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Chapter 5: For Loops
One of the things that computers are especially good at is repetition. How can we convince Karel to execute a block of code multiple times? To see how repetition can be used, consider the task of placing 42 beepers:
Before:
After:
Basic For Loop
Since you know that there are exactly 42 beepers to place, the control statement that you need is a for loop, which specifies that you want to repeat some operation a fixed number of times. The structure of the for statement appears complicated primarily because it is actually much more powerful than anything Karel needs. The only version of the for syntax that Karel uses is:
for(int i = 0; i < count; i++){
statements to be repeated
}
We will go over all the details of the for loop later in the class. For now you should read this line as a way to express, "repeat the statements in between the curly brackets count times." We can use this new for loop to place 42 beepers by replacing count with 42 and putting the command putBeeper() inside of the for loop code block. We call commands in the code block the body:
The code above is editable. Try to change it so that it places only 15 beepers.
Matching Postconditions with Preconditions
The previous example gives the impression that a for loop repeats a single line of code. However the body of the for loop (the statements that get repeated) can be multiple lines. Here is an example of a program that puts a beeper in each corner of a world:
Pay very close attention to the way that the program flows through these control statements. The program runs through the set of commands in the for loop body one at a time. It repeats the body four times.
Perhaps the single most complicated part of writing a loop is that you need the state of the world at the end of the loop (the postcondition) to be a valid state of the world for the start of the loop (the precondition). In the above example the assumptions match. Good times. At the start of the loop, Karel is always on a square with no beepers facing the next empty corner. What if you deleted the turnLeft at the end of the loop? The postcondition at the end of the first iteration would no longer satisfy the assumptions made about Karel facing the next empty corner. The code is editable. Try deleting the turnLeft(); command to see what happens!
Nested Loops
Technically the body of a for loop can contain any control flow code, even other loops. Here is an example of a for loop that repeats a call to a method which also has a for loop. We call this a "nested" loop. Try to read through the program, and understand what it does, before running it:
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Kevin Quinn
Kevin Quinn may refer to:
* Kevin Quinn (actor) (born 1997), actor and singer, best known for Bunk'd
* Kevin Quinn (Jesuit) (born 1955), American Jesuit, lawyer and president of the University of Scranton
* Kevin Quinn (neo-Nazi) (born 1965), British neo-Nazi and leader of the November 9th Society
* Kevin Quinn (sportscaster) (born 1958), Canadian sportscaster for Rogers Sportsnet
* Kevin Quinn (sportsman) (1923–2002), Irish rugby union and cricket player
* Kevin Quinn (wrestler), American professional wrestler
* Kevin B. Quinn (born 1979 or 1980), American CEO of TransLink
* Kevin M. Quinn, U.S. Navy admiral | WIKI |
peritus
Noun
* 1) A Roman Catholic theologian attending an ecumenical council to give advice.
Etymology
Perfect active participle of the unattested verb *, a root found in. Cognate with 🇨🇬.
Adjective
* 1) skillful, skilled, expert, experienced, practised (+ genitive or + ablative or + accusative)
* 2) clever, skilfully constructed
* 1) clever, skilfully constructed
* 1) clever, skilfully constructed | WIKI |
Standard Oil Company v. Brown/Opinion of the Court
This action was brought in the supreme court of the District of Columbia for damages for injuries alleged to have been received by defendant in error while in the employment of plaintiff in error and through its negligence
The case was tried to a jury, which rendered a verdict in favor of the defendant in error in the sum of $6,500, upon which judgment was duly entered. It was affirmed by the court of appeals.
The assignments of error are based on certain instructions asked by the company which the trial court refused to give, the chief of which requested the court to direct the jury to find a verdict for the company upon the following grounds: (1) There was a fatal variance between the pleadings and the proof. (2) The injury to defendant in error was not caused by the negligence of the company, but by the negligence of a fellow servant or his own contributory negligence.
The first ground is the principal one discussed by counsel, and turns upon a consideration of the declaration and the proof.
An outline of the facts contained in the opinion of the court of appeals is as follows: 'The plaintiff entered the employ of the defendant in January, 1904, as an oil tank wagon driver. His duties required him to take a team and wagon from defendant's barn in the morning, and, after using it during the day in the delivery of oil, return it to the barn in the evening. The plaintiff was required to groom his team in addition to his duties of delivering oil. The barn in which the horses were kept was 30 feet wide and 50 feet long. It contained two rows of stalls, one on either side, with a space of 12 feet between, extending the full length of the barn. In the ceiling, above the space between the stalls and about the middle of the barn, there was an opening 4 feet square, surrounded on the floor of the loft above by a wooden inclosure or box about 4 feet high. In the loft was stored baled straw, which was used for bedding the horses.
'It further appears that for about nine years one Coleman had been employed by the defendant, and among his duties was that of bedding the horses; that, during the period of his employment, Coleman had been accustomed to throw bales of straw through the opening in the ceiling from the loft to the floor below. In doing so it was necessary to lift the bale up to the top of the box or inclosure in the loft and push it over, so that it would fall through the opening. Plaintiff received the injuries complained of on February 2, 1904, by being struck by a bale of straw dropped by Coleman from the loft through said opening.
