in the Territory of Oklahoma, except those opened to settlement by the proclamation of the president on the twenty-second day of April, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine; provided, that hereafter all surveys for townsites in said Territory shall contain reservations for parks, (of substantially equal area if more than one park,) and for schools and other public purposes, embracing in the aggregate not less than ten nor more than twenty acres; and patents for such reservations, to be maintained for such purposes, shall be issued to the towns respectively when organized as municipalities: Provided further, that in case any lands in said Territory of Oklahoma which may be occupied and filed upon as a homestead under the provisions of law applicable to said Territory, by a person who is entitled to'perfect his title thereto under such law, are required for townsite purposes, it shall be lawful for such person to apply to the secretary of the interior to purchase the lands embraced in said homestead or any part thereof for townsite purposes. He shall file with the application, a plat of such proposed townsite, and if such plat shall be approved by the secretary of the interior, he shall issue a patent to such person for land embraced in said townsite, upon the payment of the sum of ten dollars per acre for all the lands embraced in such townsite, except the lands to be donated and maintained for public purposes as provided in this section. And the sums so received by the secretary of the interior shall be paid over to the proper authorities of the municipalities when organized, to be used by them for school purposes only.”
After due notice and publication, Lynch made his final proof, and thereafter, to-wit: on May 19,1894, Parker filed a protest ag'ainst the same, and asked to be permitted to contest Lynch’s entry, which protest and application to contest was in the following language:
“Before the General Land Office, Washington, D. C., and before the local Land Office, Perry, O. T.
“Personally appeared before the undersigned authority, John W. Parker, who, being duly sworn, deposes and says: That he has been informed, and has good reasons to believe, that James W. Lynch, who made homestead entry for the southwest quarter of section 27, township 26, north of range 2 east, at the United States land office at Perry, O. T., on the 30th day of January, 1894, was not qualified to make said entry or to acquire title to said tract of land for the following reasons, to-wit:
“That said Lynch executed the affidavits which accompanied said application and upon which said entry is based, and procured one Pryor to fraudulently and in violation of the act of congress approved March 3, 1893, and the president’s proclamation dated August 19, 1893, to enter the Cherokee Outlet prior to 12 o’clock, noon, Central Standard time, of the 16th day of September, 1893, and subsequent to the date of said proclamation for the purpose of forwarding the homestead application of said Lynch to the United States land office at Perry, O. T.
“Affiant is informed, and has good reasons to believe and does believe, that said James W. Lynch executed said affidavits in support of said application before B.N. Woodson, now probate judge of Kay county, Territory of Oklahoma, prior to the existence of said county, and prior to the commencement of the official career of said Woodson, and also prior to the time that said lands applied for, were open to settlement and entry; that affi-ant is further informed and believes that the said B. N. Woodson delivered said homestead affidavits and application to one Pryor, and that said Pryor did enter the Cherokee Outlet prior to 12 o’clock, noon, Central Standard time, on September 16, 1893,and did take with him the homestead application and affidavits of said Lynch for the purpose of having the same delivered at the United States land office, Perry, O. T., through the United States mails, for the purpose of segregating the above described tract of land prior in point of time to any homestead application that would be executed and forwarded from the border of the Cherokee Outlet, in a lawful manner, and before any application could be lawfully presented in regular order of said land office; that said Pryor did deposit said application with a special delivery stamp thereon in the United States mail at a point within the Cherokee Outlet, and cause said application to be delivered at the United States land office at Perry, O. T., where the same was placed on record a rejected application, segregated said land from entry, and subsequently with the use of money, the said entry-man cleared the record of all adverse claimants to said tract, and perfected his said homestead entry, thereafter.
“That in pursuance of the agency aforesaid, said Pryor did, prior to the hour of 12 o’clock, noon, Central Standard time, on September 16, 1893, enter said Territory and so file said homestead application.
“That affiant is further informed that said entryman made final proof under the second proviso of section 22 of the act of congress approved May 2, 1890, before B. N. Woodson, aforesaid, that said proof is now pending before the honorable commissioner of the general land office, Washington, D. C.
“That affiant is further informed and has good reason to believe, and does believe, that all of the allegations above set forth are true; and if true, said entry was fraudulent and void from its inception.
“Affiant further says that he has no sufficient personal knowledge as to the facts of the foregoing allegations and charges, so as to warrant him in making a positive oath as to the truth thereof, and is not able to secure a corroborating witness thereto; that affiant believes such facts are only within the personal knowledge of said entryman and his personal friends and persons controlled by them, and difficult to establish by voluntary testimony.
“Affiant says that he is acting in good faith in filing this contest, and the same is not initiated for the purpose of harrassing the claimant and extorting money from him under a compromise, but in good faith to prosecute the same to a final determination.
“Wherefore, affiant protests against the approval of said entryman’s final proof for said tract, and the allowance of a cash entry thereon and nrays that within the rule decided in the ca,se of Gotthelf v. Swinson, 5 L. D. page 657, he be permitted to prosecute said contest; tnat a hearing be ordered and he be allowed an opportunity to prove the truth of the allegations and charges herein above set forth; and finally, that said homestead entry be cancelled and he be awarded a preference right to enter said tract of lafid.
“Affiant further respectfully prays that if in the discretion of the honorable commissioner it be considered that he ought not to be allowed to prosecute this contest, then that the entire matter be referred to a special agent for investigation and report, to the end that the government may not be cheated and defrauded out of said land.
[Signed] “Jno. W. Parker.
“Subscribed and sworn to before me this 17 .day of May, A. D., 1894.
[Signed] “ERNest W. JoNes.
(seal) “Notary Public.
“Mjr commission expires Sept. 26, 1897.”
The affidavit, as will be seen, was not corroborated and did not contain any positive allegations as to Lynch’s disqualifications,' or other proper charge. Several weeks later, other affidavits were filed, but they were of the most general character. The Parker contest affidavit, and all of the affidavits subsequently filed by him, were passed upon by the commissioner of the general land office, and by him held to be insufficient, and the decision of the commissioner was reviewed and approved by the secretary of the interior. These several affidavits go principally to the manner in which Lynch secured his entry, or rather how he secured the filing of his homestead application in the land office, on the day the land was opened up to settlement, viz: September 16, 1893. After Parker’s contest was filed, the commissioner assigned a special agent to investigate the charges made by Parker against Lynch. Lynch and Pryor both filed affidavits showing how Lynch’s application was filed, and these two affidavits are not contradicted. Lynch’s affidavit is as follows:
“Territory of Oklahoma, County of Kay, ss:
“Before me the undersigned authority, on this 12th day of September, 1894, personally appeared J. W. Lynch, of lawful age, who being first duly sworn, on his oath states that he is the entryman of the southwest quarter of section 27, township 26, of range 2 east; that after 10 o’clock P. M. on the 15th day of September, 1894, he was approached by one J. L. Pennington, live stock agent of the G-. C. & S. F. R. R., who informed him that himself and a number of others intended to make their filings by mail from Arkansas City, in the state of Kansas; that they had counseled good legal authority, and were informed that they could legally make their filings in this way, being more than fifty miles from the land office; that they had a man engaged who would carry their applications to the post office at Arkansas City, and wait there so they would go to the land office on the first mail, and thereupon invited him, the said J., W. Lynch, to join them and send his application with theirs; that he did so, and delivered his application to be mailed, as he then understood it would be, at Arkansas City; that he did not learn until some months after-wards that it had reached the land office by a different route, and that the plan and method was changed without any knowledge, consent or direction on his part; that he has paid off and satisfied every adverse claimant to the land on which he made his filing except one Parker who filed his contest or protest long afterwards, to-wit: about April 19, 1894.
[Signed] “J. W. Lynch.
“Subscribed and sworn to before me this 12th day of September, 1894.
[Signed] “G. B. Baenes.
(seal) Notary Public.
“My commission expires March 10th, 1898.”
Pryor’s affidavit is in the following language :
“Territory of Oklahoma, County of K:
“Before me, the undersigned authority, on this 12th day of September, 1894, personally appeared David 0. Pryor, of lawful age, who being first duly sworn, on his oath states, that he is personally acquainted with one J. W. Lynch, the entryman of the southwest quarter of section 27, township 26, of range 2 east, in the said county and Territory; that on the afternoon or evening of the 15th day of September, 1893, he agreed with the said J. W. Lynch and certain other parties, to convey to the nearest post office, and mail to the register and receiver of the United States land office at Perry, O. T., their applications for filing; that at the time of making said agreement, he had an arrangement to have said applications mailed at Arkansas City, in the state of Kansas, but later learned that the mail train from Arkansas City would be delayed, without being authorized by the said J. W. Lynch to do so, carried the application of the said Lynch to the Red Rock post office, and there under a special delivery postage stamp, attempted to get the postmaster, one Joseph Schnell, to carry and deliver the same to the postmaster at Perry, but failing in said attempt, proceeded to carry the said application to Perry, where in person he delivered the same to the postmaster.
“Affiant further swears that he pursued this course and delivered the application of the said Lynch as aforesaid, without informing the said Lynch that he intended to do so, and without any knowledge on the part of the said Lynch, so far as affiant is aware.
[Signed] “David C. Pryor.
“Subscribed and sworn to before me this 12th day of September, 1894.
[Signed] “G. B. Barnes, '
(seal) “Notary Public.
“My commission expires March 10, 1898.”
. All of the affidavits, departmental letters and arguments of counsel, relative to Parker’s application to contest Lynch’s entry, were made exhibits to plaintiff’s amended petition. The honorable secretary of the interior finally dismissed Parker’s application to contest, and directed the patent to issue for the land to Lynch. Parker then filed a motion for review, before the department, which was, by the honorable secretary, denied, and Lynch then received his patent. To' this amended petition, which shows all of the foregoing facts, each of the original defendants demurred on two grounds: (1) Tha t the court had no jurisdiction over the subject of the action; and (2) that the petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The Ponca City Land and Investment company asked to made a party defendant to the suit, which order was made, and the said company was given leave to plead.. Thereupon, it filed a demurrer raising the same questions presented by the demurrers of the other defendants. Upon the hearing of the demurrers as stated above, they were all sustained, and plaintiff refusing to plead over, judgment was rendered for defendants, and plaintiff appealed.
Opinion of the court by
Burwell, J.:
In this case, we are called upon to determine whether or not the trial court had jurisdiction of the subject of the action. The defendant in error insists that it had not, and for that reason this court should dismiss the appeal.
The question of jurisdiction has been frequently discussed by the different courts of the country, including the supreme court of the United States, which has been several times called to pass upon this question. Before entering upon a discussion of this matter, perhaps we had better ascertain the meaning of this word, as used by our law writers. The word is defined in Rapalje & Lawrence’s dictionary, thus:
“Jurisdiction is the power of a court or judge to entertain an action, petition or other proceedings. When a proceeding in respect to a certain matter can only be tried in one court, that court i's said to have exclusive jurisdiction.”
Rouvier says, that: “Jurisdiction is the authority by which judicial officers take cognizance oí, and decide cases. Power to hear and determine a cause. The right of a judge to pronounce a sentence of the law on a case or issue before him, acquired through due process of law. It includes the power to enforce the execution of what is decreed.”
Webster defines jurisdiction to be: “The legal power, right or authority of a particular court to hear and determine causes; to try criminals or to execute justice. Judicial authority over a cause or class of causes, as certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes, are within the jurisdiction of a particular court; that i», within the limit of its authority or commission.”
In the case of The State of Rhode Island v. The State of Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 655, Justice Baldwin, speaking for the court said: “However late this objection may be, (meaning the jurisdiction of the court,) or may be made in any cause, in an inferior or appellate court of the United States, it must be considered and decided before any court can move one further step in the case, as any movement is necessarily an exercise of jurisdiction.” Then the learned justice proceeded to define its meaning thus: “Jurisdiction is the power to hear and determine the subject matter in controversy between parties to a suit; to adjudicate or exercise any judicial power over them; the question is, whether on the case before a court, their action is judicial or extra-judicial, with or without the authority of law, to render a judgment or decree upon the rights of the litigant parties. If the law confers the power to render a judgment or decree, then the court has jurisdiction; what shall be adjudged or decreed between the parties, and with which is the right of the case, is judicial action, bj hearing and determining it.” Citing authorities.
The American and English Encyclopaedia of Law, vol. 12, bottom page, 244:
“Jurisdiction is authority by which judicial officers take cognizance of and decide causes; or, as it has been most frequently defined, the power to hear and determine a cause. The definition thus limited, implies that if a court having the power to hear and determine a cause, enters a judgment therein, the validity of such judgment is not affected by the power of the court to enter the judgment in question. To escape this difficulty, there is a tendency in the latest decisions in the United States, to hold that jurisdiction is not only the power to hear and determine, but also the power to render the particular judgment entered in the particular case.”
The supreme Court of Massachusetts, in the case of Hopkins v. the Commonwealth, 3 Met. 462, says: “The word jurisdiction is a term of large and comprehensive import, and embraces every kind of judicial action upon the subject matter, from the finding of the indictment to pronouncing sentence.” Jones v. Brown, 54 Iowa, 74-79: “Jurisdiction is defined to be the authority of law to act officially in the matter then in hand.” Mills v. Commonwealth, 13 Penn. State, 627-630: “Jurisdiction in courts is the power and authority to declare the law.”
The subject of the action in the present case is the equitable title to the land in controversy. The plaintiff commenced his action in the district court, alleging a certain state of facts, and praying for certain relief. Now, if the district court did not have juristdiction of the cause of action, what court had? Or were ¿here no courts to wbicb be could apply for relief? Tbe court had juris>-diction of the parties because summons was duly issued aud served; and the district court alone can try this class of cases. The suit involves the question of chancery jurisdiction, and the Organic Act of this Territory has vested that power in the supreme court and in the district courts. An examination of the authorities will show, beyond any question, that the district courts have jurisdiction in all actions to declare a resulting trust, when land has been by fraud or mistake of law, deeded by the officers of the government to one not entitled thereto; provided, the plaintiff in addition to showing such fraud or mistake as to the law governing such case, also .pleads and proves such facts as will show that he has some interest in the land which, if the law had been properly applied, would have given it to him.
The case of Moore v. Robbins, 96 U. S. 503, is squarely in point, and supports the rule just stated. Justice Miller, speaking for the court said:
“That the decision of the officers of the land department, made within the scope of their authority on questions of this kind, is, in general, conclusive everywhere, except when reconsidered by way of appeal within that department; and that as to the facts on which their decision is based, in the absence of fraud and mistake, that decision is conclusive, even in courts of justice, when the title afterwards comes in question. But that in this class of cases, as in all others, there exists in the courts of equity, the jurisdiction to correct mistakes, to relieve against frauds and impositions, and in cases, where it is clear that those officers have, by a mistake of the law, given to one man the land which, on the undisputed facts belonged to another, to give appropriate relief.”
This same doctrine was reiterated in the case of St. Louis Smelting and Refining Company v. Thomas Kemp et al., 104 U. S. 636, and in Quinby v. Conlan, 104 U. S. 420.
The question of jurisdiction can be raised by demurrer, under our statute. Section 89 of Procedure Civil of the 1893 Statutes provides:
“The defen dant may demur to the petition only when it appears on its face, either: First, that the court has no jurisdiction of the person of the defendant, or the subject of the action.”
The expression, “subject of the action,” as used in the Statutes, is synonymous with, “subject-matter.”
Bouvier defines “subject-matter” to be, “the cause; the object; the thing in dispute. It is a fatal abjection ta the jurisdiction of the court when it has not cognizance of the subject-matter of the action, as, if a cause exclusively of chancery jurisdiction, were brought in a court of common law, or a criminal proceeding in a court having jurisdiction in civil cases only.”
The definition given by Bouvier, ought to settle the question of jurisdiction in this case, and would, were it not for the fact that we are confronted with a decision of our own court, in which the question of jurisdiction is discussed and determined. Defendants in error cite this decision, viz: Meyers v. Berry, 3 Okla. 612, in support of their demurrers to the jurisdiction of the court in this case.
The case of Meyers v. Berry, supra, was an action commenced in the district court of Payne county, by one Wesley Meyers against William E. Berry, to charge Berry as trustee of certain town lots in the town of Stillwater. A trial was had between the parties before the townsite board, and a townsite deed issued to Berry. Meyers then brought his suit to declare a resulting trust. In the supreme court, the defendant raised the question of jurisdiction; and the court in defining jurisdiction, said:
“Jurisdiction is the power to hear and determine the subject matter in controversy between parties to the suit, to adjudicate or exercise any judicial power over them, and when this power is absent, the court is without jurisdiction. When it is apparent from the complaint that the court has no power to determine the matter complained of in the petition, or where the petition fails to state such a case as will give the court jurisdiction, then .he objection may be made at any time, and whenever the matter is brought to the attention of the court, in any manner, it should refuse to proceed further and dismiss the proceeding.”
The court then discussed the petition, a copy of which is included in the opinion, and observed that the petition contained no allegation of fraud on the part of the town-site board; that the findings of those officers on questions of fact, where there in a conflict, is conclusive, and that in order to present the question as to- whether or not the trustees misapplied the law, it would be necesary to accompany the petition with the findings of fact upon which they made their ruling, in order that the court might determine, as a matter of law, -whether their application of the law was correct. And finally in conclusion said:
“The court has no power or authority to review the facts or weigh the evidence taken before the board, in order to determine whether they -arrived at proper conclusions of fact.
“The petition is drawn-upon the theory that the court has original jurisdiction to try and determine the same questions of fact that were passed upon by the to-wnsite trustees-. This is an erroneous theory.
“The complaint does not state such a case as will authorize a court of equity to hear and determine any question thereby presented, and does not confer jurisdiction on such a court to interfere with the findings of the officers whose duties it was to determine the rights of the parties. Hence, the district court was without jurisdiction to hear and determine the mattérs complained of, and was without authority to pass upon the questions of fact presented by the complaint, and it was error to render any judgment thereon.”
This case, from a casual reading, would seem to support the contention of defendant; but we hardly think that the court intended to lay down the rule that the district courts have no jurisdiction in that class of cases. The petition in that case did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and the court could not render the kind of a judgment prayed for, because the facts pleaded would not support it. It is also quite probable that the justice who wrote the opinion in that case, had in mind the rule laid down by the supreme court of the United States, relative to jurisdiction, but failed to distinguish between the cases in which the rule was announced in that court and the case then under consideration.
Justice Field, speaking for the supreme court of the United States, said:
“The doctrine that when a court has once acquired jurisdiction, it has the right to decide every question which arises in the cause, and its judgment, however erroneous, cannot be collaterally assailed, is undoubtedly correct as a general proposition; but, like all general proposi-ti ons, is subject to many qualifications in its application. * * The doctrine is only correct when the court proceeds after acquiring jurisdiction of the cause according to the established mode governing the class to which the case belongs, and does not transcend, in the extent, or character oí -its judgment, the law which 'is applicable to it.” (See Amer. S Eng. Enc. of Law vol 12, p. 248.)
This is as far as the rule laid down in the case of Meyers v. Berry, supra, can be extended. The court had jurisdiction of the subject matter, or of the subject of the action, but it did not have jurisdiction on the facts pleaded to declare Berry to be a trustee for the benefit of Meyers; and had the court rendered such a judgment, it would have exceeded its jurisdiction, under the rule laid down by Justice Field, but not because it had no jurisdiction of the subject of the action. It would have been because the court, under the facts pleaded, had no power to render that kind of a judgment. If a court has jurisdiction of the persons to the action, and the cause is the kind of a cause triable in such court, it has jurisdiction of the subject of the action, and has power to render any rightful judgment therein.
