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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Internet Plus
The result was delete. — TKD::Talk 05:39, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
Internet Plus
* - (View AfD) (View log)
Non-notable company that list a few clients for which they have done web design — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cander0000 (talk • contribs) 2007/08/25 19:12:56
* This AfD nomination was incomplete. It is listed now. DumbBOT 11:49, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
* Delete Wikipedia is not a directory, there is virtually no assertaion of Notability a Google test shows almost nothing with which to verify this information, in short it pretty much looks like an advert rather than an encyclopedic article. Pedro | Chat 12:41, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
* Delete - Non-notable, possible WP:COI. Cocoma 13:06, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Business-related deletions. --Gavin Collins 21:07, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Red Rock Trail at Glacier National Park
Red Rock Trail at Glacier National Park
I think it is sharp, detailed, and attractive. It appears in the Glacier National Park page and was created by me, Drumguy8800.
* Nominate and support. - drumguy 8800 - speak 03:48, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
* Support. Really nice, beautiful colors and great subject. Very sharp too.--enano (Talk) 05:47, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
* Weak oppose. I hate to say it, as it is otherwise quite a good panorama, but it is clearly missing a lot of landscape below the horizon and looks a bit unbalanced. Diliff | (Talk) (Contribs) 07:32, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
* Oppose. Per Dillif, and the washed out haze look with the blown out sky bothers me. --Dschwen 08:05, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
* Weak support, it is a very nice picture, but would have been better if more of the landscape below the horizon appread. Eshcorp 09:06, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
* Oppose. Blown out sky. howch e ng {chat} 16:14, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
* Oppose. per above. Mikeo 19:44, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
* Oppose. Per above; could use a better exposure. -- Tewy 23:08, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
* [[Image:Symbol neutral vote.png|15px]] Neutral Nice scenery and very sharp image, but over exposure and too tight a crop on the bottom (particularly dislike the cut off river) of the image spoilt it for me unfortunately. --Fir0002 12:03, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
* Oppose overexposed, cropped river showing almost no land in the middle. HighInBC 21:08, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Donato Micele Donato Micele - 5 months ago 41
JSON Question
Get JavaScript var value from a web page
In a php program, I have a web page in $page variable.
...
$page = file_get_contents("http://www.autostrade.it/autostrade-gis/gis.do", false, $context);
$dom = new DOMDocument;
$dom->loadHTML($);
$xpath = new DOMXPath($dom);
...
In this page there are some javascript and I want to take the json data contained in the variable called "evtsVar".
...
<script ...>
...
</script>
<script ...>
...
var evtsVar = {json data}
...
</script>
Use Xpath query is the right method? How can I do to take this variable value?
Thank you all and sorry for my English.
Answer
This is a very specific question about a certain page. I've analyzed the page you have provided the link. There is a variable within a script tag. You want to get that in JSON.
I've used jquery for the solution, strongly recommended for you too.
Get the page first:
<?
$page = file_get_contents("http://www.autostrade.it/autostrade-gis/gis.do", false, $context);
?>
Then get the page in a javascript variable:
var page = <?php echo json_encode( $page ) ?>;
Now we have the page, we should find the string starting with "var evtsVar = ", ending with ";":
var preString = "var evtsVar = ";
var postString = ";";
var preIndex = page.indexOf( preString );
var searchIndex = preIndex + page.substring( preIndex ).indexOf( postString );
var evtsString = page.slice( preIndex + preString.length , searchIndex );
Now get parse the string to a json object and print:
var evtsVar = JSON.parse( evtsString );
console.log( evtsVar );
Tested, works.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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SETIDCOLA command details - assure_mimix - 10.0
Assure MIMIX Administrator Reference
Product type
Software
Portfolio
Integrate
Product family
Assure
Product
Assure MIMIX™ Software
Version
10.0
Language
English
Product name
Assure MIMIX
Title
Assure MIMIX Administrator Reference
Copyright
2023
First publish date
1999
ft:lastEdition
2024-05-07
ft:lastPublication
2024-05-07T13:36:02.962500
The Set Identity Column Attribute (SETIDCOLA) command performs a RESTART WITH alteration on the identity column of any SQL tables defined for replication in the specified data group. For each table, the new restart value determines the identity column value for the next row added to the table. Careful selection of values can ensure that, when applications are started, the identity column starting values exceed the last values used prior to the switch or save/restore operation.
If you use Lakeview-provided product-level security, the minimum authority level for this command is *OPR.
The Data group definition (DGDFN) parameter identifies the data group against which the specified action is taken. Only tables that are identified for replication by the specified data group are addressed.
The Action (ACTION) parameter specifies what action is to be taken by the command. Only tables which can be replicated by the specified data group are acted upon. Possible values are:
*SET The command checks and sets the attribute of the identity column of each table which meets the criteria. This is the default value.
*CHECKONLY The command checks for tables which have identity columns. It does not set the attributes of the identity columns. The result of the check is reported in the job log. If there are affected tables, message LVE3E2C will be issued. If no tables are affected, message LVI3E26 will be issued.
The Number of jobs (JOBS) parameter specifies the number of jobs to use to process tables which meet the criteria for processing by the command. A table will only be updated by one job; each job can update multiple tables. The default value, *DFT, is currently set to one job. You can specify as many as 30 jobs.
The Number of increments to skip (INCREMENTS) parameter specifies how many increments of the counter which generates the starting value for the identity column to skip. The value specified is used for all tables which meet the criteria for processing by the command. Be sure to read the information in Examples of choosing a value for INCREMENTS . Possible values are:
*DFT Skips the default number of increments, currently set to 1 increment. Following a planned switch where tables are synchronized, you can usually use *DFT.
number-of-increments-to-skip Specify the number of increments to skip. Valid values are 1 through 2,147,483,647. Following an unplanned switch, use a larger value to ensure that you skip any values used on the production system that may not have been replicated to the backup system.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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The word “contested” has taken on somewhat of a dark connotation as of late, defined by most of us as signifying a contest many participants consider stolen or false. Our current presidential election is but one example of this kind of contested outcome. But a contest all by itself is simply a pairing off of two or more distinct parties. In this way, a “contested” event could signify something as benign as a race in which all participants are equally matched.
The archaeological remains of the city of Pompeii showcase ancient Roman elections. Graffiti inscriptions from the city seem to show that its citizens took various back and forth positions on elections that had occurred in or around the year 79 A.D.
Not everyone had the authority to cast a vote in Ancient Rome, or its succeeding empire — the Byzantine Empire in the east. But those who did certainly found themselves in contentious positions. One ruler might have been desired while another found himself in the position of emperor after all the votes were cast. Sometimes, these events were “contested” as we’ve come to know the word.
Not surprisingly, these events were more contentious when the papacy was at stake. The emperor was important, but no one was more important than the supreme servant of God — who we still today know as the pope. For example, the deaths of Pope John V and Pope Conon led to respective elections that were inevitably contested.
Pope John died in 686 A.D., which led to a division between the clergy, which preferred Archpriest Peter, and the army, which supported a different priest. Although the army’s input was heavily weighed in the emperor’s succession, the clergy had the ultimate say in this case.
Pope Conon was barely in office for a single year before his death, which set off a heated dispute — again between the clergy and army. His death marked the last and most significant contested election of a pope.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Hillary Clinton chooses Tim Kaine as her running mate - Virginia veep
HILLARY CLINTON'S choice of Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia as her vice-presidential running-mate should cheer Americans despairing at an election season steeped in vitriol, division and fear-mongering. It should be balm to centrists’ souls to hear Senate colleagues from both parties agree that Mr Kaine is a thoroughly decent and reasonable man. One of the first reactions came from a Republican senator, Jeff Flake of Arizona, whose own decency has to date left him unable to endorse his party’s demagogic nominee, Donald Trump. “Trying to count the ways I hate Tim Kaine, drawing a blank,” Mr Flake tweeted. “Congrats to a good man and a good friend.” Upgrade your inbox and get our Daily Dispatch and Editor's Picks. Mr Kaine is the son of a Kansas City welder whose brains took him to Harvard Law School and whose social conscience led him to become a Catholic missionary in Honduras (picking up fluent Spanish) then a civil rights lawyer, popular mayor of the racially-divided city of Richmond, governor of Virginia and now senator. But the pick says something encouraging about Mrs Clinton’s plans for defeating Mr Trump this November, too. Political campaigns can be boiled down to two tasks, one nobler than the other. The first involves maximising turnout on voting day. This can be a grim business if a campaign pursues a core-vote strategy of pandering and stoking the partisan passions of their base. The second task is persuasion. At its noblest, this involves finding arguments or candidates so reasonable or appealing that they can lure voters out of partisan trenches to cross party lines. In choosing Mr Kaine, Hillary Clinton is placing a bet on persuasion over turnout. Mr Trump has gone the other way—his Republican National Convention, just ended in Cleveland, was a four-day bet on turnout, with a succession of bleak, angry speeches describing an America plunged in chaos and violence, its streets stalked by “illegal alien” murderers set free by corrupt and uncaring elites, while overseas American enemies mock and cheat the fallen superpower at every turn. Divided America still harbours some pockets of swing voters: think of married mothers of school-age children who voted for Barack Obama in 2008 but lost faith in him as he seemed to expand government too far, turning to the Republican Mitt Romney in 2012. They may be found in such places as the suburban “collar counties” that surround Philadelphia and Denver, or in the leafy cul-de-sacs of Fairfax or Loudon counties in Virginia, where weekends unfold to a sound-track of buzzing lawnmowers, children’s soccer games and church bake-sales. Many such suburban voters dislike and distrust Mrs Clinton, thinking her dishonest. They are anxious about terrorism and long to feel safe. That could be an opening for Mr Trump, but with his splenetic, testosterone-fuelled convention, at which speakers called Mrs Clinton a fan of Lucifer and an accomplice to murder, and the air rang with chants of “lock her up” and cries of “hang the bitch”, the Republican offered them nothing, choosing instead to stoke the passions of his core voter blocks, and notably white men without a college education. Mrs Clinton has her own angry ideologues to worry about on the left, starting with millions of Democrats and leftists who voted for her rival in the presidential primary contest, Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. Partisans on the left insist that the path to victory in 2016 lies in picking an economic populist who opposes free trade and wants to slap punitive taxes on Wall Street banks and the rich, using the proceeds to fund free college for young people, increase old-age pensions through Social Security and expand the role of government in healthcare. They wanted Mrs Clinton to pick such populist pin-ups as Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, or the Labour Secretary Thomas Perez, who is much-liked by trade unions. Leftists reacted with dismay and anger to the choice of Mr Kaine. They hold against him that he is a white, middle-aged man. They are furious that he is a long-standing supporter of free trade. In 2007 he chided protectionists who want to erect trade barriers for a “loser’s mentality” and in 2015 he voted to give the next president fast-track trade promotion authority to approve new trade deals. They dislike the fact that as a devout Catholic he is personally opposed to abortion, and deplore the fact that as governor he presided over executions in Virginia. Some leftist websites quickly called him a friend to big banks, after he backed bipartisan Senate measures to ease capital requirements on regional banks. A few tried to call him a friend to the National Rifle Association (NRA). To be clear, what such leftists wanted was for Mrs Clinton to pursue her own version of a turnout strategy, choosing a running-mate who would excite and energise unhappy Sandernistas and anti-globalisation blue-collar voters in the Rust Belt—and forget trying to persuade those suburban swing voters in Loudon County. Left-wingers attacking Mr Kaine should check his record. Though personally opposed to abortion, he says that such decisions fall in the sphere of personal morality, and has voted to uphold the right of women to choose abortions. Though he calls Jesuits his moral heroes, his is a rather Latin American social justice Catholicism, with a whiff of Pope Francis to it. He has been an early supporter of gay rights, and a defender of refugees. As mayor of Richmond Mr Kaine sent his children to tough, mostly-black city schools—an act which was itself an example of history rhyming: he married the daughter of the moderate Republican governor of Virginia from 1969 to 1973, A. Linwood Holton, who ended his state’s ferocious resistance to civil rights and desegregated schools. Mr Kaine opposes the death penalty in person but bowed to the law as governor of Virginia, a once-rural state with a stern conservative heritage, now trending more towards suburban moderacy. He won bipartsan plaudits for his handling of a gun massacre in 2007 on the campus of Virginia Tech, a college, though Republicans in the state house blocked his attempts to ensure background checks on buyers at gun shows. He has an “F” rating from the NRA. As a senator he has specialised in national security and foreign policy, clashing with Mr Obama—of whom he was an early endorser—by joining Senator John McCain, a Republican, in insisting that Congress should formally authorise the use of military force against Islamic State. Mr Trump, who specialises in insulting epithets, has quickly labelled Mr Kaine “Corrupt Kaine”, referring to $160,000 worth of gifts that the Virginian accepted as governor. Much of that sum involves flights paid for by donors or by the Obama presidential campaign as Mr Kaine flew around the country as a campaign surrogate for Mr Obama in 2008. But the total includes the loan of a Caribbean holiday home by a Democratic donor, valued at $18,000. Though the gifts were reported and were legal under his home state’s loose ethics laws, Republicans sense an opening, not least because a former Republican governor of Virginia was recently convicted of corruption for accepting gifts from a businessman (though that conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court). In private, Mr Kaine is notably thoughtful, with nuanced views about America’s place in the world. Amidst noisy debates about whether America should be the “indispensable nation” or should pull back from global responsibilities, Mr Kaine calls himself a believer in President Harry Truman and his doctrine of extending aid and support to democracies threatened by authoritarian regimes. A self-declared “boring” man, Mr Kaine is known to like quiet, unflashy words to describe his vision of America—urging his country to be “magnanimous” and to strive to be “’exemplary” so that it can earn its status as an indispensable nation. He is not the most exciting or aggressive choice that Mrs Clinton could have made. But in this election cycle, many will feel there is more than enough aggression to go around.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Cubs promoting top prospect SS Hoerner from Double-A
The Chicago Cubs are promoting top prospect Nico Hoerner from Double-A Tennessee to fill their hole at shortstop, multiple outlets reported Monday. Chicago’s first-round draft pick in 2018 (24th overall) out of Stanford, Hoerner hit .284 with 16 doubles, 22 RBIs and 37 runs in 70 games at Double-A this season. The Cubs’ No. 1-ranked prospect by MLB Pipeline will make the leap due to injuries to both Javier Baez (fractured left thumb) and Addison Russell (possible concussion). As of midday Monday the team had not yet announced the promotion, which was first reported by the Chicago Tribune and confirmed by MLB.com. Hoerner would become the first player from the 2018 draft class to reach the big leagues. Baez is scheduled to see a hand specialist in Chicago on Monday. Russell was hit by a pitch Sunday and is still being evaluated. —Field Level Media
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Presidential hopeful John Delaney wants you to unfollow Trump on Twitter
Democratic presidential hopeful John Delaney wants to hit President Donald Trump where it hurts — his Twitter following. In a Wednesday tweet, Delaney called for everyone to unfollow the president, as part of a broader campaign against the White House’s Twitter obsession. The unfollowing campaign comes after a closed-door meeting between Trump and Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey on Tuesday afternoon. In a statement, Twitter said that the meeting was scheduled to discuss the 2020 US elections and the platform’s response to the opioid crisis, but shortly after the meeting was confirmed, reports surfaced from the Daily Beast and The Washington Post that Trump’s focus was elsewhere. According to the Daily Beast, Trump spent an “inordinate” amount of time questioning Dorsey as to why he keeps losing followers. Dorsey attempted to reassure the president that the loss of followers was likely the result of an ongoing bot purge on the platform. But according to reports, the president continued to confront Twitter officials, particularly concerned that former President Barack Obama has more followers than he does. The President clearly cares more about his Twitter followers than the American people. His continued dishonesty and weaponization of social media has been divisive. I am calling on all Americans to #UnfollowTrump and hit him where it actually hurts him... his ego. pic.twitter.com/Z6cNfNckUU It was in response to this reported behavior that Delaney, 2020 presidential candidate and former congressman from Maryland, asked his followers to head over to @RealDonaldJTrump and smash that unfollow button. In a tweet, Delaney said “The President clearly cares more about his Twitter followers than the American people. His continued dishonesty and weaponization of social media has been divisive. I am calling on all Americans to #UnfollowTrump and hit him where it actually hurts him... his ego.” Delaney announced his bid for presidency in 2017 and has sat low on the national polls for the past few months. He’s sought to boost the economy through education, combat climate change by way of the markets, and create a national artificial intelligence strategy. Earlier this month, Delaney announced that, if elected president, he would work to establish a Department of Cybersecurity that would coordinate the US’s response to cyber attacks and risks. Currently, multiple agencies like the Department of Homeland Security and the FBI handle the responsibility of addressing cybersecurity, and Delaney’s plan would aim to streamline the country’s response to both foreign and domestic cyber attacks.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Wikipedia:Peer review/1983 Virginia Slims World Championship Series/archive1
1983 Virginia Slims World Championship Series
This peer review discussion has been closed. I've listed this article for peer review because I have worked hard since creating this list to turn it into a good standard. I would like to get some feedback on the list as it is one of many that are currently being worked on across the tennis project. The singles summary is in the process of being written so this PR should be about how the article is as it stands (discounting this section).
Thanks, 03 md 04:58, 27 November 2010 (UTC)
Comments
* Are there any older Navratilova pictures on Commons? Like one from early in her career? That would fit better as the lead image in a 1983 article than a current picture of her.
* I'm not a big editor of lists but this article either should be renamed "List of 1983 Virginia Slims World Championship Series results", or, if you really want this to be about the entire 1983 WTA season, it should include a summary of the biggest stories. Things to discuss would be if certain top players were injured during the year, any significant controversies (by that I don't mean tabloid nonsense), and much more background information. There are a lot of available sources via googles news archives, and a print source (like these) on tennis history would be great. AaronY (talk) 00:15, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
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WIKI
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-- New York Man Arrested by FBI for Alleged Export Violation
A New York man was arrested and
charged with exporting goods restricted by the U.S. government
the day after prosecutors announced charges against three other
people for illegally sending carbon fiber to Iran and China . Mark Henry, 49, was arrested today without incident at his
home in Queens, New York, by agents of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation and the U.S. Commerce Department, according to
Peter Donald , an FBI spokesman. He is accused of shipping to Taiwan materials that can be
used as protective coating for rocket nozzles without required
U.S. State Department permission. He also allegedly tried to
send microwave amplifier equipment to China that could have
military applications while lacking a Commerce Department
license. Henry’s initial court appearance is scheduled for today,
according to the office of New York U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara.
He is also to be arraigned tomorrow before U.S. District Judge
Jesse M. Furman. Henry faces as long as 20 years in prison if
he’s found guilty of violating either the Arms Export Control
Act or the International Emergency Economic Powers Act,
according to the prosecutor’s office. The U.S. yesterday announced charges against three men for
illegally exporting carbon fiber, which can be used for uranium
enrichment . A fourth man was accused of trying to send
helicopter parts to Iran. Customs Declaration Among those whose charges were announced yesterday is Peter
Gromacki, 48, of Orange County, New York. Arrested yesterday and
accused of using his business to ship more than 6,000 pounds of
carbon fiber to China via Belgium in June 2007 and of lying on a
customs declaration, he faces federal charges of violating the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act, conspiring to
breach that law and making false statements. “The law prohibits the exportation of goods to Iran and
certain goods to China,” George Venizelos, assistant director
of the FBI, said in a statement yesterday. “Whether motivated
by greed or otherwise, these defendants allegedly violated the
law.” Gromacki, a U.S. citizen, pleaded not guilty and was
released on bond yesterday, according to Bharara’s office. Hamid Reza Hashemi, 52, a dual U.S.-Iranian citizen, is
accused of working with co-defendant Murat Taskiran of Turkey ,
to have carbon fiber sent to his company in Tehran in 2008.
Hashemi faces two counts of violating the IEEPA and one count of
conspiracy. Airport Arrest Hashemi, who was arrested Dec. 1 at John F. Kennedy
International Airport , pleaded not guilty Dec. 4 and is being
held without bail. Taskiran isn’t in custody, Bharara’s office
said. Iranian Amir Abbas Tamimi, 40, was accused of trying to
export helicopter parts from the U.S. to Iran through South
Korea last year. He was arrested at JFK Airport as he tried to
enter the country in October and arraigned at that time in
Manhattan . He pleaded not guilty and is being held without bail,
according to the U.S. Attorney’s Office. The cases include U.S. v. Henry, 12cr902, U.S. District
Court, Southern District of New York (Manhattan). U.S. v.
Gromacki, 12-cr-302, and U.S. v. Hashemi, 12-cr-804, U.S.
District Court, Southern District of New York ( White Plains ) and
U.S. v. Tamimi, 12-cr-615, U.S. District Court, Southern
District of New York (Manhattan). To contact the reporters on this story:
Patricia Hurtado in New York at
pathurtado@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Michael Hytha at
mhytha@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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-- Apple’s Ive Seen Risking iOS 7 Delay on Software Overhaul
Jonathan Ive, six months into an expanded role as Apple Inc (AAPL) .’s top product visionary, has embarked on a sweeping software overhaul that leaves the company at risk of falling behind on a new version of the operating system that runs iPhones and iPads, people with knowledge of the matter said. Already in charge of product design, Ive assumed oversight of the look and feel of software running all Apple electronics in a shakeup by Chief Executive Officer Tim Cook last year that included the departure of software chief Scott Forstall . Ive, 46, has begun revamping iPhone and iPad applications, shunning realistic images, such as wood bookshelves for the Newsstand feature, and he’s exploring more dramatic changes to the e-mail and calendar tools, said the people, who asked not to be identified because the plans are private. Ive is also methodically reviewing new designs, seeking to avoid a repeat of last year’s release of map tools that were widely panned, and he’s encouraging collaboration between the software and hardware divisions, which operated in silos under co-founder Steve Jobs , people said. The introduction of new features, along with an emphasis on cooperation and deliberation, comes at a cost for Cupertino, California-based Apple. Engineers are racing to finish iOS 7, the next version of the mobile software, in time for a June preview at Apple’s annual Worldwide Developers Conference . While the company still expects to release iOS 7 on time as soon as September, internal deadlines for submitting features for testing are being set later than past releases, people said. ‘Tremendous Pressure’ Staff from Apple’s Mac team have also been roped in to help the mobile-software group finish the job, people said. Apple has made similar moves in the past, including with the first version of iOS in 2007. “Apple is really under tremendous pressure to come out with something different and something new,” said Greg Sterling , an analyst at Opus Research in San Francisco. Ive has “a tremendous sense of design, and he’s been the guru behind a lot of these enormously successful products, but he’s always had someone like a Jobs to push back on him and give him some guidance, and it’s not clear that Tim Cook is capable of playing that role. Maybe without a collaborator, he’s not as strong.” Another possibility is that Apple’s next upgrade isn’t as robust or feature-rich as projected, and some changes come in future releases. ‘Spiritual Partner’ Ive has a storied place in Apple’s history. After Jobs returned as CEO in 1997, Ive’s design of the iMac helped the company regain its footing after nearly falling into bankruptcy. Jobs told his biographer Walter Isaacson that Ive was his “spiritual partner” at Apple to whom he gave more operational power than anybody at the company. Ive is widely credited with working with Jobs to create the company’s most famous products, including the iPod, iPhone and iPad. Even so, his specialty has been hardware, designing a product out of materials like aluminum and glass -- not software, which is based in code. He also has shunned the spotlight, rebuffing overtures to figure more prominently at product events. Seeing Ive around Apple’s campus was akin to a celebrity sighting, according to a former manager. It’s not clear that Ive will be as effective as Jobs in getting teams to finish projects on time. Cook elevated Ive in October, seeking to end clashes between Forstall and other senior managers that flared in the wake of the death of former CEO Jobs, people with knowledge of the matter said at the time. Tim’s ‘Challenge’ The strife made it harder for teams to work together and threatened Apple’s ability to keep producing the types of electronics that made it the most valuable company in the world. An operations expert who built Apple’s vast supply chain, Cook opted to leave the minutiae of product design to Ive amid intensifying competition from Samsung Electronics Co. (005930) and Google Inc. (GOOG) “Tim is a supply-chain expert and he needs to rely on people like Jony to be able to make the right decisions,” said David Yoffie, a professor at Harvard Business School in Boston . “That doesn’t mean things run smoothly -- because a challenge for Tim not being involved in the detailed product discussions is making sure that gridlock is avoided and decisions are made.” The management shuffle in October tapped the brakes on work on the upgrade to iOS 7. New features typically submitted for testing around February ran a month or more behind schedule, according to one of the people with knowledge of the matter. ‘Tidying’ Needed Software design involves the graphical style of images on the screen, as well as the deeper experience of how a user progresses through a given task, such as the steps needed for deleting an e-mail or entering a calendar item. Apple hasn’t changed the look of many mobile-software programs like e-mail since the iPhone was introduced in 2007. Social-networking features are limited, and applications don’t always work well together, said Benedict Evans, an analyst at Enders Analysis in London . “There is a tidying up that needs to be done and a rethinking,” he said. On top of that, Ive is moving the company away from layered and literal -- or skeuomorphic -- design elements, toward ones that are intended to give the software a flatter design that’s more unified and less cluttered, according to people familiar with the changes. Bigger shifts, to such features as e-mail, may not even be ready this year and may be introduced in future releases, people said. Gesture Control Longer term, Ive also has shown interest in altering how people control their computers. He has met with makers of gesture technology that lets people navigate their gadgets by moving their hands -- without touching the screen, said a personal familiar with those interactions. “If the hardware is going to stay minimalist and reduced, I would say the next step would be to look at three-dimensional interfaces,” said Ross Lovegrove , an industrial designer who has worked with such companies as Apple and Sony Corp. For now, the priority is getting mobile software done in time for the next iPhone, due to be released as soon as September. The rush to finish the software running on more than 500 million iPhones, iPads and iPod Touches underscores how decision-making has slowed under the current leadership team. Collaboration Emphasis While Jobs would force through ideas that he wanted the company to prioritize, Cook has emphasized collaboration. The internal debates are leading to a more deliberate approach for product and marketing decisions, according to a person at a company that does business with Apple. Ive’s expanded influence comes at a critical time for Apple. Investors are anxious to see what new products the company will debut without Jobs’s leadership and as Samsung and Google improve their mobile products -- and hire Apple’s employees to do it. One Apple engineer who left last year said he was quickly contacted by Samsung to invite him in to talk about ways the Suwon, South Korea-based electronics giant can improve its software. Google recently hired Steve Sinclair, a veteran iOS marketing manager, for its Motorola unit. “The bar for good design has been raised and Apple is facing fiercer competition,” said Sarah Rotman Epps, an analyst at Forrester Research (FORR) . Town Hall The stock fell less than 1 percent to $439.29 at the close in New York . Apple shares have climbed 8.2 percent since April 23, when Cook announced plans for the largest share buyback in corporate history. Even so, Apple remains under pressure to deliver a new breakthrough hit amid slowing growth and a stock-price slump that has wiped out more than a third of its value since a September peak. Ive’s expanded role was on display in March when he led a more than two-hour town-hall meeting at the De Anza 3 auditorium in Cupertino. Cook sat listening as Ive spoke at length about the shifts under way, said two people familiar with the gathering. For Ive, oversight of software design is a shift. Throughout his two decades at Apple, he has kept mostly to the small group of about 15 people working in secret to refine prototypes of future hardware products. He rarely interacted with the software designers led by former mobile-software head Forstall, who had been similarly clandestine. To end those fissures, Ive now attends meetings with the software design group along with its leader, Greg Christie, to offer feedback. Rich Interface He has listened respectfully in those sessions and has been careful not to try to force through his ideas, this person said. He also is giving them an earlier look at what future hardware products will look like, one person said. “Jony Ive isn’t a coder, but he clearly understands the value and importance of a rich, easy-to-use interface and he will have great input on that,” said Tim Bajarin , a technology-industry analyst with Creative Strategies. The Wall Street Journal previously reported Ive’s involvement in the software meetings. While the exact changes Ive is implementing to Apple’s mobile software remain secret, they are significant enough that those with test versions have a special film over their iPhone screens to obstruct what others can see, one person said, a detail previously reported by the website Daring Fireball . Cook’s decision to give new responsibilities to Ive is a natural evolution for the designer. “Tim Cook understands that they need one individual with that eye for design to oversee both the hardware and the software,” Bajarin said. To contact the reporter on this story: Adam Satariano in San Francisco at asatariano1@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Tom Giles at tgiles5@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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penedamäk
Etymology
From the genitive singular of (likely a calque of German ).
Noun
* 1) postage stamp (stamp)
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WIKI
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Pierre Biard (missionary)
Pierre Biard (1567 – November 17, 1622) was a Jesuit missionary who was given orders by Father Pierre Coton, Jesuit provincial in Paris, to take charge of a mission at Port-Royal in Acadia, along with Father Énemond Massé.
Biography
Pierre Biard was born in Grenoble, France in 1567. In 1583 he entered the Jesuit novitiate at Tournon. He taught at Billom, studied philosophy and theology at Avignon, and was ordained a priest in 1599. He also taught theology at Tournon, and Hebrew at the Collège in Lyon, where he held the chair in scholastic theology
In 1608, the provincial of the Jesuits of Paris, Father Pierre Coton SJ called him away from his professorship with orders to serve the mission of Port-Royal in Acadia (Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia). It had been founded by Jean de Biencourt, known as Poutrincourt, a devout Catholic, in 1606, abandoned for financial reasons in 1607, then restored by Poutrincourt in 1610 who was appointed Lieutenant Governor by Sieur de Monts, now more interested in Quebec, founded by Champlain in 1608.
L'abbe Jesse Fleche had accompanied Poutincourt, and by the end of the year he had baptized 140 Mi'kmaq. The Mi'kmaq had known the French for over 100 years; those living near Port-Royal had known them intimately since 1606. It was common pastoral practice in France at the time to baptize without a complete instruction with the assumption that the Christian community would lead the neophytes to a fuller faith.
As de Monts was a Calvinist, as were a considerable number of the colonists, there was vehement opposition to the appointment of Biard and his colleague, Énemond Massé, as missionaries. Through the assistance of Antoinette de Pons, the Marquise de Guercheville, who purchased the vessel that was bringing out supplies, the Jesuits, after three years of waiting, were enabled to obtain passage by becoming part owners of the ship and cargo. Biard and Massé sailed from Dieppe on 26 January 1611.
They left Dieppe on 26 January 1611, and after a crossing taking four months, reached Port-Royal on Pentecost, 22 May. L'abbe Fleche left on the next ship bound for France. The Jesuits required fuller instruction and greater signs of faith before baptizing except when a person was in danger of death, a pastoral practice just being introduced in France. Biard vehemently criticized the earlier pastoral practise, and when those who desired baptism were refused, their resentment slowly built up against the Jesuits. In the two years they followed the stricter policy, they baptized twenty-one persons, all of whom were dying. Biard did little to soothe tensions, and fell out with the King's official, Charles de Biencourt, son of Poutrincourt, in France trying to raise funds for the colony. Biencourt hoped to use a higher number of baptisms to encourage donations.
Madame de Guercheville purchased Acadia from Sieur de Monts, obtained financial support from her many friends at the royal court, and arranged for a vessel under the authority of René Le Coq de La Saussaye at the Jesuits' request to bring them, now four, to another a locale of their choice for a new mission. One of the new missioners was Brother Gilbert Du Thet, whom Poutrincourt's agent accused of making regicide comments. The allegation disproved, Poutrincourt refused to discipline his agent and prevented both the friar and Biard from returning to France to defend the allegation. For this, Biard excommunicated Poutrincourt, which situation lasted about three months.
The Jesuits chose a bay on Mount Desert Island to found their new post, giving it the name of Saint-Sauveur, Holy Saviour. Hardly unpacked, they soon came under attack by Sir Samuel Argall, fishing out of the Virginia colony, who had been alerted to their presence by indigenous people who thought Argall was French too. The whole colony quickly surrendered to Argall's superior firepower, Brother Du Thet, SJ, being killed in the fray, the first Jesuit to die in North America.
Biard and some French colonists, skilled labourers, were taken to Jamestown, Virginia. There the Governor intended to hang them as pirates on English land, at which point Argall owned up that he had stolen La Sassaye's official documents from King Louis XIII, making their position legal.
Argall was then ordered to take Pere Biard and Quentin on a mission to destroy all traces of the French presence on the Atlantic coast, an earlier base on the Ste. Croix River, at Saint-Sauveur, and at Port-Royal. They succeeded, and a controversy arose over who directed them to the well hidden Port-Royal, Biard being a suspect. He in turn pointed the finger at a Maliseet chief. On the journey home, Biard's ship was blown east to the Azores, and thence sailed to England where he and Quentin were freed to return to France where they resumed their previous ministry, Biard dying in 1622 after writing about these adventures.
Biard's Relations de la Nouvelle France, published in 1616, was one of the earliest such relations, which only began regular annual publication in 1632
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WIKI
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C program to detect tokens in a C program
CServer Side ProgrammingProgramming
Here, we will create a c program to detect tokens in a C program. This is called the lexical analysis phase of the compiler. The lexical analyzer is the part of the compiler that detects the token of the program and sends it to the syntax analyzer.
Token is the smallest entity of the code, it is either a keyword, identifier, constant, string literal, symbol.
Examples of different types of tokens in C.
Example
Keywords: for, if, include, etc
Identifier: variables, functions, etc
separators: ‘,’, ‘;’, etc
operators: ‘-’, ‘=’, ‘++’, etc
Program to detect tokens in a C program
Example
Live Demo
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
bool isValidDelimiter(char ch) {
if (ch == ' ' || ch == '+' || ch == '-' || ch == '*' ||
ch == '/' || ch == ',' || ch == ';' || ch == '>' ||
ch == '<' || ch == '=' || ch == '(' || ch == ')' ||
ch == '[' || ch == ']' || ch == '{' || ch == '}')
return (true);
return (false);
}
bool isValidOperator(char ch){
if (ch == '+' || ch == '-' || ch == '*' ||
ch == '/' || ch == '>' || ch == '<' ||
ch == '=')
return (true);
return (false);
}
// Returns 'true' if the string is a VALID IDENTIFIER.
bool isvalidIdentifier(char* str){
if (str[0] == '0' || str[0] == '1' || str[0] == '2' ||
str[0] == '3' || str[0] == '4' || str[0] == '5' ||
str[0] == '6' || str[0] == '7' || str[0] == '8' ||
str[0] == '9' || isValidDelimiter(str[0]) == true)
return (false);
return (true);
}
bool isValidKeyword(char* str) {
if (!strcmp(str, "if") || !strcmp(str, "else") || !strcmp(str, "while") || !strcmp(str, "do") || !strcmp(str, "break") || !strcmp(str, "continue") || !strcmp(str, "int")
|| !strcmp(str, "double") || !strcmp(str, "float") || !strcmp(str, "return") || !strcmp(str, "char") || !strcmp(str, "case") || !strcmp(str, "char")
|| !strcmp(str, "sizeof") || !strcmp(str, "long") || !strcmp(str, "short") || !strcmp(str, "typedef") || !strcmp(str, "switch") || !strcmp(str, "unsigned")
|| !strcmp(str, "void") || !strcmp(str, "static") || !strcmp(str, "struct") || !strcmp(str, "goto"))
return (true);
return (false);
}
bool isValidInteger(char* str) {
int i, len = strlen(str);
if (len == 0)
return (false);
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
if (str[i] != '0' && str[i] != '1' && str[i] != '2'&& str[i] != '3' && str[i] != '4' && str[i] != '5'
&& str[i] != '6' && str[i] != '7' && str[i] != '8' && str[i] != '9' || (str[i] == '-' && i > 0))
return (false);
}
return (true);
}
bool isRealNumber(char* str) {
int i, len = strlen(str);
bool hasDecimal = false;
if (len == 0)
return (false);
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
if (str[i] != '0' && str[i] != '1' && str[i] != '2' && str[i] != '3' && str[i] != '4' && str[i] != '5' && str[i] != '6' && str[i] != '7' && str[i] != '8'
&& str[i] != '9' && str[i] != '.' || (str[i] == '-' && i > 0))
return (false);
if (str[i] == '.')
hasDecimal = true;
}
return (hasDecimal);
}
char* subString(char* str, int left, int right) {
int i;
char* subStr = (char*)malloc( sizeof(char) * (right - left + 2));
for (i = left; i <= right; i++)
subStr[i - left] = str[i];
subStr[right - left + 1] = '\0';
return (subStr);
}
void detectTokens(char* str) {
int left = 0, right = 0;
int length = strlen(str);
while (right <= length && left <= right) {
if (isValidDelimiter(str[right]) == false)
right++;
if (isValidDelimiter(str[right]) == true && left == right) {
if (isValidOperator(str[right]) == true)
printf("Valid operator : '%c'
", str[right]); right++; left = right; } else if (isValidDelimiter(str[right]) == true && left != right || (right == length && left != right)) { char* subStr = subString(str, left, right - 1); if (isValidKeyword(subStr) == true) printf("Valid keyword : '%s'
", subStr); else if (isValidInteger(subStr) == true) printf("Valid Integer : '%s'
", subStr); else if (isRealNumber(subStr) == true) printf("Real Number : '%s'
", subStr); else if (isvalidIdentifier(subStr) == true && isValidDelimiter(str[right - 1]) == false) printf("Valid Identifier : '%s'
", subStr); else if (isvalidIdentifier(subStr) == false && isValidDelimiter(str[right - 1]) == false) printf("Invalid Identifier : '%s'
", subStr); left = right; } } return; } int main(){ char str[100] = "float x = a + 1b; "; printf("The Program is : '%s'
", str); printf("All Tokens are :
"); detectTokens(str); return (0); }
Output
The Program is : 'float x = a + 1b; '
All Tokens are :
Valid keyword : 'float'
Valid Identifier : 'x'
Valid operator : '='
Valid Identifier : 'a'
Valid operator : '+'
Invalid Identifier : '1b'
raja
Updated on 17-Jul-2020 12:54:18
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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June10 , 2023
Helpful Tips To Lose Weight And Keep It Off
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Share
Losing weight is rarely fun when you first begin. Because you are overweight, it can be hard to move and somewhat painful to start a weight loss program, both physically and mentally. One thing that helps is having a plan and sticking to it. Here are a few things to keep in mind as you start to lose weight.
Avoid eating before bed to see weight loss results. It is easier said than done, but avoid eating before bedtime. Any food you eat will not be burned off and just stored in your fat cells. Keep your mind occupied at night, by reading for example, to keep yourself from being tempted to overindulge in food.
Write down exactly what steps you are going to take to achieve your weight loss goal. Post the information in a highly visible place, such as your refrigerator, so that you are constantly reminded of what you are trying to do. Seeing that list provides you with a daily reminder of your goals and makes you much more likely to stick to your plan.
To help you lose weight, plan on eating a large, healthy breakfast each morning. Try to make sure that the food you choose is full of carbohydrates and protein. This strategy will help you avoid overeating at lunch time or craving snacks between the two meals. Egg whites are a good choice to help you achieve the results you want.
Start reading labels to help in your weight loss goal. Reading labels will assure you know what you are putting in your body, otherwise, you really have no idea. Knowing what you’re putting in your body will give you a better idea of the reason your weight loss is successful or not successful.
You can consume less calories, and lose more weight, if you take the time to cut up your food. Portion control is difficult for most people, so take a food that contains a large amount of calories (like chocolate) and cut it into smaller portions. You can still eat what you like, but by only consuming a small amount of the food, you will not gain as much weight.
Losing weight not only means eating healthy, it also means working out. Buying a pedometer will help you keep track of how much exercise you’re doing throughout the day. Not only will seeing a big set of numbers at the end of the day encourage you, being active will make you feel better and more accomplished.
You should make the habit of eating three times a day, at the same time every day. This will help you stay away from snacks and also help you reduce the quantity of food that you eat. Eat in the morning, around noon and around nine in the evening for better results.
When you arrive at work, park your car as far away from the entrance door as possible. The calories burned by this extra walking every work day can really add up and help you lose weight faster. If you use public transport, get off the train or bus a stop before your destination and walk the extra distance.
You should remember your daily calorie limit for your weight. If you know this, you can plan the amount of calories you should eat for each meal. Daily caloric intake is different for all people, so you should make sure to look up how many calories you can eat each day.
In order to maintain your weight loss it is important to keep the new habits you learned while losing weight. If you increased your fruits and vegetables, stopped drinking soda, and started exercising, you will still need to do that. You cannot work hard to reach your goal and then expect to stay there without effort.
Exercising is the key to changing your metabolism to achieve a weight loss vs. a weight gain. If you can’t afford a gym, there are tons of videos available that you could rent or purchase. Start with the basics for the first few weeks, while your body gets adjusted to this new wonderful lifestyle.
While trying to lose weight, you still may eat at fast food places from time to time. The best way to do this is to order the kid’s meal. Ordering a kid’s meal will control your portion and give you a taste of your favorite fast food. Don’t worry, if you are embarrassed to order a kid’s meal, go to the drive up window.