* * * * *
'There was evidence adduced at the trial to show that plaintiff had never been advised by the defendant, or any of the defendant's employees, either of the existence of the opening in the ceiling or the purpose for which it was used. Plaintiff testied to this effect, and further, that during the period of his employment,-less than two weeks,-he was required to leave the barn with his wagon to deliver oil at 6 o'clock in the morning, and that he did not complete the delivery of the oil and return to the barn until 6 or 7 o'clock in the evening. At the time of year that he was employed,-in January,-he left the barn before daylight in the morning and returned after dark in the evening. It also appears that the barn was poorly lighted, there being but a small oil lamp at each end of the passageway between the stalls.
'The witness Coleman testified that he not only notified plaintiff of the use made of the opening in the ceiling, but warned him before throwing down the bale of straw that injured him.' [31 App. D. C. 372, 377.]
Defendant in error denied 'that Coleman either called his attention to the hole, or explained its use, or gave him any warning on the evening of the accident. Coleman is not corroborated by any of the employees, as to his custom of calling out to persons before throwing straw through the opening.'
The declaration contained four counts, in the first three of which, with some verbal variations, it is alleged that it was the company's duty to have the 'hole or opening' in the ceiling of the stable so guarded that the bales of hay in the loft above would not fall or pass through and fall upon defendant in error, or upon those engaged in the performance of their duties in the stable. This duty, it is alleged, was neglected, and a bale of hay was allowed to fall through the hole on the defendant in error.
Those counts may be dismissed from consideration, as defendant in error does not contend that the proof corresponds to them.
The fourth count, it is insisted, has such correspondence, and expresses the grounds upon which the case was tried. The following are the pertinent allegations of that count:
'It became and was also the duty of the said defendant not to permit the said hay and feed to be thus passed through the said hole or opening without proper warning or timely notice to those employed in the stable below. . . and to give its employees engaged in handling or placing the hay and feed as aforsaid, as well as to those who were employed in the stable below, such proper and necessary instructions with respect to the dangers of passing the hay and feed through the said hole or opening, and the performance of their respective duties, as to prevent injury and danger to the lives and limbs of the employees engaged in the stable below; yet the defendant. . . did not. . . do any of the duties that it was called upon to discharge in the premises, but, wholly disregarding its said duties in the premises, did carelessly and negligently allow a bale of. . . hay to fall or pass, or be thrown through the said hole or opening, without any notice or warning or signal or instruction of any kind to plaintiff,' etc.
The rule is familiar and elementary that the pleadings and proof must correspond, but a rigid exactitude is not required. In Nash v. Towne, 5 Wall. 689, 698, 18 L. ed. 527, 528, it is said that modern decisions in regard to the correspondence between the pleadings and the proof are more liberal and reasonable than former ones, and states the rele to be by statute in the Federal courts 'to give judgment according to law and the right of the cause.' It was obseved that it is the established 'general rule in the state tribunals that no variance between the allegations of a pleading and the proofs offered to sustain it shall be deemed material, unless it be of a character to mislead the opposite party in maintaining his action or defense on the merits.' The final comment of the court is that irrespective of those statutes, however, no variance ought ever to be regarded as material where the allegation and proof substantially correspond. See also Liverpool & L. & G. Ins. Co. v. Gunther, 116 U.S. 113, 29 L. ed. 575, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 306; Baltimore & P. R. Co. v. Cumberland, 176 U.S. 232, 238, 44 L. ed. 447, 451, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 380.
In the case at bar, the company could not have been misled. It made no objection to the testimony of the plaintiff (defendant in error here). It replied to it by testimony of like kind. It did not indicate in what way the proof varied from the pleadings, nor move for a continuance. Moreover, we think the pleadings, though inartificially drawn, were sufficient to notify the company that one of the grounds of actions was its omission of duty to inform those whose employment made it necessary to be in the stable, of the danger to them of the use to which the hole was put. And that such use was dangerous is demonstrated. Indeed, it should not have needed the experience of the present case to make the danger clear to the company. The company was familiar with the stable, its construction, and what that construction required. One just employed might not know either, and his time of service might keep both from his knowledge. And such is the contention in this case, which the verdict of the jury sustained. A dimly lighted stable before daylight and a dimly lighted stable after daylight, with a hole in its ceiling, through which bales of hay could be tossed or dropped, seems to us as not to fulfil the duty of a master to those servants who have not been informed of the practice, and the performance of whose duties subjected them to the danger which might result. Let it be granted that Coleman was a fellow servant of defendant in error, and was negligent; it was nevertheless for the jury to say whether the fault of the company contributed to the injury, Kreigh v. Westinghouse, C. K. & Co. 214 U.S. 249, 53 L. ed. 984, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 619. If the plaintiff had had knowledge of the situation and its dangers, he might have needed no warning from Coleman, and might have been protected by the care which such knowledge would have induced.