The case of Hunt v. Hunt, 72 N. Y. p. 217, is squarely in point. Folger, J., speaking for the court, said, speaking of jurisdiction:
“Power given by law to a court, to adjudge divorces from the ties of matrimony, does give jurisdiction of the subject matter of divorce. Though the proceedings before that court, from first to last o*f the testimony, in an application for divorce, should show that a state of facts does not exist which makes a legal cause for divorce, yet it cannot be said that the court has not jurisdiction of the subject matter; that it has not power to entertain the proceedings, to hear the proofs and allegations, and to determine upon their sufficiency and legal effect. Then, jurisdiction of the subject matter does not depend upon the ultimate existence of a good cause of action in the plaintiff, in the particular case. * * Jurisdiction of the subject matter, is power to adjudge concerning the general question involved, and is not dependent upon the state of facts which may appear in a particular case, arising, or which is claimed to have arisen, under that general question. * * So that there is a more general meaning to the phrase, ‘subject-matter,’ in this connection, than power to act upon a particular state of facts. It is the power to act upon the general, and so to speak, the abstract question, and to determine and adjudge whether the particular facts presented call for the exercise of the abstract power. A suiter for a judgment of divorce may come into any court of the state in which he is domiciled, which is empowered to entertain a suit therefor, and to give judgment between husband and wife, of a dissolution of their marriage state. If he does not establish a cause for divorce, jurisdiction to pronounce judgment does not leave the court. It has power to give judgment that he has not made out a case. That judgment would be so valid and effectual as to bind him thereafter, and to be res adjudieata as to him, in another like attempt by him. If that court, however, should err, and give' judgment that he had made out his case, jurisdiction remains in it so to do. The error is to be corrected in that very action. It may not be shown collaterally to avoid the judgment, while it stands unreversed, whether the judgment be availed of in the state of its rendition, or in a sister state; granted always that there has been jurisdiction of the parties to it * * The plaintiff, however, makes the point against the validity of the judgment, that it was void- in Louisiana, as wholly unauthorized by, and in conflict with, the constitution of the state. And here it is, that it is of import to know what is meant by the term, ‘jurisdiction of the subject-matter.’ If it means no more than power to1 act when, and not till when, a state of facts is proven which exactly squares with the grounds for divorce prescribed and established by consti-titional and valid statutes, then we must inquire what the constitution of the state permits in the way Ox a statutory regulation, and whether the proofs in any case show that the court which in that case adjudged a divorce, had sufficient evidence before it to enable it to give judgment. In effect, we must review the judgment upon the law and the facts. If the term means what we have above pointed out that it does mean, then we are to give credit to the judgment of a court which, having power to act upon the general subject of divorce, has heard the cause and has proceeded to judgment.”
When'a petition does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, the plaintiff can amend under such terms as may be imposed by the trial court; but if the court has no jurisdiction of the subject, as in the case at bar, to declare a resulting trust, it has no power to grant such leave, and any order made by the court, except an order dismissing the suit and for costs against plaintiff, would be absolutely void. The judgment, where the court has no jurisdiction of the subject of the action, would be that the defendant go hence without day, and he could not be brought back for trial in that suit, by an amendment of the petition. It will be ready seen that if the court has no jurisdiction of the subject, simply because the petition does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, all such suits would have to be dismissed. This cannot be done. Our statute says such plaintiffs shall have the right to plead over, on such terms as may be imposed by the court.
The subject of this suit was such a cause as could be heard and decided by the district court, and the fact th$t the right may be with the defendants, and that the facts pleaded will not compel, even if proven, the judgment prayed for, does not go to the jurisdiction of the court over the subject of the action, but to the kind of a judgment that should be rendered. The court in the case at bar had jurisdiction over the subject of the action, and we so hold. The rule, as stated in the case of Meyers v. Berry, supra, relative to the question of jurisdiction, is hereby modified to conform herewith.
II. The only other point that it is necessary for us to consider is, Does the petition in this case state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action? In determining this question, it becomes necessary to decide another question, viz: does one by offering to file a contest against a homestead or townsite entry, acquire any interest in the land? and, if so, is it such an interest that equity will protect by decreeing a resulting trust, after the patent has issued to the entryman against whom the contest was offered?
In deciding these question, it perhaps would be well for us to take into consideration the powers and duties of the honorable secretary of the interior, and of the subordinate officers of the interior department, relative to the primary disposition of the public land, under the provisions of the homestead laws of the United States.
The homestead laws were passed for the purpose of enabling persons, who were homeless, and unable to buy lands in the older states, to acquire homes for themselves and families, and for the further purpose of inducing people to settle in the then new and sparsely settled states of the west. The law gave to all persons over twenty-one years of age, and to all heads of families, the right to enter, not to exceed one hundred and sixty acres of land; provided, however, that such persons were native born, or naturalized citizens, or had declared their intentions to become citizens of the United States.
Recognizing the fact that it could not foresee all of the contingencies and difficulties that would necessarily arise in putting these laws into force, congress gave to the interior department power to adopt rules and regulations governing the proceedings in public land matters. These rules, when within the scope of the power granted by congress, have the same force and effect as laws,regularly passed and put into operation. They have the same force and effect as rules and regulations adopted by a court of law or' equity. The honorable secretary of the interior has several times held, and correctly, too, that these rules have such effect. It must not be forgotten, though, that the right to contest an entry, is a rght that is given by congress; yet, this right must be exercised under such rules and regulations as are prescribed therefor.
When a party files a homestead entry on a piece of government land, he, by such act, impliedly agrees to fulfill the laws regarding residence, improvement and cultivation. Should he violate their provisions by failing to comply with their demands in those respects, he is subject to contest; and one who files a contest against an entryman, stands in the same position as one who informs the state of the violation of one of its penal laws. The government, under the present law, gives to one who secures the cancellation of a homestead entry by contest, a preference right for a certain number of days to enter the land embraced therein. This preference right of entry is in the nature of a reward, for informing the government of the violation of the law. By the laws of- several of the states, persons are allowed a certain per cent, of the fines which may be collected from persons on conviction for the commission of certain offenses. Could it be said that such informant has any special right in law to have the prosecuting officer prosecute such a case, if, in his judgment, the evidence was insufficient to secure a conviction? Certainly not. Would, it not also be true that the land department has the right to deny any contest when in the judgment of its officers the allegations contained therein are insufficient?
Originally, a contestar t who secured the cancellation of an entry, had no more right to the land than anyone else. Later, he was given tne preference right of entry for a certain number of days, but this right was a personal right. Finally, congress passed -a law which made a contestant’s right the subject of inheritance by the contestant’s heirs; but conceding that to be the law at the present time, the contestant’s interest is a contingent one which may be defeated In the case at bar, the appellant has not a single equity in his favor. He was not a settler upon the land. He had made no improvements thereon. He never offered any filing of any kind in the land office until the appellee, Lynch, had submitted his final proof and changed his homestead entry to a townsite entry, and paid 'his money for the land. If an application to contest an entry and the tender of the land office fees gives one a vested right in the land embraced in the entry, we can look forward to crowded court dockets and to almost endless litigation over land titles in Oklahoma; and before a court should lay down such a rule, the law ought to be clear and specific.
The acts of congress relative to contests of entries, pre-emption, homestead, timber culture, townsite, etc., are numerous, and as it would take considerable space to quote them, we will content ourselves by commenting upon them generally.
It is well established that contests are authorized for any violation of the law as to residence, improvements, or disqualification to make the entry in the first instance. And here is a case where the department refused to entertain the contest offered, the ground being disqualification to enter the land. The facts on which Parker relies for a cancellation of the entry, were fully set out in affidavits filed in the department. Even Lynch, and his alleged agent, Pryor, filed affidavits in which they state the manner in which Lynch’s application was filed. These affidavits, as well as the affidavits filed by Parker, were all considered by the department, and involved the question as to whether or not Lynch was disqualified. The land department, on the showing made by both parties, found and held that Lynch was a qualified entry-man. That being true, should this court disturb such findings? Not unless the ruling of the department was clearly erroneous when applied to the facts in the case, or unless fraud was- practiced by the prevailing party or by the officers of the department.
How far the court ought to follow the rulings of the interior department, as to the qualifications of entry-men, who have been in the country prior to the opening of lands to settlement, during the prohibited period, and who have been permitted to make entry of land, ■ is a question not easily answered; and while that issue is presented in this case, it is not necessary to discuss it because it should be decided on other grounds. The real question is, what right has Parker in this land? In order to win, he must have a better equity than Lynch. He must have had an interest in the land that would have ripened into a title if the law had been properly administered. It is not sufficient for him to allege that Lynch was disqualified. If the government has given a patent to one who is a “sooner,” it alone can bring a suit to cancel the same. One who has no interest in the land cannol complain, because he could not be injured by the action of the government in issuing a patent for the land to another.
In the case of Bohall v. Dalla, 114, U. S. 47, Mr. Justice Field, speaking for the court, said:
“We do not think the claim of the defendant to the equitable relief he seeks, can be sustained on the ground stated in his answer or cross-complaint. To charge the holder of the legal title to the land under a patent of the United States, as a trustee of another, and to compel him to transfer the title,* the claimant must present such a case as will show that he himself was entitled to the patent from the government, and that in consequence of erroneous rulings of the officers of the land department, upon the law applicable to the facts found, it was refused to him. It is not sufficient to show that there may have been error in adjudging the title to the patentee. It must appear that by the law properly administered, the title should have been awarded to the claimant. * * It is therefore immaterial for the decision of this case what our judgment may be upon the conclusions of those officers as to the possession of the patentee.”
In the case of Sparks v. Pierce, 115, U. S. 408, the court said
“Mere occupancy of public lands and improvements thereon give no vested right therein ;as against the United States, and consequently, not against any purchaser from them. To entitle a party to relief against a patent of the government, he must show a better right to the land than the patentee, such as in law should have been respected by the officers of the land department, and being respected, would have given him the patent. It is not sufficient to show that the patentee ought not to have received the patent. It must affirmatively appear that the claimant was entitled to it, and that, in consequence of erroneous rulings of those officers on the facts existing, it was denied to him.”
Attention is also called to the case of Lee v. Johnson, 116, U. S. 49:
“The court does not interfere with the title of a pat-entee when the alleged mistake relates to a matter of facts concerning which those officers may have drawn wrong conclusions from the testimony. A judicial inquiry as to the correctness of such conclusions would encroach upon a jurisdiction which congress has de- > olved exclusively upon the department. It is only when fraud and imposition have prevented the unsuccessful party in a contest from fully presenting his case, or the officers from fully considering it, that a court will look into the evidence. It is not enough, however, that fraud and imposition have been practiced upon the department, or that false testimony or fraudulent documents have been presented; it must appear that they affected its determination, which, otherwise, would have been in favor of the plaintiff. He must in all cases show that but for the error or fraud, or imposition of which he complains, he would be entitled to the patent; it is not enough to show that it should not have been issued to the patentee. It is for the party whose rights are alleged to have been disregarded that relief is sought, not for the government, which can file its own bill when it desires the cancellation of a patent unadvisedly or wrongfully issued.”
In the case of Quinby v. Conlan, supra, it is said:
“And we may also add in this connection, that the misconstruction of the law by the officers of the department, which will authorize the interference of the court, must be clearly manifest, and not alleged upon a possible finding of the facts from the evidence different from that reached by them. And where fraud and misrepresentation are relied upon as grounds of interferance by the courts, they should be with such fullness any particularity as to show that they must necessarily have affected the action of the officers of the department. Mere general allegations of fraud and misrepresentation, will not suffice.”
One other case decided by the supreme court of the United States should be here mentioned. It is The St. Louis Smelting, etc., Co. v. Kemp, 104, U. S. 636. The court said:
“If in issuing a patent, its officers, (referring to the officers of - the interior department,) took mistaken views of the law, or drew erroneous conclusion from the evidence, or acted from imperfect views of their duty, or even from corrupt motives, a court of law can afford no remedy to a party alleging that he is thereby aggrieved. He must resort to a court of equity for relief, and even there his complaint cannot be heard unless he connect himself with the original source of title, so as to be able to aver that his rights are injuriously affected by the existence of the patent; and he must possess such equities as will control the legal title in the patentee’s hands. * * It does not lie in the mouth of a stranger to the title to complain of the acts of the government with respect to it. If the government is dissatisfied, it can, on its own account, authorize proceedings to vacate the patent or limit its operation.”
Under these decisions, if Parker had no interest in the land, he cannot maintain this suit. The only thing that Parker ever did, was to file a protest against Lynch’s final proof, and ask that he be allowed to contest the entry of Lynch, after Lynch had made final proof, and paid his money to the government for the land. This is not sufficient to authorize the court to declare Lynch a trustee for his benefit. The offering to file a contest against an entry gives a party no interest in the land. It gives him no vested right in any sense of the word. If the land department entertains a contest, and files it, the party filing the same has a right to have it heard, but he has no right in the land itself. He does not have to be a qualified entryman to initiate or prosecute a contest. He does not acquire any interest in tbe land, under any fair construction of tlie law, until after tbe homé-stead entry against which bis contest was directed, bad been cancelled as a result of bis contest. Tbe fact that congress passed a law authorizing tbe heirs of a contestant to prosecute a pending contest to final determination, and to enter tbe land in tbe event of a successful result of the same, did not give to a contestant or to bis heirs any interest in tbe land to- any greater extent than they bad prior to the passage of such act. This act was passed to carry out as fully as possible tbe spirit of tbe law that was then in force, but gave no greater rights,except such as were expressed in the law. Under the law, as it then existed, a contestant had to pay all tbe expenses of tbe contest, except in cases of prior settlement, in which tbe parties each paid bis own cost. Hundreds of contests were pending in tbe different lard offices of tbe United States. In many cases tbe contestant bad expended large sums of money in prosecuting tbe same. In the event of tbe contestant’s death, bis heirs got no benefit of the money thus expended, and if tbe entry was cancelled, tbe party first applying could enter tbe land. Congress recognized this fact, and passed tbe law just referred to; so that a contestant’s heirs could reap the fruits of bis contest; but tbe heirs were given no greater right than tbe contestant bad. If tbe heirs of a contestant fail to prosecute tbe contest to final determination, secure a cancellation of the entry and enter tbe land, their rights cease; and as to whether or not they do this is optional with them.
In the case of Savage v. Worshan, 72 Fed. Rep. 601, (Circuit Court, southern district, California,) tbe court said:
“Complainant derives his warrant for thus attacking defendant’s title from a preference right of entry claimed by him under section 2, of the act of May 14, 1880. * * This section reads as follows: ‘In all cases where any person has contested, paid the land office fees, and procured the cancellation of any pre-emption, homestead or timber culture entry, he shall be notified by the register of the land office of the district in which such land is situated, of such cancellation, and shall be allowed thirty days from the date of such notice, to enter said lands, provided, that said register shall be entitled to a fee of one dollar for the giving of such notice to be paid by the contestant, and not to be reported.’ The rule is well settled that the court will not interefere with the title of the patentee of the United States, unless the adverse claimant shows that, but for the error or fraud, or imposition of which he complains, he would be entitled to the patent. It is not enough to show that the patent should not have been issued to the patentee. * * Assuming, without deciding, however, that a preference light of entry under the aforesaid act of 1880, is such an entry as will authorize an attack upon a patent obtained adversely thereto through fraud or mistake, the question arises, does the bill show that complainant has, or ever had, the preference right of entry which he claims? To the acquisition by him of this right, three things are necessary: First, he must have been a contestant of the defendant’s homestead entry; second, he must hav’e paid the land office fees; and, third, he must have procured the cancellation of said entry. The bill fails to- show either the first or third of these pre-requisites. With reference to the first, it is to be observed that the secretary of the interior, on September IT, 1889, expressly held that the complainant was not a contestant, while, so far as concerns the third, the whole bill is framed on the theory and directly avers that the defendant’s homestead entry was never cancelled, but on the contrary, ripened into a patent.”
Lynch’s entry was never cancelled as a result of a contest filed by Parker, therefore, Parker could not claim any preference right of entry. Without deciding what the rights of a party, who lias secured the cancellation of an entry, are, we hold that the fact that one offers to contest an entry, even though his grounds were valid and the contest should have been entertained and the hearing granted, yet, if the department rejected his contest, he, by the offering of such contest, acquired no interest whatever in the land, and he cannot maintain an action to declare the patentee, who was the entryman at the time of the offering of his contest, a trustee for his use and benefit.
It is shown by the record and briefs in this case that on the very day that the plaintiff filed his protest against the final proof of Lynch, and asked to contest Lynch’s entry, there were improvements of the value of over $35,000 on the tract in controversy, and that the improvements thereon at the present time are worth five times that amount, and that a large number of persons' were then occupying the tract for trade and business. These facts were know to the department, and it had a legal right, even if Lynch were disqualified, to refuse a homestead application for the land and reserve it for townsite purposes.
The plaintiff comes into this court without a single equity in his favor; without any interest in the land and without any standing that entitles him to relief. The petition did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, therefore the defendant’s demurrers wor" properly sustained.
There are other phases of this question which might be discussed, but we deem it unnecessary, as the points heretofore considered and decided control the judgment that must be rendered.
For the reasons herein stated, the judgment of the lower court is hereby affirmed at the costs of the appellant.
McAtee, J., not sitting; all of the other Justices concurring.
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boregasm
Noun
* 1) The result of or act of reaching the apex or climax of boredom; filling one’s capacity for boredom to the extreme boundary.
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If you lead a very busy life, it can be very difficult to include healthy, fat-burning foods as part of your daily diet. Try to form a battleplan on your days off that includes a healthy breakfast, high-protein snacks, and balanced meals. Ideally, you want to eat something about every three hours to keep your metabolism going strong. Also, remember to schedule that all-important decompression and sleep time at the end of the day to help your body recoup and burn that belly fat!
The authors wanted to compare low-fat vs. low-carb diets, but they also wanted to study genetic and physical makeups that purportedly (their word) could influence how effective each type of diet will be for people. Previous studies had suggested that a difference in a particular genetic sequence could mean that certain people will do better with a low-fat diet. Other studies had suggested that insulin sensitivity may mean that certain people will do better with a low-carb diet.
Any weight loss that occurs because of these programs is almost always connected to a dramatic reduction in calories, not magical properties of the program itself. However, sudden and dramatic dietary changes can cause losses in muscle mass and general fatigue, as well as more serious complications such as disrupted gut bacteria, deficiencies in vital micronutrients, and even organ damage.[12]
Be realistic about the type of exercise you can do when starting a new program. If you are hoping to lose weight and keep it off, you will have to do more than a condensed fitness program. The best way to get into exercising is by picking exercises that you are actually going to do and, hopefully, enjoy. If you hate running, don’t make it your main form of exercise—you will need much more motivation each day than if you picked an exercise that you actually enjoy. Instead, try out different exercises until you find a few that you really love, like swimming, biking, or even Zumba.
To start off, aim to do ab work 3 or 4 times a week on non-consecutive days with at least 24 hours of rest in between sessions, says Gagliardi. During those sessions, you can start with simpler moves like crunches, bicycle crunches, and planks. Even though you may only be directly targeting your abs 3 or 4 times a week, you should still be activating your core (aka, tightening your ab muscles) in every workout you do, says Gagliardi.
It’s the best color for weight loss. That means Pink Lady over Granny Smith, watermelon over honeydew, red grapes over green ones. The higher levels of nutrients called flavonoids—particularly anthocyanins, compounds that give red fruits their color—calm the action of fat-storage genes. In fact, red-bellied stone fruits like plums boast phenolic compounds that have been shown to modulate the expression of fat genes. And to lose even more flab around your middle—easily and rapidly—don’t miss these essential 25 Best-Ever Nutrition Tips.
There's a reason you've been hearing so much about cutting meat out of your diet lately. It's not just great for your body, but also a quick way to shed some extra pounds. "Consider swapping a few meat-centric meals each week for ones centered around vegetarian proteins — or give a full-fledged vegetarian diet a try if that's of interest to you," Gorin says. "Research shows eating a vegetarian diet may boost and speed up weight loss, resulting in a loss of up to 10 pounds." Gorin recommends topping a salad or filling a veggie taco with vegetarian protein sources like pulses — which are beans, chickpeas, lentils, and dried peas — to give your weight loss a boost. One study found eating ¾ cup of pulses daily led to a loss of close to a pound over about six weeks, versus people not eating pulses daily.
Consult your physician and follow all safety instructions before beginning any exercise program or using any supplement or meal replacement product, especially if you have any unique medical conditions or needs. The contents on our website are for informational purposes only, and are not intended to diagnose any medical condition, replace the advice of a healthcare professional, or provide any medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
I’m in favor of any program that promotes whole foods over hyper-processed fare, and this is one thing the popular diet plans can agree on. Overly processed foods have been linked to weight gain, perhaps because many unhealthy packaged foods (think: potato chips, ice cream, frozen pizza, cookies and the like) lack the fiber found in many whole foods, including vegetables. Fiber helps fill us up, and research suggests that by simply adding more fiber to your menu, you can lose weight nearly as well as a more complicated approach. Consistently choosing whole foods is one way to do this.