To keep from getting too hungry in between meals, eat plenty of protein. Protein takes a while for your body to break down, leaving you feeling full for long after your meal. A simple, protein rich snack such as lunch meat or string cheese can help you stave off hunger and stay on track with your diet.
When you are eating something that needs a dip (like carrot sticks or celery) choose a dip that is vegetable based like hummus. Many people use ranch dressing as a dip, and that it filled with fats that will do nothing good for any weight loss goal. The vegetable dip is filled with the proper vitamins and is low in fat and calories.
Weight loss can be easy. You have to burn more calories than you’ve consumed. Calories supply your body with energy. Burning calories is important, but so is the amount of calories that you are burning each day because you cannot lose weight unless you burn more calories that you take in.
Don’t forget your diet when you are eating out. If you are unsure of what a certain dish contains, don’t be afraid to ask. If your server doesn’t know, the chef will be able to answer any questions. Speak up as to how you would like your dish prepared. Ask for salad dressing on the side, otherwise your nutritious salad might end up containing more calories than your main dish. Always choose a dish that is baked, grilled or steamed, rather than something that is fried.
Using these tips as a mini-plan that you commit to will make bigger commitments possible. Try these tips and stick with them, and you will be confident enough to try bigger and better things; not only in weight loss but in life as well. And as you start to see results it will indeed become more fun.
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Raymond Pettibon, Wielding an Art Mightier Than the Sword
Art Review To hazards like icecap cracks, nuclear leaks and rising seas, add another environmental threat: language fallout. Never has verbiage, generated by advertising, the entertainment industry and mouthy politicians, been so present and pervasive in everyday life, seeping from smartphones, spewing from flat screens. And few artists have more cannily predicted and reflected, not to mention contributed to, this phenomenon than Raymond Pettibon, whose career retrospective, with more than 700 annotated drawings and paintings, fills three floors and the lobby of the New Museum. Nearly every piece in “Raymond Pettibon: A Pen of All Work” is dominated by an image. Most are done in pen and ink, and sometimes paint, on notebook-size sheets of paper in a wired, graphic style. But many of the images — of Joan Crawford, or Jesus, or a surfer, or an explosion — are unremarkable in themselves, and made interesting primarily by the presence of handwritten phrases and sentences above, below and around them. Some of these texts seem to be lifted from B-movie scripts, others from classical literature, still others from the sort of reactive interior rants that some of us drop into unguarded subway moments. Over all, Mr. Pettibon’s art has the prickly, manic feel of such rants, and like them, it rarely achieves smooth resolution. Words and pictures are often out of logical sync. He titles many pieces “No Title,” followed by a bit of quoted text. Only in his most overtly political work do all components align and fuse, defining and sharpening one another. And Mr. Pettibon is, with gratifying regularity, a sharp political critic. It is the most interesting thing about him. His targets can be quite specific: the drug-wrecked hippie movement of the 1960s, the American war in Iraq. Yet his entire output, despite interludes of lyricism and nostalgia, and a running strain of stand-up humor, is a steady indictment of American culture as he has lived it over the past 60 years. He was born in 1957 in Tucson, but grew up in Southern California. By the time he had hit his teens, the Summer of Love had spawned Charles Manson, and the Vietnam War was poisoning the air. In 1976 his brother, Greg Ginn, founded the punk-rock band Black Flag. Mr. Pettibon (he invented his surname) supplied designs for the group’s album covers, posters and fliers, and that’s pretty much as far as his punk involvement went. For him, drawing was an end in itself. He’d been doing it since he was a kid, and the show opens on the New Museum’s second floor with examples from his grade school years. They set out themes that would follow him through his career: surfers, athletes, landscapes, war scenes, television stars. And the drawings would be pure juvenilia, were it not for later changes he made: In the mid-2000s, he added written texts. A crayon image of Nazi fighter planes now has a quotation from Marcel Proust. (“They are innocent enough as long as they are regarded as mere toys.”) A pencil-drawn cowboy is encased in a conspiracy-theory account of the John F. Kennedy assassination. Over the head of a little figure wearing a sombrero is a one-line equivalent of men’s room graffiti. With the additions, the drawings suddenly become complicated and a lot to take in. And they’re just the beginning of the show. In 1999 a traveling Pettibon survey came to the Drawing Center in SoHo. It had hundreds of pieces installed in one big room, and felt more than substantial. This retrospective, larger still, is exhaustingly huge. To ease matters, and make viewing more than a browse, the New Museum’s curators, Gary Carrion-Murayari and Massimiliano Gioni, have grouped material on all three floors by theme rather than by date. One section of the second floor is given over to what are identified as self-portraits. A few from the 1990s seem to fit the conventional description. They’re headshot sketches of a soulful guy: He wrinkles his brow, sheds a tear, laments his loneliness. (“I’m not fin de siècle enough for her!”) Other images — of a bodybuilder, of a puppet with wings — are less easy to slot. And then there are alter egos as self-portraits, like the animated clay figure Gumby, remembered from childhood television. In Mr. Pettibon’s hands, Gumby’s days of innocence are long over. He is now a moral shape-shifter: in one drawing, a priapic imp; in another, a towering predator; in yet another, a bantamweight pugilist facing off with a giant volume of James Joyce, whom Mr. Pettibon quotes in his work. The third floor takes the artist back to the very beginning of his career, 1978. Eager to find an audience for the kind of art he was making, which no gallery at the time would touch, he assembled his first zine, called Captive Chains. Filled with images adapted from film noir, soft porn, newspapers and comics, it was in a clean, easy-to-reproduce graphic style, as was the work that soon followed, including a series built around images of the cult leader and murderer Charles Manson and Flower Power gone to rot. These pictures were hits, and are still his most widely known. They’re deeply creepy, beyond dystopian. In the early 1990s, he had the art world’s attention, and the work changed. Possibly the shift from a zine format to gallery display explains this. He loosened his line, upped his scale, eased off on irony and moved toward painting. He did a spectacular series of surfing pictures, all big blue waves, and another of interiors of Gothic cathedrals. In both, figures are reduced to specks or eliminated. Texts are so small as to be barely visible. Experimentation with color and line is the story here, and in the retrospective, it comes as a relief: finally art that invites maximum looking and requires minimum reading. But as good as it is, I miss the words, the talk, the twitchy, out-of-nowhere language that sets him apart. You can get a dose of it by following his closely tracked Twitter feed, @RaymondPettibon, an art world phenomenon in itself. And there’s a large, powerful concentration of it in a selection of political work on the museum’s fourth floor. The selection starts with a lineup of authoritarian monsters from the past, among them Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin. The Vietnam War is brought in through an ink-and-gouache sketch of Nick Ut’s famous 1972 photograph of the 9-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc, running, napalm-soaked and naked, down a road. Mr. Pettibon, who routinely alters found images and quotations, stays faithful to the original in this case, except to insert a misogynistic quotation he attributes to Henry A. Kissinger. And the history keeps coming. Richard M. Nixon, as a five-o’clock-shadowed Savonarola, takes a hit. So does a chatty, cheerful Ronald Reagan. And George W. Bush, preening in Top Gun gear and justifying his war to no one in particular. And the war gets full-color special-effects treatment in scenes of flaming trucks, burning bodies and flag-draped coffins stacked up like Christmas gifts. The mordant but distanced wit characteristic of this artist breaks down here, and in the images that round out the section: a melting Lady Liberty, a lynching, a mushroom cloud, a dollar sign, and a sheet of paper with the block-lettered phrase “Paint the All Unutterable.” I take the phrase as an instruction, a self-command. And in his political work, Mr. Pettibon has always followed it. I hope he continues to. When the governing model of democratic expression means shouting down and silencing the opposition, we’re going to need all the critical words — and images — at high volume that we can get. A picture caption on Friday with an art review of “Raymond Pettibon: A Pen of All Work” at the New Museum misidentified a video in the exhibition. It is “Sunday Night and Saturday Morning,” from 2005 — not “Repeater Pencil,” from 2004.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Call a phone from ionic 4
I’m migrating an app to ionic 4. Calls from html worked just fine in ionic 3 with the following code:`
<a ion-button class="gl" outline color="light" href="tel:+4316800820">Taxi</a>.
In ionic 4 the following code, instead of calling a number, reverts to the default page:
<ion-button extend="block" color="light" href="tel:+4316800820">Taxi</ion-button>
The same occurs when I use “ion-anchor” instead of “ion-button”.
How to create a link/button in ionic 4 to call a phone?
1 Like
I am still on Ionic 3. We use the plugin https://github.com/Rohfosho/CordovaCallNumberPlugin to make calls.
It should work in Ionic 4 too because it is a native plugin.
something like this,
<a button icon-start ion-button full (click)="callSupport()">
<ion-icon name="call"></ion-icon>
<i class="icon ion-ios-telephone"></i>
<strong>3525235235235</strong>
</a>
callSupport(): void {
this.callNumber.callNumber('3525235235235', true);
}
Thanks nirman99! I’d like to try pure html because of problems with a cordova call-number plugin 2 years ago that couldn’tbe solved so the moderator recommended html.
1 Like
I use the plugin for 1 and half years and never had an issue. I was using HTML too but i wanted to dial with a pause (e.g. 18771112233,2). I was not able to do it with pure HTML and that is why I moved to the plugin.
Thanks Nirman,I may give it a try when Ionic4 is out of Beta. For the time being, I do it with plain HTML and it works with call.html being like:
<a href="tel:+4316800820">Taxi</a>
and call.scss:
a {
font-size: 18px;
font-weight: bold;
color: white;
text-decoration-color: white;
}
1 Like
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Alex J Alex J - 10 months ago 122
Javascript Question
AngularJS: $decorator binding new variables to directive
I'm using a decorator to add a variable to the isolated scope of a directive. But somehow, it doesn't work and I tried almost everything.
The exactly directive is one of angular-ui:
.directive('accordionGroup', function() {
return {
require:'^accordion', // We need this directive to be inside an accordion
restrict:'EA',
transclude:true, // It transcludes the contents of the directive into the template
replace: true, // The element containing the directive will be replaced with the template
templateUrl:'template/accordion/accordion-group.html',
scope: {
heading: '@', // Interpolate the heading attribute onto this scope
isOpen: '=?',
isDisabled: '=?'
},
...
})
The $decorator code, which I use to change the template and add a new variable is:
mainModule.config(['$provide', function ($provide){
$provide.decorator('accordionGroupDirective', function($delegate) {
var directive = $delegate[0];
directive.templateUrl = "views/parts/accordion-unit.html";
angular.extend(directive.scope, { index:'@' });
return $delegate;
});
}]);
Then, in the I add:
index="$index"
and in the template I use it typing
{{index}}
, but always undefined...
Any suggestions? Thanks
Answer
Confirmed that this is a bug in Angular 1.3.x: https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/10149
The current workaround is to use .$$isolateBindings on the directive instead of .scope. Here's the workaround for your code:
mainModule.config(['$provide', function ($provide){
$provide.decorator('accordionGroupDirective', function($delegate) {
var directive = $delegate[0];
directive.templateUrl = "views/parts/accordion-unit.html";
directive.$$isolateBindings.index = {
attrName: 'index',
mode: '@',
optional: true
};
return $delegate;
});
}]);
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Swimming dynamics of the lyme disease spirochete
Dhruv K. Vig, Charles W. Wolgemuth
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
18 Scopus citations
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, swims by undulating its cell body in the form of a traveling flat wave, a process driven by rotating internal flagella. We study B. burgdorferi's swimming by treating the cell body and flagella as linearly elastic filaments. The dynamics of the cell are then determined from the balance between elastic and resistive forces and moments. We find that planar, traveling waves only exist when the flagella are effectively anchored at both ends of the bacterium and that these traveling flat waves rotate as they undulate. The model predicts how the undulation frequency is related to the torque from the flagellar motors and how the stiffness of the cell body and flagella affect the undulations and morphology.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number218104
JournalPhysical review letters
Volume109
Issue number21
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 21 2012
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Physics and Astronomy(all)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Əyyubbəyli
Rename please
Per WP:UE, "Names not originally in a Latin alphabet, as with Greek, Chinese or Russian, must be transliterated into characters generally intelligible to literate speakers of English. " Beeblebrox (talk) 06:51, 9 September 2008 (UTC) Ok now I see there's a redirect with the transliteration, that seems good enough. Beeblebrox (talk) 06:55, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Adaptive mean-shift for automated multi object tracking
2012-01-01
Mean-shift tracking plays an important role in computer vision applications because of its robustness, ease of implementation and computational efficiency. In this study, a fully automatic multiple-object tracker based on mean-shift algorithm is presented. Foreground is extracted using a mixture of Gaussian followed by shadow and noise removal to initialise the object trackers and also used as a kernel mask to make the system more efficient by decreasing the search area and the number of iterations to converge for the new location of the object. By using foreground detection, new objects entering to the field of view and objects that are leaving the scene could be detected. Trackers are automatically refreshed to solve the potential problems that may occur because of the changes in objects' size, shape, to handle occlusion-split between the tracked objects and to detect newly emerging objects as well as objects that leave the scene. Using a shadow removal method increases the tracking accuracy. As a result, a method that remedies problems of mean-shift tracking and presents an easy to implement, robust and efficient tracking method that can be used for automated static camera video surveillance applications is proposed. Additionally, it is shown that the proposed method is superior to the standard mean-shift.
IET COMPUTER VISION
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Automatic Description Generation from Images: A Survey of Models, Datasets, and Evaluation Measures
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Automatic description generation from natural images is a challenging problem that has recently received a large amount of interest from the computer vision and natural language processing communities. In this survey, we classify the existing approaches based on how they conceptualize this problem, viz., models that cast description as either generation problem or as a retrieval problem over a visual or multimodal representational space. We provide a detailed review of existing models, highlighting their ad...
A hybrid single-source shortest path algorithm
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The single-source shortest path problem arises in many applications, such as roads, social applications, and computer networks. Finding the shortest path is challenging, especially for graphs that contain a large number of vertices and edges. In this work, we propose a novel hybrid method that first sparsifies a given graph by removing most edges that cannot form the shortest path tree and then applies a classical shortest path algorithm to the sparser graph. Removing all the edges that cannot form the shor...
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Asynchronous design of systolic array architectures in cmos
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In this study, delay-insensitive asynchronous circuit design style has been adopted to systolic array architectures to exploit the benefits of both techniques for improved throughput. A delay-insensitivity verification analysis method employing symbolic delays is proposed for bit-level pipelined asynchronous circuits. The proposed verification method allows datadependent early output evaluation to co-exist with robust delay-insensitive circuit behavior in pipelined architectures such as systolic arrays. Reg...
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This thesis presents an all-inclusive framework on how the current formant tracking and audio (and/or visual)-to-articulatory inversion algorithms can be improved. The possible improvements are summarized as follows: The first part of the thesis investigates the problem of the formant frequency estimation when the number of formants to be estimated fixed or variable respectively. The fixed number of formant tracking method is based on the assumption that the number of formant frequencies is fixed along the ...
Citation Formats
C. Beyan and A. Temizel, “Adaptive mean-shift for automated multi object tracking,” IET COMPUTER VISION, pp. 1–12, 2012, Accessed: 00, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/11511/30292.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:White Glass Company
Untitled
Today I removed the phrase "(the exact date is unknown)", which was incorrect, end of Ohio Valley Glass is a known date, I was being careful with my analysis, but the date was actually stated in the source I found on the web, which even had a picture of one of the bottles, which I was afraid to try to link due to my own lack of ability with using that format. 1851 is the exact date (according to at least one websource) and is an exact enough date to justify not using that phrase. However, I will leave the modifier until after I recheck the source. Otherwise all other additions to article are very good.John5Russell3Finley 16:48, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
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WIKI
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conservation of energy
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
con·ser·va·tion of en·er·gy
the principle that the total amount of energy in a closed system remains always the same, none being lost or created in any chemical or physical process or in the conversion of one kind of energy into another, within that system.
conservation of energy
[kon′sərvā′shən]
Etymology: L, conservare, to preserve
(in physics) a law stating that in any closed system the total amount of energy is constant. It is superseded by the special relativity equation e = mc2, but it is still applicable in the chemical process.
conservation of energy
The principle according to which energy cannot be created or destroyed, but is transformed into other forms.
See also: energy
conservation of energy
general principle that the total energy of a system (object or body) and its surroundings does not change, but varies in its different components.
References in periodicals archive ?
Here, although the original law of gravity cannot be derived (the value of D may be any constant, certainly including the case that D=2), we already prove that the original law of gravity is not contradicted to the law of conservation of energy, or the original law of gravity is tenable accurately.
4 Deriving the original law of gravity by using the law of conservation of energy
Thus, we already derive the original law of gravity by using the law of conservation of energy.
5) (one kind of "certainty-uncertainty principles" with general form) can be restricted (or constrained) by principle (law) of conservation of energy as follows
6) (one kind of Ozawa type's "certaintyuncertainty principles" with general form) can be restricted (or constrained) by principle (law) of conservation of energy as follows
5)), it can be restricted (or constrained) by principle (law) of conservation of energy as follows
In reference [6], the examples deriving the improved Newton's second law and improved law of gravity according to law of conservation of energy are discussed.
In reference [6] we also point out: besides law of conservation of energy, all other laws of conservation in physics may not be correct (or their probabilities of correctness are all less than 100%).
The essential reason for the exclusion principle may be invalid is that it does not take into account the law of conservation of energy, and in physics the principles that are not compatible with law of conservation of energy will be invalid in some cases
To link and combine Newton mechanics with law of conservation of energy, as well as the brilliant achievements of modern science and technology, then Newton mechanics can be expanded and developed effectively and successfully in the maximum area.
Because the law of conservation of energy is the most important one in natural sciences, it should play an increasingly great role.
If the law of conservation of energy is choosing as the unique source law, that in principle, all the Newton's four laws can be derived according to the law of conservation of energy; after studying carefully we found that this may indeed be the real case.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Serial relation
In set theory a serial relation is a homogeneous relation expressing the connection of an element of a sequence to the following element. The successor function used by Peano to define natural numbers is the prototype for a serial relation.
Bertrand Russell used serial relations in The Principles of Mathematics (1903) as he explored the foundations of order theory and its applications. The term serial relation was also used by B. A. Bernstein for an article showing that particular common axioms in order theory are nearly incompatible: connectedness, irreflexivity, and transitivity.
A serial relation R is an endorelation on a set U. As stated by Russell, $$\forall x \exists y \ xRy ,$$ where the universal and existential quantifiers refer to U. In contemporary language of relations, this property defines a total relation. But a total relation may be heterogeneous. Serial relations are of historic interest.
For a relation R, let $\{y: xRy\}$ denote the "successor neighborhood" of x. A serial relation can be equivalently characterized as a relation for which every element has a non-empty successor neighborhood. Similarly, an inverse serial relation is a relation in which every element has non-empty "predecessor neighborhood".
In normal modal logic, the extension of fundamental axiom set K by the serial property results in axiom set D.
Russell's series
Relations are used to develop series in The Principles of Mathematics. The prototype is Peano's successor function as a one-one relation on the natural numbers. Russell's series may be finite or generated by a relation giving cyclic order. In that case, the point-pair separation relation is used for description. To define a progression, he requires the generating relation to be a connected relation. Then ordinal numbers are derived from progressions, the finite ones are finite ordinals. Distinguishing open and closed series results in four total orders: finite, one end, no end and open, and no end and closed.
Contrary to other writers, Russell admits negative ordinals. For motivation, consider the scales of measurement using scientific notation, where a power of ten represents a decade of measure. Informally, this parameter corresponds to orders of magnitude used to quantify physical units. The parameter takes on negative as well as positive values.
Stretch
Russell adopted the term stretch from Meinong, who had contributed to the theory of distance. Stretch refers to the intermediate terms between two points in a series, and the "number of terms measures the distance and divisibility of the whole." To explain Meinong, Russell refers to the Cayley–Klein metric, which uses stretch coordinates in anharmonic ratios which determine distance by using logarithm.
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User:Antonio Soares
I was born in Brazil, but my portuguese roots brang me to Maia in Porto district.
My history begins in Rio de Janeiro and a important part in Copacabana. After Informatic bacharel at the Rio de Janeiro Federal University, I moved to Portugal, where I have continued in the Porto Superior Engeneering Institute. I used to work at IDT, Tecnologia Informática S.A. and nowadays I'm a Novabase consultor and I work at Infineon Tecnologies, Vila do Conde.
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TabbycatDebate/tabbycat
View on GitHub
Dockerfile
Summary
Maintainability
Test Coverage
# Docker file lists all the commands needed to setup a fresh linux instance to
# run the application specified. docker-compose does not use this.
# Grab a python image
FROM python:3.8
# Just needed for all things python (note this is setting an env variable)
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED 1
# Setup Node/NPM
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y curl nginx
RUN curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_12.x | bash -
RUN apt-get install -y nodejs
# Copy all our files into the baseimage and cd to that directory
RUN mkdir /tcd
WORKDIR /tcd
# Can this be skipped? Takes ages
ADD . /tcd/
# Set git to use HTTPS (SSH is often blocked by firewalls)
RUN git config --global url."https://".insteadOf git://
# Install our node/python requirements
RUN npm install -g npm@6.14.5
RUN pip install -r ./config/requirements_docker.txt
RUN npm install --only=production
# Compile all the static files
RUN npm run build
RUN python ./tabbycat/manage.py collectstatic --noinput -v 0
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Rhymes:English/əʊtʃ
Pronunciation
-ōch, /-əʊtʃ/, /-@UtS/
One syllable
* broach
* brooch
* coach
* croche
* loach
* poach
* potch, potche
* roach
* troche
Two syllables
* approach
* encroach
* reproach
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WIKI
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CABINET FOR FAMILIES AND CHILDREN; Cary Willis; Sharon Perry; and Viola Miller, Secretary, Appellants, v. Dr. Scott CUMMINGS; Carol Garrison; and Nancy Martin, Appellees, and Dr. Carol Garrison; and Dr. Nancy Martin, Appellants, v. Dr. Scott Cummings; Cabinet for Families and Children; Cary Willis; Sharon Perry; and Viola Miller, Appellees, and Dr. Scott Cummings, Appellant, v. Dr. Carol Garrison; Cabinet for Families and Children; Cary Willis; Dr. Nancy Martin; Sharon Perry; and Viola Miller, Appellees.
No. 2002-SC-0788-DG, 2002-SC-0791-DG, 2003-SC-0456-DG.
Supreme Court of Kentucky.
May 19, 2005.
Jonathan Goldberg, Goldberg & Simpson, PSC, Jan M. West, Goldberg & Simpson, PSC, Louisville, Katherine A. Kingren, Cabinet for Families and Children, Office of the General Counsel, Nora K. McCormick, Cabinet for Families and Children, Frankfort, Counsel for Cabinet for Families and Children; Cary Willis; Sharon Perry; and Viola Miller, Secretary.
Priscilla S. Diamond, Louisville, Counsel for Dr. Scott Cummings.
David A. Friedman, National City Tower, Louisville, William B. Pettus, Assistant Attorney General, Civil and Environmental Law, Frankfort, Donna King Perry, Woodward, Hobson & Hobson, Elizabeth N. Mo-nohan, Louisville, Counsel for Dr. Carol Garrison and Dr. Nancy Martin.
OPINION OF THE COURT
In 1999, Dr. Scott Cummings (“Cummings”) filed suit against the Cabinet for Families and Children (“the Cabinet”), individual employees of the Cabinet, Viola Miller, Sharon Perry and Cary Willis, as well as the University of Louisville (“the University”), and individual University employees, Dr. Garrison and Dr. Martin for violations of the Kentucky Whistleblower Act (“the Act”). The Jefferson County Circuit Court granted summary judgment to all defendants except the University, finding that (1) Cummings was not an employee of the Cabinet, and (2) the Act did not create a cause of action for individual liability. Cummings appealed to the Court of Appeals, which reversed the trial court’s dismissal of the underlying charges. We accepted discretionary review of all three cases and hereby affirm in part and reverse in part the decision of the Court of Appeals.
FACTS
Prior to September 1999, Cummings was a tenured professor at the University. In addition, he was Director of the Center for Policy Research and Evaluation for the Urban Studies Institute (“the Institute”) at the University. As such, he and another colleague sought to secure a grant for the study of welfare reform across the state by submitting a proposal titled “A Plan to Evaluate the Implementation and Impact of Welfare Reform in Kentucky” (“the Proposal”) to the Cabinet. Soon thereafter, the Cabinet and the University’s Institute entered into a Program Administration Contract (“the Contract”), which allotted approximately $500,000 annually to the Institute to create a database from which panel studies could be conducted in order to evaluate the impact of welfare reform in Kentucky. The Contract specifically incorporated Cummings’s Proposal into the agreement, although Cummings himself did not sign the Contract.
Pursuant to the Contract, the Institute agreed to conduct panel studies, work in conjunction with the Cabinet to create appropriate indicators, submit invoices for requested payments at the end of each month, and provide information to the Cabinet upon request. The Institute was required to meet certain benchmarks for delivering reports (i.e., conduct phone surveys, provide preliminary findings, submit a project summary report, and provide the Cabinet with a bi-monthly narrative status report) unless otherwise approved by the Cabinet. Conversely, the Cabinet was to provide all requested information, and provide consultation and technical assistance (“defining the requirements, analysis, detail specifications, coding, testing, debugging and implementation”) to the Institute. The Cabinet was to also monitor all activities pursuant to the agreement. The Contract stated that the Cabinet disclaimed all liability for Social Security contributions relating to the compensation of the Institute.
In exchange for Cummings’s work on the study, the Cabinet reimbursed the University one-third of Cummings’s salary and fringe benefits during the fall and spring semesters and paid Cummings’s full salary and fringe benefits during the summer. Cummings’s teaching load at the University was reduced proportionately.
Cummings alleges that he was removed from his position on the study because he intended to disclose at a scheduled hearing before the Legislative Research Committee (“LRC”) that welfare reform in Kentucky had a disparate impact upon African-American and Appalachian families. Cummings alleges that the Cabinet can-celled his appearance before the LRC and that the University, at the direction of the Cabinet, removed him from the study.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“The standard of review on appeal of a summary judgment is whether the circuit judge correctly found that there were no issues as to any material fact and that the moving party was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Pearson ex rel. Trent v. Nat’l Feeding Systems, Inc., 90 S.W.3d 46, 49 (Ky.2002). Summary judgment is only proper when it would be impossible for the plaintiff to produce any evidence at trial warranting a judgment in his favor. Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky.1991). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court is required to construe the record in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Id. The proper question then becomes whether the trial court properly held as a matter of law (1) that Cummings was not an employee of the Cabinet, and (2) that the individual employees of the Cabinet and University were not liable under the Act.
EMPLOYER/EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIP
The Cabinet argues that Cummings was not an “employee” of the Cabinet. KRS 61.101(1) defines “employee” as follows:
(1) “Employee” means a person in the service of the Commonwealth of the Kentucky, or any of its political subdivisions, who is under contract of hire, express or implied, oral or written, where the Commonwealth, or any of its political subdivisions, has the power or right to control and direct the material details of work performance[.]
KRS 61.102 prohibits employers from subjecting public employees to reprisal for reporting information relating to the employer’s violation of the law, alleged fraud, or abuse, etc. It is undisputed that the Cabinet is an “employer” under the Act, as it is a political subdivision of the Commonwealth. See KRS 61.101(2). However, the Cabinet alleges, and the trial court agreed, that since Cummings was not a party to the Contract between the University’s Institute and the Cabinet, he was not an “employee” of the Cabinet for purposes of the Act.
The Cabinet directs us to Stewart v. University of Louisville, 65 S.W.3d 536 (Ky.App.2001), for guidance. In Stewart, the Court of Appeals found that a graduate student and recipient of a Regent’s Fellowship, which provided for a yearly stipend for study, was not an “employee” of the University for purposes of Kentucky’s discrimination statute (KRS 344.030) and KRS 61.102. The court held that although the graduate student received regular checks from the University, was required to submit reports to the University, and was not allowed to accept outside employment without the University’s permission, the reality of the underlying relationship was not that of employer-employee. Id. at 539-540. Although suit was brought pursuant to KRS 61.102, as well as KRS 344.030, the Court of Appeals’s analysis seemed to rely primarily on principles relating to KRS 344.030 and Title VII. Id. at 539 (“In determining whether an individual will be deemed an ‘employee’ for Title VII purposes, ‘one must examine the economic realities underlying the relationship between the individual and the so-called principal in an effort to determine whether that individual is likely to be susceptible to the discriminatory practices which the act was designed to eliminate.” ’ (quoting Armbruster v. Quinn, 711 F.2d 1332, 1340 (6th Cir.1983))). Nonetheless, Stewart is easily distinguishable from the current situation. The court there found that the majority of the graduate student’s duties were in furtherance of her academic work, rather than in performance of services for the University; and therefore, the “economic realities” of the situation dictated that she was not an employee of the University. Id. at 540. In the current case, Cummings’s duties and activities related to the study were clearly for the service of the Cabinet. In theory, the Cabinet was to use the findings of the study to present the LRC with an accurate picture of the effectiveness of the current welfare reform laws. In exchange for his work, the Cabinet paid a portion of Cummings’s salary. The dynamics of the relationship in the case at bar are certainly different than those in Stewart, whose holding is best confined to its particular facts, and our holding today is not inconsistent with the opinion in that case.
The trial court based its decision that Cummings was not an employee of the Cabinet on the fact that the only contract governing the study was between the Cabinet and the University. The court stated that although “Dr. Cummings may have obtained the contract for .the University with the tacit understanding that he would perform the contract,” the fact remained that he was not a party to the contract. We do not agree however, that the Contract entered into between the Cabinet and the University’s Institute is the only governing document of the arrangement. The language of the Contract specifically delineates that the Institute is to perform certain enumerated services for the Cabinet. Section 1. p. of the Contract states that the Institute is to “[p]erform all of the services identified in the Second Party’s [Institute’s] proposal dated October 1997 and titled ‘A PLAN TO EVALUATE THE IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACT OF WELFARE REFORM IN KENTUCKY,’ which is hereby incorporated into this agreement as if attached .... ” That agreement was submitted and coauthored by Cummings and his name appears conspicuously throughout. The Proposal specifically identifies Cummings as “Director of the Center for Policy Research and Evaluation” and states that he will serve as “Co-principal Investigator” and “Co-chair of the Advisory Committee” for the study. The Proposal also contains the salary requirement of Cummings, and others chosen by him, in the annual budget. We believe by the express incorporation of Cummings’s Proposal into the Contract between the Cabinet and the Institute, Cummings became a person “under contract of hire” with the Cabinet, a political subdivision of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. KRS 61.101(1). As such, Cummings could be considered an employee of the Cabinet, for purposes of the Act, if the Cabinet “has the power or right to control and direct the material details of [Cummings’s] work performance.” Id.
Construing the evidence in the record in a light most favorable to Cummings, we must conclude that the trial court erred in granting the Cabinet summary judgment on this issue. The record shows that the Cabinet had the right to control and did control the details of Cummings’s work on the study. The Contract itself states that the Cabinet would provide the database with which Cummings was to work. The Cabinet was permitted to add additional recipients to “supplement under-reported categories” in the panel if necessary; work in conjunction with the Institute to determine the appropriate indicators to study; provide consultation and technical assistance to the Institute; and monitor all activities pursuant to the Contract. Cummings was to report his findings to the Cabinet regularly. In addition, the Cabinet had control over what information was presented to other state agencies, the public, the media, and the Legislature. Cummings’s affidavit alleges that the Cabinet dictated the specific details of the manner in which he was to draw the samples, create certain questionnaires, and analyze and interpret the data. Cummings further contends that he was not permitted to use his professional expertise in any of the determinations made, and that this manner of control by the Cabinet was not usually seen in this type of situation. Cummings states that he met regularly with Cabinet officials in person and via email, regarding the progress of the research, and that several of his reports were extensively re-written by the Cabinet. Cummings also states that the Cabinet used a detailed “Gantt chart,” which specified certain time lines and work product deadlines Cummings was required to meet, as a tool to monitor the Institute’s work on the study. The record also revealed copies of e-mails between Cummings and Cabinet employees where Cummings was specifically asked to remove the word “disparate” from his findings.
Also telling is that the Cabinet had enough control over Cummings’s work that it was ultimately able to remove him from the study altogether. The Act’s prohibition on retaliatory firing necessarily implies that an employer must be in a position to retaliate with the threat of one’s job. This is a type of situation that we believe the General Assembly envisioned and sought to protect when it enacted the Act. Accordingly, we find that it was improper for the trial court to grant summary judgment to the Cabinet, as the Cabinet and Cummings exhibited the type of employer-employee relationship encompassed by the Act’s provisions on whistle-blowing.
INDIVIDUAL LIABILITY
The trial court also granted summary judgment to the individual employees of the Cabinet and Drs. Martin and Garrison, Cummings’s supervisors at the University, because it concluded that the Act did not create a cause of action against individuals. Whether the Act provides a cause of action against individuals is an issue of first impression for this Court.
Cummings argues that the plain language of the statute defines employer as including “any person” and therefore, the plain meaning rule of statutory construction dictates that we construe “person” according to its common usage and literal meaning. KRS 446.080(4); Crenshaw v. Weinberg, 805 S.W.2d 129, 133 (Ky.1991). Any other construction, according to Cummings, would render the second sentence in KRS 61.101(2) superfluous. Garrison and Martin, on the other hand, argue that the term “person” is ambiguous and to apply the plain meaning rule would produce an absurd result. Executive Branch Ethics Com’n v. Stephens, 92 S.W.3d 69 (Ky.2002). Garrison and Martin contend that the second sentence in KRS 61.101(2) is present merely to incorporate a respon-deat superior liability upon employers. We agree.
This Court has “a duty to accord to words of a statute their literal meaning unless to do so would lead to an absurd or wholly unreasonable conclusion.” Bailey v. Reeves, 662 S.W.2d 832, 834 (Ky.1984). Statutory interpretation is a matter of law and we are not required to give deference to the trial court’s decision. Commonwealth v. Plowman, 86 S.W.3d 47, 49 (Ky.2002). Our main objective is to construe the statute in accordance with its plain language and in order to effectuate the legislative intent. Id.
The definition of who is an “employer” under the Act is:
“Employer” means the Commonwealth of Kentucky or any of its political subdivisions. Employer also includes any person authorized to act on behalf of the Commonwealth, or any of its political subdivisions, with respect to formulation of policy or the supervision, in a managerial capacity, of subordinate employees.
KRS 61.101(2) (emphasis added). “[I]t is well-settled that ‘in expounding a statute, we must not be guided by a single sentence or member of a sentence, but [must] look to the provisions of the whole law, and to its object and policy.” ’ Wathen v. General Electric Co., 115 F.3d 400, 405 (6th Cir.1997) (citing Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 51, 107 S.Ct. 1549, 1555, 95 L.Ed.2d 39 (1987)); Democratic Party of Kentucky v. Graham, 976 S.W.2d 423, 429 (Ky.1998); see Combs v. Hubb Coal Corp., 934 S.W.2d 250, 252-253 (Ky.1996); Henry v. Commonwealth, 312 Ky. 491, 493, 228 S.W.2d 32, 33 (1950).
In the penalty section of Kentucky’s Whistleblower Act, the Legislature provided for criminal liability for individuals who willfully violate the Act, showing that the Legislature knew how to provide for individual civil liability for policy makers and managers if it had intended to do so. The fact that only the Commonwealth or one of its political subdivisions could grant much of the relief afforded by the Act, i.e., “reinstatement of the employee, the payment of back wages, full reinstatement of fringe benefits and seniority rights, exemplary or punitive damages, or any combination thereof,” KRS 61.990(4), reinforces this Court’s conclusion that the Legislature did not intend for policy makers and managers to be individually liable under the Act. See Abbamont v. Piscataway Township Bd. of Education, 138 N.J. 405, 650 A.2d 958, 964 (1994); Alejandro v. Robstown Independent School District, 131 S.W.3d 663, 668-669 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi,2004). By providing that an aggrieved employee may be awarded “any combination” of the relief allowed under the Act, the Legislature clearly intended to afford an aggrieved employee all of the relief allowed under the Act. This purpose is defeated if an aggrieved employee could maintain an action solely against a policy maker or manager without joining the Commonwealth or a political subdivision as a party defendant.
In examining the “any person” language of the statute, one might argue that this language seems unnecessary or redundant because it was intended only as another way to bind the Commonwealth and its agencies. However, there is a very valid and logical reason for this language, which, indeed, binds the Commonwealth and its agencies for the acts of policy makers and managers. Under the common law, an employer is not liable for the torts committed by its employees acting outside the scope of their employment. Roethke v. Sanger, 68 S.W.3d 352, 361 (Ky.2001); Osborne v. Payne, 31 S.W.3d 911, 915 (Ky.2000); Wood v. Southeastern Greyhound Lines, 302 Ky. 110, 194 S.W.2d 81 (1946). Thus, without the Act’s definition of “employer,” the Commonwealth, itself, would have no liability to an aggrieved employee if it was determined that the policy maker or manager was acting outside the scope of his or her employment. But, under the Act, it is not an issue whether the policy maker or manager is acting outside his or her employment since a violation of the statute necessarily involves the exercise of managerial or policy making authority. Thus, the Commonwealth or its agencies are per se liable for the acts of a policy maker or manager in violation of the statute, and the purpose of the second sentence is not only to ensure that the Commonwealth or its agency will be held liable if them policy makers and managers take actions later to be found a violation of the Act, but also to ensure that the Commonwealth or its agency cannot avoid liability by arguing that a policy maker or manager acted outside the scope of his or her employment.
In interpreting similar definitions of “employer” contained in parallel federal acts and whistleblower acts of other states, “a majority of circuits have found no individual liability.” Title VII (42 U.S.C.A. §§ 2000e et seq.)-, ADEA (29 U.S.C.A. §§ 621 et seq.)-, ADA (U.S.C.A. §§ 12101 et seq.); Lococo v. Barger, 958 F.Supp. 290, 295 (E.D.Ky.1997), aff'd in part, rev’d in part, on other grounds by 234 F.3d 1268 (6th Cir.2000). In fact, “a growing consensus exists among the courts” that “the ‘agent’ language is used to incorporate the theory of respondeat superior, ‘rather than [to] expose either supervisors or co-workers to personal liability in employment discrimination cases.’” Obst v. Microtron, Inc., 588 N.W.2d 550, 553, 554 (Minn.Ct.App.1999), aff'd by 614 N.W.2d 196 (Minn.2000) (citing D.W. v. Radisson Plaza Hotel Rochester, 958 F.Supp. 1368, 1375 (D.Minn.1997); citing Lenhardt v. Basic Institute of Technology, Inc., 55 F.3d 377, 380 (8th Cir.1995)); see Wathen v. General Electric Co., 115 F.3d 400, 406 (6th Cir.1997).
Although in Morris v. Oldham County Fiscal Court, 201 F.3d 784 (6th Cir.2000) the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit discredited its previous use of the definition of employer contained in Title VII, Morris concerned a different statute (KRS 344.280) than the one in question here, and has no bearing on the interpretation of KRS 61.101(2). Morris, which rejected reference to Title VII, was concerned with Kentucky’s Civil Rights Act, which expressly provides that “a person, or ... two (2) or more persons” are liable for a violation of this Act, and defines a person to include, inter alia, an individual, a partnership, a corporation, or the Commonwealth, but not an agent. KRS 344.280 (emphasis added). However, in both the Kentucky Whistleblower Act and Title VII, the Commonwealth or the company and any agent or person authorized to act on its behalf are held liable. KRS 61.101(2) (“any person authorized to act on behalf of the Commonwealth ... with respect to formulation of policy or the supervision, in a managerial capacity, of subordinate employees” (emphasis added)); 42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e(b) (“a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees ... and any agent of such person ” (emphasis added)).
Accordingly, since KRS 61.101(2) and Title VII share references to agents, while the Kentucky Civil Rights Act does not, Title VII’s definition is more analogous to the definition in Kentucky’s Whis-tleblower Act than is the definition contained in Kentucky’s Civil Rights Act. Thus, cases interpreting Title VII’s definition of employer, as well as the definitions contained in the ADEA, 29 U.S.C.A. § 630(b) (“ ‘[Ejmployer’ means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce ... [and] any agent of such person.”), and the ADA, 42 U.S.C.A. § 12111(5)(A) (“ ‘[EJmployer’ means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce ... and any agent of such person.”), are helpful and applicable in determining the scope of similar language in Kentucky’s 'Whistle-blower Act because “ ‘all the definitions of employer in these' statutes are worded to cover the “agent” of the employer.’ ” Reno v. Baird, 18 Cal.4th 640, 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 499, 957 P.2d 1333, 1337 (1998) (citing Janken v. GM Hughes Electronics, 46 Cal.App.4th 55, 53 Cal.Rptr.2d 741, 748 (1996)).