Dr. Apovian notes another common reason people have trouble losing weight they don’t understand the body is fighting this process because it doesn’t want to get rid of the weight. “One way it fights you is to secrete a hormone that reduces the resting metabolic rate so that you need fewer calories to maintain your weight,” she says. “Even if you lose the weight you cannot keep it off if you need fewer calories suddenly.” That’s where exercise comes into play. The antidote to this issue is resistance exercise training which builds muscle mass and increases your resting metabolic rate forever as long as you keep said additional muscle, Dr. Apovian says. These are the 18 weight loss secrets from around the world that are totally worth stealing.
Matheny recommends a Tabata-style workout to rev up your fat-burning power. For this, you'll spend 20 seconds doing an intense exercise, like burpees, followed by 10 seconds rest. You'll repeat the sequence eight times, giving you a four-minute workout. For a quick and dirty full-body workout, repeat the sequence five times with five different exercises for a total of 20 minutes.
It's a one-time investment you'll never regret. Here's why: Strength training builds lean muscle tissue, which burns more calories — at work or at rest — 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The more lean muscle you have, the faster you'll slim down. How do you start strength training? Try some push-ups or a few squats or lunges. Use your free weights to perform simple bicep curls or tricep pulls right in your home or office. Do these exercises three to four times per week, and you'll soon see a rapid improvement in your physique.
Cruciferous veggies are one of the healthiest vegetables you can eat, but unfortunately they’re also the ones most likely to cause your tummy to inflate. Thanks to raffinose, a compound that produces extra gas as it breaks down, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and the like can seriously increase your waistline. But don’t ditch them forever. Just save them for meals where you can wear loose pants. Here are other surprising foods that cause gas.
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Talk:Hangar 18
Links for uses of Hangar 18
While reformatting this article per Manual of Style (disambiguation pages), I noticed that the original article, first moved to Hangar 18 (movie) and now to Hangar 18 (film), still included the following external links to many other uses of the term "Hangar 18" that are now in this disambiguation article. Also per guidelines, I have moved these links here to provide editors with some initial sources for the non-existent articles. Please note that they should not be added to the article, but are — at best — only references for proper new articles. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 08:35, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
* Hangar 18 on UFO.Whipnet.org
* Definitive Jux - Hangar 18 Page
* MUFON - The Mutual UFO Network
* Hangar 18 Indoor Rock Climbing Gym
Area 51
I took out the link to Area 51 because there are virtually no references to a Hangar 18 at Area 51. Any correlation between the two is most likely misinformation mixing up WPAFB and Area 51 because of the UFO rumors. The movie "Hangar 18" is also science fiction and holds no real world value in this sense. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:35, 17 May 2009 (UTC)
* No references to Hangar 18 at Area 51? The Federation of American Scientists would like to have a word with you. The situation is opposite: Hangar 18 at Area 51 has fans all over the world while only conspiracy theory enthusiasts have heard of one at Wright-Patterson AFB. I'm putting it back the way it was.--Nathan2000 (talk) 15:50, 26 October 2009 (UTC)
* The May 2009 poster is basically correct. Hanger 18 first came to public attention in response to investigations into Roswell. That Hanger 18 is at Wright-Patterson. Over the years as UFO hype began to surround Area 51, people who had only a passing familiarization with UFO stories and who had heard of Hanger 18 began assuming that it was at the now more infamous Area 51, not at WPAFB. As photos slowly became public, these people eventually locked on the large building at Groom Lake and started claiming, based on their assumptions, that it was Hanger 18. The mistake has been perpetuated for so long now that people think the hanger at Groom lake is the original Hanger 18 and the one at WPAFB is a mistake when in fact it is the other way around. BTW, FAS is far from infallible.Altoids boxes (talk) 04:45, 6 November 2010 (UTC)
— Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:06, 4 November 2011 (UTC)
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Page:The last of the Mohicans (1826 Volume 3).djvu/294
the winter, or that the sun shines fiercest when the trees are stripped of their leaves!"
Then turning to the women, he made such a communication of the other's gratitude, as he deemed most suited to the capacities of his listeners. The head of Munro had already sunken upon his chest, and he was again fast relapsing into his brooding melancholy, when the young Frenchman before named, ventured to touch him lightly on the elbow. As soon as he had gained the attention of the mourning old man, he pointed towards a groupe of young Indians, who approached with a light, but closely covered litter, and then pointed upward, impressively, towards the sun.
"I understand you, sir," returned Munro, with a voice of forced firmness; "I understand you. It is the will of Heaven, and I submit. Cora, my child! if the prayers of a heart-broken father could avail thee now, how blessed shouldst thou be! Come, gentlemen," he added, looking about him with an air of lofty composure, though the anguish that quivered in his faded counte-
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Niccolò Frangipane
Niccolò Frangipane (active 1565–1597) was an Italian artist of the late Renaissance period.
Life
Frangipane was born in Padua. He executed a number of sacred subjects, but was more successful in mythological scenes, particularly the legends of Bacchus. In the church of San Bartolomeo in Padua is a depiction of St Francis of Assisi (1588); and at Pesaro, an altar-piece in San Stefano in Pesaro. Among his masterworks is an Assumption, in the church of the Conventuali, at Rimini.
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Dragotina, Greece
Dragotina (Δραγωτινά) is a village in the southern part of the island of Corfu. It is located in the community of Neochori and the municipal unit of Lefkimmi. Dragotina is located east-southeast of the city of Corfu.
It is located between Neochori and Spartera, 50 metres above the sea level. This is a village invisible from the sea in order to be protected from the intruders in the past. It is first mentioned in 1473. Dragotina was named after the surname Dragotis or Draotis, or even Draonis. This is one version of the story, the other is that it was named after the village Dragoti in Thesprotia, from a place where a great number of people had to move to Corfu. According to a different notion the village’s name means ‘dragatis’ translated as rural police. A final version is the Slav name Dragotino. The village used to be near Spartera at the foot of Taxiarchis hill towards the lower Klismata. In the area the sandy beach Kanoula is found.
Famous surnames of the 16th century are Vlachopoulos, Grantos in 1507, Vamvakas, Gardikiotis, Therianos, Kontomaris, Mihalitzis, Vlassis, Melahrinos, Smoilis, and Arvanitis.
Population
In a census in 1583 there is a reference of the village but no reference of residents. In 1684 the village consisted of 10 families; in 1781 there were 42 residents; in 1879 there were 102 residents.
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Wikijunior talk:Stories
Scope
I think the scope of this book needs to be reined in. "Stories" is just too broad. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 15:56, 18 May 2017 (UTC)
* I chose "Stories" just because I wanted to keep the title short and simple. Everyone is welcomed to go ahead and edit what I wrote in WJ:Stories. --ZxxZxxZ (discuss • contribs) 15:38, 19 May 2017 (UTC)
* This is the "charter" of the book, its definition, and will shape its later success or failure. We need to get it right at the outset. What do you have in mind for inclusion criteria? --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 19:33, 19 May 2017 (UTC)
* I think we should include stories that have been published in a source (except blogs, wikis, social media, etc.). Each story should mention its source. There may be more than one version in sources, I think there is no problem to have them as separate stories, if the difference is meaningful (e.g. difference in fate of a charachter). We should rewrite stories to avoid copyright violation, but we should not retell a story; that is, the main course of the story, the fate of the characters, etc. need to match those of the source. In a story I added a "What can we learn from this story?" section listing the points of the story which can be very informative for kids, I don't know if it is "original research", but I think it wouldn't be problematic in most cases; there are stories which can be viewed in different ways, users could list as many points as they want. What stories are children's stories? There are books that claim they could be useful by kids, there is no problem in that case. There are also stories which are supposedly for older people but also can be read and understood by kids, it is difficult to drow a line. I can figure certain zen stories that could be useful for kids. We can add the stories from the first kind of sources in a certain category, but also include stories from the second kind of sources in the project. --ZxxZxxZ (discuss • contribs) 06:33, 20 May 2017 (UTC)
* I'm very worried that we need to pin this down before it goes completely rogue on us. This could become a great asset to our collection if it has from the outset a clear definition of what sorts of stories can be included and how they are to be treated. Here are some questions and suggestions:
* What length of story is suitable? I suggest that these should be short (and we need to establish what we mean by that); it would not be appropriate to include, say, the whole of Alice in Wonderland as an item in this collection.
* What kind of story is suitable? From where and with what sort of content? Are these to be traditional stories? Stories with a moral?
* I strongly suggest that there should be clear guidelines for annotations to be included on every story, otherwise the annotations will never happen. One model that makes sense to me would be to have a short note before starting each story, telling about its history, and then a note that may be short or longer, after the story, saying something about what it means.
* --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:25, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
* (If we're going for stories with a moral, I agree that published stories now out of copyright, that were meant for children, are likely okay (subject to length, whatever that is). And stories traditionally told to children (by whatever culture). Is that sufficient for the "kind" of story, or is there more to it?) --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:47, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
* I should have mentioned this in the beginning: in short words, I'm not working on this project yet; actually, it is relatively difficult for me to post stories in English, I prefer to contribute in other ways. Let me share this experience then. I have actually this personality type that I'm a big fan of planning, analyzing and talking about the idea itself and so forth rather than taking any steps on the ground. The brains of most other people don't work like that, and if we are going to need their assistance on the way, we have to communicate differently, this is what I learned after years of contributing in these wikis by trying to propose new ideas, facing so much opposition from the communities--mostly because I couldn't show them the future I was seeing, rather than flaws in the ideas, I rarely propose cheap ideas; I tend to think a lot on them and imagine their future with details first. Most people won't be attracted to new projects simply by explaining ideas to them. This problem is probably more serious in Wikibooks which is already an unattractive project for most contributors. I learned the solution mainly in an experience in en.wikt, which took several months. I proposed an idea (module:links) to the community on several occasions trying to explain it in different words as I thought they are misunderstanding me, but later I realized they just couldn't imagine what I was imagining. After creating a prototype and just showing it to them without explaining any ideas whatsoever, the difference in the reaction of the community was laughable--users loved it, it was instantly implemented, programmers assisted in its development massively. No matter how much you explain that the idea is good, we should choose this new direction, etc., most people won't trust you and your idea unless you show them something workable. They may even don't care reading your proposals. So people come here and think like this, wow, this page looks attractive for kids, editors have posted stories, I can post that story that I liked as well, we are free to use pics in the Commons to illustrate the stories like that, the titles are listed in the first page like that, it will become a nice collection, ... that's when they take the project seriously.
* I'm also thinking about a way to find Wikimedia projects users who are probable to become interested in this project, I intend to advertise it there. More people will be attracted, and we can use their ideas on how this project should look like.
* There rarely would be any editor willing to post very long stories (edit: of course except when the text is out of copyright, I did not consider that while writing this). But if one is going to do that, I don't see any reason why we should put a limit. We can discourage, we can suggest what's better, though, and that's probably enough. There are long stories which are also published in shorter versions; we can include both, and note that's a strength that we possess! There would be a single story that is published in different versions (different lengths, different courses, etc.), let the editors post them all, and let the readers choose what to read, this is a feature that could not be found in any other story collection. One story may have been published in 100 versions in 100 websites, what to do? If the length is significantly different (for example, I think one page is significantly different from three pages), then I think they may have separate pages. If the lengths are the same and there's not substantial differences, we should merge them, with a shorter version being preferred, since we're writing for kids. In other words, if the course of the story, the moral or the point of it, is different, we can have a separate version, in a separate page here on Wikibooks.
* Stories with a moral looks to be the kind of the stories that fits best with the stated aim of Wikibooks and Wikijunior, as they are "instructional". But then again, I can think of stories that I find it difficult to write down what was their point and so forth, yet of course I didn't waste my time by reading them.
* I'd like to point out something here: Having a collection of "all stories written by humans [rewritten to avoid copyright violation]" may not fit perfectly with this particular project [at the moment], but I think it is an exciting and useful thing in complete accordance with the spirit of the Wikimedia projects. The purpose of the current wikis may alter in the future, new wikis may emerge, but I think for now we can keep such collection here even parts of it don't fit well with this rule or that (provided that the Wikibooks community agrees), until either this project and its inclusion policy change or a new place is created. This is one of those difficult but possibly rewarding decisions which if it was up to me I would have made. If the Wikibooks community disagrees, that's ok, then we should find a way at upper levels.
* I guess kids won't find history of a story very interesting, but other kind of introduction to a story in form of an annotation at the beginning may be useful but I find it difficult to propose a hard and fast rule, the content of such introduction, which is aimed to help the reader understand the story and especially the moral, depends on the story. The only guideline that I can think of is to keep it short, i.e. to limit that to a single paragraph or several sentences, to avoid having massive "original research". The annotation at the end, which are supposed to be commentaries on the story, can be added by the community as a short paragraph or two; more if anyone can mention more points for a single story. Plus I think it's a good idea to let people write their own commentaries, maybe in the talk page, just like people add comments in Wikinews.
* Where to start from? For now, let's have a more limiting guideline, a guideline that limit users for a specific kind of stories that are highly likely to be kept in the future; later, when more people started to contribute, we would discuss more and extend the scope. So let the guideline be as follows: only stories with a certain moral should be added. There are stories that actually discuss the moral at the end of the story in short words, those are great sources for this project and are recommended. If there are several versions for a single story, the shortest version is recommended. If the story is more than a handful of pages, it is recommended to be summarized; [currently] the objective of the project is not to simply tell a story, but to teach a moral. We can also have a list of morals in the first page and present the stories via their point, that would be an exciting way to collect stories.
* --ZxxZxxZ (discuss • contribs) 12:11, 23 May 2017 (UTC)
* Regarding planning: I've observed there are difference cases. I'm in the midst of a massive software development project for the wikis (this stuff) that would be sunk by trying to get agreement from the Foundation, or community consensus, before proceeding (the only way to explain what it is and what it can do is to actually implement it and do things with it). But with a wikibook, in my experience, there are certain aspects of the structure of it that have to be gotten right to start with if it's going to work in the long run. I mentioned in the earlier discussion the World Religions book, which failed painfully for many years due, amongst other things, to a poorly chosen page outline. Getting wikibooks set up well is a challenging thing that, in my judgement, we're going to need to start accumulating wisdom on how to do once we've got better infrastructure for accumulating wisdom on things like that (which is part of what I hope to accomplish with, again, dialog). It has been remarked, not entirely in jest, that Wikipedia is properly just a single book, whereas we have thousands of books here and thus we are a vastly bigger project than Wikipedia; certainly they have had to put a huge amount of thought into how to set up just one book, so it's not surprising if we have to work at how to set up a very wide variety of others.
* We wouldn't want a hard bound on story length (like, X hundred words), but if we give would-be contributors the impression up-front that they should be thinking in terms of, say, short traditional stories, with perhaps some suggestion of how small such stories would typically be (though this might require careful phrasing since, e.g., it's no longer as safe as it was a few years ago to assume any sort of "standard" screen size), that should naturally guide things in a good direction.
* Hm, I thought easily of the word "moral" because we'd been talking about fables; but, perhaps, for a somewhat less rigid concept, "teaching/learning stories for children"? Or some such.
* Everything ever written sounds very much like the province of sister project Wikisource. And if a particular story is really big, perhaps its annotated version ought to be a standalone wikibook (whether in Wikijunior space or mainspace; but, as I'll remark, annotations for children is something we made need to work at learning how to do, and how to usefully annotate a large story for children seems even harder).
* I was thinking we could have a very brief note at the top of each story about its origins. Probably just one sentence. Short enough to set the stage for kids without taking long enough, or going into so much detail, as to be uninteresting. "This story has been told in China since ancient times", or nearly that simple.
* Annotations for children seems an interesting challenge. I see it as a key part of keeping this clearly, solidly within the scope of Wikibooks, but if we can just come up with something good enough to guide contributors into doing a bit of something for each story now, that can encourage things to go in a good direction and improvements/refinements can be made later. A common technique with stories where there's something to be learned from it (including stories for adults) is to ask questions for the reader to think about; can we do something useful with that?
* I see significant problems with the idea of a discussion forum for kids. We've no way to keep it kid-friendly; sooner or later it'd become a target for trolls, and the very concept of a censored discussion forum sounds worrisome even if there were a practical way to implement it. We have had some difficulty calibrating our treatment of comments-space on Wikinews; we commonly call it "troll space" and, in theory, we allow anyone to express their opinions there no matter how odious their opinions may be to us (an oft-cited example is that, on occasion, we have published interviews with Neo-Nazis, some actually quite interesting, but then it would be grossly unfair to publish an interview with such a person and then only allow comments by people who disagree with the interviewee). But then... I may be mis-recalling a bit, but it happened something like this — a few years ago we had an article about someone leaving a "boy band", and someone wrote a comment bidding them a fond farewell from the band, and it drew lots of really nasty responses that, in retrospect, we should have deleted... yet it wasn't obvious at the time. Six months later the poster of the original, fond comment asked to have their comment deleted, saying they'd only wanted to express their good feelings toward the artist and the responses were so ugly.
* --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 16:01, 23 May 2017 (UTC)
* --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 16:01, 23 May 2017 (UTC)
* I left a note in your tp regarding this.
* In order to naturally guide things in the right direction I would write something like this in the guideline, "The aim of the project is to create a collection of teaching stories for kids, similar to the other collections that already exist. These stories are usually short traditional stories with a moral. A shorter version of the stories are preferred. The bulk of the stories here are supposed not to exceed X words."
* "teaching/learning stories for children" looks to be a broader category, and we can choose that as the aim. So moral stories would be part of it, I guess it would constitute most of it.
* Wikisource only includes out of copyright texts though.
* A short note describing the story seems to be useful, especially if it encourages the reader to read the story, such as "This is a story from ... told since the Bronze Age", something that tell the reader that the story is going to be interesting.
* Here also we can suggest a short explanation of the moral. Regarding questions, I just noticed that the current software does not fit the purpose of Wikibooks. This problem can be felt almost in all projects except Wikipedia, for which Mediawiki was originally developed. I can imagine an appropriate software for Wikibooks would be a wiki with a lot of extensions for various features. I haven't chcked all wikibooks here, but the ones that I had seen, for example, the wikibooks that teach languages, or the ones that programming languages, are crude in my opinion. It should be more interactive. I just opened Wikijunior:Alphabet, I had to open a new page for every letter, and come back to the previouse page. Annotated photos are needed in many books, such as Wikijunior:Solar System and Human Body. You just mentioned one of the features, we need an extension for asking close-ended questions, maybe like a poll (I just searched in the MediaWiki wiki and found plenty of extensions that do the job). I think such tool would be useful for many teaching books here (much more for a project like Wikiversity, i haven't been there much). For stories, a question can be asked, upon answering, the results of the poll and the correct answer would be revealed instantly by the software, and also the explanation of the storyin siple words and what can the reader learn from it [and possibly more information] would be displayed.
* --ZxxZxxZ (discuss • contribs) 13:08, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
* --ZxxZxxZ (discuss • contribs) 13:08, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
* --ZxxZxxZ (discuss • contribs) 13:08, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
* I like "teaching stories" better than "teaching/learning stories" (even quite aside from the clumsy syntax of the "/"). I like most of your guideline, except the last sentence. I'd rather give a typical range, highlighting that there can be a lot of variation. I see the three in place so far are something like 300+, around 700, and 200- words. Trying another draft,
* The aim of the project is to create a collection of teaching stories for kids; usually short traditional stories with a moral. Shorter versions of the stories are preferred. Typically stories should be a few hundred words; occasionally less than two hundred, rarely more than a thousand.
* We should avoid copyrighted stories, yes.
* Yes, the wikimedia software is not well suited to anything except an encyclopedia, and in fact I believe the dialog tools I'm creating, once I've learned how to use them — which is at least as hard as building them in the first place, quite possible harder — should be hugely useful on Wikipedia as well as on the other sisters. What must be avoided, though, is the trap of thinking "we need lots of extensions". No, that would be very bad, and the Foundation has been snared in that trap, too. What we need is one (or, very nearly just one) simple and immensely potent enhancement to wiki markup. Something that is easy to maintain, and that does not involve the Foundation launching "initiatives" to provide new stuff; if the community wants something new, they are the ones that should make it happen, using existing general tools that make it easy for them to do so. Any time one ends up wanting lots of extensions that's a sign that something is wrong with the core. If the core is as simple and flexible as it should be, there should be no need for extensions.
* --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:57, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
* --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 14:57, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
* It looks better now (although I would count the explanation of the first story as well which make it 400+ words, and the second is not a complete text, but the it won't make a difference)
* But we can re-write copyrighted stories and post them here, can't we?
* Let me continue this in your talk page.
* --ZxxZxxZ (discuss • contribs) 16:56, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
* We should generally avoid copyrighted stories, I would say. That's natural for wikimedia. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 23:55, 24 May 2017 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Theories of Referred Pain with Examples
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Referred pain is something that appears confusing as to why it happens so, but is clinically important as a sign to major underlying diseases. There are a number of theories of referred pain, but only some are relevant to medical world. Coming to point, the clinician might catch the disease of deep structures if he is able to use his awareness to catch out the referred pain. Apart from theories of referred pain, we will also see examples of referred pain. We shall discuss this topic more in detail to understand it better.
Definition
Referred pain is the experience of pain on a somatic structure that is not actually the cause of pain, while the actual deep structure is referring the pain to this somatic structure. In other words, the actual site of pain is transmitting it to another site. Let’s try to understand this in a more detailed fashion.
Theories and Mechanisms
Why does a patient of Myocardial infarction say he is having pain in arm, or why will a patient suffering from disease of gall bladder say he is having pain on tip of right shoulder? Yeah, that is indeed referred pain. Our brain is a complex and finest organ, but even the finest sometimes get confused. Why so? The following theory might just clear out some basics to figure it out. Let’s see the theories of referred pain in detail.
Accordingly, it is believed that the afferent nerve carrying sensation of pain (Nociceptor) from visceral and deep musculoskeletal structures end up in neuron in spinal cord (Spinal neuron). This spinal neuron also receives pain sensation from skin (somatic structures), and this is where it gets mixed up. Therefore, the pain sensation from a deep structure might be seen as pain coming from specific skin area and interpreted as pain in that region, and not a visceral pain. Overall, this results in referred pain from a deep visceral structure to a somatic structure as a mistake of brain to interpret two sensations.
Read more- Difference between Neuropathic and Nociceptive Pain
Therefore, your patient is never going to tell you he is having pain of gall bladder, but on the tip of right shoulder.
Examples
Following are most important examples of referred pain which are worth remembering :-
Visceral structure Somatic structure
Diaphragm/Pleura Right upper quadrant
Liver/Gall bladder Left upper quadrant
Spleen Tip of right shoulder
Heart (Myocardial infarction/MI) Chest region radiating to right arm
Pancreas Back
Sometimes, the Referred pain from different organ structures might coexist, and is always difficult to differentiate by the clinician. Nevertheless, practice makes a doctor perfect!
Summary
So, we discussed theories of referred pain and examples of referred pain. Hope you understood them for your future assessment.
It is the duty of a doctor to consider the patient and provide him the best treatment regimen, and that requires reaching the very root cause of disturbance. Sometimes, we actually miss out the most important signs in our clinical practice. This not only happens with novices, but experts who ignore the vulnerability of this profession. We hope you liked reading here, let us know anything in the comments box, we will be glad to reply upon.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Rich Men North of Richmond/Archive 1
Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Oliver Anthony which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 06:52, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
Unreliable sources tag
In his lyrics, Oliver Anthony is being highly critical of the Government, and you can say they’re all oh so reliable, but let's be brutally honest about this, the legacy media, those considered to be "reliable", simply will not report on a subject which is blatantly critical of the government unless it becomes obvious that they must. The upshot of this is that in order to create an article about someone who criticises the government in his output and at the same time becomes incredibly popular (and thus sufficiently notable for an article) there has to be the use of sources which are not deemed to be "reliable". If that doesn’t prove that sources deemed to be "reliable" are actually anything but reliable, I don’t know what will. Boscaswell talk 09:38, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
* Sounds like your problem is with longstanding Wikipedia consensus. You're not going to be able to change that on this talk page. –– Formal Dude (talk) 12:58, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
* That’s true,, but it’s always worth making the point, where the ridiculousness and bias of existing "consensus" are blatantly obvious. The more people get it, the more likely it is that change will ultimately happen. Boscaswell talk 22:26, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
* You're living in a fantasy. This guy isn't 'criticizing the government' he is literally a right-wing astroturf campaign. You either know this and are lying or you are very ignorant but passionate in your vitriol. Please get educated and stop using wikipedia as your blog. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:41, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Release date: August 7 or August 8?
In this article and also the one on Anthony himself, we have the upload to YouTube date as August 7. That is per the Billboard article cited. But in a video Anthony himself put out that is linked here he states that radiowv will upload it to "tomorrow, Tuesday", and August 8 is a Tuesday. Counting back the days from the YouTube post of the song by radiowv, I get to August 8 as well. So.. .? Boscaswell talk 05:32, 17 August 2023 (UTC) According to this upload date was August 8. Boscaswell talk 10:10, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I think that's my fault. I saw the mention of August 7 in the Billboard source, but on second reading I now see that's referring to the upload date of his introduction video, not the song. I've fixed it. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 15:35, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 17 August 2023
The song makes no reference to Q'anon whatsoever. The line in question "minors on am island somewhere" is literally about J Epstein. Everyone knows that, so to make it beyond that is clearly incorrect and being done on purpose to link this page with crazy people. Look at every reaction video on youtube...no mention of Q'Anon. 2600:1009:B109:AE23:20F5:FAED:88B1:FC6F (talk) 12:49, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. See . –– Formal Dude (talk) 14:01, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 17 August 2023 (2)
Remove 'right wing' from talking points line; this is erroneous as the concerns expressed are universal and have nothing to do with politics. It is a misleading, biased, and inaccurate assessment. Dnadnawiki (talk) 14:36, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. See . –– Formal Dude (talk) 15:26, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Er, what’s going on?
We have all this description of the song, background, criticism, etc. but as far as I can see, no mention of its topping the iTunes chart all genres virtually ever since it’s release, and it also now topping the Apple Music and Spotify charts, and now projected to be number one in the next Billboard Hot 100. Huh? Try this. Boscaswell talk 10:15, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I had added it, not realizing there's a WP:SINGLEVENDOR guideline. It was later removed, I think reasonably. The guideline says:
* I don't think anything here falls into those "special circumstances", so we should probably just wait to see how it does on the Billboard chart. I assume it will rank pretty highly, at which point that should be added. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 15:33, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I don't think anything here falls into those "special circumstances", so we should probably just wait to see how it does on the Billboard chart. I assume it will rank pretty highly, at which point that should be added. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 15:33, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* But we’re not talking about a single vendor, are we. As I explained, and as is referenced, it has topped other charts. Ergo, this information goes in. Otherwise, we have a lot of information about a song that we’re not even saying is suddenly phenomenally popular. No-one can deny that it is. Not even Rolling Stone. Much to their chagrin, no doubt, eh? ;) Boscaswell talk 22:05, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* As I understand it, iTunes/Apple Music, and Spotify are all single-vendor charts. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 22:25, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 August 2023
Change "the song is a significant in demonstrating" to "the song is significant in demonstrating" NornIron91 (talk) 12:50, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ – Jonesey95 (talk) 14:01, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
right wing talking points?
The right wing talking points section seems biased. Since when is inflation considered right-wing only? Turkey, a country with a far-right wing government, has suffered from rampant inflation. Likewise, Venezuela, far-left has suffered massive inflation as well. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:01, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* The article doesn't say inflation is considered right-wing only, it just says that it's an example of a common right-wing talking point. This song is about the U.S. so the sources are going to be looking through an American lens. –– Formal Dude (talk) 21:31, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* How quickly we forget the Occupy movement… <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:57, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* I agree. This entry is overflowing with political bias. Noisevault (talk) 22:18, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* This entry is absurdly biased and the rebuttals for change are honestly pathetic. Inflation is now a right wing topic? So the left is not concerned about the loss of purchasing power that affects the poor disproportionately? Bullximboca (talk) 00:18, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* You're welcome to point to sources that describe this song as using leftist talking points, if you like, but for now the reliable sources are fairly unanimous about the song's political bent. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 00:25, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Inflation is a bi-partisan issue and none of the reliable sources listed describe "inflation" as a right wing talking point. The sources do refer to taxes as right-wing, which makes sense. I do not believe you can convincingly show that any of those authors claim "inflation" is a right-wing talking point. The text should be changed to avoid bias. JamesPem (talk) 04:24, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* The article wording at this time no longer labels inflation as a right-wing talking point, it just describes it as a theme of the song. –– Formal Dude (talk) 04:32, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* It does right now and I think the article needs to be clearer about the lyrics and find reliable sources stating that it’s spreading talking points. Aresef (talk) 05:42, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* No it doesn't. It says "Themes of the song include inflation ("dollar ain't shit")".
* From NY Daily News: –– Formal Dude (talk) 05:50, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* The very title of the song and major theme is the political class "north of Richmond"
* Lord knows they all just wanna have total control
* Wanna know what you think, wanna know what you do
* And they don't think you know, but I know that you do." How can this entry ignore this message? Of course it is heavily biased and quoting the usual corporate legacy sources. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:56, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
* Agree. There are multiple statements which are biased throughout the article. 2607:FB91:14BE:C0B9:64F6:4DC:1C69:6528 (talk) 11:32, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
I’ve put hours into the Oliver Anthony article and have only just come back to look at the one on the Rich Men song. I can’t believe that there is this first sentence to a para. on what the song is about, that it "revolved around common right wing talking points". Words fail me. Well almost. So inflation and child trafficking aren’t so much bad things, they’re things which right wingers complain about. Honestly, that is the way it comes over, and leaving it in makes Wikipedia look ridiculous. So, go ahead, leave it in if you like. But take this as a friendly warning: in your efforts to diminish the populist appeal of the song, I can assure you that you will further lower Wikipedia's reputation amongst people with common sense. Just read some of the comments to the original YouTube upload and watch a couple of the reaction videos, and you will quickly gain an understanding of what people out there *really* think about what he’s saying, and gain an understanding of why his rise to fame has been meteoric. It’s absolutely nothing to do with QAnon. Have fun! Boscaswell talk 05:48, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Yeah, following reliable sources is ridiculous. We should base this article off of reaction videos and YouTube comments. –– Formal Dude (talk) 06:07, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* You cherry pick your "reliable" sources. Referencing the song as "right wing" is politically biased and merely repeats biased commentary. If the article is going to discuss commentary or reaction it should be balanced and neutral. And to the point above, thousands of comments on the original YouTube post is entirely legitimate to cite, objectively and factually. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:56, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
the article as it reads now lists several subjects which the song touches on, *after* saying that it touches on common right wing talking points. So in effect the article is saying that all the subjects he sings about are common right wing talking points. Amazing, but true. Boscaswell talk 05:53, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Amazing that you took "lyrics revolve around common right-wing talking points" and extrapolated it to "all the subjects he sings about are common right wing talking points". That's obviously not what the text is saying, and you would have to be quite naive to think it is. –– Formal Dude (talk) 05:57, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I was going from the text of the article. It reads as follows:
* The song's lyrics revolve around common right-wing talking points. Themes of the song include inflation ("dollar ain't shit"), high taxes ("taxed to no end"), child trafficking ("minors on an island") and welfare abuse ("and the obese milkin' welfare")
* So yes, it’s basically saying that the song's themes are all common right-wing talking points. Boscaswell talk 08:03, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* The article makes no claim that those are all right-wing talking points. Some of those may be right-wing talking points, some may not. The article does not specify.
* Even if it did, NY Daily News lists "Cause your dollar ain’t shit and it’s taxed to no end" as an example of a common right-wing talking point, so it's verified. –– Formal Dude (talk) 14:09, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
With the consensus as 5:2 that it shouldn’t be there, it’s going. Boscaswell talk 21:56, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Are you seriously not aware that it's WP:NOTAVOTE? Poorly conceived arguments that have no basis in policy being repeated does not a consensus make. Not to mention you are blatantly WP:INVOLVED and should not be deciding if there is a consensus or not. Please self-revert. If we really need to, we can open an RfC. –– Formal Dude (talk) 22:08, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I agree that was right to act as per TP consensus. XavierItzm (talk) 22:14, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Yeah, Boscaswell, that's a pretty questionable interpretation of "consensus". GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 22:27, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 17 August 2023
“looking out for minors on an island somewhere”
Refers to the well stablished minor sex trafficking that happened in Jeffrey Epstein’s Island.
Why the editor discarded something so well documented as Quanon theory?
This is well documented by the media:
https://www.curbed.com/2023/05/jeffrey-epstein-little-st-james-resort.html#:~:text=a%20hefty%20discount.)-,Little%20St.,Thomas.
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/07/horrors-of-jeffrey-epstein-private-island
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Saint_James,_U.S._Virgin_Islands Bullximboca (talk) 00:11, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* The two are not mutually exclusive; Jeffrey Epstein features heavily in QAnon conspiracy theories. Three reliable sources describe the interpretation of the lyric as a QAnon nod. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 00:23, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: (Edit conflict) The second source notes Epstein's actions on the island but does not provide evidence that the lyric is inspired by that. For us to say that Oliver Anthony was talking about Epstein, there should be a reliable source linking the lyric and Epstein's island outside of simply being part of the QAnon conspiracy theory. ~ UN6892 tc 00:28, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* You are correct. Let me explain why. Haiti also had child trafficking. See Laura Silsby conviction. Geographically it is an island and yes there are direct connections to politicians there as well, so it would be just as easy to speculate that the song is talking about that situation. That being said there is a difference in that Epstein's plane was commonly known as "the Lolita Express," and there are flight logs with passengers names who visited his island. You should also take into account that Epstein's partner in crime Gislane Maxwell is currently doing time for her involvement in his crimes. How is this any kind of theory? These are facts. Maybe people should educate themselves on a subject before writing it as some goofball conspiracy theory, because in this case there happens to be plenty of sources that will validate. This was all over US News when Epstein was in jail and after he died. Every network and all the big papers did articles.
* I'll include some for reference
* https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/30/jeffrey-epstein-estate-settles-virgin-islands-sex-trafficking-case-for-over-105-million.html
* https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48913377
* https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/jeffrey-epstein-sex-trafficking-names-whos-who-873321/ <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:09, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
So I guess we’re going to leave out the, rather clear, reference to the crimes of Jeffery Epstein and his numerous connections and proven visitors? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:34, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Merging this into the section directly above, since it's already been discussed. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 02:41, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Further sources that conflate the lyric with Epstein:
* - https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2023/08/14/breakout-country-singer-branded-right-wing-for-new-video/stories/202308140070
* - https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/rich-men-north-richmond-viral-conservative-anthem-rcna99698
* - https://nypost.com/2023/08/11/blue-collar-political-anthem-rich-men-north-of-richmond-takes-internet-by-storm/
* A simple review of the each source used to justify the QAnon association (i.e. via a platform such as "allsides.com" or similar bias metering service) shows that there is clear bias in only weighting these sources. Which would be against Wikipedia's NPOV policies, wouldn't it? The current article clearing reads as biased as the base sources are biased. Kendprew (talk) 17:11, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
That verse is a reference to the Epstein scandal. This much is undisputed by any source. Then some sources interpret that such reference to Epstein scandal is a QAnon nod. The current text reads: A reference to politicians "looking out for minors on an island somewhere" led to speculation that Anthony was referencing the QAnon conspiracy theory, which revolves around the belief that politicians and Hollywood elites engage in child sex trafficking and other child abuse. This is a bit awkward because: I have no objection to covering this in the article, but I think the text needs to be reworked: first describe the reference to the Epstein scandal, then add that some commentators consider this a QAnon nod. MarioGom (talk) 17:30, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* It is not clear that it is widely understood that this is a reference to the Epstein scandal. Epstein is not even linked in the text, so it is missing much context.
* It jumps directly to a "QAnon conspiracy theory". This is a problem in two ways:
* The current text would suggest that the Epstein scandal is all a right-wing hoax (it is not).
* It gives undue weight to the interpretation that Anthony is writing this as a nod to QAnon.
* I think that's fair, hopefully this edit helps. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 18:29, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* It does. Thanks! MarioGom (talk) 18:59, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 17 August 2023 (3)
Remote this sentence: "The song's lyrics revolve around common right-wing talking points." 2600:1700:8222:8250:FCDA:583:5BFF:9111 (talk) 21:19, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. See . –– Formal Dude (talk) 21:41, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Consensus has been reached and the deletion edit made. See the relevant section above. Boscaswell talk 22:01, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
Qanon, right-wing
I find it more than disingenuous to make the claim that little st James Island and the well known goings on there via the previous owner J.Epstien who died while in custody is somehow a qanon "conspiracy theory." I guess the fact that he'd been previously convicted for the same type of crime is also a "theory." Should I assume that whomever decided to gaslight to such a degree would be fine with such crimes committed upon their own children? If so, then whomever wrote this drivel should never be responsible for any child ever. Right-wing: The blatant attempt to label the song in such a way shows that the article writer has a complete disconnect from the average working American. The first miners mentioned are coal miners. Perhaps the writer should familiarize themselves with their history and how poorly they've historically been treated. There is no right or left wings to the song. It's written by a working class, blue collar man talking about working class issues. Am I really supposed to believe that no left-wing people work for not enough to live on, or don't hold jobs where they are unappreciated, or that they don't care about their children being safe? Do they not care how their tax dollars are spent? Do they all believe that politicians really have their best interests at heart? I doubt that seriously, in fact I know it's not the case. What's obvious: The article writer has an agenda, not simply a biast. Division is the goal. It's glaringly obvious. The fact is that the majority is neither right or left, but somewhere in the middle. Let's not forget the patriot act happened under Bush a Republican, a bill most people on the right would repeal in a heartbeat given the chance. I said people, not politicians, please don't confuse the two. So what is the song really about... simply put average Americans are not represented in DC. Which in case you missed it or forgot basic American history means taxation WITHOUT representation, the very reason for the war against the British. The historical comparison can't be made though by "influencers," or "reviewers," because of what that might do....if people understood. The rich men can't have that. So, who wrote this article? I've got some ideas about the who, but I won't go so far as to name them here, but for those responsible for the right-wing qanon drivel ask yourself why you were tasked with this. Why are you going out of your way to try to beat down an average guy? Maybe you should rethink your choice of employment. I'm just glad I'm not your parent because I'd be so ashamed of you. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:39, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
* The original editor for this article had it pretty decently put but the media sheep flocked pretty damn quick to fuck it up. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:03, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
* Well, the whole idea that the only people who are working class are all on the right is a complete falsehood. That would mean only republicans work long hours for little pay only to have it taken for taxes, and that only those on the left either have very high paying jobs and don't pay taxes, or collect welfare of some kind. None of those things are true. It's idiocy to suggest it. Then to claim well known documented facts are qanon theories is bald faced lying. I could easily post countless news articles regarding the facts in the Epstein cases, as well as Gislane Maxwell his known associate. I could also post articles about the Haiti child trafficking and Laura Silsby being convicted...so I fail to see how any of this is being claimed to be conspiracy theory. I was under the impression that an encyclopedia had an ethical obligation to prioritize facts not push some screwed up narrative. There's a reason schools won't accept Wikipedia as a reliable source. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:40, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
hit a nerve? You good sir are a damn good editor. That response was comedy gold. In all seriousness, you should really try looking into comedy, I think you may have the talent for it.
"North of Richmond" - Washington, D.C.? (or What is the meaning of the title of this song?)
What is the meaning of the title? Washington, D.C. is about 100 miles "north of Richmond" (Virginia). Are the "Rich Men North of Richmond" basically a reference to the politicians, lobbyists, etc. in Washington, D.C.? One page speculates (without evidence that it could "refer to the politicians who run the United States ... or, more in general, to the wealthy North that economically dominates the South." Other web sites infer the same meaning.