“Many courts have found that ... the definition of ‘employer’ serves to establish an employer’s respondeat superior liability, rather than personal liability for company employees.”. Shannon Clark Kief, Annotation, Individual Liability of Supervisors, Managers, Officers or Co-employees for Discriminatory Actions Under State Civil Rights Act, 83 A.L.R.5th 1 § 2(a) (2004).
[S]ince 1993, eight federal circuits have either (1) held that the “agent” language does not create individual liability for discrimination, or (2) found that, although individuals can be sued in their official or representative capacity, they may not be sued in their individual capacity and have no personal liability, or (3) interpreted similar language in a state statute as not creating individual liability.
Reno, 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 499, 957 P.2d at 1387. In addition, other federal district courts and state courts have reviewed this issue and have determined that their respective whistleblower schemes did not create individual liability for supervisors. United States ex rel. Lamar v. Burke, 894 F.Supp. 1345 (E.D.Mo.1995) (holding that since Title VU’s definition was broader and yet did not impose individual liability on supervisors, the narrower, ordinary and natural meaning of employer for purposes of the False Claims Act did not impose individual liability on employee/supervisors); Palladino v. VNA of Southern New Jersey, Inc., 68 F.Supp.2d 455 (D.N.J.1999) (holding that corporate officers and supervisors were not subject to individual liability under the federal False Claims Act because the Act prohibited discrimination with respect to employment conditions and only an employer could logically grant the relief made available); Reno v. Baird, 18 Cal.4th 640, 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 499, 957 P.2d 1333, 1337 (1998) (citing Janken v. GM Hughes Electronics, 46 Cal.App.4th 55, 53 Cal.Rptr.2d 741, 747 (1996)) (rejecting individual liability and stating the agent language was intended to “ ‘ensure that employers will be held hable if their supervisory employees take actions later to be found discriminatory, and that employers cannot avoid liability by arguing that a supervisor failed to follow instructions or deviated from the employer’s policy” ’); Obst v. Microton, Inc., 588 N.W.2d 550 (Minn.Ct.App.1999) (declining to hold individuals liable under Minnesota’s whistleblower statute); Alejandro v. Robstown Independent School District, 131 S.W.3d 663, 668 (Tex.Ct.App.2004) (holding that there is no private right of action against the superintendent or members of the board of trustees in their individual capacities because the “Act creates a private cause of action against the employing ‘state or local governmental entity” ’). For example, in Abbamont v. Piscataway Township Board of Education, 138 N.J. 405, 650 A.2d 958 (1994) the New Jersey Supreme Court rejected individual liability under its Whistle-blower provisions, which contained a definition of employer similar to the definition in Kentucky’s Act. Id. at 963 (Under the New Jersey Act, “an employer can be ‘any person or group of persons acting directly or indirectly on behalf of or in the interest of an employer with the employer’s consent.” ’ (citation omitted)). The Court noted that the employer was the “ ‘party with the power and responsibility ... to take ... remedial action” ’ under the statute and “that to fulfill the remedial purposes of ... [the Act], employers should be strictly hable for equitable relief in the nature of reinstatement, restoration of back pay and the like.” Id. at 964 (citation omitted).
The Kentucky Whistleblower Act, as a whole, is inconsistent with individual liability. It imposes civil liability on the Commonwealth and its agencies for actions of policy makers and managers, while the individual policy makers and managers face only criminal liability for willful violations of the Act. Had the Legislature wanted to impose individual civil liability on policy makers and managers it could have done so. As it stands, however, the criminal liability provision works in connection with respondeat superior liability because it provides a punishment for those who would otherwise escape civil liability. Since the statutory scheme provides no avenue for suits against policy makers and managers in their individual capacity (only criminal prosecutions), punitive damages cannot be collected from individuals and the inclusion of punitive damages as an available remedy does not impose or indicate an intention to hold them individually liable.
Accordingly, the language of KRS 61.101(2) does not impose individual civil liability under Kentucky’s Whistleblower Act for reprisal against public employees of the Commonwealth and its political subdivisions.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court of Appeals’s decision is affirmed in part, and reversed in part and the Jefferson Circuit Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the individual employees Miller, Perry, and Willis, and Drs. Garrison and Martin, is hereby affirmed, and the grant of summary judgment in favor of the Cabinet is hereby reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
LAMBERT, C.J.; GRAVES, JOHNSTONE, KELLER, SCOTT and WINTERSHEIMER, JJ., concur;
COOPER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part by separate opinion.
Opinion by
Justice COOPER,
Concurring in Part and Dissenting in Part.
I concur in the majority opinion’s conclusion that Dr. Cummings was an “employee” of the Cabinet for Families and Children as that term is defined in KRS 61.101(1). However, I dissent from the majority opinion’s conclusion that individual policy-makers and managerial supervisors of so-called “whistleblowers” are not included within the definition of “employer” as that term is defined in KRS 61.101(2). The statutory language pertinent to this issue is as follows:
KRS 61.101.
(2) “Employer” means the Commonwealth of Kentucky or any of its political subdivisions. Employer also includes any person authorized to act on behalf of the Commonwealth, or any of its political subdivisions with respect to formulation of policy or the supervision, in a managerial capacity, of subordinate employees;
KRS 61.102.
(1) No employer shall subject to reprisal ... any employee who in good faith reports, discloses, divulges, or otherwise brings to the attention of ... any ... appropriate body or authority, any facts or information relative to an actual or suspected violation of any law, statute, executive order, administrative regulation, mandate, rule, or ordinance ... or any facts or information relative to actual or suspected mismanagement, waste, fraud, abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.
KRS 61.103.
(2) Notwithstanding the administrative remedies granted by KRS Chapters 16, 18A, 78, 90, 95, 156, and other chapters of the Kentucky Revised Statutes, employees alleging a violation of KRS 61.102(1) or (2) may bring a civil action for appropriate injunc-tive relief or punitive damages, or both, within ninety (90) days after the occurrence of the alleged violation. The action.may be filed in the Circuit Court for the county where the alleged violation occurred, the county where the complainant resides, or the county where the person against whom the civil complaint is filed resides or has his principal place of business.
KRS 61.990.
(3) Any person who willfully violates the provisions of KRS 61.102(1) shall be guilty of a Class A misdemeanor.
(Emphasis added.)
Nothing could be more obvious from the plain language of this statutory scheme than the intent of the General Assembly to make its provisions applicable not only to the Commonwealth and its political subdivisions but also to “person(s)” occupying policy-making or supervisory positions with respect to the offended employee. The majority opinion concludes, however, that the “any person” language of KRS 61.101(2) only creates vicarious liability in the Commonwealth for the actions of its policy-making or supervisory employees. But if so, why establish as a venue for the civil action authorized by KRS 61.103(2) “the county where the person against whom the civil complaint is filed resides ”? The majority opinion concedes that KRS 61.990(3) imposes criminal liability on “individuals” who willfully violate the act. Ante, at -, - (slip op. at 10, 15). Yet, only “employers” can violate KRS 61.102(1), and the majority holds that the only “employers” under the Act are the Commonwealth and its political subdivisions. Of course, the Commonwealth and its political subdivisions are not subject to criminal penalties — only “persons” and “corporations” can be convicted of Class A misdemeanors. KRS 532.030(3), .090(1); KRS 534.040(2), ,050(l)(b).
“It is a general rule of law that statutes which are remedial in nature are entitled to a liberal construction in favor of the remedy provided by law, or in favor of those entitled to the benefits of the statute.” Ky. Ins. Guar. Ass’n v. Jeffers ex rel. Jeffers, 13 S.W.3d 606, 611 (Ky.2000) (quoting 73 Am.Jur.2d Statutes, § 278 (1974)). Whistleblower acts are remedial in nature. See, e.g., Martin County v. Edenfield, 609 So.2d 27, 29 (Fla.1992) (“As a remedial act, the [whistleblower] statute should be construed liberally in favor of granting access to the remedy.”); Chandler v. Dowell Schlumberger Inc., 456 Mich. 395, 572 N.W.2d 210, 215 (1998) (“The WPA [Whistleblower Protection Act], as a remedial statute, is to be liberally construed to favor the persons the Legislature intended to benefit.”); Scott v. Godwin, 147 S.W.3d 609, 621 (Tex.Ct.App.2004) (“Because the Whistleblower Act is remedial in nature, it should be liberally construed to effect its purpose.”). Furthermore:
“We have a duty to accord to words of a statute their literal meaning unless to do so would lead to an absurd or wholly unreasonable conclusion.”
Crenshaw v. Weinberg, 805 S.W.2d 129, 133 (Ky.1991) (quoting Bailey v. Reeves, 662 S.W.2d 832, 834 (Ky.1984)). The majority opinion concludes that it would be absurd and wholly unreasonable to interpret this Act as holding a wrongdoer responsible for his/her own wrongdoing. I conclude that it is absurd and wholly unreasonable not to do so.
[O]ne can increase the likelihood of individual deterrence by increasing the scope of possible personal liability in whistleblower actions. In addition, the law should mandate that the potential fine may not be paid by the employing governmental body but must be paid by the individual responsible.
Valerie P. Kirk & Ann Clarke Snell, The Texas Whistleblower Act: Time for a Change, 26 Tex. Tech L.Rev. 75, 94-95 (1995). Cf. Degener v. Hall Contracting Corp., 27 S.W.3d 775, 781-82 (Ky.2000) (recognizing employer’s right of indemnity against employee for damages payable to third party because of employee’s violation of Kentucky Civil Rights Act). Our statutory scheme, unlike Texas’s, accomplishes both of those goals.
The majority opinion primarily relies on cases interpreting the definitions of “employer” in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”). Title VII defines employer as “a person ... who has fifteen or more employees ... and any agent of such a person.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b). The ADA defines employer as “a person ... who has 15 or more employees ... and any agent of such person.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(5)(A). The ADEA defines employer as “a person ... who has twenty or more employees” including “any agent of such a person.” 29 U.S.C. § 630(b). As stated in the majority opinion, most courts that have construed these statutes have construed the “any agent” language as creating only vicarious liability, ie., agency liability, in the employers but not individual liability in the agent. E.g., Wathen v. Gen. Elec. Co., 115 F.3d 400, 405 (6th Cir.1997) (Title VII); Tomka v. Seiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295, 1313-17 (2d Cir.1995) (Title VII); U.S. E.E.O.C. v. AIC Sec. Investigations, Ltd., 55 F.3d 1276, 1281-82 (7th Cir.1995) (ADA); Birkbeck v. Marvel Lighting Corp., 30 F.3d 507, 510-11 (4th Cir.1994) (ADEA); Miller v. Maxwell’s Int’l Inc., 991 F.2d 583, 587-88 (9th Cir.1993) (Title VII).
Obviously, the phrase “any agent” is substantially broader in scope than “any person authorized to act ... with respect to formulation of policy or the supervision, in a managerial capacity, of subordinate employees.” KRS 61.101(2). In addition to emphasizing the “any agent” phrase, the courts interpreting Title VII, the ADA, and the ADEA, have emphasized the fact that the statutes limit liability to employers with a specified minimum number of employees “in part because Congress did not want to burden small entities with the costs associated with litigating discrimination claims,” Miller, 991 F.2d at 587; and it is “ ‘inconceivable’ that a Congress concerned with protecting small employers would simultaneously allow civil liability to run against individual employees.” Tomka, 66 F.3d at 1314. Additionally, the legislative history indicates that in the floor debates over Title VII, no mention was made of agent liability, further “implying that Congress did not contemplate agent liability under Title VII.” Id. Finally, before Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1991, 42 U.S.C. § 1981a, the remedies for a successful Title VII claim were limited to reinstatement and back pay— remedies available only from an employer. Id. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 added compensatory and punitive damages for intentional discrimination under Title VII, remedies available from individuals as well. However, Congress calibrated the amounts of damages recoverable to the size of the employer, beginning with employers having at least fifteen employees. 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(3). “[I]f Congress had envisioned individual liability ... 'it would have included individuals in this litany of limitations and would have discontinued the exemption for small employers ....” Miller, 991 F.2d at 588 n. 2.
In Wathen v. General Electric Co., the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit noted that Kentucky courts look to the federal counterpart when construing the Kentucky Civil Rights Act, 115 F.3d at 403 n. 5, thus construed KRS 344.030(2) the same as it construed Title VII, ie., as creating no individual liability. Id. at 405. Similar to Title VII, the ADA, and the ADEA, KRS 344.030(2) defines “employer” as “a person who has eight (8) or more employees ... and an agent of such a person .... ” However, none of the considerations applicable to Title VII, the ADA, the ADEA, and KRS 344.030(2) apply to the statutory scheme of the Whistle-blower Act. The word “agent” does not appear in KRS 61.101(2), which limits individual liability to policy-making, supervisory, and managerial employees — those in a position to retaliate against a whistleblower. Nor is the Whistleblower Act limited to employers with a specified minimum number of employees. There is no “calibration” of the amount of damages according to the number of employees. Although only an employer can reinstate a “whistle-blower,” an individual obviously can pay punitive damages. Finally, there is no legislative history indicating a legislative intent that the Act means something other than what it clearly says.
Significantly, since deciding Wathen, the Sixth Circuit has held that KRS 344.280, the statute creating a cause of action for retaliation under the Kentucky Civil Rights Act, does create individual liability for supervisors and other employees. Morris v. Oldham County Fiscal Court, 201 F.3d 784, 793-94 (6th Cir.2000). That statute provides that “[i]t shall be an unlawful practice for a person ... [t]o retábate or discriminate in any manner against a person because he has opposed a practice declared unlawful by this chapter .... ” (Emphasis added.) Like KRS 344.280, the Whistleblower Act protects employees against retaliation for lawful conduct. The only difference between KRS 344.280 and KRS 61.101(2) is that the former refers to a “person” and the latter refers to a “person” who is a policy-maker, supervisor, or manager.
The other authorities cited in the majority opinion are also easily distinguished. Obst v. Microtron, Inc., 588 N.W.2d 550 (Minn.Ct.App.1999), aff'd, 614 N.W.2d 196 (Minn.2000), construed a statute, Minn. Stat. § 181.931, subd. 3, that defined “employer” as “any person having one or more employees in Minnesota and includes the state and any political subdivision of the state,” and contained no reference to either agents or persons acting on behalf of the employer. 588 N.W.2d at 553-54. Reno v. Baird, 18 Cal.4th 640, 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 499, 957 P.2d 1333 (1998), construed a statute, Cal. GovtCode § 12926, subd. (d), that, similar to Title VII, the ADA, and the ADEA, defined an “employer” as “any person regularly employing five or more persons, or any person acting as an agent of an employer, directly or indirectly .... ” 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 499, 957 P.2d at 1335. United States ex rel. Lamar v. Burke, 894 F.Supp. 1345 (E.D.Mo.1995), construed 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733, the False Claims Act, which contains no definition of “employer.” “The statute in this case does not define ‘employer.’ Therefore, this Court should construe ‘employer’ in accord with its ordinary and natural meaning.” Id. at 1347. The court proceeded to consult various dictionaries. Alejandro v. Robstown Independent School District, 131 S.W.3d 663 (Tex.Ct.App.2004), construed a statute, Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 554.008(e), that specifically limited a supervisor’s liability to a civil penalty not to exceed $15,000.00, payable to the state treasury. 131 S.W.3d at 668-69.
Abbamont v. Piscataway Township Board of Education, 138 N.J. 405, 650 A.2d 958 (1994), construed New Jersey’s whistleblower act, the Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA), which defined “employer” as “any individual, partnership, association, corporation or any person or group of persons acting directly or indirectly on behalf of or in the interest of an employer with the employer’s consent .... ” N.J. Stat. Ann. 34:19-2(a) (emphasis added). However, the whistleblower in Abbamont did not sue his supervisor and the court did not address whether a supervisor could be held individually hable under the definition of “employer.” It only decided that the Board of Education was vicariously liable for the retaliatory actions taken by the supervisor. Id. at 965-66. In Palladino ex rel. United States v. VNA of Southern New Jersey, Inc. 68 F.Supp.2d 455 (D.N.J.,1999), a federal district court construing that same statute held that it created individual liability for supervisory employees acting with the authorization of the employer. Id. at 474. Similarly, in Alaska Housing Finance Corp. v. Salvucci, 950 P.2d 1116 (Alaska 1997), the Supreme Court of Alaska interpreted the following whistleblower statute as authorizing actions against individuals as well as employers:
Sec. 39.90.120 Relief and penalties.
(a) A person who alleges a violation of AS 89.90.100 may bring a civil action and the court may grant appropriate relief, including punitive damages.
(b) A person who violates or attempts to violate AS 39.90.100 is also liable for a civil fine of not more than $10,000. The attorney general may enforce this subsection.
(c) A person who attempts to prevent another person from making a report or participating in a matter under AS 39.90.100(a) with intent to impede or prevent a public inquiry on the matter is liable for a civil fine of not more than $10,000.
Alaska Stat. § 39.90.120. The statutory scheme did not define “person” and did not define “employer” as including a person. Id. § 39.90.140(2). The court reasoned as follows:
Subsection .120(a) authorizes a person who alleges a violation of section .100 to bring a civil action, and it authorizes the court in which the action is brought to “grant appropriate relief, including punitive damages.” Subsection (a) does not, however, specify the defendants against whom the civil action may be brought. It is logical to suppose that any person or entity which is capable of violating or attempting to violate section .100 may be a defendant under subsection (a) of section .120. Subsection .120(b) recognizes that individuals — that is, individual government employees — are capable of violating or attempting to violate section .100.[FN9] It follows that the defendants who may be sued under subsection .120(a) include individuals as well as public employers. Further, this conclusion is implied by the text of subsection .120(b), which states that “a person who violates ... [section .100] is also liable for a civil fine .... ” The word “also” ’ implies that the person described is also hable under subsection .120(a).
FN9. To conclude otherwise, one would have to read subsection (b) as authorizing the attorney general of the state to sue the state for a civil fine which would be paid by the state to the state. Such a reading would be an absurdity. -
Salvucci, 950 P.2d at 1124-25.
Our Whistleblower Act is much more explicit with respect to individual liability than is either the New Jersey statute construed in Palladino or the Alaska statute construed in Salvucci. I would give our Act the same liberal construction required of all remedial statutes “in favor of the remedy provided by law, or in favor of those entitled to the benefits of the statute,” Ky. Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 13 S.W.3d at 611, and hold that the Act means what it says — policy-making, supervisory, and managerial employees who violate its provisions are subject to civil actions for punitive damages. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
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Ziętek (surname)
Ziętek is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Artur Ziętek (1978–2010), Polish pilot
* Bogusław Ziętek (born 1964), Polish trade union activist
* Ewa Ziętek (born 1953), Polish actress
* Jerzy Ziętek (1901–1985), Polish politician and general
* Tomasz Ziętek (born 1989), Polish actor and musician
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Page:SELECTED ESSAYS of Dr. S. S. KALBAG.pdf/126
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expanding, profit making market. The State should invest only when the schools are coming forward voluntarily to take up the course on stipulated conditions. The State bodies will have to 'market' the course and give the benefits. The Ten-Year Perspective. This ten-year period will be divided into 3 parts. 1 Zero time phase-the prerequisites should be in place at the start. 2 Three (3) year phase -First lot being implemented. Going through fine-tuning. 3 The seven 7 year phase when the programme is growing exponentially. The Zero Phase • Work experience course is introduced in the primary schools, in a phased manner. All schools have electricity and telephone connections. All schools have Internet connectivity with local call rates. Recommended monitoring and feed-back system is in place. Local self-government looks at technical schools for doing their technical work, having higher technical units as resource group. New schools are enrolled only through their agreeing to raise the finance for the infrastructure. This number is a performance indicator. • The programme is ready for introduction in those schools that volunteer to pay for the infrastructure. Three-Year Phase. • The prevocational course will be introduced in 100 schools in each of 6 selected states. The vocational programme in the new form is started in schools after the 3rd year, when pass-outs from the prevocational programme are coming out. The number will be decided by the demand. Seven-Year Phase In this phase, the number of institutions for each level will grow at Rural Development Through Education System 113
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Page:Harvard Law Review Volume 10.djvu/407
381 RECENT CASES. 38 1 CoNSTlTUnOXAL LaW — TAXATION FOR LoCAL IMPROVEMENTS — IRRIGATION DisiRiCTS. —A Statute authorized the formation of irrigation districts in California upon the application of fifty or a majority of the landowners in a district susceptible of one mode of irrigation from a common source. The cost was to be met by an ad valorem assessment on all the lands which could derive any benefit from the work. Held^ the statute is not unconstitutional. Fuller, C. J., and Field, J., dissenting. Irri- gation Dist. V. Bradley, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 56. It is worthy of remark that the court nowhere in the decision speak of the police power. The ground taken is that in view of the condition of the country in the *' arid belt," the use for which the water is to be procured is a public one, and the assessment therefore justified on the general principles of taxation. How far the purpose served is a public one is of course a matter of fact depending on the surrounding circum- stances. And it is a delicate question whether the improvement is sufficiently public in its nature to justify the imposition of the tax upon one who does not care to avail himself of its benefits. The question seems to be no different from that involved in cases where a district is drained at the expense of the landowners, Wiirtsv. Hoagland, 114 U. S. 606, except that in the principal case the absence of any possible menace to the public health, and the fact that it is possible to perfect the work without giving any of its advantages to an owner who does not care to avail himself of them, serve to bring out the grounds of the decision more sharply. An incidental objection urged by the appellee was, that, as the assessment was ad valorem, it might not be in proportion to the benefits conferred, but it was held that the apportionment of the tax was a matter of detail within the discretion of the legislature, which would not be disturbed unless manifestly unjust. Contracts — Exemption for Negligence under Foreign Law. — A bill of lading contained exemptions of damage from stowage and negligence, and provided that the contract should be governed by the law of the flag (English). The contract was not made, nor was any part of it intended to be performed, within British juris- diction. Held, that such exemptions not being allowed by our law, the provisions of the bill of lading were void, notwithstanding such provisions would be valid by British law. Brotmy Worsted Mills v. Knott, 76 Fed. Rep. 582. The decision is eminently sound. As it is not permitted by the laws of their country to exempt for negligence, no contract made on such a basis can be valid. It may be objected that it was the expressed intention of the parties to be governed by the law of England. It is true that, where the place of making and the place of performance are different, many courts hold that the intention of the parties as to what law should govern, is of paramount importance. This, though a wide spread, is thought to be an incorrect doctrine. Akers. Demoud, 103 Mass. 323 ; 10 Harvard Law Review, 170. And in any event, no court would be h'kely to go so far as to say that where the making and performance of a contract are within the same jurisdiction, the parties may elect to be governed by the law of a different jurisdiction. Contracts — Wilful Breach — Damages. — //eld, that a contractor, though wilfully abandoning and refusing to complete a building contract, may recover on a quantum meruit a sum not exceeding the contract price, less the cost of completing the work and less any damage and added expense incurred by the defendant by reason of the breach of contract by plaintiff. Sheldon v. Leahy, 69 N. V. Rep. 76 (Mich). This decision, in accord W. Britton v. Turner, 6 N. H. 481, is sound in principle, and notes a tendency to follow that leading casein other jurisdictions. Under the rule as laid down there can be no possibility of loss to the defendant, and there is no valid reason why he should be unjustly enriched. But the great weight of authority is contra to the principal case. See Keener on Quasi Contracts, 215, and cases cited, and on grounds of public policy these latter cases are supported, as it is easily seen that if a recovery is allowed on a quantum meruit there will be an increasing tendency to break existing contracts. Corporations — Invalid Appointment — Recovery of Salary. — A decision that one of the members of a municipal board had not been properly elected invali- dated the appointments of that board. I/eld, that an attorney whom they had ap- pointed could not recover for services already performed. lilayor of Jersey City v. Erwin, 35 At). Rep. 948 (N. J.). It is generally stated in the text-books that a de facto officer of a municipal corpora- tion cannot recover for his services. A distinction is thus made between municipal and private corporations. In the cases cited to support this jiroposition, it appears that there were de jure officers also claiming the appointment; consequently those usurping the position were rightly not allowed to recover what belonged to others. Here this is not the case, and no grounds of public policy seem to demand an excep- tional doctrine.
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WIKI
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User:Freelancepope/Books/The Queen's Men
The Queen's Men
* Elizabethan era
* Francis Walsingham
* Francis Drake
* Christopher Marlowe
* Francis Bacon
* Elizabeth I of England
* Tudor period
* William Shakespeare
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WIKI
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UT (comics)
UT was a British adult comic that was published monthly in the mid-1990s.
The title began as a weekly pop music parody strip by Kev F Sutherland and Russ Carvell in the music paper Sounds, running from 1987 until Sounds final issue in 1991. When Sutherland got the chance to create a new humour magazine in September 1991 he revived the strip's name, with Carvell drawing the covers and lead movie parody strips.
Edited by Sutherland, UT was one of many comics emulating the success of Viz; however it attempted to engage the quality end of the market, with a variety of strips by talented and established cartoonists, TV satires, and supposedly intelligent (for the genre) subject matter.
However, in order to obtain financial backing, it required to be published by Sport Newspapers, who also publish the semi-pornographic tabloid Sunday Sport - as a result, UT featured a large number of pornographic adverts and Sport branding in some contrast to its content. A recurring theme throughout the comic was a fictionalised version of Sutherland battling with a stereotypical pornographer, a fat, balding lech constantly trying to add salacious content to the strips.
UT was published from late 1991 to early 1993, and included two reprint specials. Its sister titles Gag, Kack and Bloody Hell ran for only a few more months.
The name UT, chosen by Sutherland for the musical parody strip, came from the original first word of the tonic scale as taught to Victorian schoolchildren, i.e. "Ut-re-me-fa-so-la-te-do" which later became "Do-re-mi". UT Productions Ltd is the name of the company of which Sutherland is a director.
Strips included:
* Arthur Pilkington - a Conan the Barbarian lampoon involving accountants. Written and drawn by David Leach, the strip had first appeared in Gas magazine.
* Blunderbirds - a satire of ThunderBirds
* Fat Frank (of the Taxi Rank) - a taxi driver
* Rainbro - Rainbow with Zippy as a foul-mouthed bully.
* Special Agent Smegg - one of an interlocking set of strips involving the pupils in a public school in the 1960s through to modern times. Described as "a James Bond parody with knob gags."
* Thud and Bud - a pair of ineffectual nightclub bouncers
* Irwin Allen's TRAIN! - a spoof of disaster movies which incorporated satire on the state of Britain's railway network and poor excuses for late trains in its narrative.
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WIKI
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am0c01314_si_002.mp4 (10.64 MB)
Download file
Fiber Lithography: A Facile Lithography Platform Based on Electromagnetic Phase Modulation Using a Highly Birefringent Electrospun Fiber
Download (10.64 MB)
media
posted on 2020-04-16, 14:48 authored by Jonghyun Kim, Dongwoon Shin, Jiyoung Chang
Lithography plays a key role in advancing manufacturing as well as the semiconductor industry. However, the currently available state-of-the-art lithography methods still require access to expensive tools and facilities. Herein, we suggest a novel lithography method based on electromagnetic phase modulation of ultraviolet using a highly birefringent electrospun fiber to overcome such limitations. The optical birefringent effect, by which the phase of incident ultraviolet electromagnetic fields is retarded when passing through optically anisotropic media, is combined with semicrystalline poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymeric microfibers patterned in a programmable form using near-field electrospinning. By positioning the mask between two linear polarizers that are perpendicular to each other, only the UV waves that are passing through the fibers can be selectively utilized to exhibit lithographic property. Therefore, the UV intensity on the photoresist (PR) surface follows the shape of the fiber pattern, enabling precisely controlled patterning of the photoresist. Zero- to two-dimensional key features of lithography are achieved, including straight, curved, array, and isolated patterns. Facile optical alignments without using dedicated alignment marks are successfully demonstrated, as well as various applications including micro- to macroscale serpentine, tree, and antenna circuit patterns on a flexible substrate. The presented approach, packed in a table-top scale, is expected to provide a practical and affordable lithography solution by leveraging the direct-writing capability and tunable optical functionality of polymers, scalability, and the simple optical alignment method.
History
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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The Matriarch Behind Beyoncé and Solange
Tina Knowles Lawson remains the inspiration for the chart-topping daughters she raised while running a hair salon in Houston. Tina Knowles Lawson says she likes to be called “Miss Tina.”CreditCreditRyan Pfluger for The New York Times For sisters in the public eye, Beyoncé and Solange Knowles have managed to resist the siren call to overshare the minutiae of their personal lives. But there is one topic they are happy to gush about: their mother, Tina Knowles Lawson. In the January issue of Interview magazine, Solange is interviewed by Beyoncé and waxes lyrical about how their mother “always taught us to be in control of our voice and our bodies and our work.” Last June, when accepting the fashion icon award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, Beyoncé dedicated it to her “fabulous and beautiful” mother. And in November, when Solange appeared on “Saturday Night Live,” a backstage video posted on Instagram, showing the singer carried by Mom and Big Sis, caused the internet to let out a collective “aww.” Ms. Lawson, 63, now finds herself in a newfound role as an artistic bridge between two of 2016’s most critically lauded albums: “Lemonade,” Beyoncé’s fiery visual album that is up for nine nods at the Grammy Awards next month, and “A Seat at the Table,” Solange’s spare and poetic R&B record, which topped Pitchfork’s best-album list last year. In October, her daughters made history when they became the first sisters to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart in the same year. The shadow of Ms. Lawson, a former Southern beautician who is a lifelong collector of black contemporary art, hovers over the artsy allusions in “Lemonade” to intergenerational African-American motherhood, marital strife and their family’s deep Creole roots. On the agitpop single “Formation,” Beyoncé shouts out her “Momma Louisiana.” The journalist-averse Beyoncé broke her silence to talk about her mother’s creative influence (though on email, coordinated through a publicist). “I think it was important to my mother to surround us with positive, powerful, strong images of African and African-American art so that we could reflect and see ourselves in them,” Beyoncé said. “My mother has always been invested in making women feel beautiful,” she added, “whether it was through someone sitting in her hair chair or making a prom dress for one of the girls at church. And her art collection always told the stories of women wanting to do the same.” Ms. Lawson’s appearance on “A Seat at the Table” is more explicit. In “Tina Taught Me,” a cerebral 74-second spoken-word interlude, she sermonizes about black cultural pride, saying: “I’ve always been proud to be black. Never wanted to be nothing else.” She also says it “saddens” her when people considers that to be “antiwhite.” Solange said: “She says things in that interlude that I had been trying to say for the last four years. But my mother has a very special way of communicating, a very special channel that she speaks through that has always felt bigger than her.” “If my sister and my project feels like an ‘awakening’ to some,” she added, “I am constantly saying that we both grew up in a home with two words: Tina Knowles.” The matriarch of pop music’s reigning family resides (rather fittingly for a woman who once posed on the cover of Ebony wearing a gold crown) in a gated, castlelike home atop the winding Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles. On a warm evening in late November, Ms. Lawson sat in her brightly colored living room, filled with postimpressionist and abstract works, mostly by African and African-American artists. Dressed casually in an all-black ensemble, “Miss Tina” — as she likes to be called — is all natural warmth and poise. She may have nurtured two supernatural superstar daughters, but she comes across as a sage retiree supremely at ease in her dewy, flawless skin. She offered a tour of works by Henry Ossawa Tanner and Elizabeth Catlett that hang salon-style on her walls, saying that her children “grew up surrounded by art and feeling proud about who they are.” She is also a goofball in person. Stepping out to her large outdoor balcony overlooking the twinkling skyline, she said her two favorite places to shop were Home Depot and Costco. “I meet people every day that are like, ‘You come here?’” she said. “And I’m like, ‘Of course, I do.’” Her irreverent side is familiar to her nearly one million followers on Instagram, a platform hardly known as welcoming to African-American women in their 60s. She cracks dorky mom jokes — “I told my assistant to have a really great day, and you know what she did? She went home!” — impersonates Tina Turner and generally clowns around with her friends and family. “I want to show people the regularity of my life, and that not everything is so fancy,” she said. Her fans can’t get enough. “If you’re not following Beyoncé’s mom on Instagram, here’s what you’re missing,” declared an article from Harper’s Bazaar in August. “She’s basically everybody’s auntie who is a sweetheart, but still keeps it real when necessary,” said Crissle West, a co-host of “The Read,” a popular podcast on hip-hop and pop culture. Ms. Lawson, nee Celestine Ann Beyincé, grew up in the 1950s in “a real small town” in Galveston, Tex. The last of seven siblings, her father was a longshoreman and her mother was a seamstress. She picked up dressmaking at a young age, creating sparkly stage outfits for her Supremes-inspired singing group while in high school. At 19, she moved to California to work as a makeup artist for Shiseido Cosmetics (she learned styling tricks from drag queens, she said) but returned to Texas a year later when her parents fell ill. With help from her then-husband, Matthew Knowles, a former Xerox executive, she opened a 12-seat hair salon in Houston called Headliners. The salon, which had more than a two-decade run, helped the Knowles family afford an upper-class lifestyle. It was also an impromptu stage for her young brood, while women under dryers acted as judges. When Destiny’s Child, the girl group whose most famous lineup consisted of Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland (“my other daughter”) and Michelle Williams, began to break out in the late 1990s, Ms. Lawson returned to dressmaking and whipped up matching cutaway Boy Scout uniforms, barely-there camouflage hot pants and Tarzan-like fur sheaths for the group to wear onstage. As Beyoncé put it in her Council of Fashion Designers of America speech last year, designers were reluctant to dress “black country curvy girls,” so her mother stepped in. “They looked a little crazy sometimes,” Ms. Lawson said, “but people always wondered what they were going to wear next.” The “Bootylicious” touch helped the group stand out. Destiny’s Child went on to sell over 60 million records worldwide, and Destiny’s mother became a fashion force. In 2004, she and Beyoncé started the House of Deréon, a trendy, low-priced clothing brand named after Ms. Lawson’s mother. A juniors collection, bedding and a clothing line aimed at older women called Miss Tina soon followed. When the group disbanded in 2005, Ms. Lawson continued to create showstoppers for Beyoncé as a solo artist, including the black brocade ball gown she wore for the 2005 Academy Awards. But in 2009, just when her professional life seemed to be at its peak, Ms. Lawson said her “world completely stopped.” After 33 years of marriage, she filed for divorce from Mr. Knowles, who had been a talent manager for their daughters. Citing a “conflict of personalities” in court papers, the divorce was made final in 2011. “I kind of lost myself,” she said. “All these things that I love — going to art shows, reading art books, going out dancing — I had stopped. That’s not really loving yourself, if you’re not taking care of yourself in terms of your needs and what makes you happy.” The split raised existential questions. “What kind of life was I going to have now?” Ms. Lawson said. “I thought it was too late for me to try something new. You have all these doubts in your mind.” In search of answers, she closed all her fashion businesses and, at 59, left Houston for Los Angeles for what she jokingly said was “a new house, a new car, a new man and a new life.” In 2013, she reconnected with an old friend, Richard Lawson, a TV actor known for his roles in “Dynasty” and “All My Children.” The couple tied the knot two years later. “I just feel so liberated now, I really do,” she said. Ms. Lawson now focuses much of her time on black female empowerment issues and philanthropy (she was honored at the Essence Festival in New Orleans last year), and she is writing an autobiography she says is a “how-to-get-your-life-back book.” She and her husband plan to open in March an acting workshop for underserved youth in Los Angeles, called the WACO Theater Center (short for “Where Art Can Occur”). And after her self-imposed break from fashion, she designed the gold fringe outfit that Solange wore in her music video “Cranes in the Sky,” as well as the white dress Solange wore for her performance at former President Barack Obama’s farewell party at the White House on Jan. 6. “The day I had kids, I thought, ‘I might screw everything else up, but not this,’” Ms. Lawson said, flashing a knowing smile as she sat, regally postured, on her sofa. “Now that they’re grown women, it’s like, ‘It’s my turn.’”
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Dynamic type testing
From SmartEiffelWiki
Sometimes, you need to decide at run-time if a variable (or expression) refers to an instance of a specific class or type. Well, it is always better to rely on dynamic dispatch, but, in some situations, it can be necessary to test explicitly the dynamic type of some expression. In such an uncommon situation, SmartEiffel provides you three operators for doing that: the ?:= assignment test operator, the ::= forced assignment statement as well as the traditional ?= assignment attempt statement.
For some examples about dynamic type testing, check also the SmartEiffel/tutorial/downcasting.e file.
Please note that assignment testing cannot be used with expanded types, for which dynamic dispatch is inapplicable.
The ?:= assignment test
The assignment test ?:= is a BOOLEAN expression allowing you to check if the given right-hand side expression refers to an object which conforms to some explicitly written type. As an example, you can use the ?:= operator as follows to check that some expression actually holds an instance which could be assigned into some variable declared with SOME_TYPE:
if {SOME_TYPE} ?:= expression then
print ("The 'expression' denotes something which can be held by the variable declared of type SOME_TYPE.")
else
print ("Something else which is non Void.")
end
It evaluates expression and returns True if the resulting object can be legally assigned into some variable declared of type SOME_TYPE. To take now a more concrete example using existing types of our library:
if {FAST_ARRAY[INTEGER]} ?:= my_collection then
print ("Expression 'my_collection' is either Void or conforms to FAST_ARRAY[INTEGER].")
else
print ("Something else which is non Void.")
end
In the previous example, my_collection is declared of type COLLECTION[INTEGER]. As explained below, COLLECTION[STRING] would make the previous code invalid thus rejected by the compiler.
To avoid testing impossible situations which are probably coding mistakes, one cannot use any type for the right-hand side of a ?:= test expression. The rule is simple and naturally related to the rule used for an ordinary assignment (the common well known := assignment). Consider the following general example:
if {SOME_TYPE} ?:= some_expression then
...
else
...
end
The check performed by the compiler is that an expression of type SOME_TYPE could be legally assigned into some variable declared of the static type of some_expression. Actually, this simply means that you trust the type system and that you really want to reject invalid or to say the least, weird code. Because of the redefinition mechanism, the validation check for the ?:= operator is only performed at the class where it appears, and is not revalidated in subtypes even if they redefine the static type of some_expression. The latest decision was driven by our experimentations. We made this decision because the strict rule would reject mostly valid situations. Similars checks are performed for all other statements of the same family (the ::= statement and the ?= statement).
As we have seen previously, the left-hand side operand of the ?:= type test can be some explicit type name. The second form of the ?:= test operator is to use in place of the explicit type, some writable entity as in:
if my_variable ?:= expression then
...
else
...
end
which evaluates to True iff the actual content of expression could be assigned into my_variable. Note that the assignment is not performed. This variant avoids the need to repeat here the static type of my_variable. It is also because the ?:= type test operator is often used in conjunction with the ::= forced assignment.
The ::= forced assignment
The ::= forced assignment statement allows you to actually perform an assignment proved valid at runtime with a corresponding ?:= assignment test. As an example, the following code would always work without any possible runtime error:
if destination_variable ?:= source_variable then
destination_variable ::= source_variable
else
-- Handle this case specially...
end
Actually, the ?:= test can be considered as the precondition of the ::= part. In non -boost mode, when some ::= statement is executed but does not satisfy the ?:= condition, you get an error at runtime. In -boost mode no runtime check is performed and the runtime cost of a ::= statement is exactely the runtime cost of a common := statement. A very low cost indeed. Usage of ::= can be slightly more efficient (and result in simpler code) than similar code using the traditional ?= assignment attempt. Besides, it helps debugging because it will raise an exception when your assumption is not satisfied.
As explained for the ?:= assignment test, one can not use any combination of static types. The same checks are performed for the ::= statement. To summarize checks that are performed, please consider:
my_variable ::= expression
The entity my_variable must be a valid writable. The declaration type of my_variable must be a possible valid source type of some normal assignment into some destination variable declared with the static type of expression. Finally, the check in performed only where the ::= is written.
The ?= assignment attempt
The traditional assignment attempt ?= statement is still supported for historical reasons. Indeed, now that we have both the ?:= assignment test and the ::= forced assignment statement, the ?= statement is no longer necessary. In the long-term future, let's say, one or two years, usage of ?:= and ::= may become the preferred coding style. Again, there is no rush, and the traditional ?= will be supported for some more years. From compiler writer's point of view, the support for ?= is really cheap because its implementation only relies on ?:= and ::= support.
Furthermore, it is easy and elegant to explain ?= as a simple source code transformation using only ?:= and ::=. Consider the following ?= usage:
destination_variable ?= source_variable
If the value of source_variable can not be legally assigned into destination_variable, the destination_variable will get Void instead of the value of the source_variable. Note that if source_variable actually contains Void, destination_variable will always be reset with Void. Finally, the previous ?= example can be translated into the equivalent form:
if destination_variable ?:= source_variable then
destination_variable ::= source_variable
else
destination_variable := Void
end
Note that the previous transformation scheme may not work for all kinds of right-hand side expressions because the transformation scheme incurs two evaluations of the right-hand side part. To be valid, the previous transformation scheme assumes that the right-hand side expression incurs no side effect. Anyway, this transformation scheme is just here to explain the semantic of the ?= statement and not as a general translation scheme to patch your (not so obsolete) code.