Msft watch (talk) 02:07, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* The reference to coal miners (predominantly a northern activity) rules out the "wealthy North that economically dominates the South." 2603:7080:1800:D3D5:409C:418F:A9E1:A7A (talk) 09:16, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
Firstly, it rhymes with “Rich men”. Secondly, the concentration of affluence (high incomes) around and north of DC has been noteworthy for a decade. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/12/map-the-astonishing-concentration-of-high-income-earners-around-washington-dc/282457/ It even has its own wiki page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States. Saying “north of Richmond” captures the vast majority of wealthy counties not in the American West. Our political and business elites have presided over the first period of lowered life expectancy in the post-WW2 history of the US. See also, Case and Deaton’s “Deaths of Despair” https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190785/deaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:20, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* As I explained above, we need secondary sources that do this kind of analysis, and can't use individual editors' original research. If you're just hoping for a discussion about your personal opinions on the song's meaning, you might want to consider one of the many online forums available outside of Wikipedia, which is itself not a forum for this kind of discussion. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 20:41, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* I provided evidence, including wiki links. You might consider adding the wiki link to the highest income counties to the page, since the song is about rich Americans. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:59, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
I am confused too (not American). Does "north of Richmond" imply Washington, or New York (Wall Street), or it is both (i.e. is this a confederate/yankee thing)? If not obvious to Americans, would be interesting if RSes, or the author, expanded on it. When I head it first I presumed it meant Wall Street (as Epstein was Wall Street), but others think it is political and referring to Washington/Qanon. Aszx5000 (talk) 22:47, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
* I think it is a double meaning meant to convey both references to DC/New York. Also in the miners/minors line. The oblique reference to Epstein's island, definitely has some QAnon vibes going for the song. Jjazz76 (talk) 06:30, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
* I think you are right. thanks. Aszx5000 (talk) 23:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
Statement not supported by reference to The Independent
Hello. With this edit, you added text that says "Louis Chilton, writing in The Independent stated that the song contains antisemitic undertones with its references to "Rich Men North of Richmond."", and you used the Independent article, here, as a reference. But I don't see anything about antisemitism being mentioned in that article. — Mudwater (Talk) 21:53, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
* I took it out given it is not in the ref; too serious to be left in an article unsourced. Aszx5000 (talk) 23:35, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
* Thank you. — Mudwater (Talk) 00:25, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
The miners line
Can you guys please rewrite the part on the verse that goes "I wish politicians would look out for miners, and not just minors on an island somewhere"? That is very obviously a reference to poor, working class Americans not being helped in anyway by todays politicians focusing more on culture war nonsense that doesn't do anything for the average rural American. The Q-anon link is also questionable, including a segment suggesting this is linked to an obscure and radical conspiracy theory for simply mentioning that people talk about child trafficking is very disingenuous. Along side that the full verse isn't even presented, just a version that only has the child trafficking part. It is very clear that this part was written in a deceitful and heavily biased that is disappointing to see on such a large Website. Throwaway12908 (talk) 07:29, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
* There are a lot of quality sources that raise concerns about the link between that lyric and Qanon so it is important to record them. If you have other quality sources raising the points that you make above, then you can seek to add that too. Aszx5000 (talk) 23:48, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
* You say "I wish politicians would look out for miners, and not just minors on an island somewhere"
* refers to poor, working class Americans, that is true of the first half of the sentence (although he specifically refers to miners rather than if he were to sing ""I wish politicians would look out for the working man" but the main thing you are leaving out is that you make no mention of and don't seem to know that the second half of the sentence "not just minors on an island somewhere" refers to the island owned by Jeffrey Epstein, sexual abuser of under age minors and in Oliver Anthony's explanation video for the song, a talk video called "it's a pleasure to meet you" (on Oliver Anthony Music on youtube) he explains how the song "touches on human trafficking". So when he's saying "I wish politicians would look out for miners, and not just minors on an island somewhere" it's not exactly worded clearly but the "minors" reference seems to mean one of two things:
* a) politicians spend too much time looking out for the welfare of minors on Epstein island
* or
* b) politicians spend too much time looking for minors on Epstein island to abuse Central16 (talk) 07:33, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
billy Bragg response
Billy Bragg, a british socialist folk singer has published a song responding to this song, https://consequence.net/2023/08/billy-bragg-oliver-anthony-rich-men-earning-north-of-a-million/ see this article. i think this should be included but the article is locked DParkinson1 (talk) 08:25, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
* Bragg is a staunch left-wing singer; per my comments in the RfC above, this is a song with both left and right in it (but I can find no RS to support that, and yet it seems obvious)?? Aszx5000 (talk) 09:21, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
* Bragg has written a very interesting article and perspective on the song in today's The Guardian (Oliver Anthony’s divisive song claiming solidarity with workers only benefits the rich who exploit them), which criticises it for dividing the poor in their grievances against the better off, rather than uniting and advocating unions. Don't know if that is worth expanding on, or is it is too much?. Aszx5000 (talk) 09:54, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
* Many, many others in addition to Bragg have commented on the song one way or another. So far I have not included Conor Friedersdorf nor Drew Magary, for example, but if we are going to indiscriminately start adding anyone trolling on the subject, we should add all such opinions, yes? The article's gonna get very long, mate. XavierItzm (talk) 15:02, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
* Sure, no problem. thanks. Aszx5000 (talk) 15:32, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
That Oliver Anthony prayed before recording should be removed from this article
this wikipedia article, Rich Men North of Richmond, 8/22/2023 6:23 P.M. EST states (bolded added) :
Background and content ''The song was first uploaded to YouTube on August 8, 2023, by Radiowv, and the video received over 5 million views in its first three days. Prior to the song's success, Anthony was not a well-known musician, and he had previously self-recorded songs on his cell phone. "Rich Men North of Richmond" was Anthony's first professionally recorded song. In an interview with Billboard, Radiowv's Draven Riffe said: "We both prayed before we recorded Rich Men North of Richmond."''
That Oliver Anthony prayed before recording should be removed from this article. There is nothing wrong with praying before recording a song or playing a football game but it is not relevant information in any way to an encyclopedia. Central16 (talk) 22:30, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
* Yeah, I'm also not clear on why it's relevant to include here. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 22:45, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
* Maybe because it is well sourced material from multiple sources? And also, are you going to go edit this article? It reads (with sources): "During the hiatus, the band members would pray about the direction of the band going forward [...] Following the band's hiatus, they issued a statement informing that Gaines had been fired from the band, and he was removed from the roster on the band's website". It seems to me that we, like the editors of that article, should go by the sources, even if we don't like what they say.XavierItzm (talk) 08:40, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
* @XavierItzm In the article about the Christian Metal band Stryper it says: "During the hiatus, the band members would pray about the direction of the band going forward". The article is not pointing out the fact that they prayed was notable, every gospel group or Christian metal band prays, it's a given. The point of that quote is that the band was coming together to focus on the direction of the band going forward because of personal issues with a member. If any person prayed for anything to any supernatural entity why is that alone something that should be recorded in an encyclopedia? The point of that account of the band Stryper is that the members were concerned about the future of the band. The quote does not say the band prayed as a statement alone, millions of people pray daily, it was this band's way of being concerned over their future direction. To say "We both prayed before we recorded Rich Men North of Richmond" is not a report about some new condition, like a band member getting fired. It is a detail irrelevant to an encyclopedia article. If somebody prayed for racehorse to win that is not relevant. We don't need to know that as an encyclopedia. On the other hand the fact that Anthony, who formerly said he was not religious is now reading bible verses before shows, that is relevant. He is now opening his performances with religious scripture. That is relevant information. If he reads the bible at home also, that is not notable enough to mention. If his music had a lot of Christian themes it would be worth mentioning but thus far it does not. Central16 (talk) 18:01, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
* (See related discussion at Talk:Oliver Anthony) GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 00:55, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
Did you know nomination
* lk95 did you predict lk99 Pyraminxsolver (talk) 23:09, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
Reception section
Beginning a talk page section on this segment that keeps being removed (here, here) as "irrelevant opinion" and "needlessly political":
The comparison to "Try That in a Small Town" has been made in two sources, plus more that could be added. The review in The A.V. Club is precisely the kind of content that typically goes in "Reception" sections, which is by definition meant for opinions, and for a song that is widely described as a "right-wing anthem" is also going to have to be political. The A.V. Club is GREL: "The A.V. Club is considered generally reliable for film, music and TV reviews." Pinging Joemama46, can't ping the IP. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 01:32, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 01:32, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* It’s interesting, isn’t it, that we can have a left wing commentator describe the song as threatening, when it’s hard to see how it can be, but because she’s writing in an RS, left wing sources all being approved as RS's, it gets to appear in the article. But anything a right wing commentator writes, in a right wing outlet, would not be permitted on here, as all right wing sources are banned by the "consensus". Boscaswell talk 10:17, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* Please do not use this article-specific discussion as a soapbox for your political beliefs and views on source policy. Some of those outlets may be included on WP:RSPSOURCES, and I would encourage you to reference that page and review the conversations that led to those sources not being considered reliable. You can also feel free to start a new discussion about an outlet or outlets, but that should not be done here.
* To get back on topic, this article uses neutral language throughout and includes numerous positive responses from conservative government officials and media personalities. While the article currently only includes NBC News and The A.V. Club as sources for the connection to "Try That In a Small Town", existing sources from Rolling Stone, New York Daily News, and Billboard also note the connection. Calling any part of this article "needlessly political" is baffling given its context, and is absolutely right about this being appropriate for the critical reception section. More sources can and should be added for reception, but that doesn't mean this one has undue weight. Sock ( tock talk) 15:21, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* To anyone outside of the Wikipedia community, this would seem like a misapplication of esoteric rules for the promotion of a political agenda. Surely, the Reception section is not intended to be comprehensive so the nearly exclusive discussion of a connection to "Try that in a Small Town" appears to be cherry-picking. At best, the selection of references here is incomplete and at worst it is cherry-picking in support of a political agenda. The song's lyrics are closer to something written by Bruce Springsteen song than Aldeen. For example, Billboard notes that the song expresses working class frustrations (‘Rich Men North of Richmond’ Viral Hitmaker Oliver Anthony: 5 Things – Billboard). 2603:7080:1800:D3D5:1445:AEDF:EB5C:344C (talk) 17:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* Wow. Thanks for proving his point 2600:1700:6E14:D900:108A:878:C051:9426 (talk) 23:31, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* I agree that the wiki article on this blatantly exposes Wikipedia as a leftist organization designed to influence your opinions politically. Conservative perspectives are actively scrubbed and censored. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:05, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* Welcome to Wikipedia, they have been like this forever. To the point that even the 'CO-FOUNDER' Jimmy Wales likes to claim sole credit for creating the platform and will deny an other's credit because of personal disagreement. Jimmy himself has personal bias against anything 'right-wing', as stated in his personal article, and all the top editors that follow him and his words like God himself agree to every single one of those points (literally one of the top editing awards features a scroll 'signed' by Jimmy('Jimbo'), very cult-like). This place hasn't been the same since it's inception in the early 2000s. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:17, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* Wiki is woke. No doubt about it <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:24, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* I don't object to the inclusion as a whole, however only the second source you provided "likened" the song to Aldean's song; they only state that it took the spotlight (and chart positions) away from it. Instead change it to Emma Keates, a writer for The A.V. Club, likened the song to "Try That in a Small Town" by Jason Aldean, a country song popular among conservatives that was previously in the top spot on the iTunes. She wrote that Anthony's lyrics are "not... as blatantly threatening" as those in Aldean's single, but "they're generally still based on a number of regressive and gross stereotypes that are filtering into mainstream music in a frightening way". - AquilaFasciata (talk | contribs) 16:47, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
While presumed factual itself, the statement, "Emma Keates wrote in The A.V. Club that Anthony's lyrics are "not... as blatantly threatening" as those in Aldean's single, but "they're generally still based on a number of regressive and gross stereotypes that are filtering into mainstream music in a frightening way".", seems to be, itself a political opinion — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:500:8600:A2A0:43FD:5250:697:2BE (talk) 20:05, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* Sheesh, here comes the peanut gallery. A reception section is literally just people's opinions. When a work is political, as this one clearly is, those opinions are likewise going to be political. We have three sentences in the reception section talking about those who see the song positively, one sentence that just makes a comparison, and one sentence talking about someone who sees it negatively, so spare us the cries of bias. It's not biased just because it doesn't reference your favorite cable news network. –– Formal Dude (talk) 23:40, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
* Damn, way to play the strawman there. Never once did I mention any side of anything was correct, but pointing out the bias of the still contributing co-founder and editors in tandem is inherently wrong? The difference here is that I'm not trying to play any side up unlike all the editors who state everything they agree with in their bios and work hard to suppress any editing on articles of any nature that goes against the established talking points. The tribalism needs to stop, that's a I'm saying. Also universities and public spaces should not be siting this place as a true source as well, and that has happened before, quite problematic. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:35, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* Given that Wikipedia's co-founder is not involved with this discussion, yes, it is inherently wrong and inherently disruptive to bring his beliefs up. I don't personally care about Jimmy Wales or the statements you're referencing, but even if I did, those statements have no relevance to this discussion and do not impact on my opinion in any way. 's explanation is succinct and clear as to how this is not undue weight, just like 's explanation was succinct and clear.
* This is not the place to throw around aimless complaints about "all the editors who state everything they agree with in their bios", but to discuss whether a single negative review is somehow "undue weight". Political beliefs have no bearing on the objective coverage of a subject, and many "left-leaning" outlets that review music are notable regardless of your personal feelings on those outlets. If you or the other IP editors in this discussion would like to provide any specific sources or information you believe should be included in this article, please feel free to do so. Either way, please stop soapboxing your political beliefs and criticisms of Wikipedia as an institution. Sock ( tock talk) 13:49, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* So where is the place to "complain" about Wikipedia being so biased and unfair? You guys are literally funded by Soros money, so, please, spare me the excuses. It's OK though, because people are waking up to how awful Wikipedia is now, and this song (and this talk page) are proof of that. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:02, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
Understandable conflation of Social Security Disability Insurance with Welfare. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/in-rural-america-disability-benefit-rates-are-twice-as-high-as-in-urban-areas/2017/07/22/3e600722-575c-11e7-a204-ad706461fa4f_story.html https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/2020/sect04.html Over the 21 year period from 1999 to 2019 SSDI expanded from 1.2 million beneficiaries to 2 million, a 60% increase. Over the same time period the US population increased 17%. Note that this is pre-pandemic. It is obvious that for some people SSDI was transformed into “Welfare.” This is more clearly understood as widow(er) beneficiaries dropped 12% during this period, though that probably also reflected a decline in long term marriage rates. Also, economists have long recognized that these programs are frequently fungible, and lump them together under the banner of “transfer payments.” https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/B087RC1Q027SBEA And as to the health (and weight) effects on the beneficiaries, wiki already has you covered with [] — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:15, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* It's not clear what changes you're actually suggesting be made here, but note that any changes will need sources that actually mention the song. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 16:43, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* I’m suggesting that the vernacular “welfare” is a catch-all for many social services programs and that contra the one source quoted, the lyrics are not out of touch “Reagan-era” talking points, thus the quotation is unhelpful in understanding why the lyrics resonate with a large subset of the populace, namely demoralization and feeling like one is struggling to make it while others who don’t work have life easier. Having sampled our great and varied nation, I believe there is a sometimes deliberate disconnect managed by gatekeepers like wikipedia in terms of deliberate symbol manipulation. It’s a form of bubble maintenance and delegitimization of political opposition. I’m suggesting that editors try making the wiki intelligible by all major groups without dogwhistles or symbol overloading/aliasing. Showing the different meanings of these symbols and/or linking to other articles on e.g. transfer payments or the history of social spending (Welfare, SSDI, etc.) would be helpful in terms of getting readers to actually understand what the musician is saying to his intended audience rather than a pre-packaged set of prejudices. I.e. editors should assume good faith and also act in good faith. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:26, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* What you are suggesting is original research, which is not acceptable on Wikipedia. If there is a reliable source describing this song's lyrics differently, describing them more specifically as SSDI, etc., feel free to present them, but individual editors' personal analysis can't be used. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 20:40, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* It would be acceptable to remove the quote as unhelpful. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:56, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
* Also, no, I am not suggesting original research. I am suggesting helpful interlinking to existing contextual Wikipedia pages. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:04, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
What's with this no-summary edit? The page protection was just bumped because of people warring over the content without joining the talk page discussion. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 00:44, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I was just cleaning up the article and fixing the POV. X-Editor (talk) 00:52, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* You're edit warring without joining in the ongoing discussion, or even bothering to explain in the summary why you think it's "POV". Please consider self-reverting. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 00:54, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
I just reverted, but they should feel free to join this discussion and the one below instead of inserting their preferred version without any explanation. –– Formal Dude (talk) 01:33, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I apologize for not using edit summaries. I'm fine with keeping the stuff about it being right-wing, but also wanted to insert a bit more. X-Editor (talk) 01:36, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* You're still edit warring. This is a contentious topic area, as I'm sure you're well aware, and as such there is a very low tolerance for edit warring. Please self-revert. You can make your case in the appropriate talk page sections, as everyone else has been doing. –– Formal Dude (talk) 01:38, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I've reverted the edits. This page is too chaotic at the moment anyways. Bye. X-Editor (talk) 01:49, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* That was a very short goodbye. Keep it up and you'll be headed to a noticeboard. –– Formal Dude (talk) 14:57, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
Republican presidential primary debate
The song was discussed at the first Republican presidential primary debate on August 23, 2023. The first question posed to eight presidential candidates was about the No. 1 song on the Billboard Hot 100.
Source: Katie Atkinson (23 August 2023). "Republican Debate Begins With Question About Oliver Anthony’s Hot 100 No. 1: ‘Why Is This Song Striking Such a Nerve?'". Billboard. Retrieved 23 August 2023. SarahB53 (talk) 17:11, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
* The article says the debate was in 2024, should be 2023. 2601:183:4002:D700:64D5:7F2E:958D:C245 (talk) 19:36, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
* ✅, thanks. Aszx5000 (talk) 21:28, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
"Minors on an island somewhere" is a clear reference to Little Saint James
Minors were, in fact, on an island somewhere, and it's a common belief that politicians are censoring information on who visited the island Vaintara (talk) 18:17, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* See Talk:Rich Men North of Richmond. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 18:26, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* Yes, the song references Epstein island and all the people north of Richmond who went there: “«I wish politicians would look out for miners/And not just minors on an island somewhere.» A little Epstein Island reference there". XavierItzm (talk) 22:12, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
* I'm bothered that this is considered a conspiracy on here. It's well known that Epstine had rich and famous "clients" visit his island. Running this is what he was arrested for. And there are numerous former victims who have spoken out. They've even named names. Tiggy The Terrible (talk) 09:30, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
* Not just arrested. On a previous occasion, he pleaded guilty to similar charges: "On June 30, 2008, after Epstein pleaded guilty to a state charge of procuring for prostitution a girl below age 18, he was sentenced to eighteen months in prison." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein
* So yes, it's funny that wikipedia considers a legal procedure that was written about, on wikipedia, to be a "qAnon conspiracy theory". <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:33, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
* It's baffling. Honestly, I think that Wiki needs to stop doing this left vs right stuff before people start wondering what horse they have in that race. Wasn't long ago that a
* Guardian editor that did stuff like that was arrested on massive child p charges. Tiggy The Terrible (talk) Tiggy The Terrible (talk) 16:38, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
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Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/622
* KNOWLEDGE. 562 KNOWLEDGE. which demand is iiiude by thought. In other words, when doubt arises as to tlio validity of any intellectual process, and when in order to remove this doubt we appeal to senseexpericiice, it is only as thinlcing beings and in accordance with the laws of thought that we inter|)ret the results of the appeal. Thought may not muke reality, but wit'iout thought there can l)e no recognition of reality. But here again an objection will probably be raised. It will be said that psychology shows sense-consciousness to lune e.visted long before thought appeared on the scene. Thought is a new-comer; sense is as old as consciousness it- self. Granted the truth of this objection, what follows? Merely that psychology as a science laboriously wrought out by much comparative (:= thinking) observation ot conscious experi- ence, discloses the temporal priority of sense to thought. Notwithstanding all this, more sense- experience cannot be experience of reality if by reality is meant what ice knoii: as reality; for reality with us is what it is only by virtue of contrasts which thought has made. If we there- fore maintain, on the basis of psychological rev- elations, that many aninuils know reality without having that knowledge mediated l>y thought, it must also be maintained that tli;it knowledge of reality is something so utterly milike vur human knowledge, that nolliing liut confusion comes of calling the two things by the same name. But, it may be saiil in rejoinder, we human beings experience soniething like that un- thinking appreliension of reality. Sometimes in us thought-activity seems entirely suspended and only a sense-consciousness can be discovered in our mental ])rocesses. In extreme lassitude of body and mind, may we not lie on the grass and look up at the sky and drink in reality without a single act of thought? Yes and no. The answer depends on what is meant by thought. Some psy- chologists nowadays make a distinction between thought processes and association processes. Trains of images that follow each other without any experience of self-activity arc called associa- tion-trains. Those that are accompanied by rec- ognized self-activity are called thought trains. If thought is thus discriminated from association, it must be confessed that we can have experiences without thought. But after all. what is this self- activity? It seems to be nothing but sensations of tendinous strain and articular movement. The distinction thus made between association and thought turns out to be a distinction between association of ideas without a sense of strain and association with a sense of strain. Why any sense of strain accompanying a process should have any signific.ince as regards the validity of the process is difTicult to discover. A more significant distinction between associa- tion and thought is that between the characters of the connections involved. Assnciat ion-connections arc random; there is no internal logical consis- tency. An unknown dog may suggest a familiar cat. and the latter may by some queer freak of association call up the word catastrophe, and the image of some horrible experience. In this mere association-process each step taken is ex- plicable b}' the inniiliar laws of association, but there is no logical coherence between the first step and the last. The iinknown dog and the fatal railway wreck do not belong together. On the other hand, in thought-processes the whole series from beginning to end is controlled by some central interest. The linal stage of the process is as closely connected with the initial stage as with the intervening stages. . the ideas tra- versed in the movement form a consistent whole. Such a thought-process completely domi- nated by some single interest is not frequent, (ienerally our thoughts are only loosely con- nected; we break the continuity of the train and then reconnect the broken ends. Sometimes the breaks are rare; sometimes they are annoy- ingly frequent. There is no hard and fast line of ilillerence between association and thought. Very little of our thinking is absolutely direct and altogether pertinent. The diirerence between asso- ciation and thought is one of degree. Association is loose-jointed and random thinking; thought is compact and coherent association. If this is so, we may say that tlicre is no experience that we can conceive from which thought is absent; and that so far from its being true that the less thought there is, the more reality, it is rather the reverse which is true. The more coherence and consistency there is between all the parts of our sense-experience, the more sure we are of their reality. The better our thinking, the nearer we are to reality, provided of course we have some sense-content in our thinking. Mere think- ing would be of no more value, if it really could exist, than mere sense. We never get at such reality as we know without thought upon sense- data. In this cooperation of thought and sense toward the production of knowledge of reality, it cannot be said that sense is nearer to reality than thought. Neither is nearer than the other any Tuore than the father is nearer to the child l)y procreation than the mother, or I'ice rersa. Only one more objection to the validity of knowledge can be considered here. After all, it will be urged, we have knowledge of reality only by means of ideas or sensations, which are them- selves not the reality. Hence there is always the possibility that our means are defective inasmuch as we can never get directly at the object known, in order to compare it with our sensations and ideas. We have to assume the validity of knowl- edge, it is conceded ; but we must, it is urged, realize that it is, when all is said, a gigantic assumption, or simply a working hypothesis. We can never knom that we really know, although wo must always take that knowledge for granted. This objection, although very popular at present, is as futile as all the others we have examined, for if it is a valid objection, it must be backed by reasons. These reasons can be stated in the words of Prof. Karl Pearson: "How close then can we actually get to this supposed world out- side ourselves? -lust as near as but no neai-er than the brain terminals of the sensory nerves. We are like the clerk in the central telephone ex- change who cannot get nearer to his customers than his end of the telephone wires. We are in- deed worse ofT than the clerk, for to carry out the analog}' properly we must suppose him neoer to have been outside the telephone exchange, never to have seen a customer, or ani/ one like a ciis- tomrr — in short, never, except through the tele- phone wire, to have come in contact with the outside universe. . . . Very much in the posi- tion of such a telephone clerk is the conscious rgo of each one of us seated at the brain ter- minals of the sensory nerves. Not a step nearer than these terminals can the ego get to the 'outer
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Developing for Windows Mobile with QML
• Hi there,
I have an App that I'm making for Symbian devices in qml, but I'd also like it to run on the Windows Mobile/CE platform.
As of yet I have found no tutorials on how to do this, build it for the WM CE platform that is.
Any help would be appreciated.
Aaron
• When you develop for Windows CE you have first to decide what's your actual target device or range of devices (and compile for the common features available in all of them).
Because of the customization of OS builds (thanks to Platform Builder), most devices running Windows CE5 or CE6 may not have all the dll's and services that you can include in a "large" Windows CE build (this is useful to use less memory and less storage), then there is Windows Mobile 6.x (that despite the release number is actually based on CE5) that has a more consistent "standard support" of dlls and services, but non so standard as in Windows XP/Vista/7.
So, select the target device, get the specific Windows CE SDK for that device (or range of devices) plus either EVC++ 4 or Visual Studio 2005/2008 with Windows CE 5/6 SDK and then you have to try to configure and compile Qt for it.
Usually you have to start with a "generic" build for CE, look at the compilation/configuration errors and warnings to verify what's supported and what's not, tweak a little the compilation switches, try again an so on.
For example, lots of embedded devices disable mouse pointer support (i.e. you don't need the mouse pointer on a GPS navigator controlled by touchscreen) so you usually have to add -D QT_NO_CURSOR to the configuration switches to disable all the Qt code calling mouse pointer management code (else you get compilation errors or runtime errors on those devices).
But "usually" is not "always", for example when I compiled Qt for a Toradex colibri board (running CE6) the QT_NO_CURSOR caused compilation errors instead of avoiding them because the Toradex SDK includes mouse pointer support by default.
The most troublesome targets are Windows CE 6 devices because you have to prepare an mkspec profile specific for your target (where you tell QMake/nmake where to find the SDk's include files an libraries, specific compialtion switches and so on).
For more details, look at this link:
"http://www.sereno-labs.com/qt-4-6-2-installation-procedure-friendlyarm-mini-2440-windows-ce-5-0":http://www.sereno-labs.com/qt-4-6-2-installation-procedure-friendlyarm-mini-2440-windows-ce-5-0
It explains how to build Qt 4.6.2 for a Friendlyarm board using Windows CE 5, but with a little modifications it works for 4.7.2 too (and with more modifications, with different BSP and SDks you can adapt it to compile for CE 6 for other boards/devices).
• Hi there L.MCH, thanks for the info,
I tried the tutorial you sent me and it didn't work of course, I have 4.7.2.
What are these modifications your talking about? And in my experience Apps for WinCE 5 work on WinCE 6. Most of them anyway. So why would you need to mod it for 6? Why not have it so it can run on both?
Aaron
• Well, that example was for a specific configuration and board.
The modifications are about selecting the toolchain, the CE SDK files for the specific board and the Qt sources and configuration files.
For example, to build Qt from sources for a Toradex Colibri SODIMM module with a Marvell PXA270 ARM cpu, with MSVC 2005 with platform builder for CE 6.0 R3 and with the toradex SDK for CE 60.
I had to do the following:
(N.B with Qt sources in C:\qt\4.7.2CE )
A) Create a custom mkspec folder for ARM and CE SDK compiler settings:
C:\qt\4.7.2CE\mkspecs\wince60colibri600-armv4i-msvc2005
(basically a a copy of wince60colibri600-armv4i-msvc2005 with "CE_SDK = Colibri600" in the qmake.conf file so the Toradex Colibri SDK for Windows CE 6.0 is selected)
B) Created a customs SETCE6PATHS.BAT in C:\qt\4.7.2CE\bin with the following content:
bq. set INCLUDE=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\ce\include;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\ce\atlmfc\include;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows CE Tools\wce600\Colibri600\Include\Armv4i
bq. set LIB=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\ce\lib\armv4i;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\ce\atlmfc\lib\armv4i;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows CE Tools\wce600\Colibri600\Lib\ARMV4I
bq. set LIBPATH=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\ce\lib\armv4i;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\ce\atlmfc\lib\armv4i;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows CE Tools\wce600\Colibri600\Lib\ARMV4I
bq. set PATH=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 8\VC\ce\bin\x86_arm;%PATH%
C) Then from C:\qt\4.7.2CE executed the following commands:
bq. set PATH=C:\qt\4.7.2CE\bin;%PATH%
bq. configure -shared -platform win32-msvc2005 -xplatform wince60colibri600-armv4i-msvc2005 -arch windowsce -opensource -release -declarative -no-qt3support -no-openssl -no-opengl -no-openvg -no-webkit -no-phonon -no-phonon-backend -no-accessibility -iwmmxt -qt-zlib -qt-gif -qt-libpng -qt-libjpeg -qt-libtiff -nomake docs -nomake examples -nomake demos
bq. setce6paths.bat
bq. nmake
• About CE5/CE6 compatibility, it depends on the dlls installed and services running on the specific device you use.
Windows CE 5.0 has a "standard" SDK and usually devices based on it have good compatibility, but it is customizable.
That's why there is Windows CE 5 (customizable with target specific OS builds) and then there is Windows Mobile 6.x (Windows CE 5 with a "standard set" of dll and services common to all smartphones using it).
Then there is Windows CE 6.0 (not Windows Mobile 6.x), easier to customize than CE 5 and without a "standard" SDK, most devices of the same class (i.e. GPS navigators, POS, etc.) usually have the same dlls and services (because of the preset settings in Microsoft Platform Builder), but if you develop an application for a GPS navigator it may not run on a POS device because some dll's are missing.
Then there are some differences at OS level, for example on CE5 your app can use a maximum of 32MB of ram (different low level memory mapping between CE5 and CE6) and some Windows CE functions (usually dealing with low-level memory allocation and interrupt handling) behave differently.
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Page:The collected works of Henrik Ibsen (Volume 9).djvu/89
Rosmer. [Looks at her and shakes his head.] Can you really believe that Kroll or any of the others would try to take revenge on me? That they would be capable of?
Rebecca. In the first heat of anger, dear. No one can be sure. I think—after the way the Rector took it
Rosmer. Oh, you ought surely to know him better than that. Kroll is a gentleman, to the backbone. I am going into town this afternoon to talk to him. I will talk to them all. Oh you shall see how easily it will all go
Madam Helseth appears at the door on the left.
Rebecca. [Rises.] What is it, Madam Helseth?
Madam Helseth. Rector Kroll is downstairs in the hall.
Rosmer. [Rises hastily.] Kroll!
Rebecca. The Rector! Is it possible
Madam Helseth. He wants to know if he may come up and see Mr. Rosmer.
Rosmer. [To Rebecca.] What did I tell you?—Of course
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828.252.0920 [email protected]
Keeping in theme with the March newsletter focus, shoulders and nutrition, we decided to give you a little exercise for your shoulders and back. The only equipment you will need is a set of tubes or a cable unit. We consider this to be an intermediate exercise so if you have questions or are a beginner please get with one of us before attempting this exercise so that we can walk you thru it and answer any questions.
KNEELING REVERSE FLYE
Targets: Back, Shoulders
Need: tubes or cables
1. To begin set the tubes or cable slightly above your head when kneeing. Kneel in the center of the cables or tubes on a mat, blanket or the AirEx (blue foam pad) and hold resistance cable or band handles in each hand. Your hands will be crossed with your arms straight in front of your body, at or just above shoulder height. Your elbows will remain straight throughout the exercise. Grip the handles with the thumbs wrapped around the handles and palms facing each other. Anchor your shoulders pulling your shoulder blades down and back. Brace your abdominal/core muscles to stabilize your spine. Do not allow your low back to arch or your ribs to pop. Maintain this body position during the exercise.
2. Exhale and slowly pull your arms in a wide arc back and down to the level of your hips. As you move thru the pull slowly rotate your arms so that your palms face up. Return to the initial position (where your right hand is directly in front of the left shoulder and your left hand in front of the right shoulder) with a controlled movement and begin again. do not allow your low back to arch or your hips to pop. Maintain control of your center.
3. Inhale and slowly return your arms back to the start position keeping your elbows straight and torso vertical.
Try performing this exercise alongside a mirror to monitor any change in your back or shoulder position.
Kelly REv Flye 1Kelly REv flye end
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User:Way2crazy
Way2crazy doesn't like people stealing his username evan though it is quite a clever and original name.
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Page:A record of European armour and arms through seven centuries (Volume 4).djvu/185
accept the burgonet as the work of a Negroli or as emanating from Milan, but inclines to the opinion that it is the work of a Roman armourer. He admits that the helmet is designed on the Milanese model, but the embossing is heavy and the azzimina damascening is unlike any which he can call to mind.
(b) Front view with the visor raised. (c) Three-quarter view with the visor lowered.
In the case of the earlier casques made by Picinino we have unqualified praise for their very exuberance of richness; but in the later works of this armourer the desire to over-burden all the surface planes with enrichment is apparent. The great artist-armourers of the first half of the century, although they indulged in splendid decoration, were always careful to leave some part of their work plain, as much to preserve the purity of
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Category:Television series about presidents
Television series about historical figures and fictional characters who have served as Presidents of a country.
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The Duet model
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Published on
Models such as latent semantic analysis and those based on neural embeddings learn distributed representations of text, and match the query against the document in the latent semantic space. In traditional information retrieval models, on the other hand, terms have discrete or local representations, and the relevance of a document is determined by the exact matches of query terms in the body text. We hypothesize that matching with distributed representations complements matching with traditional local representations, and that a combination of the two is favourable. We propose a novel document ranking model composed of two separate deep neural networks, one that matches the query and the document using a local representation, and another that matches the query and the document using learned distributed representations. The two networks are jointly trained as part of a single neural network. We show that this combination or ‘duet’ performs significantly better than either neural network individually on a Web page ranking task, and significantly outperforms traditional baselines and other recently proposed models based on neural networks.
Published in: Technology
The Duet model
1. 1. Learning to Match Using Local and Distributed Representations of Text for Web Search Nick Craswell Microsoft Bellevue, USA nickcr@microsoft.com *work done while at Microsoft Fernando Diaz Spotify* New York, USA diazf@acm.org Bhaskar Mitra Microsoft, UCL Cambridge, UK bmitra@microsoft.com The Duet Model:
2. 2. The document ranking task Given a query rank documents according to relevance The query text has few terms The document representation can be long (e.g., body text) or short (e.g., title) query ranked results search engine w/ an index of retrievable items
3. 3. This paper is focused on ranking documents based on their long body text
4. 4. Many DNN models for short text ranking (Huang et al., 2013) (Severyn and Moschitti, 2015) (Shen et al., 2014) (Palangi et al., 2015) (Hu et al., 2014) (Tai et al., 2015)
5. 5. But few for long document ranking… (Guo et al., 2016) (Salakhutdinov and Hinton, 2009)
6. 6. Challenges in short vs. long text retrieval Short-text Vocabulary mismatch more serious problem Long-text Documents contain mixture of many topics Matches in different parts of the document non-uniformly important Term proximity is important
7. 7. The “black swans” of Information Retrieval The term black swan originally referred to impossible events. In 1697, Dutch explorers encountered black swans for the very first time in western Australia. Since then, the term is used to refer to surprisingly rare events. In IR, many query terms and intents are never observed in the training data Exact matching is effective in making the IR model robust to rare events
8. 8. Desiderata of document ranking Exact matching Important if query term is rare / fresh Frequency and positions of matches good indicators of relevance Term proximity is important Inexact matching Synonymy relationships united states president ↔ Obama Evidence for document aboutness Documents about Australia likely to contain related terms like Sydney and koala Proximity and position is important
9. 9. Different text representations for matching Local representation Terms are considered distinct entities Term representation is local (one-hot vectors) Matching is exact (term-level) Distributed representation Represent text as dense vectors (embeddings) Inexact matching in the embedding space Local (one-hot) representation Distributed representation
10. 10. A tale of two queries “pekarovic land company” Hard to learn good representation for rare term pekarovic But easy to estimate relevance based on patterns of exact matches Proposal: Learn a neural model to estimate relevance from patterns of exact matches “what channel are the seahawks on today” Target document likely contains ESPN or sky sports instead of channel An embedding model can associate ESPN in document to channel in query Proposal: Learn embeddings of text and match query with document in the embedding space The Duet Architecture Use a neural network to model both functions and learn their parameters jointly
11. 11. The Duet architecture Linear combination of two models trained jointly on labelled query- document pairs Local model operates on lexical interaction matrix Distributed model projects n-graph vectors of text into an embedding space and then estimates match Sum Query text Generate query term vector Doc text Generate doc term vector Generate interaction matrix Query term vector Doc term vector Local model Fully connected layers for matching Query text Generate query embedding Doc text Generate doc embedding Hadamard product Query embedding Doc embedding Distributed model Fully connected layers for matching
12. 12. Local model
13. 13. Local model: term interaction matrix 𝑋𝑖,𝑗 = 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑑𝑗 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 In relevant documents, →Many matches, typically clustered →Matches localized early in document →Matches for all query terms →In-order (phrasal) matches
14. 14. Local model: estimating relevance ← document words → Convolve using window of size 𝑛 𝑑 × 1 Each window instance compares a query term w/ whole document Fully connected layers aggregate evidence across query terms - can model phrasal matches
15. 15. Distributed model
16. 16. Distributed model: input representation dogs → [ d , o , g , s , #d , do , og , gs , s# , #do , dog , ogs , gs#, #dog, dogs, ogs#, #dogs, dogs# ] (we consider 2K most popular n-graphs only for encoding) d o g s h a v e o w n e r s c a t s h a v e s t a f f n-graph encoding concatenate Channels=2K [words x channels]
17. 17. convolutio n pooling Query embedding … … … HadamardproductHadamardproductFullyconnected query document Distributed model: estimating relevance Convolve over query and document terms Match query with moving windows over document Learn text embeddings specifically for the task Matching happens in embedding space * Network architecture slightly simplified for visualization – refer paper for exact details
18. 18. Putting the two models together…
19. 19. The Duet model Training sample: 𝑄, 𝐷+, 𝐷1 − 𝐷2 − 𝐷3 − 𝐷4 − 𝐷+ = 𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝐷− = 𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 2 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐷+ Optimize cross-entropy loss Implemented using CNTK (GitHub link)
20. 20. Data Need large-scale training data (labels or clicks) We use Bing human labelled data for both train and test
21. 21. Results Key finding: Duet performs significantly better than local and distributed models trained individually
22. 22. Random negatives vs. judged negatives Key finding: training w/ judged bad as negatives significantly better than w/ random negatives
23. 23. Local vs. distributed model Key finding: local and distributed model performs better on different segments, but combination is always better
24. 24. Effect of training data volume Key finding: large quantity of training data necessary for learning good representations, less impactful for training local model
25. 25. Term importance Local model Only query terms have an impact Earlier occurrences have bigger impact Query: united states president Visualizing impact of dropping terms on model score
26. 26. Term importance Distributed model Non-query terms (e.g., Obama and federal) has positive impact on score Common words like ‘the’ and ‘of’ probably good indicators of well- formedness of content Query: united states president Visualizing impact of dropping terms on model score
27. 27. Types of models If we classify models by query level performance there is a clear clustering of lexical (local) and semantic (distributed) models
28. 28. Duet on other IR tasks Promising early results on TREC 2017 Complex Answer Retrieval (TREC-CAR) Duet performs significantly better when trained on large data (~32 million samples) (PAPER UNDER REVIEW)
29. 29. Summary Both exact and inexact matching is important for IR Deep neural networks can be used to model both types of matching Local model more effective for queries containing rare terms Distributed model benefits from training on large datasets Combine local and distributed model to achieve state-of-the-art performance Get the model: https://github.com/bmitra-msft/NDRM/blob/master/notebooks/Duet.ipynb
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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ASMA
ASMA can stand for:
* Antarctic Specially Managed Area
* Anti-smooth muscle antibody
* Actin, alpha 1
* Atari SAP Music Archive
* Aerospace Medical Association
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WIKI
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User:Bnolan6!/Evaluate an Article
Which article are you evaluating?
https://w.wiki/83zW
Why you have chosen this article to evaluate?
I chose this article because Adele is one of my favorite artists and getting a glimpse to what her songs mean to her and how other people view it is quite intriguing to me. This article matters because many people may listen to her music and not even understand what she is really saying and the message she is trying to explain. In this article the author is explaining that in this specific song "I Drink Wine" Adele is singing about her divorce that she just had recently had with Simon Konecki and how this has impacted her life in many ways and letting go of ones ego. My preliminary impression of the article was that there was so much detail in it. It was kind of crazy to me how this author could describe this song with so much detail and information, it is very impressive to me.
Evaluate the article
(Compose a detailed evaluation of the article here, considering each of the key aspects listed above. Consider the guiding questions, and check out the examples of what a useful Wikipedia article evaluation looks like.)
Lead Section
- In the Lead Section the author gives a very descriptive introduction to not only Adele's song "I Drink Wine" but he goes on to describe Adeles life and includes other songs she has wrote in the past that have similar correlations. In the Lead Section, the author brings up topics that he has separated in the article just giving a brief but informative description of what each section is mainly about. I think there is a lot of information in the lead section that the audience find intriguing and information but I also think it may be too much information. The lead section had more information than all the other sections and in my opinion it should be split up. Having too much information in the beginning of an article may scare people off and others may not want to continue to read the article due to most of the key details being in the beginning of the article.