As explained for the ?:= assignment test, one can not use any combination of static type on both sides of ?= operator. The very same kinds of checks are performed for the ?= statement. To summarize checks, now consider:
my_variable ?= expression
The entity my_variable must be a valid writable. The declaration type of my_variable must be a possible source type of some normal assignment into some destination variable declared with the static type of expression. Finally, as usual the check is performed only where the ?= statement is written.
Assuming that type TRUCK and type APPLE are completely distinct types (i.e. you are not allowed to perform an assignment of TRUCK into APPLE nor of APPLE into TRUCK), the following assignment attempt is statically rejected, which is good news:
my_apple ?= my_truck -- hopefully this is statically rejected!
You can always workaround by using the following trick:
a_any := a_truck
an_apple ?= a_any -- This is valid, APPLE conforms to ANY
The example above is clearly a weird one, but you could need something like it if you have two unrelated class with a common heir. And at least the code shows that you know what you are doing. This situation should arise in extremely rare situations which are not worth to be explained here.
Other languages
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Tuesday, May 5, 2009
Under the Hood - V6 Rear Wheel Drive 1
In my Under the Hood series, I plan to photographically document the engine compartments from as many different vehicle types as possible.* I will then label the most common maintenance items and briefly explain the purpose of each component and system. My overall goal is to help those who do not know their way around an automobile's engine bay and may be intimidated by it.
* Engine bays are different between models of cars, however, most cars in the same class are similar enough that if you know your way around one you will be able to find your way around another.
This episode features a 1996 Ford Ranger with the 4.0L V6 OHV Cologne engine. Click on the photo for a higher resolution view.
1. Engine Oil Cap
2. Engine Oil Dipstick
3. Transmission Dipstick
4. Radiator
5. Radiator Cap
6. Upper Radiator Hose
7. Engine Coolant Reservoir
8. Windshield Washer Reservoir
9. Fuse/Relay Box
10. Battery
11. Air Filter Housing
12. Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF)
13. Brake Fluid Reservoir
14. Brake Booster
15. Power Steering Reservoir
16. Spark Plug Coil
17. Idle Air Control Valve (IAC)
18. Alternator
19. AC Compressor
20. Serpentine Belt
In this photo, you can see the basic maintenance items common to most cars. Below is a brief description of each component outlined in this episode and, if applicable, any quick and easy maintenance checks you can perform on the component.
Engine Oil Cap - Add oil here
Engine Oil Dipstick - Use to periodically check the oil level in your engine. To check, remove the dipstick, clean it with a rag, and fully reinsert it. Remove the dipstick again and note the level of oil. If the oil is in the cross hatched area it is ok. If it is below, slowly add oil through the Engine Oil Cap until the oil level is within the cross hatched area.
Transmission Dipstick - To accurately check the level of the transmission fluid, you transmission should be at normal operating temperature. With the engine running, apply the brakes and move the gear shifter through the whole ranger of gears (i.e. P-R-N-D-2-1), waiting about 2 seconds at each gear. Move the gear shifter back to Park and check the dipstick while the engine is still idling.
Radiator - The radiator works to keep the engine from overheating. You can visually check the bottom for leaking coolant.
Radiator Cap - If the car has been used recently be very careful removing the radiator cap because the system will still be pressurized and hot steam could scald you. When in doubt, listen for a hissing sound when you turn the cap. If you hear a hissing sound, do not remove the cap. Otherwise, remove the cap and look at the coolant inside the radiator. If it is discolored (there are lots of different colors of coolant, so you will have to know the original color in order to know if the coolant's color is different) you may need to flush the cooling system. Also, make sure the radiator is full of coolant.
Upper and Lower Radiator Hoses - Visually check the hose for any cracks, holes, deterioration or any other signs of leakage.
Engine Coolant Reservoir - Check the level of coolant and make sure it is not above the "COLD MAX" line on the exterior of the reservoir.
Windshield Washer Reservoir - Check the level of the fluid against the line on the exterior of the reservoir or keep at least half full.
Fuse/Relay Boxes - To check a fuse, remove it and look through its side. If the wire connects the two prongs, it is good. If the wire is broken, the fuse is bad and should be replaced with a fuse with the same number.
Battery - Most auto parts stores can test your battery for free. Make sure the battery posts and wire terminals are clean and do not have any built-up corrosion. Corrosion will look like white, clumpy powder. To clean the posts and terminals, remove the negative terminal first, then the positive. You can use a wire brush, scrub pad, commercial battery post cleaner, or a 3:1 baking soda/water paste to scrub the battery posts and wire terminals clean. If you used any method that involved liquid or paste cleaners, allow everything to thoroughly dry before reinstalling the terminals onto the posts. Always reinstall the positive wire first, then the negative. You can smear a little petroleum jelly over the posts to help prevent future corrosion. (Note: after uninstalling the battery, the car may run slightly more rough than before because the car's computer's memory will have been reset and it will take a few miles for it to relearn its previous settings).
Air Filter Housing - The air filter is located in here. To access the air filter you will have to remove some clamps or screws (depending on the car). Pull the air filter out and visually inspect it.
Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF) location - Inside the air intake tube (after the air filter) is the MAF. There is no regular check you can do, but if you ever need to clean the MAF due to a rough running engine, you can spray electronic cleaner spray over the wire.
Brake Fluid Reservoir - Visually check to make sure the fluid is at the proper level.
Power Steering Reservoir - Visually check to make sure the fluid is at the proper level. Some systems use a dipstick method of checking the fluid level.
Spark Plug Coil - Visually inspect for any cracks. You can also check the spark plug wires by looking for any small electrical arcs while the engine is running. You will need to do this in a dark (but well ventilated) garage or at night.
IAC Valve - If your engine in running erratically while idling, the problem may be a faulty or stuck IAC valve. To check, unplug the electrical wiring to the valve while the engine is running. If the engine's RPMs drop, the valve is working. If the engine shows no change then the IAC valve must be replaced.
Alternator - Most auto parts stores can check your alternator for free. The alternator basically converts power generated by the engine to charge the battery and run the accessories, like lights and radio. When the engine is not running, the lights and radio run off the battery.
AC Compressor - If the AC compressor constantly starts and stops but you are not getting any cold air, have the AC system checked for leaks or low refrigerant.
Serpentine Belt - Some vehicles will have one serpentine belt, some have two belts - one that drives the Air Conditioning Compressor and one that drives the Alternator, Water Pump, and Power Steering. Visually check the belts for frays, cracks or missing chunks.
No comments:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Hopefully Educational Rounds #1
Start
2019-08-08 07:20 UTC
Hopefully Educational Rounds #1
End
2019-08-15 07:20 UTC
The end is near!
Contest is over.
Not yet started.
Contest is starting in -199 days 3:58:07
Time elapsed
168:00:00
Time remaining
0:00:00
Problem D
Zagrade
Mirko was bored at his chemistry class, so he played Bomb Switcher on his cell phone. Unfortunately, he was spotted and was given a ridiculously heavy assignment for homework. For a given valid math expression with brackets, he must find all different expressions that can be obtained by removing valid pairs of brackets from the original expression. Two expressions are different if there is a character at which they differ.
For example, given $(2+(2*2)+2)$, one can get $(2+2*2+2)$, $2+(2*2)+2$, and $2+2*2+2$. $(2+2*2)+2$ and $2+(2*2+2)$ can’t be reached, since we would have to remove pairs of brackets that are not valid. More than one pairs of brackets can surround the same part of the expression.
Input
The first and only line of input contains one valid mathematical expression composed of nonnegative integers, basic arithmetic operations denoted with characters ‘+’, ‘*’, ‘-’ and ‘/’, and brackets ‘(’ and ‘)’.
Given expression doesn’t have more than 200 characters, and will have at least one, and no more than 10 pairs of brackets. Each expression is guaranteed to have at least one pair of brackets.
Output
Output all different expressions that can be obtained by removing valid pairs of brackets, sorted lexicographically.
Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1
(0/(0))
(0/0)
0/(0)
0/0
Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2
(2+(2*2)+2)
(2+2*2+2)
2+(2*2)+2
2+2*2+2
Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3
(1+(2*(3+4)))
(1+(2*3+4))
(1+2*(3+4))
(1+2*3+4)
1+(2*(3+4))
1+(2*3+4)
1+2*(3+4)
1+2*3+4
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Vermilion
Vermilion (sometimes vermillion) is a color family and pigment most often used between antiquity and the 19th century from the powdered mineral cinnabar (a form of mercury sulfide). It is synonymous with red orange, which often takes a modern form, but is 11% brighter (at full brightness).
Etymology and common name
Used first in English in the 13th century, the word vermilion came from the Old French word vermeillon, which was derived from vermeil, from the Latin vermiculus – the diminutive of the Latin word vermis for worm.
The name originated because it had a similar color to the natural red dye made from an insect, Kermes vermilio, which was widely used in Europe. The first recorded use of "vermilion" as a color name in English was in 1289.
The term cinnabar is used in mineralogy and crystallography for the red crystalline form of mercury sulfide HgS. Thus, the natural mineral pigment is called "cinnabar", and its synthetic form is called "vermilion" from red lead.
Chemistry and manufacture
Vermilion is a dense, opaque pigment with a clear, brilliant hue. The pigment was originally made by grinding a powder of cinnabar (mercury sulfide). Like most mercury compounds, it is toxic.
Vermilion is not one specific hue; mercuric sulfides make a range of warm hues, from bright orange-red to a duller reddish-purple that resembles fresh liver. Differences in hue are caused by the size of the ground particles of pigment. Larger crystals produce duller and less orange hues.
Cinnabar pigment was a side product of the mining of mercury, and mining cinnabar was difficult, expensive, and dangerous, because of the toxicity of mercury. Greek philosopher Theophrastus of Eresus (371–286 BC) described the process in De Lapidibus, the first scientific book on minerals. Efforts began early to find a better way to make the pigment.
The Chinese were probably the first to make a synthetic vermilion as early as the fourth century BC. Greek alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis (third–fourth century AD) wrote that such a method existed. In the early 9th century, the process was accurately described by Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (722–804) in his book of recipes of colors, and the process began to be widely used in Europe.
The process described by Jabir ibn Hayyan was fairly simple: When first created, the material is almost black. As it is ground, the red color appears. The longer the compound is ground, the finer the color becomes. Italian Renaissance artist Cennino Cennini wrote: "If you were to grind it every day, even for 20 years, it would keep getting better and more perfect."
* Mix mercury with sulfur to form aethiopes mineralis, a black compound of mercury sulfide.
* Heat this in a flask (the compound vaporizes and recondenses in the top of the flask).
* Break the flask.
* Collect the vermilion and grind it.
In the 17th century, a new method of making the pigment was introduced, known as the Dutch method. Mercury and melted sulfur were mashed to make black mercury sulfide, then heated in a retort, producing vapors condensing as a bright, red mercury sulfide. To remove the sulfur, these crystals were treated with a strong alkali, washed, and finally ground under water to yield the commercial powder form of the pigment. The pigment is still made today using essentially the same process.
Vermilion has one important defect; it is liable to darken, or develop a purplish-gray surface sheen. Cennino Cennini wrote, "Bear in mind ... that it is not in its character to be exposed to air, but it is more resistant on panel than on walls since, when it is used and laid on a wall, over a period of time, standing in the air, it turns black." Newer research indicates that chlorine ions and light may aid in decomposing vermilion into elemental mercury, which is black when in finely dispersed form.
Vermilion was the primary red pigment used by European painters, from the Renaissance until the 20th century. Because of its cost and toxicity, though, it was almost entirely replaced by a new synthetic pigment, cadmium red, in the 20th century.
Genuine vermilion pigment today comes mostly from China; it is a synthetic mercuric sulfide, labeled on paint tubes as PR-106 (Red Pigment 106). The synthetic pigment is of higher quality than vermilion made from ground cinnabar, which has many impurities. The pigment is very toxic, and should be used with great care.
History
The colors are widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome and the Byzantine Empire, then in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, and in the art and lacquerware of China.
Antiquity
The first documented use of vermilion pigment, made with ground cinnabar, dates to 8000–7000 BC, and was found at the neolithic village of Çatalhöyük, in modern-day Turkey. Cinnabar was mined in Spain beginning in about 5300 BC. In China, the first documented use of cinnabar as a pigment was by the Yangshao culture (5000–4000 BC), where it was used to paint ceramics, to cover the walls and floors of rooms, and for ritual ceremonies.
The principal source of cinnabar for the ancient Romans was the Almaden mine in northwest Spain, which was worked by prisoners. Since the ore of mercury was highly toxic, a term in the mines was a near-guaranteed death sentence. Pliny the Elder described the mines this way:
"Nothing is more carefully guarded. It is forbidden to break up or refine the cinnabar on the spot. They send it to Rome in its natural condition, under seal, to the extent of some ten thousand librae (Roman pounds thus 3289 kg) a year. The sales price is fixed by law to keep it from becoming impossibly expensive, and the price fixed is seventy sesterces a pound."
In Rome, the precious pigment was used to paint frescoes, decorate statues, and even as a cosmetic. In Roman triumphs, the victors had their faces covered with vermilion powder, and the face of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill was also colored vermilion. Cinnabar was used to paint the walls of some of the most luxurious villas in Pompeii, including the Villa of the Mysteries (Italian: Villa dei Misteri). Pliny reported its painters stole a large portion of the expensive pigment by frequently washing their brushes and saving the wash water.
In the Byzantine Empire, the use of cinnabar/the vermilion color was reserved for the use of the imperial family and administrators; official letters and imperial decrees were written in vermilion ink, made with cinnabar.
In South Asia
It is known as sindoor. Sindoor is commonly used by married women in Hindu religion.
In the Americas
Vermilion was also used by the native peoples of America, to paint ceramics, figurines, and murals, and for the decoration of burials. It was used in the Chavin civilization (400 BC – 200 AD), and in the Maya, Sican, Moche, and Inca empires. The major source was the Huancavelica mine in the Andes mountains in central Peru.
The most dramatic example of vermilion use in the Americas was the so-called Tomb of the Red Queen, located in Temple XIII, in the ruins of the Mayan city of Palenque in Chiapas, Mexico. The temple is dated to between 600 and 700 AD. It was discovered in 1994 by Mexican archeologist Fanny López Jiménez. The body and all objects in the sarcophagus were covered with bright red vermilion powder made from cinnabar.
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance
The technique for making a synthetic vermilion by combining sulfur and mercury was in use in Europe in the 9th century, but the pigment was still expensive. Since it was almost as expensive as gold leaf, it was used only in the most important decoration of illuminated manuscripts, while the less expensive minium, made with red lead, was used for the red letters and symbols in the text.
Vermilion was also used by painters in the Renaissance as a very vivid and bright red, though it did have the weakness of sometimes turning dark with time. Florentine artist Cennino Cennini described it in his handbook for artists:
"This pigment is made by alchemy, prepared in a retort, which subject I will leave be since to put every method and recipe into my discussion would be too longwinded. The reason? Because if you care to take the trouble, you will find a lot of recipes for it, and particularly if you cultivate friendships with monks. But, so that you do not waste your time with the many different techniques, I advise you, just take what you can find at the apothecary's for your money. And I want to teach you how to buy it and how to recognise the good vermilion. Always buy solid vermilion and not crushed or ground. The reason? Because more often than not you are cheated either with red lead or crushed brick."
By the 20th century, the cost and toxicity of vermilion led to its gradually being replaced by synthetic pigments, particularly cadmium red, which had a comparable color and opacity.
Chinese red
In China, the color vermilion was also playing an important role in national culture. The color was mostly used in creating Chinese lacquerware, which was exported around the world, giving rise to the term "Chinese red".
The lacquer came from the Chinese lacquer tree, or Toxicodendron vernicifluum, a relative of the sumac tree, which grew in regions of China, Korea, and Japan. The sap or resin of the tree, called urushiol, was caustic and toxic (it contained the same chemical compound as poison ivy), but painted onto wood or metal, it hardened into a fine natural plastic, or lacquer surface. The pure sap was dark brown, but beginning in about the third century BC, during the Han dynasty, Chinese artisans colored it with powdered cinnabar or with red ochre (ferric oxide), giving it an orange-red color. Beginning in about the 8th century, Chinese chemists began making synthetic vermilion from mercury and sulfur, which reduced the price of the pigment and allowed the production of Chinese lacquerware on a larger scale.
The shade of red of the lacquerware has changed over the centuries. During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD) the Chinese word for red referred to a light red. However, during the Tang dynasty (618–907), when the synthetic vermilion was introduced, that color became darker and richer. The poet Bai Juyi (772–846) wrote in a song poem praising Jiangnan, "the flowers by the river when the sun rises are redder than flames", and the word he used for red was the word for vermilion, or Chinese red.
When Chinese lacquerware and the ground cinnabar used to color it were exported to Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, European collectors considered it to be finer than the European vermilion. In 1835, "Chinese vermilion" was described as a cinnabar so pure that it only had to be ground into powder to become a perfect vermilion. Historically, European vermilion often included adulterants including brick, orpiment, iron oxide, Persian red, iodine scarlet—and minium (red lead), an inexpensive and bright, but fugitive lead-oxide pigment.
Since ancient times, vermilion was regarded as the color of blood, thus the color of life. It was used to paint temples and the carriages of the emperor, and as the printing paste for personal seals. It was also used for unique red calligraphic ink reserved for emperors. Chinese Taoists associated vermilion with eternity.
In nature
* Vermilion flycatcher
* Vermilion cardinal
* Vermilion tanager
Religion
* The Shaolin temple, where Buddhist monk Bodhidharma is reputed to have established the new sect of Chan Buddhism (Zen Buddhism), is colored a bright tone of vermilion. This temple was featured in the West by the 1972–1975 TV series Kung Fu.
* In the Bible, vermilion is listed as a pigment that was in use for painting buildings during the reign of Shallum the son of Josiah king of Judah, and is named in the book of the prophet Ezekiel as a pigment used in art that portrayed Chaldean men. (Jeremiah 22:11–14, Ezekiel 23:14–17)
* The vermilion rose is a symbol of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
* Hindu women use vermilion along the hair parting line known as sindoor, to signify that they are married. Hindu men and women often wear vermilion on their foreheads during religious ceremonies and festivals.
* In Shintoism, Torii Gates which mark the entrances to sacred spaces, as well as the columns and eaves of shrines, are traditionally painted vermilion to ward off evil.
Mythology
* In Han China's Five Elements cosmology (cf. Chinese mythology), one of the four symbols of the four directions is a bird called Vermilion Bird, which represents the direction of south. The color red (particularly as exemplified by cinnabar/vermilion) was also symbolically associated with summer, fire, a certain note on the musical scale, a certain day of the calendar, etc.
Literature
* Vermilion Sands is a collection of science-fiction short stories by J. G. Ballard published in 1971 about an imaginary future resort that pleases its guests by using various kinds of futuristic technology.
* Manfred, a short dramatic poem by Lord Byron: "...With the azure and vermillion / which is mixed for my pavillion"
Video games
* Vermilion City is one of the locations used in the English-translated versions of the Pokémon video games and anime. It is a port town in the Kanto area, and the name is derived from the original Japanese name クチバシティ (Kuchiba City). Kuchiba is an orange-red color associated with sunsets and autumnal leaves and "Vermilion" was used as an approximate translation.
Red-orange
The Crayola color red-orange has been a Crayola color since 1930.
Orange-red
The web color orange-red was formulated in 1987 as one of the X11 colors, which became known as the X11 web colors after the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991.
Medium vermilion
This color is the medium tone of vermilion called vermilion on the Plochere color list, which was formulated in 1948 and is used widely by interior designers.
Chinese red
Chinese red or China red is the name used for the vermilion shade used in Chinese lacquerware. The shade of the color can vary from dark to light depending upon how the pigment is made and how the lacquer was applied. Chinese red was originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, but beginning in about the 8th century it was made more commonly by a chemical process combining mercury and sulfur. Vermilion has significance in Taoist culture, and is regarded as the color of life and eternity.
"Chinese red" appears in English in 1924.
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2008 Belgian Super Cup
The 2008 Belgian Super Cup is a football match that was played on 9 August 2008, between league winners Standard Liège and cup winners Anderlecht. Standard won 3–1.
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User:Kapohogrrl/The Genealogist's Psalm
The Genealogist's Psalm
* Genealogy is my pastime; I shall not stray.
* It maketh me to lie down and examine half-buried tombstones;
* It leadeth me into still courthouses.
* It restoreth my ancestral knowledge.
* It leadeth me into paths of census records and ship passenger lists for my Surname’s sake.
* Yea, though I wade through the shadows of research libraries and microfilm readers, I shall fear no discouragement, for a strong urge is with me.
* The curiosity and motivation, they comfort me.
* It demandeth the preparation of storage space; for the acquisition of countless documents.
* It annointeth my head with burning midnight oil;
* My family group sheets runneth over.
* Surely, birth, marriage and death dates shall follow me all the days of my life; and I shall dwell in the House of Family History Seeker forever.
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• Article
Comparison of sensitivity analysis methods based on applications to a food safety risk assessment model
Sensitivity analysis (SA) methods are a valuable tool for identifying critical control points (CCPs), which is one of the important steps in the hazard analysis and CCP approach that is used to ensure safe food. There are many SA methods used across various disciplines. Furthermore, food safety process risk models pose challenges because they often are highly nonlinear, contain thresholds, and have discrete inputs. Therefore, it is useful to compare and evaluate SA methods based upon applications to an example food safety risk model. Ten SA methods were applied to a draft Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) risk assessment model developed by the Food and Drug Administration. The model was modified so that all inputs were independent. Rankings of key inputs from different methods were compared. Inputs such as water temperature, number of oysters per meal, and the distributional assumption for the unrefrigerated time were the most important inputs, whereas time on water, fraction of pathogenic Vp, and the distributional assumption for the weight of oysters were the least important inputs. Most of the methods gave a similar ranking of key inputs even though the methods differed in terms of being graphical, mathematical, or statistical, accounting for individual effects or joint effect of inputs, and being model dependent or model independent. A key recommendation is that methods be further compared by application on different and more complex food safety models. Model independent methods, such as ANOVA, mutual information index, and scatter plots, are expected to be more robust than others evaluated.
Citation
Patil, S., & Frey, HC. (2004). Comparison of sensitivity analysis methods based on applications to a food safety risk assessment model. Risk Analysis, 24(3), 573-585. DOI: 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00460.x
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Marcoandrept
This is supposed to be my user page. I'm not relevant though. Thanks for clicking!
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111th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The 111th Division (第111師団) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the City Division (市兵団). It was formed 12 July 1944 in Dongning as a triangular division. The nucleus for the formation was the 9th Independent Garrison Group. The division was initially assigned to the Third Army.
Action
Initially the 111th Division was assigned garrison duty around Dongning.
In April 1945, it was reassigned to the Fifty-Eighth Army and in May 1945 moved to the Jejudo island. Small parts were left behind and were incorporated into the 124th Division. On Jejudo, the unit spent time until the surrender of Japan preparing a fortifications without seeing combat.
The division was repatriated to Sasebo 10–12 November 1945 and dissolved shortly afterwards.
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Rataban
Rataban a Himalayan mountain peak situated in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, India. The altitude of the summit is 6166 m.
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News
Suma or Brazilian ginseng: use for the immune system
The root of suma or Brazilian ginseng is also known as ‘para tudo’, or ‘for everything’. This is a reference to the plant’s reputation in South America, where it is used for health-promoting purposes. Because the suma root contains a high content of organic germanium, it is mainly believed to have a positive influence on the immune system. Organic germanium is known to stimulate the production of red and white blood cells. The use of a suma-based supplement is therefore especially recommended when you want to support the immune system.
Suma (Brazilian ginseng)
• About suma or Brazilian ginseng
• Use of suma for the immune system
• Other complaints where suma is used
• How do you use suma?
• Availability of suma
About suma or Brazilian ginseng
Suma or Brazilian ginseng is a plant from the amaranth family. The plant is known by various names, including suma root, pfaffia and Hebanthe eriantha . The name Brazilian ginseng is somewhat misleading because suma is not a member of the ginseng family. Other plants you might be familiar with from the amaranth family include spinach, sugar beet, Swiss chard, grape weed, broomwort, good hendrik and red goosefoot. Suma grows exclusively in South America and is used there as a traditional medicine. In Brazil, the suma root is also referred to as ‘ para tudo ‘, or ‘for everything’ or ‘for all purposes’, which reflects that the plant is used to combat various ailments and has a considerable reputation in this field.
Use of suma for the immune system
Suma may be used ‘for everything’ as the name suggests, but this should of course be taken with a grain of salt. However, it can be argued that the basis of good health lies in the immune system and this is exactly what suma is used for. Although little scientific research has been done into the effectiveness of suma in 2020, it is thought that the use of suma can protect cells in the human body. The main reason for this is the presence of organic germanium in suma. Germanium is also found in garlic, aloe vera and ginseng, but the amount found in suma is unparalleled in that area.Organic germanium compounds are known to stimulate the production of red and white blood cells . There are various patents on germanium-rich substances that are used to more quickly recover from the adverse effects of chemotherapy – which destroys cells. Germanium compounds also have an inhibitory effect on neurotransmitters, so it can also act as a painkiller. It is mainly the positive influence on the production of red and white blood cells that makes suma a popular ingredient in various immune system supporting supplements.In addition to germanium, suma root also contains electrolytes, amino acids, minerals (magnesium, iron and zinc) and vitamins A, B1, B2, E, K1 and K2. Suma is also known as an adaptogen. This is a group of substances that contribute to the stabilization of physiological processes and the promotion of homeostasis, or the balancing of processes such as blood sugar levels, acidity, blood pressure and osmoregulation ( Carulo, MF, 2012 ).
Other complaints where suma is used
In addition to problems with the immune system, suma is also used in traditional medicine for other complaints. It is used, among other things, to combat the following complaints:
• Susceptibility to infections
• Fatigue and exhaustion
• Stress and overstimulation
• Fear
• Pain complaints
• Digestive problems
• Stomach ulcers
• Erection problems
How do you use suma?
Suma root is not eaten raw. The root is ground and processed into powder. This can be used as is, but those who want to use suma as a supplement can also take it in capsule form. The dosage per capsule varies per brand. It is important to always follow the instructions on the packaging. It is usually recommended to take the capsules with a meal to ensure optimal absorption.
Availability of suma
If you want to buy suma in the Netherlands, you have to look carefully. In 2020, it is not widely available at drugstores and health food stores. You can find Brazilian ginseng in various online shops. Suma in capsule form is available from the brands Nature’s Way, Swanson, and Paradise Herbs, among others.It is also possible to buy suma in powder form so that you can use it in drinks, smoothies and yogurt. Suma in powder form is available from the brands Super Foodies and Anima Mundi, among others. Nature’s Way also sells Brazilian ginseng in tincture form.
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Author:Edward Stillingfleet
Works
* Origines Sacræ: or, A rational account of the grounds of Christian faith, as to the truth and divine authority of the Scriptures, and the matters therein contained (1662)
* Irenicum, a weapon-salve for the churches wounds; or, The divine right of particular forms of church-government ... with an appendix concerning the power of excommunication in a Christian church (1662)
* A Rational Account of the Grounds of the Protestant Religion; being a Vindication of the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury's “Relation of a Conference between him and John Fisher the Jesuit,” from the Pretended Answer of T. C. (1664)
* Sermon Preached Beforethe Honourable House of Commons (1666)
* A sermon preach'd before the King Feb. 24. 1674/5 (1675)
* The unreasonableness of separation; or, An impartial account of the history, nature, and pleas of the present separation from the communion of the Church of England. (1681)
* Of the nature of superstition : a sermon preached at St. Dunstans West, March 31, MDCLXXXII (1682)
* Origines Britannicæ: or, The antiquities of the British churches. With a preface concerning some pretended antiquities relating to Britain, in vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph (1685)
* The doctrines and practices of the Church of Rome truly represented; in answer to a book intituled, A Papist misrepresented, and represented, &c (1686)
* The Bishop of Worcester's charge to the clergy of his diocese in his primary visitation, begun at Worcester, Sept. 11, 1690 (1691)
* The works of the eminent and most learned prelate Dr. Edw. Stillingfleet, late Lord Bishop of Worchester: together with his life and character (1710), in 6 vols.
* Discourse of the True Antiquity of London
* Ecclesiastical Cases (1695)
* Miscellaneous Discourses on Several Occasions (1735)
Works about Stillingfleet
* The Life and Character of that Eminent and Learned Prelate, Dr. Edward Stillingfleet, Lord Bishop of Worcester (1735), by Timothy Goodwin
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For Alternative Energy, Storage Makes All the Difference: View
Arguments for solar and wind power
are so enticing (endless availability, no pollution and so on)
that it’s easy to see why the idea of transitioning the world
economy to alternative energy over the next 40 years keeps
gaining favor. Public discussion often makes it seem as if the only
obstacles are efficiency and cost. Photovoltaic solar cells and
offshore wind farms can provide power at about $160 a megawatt
hour. That’s far costlier than coal-fired plants, which deliver
power at about $70 a megawatt hour. That price gap keeps
narrowing; it may close completely in a decade or two. Recent events in Germany, though, highlight a less
discussed, but equally crucial, challenge. As Bloomberg News
reported recently, German energy prices have begun careening in
the strangest ways. Sunny, gusty days generate so much
alternative energy that utilities pay industrial customers to
take it away. Cloudy, calm weather creates shortages that can
send wholesale prices as high as $220 a megawatt hour. It’s a problem inherent to solar and wind energy. Modern
factories and homes want reliable power round the clock; the sun
and wind don’t oblige. Without good ways of storing peak output
for later release, alternative-energy plants become the most
erratic parts of the power grid . Zigzagging energy prices aren’t just a short-term
annoyance. They distort budgets and spending priorities, forcing
utilities to spend billions on conventional fossil-fuel plants
that are used only part time to ensure steady power when wind
and solar are in short supply. An Elegant Solution The most elegant solution would be to improve grid-level
storage of solar and wind power, so yesterday’s sunshine can
continue to yield power during today’s storms. Better storage
could provide the steadier energy prices and more efficient
power-plant networks that everyone craves. Achieving next-generation storage will take years. False
starts will abound. Partial breakthroughs will need to be freely
shared. Such long-horizon projects are anathema to the private
sector, but well-suited to government support, with the U.S.,
Germany , China and Japan leading the way. Governments worldwide are still trying to figure out the
best ways of encouraging alternative energy, and some check-
writing to date has been more hasty than prudent. U.S. support
for the failed Solyndra LLC solar-cell factory is one prominent
example; China’s all-out push to subsidize cheaper production of
silicon wafers may be another. Taking fewer risks on the factory floor, and more in the
research lab, would be the wisest use of government money. The
U.S. Department of Energy took a step in the right direction
last month when it issued a slew of $3 million or smaller grants
to labs exploring projects as varied as molten batteries,
nanomaterials, high-temperature salts and compressed vapor. Judicious government backing for such ideas should persist,
and even accelerate, worldwide. Alternative energy’s full
potential goes well beyond the approaches that are being
commercialized today. The sooner that major advances in areas
such as storage can be found, the easier it will be to save
billions by shrinking the need for backup plants. To contact the Bloomberg View editorial board:
view@bloomberg.net .
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Talk:Mortification (theology)
This article about mortifying the flesh, needs more flesh so to speak! Knobbly (talk) 00:07, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
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Portal:U.S. roads/Selected article/July 2009
State Route 531 (SR 531) is a short Washington state highway in Snohomish County. It extends east 9.88 mi, from Wenberg State Park in the community of Lake Goodwin, to SR 9 in southeast Arlington. SR 531 intersects Interstate 5 (I-5), and passes the Arlington Airport. The route connects I-5 to SR 9, Smokey Point, and Wenberg State Park. The Washington State Legislature approved SR 531's current route in 1991. Since then, construction projects, arranged by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), have turned this small road into an arterial street. Even though the Washington State Legislature and WSDOT approved SR 531 in 1991, they erected no signs until April 1, 1992, when the law creating the road took effect.
The road now used by SR 531 has existed as a separate route since at least 1911. A map dating from 1911 shows that 172nd Street, then known simply as Lakewood Road and Edgecomb Road, extended east from its current intersection with SR 9 to the banks of the South Fork Stillaguamish River. In October 2008, WSDOT discovered a collapsed culvert on SR 531's Cougar Creek bridge. They repaired the culvert using a hydraulic ram to insert a 24 in diameter pipe to stabilize it. The construction, which took place on October 21 and October 24, caused traffic on SR 531 to detour to McRae Road, 45 Road, and 11th Avenue.
Recently selected: Pennsylvania Route 652* U.S. Route 41 in Michigan* Interstate 68
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Trinity Park, Queensland
Trinity Park is a coastal suburb of Cairns in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, Trinity Park had a population of 3,536 people.
Geography
Trinity Park is one of Cairns' northern suburbs. It is bounded to the north-east by the Coral Sea, to the east by Half Moon Creek and to the west by the Captain Cook Highway. The land is low-lying flat land (below 10 metres above sea level). The western half of the suburb is freehold land, mostly developed as residential housing. The eastern half of the suburb remains Crown land and is not developed.
History
Trinity Park is situated in the Djabugay (Tjapukai) traditional Aboriginal country.
The suburb takes its name from Trinity Bay, which was named on Trinity Sunday 1770 by Lieutenant James Cook RN of HM Bark Endeavour.
Holy Cross School opened on 28 January 1987.
Demographics
In the, Trinity Park had a population of 3,105 people.
In the, Trinity Park had a population of 3,536 people.
Education
Holy Cross School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 191-201 Reed Road (-16.8102°N, 145.6953°W). It is operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns. In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 535 students with 35 teachers (34 full-time equivalent) and 25 non-teaching staff (17 full-time equivalent).
There are no government schools in Trinity Park. The nearest government primary school is Trinity Beach State School in neighbouring Trinity Beach to the north. The nearest government secondary school is Smithfield State High School is in neighbouring Smithfield to the west.
Amenities
Holy Cross Catholic Church is in Reed Road (-16.8102°N, 145.696°W) adjacent to the school. It is within the Northern Beaches Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns.
Bluewater Marina has 108 berths and connects to Half Moon Creek which leads into the Coral Sea. It is on Harbour Drive (-16.8029°N, 145.7079°W).
There is a public boat ramp and floating walkway at Bluewater Marina. It is accessed from Schooner Road (-16.8019°N, 145.7069°W). It is managed by the Cairns Regional Council.
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Here is everything you should know about Dental Implants before getting one!
Here is everything you should know about Dental Implants before getting one!
Image by Wilfried Pohnke from Pixabay
Missing teeth could make you feel uncomfortable while smiling, talking, and eating. In addition to the embarrassment, it also creates oral health problems. Nowadays, with the advancements in dental procedures, dentists place teeth that function and look as natural as the original teeth. Tooth implants Sydney are a golden standard of teeth replacement, and most of us would have heard about them. There are so many benefits of dental implants you should consider when deciding on this best long term tooth replacement for you.
Options for Replacing a Missing Tooth:
Dental Bridges:
Bridges were previously considered an excellent aesthetic solution for replacing a missing tooth but, that need to be attached to the adjacent tooth. This means the other natural teeth should be altered to accommodate the crowns that hold the bridge.
Dentures:
Removable dentures have served as a life-changing option for many people, both in appearance and function. However, there have always been discomforts and issues with dentures as they sweep and shift, making it challenging to enjoy the day to day life with confidence.
Dental Implants:
Dental implants are permanent solutions for teeth replacement as they are rooted into the jawbone.
What are the Advantages of Dental Implants?
In addition to affordable cost of dental implants, they offer so many advantages. Here’s how implants stack up against other tooth replacement options.
Best way to replace:
Most dentists suggest dental implants for teeth replacement as they can be fixed without disturbing the integrity of healthy teeth. Dental implants take only the small place the original teeth did. It doesn’t crowd the surrounding teeth or leave gaps.
Painless Procedure:
Although getting a titanium screw bolt into the jaw sounds quite arcane and painful, trust us, the procedure is painless. With a high success rate, even the post-operative pain is minimal, and recovery is too quick after dental implants. However, each case is different, and so depending on the complexity and situation, it may take time for some to recover completely.
Implants are Durable:
Another bright spot of getting tooth implants Sydney is that you will never have to worry about replacing them. This doesn’t mean you can neglect your oral hygiene. Dental implants require the same care you give for your natural teeth. However, implants don’t need any special attention.
Implants Fortify Your Jaw:
Once you replace your missing teeth with dental implants made of durable titanium, it will stimulate your jaw bone and make it stronger. The process involved is known as osseointegration through which the dental implant fuses with the jawbone. This means the implant becomes a part of your body and helps maintain your jawline and teeth alignment.
Implants Protect Healthy Teeth:
As discussed, unlike dentures, dental implants do not require any support from other teeth. Hence your teeth will not be grinded. Besides, implants will not put any strain on the natural teeth and shift them over time. A dental implant is supported entirely by the jawbone, and they do not disturb any healthy teeth. Implants protect other teeth from shifting places.
If you want to replace your missing teeth and get back that attractive smile, talk to your dentist now and get affordable dental implants Sydney now.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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What is LED? A beginners guide to LED lighting
LED Lighting
LEDs have become the most efficient source of lighting available, using up to 90% less energy than incandescent lighting and 60% less than fluorescent lighting. However, LED lighting has not always been the cost-efficient alternative that it is today, with the first LEDs costing around $200 each. Since the first visible LED was created in 1962 the technology has grown rapidly, with LED lights becoming an extremely popular lighting solution in recent years.
So, what exactly are LEDs and how could you benefit from installing them throughout your business premises?
A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is an electrical light source that only allows an electrical current to flow in one direction. LEDs contain two conductive materials that are placed in contact with each other – once electricity is applied to the diode, the atoms in one material become charged with energy. This energy is then released in the form of electrons into the other conductive material – this release of energy is what creates light. The process of generating light is what distinguishes LEDs from traditional lighting, as regular incandescent bulbs produce light by creating heat.
Benefits of LED Lighting
LED lighting boasts various benefits when compared to traditional solutions.
• Energy-efficiency: LED bulbs are far more energy efficient when compared to the traditional alternatives with energy savings of 80-90% over incandescent or halogen technologies and up to 50% in comparison to fluorescent lamps.
• Longer lifespan: LEDs last 2 or 3 times longer than fluorescent bulbs and over 50 times longer than incandescent lamps. The typical lifespan of an LED is up to 50,000 hours, further slashing replacement and maintenance costs.
• Instant light: many fluorescent lights can take a while to ‘warm-up’ and reach their full brightness, however LEDs light up immediately.
• Eco-friendly: LED technology has the potential to dramatically reduce carbon emissions as around 20% of the world’s electricity is used on lighting, so finding a more energy efficient solution will reduce this. Additionally, as LEDs don’t contain mercury, disposal of the bulbs is much easier and cleaner.
• Lower heat output: unlike filament bulbs, an LED lamp does not project infrared heat in its beam, making them more suitable for lighting heat-sensitive items like artworks or food. As LEDs emit less heat they are also ‘safer’ than traditional bulbs, reducing the risk of fire caused by high temperature bulbs.
• Added durability: LEDs are a solid state form of lighting, meaning they are able to withstand lower temperatures and higher levels of vibration and shock in comparison to incandescent or fluorescent lamps.
Replacing traditional lights with LEDs
Retrofit LED bulbs look like traditional incandescent or halogen lamps, and can be used in the same fittings as traditional bulbs. These types of LEDs are suitable for a majority of scenarios, however, close attention needs to be paid to the heat dissipation of the bulbs, especially when being used in enclosed light fittings. Alternatively, speciality LED light fittings can be designed with non-replaceable LEDs, as due to the extended lifespan of LED bulbs they do not need to be replaced regularly. In these scenarios the whole fitting is replaced once it comes to the end of its lifespan. These fittings can be designed to achieve the highest level of efficiency possible, as they are custom designed to the building to reduce the amount of wasted light.
How much can you save by converting to LEDs?
When comparing LEDs to traditional lighting technology, the increased energy efficiency and extended lifespan result in a substantial long term savings. As previously mentioned, LEDs use up to 90% less energy than incandescent (including halogen) and 60% less than old fluorescent lighting, resulting in instant energy cost savings. On top of this, the extended lifespan of LED bulbs means they need to be replaced far less regularly, further reducing any additional maintenance costs. Investing in a full LED conversion may seem daunting initially due to the investment required. However, the subsequent savings will mean any initial investment is soon repaid. Our blog post on the savings that can be made by converting to LEDs includes a great example of exactly how much a business could save by making the switch.
A bright future for LEDs
LED lights are an energy efficient, long life, eco-friendly alternative to traditional lighting. For businesses looking to reduce their long term energy costs and carbon footprint, LED is the way forward.
charles author bio
Charles Barnett Managing Director
Charles started Lyco in 1995 with just 4 enthusiastic employees and has grown it considerably over the past 25 years. Charles is also the Managing Director of Lighting Direct and newly acquired Online Lighting. He now has a team of 50 lighting experts working on growing Lyco Group to be the UK leader in lighting for both businesses and homes. Away from the office he is a keen cyclist and is proud to have cycled 1017 miles from Lands End to John O’Groats to raise money for a new residential centre for adults with multiple learning difficulties.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Ātōnaltzin
Atonaltzin (Nahuatl name), also referred to as Atonal II (Nahuatl reverential form) or Dzawindanda (Mixtec name), was a 15th-century ruler of the Mixtec kingdom of Coixtlahuaca.
Atonal was executed after Coixtlahuaca was conquered by the Aztecs under Moctezuma I, ostensibly to avenge the deaths of 160 pochteca. Different sources give the year in which this occurred as 1453, 1458, 1461 or 1468.
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Ascension Lutheran School
Ascension Lutheran School may refer to:
* Ascension Lutheran School, Thousand Oaks, a Lutheran school in the United States
* Ascension Lutheran School, Torrance, California
* Ascension Lutheran School (Prince George's County, Maryland), a school in Prince George's County, Maryland
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Category:Old English class 3 strong verbs
There are two subclasses: class IIIa consists of verbs with m or n following the vowel, IIIb consists of the remainder. Class IIIb verbs may have various different vowels because of breaking in Old English.
The vowel pattern is:
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Talk:Β-Carboline/Archives/2021
Proposed split
* Split Beta-Carboline into Norharmane and Beta-Carbolines. If agreed, I {will} or {cannot} do the split. See discussion at Talk:Beta-Carboline/Archives/2021. Also see archive Machinexa (talk) 09:25, 16 August 2021 (UTC)
Reason: Norharmane seems to be a compound which has name B-carboline, however this page B-carboline also disccues about other beta-carbolines in general. So I propose making/splititng a article and naming it norharmane (however it redirects to beta-carboline) which should be removed. Also, beta-carbolines or a list of beta-carbolines or similar page discussing about class of beta carbolines should be done. Other way is to just making a page beta-carbolines or a list of beta-carbolines and not splitting beta-carbolines, but having a template beta-carbolines is here and moving unnecessary text from beta-carboline page to beta-carbolines page.
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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Milyukoff, Paul Nikolaievitch
MILYUKOFF, PAUL NIKOLAIEVITCH, Russian historian and publicist, born near Petrograd, in 1859. Graduating from Moscow University, he taught for some years, then became involved in a revolutionary movement, which compelled him to flee abroad. After a brief period as professor of Slavic history in the University of Sofia, Bulgaria, he came to America and was for three years a member of the faculty of Chicago University. In 1905 he returned to Russia, where he became engaged in politics and assumed the leadership of the Constitutional Democratic party, more popularly known as “the Cadets.” He was also prominent as a journalist and founded the newspaper “Retch.” After the revolution of March, 1917, when he was a member of the Duma, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet of the Provisional Government. Incurring the displeasure of the radical elements, because of his advocacy of Russian expansion in the direction of Constantinople, he was forced to resign. After the second revolution, which placed the Bolsheviki in power, he became a refugee abroad, and was later one of the body of Russians who urged the Allied countries to adopt an anti-Bolshevik policy.
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User:Hi.ro
My Links
List_of_country_calling_codes
To do:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_power_companies_by_carbon_intensity --> add uniper, update
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Cecil E. Rhode
Cecil E. Rhode (July 7, 1902 – December 3, 1979) was an American wildlife photographer, film producer and journalist known for his work about wildlife in Alaska, particularly in National Geographic. Active professionally from 1933 until his death, Rhode was best known for bringing wide exposure to the public about the wilds of Alaska. While Rhode's primary income was from film and photography, he also made a significant portion of his living from panning for gold and from selling crabs and other game.
Rhode was the older brother of Leo Franklin Rhode (1908–2002), who came to Alaska with Cecil in 1933 and also settled on the Kenai Peninsula. Leo Rhode served as a business, civic and political leader in Homer for many decades.
In 1952, Rhode visited the McNeil River and recognized its ecological importance. He visited again in 1954, gathering photographs that led to his August 1954 feature article When Giant Bears Go Fishing in National Geographic as well as the September 1955 Outdoor Life I lived with the Bears. While Rhode published a trove of pictures and descriptions for these and other publications, he refused to disclose the specific location in print. For the next year he lobbied for the McNeil River to be set aside as a protected reserve, which was accomplished in 1955. The mountain overlooking his Cooper Landing home of 42 years was named Cecil Rhode Mountain in 1981. His colored movies were described by the National Park Service as the "finest and most authentic game pictures ever filmed in Alaska". He also filmed the documentary Great Bear Trout in the Great Bear Lake, which featured his catch of a 62 pound trout. Among his films were Alaska Afield, Great Bear Trout, Alaskan Angling, and Alaskan Game Trails.
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29 August, 2015
Now, the VOA Learning English program Words and Their Stories.
Today we take a look at the word "smart."
If someone says you are smart, what do they mean? Is it a good thing or something bad? The answer is not as easy as you might think.
This is because the word smart has many meanings.
For example, someone could say you look smart or are dressed smartly. That means they like what you are wearing and your physical appearance. To use a slang expression, they could say, "You look really cool!"
But if something smarts, it can be unkind or hurtful, either physically or mentally. If you accidentally trip over a chair and fall down, you might shout, "Ow! That smarts!" Or if a friend says something that hurts your feelings, you can say you are smarting from the hurtful comments. In fact, maybe that person is no longer your friend.
If you are standing too close to a campfire, you could say your eyes are smarting from the smoke of the fire. Here the word "smarting" means a sharp pain.
But the most common meaning of smart is to be intelligent. If someone is smart as a whip, they are able to think very quickly.
However, different people have different ways of being smart. Some people are considered street smart. They may not have a strong education. But they are good at dealing with people and problems in the real world.
Other people might be book smart. This means they have spent many years in school. But they may not be so smart when dealing with people or real-world problems.
And then there is the definition of smart that means to talk or behave disrespectfully. If you say something disrespectful to your parents, they might say, "Don't get smart with me!" Here, "smart" means to show a lack of respect by saying something unkind. In fact, a child who has a smart mouth makes rude comments, not smart ones.
This definition of smart can also be used as a verb. If you smart off to the wrong people, they could hit you in the face.
And this leads to the term "Smart Aleck." If someone calls you a "Smart Aleck," it might sound like a good thing. But it's not.
Smart Alecks are people who think they are smarter than they really are. "Aleck" is the short name for Alexander. You might also see it written as "Alec" or "Alex." For a long time, word historians thought Smart Aleck was a general term, not a specific person.
However, an American researcher argued in 1985 that the expression "Smart Aleck" is actually based on a real man. Gerald Cohen used newspaper stories and other research to support his findings.
He wrote that Alec Hoag and his wife, Melinda, were thieves in New York City in the 1840s. Melinda would bring men home with a promise of sex. While she kept the men busy, Alec would enter the room through a secret door and steal their money.
Sometimes the men who were robbed would go to the police. But Alec Hoag reportedly paid police officers to help protect him and his wife.
But when he tried to cheat those officers of their money, they arrested him. They also gave him the nickname "Smart Alec," which means to be too smart for own good.
We leave you with the theme song from "Get Smart," a popular spy show that ran on television from 1965 to 1970. It was also made into a movie. The spy, Maxwell Smart, was not-so-smart but always seemed to beat the bad guys anyway.
I'm Anna Matteo.
Words in This Story
specific – adj. clearly defined or identified
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Cieszyn Brewery
The Cieszyn Brewery is a historic brewery in Poland and belongs to the Felix Investments. It is the longest continuously operating brewery in Poland. The brewery is located in the border town of Cieszyn, on the Castle Hill in the Classicist palace.
The brewery on the Castle Hill
The pre-beginnings of the Castle Brewery in Cieszyn date back to 1653, when Emperor Ferdinand III granted the Cieszyn Duchy to his son, Prince Ferdinand IV. In the same year, the prince's commissioner appointed Kasar Tłuk of Toszonowice as regent of the princely estates, which he created in the complex known as the Cieszyn Chamber. At the end of 1653, regent Tluk opened a brewery in the castle in Cieszyn. He did it unlawfully, as he broke the mileage privilege belonging to the city of Cieszyn. Due to strong protests of the townspeople, the regent temporarily interrupted the production of beer, but after some time he resumed it again, this time delivering beer only outside the area of one mile reserved for the city.
Habsburg Brewery
In 1838, Archduke Karol Ludwik Habsburg decided to thoroughly rebuild his residence in Cieszyn. To this end, he brought in the Viennese architect Joseph Kornhäusl, who had the ruins of the Piast castle demolished, with the exception of the tower and the Romanesque rotunda. Soon a new, classicist palace with an orangery and an English-style park was built on Góra Zamkowa. As if on the occasion of this great reconstruction, encouraged by the successes of Pilsner-type beer on the market at that time, the Cieszyn prince Karol Ludwik decided to build his own brewery in Cieszyn.
Cieszyn had a long brewing tradition, as there was a burgher brewery here from the 15th century. However, it was not owned by the prince, and moreover, it produced only traditional top-fermented beer in small quantities. Therefore, around 1840, just below the castle, on the slope of the hill, the construction of a modern brewery was started, which was to deal with the production of Pilsen-type beer on an industrial scale. Construction was completed in 1846 and the plant began operating almost immediately after its opening.
Beer from Cieszyn quickly became popular not only in the Duchy of Cieszyn, but throughout the Habsburg monarchy. The son and successor of Karol Ludwik, Archduke Albrecht Frederick Habsburg, delighted with the successes of the plant, developed production and in 1856 decided to establish another brewery, which was built on his order in the village of Pawlus near Żywiec. The first brewers of the Żywiec brewery came from Cieszyn.
Before World War I, the brewery was connected with the Wine and Liqueur Factory in Błogocice.
State brewery
After the end of World War I and the fall of Austria-Hungary, the property of the Cieszyn dukes was nationalized. In 1920, the brewery was nationalized and the Państwowe Zamkowe Zakłady Przemysłowe in Cieszyn was established. In the 1920s, it was leased to Warsaw entrepreneurs related to, inter alia, with President Ignacy Mościcki. In 1933, the plant came under the management of the State Forests Directorate.
During World War II, the brewery was not closed down and production continued. After 1945, it was incorporated into the Bielskie Zakłady Piwowarsko-Słodniczych, and then the Beer Factory in Żywiec. All this time, still in the same building, the brewery produced various types of beer, including its flagship product – light beer of the Pilsen type.
Grupa Żywiec brewery
At the beginning of the 1990s, the Cieszyn brewery was privatized and purchased together with the Żywiec brewery by the Dutch company Heineken. Production was limited to one type of beer, which was given the commercial name of Żywiec Brackie. Beers from Cieszyn were sold all over the country at that time.
After a few years, it was decided to change the nature of the plant to a regional producer, therefore the commercial name of the Żywiec Brackie brand was abandoned and the name Brackie was introduced. The graphic design was also significantly changed and the distribution of beer began with a focus on the local market of the Silesian Voivodeship. In 2003, the production of the nationwide brand – Żywiec Porter was started in the brewery in Cieszyn, but it is distributed on the Polish market under the logo of Żywiec Brewery.
Since 2009, the Bracki Browar Zamkowy in Cieszyn has been producing one-off drums of special beers for Grupa Żywiec. In 2009, the Bracki Koźlak Dubeltowy beer was brewed here, the recipe of which is the home brewer, Jan Krysiak, winner of the 7th Home Brewers Competition in Żywiec. In 2010, the winner of the 8th Home Brewers Competition in Żywiec, Dorota Chrapek, brewed a Belgian pale ale in a Cieszyn brewery, but - Brackie Pale Belgijskie Ale. In 2011, it produced Grupa Żywiec beer for the stores of the Biedronka - Leżajsk Pszeniczne chain. In the same year, Grand Champion Birofilia 2011 was created in this brewery – cologne, according to the recipe of Jan Szała.
In 2010, the brewery started producing amber ale, Brackie Mastne. It also became the seat of the Polish Association of Home Brewers. Moreover, a project was implemented to transform the plant into a living museum of brewing.
In 2011, the brewery was formally consolidated with Grupa Żywiec.
Cieszyn Castle Brewery
In 2015, the castle brewery in Cieszyn gained greater autonomy and became an independent, separate organizational unit. It was still part of the Żywiec capital group, but had its own, independent structure and visual identification called Browar Zamkowy Cieszyn.
On December 23, 2020, Felix Investments purchased 100% of the brewery's shares from Grupa Żywiec.
Architecture
The Castle Brewery was erected at the request of Archduke Charles Ludwik and the foundation stone was laid by Archduke Albrecht Frederick. It was built according to the plans of the Viennese architect Józef Kornhäusl, and the construction was supervised by Frederick Baldauf, a master bricklayer brought from Vienna. The "heart" of the brewery is a four-wing, three-story rectangular building with a central courtyard. The building gained a defensive character due to the fact that its corners and gate were decorated with pseudorustic.
The historical layout of the brewery's buildings and rooms was divided according to their function.
The main building is connected with the sun loungers which are part of the complex of underground corridors. They were situated on different levels of the castle hill. The object adjacent to the brewery building in the south-west part is a high cellar - an ice tunnel, which was drilled under the castle hill, almost to the middle of the courtyard of the medieval upper castle. Ice was stored there, which was used in the production process.
The malt house, built of brick and stone, with cellars for soaking and malting barley, was located in the basement of the brewery. Barley and malt warehouses, rooms for grain cleaning before malting and the so-called air drying rooms were located on the floors and attics.
An autonomous brewery, it takes up a small space, although it managed to accommodate: a mash tun, a filter tub, an auxiliary tub with a separating battery and a deburring device, an auxiliary boiler with a mixer, a kettle for cooking beer with a hopper and pumps.
The fermentation room was located on the first level of the cellars. There were cylindrical and conical open fermentation vats intended for bottom fermentation.
With time, until the First World War, the brewery building was expanded and rebuilt. Currently, it is a complex of buildings in various architectural styles, from Biedermeier to Neo-Gothic.
Beer brands and types
* Mastne – polskie ALE (Amber Polish ALE)
* Lager / Lager Cieszyński (Pale Lager)
* Ciemna Strona Cieszyna (Munich Dark)
* Double IPA
* Sour Mango Ale (Sour Ale)
* Pszeniczne / Pszeniczne Cieszyńskie (Weizen / Weissbier)
* Witbier
* Fruit Wheat (Strawberry)
* West Coast IPA / Cieszyńskie West Coast IPA
* Porter / Porter Cieszyński (Baltic Porter)
* Stout / Stout Cieszyński
* Koźlak great snipe / Cieszyński Koźlak Double
* Lager BIO / Lager BIO Cieszyński (Pale Lager)
* Zdrój Zamkowy (Pale Lager)
* Noszak (Lager)
* UfF0% Pomegranate (soft drink)
* Hop na Kawkę (Brown Porter with coffee)
* Rye Wine / Rye Wine Cieszyński
* Wheat Wine / Wheat Wine Cieszyński
* Angielski Lord / Angielski Lord Cieszyński (Barley Wine)
* Guślarz Cieszyński (Gose)
* Juicy IPA / Juicy IPa Cieszyńskie (Juicy India Pale Ale)
* Czeska Desitka / Czeska Desitka Cieszyńska (Czech Desitka / Czech Desitka of Cieszyn)
* Lekka Brytania / Lekka Brytania Cieszyńska (Mild Ale)
* Brown Porter / Brown Porter Cieszyński (Brown Porter / English Porter)
* UfF0% Mango (soft drink)
* Quadrupel
Logo
Brackie beer's logo is green and contains an image of the Brackie Browar castle.
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Horrible Histories Proms
There has been more than one Horrible Histories Prom in the BBC's annual Proms concert series. The Horrible Histories entertainment franchise is aimed at children, and these concerts have introduced children to classical music. It was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London, and was that year's children's entry in the Proms series. Televised as "Horrible Histories' Big Prom Party", it took the form of a free family concert showcasing original songs from the Horrible Histories TV series, along with classical music. In the 30th-anniversary year of the Horrible Histories books by Terry Deary, a Prom looked at the world of opera. It featured the chorus and orchestra of English National Opera conducted by Keri-Lynn Wilson.
* 30 July 2011
* 22 July 2023
2011 concert
Louise Fryer and Rattus Rattus (the black rat puppet "host" of the TV series) presented the concert for BBC Radio 3. The featured performers were the six-member starring cast of Horrible Histories (Mathew Baynton, Simon Farnaby, Martha Howe-Douglas, Jim Howick, Laurence Rickard and Ben Willbond), supported by the Aurora Orchestra with Nicholas Collon conducting. The Music Centre Children's Choir and Kids Company Choir served as chorus. Orchestral arrangements were made as needed by Iain Farrington.
The 65-minute televised version initially aired the following September. It featured a version of the concert edited to highlight the songs from the TV series, interspersed with snippets of the classical pieces and specially-shot linking sketches set in and around the concert hall, including ones with Rattus Rattus explaining a historical link to certain pieces.
Setlist
The concert was presented in two parts divided by an interval. As a general theme, songs from the TV series were paired with a classical piece composed in or otherwise relating to that historical era. Various comic interludes spotlighted notable moments in musical history. Several recurring characters and concepts from the series, including reporter Bob Hale, King Henry VIII and Death from "Stupid Deaths", made appearances.
Part 1
* 1) "Sunrise (Fanfare)" from Also sprach Zarathustra - Richard Strauss
* 2) "Horrible Histories Theme Tune"
* 3) HHTV News: Bob Hale presents the Orchestra Report
* 4) "The 4 Georges: Born 2 Rule" (from Horrible Histories, S01E01)
* 5) Interlude: George II discusses the role of the conductor with Nicholas Collon
* 6) Danse Macabre (excerpt) - Camille Saint-Saëns
* 7) Interlude: A peasant couple offer the latest "scientific" cures for the Black Death
* 8) "The Plague Song" (from S01E10)
* 9) Interlude: Life under the feudal system
* 10) "The Truth About Richard III" (S03E06)
* 11) "The Death of Tybalt" from Romeo and Juliet - Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev
* 12) Fantasia on Greensleeves (excerpt) - Ralph Vaughan Williams
* 13) Interlude: Henry VIII discusses his marital history
* 14) "The Wives of Henry VIII: Divorced, Beheaded, Died" (S01E02)
* 15) "March to the Scaffold" from Symphonie fantastique - Hector Berlioz
* 16) "Charles II: King of Bling" (S02E02)
* 17) "La réjouissance" from Music for the Royal Fireworks -George Frederic Handel
Part 2
* 1) Marche pour la cérémonie des Turcs - Jean-Baptiste Lully
* 2) Stupid Deaths: Jean-Baptiste Lully
* 3) Interlude: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven argue over who most deserves the title of Greatest Composer Who Ever Lived
* 4) Overture from The Marriage of Figaro - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* 5) Interlude: George IV discusses his tumultuous political and marital history
* 6) "George IV: Couldn't Stand My Wife" (S02E05)
* 7) "Wedding March" from A Midsummer Night's Dream (excerpt) - Felix Mendelssohn
* 8) Interlude: Queen Victoria cannot perform; Cleopatra steps in at the last minute
* 9) "Ra Ra Cleopatra" (S03E05)
* 10) "The Ages of Stone" (S03E10)
* 11) "Sacrificial Dance" from The Rite of Spring - Igor Stravinsky
* 12) Interlude: A (musical) band of Viking warriors invade the hall and head for the stage
* 13) "Ride of the Valkyries" from Die Walküre - Richard Wagner
* 14) "Literally (The Viking Song)" (S02E01)
* 15) Horrible Histories closing theme
Reception
The concert was given 4/5 stars from John Lewis in The Guardian. Describing it as "pitched somewhere between a pantomime, a Footlights revue and an old-school variety show", he added that "it is not clear how much Richie Webb's songs (with enjoyably daft lyrics by the likes of Terry Deary and Dave Cohen) benefited from lavish orchestral arrangements: with Cleopatra's Lady Gaga-inspired theme, or Charles II's swaggering Eminem pastiche, the strings were unnecessary, even intrusive."
Writing in The Daily Telegraph, Benedict Brogan also gave the show 4/5 stars, saying that "the clever touch was to bracket each sketch and song with a smartly chosen selection of classical greatest hits, which the Aurora Orchestra under Nicholas Collon ripped out with élan." He further praised the show's accessibility, noting that "Children who came to see their television heroes were cunningly exposed to music that might in future sound familiar, not frightening."
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Asbestos compared to Black Mould
If you’re a home or business owner, you’ve most likely heard both asbestos and black mould can be extremely dangerous to the health of those exposed to it. Before we dive into the differences between these two contaminants, we want to remind you of the importance of having both dealt with professionally.
The main difference between black Mould and asbestos is one is naturally occurring and the other is a man-made material. Black mould is an environmental fungus which can grow on any surface while asbestos is a carcinogenic material. An important point to note is that once asbestos is removed there is no risk of it’s return, while black mould can continue to grow if not properly removed or the root of the issue is not resolved.
Asbestos
Prior to 1980 many insulation and building products contained the naturally occurring mineral. Once it was determined there was an increased risk upon inhaling fibres, asbestos was banned from use in new construction. That said, keep in mind the material exists in buildings built prior to 1980. If you are planning to do any renovations, we recommend having a certified professional inspect the area and advise if the material exists in the renovation area.
Black Mould
Black mould thrives in moist areas and can release spores which are dangerous to the health of those exposed. Those spores cause symptoms such as respiratory problems, dizziness, headaches and itchy/runny eyes. When you read that, it’s very similar to allergy symptoms so you should monitor if the symptoms are more prominent within your home and diminish when you leave. You may also find the symptoms to be exacerbated during the winter months as Winterpeggers are quite often stuck in their homes for extended periods of time.
One noticeable element to consider when you find black mould in your home or business is that is there a secondary problem in the form of moisture build-up. This is generally caused by a water leak or poor ventilation in high-moisture areas such as the bathroom. Mould removal specialists are trained in detecting not only the fungus but can also generally detect the root cause.
Asbestos Removal and Black Mould Removal
The good news is there are safe methods for the removal of both of the harm-causing contaminants and our professionals are experienced in identifying black mould growth and asbestos containing materials. If you suspect either of these materials are in your home or business, contact us today to book your inspection. We’re here to bring “care to your air”.
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User:Emma Warner
Sophie Körner] ]
[[File:Das Bett, The bed.jpg|thumb|Photography based on the lost painting © Archiv des Belvedere, Wien, Foto: Bruno Reiffenstein




Sophie Korner - born Vienna, 1872, died Izbizca (?) 1942.
Painter and graphic artist.
Studied decorative painting at the art school for women and girls and at the Vienna school of applied arts (Kunstgewerbeschule) and with Bernhardt Pankok in Stuttgart. Travelled to supplement her studies, stayed in Paris and the Hungarian artist colony Nagybánya; 1919 - 1921 studied with Johannes Itten at the Bauhaus in Weimar. In 1930 joined the Federation of Austrian Women Fine Artists in Vienna. 1942 deported to Ibizca and murdered. Stella Kramrich said of her in "The fine arts" (1920, pages 104 - 107): "an expressionism of animated, delineated surface colour which allows the painting to become a living organism." [ref Sabine Plakolm-Forsthuber: Women Artists in Austria from 1897 - 1932. Painting - Sculpture - Architecture. Vienna - Picus, Wien.]
The arts establishment in Vienna.
According to Birgit Ben-Eli in her article "Austria: Jewish Women Artists", "the history of The School of Arts and Crafts, Vienna (Fachschule für dekorative Malerei und graphische Kunst der Kunstgewerbeschule in Wien) was but one example of a common male consensus. Even worse was the Viennese academy, which opened its doors to women only in 1920, two hundred years after its foundation, and then kept the number of female students low."
Exhibitions and works
The Bauhaus in Calcutta: An Encounter of the Cosmopolitan "Avant-garde, an exhibition held in 2013 in Dessau in Germany, was originally held in Calcutta in December 1922, although few traces of it remain." in the absence of the works, the documents relating to the exhibition were displayed.
According to the article, "(the 1922 exhibition) was a pathbreaking exhibition of the watercolours, gouaches and drawings by artists from both this “School of Building” founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar in 1919, and modern Indian artists from Rabindranath’s Santiniketan schoo l which opened in the same year. "
According to co-curator Kathrin Rhomberg, "the avant garde has lost its position of being the “other” in the 1990s contemporary art system which allowed everything to be passed off as art. ... One of the positive fallouts of globalisation and the end of Cold War is that Eurocentrism in art history is more and more being questioned, specifically in the last 10 years."
Rabindranath bought one of the only paintings sold at this exhibition, a work by Sophie Körner, but it remains untraced, as do many of her works following her death.
Die bessere Hälfte (The Better Half) female Jewish artists to 1938, Jewish Museum, Vienna, November 2016 - July 2017.
Sources
http://www.jmw.at/de/exhibitions/die-bessere-haelfte-juedische-kuenstlerinnen-bis-1938
Sabine Plakolm-Forsthuber: Women Artists in Austria from 1897 - 1932. Painting - Sculpture - Architecture. Vienna - Picus, Wien.
https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130729/jsp/calcutta/story_17164179.jsp
https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/austria-jewish-women-artists
http://www.zeller.de/de/kuenstlerindex/char/k/
http://www.frauenkunst.at/de/maler/korner/index.html
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WIKI
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The only $10 billion the Government refuses to spend | TheHill
The Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund – an account which collects an excise tax assessed to shippers on all waterborne commerce (except exports) – is flush with cash; $10 billion of it. This money is set aside specifically for harbor maintenance activities, including dredging channels, and maintaining jetties and breakwaters. Yet, Congress won’t spend it and the Administration doesn’t want it. In fact, this fund accrues more money than it spends each year, leaving the unallocated budget to continuously accumulate. Allowing $10 billion to sit idle and unused is particularly problematic considering the state of U.S. ports and harbors. The American Society of Civil Engineers assigned them a “C” grade in its most recent Infrastructure Report Card, and the imminent demands compound with every passing day. Waterborne commerce already plays a major role in the U.S. economy generating nearly $5 trillion in economic activity and bringing $41 billion to federal, state and local coffers annually, but a nearly complete Panama Canal expansion project could push these numbers even higher – if we’re ready. When the Panama Canal expansion is complete later this year, it will accommodate significantly larger ships, weighing up to 3 times more, than the cargo vessels which currently pass through the canal. Many U.S. harbors have not been sufficiently dredged to accommodate the larger ships commonly used in international trade, not to mention the mega-ships that will pass through the newly expanded canal. Nevertheless, the U.S. won’t reap the full rewards of these large-scale improvements if basic investments are not made to bring our ports and harbors from a “C” to an “A” for regular day to day use, including regular domestic shipping activities. So why do Congress and the Obama Administration agree each year to spend less than half of the $2 billion accrued annually, despite having a massive surplus? The answer lies in very complicated budget rules. Even though nearly $2 billion per year is collected in the fund, the Army Corps of Engineers does not have authority to use any of that money. Simply put, if Congress approves use of the funds, it shows up on the federal ledger as increased spending applied against the budget caps. Therefore, an equal amount of spending needs to be cut elsewhere in the federal budget. This is true even though the money is raised through a user fee paid only by those who ship into and out of ports and harbors. As convoluted as this is, there are solutions. The best and most effective way is to remove Congress’ temptation to withhold HMTF funds to allow increased spending elsewhere. Three ways to do this are: 1) Authorize the Army Corps of Engineers to spend money from the HMTF as needed without any additional action from Congress (this is how the Highway Trust Fund functions) 2) Privatize the fund (with limited government oversight) and allow an industry run organization to determine when and how funds are made available 3) Eliminate the tax altogether and allow shippers to self-finance all of their harbor dredging and maintenance needs There are a finite number of opportunities for the federal government to improve infrastructure without spending a dime of taxpayer money. User fees should directly benefit those who pay them. Cargo shippers have paid their fees; it is now time to invest in the infrastructure they need. As Congress considers the 2016 Water Resources and Development Act, investing in U.S. ports and harbors should be among the top priorities. Shane Skelton is the Executive Director for the Alliance for Innovation and Infrastructure View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Talk:List of the largest trading partners of the United Kingdom
I suggest the column headings be changed to indicate which country (UK or ) is the exporter/importer. Wordsmith2015 (talk) 08:59, 26 December 2019 (UTC)
I hope we can update this after the end of 2021, it will be interesting to see how the Europe vs Rest of World balance changes. Currently 51% of Britain's external trade is with the EU+EFTA single market, and 49% Rest of World.
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WIKI
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Two Rivers Mansion (Nashville, Tennessee)
Two Rivers Mansion is an Antebellum historic house in Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
History
The mansion was built in 1859 for David H. McGavock (1826–1896), a cousin of the McGavocks who owned the Carnton plantation in Franklin, Tennessee, and his wife William "Willie" Elizabeth Harding (1832–1895), whose family owned the Belle Meade Plantation. During construction of the mansion, the McGavock family lived in the adjacent house named 'The 1802 House', a Federal-style red brick home. Both properties were once the centerpiece of an 1,100-acre plantation in Donelson, Tennessee.
Two Rivers was inhabited by the McGavock family for three generations until 1965, when it was purchased by the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County from Mary Louise Bransford McGavock.
The land was turned into the Two Rivers Park and Golf Course, with eighteen holes of golf, baseball and softball diamonds, six tennis courts and a playground.
Architectural significance
Two Rivers was designed in the Italianate architectural style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1972.
Location
The mansion is located at 3130 McGavock Pike in Nashville, Tennessee. It is located between the Stones River and the Cumberland River, hence the name.
In popular culture
Two Rivers Mansion and The 1802 House were featured as a haunted location on the paranormal series, Haunted Live which aired in 2018 on the Travel Channel. The paranormal team, the Tennessee Wraith Chasers investigated both buildings which are said to be highly haunted.
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WIKI
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How do I change the date in a batch file?
Following are the code snipts for formating date / time in a batch script:
1. FOR /F “TOKENS=1* DELIMS= ” %%A IN (‘DATE/T’) DO SET MYDATE=%%B.
2. FOR /F “tokens=*” %%A IN (‘DATE/T’) DO SET MYDATE=%%A.
3. @echo off.
4. for /f “tokens=2-4 delims=/ ” %%g in (‘date /t’) do (
5. for /f “tokens=1-2 delims=: ” %%j in (‘time /t’) do (
How do I change the date in CMD?
Type “date” into the command prompt window and press “Enter.” The current date setting will now display. To change it, type the proper date into the window in the “mm-dd-yy” format — for example, “05-30-13” for May 30, 2013 — and press “Enter.” The new date setting will now be saved.
How do you edit a batch file in Windows 7?
Edit a batch file from within Windows Batch files are plain-text files, which means they can be edited as a text file by right-clicking the file and clicking Edit as shown in the picture. Once you’ve clicked edit, your default text editor opens the file and allows it to be modified.
What does %1 do in batch file?
When used in a command line, script, or batch file, %1 is used to represent a variable or matched string. For example, in a Microsoft batch file, %1 can print what is entered after the batch file name.
What is date in batch file?
Using current date as part of the file or a folder (the directory) name is very useful. The batch files can use special variable named DATE and which returns the current date in the local regional format. As we knew, the regional settings are different.
What is batch date?
Batch Date: The “Batch Date” will default to the current date unless the current date falls outside of the current financial month (Era). In that event, the system. will default to the first or last day of the financial month depending on whether the current date is prior to or after the financial period.
How do I change the time and date on Windows 7 permanently?
Windows 7 Date and Time set up
1. Click the displayed time in the taskbar and then click Change date and time settings.
2. Click the Date and Time tab.
3. Click Change time zone.
4. Click Change date and time.
5. Click the small left and right arrows in the calendar to select a month and year, and then click a day within the month.
How do I change the date on my computer?
To set the date and time on your computer:
1. Press the Windows key on your keyboard to display the taskbar if it isn’t visible.
2. Right-click the Date/Time display on the taskbar and then choose Adjust Date/Time from the shortcut menu.
3. Click the Change Date and Time button.
4. Enter a new time in the Time field.
Can you edit a batch file while it running?
Short answer: yes, batch files can modify themselves whilst running.
Can a batch file change the system date?
Yes, a batch file can do it, but I wouldn’t recommend it. To set the date in Windows, you use the DATE command. To set the date to 01/01/2010, you would execute this command at the command prompt: However, you will need administrator privileges in order for that to work. To change the time, the command is TIME.
How can I change the system date format?
It is a pain in the ass to open up the clock, click change date and time, click change calendar settings, select the different date format from the drop-down and apply it before testing. Especially since when I am done I have to go through all of that again to set it back.
How to format date and time in batch script?
I usually do it this way whenever I need a date/time string: This is for the German date/time format (dd.mm.yyyy hh:mm:ss). Basically I concatenate the substrings and finally replace all spaces with zeros. So to get just the year from a date like “29.03.2018” use: Is this answer outdated?
How to set the date in Windows 10?
To set the date in Windows, you use the DATE command. To set the date to 01/01/2010, you would execute this command at the command prompt: However, you will need administrator privileges in order for that to work. To change the time, the command is TIME. You can look up both commands by using the HELP facility. i.e.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Skip to main content
Sync data between databases.
Project description
Synctool is a library for Django to make syncing querysets between databases easy. No more manually dumping or entering data. No more out-of-date fixtures. Just get the data you want, on demand.
Basic usage
Here’s an example for syncing the django.contrib.sites app.
1. Create an api view
# myapp.views
from synctools.routing import Route
route = Route()
@route.app("sites", "sites")
2. Add the urls to your project
# myproject.urls
from django.conf.urls import include, url
from myapp.views import route
urlpatterns += [
url("^sync/", include(route.urlpatterns)),
]
3. Sync data from the remote endpoint
# myclient.py
from synctools.client import Client
client = Client(
api_url="https://myserver.com/sync/",
api_token="<token>",
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
client.sync("sites")
The sites app can now be synced locally from a remote data source by calling:
python myclient.py
How it works
Under the hood Synctool uses the Django JSON serializer to pass data between servers. Synctool isn’t limited to syncing whole applications. It can also sync custom querysets and even download associated images.
Installation
Synctool can be installed from PyPI:
pip install django-synctool
Requirements
This library requires Django >= 1.7 and either Python 2.7 or Python >= 3.3.
Documentation
You can read the documentation here.
Project details
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
Files for django-synctool, version 1.1.0
Filename, size File type Python version Upload date Hashes
Filename, size django-synctool-1.1.0.tar.gz (6.5 kB) File type Source Python version None Upload date Hashes View hashes
Supported by
Elastic Elastic Search Pingdom Pingdom Monitoring Google Google BigQuery Sentry Sentry Error logging AWS AWS Cloud computing DataDog DataDog Monitoring Fastly Fastly CDN DigiCert DigiCert EV certificate StatusPage StatusPage Status page
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Paweł Komorowski
Paweł Komorowski (14 August 1930 – 28 November 2011) was a Polish film director and screenwriter. He directed twenty films between 1955 and 2000.
Selected filmography
* Pięciu (1964)
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WIKI
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In the third part of the series about C# 8, I will look at nullable reference types and indexes/ranges features.
All articles in the series:
Nullable references types
Why is this important? Before C# 8 and .Net 3.0, all reference types (such as classes or records) were considered nullable by default by the compiler. However, in more recent languages such as Swift or Kotlin, all reference types are not-nullable by default. Null reference types are also called “billion-dollar mistake” by its inventor Tony Hoare according to Wikipedia.
What problem do nullable reference types solve? First, it forces you as a developer to think about a situation when an object is not presented, for example, in the API response.
To understand when your reference variable will be considered nullable and when not, you should check this article. It explains how nullable context works.
To mark the reference variable as nullable, you need to add the ? operator; otherwise, if you are in the nullable context, compile-time validation will work to ensure that your variable won’t be null.
Index type
In C# 8 two new types were introduced - Index struct and Range struct. They were intended to improve work with arrays in C#.
To work with index type new operator was added - ^, index from end operator. Example of usage with Index variable declaration:
var chars = new[] { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' };
Index index0 = 0;
Console.WriteLine(chars[index0]); // a
Index indexLast = ^1;
Console.WriteLine(chars[indexLast]); // d
Index indexOutOfRange = ^0;
try
{
Console.WriteLine(chars[indexOutOfRange]);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e); // System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Index was outside the bounds of the array.
}
Example of in place operator usage
var chars = new[] { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' };
Console.WriteLine(chars[0]); // a
Console.WriteLine(chars[^1]); // d
try
{
Console.WriteLine(chars[^0]);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e); // System.IndexOutOfRangeException: Index was outside the bounds of the array.
}
Range type
Range type was introduced to simplify access to subarray and to work with data overall. You need to use the range operator - .. to work with it. It specifies the start and the end of a range of indices of an array. The first value is an inclusive start of a range, and the second value is an exclusive end of a range.
Range type can be used similar to the Index type - with variable declaration and in-place.
var chars = new[] { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' };
Range firstTwo = 0..2;
Console.WriteLine(chars[0..2]); // ab
Console.WriteLine(chars[0..4]); // abcd
// ranges can be used with indexes
Console.WriteLine(chars[0..^0]); // abcd
Range outOfRange = 0..5;
try
{
Console.WriteLine(chars[outOfRange]);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e); // System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: Specified argument was out of the range of valid values.
}
You can subscribe to my Telegram channel, where I post interesting .NET-related stuff and tech news.
What to read
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/nullable-references https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/nullable-migration-strategies https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/operators/member-access-operators#index-from-end-operator-
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Dhofar War
The Dhofar War (also known by other names) took place from 1963 to 1976 in the province of Dhofar against the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. The war began with the formation of the Dhofar Liberation Front, a Marxist group which aimed to create an independent state in Dhofar, free from the rule of the Omani Sultan Said bin Taimur. The rebels also held the broader goals of Arab nationalism which included ending British influence in the Persian Gulf region. Omani and British goals, on the other hand, were to safeguard Oman from communism and halt the spread of communist ideology as part of the broader Cold War.
The war initially took the form of a low level insurgency with guerrilla warfare being used against Omani forces and the foreign presence in the country. A number of factors such as the British withdrawal from Aden and support from the newly independent South Yemen, China and the Soviet Union brought the rebels increased success, with the communists controlling the entirety of the Jebel region by the late 1960s. The 1970 Omani coup d'état led to the overthrow of Sultan Said bin Taimur by his reformist son Qaboos bin Said who was backed by a major British military intervention in the conflict. The British initiated a "hearts and minds" campaign to counter the communist rebels and began the process of modernising the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces while simultaneously deploying the Special Air Service to conduct anti-insurgency operations against the rebels. This approach led to a string of victories against the rebels and was boosted by the Shah of Iran's intervention in the conflict to support the Sultanate of Oman in 1973. The war ended with the final defeat of the rebels in 1976.
Background
In 1962, Oman was a very underdeveloped country. Sultan Said bin Taimur, an absolute ruler under British influence, had outlawed almost all technological development and relied on British support to maintain the rudimentary functions of the state. Oman at the time was a "British protectorate", a de facto colony. During his collaboration with the British empire, the sultan committed himself to maintaining an iron-fisted policy, slowing down the development of his country to the detriment of the Omani population, who lived in atrocious and unhealthy conditions. Nadir bin Ali bin Faisal, undersecretary of foreign affairs at the time, wrote a book called Sultan and Colonialism in which he stated that the sultan was nothing more than a British puppet without any authority. Dhofar itself was a dependency of Oman but was culturally and linguistically distinct from Oman proper.
The province of Dhofar consists of an intermittent narrow, fertile coastal plain, on which stand Salalah, the provincial capital, and other towns such as Mughsayl, Taqah, and Mirbat. Behind this are the rugged hills of the Jebel Dhofar. The western portion of this range is known as the Jebel Qamar, the central part as the Jebel Qara and the eastern part as the Jebel Samhan. From June to September each year, the jebel receives moisture-laden winds (the Khareef or monsoon) and is shrouded in cloud. As a result, it is heavily vegetated, and for much of the year is green and lush. The inhabitants of the villages and communities on the jebel are known as jibalis (hill people). To the north, the hills slope down via rough wadis and cliffs into the gravel plains and sand seas of the Empty Quarter.
Early years of the rebellion
In 1962 a dissatisfied tribal leader, Musallam bin Nufl (Mussalim bin Nafl), formed the Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF) and obtained arms and vehicles from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia and Oman had earlier clashed over ownership of the Buraimi Oasis, and the Saudis had already supported two failed insurrections in the Jebel Akhdar in the interior of Oman in 1957–59. The DLF also received support from Imam Ghalib Bin Ali, the exiled Imam of Oman, who had led these earlier revolts.