Content
- I think that the content is very relevant and up to date, not only does the author talk about the song but he also incorporates Adeles life in general. Talking about her relationships and her past, also bringing in facts and dates about the different albums she has made and how she correlates these albums to each other. I don't think many people realize the backstory to songs more specifically to Adele's songs and why she decides to make them and the relationship between these songs. This author does a good job explaining some unpopular topics such as that, it shows the audience a new view and how to judge the song based on the backstory and the description.
Tone and Balance
- I think that this article is neutral, instead of arguing and being biased saying this artist is the best artist in the world they just elaborate and give information on on Adele and let's the audience chose what they think of Adele after reading this article. The author is writing to inform the audience and show them who Adele is and how her life is instead of try to persuade the audience into listening to Adeles music and becoming a fan.
Sources and References
- The sources and references in this article and up to date and correctly referenced. Not only that but all the sources have a working link with factual and accurate information showing that the information that was pulled from these articles are quite true and accurate. Adding to that the author wanted to make sure that they got as much information as they possible could and added 87 different sources for the audience to view.
Organization and Writing Quality
- This article is very well written giving a very big description on Adele and her music using grammatically correct full sentences and not messing up dates or any important information. The author also added different sections in the article so that people who are looking for specific information can find it quite easily. To add on the author also provided many images that relate to each section to give a visual representation. All in all the organization and quitting quality is very accurate and well written.
Images and Media
- Like I mentioned in the last section this article provides many images. What really stood out to me was the first image which was a table describing this song and who it was written by and the most important details about this song. That I think helped others to not only understand the song a little more but also find details about the song on the first page without having to go through the whole article making it easier for them. Adding on to that there is also other pictures of Adele to show who she is and what she looks like then there is a "composition" section which the author put a sample of the song.
Overall impressions
- Overall I am very impressed by this article, like I said in the leading section I was so amazed by how much information was captured in just one song. Not only that but the author then goes on to explain connecting factors about this song, bringing up her life and all the different albums and facts about the albums into the article connecting all the pieces together. The articles strengths are definitely how much information was provided like all the dates and all the names, not only that but also next to the dates and names providing sources and references that are just as accurate. This article ended up having 87 different sources which not many articles use that much sources but that is such a strong suit to have. I think in the leading section the only improvement I would make is dimming down on all the information in the beginning and saving it for the description of the article so you don't spill out all the intriguing information that this article offers. All in all it was a very great article that had a lot of interesting information, I enjoyed evaluating and reading it.
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Orthogonal (series)
Orthogonal is a science fiction trilogy by Australian author Greg Egan taking place in a universe where, rather than three dimensions of space and one of time, there are four fundamentally identical dimensions. While the characters in the novels always perceive three of the dimensions as space and one as time, this classification depends entirely on their state of motion, and the dimension that one observer considers to be time can be seen as a purely spatial dimension by another observer.
The plot involves the inhabitants of a planet that comes under threat from a barrage of high-velocity meteors known as 'hurtlers', who launch a generation ship that exploits the distinctive relativistic effects present in this universe which allow far more time to elapse on the ship than passes on the home world, in order for the ship's inhabitants to have enough time to develop the technology needed to protect the planet. The three novels deal with a succession of increasingly advanced scientific discoveries, as well as a number of radical social changes in the culture of the generation ship's passengers.
Technically, the space-time of the universe portrayed in the novels has a positive-definite Riemannian metric, rather than a pseudo-Riemannian metric, which is the kind that describes our own universe.
The Orthogonal trilogy consists of the novels The Clockwork Rocket (published in 2011), The Eternal Flame (published in 2012) and The Arrows of Time (published in 2013).
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When I Live by the Garden and the Sea
When I Live by the Garden and the Sea is an EP from the Portland, Oregon based, ambient musician Matthew Cooper, under the name Eluvium. The song "As I Drift Off" opened with an audio fragment from the 1989 film, The 'Burbs.
In February 2007, American webzine Somewhere Cold voted When I Live by the Garden and the Sea EP of the Year on their 2006 Somewhere Cold Awards Hall of Fame.
Track listing
* 1) "I Will Not Forget That I Have Forgotten" – 5:20
* 2) "As I Drift Off" – 3:47
* 3) "All the Sails" – 5:45
* 4) "When I Live by the Garden and the Sea" – 7:32
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quest for the Code
The result was keep. There is certainly no consensus to delete. Suggestions to merge don't have consensus either, but can be pursued by interested editors on the article's talk page if they wish. Michig (talk) 07:27, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
Quest for the Code
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
All references seems to be press releases, or incidental mentions--there are no references providing substantial coverage from third-party independent reliable sources DGG ( talk ) 05:26, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Video games-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 06:07, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
* Keep. Of the references already in the article, the Hollywood Reporter article is a good one, as is the Univeristy of Syracuse PhD dissertation. There also seems to have been significant academic interest in the topic. This is enough to convince me that WP:GNG is met. Lowercaserho (talk) 10:37, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
* Has enough references to be meet WP:GNG however cannot remain an article in its current state. Either Improve enough to Keep, Disambiguate or Draft the article until it becomes a passable article. Spy-cicle (talk) 18:19, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
* Keep. This is an impressively-sourced article, with numerous RSes being dug up from the depths of obscurity. Phediuk (talk) 01:59, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
* Keep With that many famous people involved why would you not think it had ample coverage out there? Finding articles written back then online isn't as easy as things are now. Doesn't matter though, that many famous people worked together to create something, its notable, let it be by rules of common sense. D r e a m Focus 00:06, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
* Merge with Starlight Children's Foundation. Filled with puffery and advertisement-like language, it doesn't have any particular reason to be a standalone article.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 05:09, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
* Keep - seems to pass WP:GNG. Videogameplayer99 (talk) 19:27, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
* Suggestion - as there is another health-related game up for deletion, Dbaza's Diabetes Education for Kids, perhaps a way forward would be to create a new article entitled something like Health Educational Games which could serve as a home for these and any other health related games - alternately, there is an article Games for Health which could be expanded to include games like Quest for the Code and Dbaza's Diabetes Education for Kids - Epinoia (talk) 02:39, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
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Category:Foreign ministers
This category is for articles about foreign ministers or the office of foreign minister. For articles on the foreign ministries themselves, see Category:Foreign affairs ministries.
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Page:Randall Parrish--My Lady of the South.djvu/186
MY LADY OF THE SOUTH feel confidence in. I do not even believe you are as hard-hearted as your words would indicate. Shall I be entirely forgotten as soon as this episode is over? Will you not retain some kindly memory of me?"
"I could not be indifferent to the claim of gratitude."
"Nor can you refuse friendship while I show myself worthy—can you?"
She remained silent, a silence I did not understand, yet I was unwilling to accept it as a negative.
"You gave me your hand a few moments ago because you were frightened and nervous: it was a comfort then for you to feel the nearness of one upon whom you relied for protection. Will you not give me the same hand now in token of friendship?"
It seemed to me 1 waited a long while, my own heart beating like a trip-hammer, as she sat there motionless in the dark. Then there was a slight rustle of her loose sleeve, as her hand slipped hesitatingly along the arm of my chair. I held it for a moment in silence, not daring to utter the mad words which came thronging to my lips.
"I thank you," I said at last, "your friendship will mean much to me."
"I do not know why I am so foolish," she confessed, as though the words escaped her control. "Somehow you make me do things, even against my will."
"Is this against your will?"
"No; I think not; really I do not know. Our acquaintance has been so unconventional I scarcely realize my own feelings. I—I haven't liked Yankees, you [ 176 ]
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Interstate 80 rock throwing
On July 10, 2014, four teenagers who were throwing rocks from an overpass above Interstate 80 (I-80) in Union County, Pennsylvania, critically injured and permanently disfigured a passenger in a car on the highway. The high-profile rock-throwing case received significant media attention.
Attack on Sharon Budd
Sharon Budd, a 53-year-old schoolteacher from Uniontown, Ohio, was a passenger in a car being driven east on I-80 in Pennsylvania by her daughter on July 10, 2014, when a rock smashed through the windshield of her car, hitting her directly in the face. Budd suffered catastrophic injuries, including blinding of one eye. Budd's husband Randy, who was sitting in the back seat while the couple's daughter Kaylee drove, testified that when the rock hit the car it sounded like "an explosion". Matthew Baker, of Plainville, Massachusetts, who was driving a tractor-trailer truck, told police that a rock thrown from the overpass had hit his truck just before the rock struck the car in which Budd was riding.
Keefer McGee, Tyler Porter, and brothers Dylan and Brett Lahr, all aged 17 or 18, of New Columbia, Pennsylvania, were reportedly on a "troublemaking spree" late on July 10, 2014, when they began throwing rocks from an overpass at cars moving along I-80. McGee told police that the group had specifically planned to smash mailboxes with baseball bats and throw rocks at parked cars. They had stolen steaks from a grocery store, driven through a field of corn (damaging the crop), broken the windows of a house with a baseball bat, and stopped at a farm to pick up rocks to throw, before proceeding to the highway overpass. Dylan Lahr was identified as the person who threw the rock that hit the Budds' car. McGee was arraigned on charges of "aggravated assault, criminal trespass, propulsion of missiles into an occupied vehicle or onto a roadway, agricultural vandalism and recklessly endangering," on August 5, 2014. All four were charged with "aggravated assault, conspiracy, recklessly endangering, propelling missiles into vehicle, agricultural vandalism and possession of instruments of crime".
According to McGee, after hitting the car with the rock, the boys cheered. McGee told the court: "We were all laughing thinking it was funny. We laughed, tossed out rocks, and drove home." They drove to the Lahrs' house where they began to watch a movie, but got back into the car and returned to the scene of the crime twice that night. On one of those trips, police noted the license plate number.
Legal proceedings
Motions in the case were set to be heard April 30, 2015.
The three younger boys moved to have their cases moved to juvenile court. On April 30, 2015, Judge Michael Sholley ruled the three would be tried as adults, with the possibility of being sentenced for up to 25 years.
Tyler Porter, 17 at the time of the incident, pled no contest to a charge of "conspiracy to commit aggravated assault.
An editorial in the Sunbury newspaper The Daily Item objected to the decision of judge Michael Sholley to bar the victim and the public from his courtroom during a pre-trial hearing about permissible evidence scheduled for late April 2015, calling the decision inimical to an "open and transparent" judicial process.
Defense attorneys have challenged the prosecution's claim that the rock was a "deadly weapon", claiming that it was merely a "delinquent act" unless the prosecution could demonstrate intent to produce death or serious bodily injury.
Nineteen-year-old Brett Lahr was sentenced to a prison sentence of between 18 months to 24 months. Tyler Porter, Dylan Lahr and Keefer McGee were sentenced to serve 22 months to 10 years, 54 months to 24 years, and $1 1/2$ months to 23 months, respectively. Lahr was sentenced to an additional year in prison for violating his parole.
Death of Randy Budd
On August 6, 2016, Randy Budd died by suicide. After the Interstate 80 rock throwing incident severely injured his wife, Budd had advocated for the Ohio Department of Transportation to install protective fencing on bridge overpasses.
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1885–86 St. Mary's Y.M.A. season
The first match played by what is now Southampton Football Club, from Southampton in southern England, was by a team from St. Mary's Young Men's Association (YMA) on 21 November 1885. Since then, the club established themselves as a major force in local and regional football before moving up to national level, winning the FA Cup in 1976 and being founder members of the Premier League in 1992.
National
The game of association football ("football") had been popular in England for many years, having its origins in the Middle Ages. The game was played under various rules, all of which were considerably different from the modern game. By the mid-19th century, attempts were being made to unify the rules, with these culminating in the foundation of the Football Association in October 1863.
The FA organised the first national tournament when they founded the Football Association Challenge Cup in 1871. At first, the cup was dominated by southern amateur sides, with the cup finals for the first ten years up to 1881 all being contested by teams from various public schools and similar institutions. Within the next two years, however, there had been a complete shift with Blackburn Rovers being the first northern club side to reach the final in 1882. The following year, the cup was won by a predominately working class side, when Blackburn Olympic defeated the Old Etonians. This was the last occasion that a public school side reached the final, and it was not until 1900 that a team from the south of England again reached the Cup Final, when Southampton were defeated by Bury, with Tottenham Hotspur going on to be the first southern professional club to win the cup in the following year.
This shift in football power to northern England was also reflected in the foundation of organised league football. By 1885, the FA had grudgingly accepted professionalism in football. The newly emerging professional clubs needed more regular competitive football and in 1888, The Football League was founded, involving 12 clubs from the midlands and north of England. The first southern side to be admitted to the Football League was Woolwich Arsenal, who joined the Second Division in 1893.
Local
The earliest known association football club in Southampton was Southampton Rangers, who had been founded in 1878. The team comprised workers, many of whom had been recruited from northern England, at the Oswald & Mordaunt (later Vosper Thorneycroft) shipyard and played their early games on Southampton Common. Among their players was a teacher, Mr. A. Wood, who became the club's secretary. Wood was later to be instrumental in the foundation of the Deanery football club.
In the 1870s however, the predominant winter ball game in Hampshire was rugby with at least seven Rugby sides having been established in Southampton by 1880. In November 1880, a 19-year-old clerk, Stanley Gibbs, was killed (with a broken spine) as a result of a collapsed scrummage in a rugby match played on Porters Mead (now Queens Park) between Trojans and Romsey Rangers. Following the inquest, John Cooksey J.P. the mayor of Southampton, attempted to ban all forms of football on public lands in Southampton. The ban was reported in the national press, with the Athletic News declaring that Mr. Cooksey was "maternally disposed" who bore the "senile temerity of bumbledom" upon his face. Although no football was played in Southampton on the day of Gibbs's funeral, on the following weekend the fixtures continued as normal.
Nonetheless, it appears that the tragic accident did precipitate a gradual shift towards association football. The Deanery club, which was founded in 1882 as an offshoot of the Deanery Cricket Club, decided from the outset to play "soccer". Writing some years later, A. A. Fry (who was to play in the Y.M.A.'s first match) recalled: "So far as I know, the first organised association football match in Southampton was played between two teams of teachers ... on the old Porter's Mead. Usually Rugby football was played there, and one day during a particularly fierce game one player was killed. This cast a shadow over the game for a time in the town, and it was then we began to play association football regularly".
The Deanery club folded in 1883, when the Town Council converted Porters Mead into a public park, with the last report being of a match in November 1883. By 1885, however, six soccer teams existed in the town and by 1893 the only rugby team still playing was Trojans (who still exist today). Among the soccer clubs was a team from Freemantle, then just outside the town boundary; the "Magpies", as Freemantle were known, were formed in 1884 and appear to have had strong links with Christ Church, Freemantle. Other clubs were Southampton Harriers, Spring Hill, Banister Court School and Somnambulists, a short-lived offshoot of Trojans Rugby Club, as well as Geneva Cross, a team from the Royal Victoria Military Hospital, based at Netley, to the south of the town.
The Harriers had started life as the Temperance Amateur Athletic Association but changed their name in 1885.
St. Mary's Young Men's Association
St. Mary's Young Men's Association had been formed in the early 1880s under the auspices of St. Mary's Church, Southampton. The parish of St. Mary's had encompassed most of the eastern part of the town of Southampton, including across the River Itchen (what is now Woolston) and northwards to South Stoneham. By 1866, the parish had been sub-divided into several smaller parishes leaving St. Mary's Church presiding over the inner areas of Chapel, Crosshouse and part of Kingsland, although it remained the "mother church" for the town, having been founded in the 7th century. The present church was rebuilt under the auspices of Canon Basil Wilberforce, with the rebuilding starting in 1878 and being finished in 1884.
The parish contained some of the poorest parts of the town, with in excess of 8,000 parishioners, with the associated problems of violence, drunkenness and prostitution. The members of the YMA were (according to the St. Mary's Parish Journal of March 1886) "believers in muscular Christianity (who) think that the advantage of strong developed limbs, a supple frame, and a quick eye, cannot be overestimated". "Our young men ... use their physical strength and freedom as to make their power the handmaiden to that moral strength and decision of character, that shall free them from the world's slavery and bondage". The "Young Men" were generally middle class, "well-connected and well-educated", and were expected to attend regular Bible classes and carry out duties within the parish, including singing in the choir and teaching at Sunday school. They helped out at clubs for the working classes including the Crow's Nest, a night school "for a rough and neglected class of lads", and the Fo'c'sle, a "club for working lads".
By 1886, the YMA had separate football, cricket, athletics and gymnasium sections as well as its own choral society and an entertainments committee, who organised a series of lectures on a diverse range of subjects.
Formation of the Football Club
In early November 1885, the members of St. Mary's Young Men's Association held a meeting at Grove Street schoolrooms to discuss the formation of a football club. The meeting was chaired by the Rev. Arthur Baron Sole (1853–1903) who was a curate at St. Mary's Church. Following the meeting, a match was arranged against Freemantle to be played on the "backfield" of the County Ground in Northlands Road, where the Hampshire Bowling Club was later established.
Strip
The players wore white shorts, black knee-length socks and "white tunics" with a red sash worn diagonally. Early photographs show the sashes worn from either shoulder in a rather haphazard fashion. In the club's 125th season (2010–11), the players wore a stylised version of the original strip, with the "sash" diagonally from right to left. It has also has been released again for the 2020–21 season. The third kit being the closest representation to the original sash design worn, the shirt also celebrates the clubs 135th year of its formation back in 1885.
The first match
The following report appeared in both the Hampshire Independent and Southampton Times newspapers in the week after the match: "The football club which has just been formed in connection with St. Mary's Young Men's Association, played their first match on Saturday last according to 'Association Rules', when they showed that they have among their members the materials with which to form a fairly strong club by practice. During the first half, St. Mary's scored four goals rather quickly, three of these being obtained from corner kicks. The game became much faster during the second half, and shortly after the change, St. Mary's scored another point. Freemantle then obtained a goal through the ball from a corner kick passing off one of the St. Mary's team and so through the posts. Up to the call of time, no further point was scored, so that St. Mary's were the victors by five goals to one. The goals were obtained by Bromley (three) and Fry (2). The Freemantle team showed some good play during the latter part of the game, while the good individual play of each of the St. Mary's team was well sustained throughout."
The match reports did not contain a list of players for either side. In 1912, the Southampton Pictorial published a feature on the history of Southampton Football Club. Members of the original side were consulted who came up with this line-up:
* R. Ruffell, goal; G. H. Muir and R. McDonald, backs; A. G. Fry, C. Deacon and A. Gandy, half-backs; A. A. Fry, G. Gandy, C. E. Bromley, G. McIvor and A. Varley, forwards.
The reliability of this list of players has been called into question; A. G. Fry is later recorded as playing for Southampton Harriers in two matches against St. Mary's. The match reports for the remaining games do include team lists, and neither Ruffell nor McDonald are included in these. Of the players listed, four (A. A. Fry, A. G. Fry, George McIvor and George Gandy) had previously played for the Deanery Association Football side.
Other matches
In the first season, the club arranged eight matches, although details of some of these have been lost; for example, a match was arranged against Totton on 16 January 1886 but no further details are available, although the St. Mary's Parish Magazine notes that the game was "lost".
On 9 January, the club played Southampton Harriers on Southampton Common; the Harriers had started life as the Temperance Amateur Athletic Association but changed their name in 1885. The Southampton Times described the match as "a very exciting football match (played) under Association Rules" "before a good concourse of people".
Results
The results of those matches that are known were as follows:
Aftermath
Over the next few years, the St. Mary's club gradually established itself as the premier club in Southampton, winning first the Hampshire Junior Cup for three consecutive years from 1887–88 to 1889–90 followed by the Hampshire Senior Cup which was won in 1890–91 and 1891–92. By now known as Southampton St. Mary's F.C., the club first entered the FA Cup in 1891–92, reaching the final in 1900 and 1902, eventually winning the cup in 1976.
The club joined the Southern League in 1894 (simplifying its name to Southampton F.C.) and were champions for six of the next ten years. In 1920, Southampton were founder members of the Football League Third Division, gradually working their way up through the divisions, to reach the First Division in 1966. In 1992, they were founder members of the Premier League where they remained until 2005; following a series of financial problems, the club dropped back down to the third tier of English football before successive promotions restored them to the Premier League in 2012.
Players
The following is known about the eleven men who played in the inaugural match:
* Charles Edward Bromley (1869–1942) (known as "Ned Bromley") took over from A. A. Fry as captain in 1886; he remained with the club until 1889, when he was seriously injured in a six-a-side tournament. He had relinquished the captaincy to George Carter in the summer of 1888, when he moved to London to study dentistry. He was a prolific goalscorer and was the top goalscorer in each of the first three seasons, scoring a hat-trick in the inaugural match and four against Petersfield on 17 December 1887.