Bin Nufl and his men made an epic crossing of the Empty Quarter to reach Dhofar. As early as December 1962, Bin Nufl's guerrilla band performed sabotage operations on the British air base at Salalah and ambushed oil industry vehicles.
From 1964 the DLF began a campaign of hit-and-run attacks on oil company installations and government posts. Many of the DLF were trained former soldiers of the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces (SAF), or of the Trucial Oman Scouts in the United Arab Emirates.
The Sultan had relied on the "Dhofar Force", a locally recruited irregular unit of only 60 men, to maintain order in the region. In April 1966, members of this unit attempted to assassinate the Sultan. This event apparently changed the nature of the conflict. The Sultan retired to his palace in Salalah, never to be seen in public again. This only served to add to rumours that the British were running Oman through a "phantom" Sultan. The Sultan also launched a full-scale military offensive against the DLF, contrary to the advice of his British advisors. Heavy-handed search and destroy missions were launched in Dhofar, villages were burned and wells were concreted over or blown up. A member of the SAF reported that after receiving heavy resistance, it "proved that the position was unattainable, and after blowing up the village wells we evacuated the camp."
An emboldened movement
From the early days of the rebellion, Nasserite and other left wing movements in the neighbouring Aden Protectorate, later the Protectorate of South Arabia, were also involved. In 1967, two events combined to give the Rebellion a more revolutionary complexion. One was the Israeli victory in the Six-Day War which radicalised opinion throughout the Arab world. The other was the British withdrawal from Aden and the establishment of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY, aka South Yemen). From this point, the rebels had a source of arms, supplies and training facilities adjacent to Dhofar, and fresh recruits from groups in the PDRY. Training camps, logistical bases and other facilities were set up in the coastal town of Hawf, only a few miles from the border with Oman.
The Dhofari liberation movement adopted a Marxist-Leninist ideology with the objective of liberating "all of the Gulf from British imperialism." Political scientist Fred Halliday reported during his visit to the area that "wherever we went we saw people wearing Mao and Lenin badges, reading socialist works and discussing." Works included Lenin's, the German playwright Bertolt Brecht's and of some who were associated with the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) such as the writer and strategist Ghassan Kanafani. Discussions were published by Sawt al-Thawra and 9 Yunyu.
Two congresses were held to define the political objectives of the movement, in 1965 and 1968. At the second congress, the Dhofar Liberation Front became the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf, or PFLOAG. The program adopted at these two congresses was strongly tinged with communism. Its aim was to establish a "democratic people's republic" and to expel the British army from Oman. The Front sought to establish a constitution, abolish martial law, restore freedom of the press and expression and ensure the rights of minorities. On economic issues, it intended to nationalize the oil companies, develop industries and implement land reform. The Front called for more social justice and affirmed its support for all Asian, African and Latin American liberation movements. References were also made to the Palestinian struggle. The rebels opened schools to which both boys and girls had access (girls' education was forbidden in Oman until 1970). Tribalism was fought against and social relations tended to evolve, with a specific place given to women, including in the armed struggle.
The move towards Marxism–Leninism ensured that the PFLOAG received sponsorship from both South Yemen and China. China in particular was quick to support the PFLOAG as it was a peasant-based organisation, giving it a strong Maoist credibility. Chinese support for the PFLOAG also had another benefit for them, as it acted as a counterbalance to increasing Soviet influence in the Indian Ocean. China was quick to establish an embassy in Aden and "the Yemeni regime allowed its territory to be used for channelling weapons" to the PFLOAG.
The transformation of the DLF, combined with a new supply of Chinese and Soviet weaponry and better training, ensured that the armed wing of the PFLOAG turned into an effective fighting force. In May 1968, an attack by a battalion of the Sultan's Armed Forces against a rebel position at Deefa in the Jebel Qamar was defeated by heavily armed and well-organised and trained rebels.
However, the radicalisation of the rebel movement led to a split between those such as bin Nufl who were fighting mainly for local autonomy and recognition, and the more doctrinaire revolutionaries (led by Mohammad Ahmad al-Ghassani). One of bin Nufl's lieutenants, Said bin Gheer, was an early and influential defector to the Sultan. Nevertheless, by 1969 the DLF and PFLOAG fighters had overrun much of the Jebel Dhofar, and cut the only road across it—that from Salalah to "Midway" (Thumrait) in the deserts to the north. They were known to the Sultan's Armed Forces as Adoo, Arabic for "enemy", or sometimes as "the Front", while they referred to themselves as the People's Liberation Army or PLA. They were well-armed with weapons such as the AK-47 assault rifle and SKS semi-automatic carbine. They also used heavy machine guns (the DShK), mortars up to 82mm in calibre and 140mm BM-14 or 122mm "Katyusha" rockets. By 1970 communists controlled the entire Jebel. Terror was then used to break up the traditional tribal structure. Young men were sent to train for guerilla warfare in China, Russia and Iraq.
The units of the Sultan's Armed Forces were under strength with only 1,000 men in Dhofar in 1968. They were also badly equipped, mainly with World War II vintage weapons such as bolt-action rifles, which were inferior to the PFLOAG's modern firearms. These rifles were replaced by the FN FAL only late in 1969. Even the SAF's clothing and boots were ragged and unsuitable for the terrain. The units of the SAF were generally not properly trained to face hardy guerrillas on their own ground, and no Omani held a rank above that of Lieutenant (a result of the Sultan's fears of opposition to his rule among the armed forces). The SAF generally were unable to operate in less than company strength on the jebel (making their operations clumsy and conspicuous), and were mainly restricted to Salalah and its immediate area. At various times, small detachments from Nos. 2 (Para), 15 (Field) and 51 (Field) squadrons of the British RAF Regiment, and other units (a Royal Artillery locating troop, a 5.5-inch medium battery of the Royal Jordanian Artillery, and a 25-pounder battery of the Sultan's artillery) had to be deployed to protect the vital airfield at Salalah from infiltrators and from harassing mortar and rocket fire.
Other insurgents in the northern section of Oman formed a separate resistance movement, the National Democratic Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (NDFLOAG). In June 1970 they attacked two SAF posts at Nizwa and Izki. They were repulsed but the incident convinced many (including the Sultan's British advisers and backers) that new leadership was required.
1970 Omani coup d'état
In the 1970 Omani coup d'état on 23 July 1970, Said bin Taimur was deposed and went into exile in London. He was replaced by his son, Qaboos bin Said, who immediately instigated major social, educational and military reforms. Qaboos was well educated, first in Salalah by an old Arab scholar and then at Sandhurst, after which he was commissioned into the Cameronians, a regiment of the British Army. He then completed his education sitting in on councils, attending committee meetings and visiting industry and administrative centres in Britain before returning to Oman. His "five point plan" involved:
* A general amnesty to all those of his subjects who had opposed his father;
* An end to the archaic status of Dhofar as the Sultan's private fief and its formal incorporation into Oman as the "southern province";
* Effective military opposition to rebels who did not accept the offer of amnesty;
* A vigorous nationwide programme of development;
* Diplomatic initiatives with the aims of having Oman recognised as a genuine Arab state with its own legal form of government, and isolating the PDRY from receiving support from other Arab states.
Within hours of the coup, British Special Air Service (SAS) soldiers were flown into Oman to further bolster the counterinsurgency campaign. They identified four main strategies that would assist the fight against the PFLOAG:
* Civil administration and a hearts and minds campaign;
* Intelligence gathering and collation;
* Veterinary assistance;
* Medical assistance.
The military commanders on the ground (rather than the UK Ministry of Defence) suggested the implementation of a "hearts and minds" campaign, which would be put into operation primarily by a troop (25 men) from the SAS. The British government (then under Conservative leader Edward Heath) supported this unconventional approach to the counterinsurgency campaign. It approved the deployment of 20 personnel of the British Royal Engineers, who would aid in the construction of schools and health centres, and drilled wells for the population of Dhofar. Royal Army Medical Corps Field Surgical Teams and some Royal Air Force medical teams would also operate out of Salalah hospital, in order to open a humanitarian front in the conflict. The British government additionally provided monetary support for the creation of the Dhofar Development Programme, whose aim was to wrest support from the PFLOAG through the modernisation of Dhofar. The operation was almost a carbon copy of a system that had proved successful in the Malayan Emergency some twenty years previously.
To assist in the civil development and coordinate it with the military operations, the command structure in Dhofar was reorganised, with the newly appointed Wāli or civilian governor (Braik bin Hamoud) being given equal status to the military commander of the Dhofar Brigade (Brigadier Jack Fletcher to 1972, Brigadier John Akehurst from that date).
A major effort was made to counter rebel propaganda and induce the Dhofari population to support the government. In particular, appeals were made to Islam and to traditional tribal values and customs, against the rebels' secular or materialist teachings. A significant outlet for government propaganda was the many inexpensive Japanese transistor radios which were sold cheaply or distributed free to jibalis who visited Salalah and other government-held towns to sell firewood or vegetables. Although the PFLOAG could also broadcast propaganda by radio, the Government's propaganda was factual and low-key, while that of the rebels, broadcast by Radio Aden, was soon perceived to be exaggerated and stereotyped.
On 27 December 1970 Sultan Qaboos gave an interview to Al Khaleej and commented on the situation in Dhofar saying:
"This crisis developed in the past, but its after-effects still exist. And on the very first day [of assuming power] we addressed ourselves to the discontented there, and extended our hand to them saying that what they were complaining about regarding the absence of liberties and services, such as education and health, would end; that it was up to them to come forward and demonstrate their goodwill; that we should co-operate together and that defects inherited from the past needed full time on our part to cope with them."
Government initiatives
One step which had a major impact on the uprising was the announcement of an amnesty for surrendered fighters, and aid in defending their communities from rebels. A cash incentive was offered to rebels who changed sides, with a bonus if they brought their weapon. Following the split between the PFLOAG and DLF wings of the rebel movement, several prominent rebel leaders changed sides, including bin Nufl himself and his deputy, Salim Mubarak, who had commanded the eastern region.
The rebels who defected to the Sultan formed Firqat irregular units, trained by British Army Training Teams, or BATTs, from the Special Air Service. Salim Mubarak played a major role in establishing the first Firqat (and the only one to be formed from members of more than one tribe), but died, apparently of heart failure, shortly after its first successful actions. Eighteen Firqat units, numbering between 50 and 150 men each, were eventually formed. They usually gave themselves names with connections to Islam, such as the Firqat Salahadin or Firqat Khalid bin Walid. (Some of the PFLOAG units also gave themselves ideological names, such as Ho Chi Minh or Che Guevara). These firqat irregular groups played a major part in denying local support to the rebels. Being jibalis themselves (and in many cases with family connections among the communities on the Jebel), they were better at local intelligence-gathering and "hearts and minds" activities than the northern Omani or Baluchi personnel of the regular SAF, although they exasperated commanders of the regular SAF by refusing to take part in operations outside their tribal areas, or during Ramadan.
The first serious step in re-establishing the Sultan's authority on the Jebel took place in October 1971, when Operation Jaguar was mounted, involving five Firqat units. three companies of the SAF and two squadrons of the SAS. After hard fighting, the SAS and Firqats secured an enclave on the eastern Jebel Samhan from which they could expand. The SAS introduced two new weapons to support the mobile but lightly equipped firqats: the rapid firing GPMG, which could lay down a heavier weight of fire than the Bren light machine gun previously available to the SAF, and the Browning M2 heavy machine gun, which was deployed to match the DShK machine guns used by the adoo.
Meanwhile, the regular units of the SAF were expanded and re-equipped. Extra officers and NCO instructors from the British Army and Royal Marines (and also the Pakistan Army) were attached to all units (there were nominally twenty-two British or contracted personnel with each infantry battalion) while Omani personnel were educated and trained to become officers and senior NCOs. British specialist elements, including mortar locating radar troops and artillery observation officers, also rotated through Oman over several years.
The revitalised SAF created fortified lines running north from the coast and up to the summit of the Jebel, to interdict the movement of rebels and the camel trains carrying their supplies from the PDRY. The "Leopard Line" was established in 1971, but this line had to be abandoned during the following monsoon season as it could not be supplied. The more effective "Hornbeam Line" was set up in 1972, running north from Mughsayl on the coast west of Salalah. The lines consisted of fortified platoon and company outposts on commanding peaks, linked by barbed wire. The posts possessed mortars and some also had artillery, to provide cover for patrols and to harass rebel positions and tracks used by them. The SAF soldiers continually sortied from their outposts to set ambushes on the most likely enemy infiltration routes and mount attacks against rebel mortar- and rocket-launching positions. Anti-personnel land mines were sown on infiltration routes. The rebels also used anti-personnel mines against suspected SAF patrol bases, and even laid anti-tank land mines on tracks used by SAF vehicles.
The Sultan of Oman's Air Force was also expanded, acquiring BAC Strikemaster aircraft which provided air support to units on the ground, and eight Shorts Skyvan transport aircraft and eight Agusta Bell 205 transport helicopters which supplied firqat and SAF posts on the jebels. A flight of RAF Westland Wessex helicopters also operated from Salalah.
On 17 April 1972, a battalion of the SAF made a helicopter landing to capture a position codenamed Simba at Sarfait near the border with South Yemen. The captured position overlooked the rebels' supply lines along the coastal plain, but did not block them. Although the demands on its transport aircraft and helicopters to maintain the post at Sarfait forced the SAF to abandon some positions in the eastern Jebel, Sarfait was nevertheless retained for four years.
Rebel counterattacks
Immediately after China established relations with Iran, all support to the rebels in Dhofar was cut off by China which had changed its mind about insurgencies, since it viewed them as counterproductive to countering the Soviets.
As a result of the various measures undertaken by the Omani government, firqats and regular SAF, the rebels were being deprived both of local support and supplies from the PDRY. This was recognised at a Third National Congress of the movement, held in Rakhyut in June 1971. Some military improvements were suggested, such as better discipline to avoid wasteful expenditure of ammunition and better coordination between units. It was acknowledged that the movement had estranged many of the local population, by indiscriminate punishments by "people's courts", the movement's inability to match the government's civil aid program and the effectiveness of the government's information service which promoted Islam over Marxism.
To retrieve the military situation, the rebels mounted a major attack on the coastal town of Mirbat during the monsoon season of 1972. On 19 July 1972, at the Battle of Mirbat, 250 rebel fighters attacked 100 assorted firqat under training, paramilitary askars (armed police) and a detachment of the Special Air Service. In spite of the low khareef cloud cover, air support from Strikemaster aircraft was available, and helicopters landed SAS reinforcements. The rebels were repulsed with heavy losses.
Iranian intervention
As a result of Sultan Qaboos's diplomatic initiatives, the Shah of Iran had sent an Imperial Iranian Army brigade numbering 1,200 and with its own helicopters to assist the Sultan's Armed Forces in 1973. The Iranian brigade first secured the Salalah-Thumrait road, while their helicopters played a vital role in keeping the isolated Simba position supplied. In 1974, the Iranian contribution was expanded into the Imperial Iranian Task Force, numbering 4,000. They attempted to establish another interdiction line, codenamed the "Damavand Line", running from Manston, a few miles east of Sarfait, to the coast near the border with the PDRY. Heavy opposition from the rebels, which included artillery fire from within the PDRY, thwarted this aim for several months. Eventually, the town of Rahkyut, which the PFLO had long maintained as the capital of their liberated territory, fell to the Iranian task force.
Shah Mohamad Reza Pahlavi justified his intervention in Oman by the need to defend the Strait of Hormuz: "Just imagine that these savages should seize the other bank of the Ormuz Straits, at the mouth of the Persian Gulf. Our life depends on that. And those people at war with the Sultan are savages. They may even be worse than communists". Iranian troops remained in the country after the end of the war but were withdrawn after the Iranian Revolution.
Final defeat of the rebellion
In January 1974, after several splits and defections, the rebel movement renamed itself the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman. This public contraction of their aims coincided with a reduction in the support they received from the Soviet Union and China. Meanwhile, the rebels were steadily cleared from the Jebel Qara and Jebel Samhan by firqats and were driven into the western part of the Jebel Qamar.
Nevertheless, the rebels kept the respect of their opponents for their resilience and skill. In January 1975, in the hastily organised Operation Dharab, the SAF attempted to capture the main rebel logistic base in the Shershitti Caves. A SAF company from a battalion which took a wrong route blundered into an ambush in an adoo "killing ground" above the caves and suffered heavy casualties.
During late February 1975, three battalions of the SAF eliminated much of the rebel "9th June" Regiment (named after the anniversary of the outbreak of the rebellion) in the rugged Wadi Ashoq in the Jebel Samhan between the Damavand and Hornbeam lines. This largely restored SAF morale.
During the next few months, the SAF seized an airstrip at Deefa, but were unable to make immediate use of it during the khareef. Some regular troops from the PDRY reinforced the PFLO's fighters, who also deployed SA-7 anti-aircraft missiles for the first time. However, their premature use of this weapon deprived them of the advantage of surprise. Also, the Sultan's Air Force had acquired 31 Hawker Hunter aircraft from the Royal Jordanian Air Force. The SA-7 was much less effective against these aircraft than against Strikemasters.
In October 1975, the SAF launched a final offensive. An attack from Simba, intended to be a diversion, nevertheless succeeded in descending cliffs and slopes 3000 ft in total height to reach the coast at Dalqhut, and thus finally cut off the adoo from their bases in the PDRY. While the Iranian Task Force threatened the Shershitti Caves from the south, another SAF battalion advanced from Deefa, threatening to surround the remaining adoo territory in the Jebel Qamar. Hawker Hunter aircraft of the Sultan's Air Force attacked artillery positions in the PDRY. Over the next few months, the remaining rebel fighters surrendered or sought sanctuary in the PDRY. The Rebellion was finally declared to be defeated in January 1976, although isolated incidents took place as late as 1979.
Aftermath
The British influence was still considerable at the end of the war. The special envoy in Oman of The Times of London explained in 1976:
"Most of the civil servants and all the army officers I met, with one single exception, were British. Major General Perkins himself [commander-in-chief of the Omani army] assured us that 'if Great Britain were to withdraw from Oman it would be catastrophic' […]. Serving in Oman was very useful for the training of officers posted out here. […] It is the only country in the world where you can wage a war like this one, a large-scale war using every kind of weapon'."
SAF operating bases
As with many military operations the British were involved in, the use of nicknames was commonplace and these were used alongside local names:
Linear defensive positions
The following were the nicknames of the north–south blocking defences in western Dhofar:
* Damavand Line (Manston to the coast at Rakhyut)
* Hammer Line (between Midway Road and Hornbeam line)
* Hornbeam Line (stretching 53 km north of Mughsayl)
Other sites mentioned not yet identified
The following are mentioned as operational sites but not yet identified:
* Everest
* Furious
* Stonehenge
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WIKI
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Template talk:Early Ford cars
Ford T a full-size car
Can we really call Ford T a full-size car? I understand it was larger than most Fords of the previous era, but it was still 3.4 meters long and 165 times cheaper than a Bugatti Royale. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:19, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
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The Design–Build–Test–Learn (DBTL) cycle, facilitated by exponentially improving capabilities in synthetic biology, is an increasingly adopted metabolic engineering framework that represents a more systematic and efficient approach to strain development than historical efforts in biofuels and bio-based products. Here, we report on implementation of two DBTL cycles to optimize 1-dodecanol production from glucose using 60 engineered E. coli MG1655 strains. The first DBTL cycle employed a simple strategy to learn efficiently from a relatively small number of strains (36), wherein only the choice of ribosome-binding sites and an acyl-ACP/acyl-CoA reductase were modulated in a single pathway operon including genes encoding a thioesterase (UcFatB1), an acyl-ACP/acyl-CoA reductase (Maqu_2507, Maqu_2220, or Acr1), and an acyl-CoA synthetase (FadD). Measured variables included concentrations of dodecanol and all proteins in the engineered pathway. We used the data produced in the first DBTL cycle to train several machine-learning algorithms and to suggest protein profiles for the second DBTL cycle that would increase production. These strategies resulted in a 21% increase in dodecanol titer in Cycle 2 (up to 0.83 g/L, which is more than 6-fold greater than previously reported batch values for minimal medium). Beyond specific lessons learned about optimizing dodecanol titer in E. coli, this study had findings of broader relevance across synthetic biology applications, such as the importance of sequencing checks on plasmids in production strains as well as in cloning strains, and the critical need for more accurate protein expression predictive tools.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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New Diagnostic Criteria for Myocardial Infarction (MI)
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Criteria for acute, evolving or recent MI
Either one of the following criteria satisfies the diagnosis for an acute, evolving or recent MI:
1) Typical rise and gradual fall (troponin) or more rapid rise and fall (CK-MB) of biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis with at least one of the following:
1. ischemic symptoms;
2. development of pathologic Q waves on the ECG;
3. ECG changes indicative of ischemia (ST segment elevation or depression); or
4. coronary artery intervention (e.g., coronary angioplasty).
2) Pathologic findings of an acute MI.
Criteria for established MI
Any one of the following criteria satisfies the diagnosis for established MI:
1) Development of new pathologic Q waves on serial ECGs. The patient may or may not remember previous symptoms. Biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis may have normalized, depending on the length of time that has passed since the infarct developed.
2) Pathologic findings of a healed or healing MI.
References:
1. Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee.. Myocardial infarction redefined. A consensus document of the Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 1502-1513 [Medline]
2. Ferguson JL, Beckett GJ, Stoddart M, Walker SW, Fox KA. Myocardial infarction redefined: the new ACC/ESC definition, based on cardiac troponin, increases the apparent incidence of infarction. Heart 2002 Oct;88(4):343-7 [Medline]
3. Lopez-Sendon J, Lopez De Sa E. New diagnostic criteria for myocardial infarction: order in chaos. Rev Esp Cardiol 2001 Jun;54(6):669-74 [Medline]
Created: Jan 15, 2007
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Tony Chater
Anthony Philip John "Tony" Chater (21 December 1929 – 2 August 2016) was a British newspaper editor and Communist activist.
Early life
Born in Northampton, Chater attended Northampton Town and County Grammar School, and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) whilst in the sixth form. Chater then studied at Queen Mary, University of London in London, gaining a first (BSc, 1951) and a PhD in chemistry in 1954. After a two years post-doctoral research fellowship at the Dominion Experimental Farm, Canada, and a year at Brussels University studying biochemistry, he returned to Britain to teach, initially at Northampton Technical High School, later Blyth Grammar School, Norwich, and from 1960 at the Luton College of Technology where he remained until 1969. He stood in the 1963 Luton by-election as a CPGB candidate, but was placed last gaining only 593 votes. Despite this, he stood in Luton again in 1964, 1966 and 1970, again without success.
Morning Star
After being the Chair of the Communist Party of Great Britain during 1968–69, Chater began working full-time for the party as its head of press and publicity, and in 1974 he swapped jobs with George Matthews becoming editor of the Morning Star, a daily paper associated with the party. He attempted to get the party executive to prioritise increasing sales, with limited success. The paper, run by the People's Press Printing Society, and the party were coming into open conflict by 1982, disagreeing on approaches to the shop stewards' movement. The following year, the revisionist party leadership attempted to remove Chater's supporters from the executive of the PPPS, but the reverse occurred, and Chater's opponents were defeated instead. Chater, however, was expelled from the CPGB in January 1985. An opposition coalesced around Chater and Mick Costello, but they were defeated at the 1987 Party Congress and subsequently founded the Communist Party of Britain.
Chater stood down as editor of the Morning Star in 1995. He died on 2 August 2016.
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WIKI
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The Poisson formula for groups with hyperbolic properties
@article{Kaimanovich1998ThePF,
title={The Poisson formula for groups with hyperbolic properties},
author={Vadim A. Kaimanovich},
journal={Annals of Mathematics},
year={1998},
volume={152},
pages={659-692}
}
• V. Kaimanovich
• Published 15 February 1998
• Mathematics
• Annals of Mathematics
The Poisson boundary of a group G with a probability measure „ is the space of ergodic components of the time shift in the path space of the associated random walk. Via a generalization of the classical Poisson formula it gives an integral representation of bounded „-harmonic functions on G. In this paper we develop a new method of identifying the Poisson boundary based on entropy estimates for conditional random walks. It leads to simple purely geometric criteria of boundary maximality which…
POISSON BOUNDARY OF GROUPS ACTING ON R-TREES
We give a geometric description of the Poisson boundaries of certain extensions of free and hyperbolic groups. In particular, we get a full description of the Poisson boundaries of free-by-cyclic
An approach to traces of random walks on the boundary of a hyperbolic group via reflected Dirichlet spaces
On a non elementary, Gromov hyperbolic group of conformal dimension less than two - say a surface group - we consider a symmetric probability measure whose support generates the whole group and with
Boundary and Entropy of Space Homogeneous Markov Chains
We study the Poisson boundary (≡ representation of bounded harmonic functions) of Markov operators on discrete state spaces that are invariant under the action of a transitive group of permutations.
Poisson boundary of groups acting on ℝ-trees
We give a geometric description of the Poisson boundaries of certain extensions of free and hyperbolic groups. In particular, we get a full description of the Poisson boundaries of free-by-cyclic
Harmonic Functions on Discrete Subgroups of Semi-simple Lie Groups
A description of the Poisson boundary of random walks on discrete subgroups of semi-simple Lie groups in terms of geometric boundaries of the corresponding Riemannian symmetric spaces is given. Let G
Poisson boundary of groups acting on real trees
We give a geometric description of the Poisson boundaries of certain extensions of free and hyperbolic groups. In particular, we get a full description of the Poisson boundaries of free-by-cyclic
Continuity of asymptotic characteristics for random walks on hyperbolic groups
We describe a new approach to proving the continuity of asymptotic entropy as a function of a transition measure under a finite first moment condition. It is based on using conditional random walks
Dimensional properties of the harmonic measure for a random walk on a hyperbolic group
This paper deals with random walks on isometry groups of Gromov hyperbolic spaces, and more precisely with the dimension of the harmonic measure $\nu$ associated with such a random walk. We first
Discrete random walks on the group Sol
The harmonic measure ν on the boundary of the group Sol associated to a discrete random walk of law µ was described by Kaimanovich. We investigate when it is absolutely continuous or singular with
The Poisson boundary of CAT(0) cube complex groups
We consider a finite-dimensional, locally finite CAT(0) cube complex X admitting a co-compact properly discontinuous countable group of automorphisms G. We construct a natural compact metric space
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:醢
Additional definitions
In Chinese, does this character have additional definitions related to cannibalism or human mutilation? <IP_ADDRESS> 20:34, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Case Study
NDMA And 1,4-Dioxane Treatment - San Gabriel Valley, California (Case Study)
Source: TrojanUV
ndmaand14_dioxanetreatmentsangabrielvalleycasestudy
Since it was first settled in 1841, California's San Gabriel Valley has hosted a wide variety of industries. However, industrial development has left a significant portion of the Valley’s groundwater contaminated with various organic contaminants, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 1,4-dioxane. While many of the contaminants can be removed with conventional contaminant treatment technologies such as air stripping and carbon adsorption, NDMA and 1,4-dioxane require more advanced technology. NDMA, produced as a by-product of rocket fuel manufacturing, is considered highly carcinogenic and requires treatment by UV light. 1,4-Dioxane, a stabilizer used in industrial solvents, requires treatment by UV-oxidation (the combination of UV light with hydrogen peroxide).
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Jane Martineau (college administrator)
Jane Martineau (1812 – 2 January 1882) was a British college administrator, and the founding administrator of Bedford College, London.
Life
Jane Martineau was born in London, the first child of seven born to sugar refiner and mechanical engineer John Martineau (1789–1831), and Jane (née Taylor; 1792–1868). She was educated in Stratford upon Avon. In 1831, the family emigrated to America, but returned following John Martineau's death at sea. From a close family, Jane continued living with her other unmarried sisters long after the death of their mother.
Between 1849 and 1855, Martineau registered to study at Bedford College, taking classes in astronomy, drawing, English, geography, mathematics, moral philosophy, and political economy. The college had been founded by Elisabeth Jesser Reid, a friend and - like Jane - a Unitarian. Her skills in administration were sharpened by lessons in bookkeeping, helping her to manage her family's accounts.
Martineau was part of Bedford College from its establishment in 1849. She acted as one of the college's "Lady Visitors", chaperoning students and helping to run the college. Martineau represented the Lady Visitors on the council 1852–1855, and in 1855 she was appointed honorary secretary. She retained this post until her retirement in 1876. Like her other work for the college, this was always unpaid.
In 1860, Reid made Jane Martineau a trustee, increasing her power within the college, and giving her control over two trust funds established by Reid for the college's boarding house and to provide for women's education. After Reid's death, Martineau and her fellow trustees took control of Bedford College. With one of these, Eliza Bostock, Martineau brought about the closure of the college's attached school, so as to focus on higher education for women.
Jane Martineau was recognized as a capable and meticulous administrator, who also gave significant time to ensuring students' academic success. As Sophie Badham wrote in her entry for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Martineau "devoted her life to the cause of women's education". She was a signatory on the 1866 suffrage petition.
She died at her home in Hyde Park, London, on 2 January 1882.
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Cousin of Brussels Bombers Is Charged With Ties to Terrorist Network
PARIS — The police in Belgium have charged a cousin of the brothers who set off suicide bombs in Brussels in March 2016 with being part of the terrorist network that planned and carried out those attacks and the attacks in Paris in November 2015. The Belgian federal prosecutor’s office released a statement on Friday saying that the suspect, Yassine Atar, 30, had been charged with “terrorist assassinations” and “participation as a leader in the activities of a terrorist group.” Mr. Atar, a Belgian of Moroccan ancestry, has been in custody since last year, on suspicion of planning an attack against a “march against fear” in the aftermath of the Brussels bombings, according to his lawyer, Sébastien Courtoy. The march, which was to be held in central Brussels in March 2016, was canceled after the police overheard telephone conversations in which Mr. Atar took part, the authorities said. Nitrogen, an ingredient that has been used in making bombs, was found on Mr. Atar’s hair and his beard, according to Mr. Courtoy. The hair samples were sent to a forensic lab. An arson fire there last August possibly destroyed all the samples, according to the lab’s director. Mr. Courtoy has demanded that prosecutors produce evidence against his client and has denied the charges. But over the past year, according to police documents, the police have been piecing together Mr. Atar’s role in the network. He is a cousin of the brothers Ibrahim and Khalid el-Bakraoui, who on March 22, 2016, carried out the Brussels attacks by setting off suicide bombs at an airport and in a subway station. The attacks killed 32 people and wounded 340. Mr. Atar was also found to have had keys to an apartment on the Rue Henri Bergé 86 in Brussels, which was used by the network to prepare bombs for the Brussels assaults, and possibly the Paris attacks. In that apartment the police found the DNA of eight people suspected of involvement in the Paris and Brussels attacks — all of them now either dead or in jail. The apartment also contained bomb-making material, traces of TATP (the substance used in the Paris and the Brussels attacks), numerous cellphones and documents, police files show. The Belgian authorities suspect that a brother of Mr. Atar, Oussama Atar, was a leader of the Brussels network. Oussama Atar remains at large.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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DNS resolver
Docksal runs a system service called docksal-dns.
This service is responsible for the wildcard *.docksal domain resolution to the Docksal IP (192.168.64.100).
It also forwards all other DNS requests to the upstream DNS server, which is Google's Public DNS (8.8.8.8) by default.
Project containers are configured to use docksal-dns as their DNS server by default.
Docksal configures network settings on Linux, Mac, and Windows to tell the host machine to use docksal-dns as well.
On Mac only *.docksal DNS queries are routed through docksal-dns.
On Linux and Windows DNS, all DNS queries are routed through docksal-dns, as there is no way to configure this selectively (like on Mac).
In cases when the Docksal VM is stopped or the docksal-dns service is down, the OS picks the next available DNS server configured on the host (which would be your LAN/WiFi connection). This way there is always a fallback.
Disabling the resolver
If you run into issues with DNS resolution, try disabling the automatic resolver.
1. Stop the VM with fin vm stop
2. Open $HOME/.docksal/docksal.env and add DOCKSAL_NO_DNS_RESOLVER=true
3. Start the VM again fin vm start
Without the automatic resolver, you can use fin hosts command to manage name resolution via the hosts file.
Override the default upstream DNS settings
Some restricted network environments (e.g., corporate networks) may be blocking direct access to external DNS services, making 8.8.8.8 inaccessible. In such cases, Docksal will output a warning on fin project start with the instructions to override the default upstream DNS settings.
1. Open $HOME/.docksal/docksal.env and set DOCKSAL_DNS_UPSTREAM to your local network DNS server
Example:
DOCKSAL_DNS_UPSTREAM=192.168.0.1
2. Run fin system reset dns
Inspect your LAN or WiFi interface settings and connection status to figure out the DNS server your network is using.
Enable DNS query logging (for debugging)
Enable logging
DOCKSAL_DNS_DEBUG=true fin system reset dns
View logs
fin docker logs docksal-dns
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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-- Obama's Spy Chief Nominee Clapper Sees Danger Ahead From North Korea
The U.S. may be entering “a dangerous
new period” with North Korea marked by military provocations
designed to advance the Stalinist state’s political goals,
President Barack Obama ’s nominee for intelligence chief said.
That threat is the “most important lesson” for the U.S.
intelligence community to take from North Korea’s sinking of a
South Korean warship, James Clapper told the Senate Intelligence
Committee in written testimony for his confirmation hearing
yesterday. A retired Air Force lieutenant general, Clapper has
held the Pentagon’s top intelligence job since 2007.
“We may be entering a dangerous new period when North
Korea will once again attempt to advance its internal and
external political goals through direct attacks on our allies in
the Republic of Korea,” said Clapper, who was head of
intelligence for U.S. Forces Korea and the Pacific Command in
the mid-1980s.
The March sinking of the Cheonan, which the U.S. and South
Korea have blamed on a North Korean torpedo, also highlights a
“renewed realization that North Korea’s military forces still
pose a threat that cannot be taken lightly,” Clapper told the
committee in an 89-page set of answers to policy questions.
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Defense Secretary
Robert Gates visits the armed border dividing North and South
Korea today in a show of U.S. unity with its ally after the
sinking.
The tour of the so-called Demilitarized Zone is part of
commemorations of the 60th anniversary of the Korean War. The
visit coincides with the arrival of the 97,000-ton aircraft
carrier USS George Washington at the southeastern port of Busan
before U.S.-South Korea military exercises that have raised
tensions with China.
To contact the reporter on this story:
Anthony Capaccio in Washington at
acapaccio@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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By Delia / Last update January 19, 2022
God Mode helps you to access settings easily
So far, the public's evaluation of Windows 11 is mixed. On the one hand, Win11 has made significant changes in the overall UI design and other aspects; on the other hand, there are no major feature updates, and settings options and features available in older versions are now missing in Windows 11.
In addition, there is one more major drawback, which is that the steps to enable the use of many common features in Windows 11 have changed significantly. Windows 11 tries to lead you to a new, more modern settings menu while hiding but not eliminating the old-style Control Panel, which still contains many important options. This leads to the possibility that after a while you may still not find (or have to go through a tedious path to find) the access to a frequently used feature.
windows 11
For example, if you often need to access the computers of other workmates on your LAN during your workday, sometimes you may have access problems that prevent you from accessing them properly, and you need to check certain network sharing options on your system.
In previous versions of Windows, it was very easy to do this by double-clicking "Network" on the desktop, and then clicking "Network and sharing center" in the menu above to check the advanced sharing settings.
And in Windows 11, if you do this, you will find that there is no "Change advanced sharing settings" feature. Instead, you need to change the menu view in the upper-right corner of Control Panel to "small icons", and then click "Network and sharing center" to find "Change advanced sharing settings" and so on.
This may not seem very complicated, but it takes significantly more time to complete, which is obviously contrary to the idea that the entrance to common and important functions should be simple and straightforward.
If you have similar complaints, the easiest way to solve them is to enable "God Mode". It doesn't make you invincible like in video games, but it does allow you to create a folder with a list of shortcuts to frequently used settings. This enables you to access settings such as printers or Bluetooth with a single click.
How to enable Gode Mode in Windows 11
To enable "God Mode" in Windows 11, simply right-click in a blank area of the desktop and click "New" -> "Folder" to create a new folder.
create new folder
Then name the folder "GodMode.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}". If done correctly, the file name will disappear. And the folder icon may change to the Control Panel icon at some point.
folder icon
When you enter this folder, you will find more than 200 shortcuts to the settings menu available. They are listed in separate categories. If you want to have easier access to only a few of the frequently used settings screens, you can also drag their shortcuts to the desktop.
windows 11 god mode settings list
Despite the name "God Mode", this feature is not illegal or dangerous, it just brings a whole set of settings into one convenient location, and you can manage or delete it at will. However, from the user's point of view, they would definitely prefer a more convenient and easily accessible settings menu provided by future versions of Windows.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Albert R. Hall (Indiana politician)
Albert Richardson Hall (August 27, 1884 – November 29, 1969) was an American educator and politician who served three terms as a U.S. representative from Indiana from 1925 to 1931.
Early life
Hall was born near West Baden Springs, Indiana, Hall attended the district school and the Paoli (Indiana) High School. He graduated from Indiana Central Business College (now the University of Indianapolis) at Indianapolis in 1906 and from Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, in 1912. He served as principal of the high school at French Lick, Indiana from 1909 to 1911, superintendent of schools of Fairmount from 1913 to 1917, of Waterloo in 1917 and 1918, and of Grant County 1921-1925.
Political career
Hall was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-ninth, Seventieth, and Seventy-first Congresses (March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1931). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1930 to the Seventy-second Congress and for election in 1934 to the Seventy-fourth Congress.
After Congress
Hall engaged in commercial printing from 1932 to 1942, and served as secretary and treasurer of Driveways Contractors, Inc. He engaged in the real estate business in Marion, Indiana, was editor of a Fairmount, Indiana newspaper, and operator of Indiana Hotel in Marion, Indiana, from 1961 until his death in Marion on November 29, 1969.
He was interred in the I.O.O.F. Cemetery.
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WIKI
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Inflammation and stress-related candidate genes, plasma interleukin-6 levels, and longevity in older adults.
Authors: Walston JD; Matteini AM; Nievergelt C; Lange LA; Fallin DM; Barzilai N; Ziv E; Pawlikowska L; Kwok P; Cummings SR; Kooperberg C; LaCroix A; Tracy RP; Atzmon G; Lange EM; Reiner AP
Abstract: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine that influences the development of inflammatory and aging-related disorders and ultimately longevity. In order to study the influence of variants in genes that regulate inflammatory response on IL-6 levels and longevity, we screened a panel of 477 tag SNPs across 87 candidate genes in >5000 older participants from the population-based Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Baseline plasma IL-6 concentration was first confirmed as a strong predictor of all-cause mortality. Functional alleles of the IL6R and PARP1 genes were significantly associated with 15%-20% higher baseline IL-6 concentration per copy among CHS European-American (EA) participants (all p<10(-4)). In a case/control analysis nested within this EA cohort, the minor allele of PARP1 rs1805415 was nominally associated with decreased longevity (p=0.001), but there was no evidence of association between IL6R genotype and longevity. The PARP1 rs1805415--longevity association was subsequently replicated in one of two independent case/control studies. In a pooled analysis of all three studies, the "risk" of longevity associated with the minor allele of PARP1 rs1805415 was 0.79 (95%CI 0.62-1.02; p=0.07). These findings warrant further study of the potential role of PARP1 genotype in inflammatory and aging-related phenotypes.
Keywords: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging/genetics; Cardiovascular Diseases/*blood/genetics/mortality; Case-Control Studies; Female; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Humans; Inflammation/*blood/genetics/mortality; Interleukin-6/*blood/genetics; Longevity/genetics; Male; Phenotype; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/*blood/genetics; Risk Factors
Journal: Experimental gerontology
Volume: 44
Issue: 5
Pages: 350-5
Date: March 3, 2009
PMID: 19249341
Select reference article to upload
Citation:
Walston JD, Matteini AM, Nievergelt C, Lange LA, Fallin DM, Barzilai N, Ziv E, Pawlikowska L, Kwok P, Cummings SR, Kooperberg C, LaCroix A, Tracy RP, Atzmon G, Lange EM, Reiner AP (2009) Inflammation and stress-related candidate genes, plasma interleukin-6 levels, and longevity in older adults. Experimental gerontology 44: 350-5.
Longevity Variant Associations (p-value):
• rs1805415 (0.001)
• rs4537545 (3e-18)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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-- Car Fund Seeking Bugattis; $1.6 Million Vase in Attic: Art Buzz
A Swiss-based asset management firm
is seeking to profit from rising prices for collectable cars. The Classic Car Fund aims to make a return of 17 percent a
year by buying and selling a variety of investment-grade
classics, ranging from prewar Bugattis to postwar Pontiac muscle
cars, its manager Filippo Pignatti said. “We’ve used the model of an art fund,” Pignatti said in
an interview. “Everyone knows what a classic car is worth. The
skill is to know when to buy them and when to sell them.” The fund follows IGA Automobile LP, advised by Pink Floyd
drummer Nick Mason, which plans to buy sought-after autos. The
Hagerty’s Cars That Matter “Blue Chip” Index, measuring
prices, rose 67 percent in four years to the end of 2010.
Investors are watching to see if the funds can succeed in a
market that can be as risky as alternative investments in art,
whisky and wine. The open-ended fund, registered in Liechtenstein, was set
up by the Count of Custoza Family Office AG in Zurich and will
be quoted next week on the Fondsboerse Deutschland , Pignatti
said. He plans to raise 50 million euros in the first year.
Investors can participate for as little as 100 euros. The fund
has a target capitalization of 350 million euros after five
years. “We’re quoting it on the German fund exchange so that it
can be available to Americans,” said Pignatti. The fund will be
valued continuously and is open to U.S. investors. The rival IGA
fund, which began marketing last month, isn’t open to U.S.-based
account holders. Ming Vase A Chinese porcelain Ming “moonflask” vase found in a box
is estimated to sell for as much as 1 million pounds ($1.6
million) at an auction house in Dorset, England , on May 12. “An old boy brought in a cardboard box of stuff, and the
blue and white vase was just in there,” Guy Schwinge, director
of the Dorchester-based auction house Duke’s , said in an
interview. “When I first saw it, I couldn’t believe it.” The vase dates from the Yongle period (1403-1424) and is
decorated with Islamic-style motifs. It is in perfect condition
and has a low estimate of 500,000 pounds, Schwinge said. The
owner is a 79-year-old former worker at Cadbury’s. The “attic find” follows the sale of a Qing vase, found
in a house clearance, for 51.6 million pounds at Bainbridges in
Ruislip, west London , on Nov. 11 -- a record for any Chinese
work offered at auction. The Beijing-based bidder who bought it
was given some time to pay and collect. Bainbridge said on Feb.
3 that payment hadn’t been received, though this wasn’t a
concern. He wouldn’t say when the invoice was due. “It would have been naive to expect immediate payment for
a piece of that value,” said the London-based dealer Alastair
Gibson , a former Asian-art department head at Sotheby’s. “Auction houses routinely give extended payment terms for
objects of more than $100,000,” Gibson said. “If you’re
dealing with Mr. Big in Beijing, it’s difficult to force the
issue. They’re happy to allow things to sit in strongboxes. I
wouldn’t be surprised if we’re talking about this in two years’
time.” Singer’s Wine Singer-songwriter Chris de Burgh is selling part of his
wine collection. De Burgh, whose hits include the 1986 “Lady in Red,” will
be offering 320 bottles and 84 magnums from his private cellar
at Christie’s International in London on March 24. The total estimate of 200,000 pounds includes 90,000 pounds
for 62 magnums of Chateau Mouton-Rothschild in vintages from
1945 to 2005. Last month, Andrew Lloyd Webber sold a selection from his
cellar at Sotheby’s Hong Kong , raising HK$43.3 million ($5.6
million) against a high estimate of HK$32 million. (Scott Reyburn writes about the art market for Muse, the
arts and culture section of Bloomberg News. Opinions expressed
are his own.) To contact the writer on the story:
Scott Reyburn in London at sreyburn@hotmail.com . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Mark Beech at mbeech@bloomberg.net .
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Marlboro Man's unlikely predecessor was the Marlboro woman in ads
Marlboro's iconic mascot, the Marlboro Man, has been the face of the cigarette brand since the 1950s.Before that, Marlboro advertised its product to women.In 1920, some American women were still denied the right to smoke in public. Marlboro ads tapped into their desire to smoke outside the home.To hear the full story, subscribe to Business Insider's podcast, "Brought To You By..."Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
For decades, Marlboro cigarettes have been all but synonymous with their iconic mascot, the Marlboro Man. The burly, rugged cowboy trailed the plains on horseback in the company's iconic 20th-century advertisements and TV commercials. More recently, he has made cameos in shows like "Seinfeld" and songs like "Old Town Road."As a brand, Marlboro has positioned itself to symbolize a lifestyle of independence and self-reliance. But its history is far more complicated.The brand first stepped out as a women's cigarette in 1924. At that time, smoking was considered a violation of social mores among respectable women. But many tobacco companies, including Marlboro, saw female smokers as an untapped market."The tobacco industry realized that half of its potential customers were not even considering using cigarettes," Robert Jackler, a tobacco advertising researcher at Stanford University, told Business Insider. "The industry actually began engineering ways of encouraging women to be willing to smoke in public."By the late 1920s, women's smoking had become an emblem of first-wave feminism. But Marlboro's advertisements were still steeped in gender stereotypes. They featured debutantes concerned about keeping their lipstick intact or doting housewives who craved the same cigarettes as their husbands.
The following vintage ads reveal how Marlboro has evolved over nearly 100 years.
By 1920, women in America had won the right to vote — but some were still being denied the right to smoke in public.
In 1904, a woman in New York was sentenced to 30 days in jail for smoking in the presence of her children. Four years later, another woman in New York was arrested for smoking a cigarette in public.In 1921, Congress proposed a bill that would ban women from smoking in public in Washington, D.C. Women who did smoke were often forced to do so at home."It would have been very shocking for women to smoke in public in the early 20th century," Jackler said. "In polite American society, women did not smoke, certainly not in public."
Marlboro ads helped shift that narrative. They depicted smoking as glamorous rather than unladylike.
The company's debut tagline was "Mild as May" — a reference to both the flavor of the cigarettes and the demeanor of the women smoking them.Many of the women in these advertisements had dark lips, long eyelashes, and perfectly coiffed hair. Their cigarettes were perched neatly between two fingers. Marlboro even marketed the cigarettes as an accessory for bridge parties or limousine rides.The cigarettes came with grease-proof tips designed to prevent a woman's lipstick from smudging. Marlboro even introduced red rims around the cigarette to disguise lipstick stains.
Philip Morris, the company that owned Marlboro, launched a handwriting contest for ladies. Women received a box of cigarettes in exchange for entering.
In the late 1920s, women were asked to submit a written sample of Marlboro's slogan — "A cigarette for those who can afford 20 cents for the best" — with an enclosed check for $1. In exchange, Marlboro would send them a pack of cigarettes and a "character analysis" of their handwriting from a Russian graphologist.
Cigarettes were also a symbol of rebellion for women in the 1920s.
As Marlboro was marketing its cigarette to women, its rival brand — the American Tobacco Company — adopted the same approach.The company hired public-relations expert Edward Bernays (the nephew of Sigmund Freud) to help stage a protest at the 1929 Easter Day Parade in New York City. Bernays recruited debutantes to march through the streets, dressed in white, carrying lit cigarettes in their hand.He called the cigarettes "torches of freedom.""It was covered in every newspaper and magazine in America," Jackler said. "There were hundreds of newspapers all over America that featured pictures of these women on Fifth Avenue."
As cigarettes became more popular among women, Hollywood started to show actresses smoking on the silver screen.
The 1942 film "Now, Voyager," starring Bette Davis, used cigarettes as a romantic proposition.The 1944 film "To Have and Have Not," featured actress Lauren Bacall seductively lighting a cigarette in the doorway.American women were drawn these Hollywood aesthetics, Jackler said."You're actually targeting them much as you would influencers on social media today," he said. "Having a beautiful, fashionable movie star in a tobacco ad inspires people."
In the 1940s, Marlboro ads portrayed cigarettes as a way for women to attract men.
This advertisement from 1945 catered to women, but featured the slogan: "Everything for the boys.""The thought is that Marlboro appeals to women who want to reject classic femininity," Jackler said. "But I think that's a little simplistic. While there may be some of that, I think that it's also because women smoke the cigarette that's in the house."Men in the 1940s smoked Marlboro, too — though the brand wasn't as popular as the American Tobacco Company's Lucky Strike cigarettes.By 1954, the "women's cigarette" still represented less than 1% of the domestic cigarette market.
In the 1950s, scientific research started to suggest that cigarettes could cause lung cancer in men. Fearful of losing a key market, Marlboro introduced its signature mascot: the Marlboro Man.
In 1950, four independent studies found that a high percentage of lung cancer patients were also heavy smokers. In the years to follow, dozens of similar studies began to confirm these results.In 1954, scientists at the American Cancer Society determined that "men with a history of regular cigarette smoking have a considerably higher death rate than men who have never smoked or men who have smoked only cigars or pipes."Marlboro wanted a way to reassure male customers that its cigarettes weren't a hazard to their health. In 1954, the brand launched a filtered cigarette that was believed, at the time, to reduce the amount of tar and other toxic chemicals that a smoker inhaled.But filtered cigarettes were also seen as weaker and less flavorful."At the time, there was an attitude that the only people who smoked filters were women and sissy men," Jackler said. "The notion was to show that a real macho, rugged man could smoke filters."The Marlboro Man helped reinforce the idea that filtered cigarettes could be masculine.
Before settling on the cowboy, Marlboro tested many different tropes of masculinity, including sailors, football players, and airline pilots.
"They wanted to have a filter brand that was more lifestyle-oriented," Jackler said. "This paper-wrapped, shredded tobacco leaf was everything to everyone. It was an essential part of daily life."That was true despite the fact that not all Americans resembled the Marlboro Man."There's a real genius to it," Jackler said. "Very few people are Marlboro Men, but people resonate with what the Marlboro Man represents."
Many of these ads prominently displayed the men's military tattoos.
"Every single one of them had a tattoo on their hand," Jackler said of the early Marlboro Men. The advertisements, he added, "were meant to show masculine men doing what masculine men do."
The cowboy was by far the most popular figure. He symbolized a rugged individualism that appealed to many Americans heading into the 1960s.
"The Marlboro Man actually ended up appealing to young people and women, as well," Jackler said. "The whole idea of the individualistic, independent cowboy is one that doesn't have to listen to what some prissy government bureaucrat is telling him to do about his smoking."
The Marlboro Man was also the portrait of physical health and strength — despite what research suggested about smoking and lung cancer.
"The connotation of these ads is, 'Not only am I rugged and masculine, but I'm in control of my own. Nobody's going to tell me what to do and I don't have to listen to those doctors and public-health people,'" Jackler said.
When smokers started turning to lower-priced cigarettes, Marlboro started to advertise other products and experiences that complemented its cowboy ethos.
By the 1990s, Marlboro was still America's best-selling cigarette, but customers were increasingly willing to jump ship for cheaper brands. The Clinton administration was also threatening to impose higher taxes on cigarettes to discourage smoking.In addition to lowering its prices, Marlboro unveiled a new advertising campaign called the "Marlboro Adventure Team," which offered 10 winners several days of hiking, biking, rafting, and horseback riding through Colorado and Utah. The company also sold "Adventure Gear" like jackets, canvas duffel bags, Swiss Army watches, and lighters.The Marlboro Man was absent from the campaign."The disappearance is intriguing because it comes when Marlboro sales are unexpectedly slumping," The New York Times wrote in 1992. "While no one is claiming the Marlboro Man is heading for his last roundup, there is a widespread belief that the imagery, once fresh and compelling, has become dated."
In 1992, Wayne McLaren became the first man who appeared in a Marlboro advertisement to die of a smoking-related illness.
McLaren died of lung cancer. At least four other men who appeared in Marlboro advertisements have met a similar fate. The second man, David McLean, died of lung cancer in 1995. His widow sued Philip Morris a year later."During the taping of the commercials, David McLean was obligated to smoke Marlboro cigarettes," her lawsuit reads. "The commercials were very carefully orchestrated, and David McLean was required to smoke up to five packs per take in order to get the ashes to fall a certain way, the smoke to rise a certain way and the hand to hold the cigarette in a certain way."The lawsuit was ultimately dismissed in court, but the cigarettes have since incurred the nickname "cowboy killers."
Philip Morris USA is now owned by Altria, a company that also owns a stake in the e-cigarette maker JUUL Labs.
"Altria still keeps the legacy of the Western heritage of Marlboro, often with images of cowboys," Jackler said.As smoking rates decline across America, e-cigarettes have become increasingly popular — particularly among teenagers. From 2017 to 2018, e-cigarette use among high school students increased by 78%.The US Food and Drug Administration has warned that e-cigarettes' fun flavors make e-cigarettes more appealing to young smokers. In January, the FDA banned these types of flavored e-cigarette cartridges.But Jackler said that cigarette brands constantly find new ways to reinvent themselves."The tobacco industry is like a chameleon," he said. "It will adapt to whatever's popular."
More about "Brought to you by..."
window._taboola = window._taboola || [];
window._taboola = window._taboola || [];
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Jean d'O
Jean II d'O, sieur de Manou and Beauce (1552–1596) was a French noble, courtier, royal favourite, soldier and captain of the guard during the latter French Wars of Religion. Brother to the more famous François d'O, Manou began his career during the reign of Charles IX, entering the service of the king's brother Anjou at the time of the siege of La Rochelle in 1573. He travelled with Anjou upon his election as king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and upon Anjou's return as Henri III of France he became first an échanson (cup-bearer) in 1574 then gentilhomme de la chambre by 1577 before finally being elevated to the prestigious post of captain of the guard in 1580. In 1575 he fought in the Fifth War of Religion and saw action under the overall command of the Duc de Guise at the Battle of Dormans.
In 1585 he became a chevalier (knight) of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit (Order of Saint-Esprit), the highest royal order of French chivalry. The following year he became a conseiller d'État (councillor of state). With the king at war with the Catholic Ligue (League) in 1589, Manou was with the king as he prepared to besiege Paris. He was therefore present for the assassination of the king on 1 August, and after some negotiations, remained loyal to the royalist cause by swearing loyalty to his Protestant successor Henri IV on condition of his conversion and the maintenance of his office. He died in 1596.
Early life and family
Jean II d'O was born in 1552 the son of Jean I d'O and Hélène d'Illiers. The couple was married in 1534 and would have six children. Jean I d'O served as the captain of François I's guardes éccosais (Scots guard). He was also the governor of Meulan and 'grand maréchal de Normandie' (grand marshal of Normandie). He died around 1563. Hélène d'Illiers was the dame de Manou. Jean II's elder sister, Françoise d'O (1550–) married the royal favourite of Henri III the sieur de Maintenon. His elder brother, François d'O would become one of the king's closest favourites prior to his disgrace in 1581. He had three younger brothers:
* René d'O (–1586) sieur de Fresnes and gentilhomme de la chambre du roi (gentleman of the king's chamber) in 1580;
* Louis d'O (–1583) sieur de La Ferrière, who died in service of the duc d'Alençon in Nederland
* Charles d'O sieur de La Ferrière, abbot of Saint-Étienne de Caen and Saint-Julien de Tours then gentilhomme de la chambre du roi in 1594.
Jean II d'O came from an ancient Norman noble family. The family had seen service at the battle of Azincourt in 1415 with a member of the house being killed on the field. The D'O served Charles VIII and Louis XII in the capacity of chamberlains.
In the division of the family lands, Jean's elder brother François received the Norman and Perche seigneuries of O, Fresnes and Maillebois. Meanwhile, Jean inherited those territories that had been brought into the family by his mother Hélène, Manou and Beauce. The brothers would benefit at court from the memory of their father.
Marriage and children
Jean II d'O married Charlotte de Clermont, dame de Tallard, a daughter of a gentleman in the ducal household of Anjou, Antoine III de Clermont-Tallard. This marriage was part of a strategy of building networks among the court families.
They couple had the following issue:
* Louise d'O, married in Gabriel du Quesnel, the marquis d'Allègre in 1599.
After his arrival in Paris he initially resided with his brother in a hôtel on the rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre. In the 1580s Manou moved to a residence on the rue Saint-Honoré named 'l'Hermine'.
Reign of Charles IX
Manou's royal service began around 1565.
Anjou
From 1572 Manou would serve as a gentilhomme de la chambre (gentleman of the chamber) in the ducal household of the duc d'Anjou, brother to king Charles.
He accompanied his lord for the attempted siege of La Rochelle in 1573, the city having gone into rebellion after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. After several months of inconclusive struggle the siege was brought to a conclusion by the news that Anjou had been elected as king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a peace was therefore arranged between the crown and the Protestants.
When the duc d'Anjou was elected as king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1573, both Manou and his elder brother D'O accompanied the prince to his new kingdom. During his time in the Commonwealth, René de Villequier acted as a mentor to the young Manou. Not all Henri's companions would remain with him for the length of his reign on the Commonwealth, and among those who returned to France was Manou's brother D'O. Given there is no record of Manou having returned as part of Henri's departure from the kingdom, Le Roux speculates that Manou may have left early with D'O.
Échanson
Upon Anjou's return to France to assume the crown as Henri III, those of his household who were too young to hold any other position were made échansons (cup-bearers). This was the case with Manou, the seigneur de Bussy d'Amboise, the comte de Caylus and the seigneur de Dinteville. His elder brother D'O meanwhile spectacularly rose in the kings favour at a speed only equalled (in this period) by Saint-Luc.
Fifth war of religion
During the royal campaign of the Fifth War of Religion, many of the king's favourites fought with the duc de Guise's army for his victorious Dormans campaign. They were brought into the campaign by the poverty of the crown which lacked the funds to raise many other troops and only served briefly. Saint-Sulpice was the first to arrive in Guise's camp at Langres on 16 September. The collective of favourites (who would serve in a company of 350 lances under the overall authority of the sieur de Fervaques) included Caylus, Saint-Luc, Saint-Sulpice, Manou and D'O.} Manou and the other favourites demonstrated themselves ardent in battle. On 10 October Guise's force including the royal favourites bested the vanguard of the Protestant army at Dormans.
Having served the king since 1574 as his échanson he became a gentilhomme de la chambre du roi (gentleman of the kings' chamber) from March 1577 at the latest. This office brought with it a wage of 600 livres.
Captain of the guard
In March 1580 Manou received a further promotion in terms of royal office when he replaced the seigneur de Rambouillet as a captain of the royal guard around March 1580. The dispossession of Rambouillet from such a prestigious office required extensive compensation, and he was granted the promise of a gift of 20,000 livres, a pension of a further 4,000 livres and the government of Metz.
Manou would serve as one of the captains of Henri's bodyguard, alongside Joachim de Châteauvieux and Charles de Balsac, seigneur de Clermont d'Entragues.
A few months into his new role as the captain of the guard, Saint-Luc was disgraced for obscure reasons, and the favourite fled from court to the security of his governate of Brouage. His wife Jeanne de Cossé was arrested on 7 February. By July her house arrest was the responsibility of Manou's guard company. She wrote to her uncle Marshal Cossé who protested to the king about her treatment.
Henri was very sensitive to his favourites having relations with his brother the duc d'Alençon who in 1581 was undertaking an enterprise in Spanish Nederland. Both Manou and his younger brother Fresnes were involved in supporting the prince in these endeavours, in response Henri got more severe about the subject. Around this time, their elder brother D'O was disgraced by the king.
Saint-Esprit
In 1585 he was made a chevalier of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit (Order of Saint-Esprit) the highest royal order of chivalry. This was followed by his establishment as a conseiller d'État (councillor of state) in 1586.
War with the ligue
In 1588 Henri resolved of the necessity to be rid of the leader of the Catholic Ligue (League), and had the duc de Guise assassinated in December. This brought him into a state of war with the ligue and much of his kingdom rebelled. He therefore aligned himself with the Protestant king of Navarre and made plans to recapture the ligueur (leaguer) held city of Paris.
The combined royal Protestant army under the command of Henri III and the king of Navarre approached Paris with the intention of putting the ligueur held city under siege. Henri established himself at the hôtel d'Aulnay in Saint-Cloud for the conduct of the coming battle on 30 July. He was surrounded at this time by his grand prévot Richelieu, his prémier valet de chambre Pierre du Halde and his new favourites the baron de Termes and the sieur de Mirepoix. To protect him, the captains of his guards, the seigneur de Clermont d'Entragues, Larchant and Manou.
Their protection would be important at this time, as the ligue had already tried and failed in assassination attempts against Henri in the proceeding months. On 1 August a Jacobin friar named Jacques Clément requested an audience with the king, he claimed to have information from the royalits Parisian Parlementaire de Harlay that the king's allies in the city were preparing to open the gates for him. Clément asked to speak privately with the king, who responded by ordering the baron de Termes and another notable to leave their company. Once alone Clément plunged a knife into Henri's abdomen, various guards then burst into the room among them Mirepoix and cut Clément down.
Loyalist
As Henri faded from life, he had all his servants, including Manou swear to serve Navarre if he died. The wound was ultimately not recoverable and on 2 August, Henri died. Agrippa d'Aubigné described the scene that followed. D'O, Manou, Châteauvieux, Clermont d'Entragues and Dampierre were gathered in the room. They all became distraught throwing their hats to the ground, clenching their fists and praying that they would rather die a thousand deaths than serve Navarre. At Henri's insistence, Salic Law was to be respected, meaning the Protestant king of Navarre would succeed him as Henri IV. Henri was not insensitive to the scene which he saw, he understood none of these men wished to abide by the oaths they had taken to the prior king the night previously, not only did serving a Protestant violate their religion, but also their self interest. Henri already had many servants, and would have little need of many of their services. Beyond these more immediate material causes of grief they had taken on a great responsibility with the oath they made to the late king.
On 3 August, the day after Henri's death, Manou and all the other close companions of the king who had been with him in his final moments put their signature to a document describing Henri's final moments. The document framed Henri's death as that of a model Christian. It was intended to go first to the bishop of Paris Pierre de Gondi, and then be dispatched to Roma so that it would be clear to the Pope that Henri had died an irreproachable Catholic.
Henri recognised the necessity of reassuring the Catholic lords who had made such a display at the deathbed of their late king. To this end on 4 August he declared that he would protect the Catholic church, and that within the next six months he would convene a council that could instruct him in this religion. Those who had served Henri would be maintained in their positions (thus Manou became a captain of the guard for Henri IV) and would jointly pursue justice for the regicide. Many Catholic grandees decided to back Henri under these terms and signed the 'Saint-Cloud declaration' as it became known, with some believing Henri's conversion to Catholicism would come in a matter of weeks (as opposed to the several years it actually took).
Among the signatories to the declaration were the prince de Conti, duc de Longueville, duc de Piney, Marshal de Biron, Marshal d'Aumont, Rohan, the lieutenant-general of Champagne Dinteville, the former governor of Metz Rambouillet, Richelieu and the captains of the guard, Châteauvieux, Clermont d'Entragues and Manou. A couple of the notables would have supported Henri even without his promise of eventual conversion, however that part of the agreement was important for Manou.
Death
Having been in the service of Henri IV for seven years, Manou died in 1596.
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Sources which license substantial amounts of content for use without payment ("free as in beer") and possibly including other freedoms, but definitely with some restrictions. Please read the license terms and abide by them.
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WIKI
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1 date_views_filter_handler_simple.inc date_views_filter_handler_simple::extra_options_form(&$form, &$form_state)
Provide a form for setting options.
Overrides views_handler::extra_options_form
File
core/modules/date/views/date_views_filter_handler_simple.inc, line 244
A standard Views filter for a single date field, using Date API form selectors and sql handling.
Class
date_views_filter_handler_simple
@file A standard Views filter for a single date field, using Date API form selectors and sql handling.
Code
function extra_options_form(&$form, &$form_state) {
parent::extra_options_form($form, $form_state);
$form['form_type'] = array(
'#type' => 'radios',
'#title' => t('Date selection form element'),
'#default_value' => $this->options['form_type'],
'#options' => $this->widget_options(),
);
$form['granularity'] = $this->date_handler->granularity_form($this->options['granularity']);
$form['granularity']['#title'] = t('Filter granularity');
$form['year_range'] = array(
'#type' => 'date_year_range',
'#default_value' => $this->options['year_range'],
);
if (!empty($this->definition['field_name'])) {
$field = field_info_field($this->definition['field_name']);
}
$form['add_delta'] = array(
'#type' => 'radios',
'#title' => t('Add multiple value identifier'),
'#default_value' => $this->options['add_delta'],
'#options' => array('' => t('No'), 'yes' => t('Yes')),
'#description' => t('Add an identifier to the view to show which multiple value date fields meet the filter criteria. Note: This option may introduce duplicate values into the view. Required when using multiple value fields in a Calendar or any time you want the node view of multiple value dates to display only the values that match the view filters.'),
// Only let mere mortals tweak this setting for multi-value fields
'#access' => !empty($field) ? $field['cardinality'] != 1 : 0,
);
}
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Brittany Lang Wins U.S. Women’s Open in Playoff After Penalty on Anna Nordqvist
SAN MARTIN, Calif. — Brittany Lang loves the United States Women’s Open. Before this year, she had recorded three top-10 finishes in 11 starts in her national championship, including a tie for second as an amateur in 2005. Anna Nordqvist of Sweden had a more tortured history with the event, missing the cut in four of her previous seven appearances. From such disparate places, Lang and Nordqvist converged at 282 — sharing first at six-under-par after 72 holes at CordeValle Golf Club and forcing a three-hole aggregate playoff. But as was the case in the men’s national championship last month, the finish was marred by a rules infraction that was not assessed until well after the fact. On the second hole of the playoff, Nordqvist touched the sand in the hazard while hitting her second shot, an infraction caught on the video replay. Nordqvist, who thought she was tied with Lang going into the third hole, was not informed of the two-stroke penalty until after she had hit her third shot on the par-5 18th. The violation effectively handed the tournament to Lang, who received the news before she hit her third shot, allowing her to play it safe and aim for the fat part of the green. Lang two-putted for an aggregate score of even par to win her first major title. A shaken Nordqvist made a bogey on the 18th to finish at three over. The rules violation called to mind the one-stroke penalty assessed after the final round at Oakmont Country Club to the winner, Dustin Johnson, who was informed on the back nine that a video replay indicated that he had caused his ball to move on a green on the front nine. “You never want to win with a penalty or something like that to happen,” said Lang, who made a tricky 10-foot par putt on the pivotal second playoff hole to put herself in position to win. “I still had to play pretty damn good golf to get up there,” she said. “So really proud of myself.” Nordqvist, 29, who counts the 2009 L.P.G.A. Championship among her six tour victories, had carded a bogey-free round of 67 to force the playoff. She was gracious in defeat, describing the rules violation as “just one of those things” and saying, “I have to deal with the consequences.” She said that the wind was blowing 35 to 40 miles an hour during the playoff and that she “probably misjudged it a little bit and touched a little bit of sand and that is a penalty.” She added, “I still finished second at the U.S. Open. I don’t think anyone should feel sorry for me.” If Nordqvist had one regret, it was that the United States Golf Association rules officials had waited so long to inform her of the violation. “I wish they would have told us after 17, when it actually happened, not like so far down 18, because they obviously must have seen it earlier,” she said, adding, “I don’t know if it would have changed the outcome, but it certainly would have changed my aggressiveness going into the shot.” Lang said she was “thankful” that she found out about the penalty assessed to Nordqvist before she hit her third shot. Instead of hitting a lob wedge, as she had planned, she took out her sand wedge and aimed “way out to the right,” she said, “and just tried to two-putt from over there.” Was it fair that Lang found out about the rules violation before she hit her third shot and Nordqvist not until after she had hit hers? “What do you mean?” Lang said. She did not see why it was an issue. Lang felt certain that the U.S.G.A. officials had acted in a timely manner. “I think they waited to look at the video and then confirm it,” she said. “And then once they knew, they couldn’t control who had hit what shot and they told people as quickly as they could.” The victory was Lang’s second on the L.P.G.A. Tour. Eleven years ago, when she nearly won this tournament after starring at Duke, she harbored greater expectations for her pro career. “I just feel like I have extremely underachieved as a golfer,” she said. “I feel like I’m so capable of doing so much more than I’ve done. And this is just a little start to boost me.” NOTES There was more at stake than the trophy. The Olympic qualification process ended after the last putt dropped Sunday. Four South Koreans, led by Inbee Park, who did not play here because of an injury, qualified, as did a third American. With her tie for eighth, Gerina Piller squeezed into the world top 15 and will join Lexi Thompson and Stacy Lewis next month on the United States squad bound for Rio de Janeiro.
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Solved
Selecting Linux Distro for SO/HO server. Please advise. Important but NOT urgent.
Posted on 2003-10-31
7
789 Views
Last Modified: 2013-12-15
This question is not urgent but I would appreciate as complete a solution as I can get.
Here are my software requirements:
Diald or equivalent
Samba
MySQL
Ruby
Apache
WindowMaker
Webmin
Firewall
My essential functional goals for the distro are:
1) One diald driven gateway for everyone to use
2) A strong firewall to protect everyone
3) Samba to interact with the Windows boxes in my home
4) Print server (maybe this is more Samba???)
Extra 5) As an optional goal, I'm playing with Apache/Ruby/MySQL so that could go on a workstation or server; whatever makes setup easier.
Extra 6) Game server (JKx, NWN, etc) for my kids & me to do LanParties :-)
Also, it would be helpful if the above all came installed by the distro as the default.
I'm making good progress understanding all the details of Linux. I am still struggling with the whole IP and networking thing. I have no desire to set up a domain in my home. I'll always be using dial-up. I tried using Mandrake 9.0 installation but am struggling to pull all the pieces together. Would prefer something that is pre-configured for this kind-of server-duty, one that can do some hand-holding.
My machine is a 650Mhz Compaq w/ 20Gb and 10/100 NIC.
Thanks,
Drew
0
Comment
Question by:tamills
7 Comments
LVL 9
Accepted Solution
by:
majorwoo earned 500 total points
ID: 9659835
#1)
Redhat carries most of those things default, you will in fact need to install the diald and set that up. Any reason you haven't gone to a cable modem yet ? I shared a dialup for a few years with my wife and it was a killer. Setting up the diald is not to bad:
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Diald-HOWTO.html
They have a great guide for the diald setup and will walk you through doing it.
#2)
In terms of a firewall, will you be allowing anything inbound? Or purley outbound? You seem interested in how things work and not just getting them to work, so here is a link to a very well documented firewall script, I can show you what to change and it will work well. There are many many comments, so don't be intimidated by it.
http://www.woosworld.net/pub/rc.firewall
#3)
Redhat ships with samaba, it's a simple matter od configuring it and turning it on.
we will need to edit the file /etc/samba/smb.conf
you will need top change the top few lines:# workgroup = NT-Domain-Name or Workgroup-Name
workgroup = workgroupname
server string = Josh's File Server
hosts allow = 192.168.0. 127.
to something like that, and add a share at the bottom for your files
#public share directory
[public]
comment = public share
path = /home/public
write list = @family
browsable = yes
valid users = @family
directory mode = 0770
createmode = 0660
writable = yes
Then add some user accounts:
groupadd family
useradd -g family dad
passwd dad
<enter password>
smbpasswd -a dad
<enter password>
then turn samba on
chkconfig samba on
and start it
service smb start
#4)
Yes, samba will act as a printserver by default - setup the printer on the server and reboot, it will share it to the local workgroup
This is a rough outline, let me know where you want more details and where you want to go - you seem like you want to learn it and not just have it work which I applaud, that's how I started off.
0
LVL 9
Expert Comment
by:majorwoo
ID: 9659857
Some links I forgot to paste:
The samba HOWTO: very good, maybe more then you need
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html
This machine sounds alot like the one i built for myself a few years back, only it was a 233. But it did modem dialing/sharing, file sharing, firewall and all those other fun things - i loved messing with it, and it was a great feeling once it was working
0
LVL 12
Expert Comment
by:paullamhkg
ID: 9661823
majorwoo already show you very good way to have what you wanted.
But you can also have a look here http://www.siliconvalleyccie.com/ for setting up a simple Linux Networking at Home and SOHO, so you having everything in one url and no need to jump around.
I will also suggest you to have one more application which I think you will love to have it, it's called webmin, which is a web base server admin tools and very easy to use and it good enough to manage your server, have a check here www.webmin.com, and it's free at the moment, and you can admin your server anytime and anywhere (provided that you have setup the ssl and the secure stuff)
Enjoy you linux :)
0
U.S. Department of Agriculture and Acronis Access
With the new era of mobile computing, smartphones and tablets, wireless communications and cloud services, the USDA sought to take advantage of a mobilized workforce and the blurring lines between personal and corporate computing resources.
Expert Comment
by:dandanio
ID: 9722944
Problem with Red Hat is that is going away. Will be replaced by community supported Fedora. Still uncertain what's gonna happen with that.
You may want to look into installing Slackware. Couple reasons:
1. It will help you understand the whole IP and networking stuff as it is the most pure and plain linux distro around.
2. It has a strong community support, it's newsgroups are full of knowledgeable people.
3. It's not too easy to set up initially but it's challenging and rewarding.
For printing you will use CUPS and SAMBA. Everything else you may configure. My strong leader in Linux distros!
http://www.pbj1.net/LinuxPaper/ServerApp.htm
D.
0
Author Comment
by:tamills
ID: 9742075
The accepted answer was not exactly 'hand-holding' or pre-configured as I'd hoped for. It seems like majorwoos answer will be the best forthcoming. The firewall script he points to truly is documented well and I recommend it to folks curious about firewalls.
I just got the RH9 cds and will be trying it out on my server at home.
0
LVL 9
Expert Comment
by:majorwoo
ID: 9742544
tamills:
In the future if you feel more information is necessary/wanted feel free to let the experts know and many of them will provide more information. Was there something more you would like assistance with?
majorwoo
0
LVL 12
Expert Comment
by:paullamhkg
ID: 9744735
As I said majorwoo gave you very good way to do what you wanted, and he deserve to have the points.
and yes, if you still need more info just post it in EE and we will try to give out our suggestions for you.
Enjoy your linux life :)
0
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology-ItsFirstCentury.djvu/305
292 To achieve such reductions meant concentrating upon one floor the laboratories planned for three floors; eliminating the seminar-type teaching laboratories on two floors; cutting in half the space devoted to the American Registry of Pathology; reducing the working library from 25,000 volumes to 15,000; reducing the facilities for experimental animal research by 50 percent; reducing the Medical Illustration Service by 40 percent; and eliminating the public museum, though retaining the advanced teaching museum area and the museum laboratories.
On 16 May 1950, the whole subject was presented at a formal Bureau of the Budget hearing, at which Maj. Gen. George E. Armstrong, Deputy Surgeon General of the Army, explained that with these revisions, although the new building would have approximately double the area occupied by the Institute in the old building at 7th and Independence Avenue, it still "would provide space for only the basic activities of the Institute at the time of occupancy" and should, therefore, be designed so that wings could be added to care for expansion.
Representatives of the Bureau of the Budget "agreed to support the revised plan and promised to release funds for final planning in the near future' " 10 — but there were other obstacles to meet and overcome. On a Sunday morning in June 1950, the North Korean Reds crossed the 38th parallel of North latitude and advanced against the Republic of Korea. The United Nations, led by the United States, came to the aid of the Republic. Presumably, because of a greater awareness of the possibilities of war, and doubtless, sharpened by the fact that the Soviet Union had burst its first atomic bomb, a Presidential directive, passed on by the Budget Bureau to The Surgeon General, required that the new building must be designed to meet the specifications of the National Security Resources Board for bomb-resistant structures.
Final and definite specifications for building bomb-resistant structures had not at that time been completed by the National Security Resources Board but, acting upon an estimate that conformity with the bomb-resistant requirement would add 10 percent to the cost of the Institute building, the Bureau of the Budget increased its May allowance of $6,800,000 by that percentage, to a total of $7,480,000, including the $350,000 for planning and the balance of $7,130,000 for construction.
|
WIKI
|
Core Java
The Temporary Test Property
Just because you can make a variable a long-term property of a test fixture doesn’t mean you should.
This is the Everything is a Property test smell.
It may be seen in languages such as JavaScript where there’s a master let setting up some useful variables for various tests to use to assign values to. I’ve more seen it in Java though, where there can be a sort of phobia of creating temporary variables inside tests, so instead all the variables are declared in the parent class.
Let’s look at a quick example:
class ParagraphAnalyzerTest {
private String analyzed;
private ParagraphAnalyzer analyzer = new ParagraphAnalyzer();
@Test
void nouns() {
analyzed = analyzer.justNouns("This is a word");
assertThat(analyzed).isEqualTo("word");
}
@Test
void verbs() {
analyzed = analyzer.justVerbs("This is a word");
assertThat(analyzed).isEqualTo("is");
}
@Test
void ends() {
analyzed = analyzer.first("This is a word");
assertThat(analyzed).isEqualTo("This");
analyzed = analyzer.last("This is a word");
assertThat(analyzed).isEqualTo("words");
}
}
In the above simple, fictional example, the test class has two members. There’s ParagraphAnalyzer which is the code under test and which it seems to make sense to have as a member of the fixture. Then there’s analyzed which seems to have a different value in each test.
The fact that each test gives its own value to the analyzed is a smell that analyzed is not being managed by the test fixture and so does not belong as a property of it.
We’re saving a repeated declaration of a String every time… which is so very not worth the baggage of this risky shared property.
Now, the risk is probably nothing, because the above test will create a new instance of the class for each test case, so there’s no bleed between states… but that’s only true if I don’t change the test instance lifecycle. JUnit 5 will let me do this differently. Plus, if I’m in the habit of using members for temp variables, what’s to stop me doing that with static members as well?
There’s no justification for this temp variable being promoted somewhere higher up the food chain.
You may also notice another test anti-pattern in the last unit test, above. The value of analyzed is being reassigned. Another awkward move. This is the Two For the Price of One test smell, where a single test case is executing two independent use cases.
When To Use What?
Consider each test case as having its own state. The test case inherits any commonly set up or torn down state from the test fixture. This approach avoids code repetition, and other difficulties with setting up expensive resources for each test.
But… as soon as the common set up is done, each test case should do its own thing, clearly and without littering the test fixture with its problems.
Storing what is essentially request scope in the instance state of an object is an anti pattern outside of testing and should be considered on inside it too!
Published on Java Code Geeks with permission by Ashley Frieze, partner at our JCG program. See the original article here: The Temporary Test Property
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Software developer, stand-up comedian, musician, writer, jolly big cheer-monkey, skeptical thinker, Doctor Who fan, lover of fine sounds
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Life is a journey which is often full of disappointments and abandoned goals. There some things that it is a matter of life and death to accomplish, such as fighting cancer. With that in mind, you need to read these tips to increase your odds of winning the fight against cancer.
Eat as little sugar as possible. Sugar contributes to the growth rate of cancer cells. Cancer cells feed on sugar, and eliminating it from the diet can sometimes starve the cancer cells. Although doing this may not get rid of the cancer, you can use it along with other therapy in your fight against the disease.
TIP! Try to reduce the amount of sugar that you consume, as part of your daily diet. Since cancer cells require sugar for fuel, reducing the amount you eat, or eliminating it entirely can rob cancer of its energy source.
Keeping your weight on point with the right diet does more than let you feel great, it also has been shown to lower the risk of cancer. To improve your attitude towards life and prevent some forms of cancer, make sure that you eat lots of fresh fruit and vegetables, drink an adequate amount of water and get a minimum of 30 minutes of exercise each day.
Blood Flow
Exercise is a great aid in battling cancer. Exercise helps boost the flow of blood throughout the body. Blood flow is very important after treatments. Blood flow allows the medicines administered during treatment to travel through the body.
TIP! Exposure to the sun is the leading cause of skin cancer. Skin cancer is a very common type of cancer.
Be mindful to the fact that fruits and vegetables from the store may not be ready for immediate consumption, as they may be tainted. Pesticides are used on these crops to guard against diseases and pests. Before consuming vegetables and fruits, wash them using water and mild soap in order to remove the pesticides left on it, or try purchasing foods that have fewer pesticide risks.
Make sure your voice is heard and you speak up. Some individuals still have outdated views on cancer and will assume that the disease renders you useless and will question your ability to carry out even simple tasks, or they may fear that you could infect them. Think about how you are going to answer these questions ahead of time, and address any concerns immediately. It can help with the perception that others have of you and your condition during your treatment plan.
Give your personal attention and ear to anyone you know that is diagnosed with cancer. Even though it’s not always the easiest thing to do, you have to allow your loved one the opportunity to communicate his or her thoughts, feelings and emotions. Don’t interrupt or share your opinions. Instead, make the conversation about them.
TIP! Be prepared of the changes your physical body will undergo, while receive your cancer treatments. Your physician can give you a good heads up about the side effects that your drugs and treatment might instigate.
Most people know smoking can lead to lung cancer, but few know it also can lead to colon cancer. Studies have indicated that colon polyps increase in size due to the carcinogens in tobacco. Just another reason to avoid smoking.
Make sure you read whatever literature you can on the subject, if you or someone you know, has cancer. It is important to be as confident as possible.
When you’re depressed, your overall health can worsen, which will let the cancer spread further. A depressed person does not have the energy to fight against cancer.