* Samuel Charles Deacon (1869–1893) was a powerful half-back who played for St.Mary's from the club's inaugural match until late 1892. He was employed as a clerk in the Southampton Telegraph Office until he died of a brain tumour in 1893.
* Albert Arthur Fry (1861–1937) was the team captain. He was a schoolteacher, who was later to become headmaster at Foundry Lane School in Shirley. Fry scored in the inaugural match; in the match against Petersfield on 17 December 1887, he scored five goals. He remained with the club until the summer of 1891, playing his last competitive match as goalkeeper. He had played for the Deanery club.
* Alfred George Fry (1864–1930) turned out occasionally for St. Mary's until 1888 as well as playing for Southampton Harriers. He had played for the Deanery club.
* Alfred Walter Gandy (1864–1914) remained at the club until 1888, and played in the final of the Hampshire Junior Cup.
* George Charles Gandy (1861–1905) (brother of Alfred) continued to play for the club until 1888 after which he continued as a trainer until 1890. He had played for the Deanery club. He remained with the club as chairman of the St. Mary's committee until the incorporation of the limited company in 1897.
* Robert C. McDonald (1857–1931) continued to play for St. Mary's until 1888, by which time he had moved into the forward line, scoring four goals in the Hampshire Junior Cup matches in 1887–88.
* George McIvor was also a teacher who became a headmaster at Eastern District School. He had played for the Deanery club. He never made a competitive appearance for the Saints.
* George Harvey Muir (1869–1939) was a schoolteacher who later became headmaster at Mount Pleasant School. He continued to play for St. Mary's until 1889, after which he became a referee. He refereed an Amateur Cup final and served the Hampshire F.A. for many years. In 1915, he became a director of Southampton Football Club, remaining with the club until 1936. He was also captain of the Deanery Cricket Club and Secretary of Hampshire County Cricket Club until 1936, when he retired and was succeeded by Alistair MacLeod.
* Daniel Ralph Ruffell (1867–1940) was an engineer in Southampton Docks. He continued to play for the club until injury ended his career in 1894.
* Alfred Alphonse Varley (1867–1905) remained with the club until 1888, playing in the final of the Hampshire Junior Cup. He was later assistant secretary at the Royal Southern Yacht Club.
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Barbicambarus
Barbicambarus is a genus of freshwater crayfish found in Tennessee and Kentucky in the United States. It comprises two species:
* Barbicambarus cornutus (Faxon, 1884)
* Barbicambarus simmonsi Taylor & Schuster, 2010
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Monday, February 26, 2018
Understanding Gastric Bypass
May 29, 2017 by
Filed under Articles
Gastric bypass surgery is done to primarily solve or treat morbid or severe obesity and other health problems associated with it. With this procedure the stomach is made smaller. The food will bypass part of the small intestine. By doing so, the patient will consume less because he feels full immediately. Getting full easily would reduce the calories taken by the body and eventually lead to weight loss.
Actually, gastric bypass is just among the many similar operations to reduce obesity. To refer all of these procedures, bariatric surgery is the term. These operations intend to reduce accumulated fatty tissues by altering the physiological and psychological attitude of a patient towards food and eating.
How does it alter normal digestion?
What normally happens is that after eating, the food would go through the stomach and then proceed to the small intestine. The nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine before it goes to the large intestine where waste is eventually pushed out of the body. The most common gastric bypass procedure, the Roux-en Y gastric bypass, alters this process.
In the Roux-en gastric bypass, a small pouch is made on the top part of the stomach. The lower part of the stomach, which is much smaller now, is connected directly to the middle part of the small intestine. The stomach was made smaller and at the same time, the intestine was cut short, the upper portion of the small intestine was bypassed. Both the upper portion of the stomach and the small intestine no longer digest food.
Statistics showed that patients would lose 60%, on the average, of their weight after the gastric bypass surgery. There are even who would say that they have lost 80% of their weight. There are studies showing that about 90% of patient who have undergone gastric surgery were able to maintain their weight loss after ten years of having the surgery performed.
Having gastric surgery is not risk-free though. People who have undergone this procedure would report more cases of gallstones, in other studies, they would also report nutritional issues like anemia or osteoporosis.
Every year there are about 140,000 gastric procedure being performed in the United States alone. The results could really be successful, with people being able to get better weight-loss results, however, about 2% of patients would find it very fatal. In the 2%, one percent could be as a result of complications during surgery. The heart in unable to support the pumping it has to do to handle the excess weight or the complication brought by it.
The other one percent cause of fatality among people who gone through the procedure, would be about not following the dietary restrictions that should be followed after the surgery. After gastric surgery, the body could no longer handle too much intake of high-sugar and high-fat food. There is a special diet that those who have just undergone the surgery should follow. Bypass diet would usually include foods that are high in protein but low in fat, fiber, calories, and sugar. There are vitamins and mineral supplements that are required to be taken to avoid health and nutritional deficiencies.
With more and more people turning to gastric bypass surgery as a weight-loss option, it is important to understand not only the procedure and the benefits. It is also important to weigh the risks and if our lifestyle and our body would be able to handle the dramatic loss of weight.
Comments are closed.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Sneek Brothers
The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 13:39, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
The Sneek Brothers
Unkown cartoon with no sources. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 13:38, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. PJM 13:46, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete it's a hoax. If anything in the article were even close to true, it would be famous. No IMDB entry or Google references. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:48, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete - the sneek brothers are two "notorious lecture skippers", apparently. --Irishpunktom\talk 21:58, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete per above. --Khoikhoi 01:19, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
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Mmatshumo
Mmatshumo is a village in the Boteti District in Botswana. The village was established around 1939–1941 as a results of severe drought experienced in Mopipi. The establishment was effected at the same time with that of Letlhakane, Mosu and Gweta villages.The inhibitants are of diverse tribes (Bakaa, Bakalaka, Bateti, Bakhurutshe, Basarwa, Kololo people/Barotsi, Bangwato and some remnants of Bakgatla) who live harmoniously together and intermary. The inhabitants practice agriculture to sustain themselves. The village is located close to the Makgadikgadi Pan. An area of wide open uninhabited spaces with endless horizons i.e. the remains of what used to be the largest ancient mainland superlake. The village is a gate way to Lekhubu Island The village has administrative offices i.e. kgotla currently headed by kgosi Phetsogang, primary school, postoffice, bars (with the famous Land and Camp leading the pack especially during holidays), shops and a health clinic. In the north of Mmatshumo village lies Khubu Island aka Gaio and in the south of this village lies Damtshaa diamond mine operated by Debswana Company. The road linking Letlhakane in the south to Mmatshumo is tarred. Due to the diamond mining activities in the vicinity of this village, it is expected to see population and business boom in the coming years. According to 2022 Botswana Population and Housing Census, Mmatshumo and associated localities had a total population of 1719.
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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Lemur evolutionary history/archive1
* The following is an archived discussion of a featured article nomination. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the article's talk page or in Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates. No further edits should be made to this page.
The article was promoted by Karanacs 15:55, 4 May 2010.
Lemur evolutionary history
* Nominator(s): – VisionHolder « talk » 23:19, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
I am nominating this for featured article because I feel it meets the FA criteria or will within short order once its shortcomings are exposed. – VisionHolder « talk » 23:19, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
* For those not familiar with this article's story, it expands on the corresponding section of the new Lemur article. It is the first of up to 6 such articles. Once all 6 articles pass FAC, Lemur will be submitted for FAC. – VisionHolder « talk » 23:32, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. No dab links or dead external links. Ucucha 23:23, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
* Restart, old nom. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:21, 27 April 2010 (UTC)
* Support I commented and supported last time around, no change of opinion Jimfbleak - talk to me? 15:04, 27 April 2010 (UTC)
* Support An impressive achievement and a great resource. (Note that I extensively edited the article and helped with sources.) Ucucha 22:38, 1 May 2010 (UTC) Comments from Ucucha
* I'm still not sure about this sentence: "Monkeys had evolved by the Oligocene, and it is commonly accepted that their intelligence, aggression, and deceptiveness gave them the advantage in exploiting the environment over the earlier lemur-like primates in Africa and Asia, ultimately driving these diurnal forms to extinction, leaving only the nocturnal lorisiformes." and specifically the part that contrasts diurnal and nocturnal strepsirrhines. I couldn't find that in Garbutt on Google Books. I don't have easy access to the other ref, but I don't think it is right to source a statement that says this is "commonly accepted" to a 1991 book that's not even paleontological in nature.
* The claim has been weakened a little now, which is good, but I'm not convinced it reflects current knowledge: for example, Godinot (p. 447) says lemuriforms are a "nocturnal radiation". Now, his "lemuriforms" of course includes lorisoids, but I don't think his text supports the claims made in this sentence. Ucucha 22:36, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
* "The fossil record suggests that haplorrhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans) and strepsirrhines diverged approximately 58 to 63 mya,"—from re-reading Godinot, it is not apparent to me that this estimate is based solely on the fossil record, and I think this sentence makes him sound more confident about the 58–63 Ma estimate than he is.
* You re-inserted Phaner because the section is now not only for recent changes. That is fine, but it means you should also include other genera—I think most lemurs in the 18th and 19th century were actually originally described in the genus Lemur. The Aye-aye was originally a Sciurus, incidentally (Groves 2005:121).
* Under family-level classification, there's room for some historical data: many of the currently recognized families weren't separated until somewhere during the 20th century. In general, I suggested this arrangement of the section to provide an opportunity to review not only the recent changes in lemur classification, but also those over the previous centuries. That doesn't need to be in much detail, but I do think the article needs some of that to be comprehensive.
* Changes made per our Gmail chat. Thank you very much for the help with these old sources. I think this is as far was we can go without crossing the line of WP:OR. If someone publishes a paper or book on primate taxonomic history, maybe we can resolve this even better. For now, I think this article covers this history better than any available single source. – VisionHolder « talk » 00:30, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
Ucucha 12:40, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
* Support - Per my previous rationale; this is an excellent, well-rounded article. ceran thor 19:03, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
* Comments. The article has evolved nicely. Some further observations:
"Not everyone in the scientific community supports these taxonomic changes, preferring instead an estimate of 50 living species."
* I suggest "Not everyone in the scientific community supports these taxonomic changes, with some preferring instead an estimate of 50 living species." Otherwise, the people preferring in the second part of the sentence are the people specifically excluded from the first part of the sentence.
* I'm not sure if I understand this one, but your recommendation sounded fine so I changed it. If anyone disagrees, they're welcome to revert me. – VisionHolder « talk » 15:23, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
"stem strepsirrhines evolved on the Afro-Arabian landmass, spreading to Madagascar once and more recently from Africa to Asia"
* I suggest rewording this; it can be read as "once and more recently". Is the 'once'' necessary here?
* Given the importance of the "single colonization" idea, it is important, but it has been covered in detail in the article. For that reason, I've dropped the word per your recommendation. – VisionHolder « talk » 15:23, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
The use of serial commas in this article is not consistent. compare:
* "Old World monkeys, dogs, and cats"
* "Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes"
* This is a minor detail, but should be consistent throughout the article.
* Thanks for catching this. I hope I have fixed this. If you catch any others, just let me know or feel free to fix. – VisionHolder « talk » 15:23, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
These are minor nitpicks, and I'm close to supporting. Firsfron of Ronchester 14:57, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
* Support. My remaining concerns have been addressed. The article is well-written and understandable to the lay reader. I couldn't catch any inconsistencies between the maps and the text, the sections seem complete, and the references I checked all checked out. Nice work on lemurs (again), VH. Firsfron of Ronchester 15:57, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Distinct roles for VHL and hypoxia in RCC gene expression and metabolism
As discussed in last week’s blog renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells show altered metabolism favouring lactate fermentation as the major energy source. Such metabolic changes can be a response to hypoxia or mutations in genes, such as VHL, that disrupt HIFα-proteasomal degradation. HIF signalling, directly and indirectly, regulates over 2% of human genes including those involved in angiogenesis, survival, proliferation and metabolism (Manalo et al., 2005). Hypoxia and VHL-loss are generally thought to result in the same changes in gene and protein expression, however, Leisz et al., (2015) have found differential effects in RCC cellular models.
Differential effects of hypoxia and VHL-loss were assessed in three VHL-deficient cell lines – 786-O, RRC4 and RCC10 – alongside VHL transfectant counterparts, cultured in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. VHL expression in the transfectant lines was confirmed in both conditions, and HIFα-degradation in normoxia but not hypoxia indicated that the pVHL was functional. Leisz et al. used cDNA microarrays and 2-DE-based proteomics to identify changes in gene expression and protein levels in these cells.
Microarray results identified the greatest changes in gene expression between normoxic VHL+ cells and normoxic VHL- cells representative of the significant impact of VHL-loss. However, there were still differences in expression between hypoxic VHL- cells and normoxic VHL- cells suggesting that there are some VHL-independent hypoxia-dependent changes. In total 662 putative VHL-regulated genes and 194 putative hypoxia-regulated genes were identified. Proteomic analysis identified 76 differentially expressed proteins which could also be segregated into VHL-dependent and hypoxia-dependent targets.
In response to hypoxia cell metabolism switches to aerobic glycolysis with a high glucose influx and increased lactate production – the same changes are found in cancer cells (Warburg, 1956). The largest proportion of differentially expressed genes and proteins identified by Leisz et al. were metabolic – 24% of genes and 30% of proteins regulated by VHL-expression and 28% genes and 38% of proteins regulated by hypoxia.
VHL+ cells in normoxia showed increased basal oxygen consumptions and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity compared to hypoxic VHL+ cells or VHL- cells indicative of greater levels of mitochondrial respiration. Hypoxic VHL+ cells and VHL- cells instead show increased expression of glucose transporter GLUT1, increased glycolysis enzyme activity, lactate dehydrogenase activity and lactate production – in line with proteasomal analysis of primary RCC tumours (Lichtenfels et al., 2009) – indicative of a shift towards lactate fermentation. This indicates that the downregulation of glycolysis enzymes is VHL-dependent whilst upregulation is hypoxic-dependent.
Lee et al., (2015) recently described a HIF-independent lactate-induced hypoxia response mediated by NDRG3 that alters expression of numerous genes. This secondary hypoxia response would also be induced in VHL- cells due to reduced post-transcriptional VHL-mediated ubiquitination of NDRG3, thereby contribute to the changes in expression in both situations.
Inoperable RCC tends to be resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Whilst advances in targeted treatments have increased patient survival, tumours often develop resistance. Leisz et al. found that although a large number of genes are concordantly regulated by VHL-status and hypoxia, there are some VHL-dependent, VHL-independent, hypoxia-dependent and hypoxia independent genes and proteins that have differential effects on the metabolic switch in RCC. Identifying the different impact of hypoxia-responses based on true oxygen deprivation and those due to mutations in genes such as VHL and FLCN, which artificially increase HIF-2a signalling, could be important for the development of new treatments for RCC.
• Lee DC, Sohn HA, Park ZY, Oh S, Kang YK, Lee KM, Kang M, Jang YJ, Yang SJ, Hong YK, Noh H, Kim JA, Kim DJ, Bae KH, Kim DM, Chung SJ, Yoo HS, Yu DY, Park KC, Yeom YI (2015). A lactate-induced response to hypoxia. Cell. Apr 23;161(3):595-609. PMID: 25892225.
• Leisz S, Schulz K, Erb S, Oefner P, Dettmer K, Mougiakakos D, Wang E, Marincola FM, Stehle F, Seliger B (2015). Distinct von Hippel-Lindau gene and hypoxia-regulated alterations in gene and protein expression patterns of renal cell carcinoma and their effects on metabolism. Oncotarget. May 10;6(13):11395-406. PMID: 25890500.
• Lichtenfels R, Dressler SP, Zobawa M, Recktenwald CV, Ackermann A, Atkins D, Kersten M, Hesse A, Puttkammer M, Lottspeich F, Seliger B (2009). Systematic comparative protein expression profiling of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study based on the separation of tissue specimens by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mol Cell Proteomics. Dec;8(12):2827-42. PMID: 19752005.
• Manalo DJ, Rowan A, Lavoie T, Natarajan L, Kelly BD, Ye SQ, Garcia JG, Semenza GL (2005). Transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial cell responses to hypoxia by HIF-1. Blood. Jan 15;105(2):659-69. PMID: 15374877.
• Warburg O (1956). On the origin of cancer cells. Science. Feb 24;123(3191):309-14. PMID: 13298683.
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Charley Horse Treatment
Charley Horse Treatment
Charley horse is another name for muscle spasms that causes intense pain. If you are looking for a way to treat it, the following HolisticZine article is exactly what you need to read.
HolisticZine Staff
Last Updated: Mar 7, 2018
You must have experienced excruciating pain, muscle spasms, and contractions after a game of Tennis, or after running long distances. This muscle spasm is commonly known as Charley horse. The other names for this condition include, 'dead leg', 'granddaddy', 'chopper', 'corked thigh', or 'corky', etc., according to different country languages. This condition is very commonly observed in athletes, as it occurs after carrying out a strenuous exercise.
Symptoms
Charley horse commonly occurs in leg and foot. It happens when the muscles suddenly and forcefully contract, leading to spasms. These spasms are commonly seen in muscles that are crossing two joints like the calf muscles, hamstrings, and the quadriceps. Generally, these leg cramps do not last more than a minute. However, in some cases, they may last for several minutes. Many patients get leg cramps while sleeping, and this causes them to wake up in pain.
Prevention
To prevent this problem, you need to stay hydrated at all times. You should drink eight glasses of water every day, even one before you retire for the day. If you are exercising or getting into a strenuous physical activity, it is important that you drink plenty of water or fluids to stay hydrated.
You should stretch yourself regularly as it helps in prevention of muscle cramps and relaxation of your muscle fibers. It is a good habit to make sure one carries out post-exercise workouts that help in prevention of leg cramps. It is always smart, to stretch before you sleep as it will help prevent nocturnal Charley horse. Also, prevent any sudden activity or increase in exercise program. Do not indulge in heavy exercise before sleeping. This may lead to leg and muscle cramps at night.
Treatment
If you are suffering from a leg cramp, the only thought that runs through your mind is how to get rid of it? Well, you need to try to stretch the muscle affected. When you experience the leg cramps in your lower leg, it may be easier to straighten up the leg, and pull the foot back really slowly. You need to slowly stretch your leg, and increase the pull on the back of your leg steadily. Do not pump your foot, or you will suffer from even more intense pain. You can even try to give your legs a gentle massage after the cramps subside. Use a heating pad or warm shower to help your muscles soothe, and get back to their normal state.
When you experience Charley horse symptoms, you should immediately cease activity, and try to stretch the affected leg. You should gently massage the leg as you continue to stretch. You can apply a hot pad for sometime, but do not overdo it. The heat may dilate your blood vessels, making the leg cramps worse. You can try cold compression like ice over the muscles after the spasms subside. If you feel your muscles are still sore, you can visit a doctor. The doctor may prescribe you some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. In severe leg cramps, anti-spasm medications will be prescribed.
In case of an irritated nerve, one may experience recurring leg cramps. In such a situation, the treatment for recurring spasms includes visit to a physical therapist and in extreme cases, surgery. The main cause of Charley horse in athletes is dehydration due to excessive physical activity. In such a case, the treatment is drinking plain water or sports drink to stay hydrated, and ease the spasms.
The simplest way to relieve this problem is stretching the muscles. You need to straighten the leg, and pull the toes upwards, towards the knee. Slowly massaging and elevating your legs to help them relax is a good idea. Elevation helps in getting the blood flow towards the heart from your limbs. And as mentioned above, drink more water to prevent the muscle strain.
Home Remedies
You can try a home remedy for Charley horse to get relief from cramps. If you are experiencing cramps, you can soak your legs in a tub of warm water added with Epsom salts. Keep your legs soaked in the warm tub for about 15 to 20 minutes. You should also rub the muscle affected with Charley horse from the start of your muscle till the end of it. Avoid rubbing across the affected muscles. You can even try drinking a glass of water added with a teaspoon of salt. This is an effective remedy for leg cramps.
Include plenty of vitamin E, potassium, and magnesium in your diet. This helps in prevention of Charley horse, as deficiency of these vitamins and minerals may cause leg cramps. If even after taking all the preventive measures, you still experience cramps, it is best to visit a doctor for consultation.
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