TIP! A lot of folks out there have outdated ideas about cancer. For example, some people think you can “catch” cancer like you catch a cold! Other people assume people with cancer are unable to work.
When dealing with cancer ,you must accept the fact that certain things are inevitable. The sooner you come to terms with this, the better off you will be. Get prepared to fight.
Fear of fighting the disease can add damaging stress to your life. After all, you are literally fighting for your life here, and refusing to give up an inch and being strong and ready for the long war will put you in the best position to win.
If you don’t have an open communication line with your doctor, find another one. Having your questions answered as soon as possible is important. You fears and questions should always be addressed immediately.
TIP! There may be someone in your friends or family that also suffers from the pains of cancer. If you do know someone like this, you should listen to any advice they may offer and take it to heart.
If you know someone dealing with cancer, help them find people that they can talk to. There are plenty of virtual support groups, as well as local cancer survivors who can speak with your loved one. This will allow the person with cancer a way to share their emotions.
You may need to stop drinking coffee if you are experiencing an upset stomach from your cancer treatment program. Caffeine can make your stomach issues worse, which is why it is recommended that you do not drink coffee. You should also try to avoid any other sources which contain caffeine, including soft drinks, tea and chocolate.
If you are suffering from cancer, you should join one of the many cancer support groups available. This allows you to talk to other cancer sufferers and share coping strategies for all aspects of the disease. If you feel comfortable enough to do so, invite your family to the group so that they can understand what you’re going through and how to support you.
Do not give up on your fight against cancer. Your life depends on your willingness to fight.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Sulpicius Galba
Sulpicius Galba may refer to:
* Galba, Roman emperor in 68–69
* Gaius Sulpicius Galba (consul AD 22)
* Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus
* Servius Sulpicius Galba (disambiguation)
|
WIKI
|
James Mitchell (Scottish minister)
James Mitchell (1830–1911) was a Scottish minister and social organiser. He served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1901.
Life
He was born on 5 October 1830 in the manse, Garvock in northern Scotland the son of Rev James Mitchell, the local minister, and his wife, Margaret Gordon.
He was educated by Dr James Melvin at Aberdeen Grammar School. He entered Marischal College in 1846 studying Moral Philosophy and Logic, graduating MA in 1850. He then entered Divinity Hall in Aberdeen and studied Systematic Theology, Biblical Criticism and Theology for a further four years. In May 1854 he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Fordoun, but almost immediately thereafter (July) was ordained as Rev Dr Barry's assistant at St Enoch's Church in Glasgow. In 1855 he moved again to Deer Church in Peterhead. He settled there for several years but in 1864 was selected to take join South Leith Parish Church, then one of the most populated single parishes in Scotland, and a collegiate church (various ministers sharing the large task). He was "first charge" and was assisted by Rev Henry Duff in "second charge".
In 1872, following the Education Act of that year, the Dr Bells School in Leith became thereafter funded by the state and its previous endowment became unused. Mitchell organised for these funds to be redirected to create a Navigation School on Commercial Street. In the same year he organised a free soup kitchen and the building of Leith Model Lodging House (for homeless men) on Parliament Street. In 1888, linked to the Leith Improvement Scheme of that year, Mitchell organised for the owners of the various villa owners, around Leith Links to plant trees around the newly improved park.
He served on the Educational and Charitable Boards of Leith and was Chairman of the Leith Hospital Board. He travelled widely and was Convenor of the Continental Chaplaincy Committee. In 1881 Aberdeen University granted him an honorary doctorate (DD).
In 1901, at the very advanced age of 71, he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in succession to Rev Norman MacLeod of Inverness.
In 1903 (along with the Very Rev John Pagan) he was one of the several former Moderators invited to the official coronation of King Edward VII.
He retired in 1904 aged 74 and died on 21 September 1911 aged 80. at home, 14 Abercomby Place in Edinburgh's New Town. He is buried in the northern Victorian extension to Dean Cemetery on the main east-west path. His wife Janet Stewart Sceales of Leith, lies with him.
A memorial to Mitchell was added in the south-east corner of South Leith Parish Church in 1912, designed by Sir Robert Lorimer. His position at South Leith was filled by Rev John White.
Family
He married three times; firstly to Janet Georgina Skelton, daughter of James Skelton, sheriff substitute of Peterhead, and sister of Sir John Skelton. The wedding took place at Sandford Lodge, Peterhead, on 7 September 1859, but she died the following year. His second wife Catherine Haycock, daughter of Rev Charles Haycock of Pytchley House in Northamptonshire, died in 1867. In 1875, he married his third wife, Janet Stewart Sceales daughter of James Sceales of Leith.
His brother was the missionary John Murray Mitchell who lived with James in his final years and is buried beside him.
Publications
* The Church and The People
* Rulers and Subjects
* The Voluntary Question
* The Revised Version
* Faithfulness in Little Things
* The Minister in the Manse, the Pulpit, and the Parish
* Significant Etymology
|
WIKI
|
FIRST NAT. BANK OF COVINGTON v. CITY OF COVINGTON et al.
(Circuit Court, E. D. Kentucky.
May 26, 1903.)
No. 2,195.
L Res Judicata — Questions Concluded by Judgment — Subsequent Suit on Different Cause of Action.
Under the rule of the federal courts, a decision by the highest court of a state that the acceptance by a bank of a statute imposing taxes created a contract with the state by which the bank was exempt from local taxation during the term of its charter renders such question res judicata between the parties to the suit, and it cannot be again litigated between them in a subsequent suit, although it is on a different cause of action, arising under a law subsequently passed.
2. Same.
The fact that the judgment of a court might have been based upon a ground other than that on which it was actually based does not prevent the determination that such ground existed from being conclusive in a subsequent suit between the same parties, if its existence was in issue in the former suit, and properly formed the basis of the judgment therein.
3. Same — Federal Courts — Following Rule of State Courts.
Although a judgment of a state court would render a question res judicata in a subsequent suit between the same parties, under the rule of the federal courts, yet a federal court will not give it such effect where it would not be an estoppel under the rule of the highest court of the state.
4. Taxation — National Banks — Kentucky Statutes.
Act Ky. March 21, 1900 (Acts 1900, p. 65, c. 23), providing for the taxation of shares of national banks, is valid and enforceable, as applied to taxes for subsequent years, and a bank is not exempted from its operation because of its acceptance of the provisions of the Hewitt act of 1886 (Acts 1885-86, p. 140, c. 1233), which, as has been authoritatively determined, did not create an irrevocable contract with the state.
IT 1. See Judgment, vol. 30, Cent. Dig. § 1508.
IT 3. Gonclusiveness of judgments between federal and state courts, see notes to Kansas City, Ft. S. & M. R. Co. v. Morgan, 21 C. C. A. 478; Union & Planters’ Bank v. City of Memphis, 49 C. C. A. 468.
In Equity. Suit to enj'oin collection of taxes.
S. D. Royce, for First Nat. Bank.
F. J. Hanlon, for City of' Covington.
COCHRAN, District Judge.
The Supreme Court of the United States, upon the appeal from the decree entered herein December 17, 1900 (103 Fed. 523), held that said decree was not final, but interlocutory, and hence not appealable (185 U. S. 270, 22 Sup. Ct. 645, 46 L. Ed. 906). It did so because the decree did not dispose of the entire controversy presented by the pleadings herein. That controversy, involves the right of the defendant city of Covington, under the act of March 21, 1900 (Acts 1900, p. 65, c. 23), to collect from complainant any taxes whatever; i. e., taxes for the years after that date until the expiration of its charter, November 17, 1904, as well as taxes for the years prior thereto, since the adoption of the revenue law of 1892. A single ground is urged by complainant for nonliability on its part for taxes under said act for any period of time either before or after its passage. That ground is that in a former suit brought by it against said defendant in the circuit court of Kenton county, Ky., afterwards transferred to the circuit court of Campbell county, and appealed to the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, to enjoin the collection of city taxes from it for the year 1893 under said revenue law of 1892, it was adjudged by the two latter courts that it had an irrevocable contract with the state of Kentucky, under the Hewitt law of 1886, by which it was exempted until the expiration of its charter, November 17, 1904, from all other taxes than that provided by said law, and because thereof it was not liable for city taxes for said year 1893 under said revenue law óf 1892. The opinion of the Court of Appeals rendered in said case is contained in 97 Ky. 590, 31 S. W. 1013. An additional ground is urged for nonliability on complainant’s part to defendant for taxes under said act of March 21, 1900, prior to its passage, and that is that said act, in so far as it relates to taxes for that period of time, is discriminatory and repugnant to section 5219, Rev. St. U. S. [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3502]. Judge Evans held that said portion of said act was invalid on this ground, and, because of this, enjoined and restrained the defendants from assessing complainant’s property under said act for said years. 103 Fed. 523. This is as far as the decree goes. He did not determine whether complainant was liable for no taxes at all, on the ground relied on by it in support of its contention that it was not, and hence the decree leaves the controversy as to taxes after March 21, 1900, undisposed of.
The decree not being final, but interlocutory, for the reason stated, I have the power to set it aside if I think that it is wrong, and see fit to do so. But it is one thing for me to have such power, and another for it to be proper for me to exercise that power. The decree was entered by Judge Evans after due consideration of the questions involved. I am of equal rank with him, and have no appellate jurisdiction over his action. Comity requires, therefore, that I should permit it to stand, so far as it goes. In allowing it to stand on this ground, I do not mean to intimate any doubt as to the correctness of the position upon which he based it. I have simply refrained from any consideration of it, being finder no necessity to do so. It is incumbent upon me, however, to dispose of so much of the controversy as relates to the taxes after March 21, 1900, which has been left undisposed of by Judge Evans. The liability of complainant for these taxes depends entirely upon the correctness of the position taken by it that it was not liable for any taxes under said act either before or after its passage, because of the adjudication hereinbefore referred to, and, if well taken, it affords an additional reason for permitting Judge Evans’ action to stand.
It is certain that if I am free to determine the question whether complainant, by its acceptance of the Hewitt law in 1886, acquired an irrevocable contract from the state of Kentucky exempting it from all other taxation than that provided in said law until the expiration of its charter, on its -merits I -would have to hold that it did not thereby acquire such a contract. Bank Tax Cases, 102 Ky. 174, 39 S. W. 1030; Citizens’ Savings Bank v. Owensboro, 173 U. S. 636, 19 Sup. Ct. 530, 43 L. Ed. 840. And complainant so concedes. Its sole reliance is on the adjudication in the former suit. It claims that the question as to whether it so acquired such a contract is res judicata— a thing adjudged — and that it cannot now be claimed that it did not. It is certain that in said suit it was adjudged by the Campbell circuit court, and afterwards on appeal by the Court of Appeals, that such a contract had been made by the state of Kentucky with complainant, and that it was irrevocable. Both courts delivered written opinions, and both opinions are made part of complainant’s bill. It is true that the Campbell circuit court also adjudged that the taxes levied by the revenue law of 1892 upon national banks were franchise taxes, and hence invalid, and that on this ground, as well as the existence of the contract, complainant was not liable for the taxes of 1893. But the latter was the main ground of its action, and such was the only ground upon which the Court of Appeals based the affirmation of its judgment.
The defendants urge several reasons why the former adjudication should not be accepted in this suit as conclusive of the existence of such an irrevocable contract in complainant’s favor. They say that this suit is upon an entirely different cause of action. It is a suit to enjoin the collection of taxes for subsequent years authorized to be collected by another and subsequent act of the Legislature. This is undoubtedly true. But does this fact make any difference? I think not. It is well settled that a thing adjudged in a former suit cannot be questioned in a subsequent suit between the same parties, although the latter is upon an entirely different cause of action. In the case of Southern Pac. Ry. Co. v. U. S., 168 U. S. 48,18 Sup. Ct. 27, 42 L. Ed. 355, Mr. Justice Harlan said:
“The general principle announced in numerous cases is that a right, question, or fact distinctly put in issue and directly determined by a court of competent jurisdiction as a ground of recovery cannot be disputed In a subsequent suit between the same parties or their privies; and, even if the second suit is for a different cause of action, the right, question, or fact once so determined must, as between the same parties or their privies, be taken as conclusively established, so long as tlie judgment in the first suit remains unmodified. This general rule is demanded by the very object for which civil courts have been established, which is to secure the peace and repose of society by the settlement of matters capable of judicial determination. Its enforcement is essential to the maintenance of social order, for the aid of judicial tribunals would not be invoked for the vindication of rights “of persons and property if, as between parties and their privies, conclusiveness did not attend the judgment of such tribunals in respect of all matters properly put in issue and actually determined.”
This principle has been applied by the Supreme Court of the United States in cases where the two suits related to different years’ taxes. City of New Orleans v. Citizens’ Bank of La., 167 U. S. 371, 17 Sup. Ct. 905, 42 L. Ed. 202; Baldwin v. Maryland, 179 U. S. 220, 21 Sup. Ct. 105, 45 L. Ed. 160.
In the former case Mr. Justice White points out that:
“The argument that, because a tax of one year is a different cause of action from the tax of a subsequent year, therefore a demand for a tax of a subsequent year can never be concluded by the thing adjudged in the prior year, admits the relevancy of res adjudicata to demands for taxes, but contends that wherein there are different demands the thing adjudged has no application, although the last demand may depend upon a question which has previously been determined under the same facts and circumstances.”
To this argument he responds thus:
“The proposition that, because a suit for taxes of one year is a different demand from the suit for a tax for another, therefore res judicata cannot apply, whilst admitting in form the principle of the thing adjudged, in reality substantially denies and destroys it. The estoppel resulting from the thing adjudged does not depend upon whether there is the same demand in both cases, but exists even although there be different demands, when the question upon which the recovery of the second demand depends has, under identical circumstances and conditions, been previously concluded by a judgment between the parties or their privies. This is the elemental rule stated in the text-books, and enforced by many decisions of this court.”
To the argument that “it would be intolerable to recognize that a judgment as to the tax of one year could be conclusive as to the tax of a subsequent year,” and that, “as a matter of public policy and public necessity, the principles of the thing adjudged can never apply to taxation,” he responds thus:
“The argument that, as a matter of public policy, the principle of the thing adjudged should be held not to apply to controversies as to taxation, if there be merit in it, should be addressed to the lawmaking, and not to the judicial, department. But if the judicial mind could entertain the suggestion, it seems clear that it is not without real merit.. In its ultimate aspect, it asserts that no question concerning government or public authority ought ever to be submitted to judicial investigation. Indeed, the contention is that there is no power in courts of justice to consider any question of taxation, or render any judgment in relation thereto. That this is the result of the proposition is manifest from the fact that the very essence of judicial power is that, when a matter is once ascertained and determined, it is forever concluded, when it arises again, under the same circumstances and conditions, between parties or their privies. To admit the judicial power on the one hand, and to deny on the other the very substance and essence of such power, is not only contradictory, but destructive of the fundamental conceptions upon which our system of government is based. Under this theory, the case under consideration should not be entertained, but should be dismissed. Accepting this argument in its full consequence, every judgment rendered by this court from the foundation of the government, declaring a particular tax or burden unconstitutional, imports no efficacy whatever. Every decree of this court enforcing taxation in order to discharge obligations previously contracted, where the right to the tax was a part of the obligation, is deprived of the sanctity of the thing adjudged, for, manifestly, if the estoppel of the thing adjudged does not arise from a judgment preventing taxation, such an estoppel cannot also result from a judgment enforcing taxation.”
In the latter case Mr. Justice Brewer said:
“The controversy in the case reported in 85 Md. 145, 36 Atl. 764 [Baldwin v. County Com’rs, etc.], was one between the estate of the ward and the state of Maryland. In that case the right of the state to compel a payment by the estate of the ward of taxes levied thereon for the years 1893 and 1894 was settled. * * * The matter has become res judicata between the estate and the state. There is no pretense that the taxes of 1895 stand in any other condition, as to the matter of fact, than the taxes of 1893 and 1894, which were, in terms, included within the litigation settled by the decision referred to. The ruling, therefore, as to the taxes for 1895 comes within the force of that decision, and is determined by the conditions in respect to the taxes of 1893 and 1894. Johnson Steel R. Co. v. Wharton, 152 U. S. 252 [14 Sup. Ct. 608, 38 L. Ed. 429]; Bast Chance Mining Co. v. Tyler Mining Co., 157 U. S. 683 [15 Sup. Ct. 733, 39 L. Ed. 859]; New Orleans v. Citizens’ Bank, 167 U. S. 371 [17 Sup. Ct. 905, 42 L. Ed. 202].”
And it has been applied by the Circuit Court of the District of Kentucky and the Supreme Court of the United States in cases exactly like the one in hand, save in a particular hereinafter referred to. Bank of Kentucky v. Stone (C. C.) 88 Fed. 394; Northern Bank v. Stone (C. C.) 88 Fed. 413; Farmers’ Bank v. Stone (C. C.) 88 Fed. 987; Louisville Banking Co. v. City of Louisville (C. C.) 88 Fed. 988; Third National Bank v. City of Louisville (C. C.) 88 Fed. 990; Stone v. Farmers’ Bank, 174 U. S. 409, 19 Sup. Ct. 880, 43 L. Ed. 1027; Stone v. Bank of Kentucky, 174 U. S. 408, 19 Sup. Ct. 881, 43 L. Ed. 1187; City of Louisville v. Louisville Banldng Co., 174 U. S. 408, 19 Sup. Ct. 881, 43 L. Ed. 1027; Stone v. Deposit Bank, 174 U. S. 408, 19 Sup. Ct. 881, 43 L. Ed. 1027.
Again, defendants urge that this suit is not only to enjoin the collection of different years’ taxes, but taxes imposed on the shares of stock of national banks by the act of March 21, 1900, whereas the former suit was to enjoin the collection of taxes levied on the franchise of national banks by the revenue law of 1892, which law, by reason of the fact that the taxes were so imposed, was invalid, and the collection of which taxes complainant was entitled to have enjoined on this ground alone, without reference to the question whether it had an irrevocable contract exempting it from other taxes than those imposed by the Hewitt law (Acts 1885-86, p. 140, c. 1233). This, too, is undoubtedly true. Owensboro Nat. Bank v. Owensboro, 173 U. S. 664, 19 Sup. Ct. 537, 43 L. Ed. 850. It is in this particular that this case is unlike the cases hereinbefore cited, which otherwise are, as stated, exactly like it. In all of them, except that of Third National Bank v. City of Louisville, 88 Fed. 990, the banks involved were state banks, and in that case the Circuit Court for the District of Kentucky held that the revenue law of 1892 was valid in so far as it affected national banks, basing its judgment entirely on the former adjudication as to the existence of an irrevocable contract under said Hewitt law in favor of said bank; and the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed said judgment on the ground that said revenue law of 1892 was invalid as to national banks, and waived a consideration of the effect of said former adjudication. City of Louisville v. Third National Bank, 174 U. S. 435, 19 Sup. Ct. 874, 43 L. Ed. 1037.
Does, then, the fact that said revenue law was invalid as to national banks, and complainant was entitled in the former suit to an injunction against the collection of the taxes for the year 1893 imposed by said law, on this ground alone, without reference to the question as to whether it was invalid as to complainant, also-, because it impaired the obligation of an irrevocable contract between it and the state, under the Hewitt law, make any difference? I do not think that it does. The fact that the judgment of a court in a suit might have been based upon another ground than that on which it was actually based does not prevent the determination that such ground existed being conclusive as to its existence in a subsequent suit between the same parties, if its existence was in issue in the former suit, and properly formed the basis of the judgment therein. Likewise, if a judgment in a suit is properly based upon two grounds, the determination therein that both grounds exist is conclusive as to the existence of either ground in a subsequent suit between the same parties. In Black on Judgments, vol. 2, p. 604, it is said that one of the two main rules which govern the law of estoppel by judgment, as the same may be deduced from the general result of all the authorities, is as follows:
“A point which was actually and directly in issue in a former suit, and was there judicially passed upon and determined by a domestic court of competent jurisdiction, cannot be again drawn in question in any further action between the same parties or their privies, whether the cause of action in the two suits be identical or different.”
And again, on page 729, it is said:
“It is a fundamental and unquestioned rule that a former judgment, when used as evidence in a second action between the same parties or their privies, is conclusive upon every question of fact which was directly involved within the issues made in such former action, and which is shown to have been actually litigated and determined.”
No exception is stated to this general rule, growing out of the fact that other points or facts were directly in issue in the former suit, and were or might have been litigated and determined therein, and formed the basis of the judgment therein. As a counter rule it is stated on page 733 that the judgment is not conclusive “of any matter which was incidentally cognizable in that action, or which came collaterally in question, nor of any matter to be inferred by argument and struction from the judgment.” And on page 734 it is said that an important analogy to this counter rule “is found in the case of opinions of the appellate courts considered as authoritative statements of the law. A point may be considered and passed, upon by the court which comes only incidentally in question, and is not necessary to the determination of the case. In that event the decision, so far as concerns that point, is merely obiter dictum, and not entitled to the weight of a precedent.” “But,” he adds, “where the record in an action of which the court has jurisdiction fairly presents two points, upon either of which the decision might turn, and the court fully considers and determines both, the decision of neither can be considered as an obiter dictum, and the judgment is authorized on both points.”
This latter statement of the law as to the authoritativeness of a decision of an appellate court upon two points involved in a case before it, upon either of which the decision might turn, in subsequent cases involving either one of them, finds support in the case of Hawes v. Water Co., 5 Sawy. 287, Fed. Cas. No. 6,235. The question decided in that case was whether the court, in construing a state statute involved therein, was bound to follow a decision of the higher court of that state construing that statute. It is well settled that the federal court must follow the construction put upon a statute by the highest court thereof, and equally well settled that it is not bound to do so if the decision of the state court is a mere dictum. The subquestion in that case was whether the decision of the state court which it was claimed the federal court should follow was a dictum or not. Judge Sawyer said:
“There were two grounds relied on to show that this was not a proper case for exercising the jurisdiction: (1) That the board of supervisors is a legislative body, having a discretion to pass ordinances, and that the court ought not to interfere with its legislative discretion in advance, on the hypothesis that it intends to pass an alleged ordinance, especially when it cannot be known in advance what its intention as a legislative body is; (2) that the city had a right to the water claimed, and a right to take the measures alleged to secure it in case the petitioner should shut it off, and for that reason, also, there was not a proper case for the prohibitory writ Both grounds were distinctly and squarely presented by the record, and relied on, and the latter more especially fully argued by counsel. The court might just as well have rested its decision on the second ground, if found good, without noticing the first, as upon the first without noticing the second, or it might, if thought proper, have decided both, as it did. It is a matter of almost everyday occurrence that the record presents two or more points, either of which, if sustained, would determine the case, and the court decides them all. In such cases it can no more be said that one, rather than another, is obiter. In this case the court was earnestly pressed by counsel on both sides to decide the case on its merits, and give an authoritative construction of the statute. The great anxiety was to ascertain the right of the respective parties, and the mode'was of no consequence. * * * To say now that the construction of the statute was merely obiter is to say that a vast amount of labor, research, energy, and anxiety was expended by counsel and court to no real purpose. * * * It is the very point upon which nearly all of the effort and research of counsel and court were actually expended. This discussion did not in any wise serve to illustrate the other point. Indeed, it had no relation whatever to it. It was a distinct, separate, and independent point, and the only one in the case that counsel or parties practically cared anything about. * * * I regard the construction put upon the clause in controversy by the Supreme Court in the prohibitive case cited as authoritative, and, being so, I rest my decision upon that case, without examining the question as an original proposition.”
If, then, a decision by an appellate court of a point upon which a case turns, when there is another point upon which it might equally turn, or of both points, is authoritative in subsequent cases in the one instance as to the one point, or in the other as to either point, on the principle of stare decisis, or on the principle which governs federal courts in following the highest' court of a state in construing its statutes, it is equally authoritative on the principle of res judicata in a case involving that principle. In the former suit between complainant and defendant city of Covington, the case turned on either of the two grounds hereinbefore stated. It was made to turn by the Campbell circuit court on both grounds — mainly, however, on the ground that complainant had an irrevocable contract, and by the Court of Appeals solely upon that ground. The decision therein that complainant had such a contract must therefore be accepted as conclusive in this state, notwithstanding the fact that the former suit could have been made to turn solely on the other ground, to wit, that the revenue law of 1892 was invalid as to national banks, because the taxes which it imposed on them were upon their franchises, which the legislature of Kentucky had no power to do. Had the state courts in the former suit granted complainant the relief which it sought therein, without giving any intimation as to the ground upon which they granted it, then the judgment therein would not have been conclusive herein upon the question as to whether complainant had an irrevocable contract. For then it could not be told upon what ground complainant had been granted that relief, and it is well settled that estoppels must be certain. In the case of Russell v. Place, 94 U. S. 606, 24 L. Ed. 214, Mr. Justice Field said:
“It is undoubtedly settled law that a judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction upon a question directly involved in one suit is conclusive as to that question in another suit between the same parties. But to this operation of the judgment it must appear, either upon the face of the record, or be_ shown by intrinsic evidence, that the precise question was raised and determined in the former suit. If there be any uncertainty on this head in the record — as, for example, if it appear that several distinct matters may have been litigated, upon one or more of which the judgment may have passed, without indication which of them was thus litigated and upon which the judgment was rendered —the whole subject-matter of the action will be at large, and open to new contention, unless this uncertainty be removed by intrinsic evidence showing the precise point involved and determined. To apply the judgment, and give effect to the adjudication actually made, when the record leaves the matter in doubt, such evidence is admissible.”
But no such uncertainty exists here. The sole ground upon which complainant in the former suit sought to have the revenue law of 1892 declared invalid as to it, and to enjoin collection of taxes bythe defendant city under it for the year 1893, was the existence of said irrevocable contract? and the Campbell circuit court granted it that relief on that ground, though it did so on the other ground also, and the Court of Appeals affirmed its judgment on that ground alone. This is made clear by the records in the former suit, and there is no uncertainty whatever in regard to it.
Still further, defendants urge that the courts of Kentucky, if this suit were pending therein, would give no such effect to the adjudication in the former suit relied on herein, and therefore this court should not give it any such effect. In support of their contention that the courts of Kentucky would give no such effect thereto, they cite the following cases, to wit: City of Newport v. Commonwealth, 50 S. W. 845, 51 S. W. 433, 45 L. R. A. 518; Louisville Bridge Co. v. City of Louisville, 58 S. W. 598; Negley, Sheriff, v. City of Henderson, 59 S. W. 19; Bell County C. & I. Co. v. City of Pineville, 64 S. W. 525; City of Frankfort v. Deposit Bank, 65 S. W. 10; Louisville Bridge Co. v. City of Louisville, 65 S. W. 814. The case of City of Newport v. Commonwealth was a suit by the state against the city of Newport to recover taxes under the revenue law of 1892 for the year 1894 on the franchise of said city to operate waterworks. Several defenses were made to the suit. Amongst others was a plea of res judicata. It was alleged that suit had been brought against the city to recover taxes under said law of 1892 for the year 1893 on said franchise, and same had been dismissed by the circuit court, which .judgment had never been set aside or reversed. It was claimed that this judgment made the question as to the liability of said city for franchise taxes under said law a thing adjudged, and was conclusive on the question. It was held by the court that the judgment in the former suit did not have this effect. And it would seem that the judgment of the majority of the court was placed upon the broad ground that in no case and to no extent could a judgment in a suit as to one year’s taxes be res judicata as to another year’s taxes. Judge Du Relie, in stating the opinion of the majority of the court, based the holding on this reasoning, to wit:
“The authorities seem to hold that when a court of competent jurisdiction has, upon a proper issue, decided that a contract, out of which several distinct promises to pay money arose, has been adjudged invalid in a suit upon one of these promises, the judgment is an estoppel to a suit upon another promise founded on the same contract. But taxes do not arise out of contract. They are imposed in invitum. The taxpayer does not agree to pay, and the right to litigate the legality of a tax upon all grounds must, of necessity, exist, regardless of former adjudications as to the validity of a different tax.” And again: “In our opinion, it would be against public policy to hold that a judgment of a circuit court upon a question of taxation is forever binding upon this court, not only as to the taxes there in litigation, but also as to taxes for all subsequent years, merely because counsel for the commonwealth failed to bring the question here. Such a ruling would seem to be open to the objection that it would hold the commonwealth bound by the laches of its officer.”
It appears, from, his response to a petition for rehearing, that the minority of the court, composed of three out of the seven judges, desired an extension of the opinion so as to include the qualification upon the general rule laid down as to the application of the doctrine of res judicata in tax cases, to wit:
“But whether the state is bound by a former adjudication that there exists a contract exempting from taxation, or as to the construction of such contract, is a question not necessarily involved here, and to the decision of which it may be that different principles apply. There would seem to be an essential difference between the commonwealth exercising the highest of its sovereign-powers — a power necessary to its very existence — and the same commonwealth, its sovereignty laid aside, binding itself as a mere corporate entity by a sealed instrument. But it is not necessary, in our judgment, to go into this question, nor even to decide that there is a difference.”
The two cases, styled alike “Louisville Bridge Company v. City of Louisville,” were two suits by said city against the bridge company— the one, to recover city taxes on its bridge (its tangible property) for the years 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893 and 1894; the other, to recover same on same for the years 1895 and 1896, and also city taxes on its franchise (its intangible property) for the years 1894, 1895, 1896 and 1897. In the case of Louisville Bridge Company v. City of Louisville, 81 Ky. 189, which was a suit by said city against said bridge company to recover city taxes on its bridge for the year 188-, it had been held that the said bridge was not liable to city taxes, because it was not the recipient of the benefits of municipal government. This former adjudication was relied on as a bar in the two subsequent suits to recover taxes for the latter years. It was held that it was not a bar. In the former of the two cases, Judge Burnam said:
“In response to appellant’s plea of res judicata, it may be said that this identical question was before the court in the case of Henderson Bridge Co. v. City of Henderson, decided June 24, 1896 [90 Ky. 498, 14 S. W. 493], and in the very recent cases of Newport v. Masonic Temple Ass’n, 45 S. W. 881, 46 S. W. 697, and City of Newport v. Com., 50 S. W. 845, 51 S. W. 433 [45 L. R. A. 518]. It was held that a judgment as to the validity of taxes for one year is not conclusive as to the validity of taxes on the same property for another year, and, as the question is fully considered in these cases, it is unnecessary to elaborate it again.”
In the latter of the two he said:
"The plea of res judicata relied on for reversal has been decided so frequently adversely to the contention here made, in recent decisions of this court, that it is unnecessary for it to consider this question; it having been expressly decided that a judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction in a suit for taxes' of one year did not constitute a bar in a subsequent suit between the same parties under the same law for another year’s tax. See Henderson Bridge Co. v. City of Henderson, 90 Ky. 498, 14 S. W. 493; Same v. Com., 99 Ky. 623, 31 S. W. 486, 29 L. R. A. 73; City of Newport v. Com. [Ky.] 50 S. W. 845, 45 L. R. A. 518.”
In regard to these two cases, it is to be noted that as to all the taxes involved therein, save for the years 1890 and 1891, there was not the same question as was adjudged in the earlier case in 81 Ky. 189, and as to those two years it was held that the bridge company was not liable. As to the other years, there was not the same question, because it had been held in previous cases referred to in said two cases that section 174 of the Constitution of Kentucky, adopted September 28, 1891, which applied to all years after 1891, had changed the rule in regard to the liability of property in cities and towns not enjoying the benefits of municipal government. The bridge company was held not liable for the years 1890 and 1891, not on the ground of said former adjudication, but because it had acted on it, and not collected taxes from its tenants for those years, who were under an obligation to it to pay all its taxes. As to the cases cited by Judge Burnam in said extracts from his opinions in support of the proposition there laid down, none of them are to that effect, save the Newport Case, to which we have already referred. The Henderson Bridge Cases do not involve any question as to res judicata, except that one decided June 24, 1896, and in that case its decision was expressly waived. The question in the case of Newport v. Masonic Temple Ass’n was the same as that involved in the Louisville Bridge Company Cases as to taxes after 1891. The charter of the Masonic Temple Association, passed March 29, 1880, exempted its property from taxation. It had been sued for taxes for several years prior to the new Constitution of 1891, and held not liable, because of this exemption. In a suit for taxes after the adoption of that Constitution, it was held that that instrument repealed said exemption, and that hence the former adjudication was no bar to suit for said taxes. The only case so cited which was in point was the Newport Waterworks Case, which is the pioneer and leading authority in Kentucky upon the question under consideration.
The case of Negley, Sheriff, v. City of Henderson was a suit by said city against the sheriff of Henderson county to enjoin collection of state and county taxes for the years 1896 and 1897 on its franchise to operate waterworks in said city. In support of its claim not to be liable for taxes on said franchise, the city alleged in its petition that, in a former suit by it against the sheriff, the circuit court of Henderson county had enjoined the collection of taxes on its tangible property for the years 1894 to 1897, inclusive. It was held that the former adjudication was not conclusive of the city’s right to enjoin said franchise taxes. Judge Du Relie said:
“This brings ns to consider the question of res judicata. It was, in City of Newport v. Commonwealth, supra, distinctly and emphatically held that an adjudication as to the tax of one year did not create the estoppel of res judicata against the tax for another year. It seems to us equally clear that it does not create an estoppel against the collection of a different tax upon different property for the same year. If the one proposition be true, the other must be true also.”
The case of Bell County C. & I. Co. v. City of Pineville was a suit bjr said company against said city to enjoin collection of taxes upon its property within said city for the years 1895 to 1898, inclusive, or the ground that it was used for farming purposes, and derived no benefit from the city government. A judgment in a similar suit of the Bell circuit court enjoining the collection of taxes for the year 1891 on the same ground was pleaded by the company as concluding the question of its liability for the subsequent year’s taxes. It was held that it had no such effect. Judge Du Relie said:
“The ease of City of Newport v. Com., 50 S. W. 845, 51 S. W. 433, 45 L. R. A. 518, is decisive of the question raised by this plea of res judicata.”
It will be noted here, though not referred to in the opinion, that the rule as to liability of property in a city, not enjoying the benefits of municipal government, to city taxation, was changed between the year 1891, taxes for which were involved in the former suit, and the years 1895 to 1898, inclusive, taxes for which were involved in the suit in hand, by the Constitution of 1891, so that in no event was the doctrine of res judicata applicable to the case.
The case of City of Frankfort v. Deposit Bank is somewhat novel in its character. The Franklin circuit court, in a suit by the city against the bank for taxes for the years 1893 and 1894 under the revenue law of 1892, adjudged, under authority of the decisions of the Court of Appeals in the first Bank Tax Cases, that the bank was not liable therefor, because it had an irrevocable contract, under the Hewitt law of 1886, exempting it from taxation other than under said law. Thereafter, in a suit by the bank against the city in the United States Circuit Court for the District of Kentucky, the latter was enjoined from collecting taxes under said revenue law of 1892 for the years 1895 to 1898, inclusive, on the ground of the adjudication that it had such a contract in the former suit in the Franklin circuit court; and that notwithstanding that the Court of Appeals, in the second Bank Tax Cases, had overruled its decision in the first Bank Tax Cases, on authority of which the judgment of the Franklin circuit court had been rendered. This judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States on an appeal therefrom by the city. Stone v. Deposit Bank of Frankfort, 174 U. S. 408, 19 Sup. Ct. 881, 43 L. Ed. 1027. After the decision of the Court of Appeals in the second Bank Tax Cases, time for an appeal from said judgment of Franklin circuit court not having elapsed, an appeal was taken therefrom to the Court of Appeals, and it reversed the judgment on authority of its decision in the second Bank Tax Cases. On the return of the case to the Franklin circuit court, the bank pleaded the judgment of the United States Circuit Court, affirmed by the Supreme Court, as to taxes from 1895 to 1898, inclusive, which had been based upon said former judgment of Franklin circuit court as to years 1893 and 1894, in bar of the city’s right to recover taxes for said years in said suit. It was held that the plea was not good, and, on appeal to the Court of Appeals, it affirmed the ruling of the lower court. In the opinion, after showing that the doctrine of res judicata could not be applied in such a case, Judge Paynter added:
“However, we do not hold that the judgment of the federal court is not a bar to a recovery of the taxes for the years 1893 and 1894. This court, in City of Newport v. Com., 50 S. W. 845, 51 S. W. 433, 45 L. R. A. 518, and Louisville Bridge Co. v. City of Louisville, 58 S. W. 598, held that an adjudication as to one year’s taxes is not a bar to a recovery in the litigation as to any other year’s taxes.”
This detailed examination of the cases relied on by defendants in support of their contention that, according to the law as laid down in the state courts, the former adjudication relied on herein is not conclusive of complainant’s exemption from liability for the taxes involved herein, because they are taxes for years different from and subsequent to the year for which the taxes involved therein were levied, leads to the conclusion that the contention is correct, though some, if not most, of said cases, for the grounds stated, are not in point, and in none of them was the former adjudication based upon an exempting contract covering all of the years’ taxes involved in both suits. I think that there can be no question as to this. Complainant cites the cases of Thompson v. Louisville Banking Co., 55 S. W. 1080; Hardwicke v. Young, 62 S. W. 10, decided by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, as being contra to defendants’ contention in the matter under consideration. These cases, however, are not against that contention. In each case the same jmar’s taxes were involved in that court on a second appeal. Of course, a decision of the Court of Appeals that a certain year’s taxes are invalid is binding as to the validity of that year’s taxes on a second appeal of that case to that court. And a holding that its former decision in that same case is binding is not an authority in favor of the position that a decision that one year’s taxes rendered in one case is binding in another case as to another subsequent year’s taxes.
It must be accepted, therefore, that the state courts, in view of said decisions, would not give the effect to the former adjudication relied on herein by complainant which it contends for, and which this court, under the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States hereinafter cited, would otherwise be bound to give it. It remains to be considered what effect is to be given to this fact. And here we are not without authority proceeding from the Supreme Court. In the case of Union & Planters’ Bank.v. City of Memphis (decided April 13, 1903) 189 U. S. 71, 23 Sup. Ct. 604, 47 L. Ed. 712, it was held that a former adjudication in the state courts between the parties thereto in relation to the liability of the former to the latter for taxes for the years 1889 to 1891, inclusive, was not conclusive as to such liability for the year 1899, because it was not conclusive in the state courts. Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, in delivering the opinion of the court, said:
“It is enough that in Tennessee the doctrine of res judicata is not applicable to taxes for years other than those under consideration in the particular case, inasmuch as what effect a judgment of a state court shall have as res judicata is a question of state or local law, and the taxes involved in this suit are taxes for years other than those involved in the prior adjudication. Phœnix Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Tennessee, 161 U. S. 174 [16 Sup. Ct. 471, 40 L. Ed. 660]. In New Orleans v. Citizens’ Bank, 167 U. S. 371 [17 Sup. Ct. 905, 42 L. Ed. 202], referred to by appellant’s counsel, no claim was made that the judgment relied on would not have been res judicata in the state courts, and attention was particularly called to the fact that the rule in Louisiana was in accord with the conception of res judicata expounded in that case. As the judgment pleaded had no force or effect in the Tennessee state courts, other than as a bar to the identical taxes litigated in the suit, the courts of the United States can afford it no greater efficacy. Cooper v. Newell, 173 U. S. 555 [19 Sup. Ct. 506, 43 L. Ed. 808]; Metcalf v. Watertown. 153 U. S. 671 [14 Sup. Ct. 947, 38 L. Ed. 861]; Chicago & Alton R. R. Co. v. Wiggins Ferry Co., 108 U. S. 18 [1 Sup. Ct. 614, 27 L. Ed. 636]; Rev. St. § 905 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 677].”
This case is binding upon me, and settles the matter in accordance with defendant’s contention. It is true that in the cases hereinbefore cited the Supreme Court held, as to certain of the banks involved along with the complainant in the litigation which resulted in the decision in 97 Ky. 590, 31 S. W. 1013, that they were exempted from other taxation than under the Hewitt law by an irrevocable contract; that said decision made the question res judicata as to subsequent years. But at the time it so held, there had been no decision by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky as to the effect of an adjudication in relation to one year’s taxes upon.other years’ taxes. Since then, as we have seen, that court has taken the position that such adjudication is not a bar to a consideration of the question of the liability for the other year’s taxes on its merits. That being so, I feel bound by the decision of the Supreme Court in the Tennessee case to hold that the former adjudication relied on herein is not a bar to a consideration of complainant’s liability for the taxes involved herein on the merits. And so considering it, I am bound by the decision of the Kentucky Court of Appeals in the second Bank Tax Cases, and of the Supreme Court in the Owensboro Case, to hold, also, that complainant has no irrevocable contract under the Hewitt law, and that therefore the complainant is liable under the act of March 21, 1900, to the taxes which have accrued or will accrue since its passage.
A decree will therefore be entered dismissing complainant’s bill as to said taxes, and permitting the decree entered pursuant to the opinion of Judge Evans in relation to former years’ taxes to stand as entered.
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