The negligence of a fellow servant was sought to excuse the master for his neglect in Grace & H. Co. v. Kennedy, 40 C. C. A. 69, 99 Fed. 679. In reply to it the court said, by Circuit Judge Shipman: 'The defect in the argument is a continuance of the omission to recognize the ordinary necessity for the protection of the employees, and that the absolute duty of the master to provide a safe place is not avoided by the neglect of his representative or servants to do the things which will obviously prevent the known original danger.'
In the discussion so far we have assumed that the company had knowledge of the use to which Coleman had put the hole. Counsel, however, attacks the assumption, and meets it by saying that the company could not anticipate that Coleman would throw down an unopened bale of straw without giving warning to his coemployees, especially, as it is further urged, he had been throwing down straw through the opening without negligence for about six years. But what the facts were in such regard and what conclusions were to be drawn from them were for the jury and cannot be reviewed here.
Error is assigned upon the refusal of the court to give instructions which presented the following propositions: (1) That the company was not an insurer of the safety of defendant while in its employment, 'nor of the absolute or even reasonable safety of its stable.' (2) That the presumption of law is that plaintiff contracted with reference to the risks, hazards, and dangers ordinarily incident to the business of his employment as the company conducted it at the time he entered its services. And that (this was an independent instruction) the salary or compensation received by the defendant in error was the consideration for such risks. (3) There was no evidence that Coleman was incompetent, and that his competency must be presumed.
It is not necessary to give a detailed attention to these instructions. The court, in its charge to the jury, expressed the legal principles of the case which were applicable to the testimony.
The company also asked another instruction, the substance of which was as follows: That defendant in error assumed the ordinary risks not only actually known to him, but so far as they could (italics ours) have been known to him by the exercise of ordinary care on his part, and that if he knew, or by the exercise and prudence could have known, of the existence of the hole, then he could not recover. The court gave the instruction, but substituted the word 'would' for 'could.'
The court was further requested to instruct the jury that they must look to the interest of the witnesses, and that where a witness is interested 'the temptation is strong to color, pervert, or withhold the facts.' An application was made of this to defendant in error, and it was requested that the jury be told that the law permitted him to testify in his own behalf, and that he having availed himself of the privilege, it was for them to determine how far his testimony was credible, and that his personal interest should be considered in weighing his evidence and in determining how far it was worthy of eredit. The instruction was refused.
But little comment is needed on the contention that there is reversible error in the action of the court. It would be going very far to reverse the judgment on the supposition that the jury would have seen a different meaning in the word 'could' than they saw in the word 'would,' and in consequence would have imputed a greater knowledge to defendant in error of the risks of his employment. And it would be going equally far to reverse the verdict because the jury did not have especially impressed on it, in the language counsel chose to employ, that interest may affect the credibility of witnesses. We are not prepared to say that a party to an action, by testifying, exercises a privilege which may be emphasized as affecting his credibility.
Judgment affirmed. | WIKI |
Installing Python with PyCharm
PyCharm is our favorite IDE for developing applications with Python. With the release of PyCharm 2020.1, PyCharm can now install the Python interpreter automatically if it does not detect an existing installation. I wasn’t able to try this feature out as I already have several versions of Python installed on my primary computer. I recently picked up a Microsoft Surface Go 2 which provided the perfect opportunity to let PyCharm install Python.
Installing the Python Interpreter
PyCharm allows you to create a new virtual environment when you create a new Python project. If Python is not already installed, the base interpreter will give you the option to download the latest build from one of the two most recent major versions of Python.
python
After clicking the Create button, PyCharm will download and install the selected version of Python, create the virtual environment, and open the new project.
Questions… and Answers
Normally I’d start developing the new project, but at this point I had a lot of questions. Where is Python installed? Which features were installed? Is the new installation in my path?
PyCharm downloads the 64 bit executable installer for the version you selected. It then runs the installer with the default options selected in quiet mode. Quiet mode hides the installer’s user interface.
Python will be installed in \Users\\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\PythonXX where <username> is the username for the current user and XX is the version of Python you selected.
The installed features include IDLE, pip, and the documentation.
Installation will NOT be in your path. This means if you open the command prompt or Terminal and type Python, you will not the get Python interpreter you just installed. Instead the Windows Store will open and prompt you to install Python 3. More on this later.
Uninstalling Python
The Python interpreter installed by PyCharm will appear in the list of apps and features and can be uninstalled like any other program.
uninstalling python
Installing Python from the Windows Store
Starting with the May 2019 update to Windows 10 (1903), You will be prompted to install Python 3 from the Windows Store if a Python interpreter is not already in your path. You can read more about this here.
python windows store
You can disable this feature with the following steps:
1. Open Settings and choose Apps
2. Click App execution aliases
3. Turn off all of the entries for Python (there may be more than one)
app execution aliases
Installing Additional Python Versions
Once you have a system-wide Python interpreter installed, you will not be able to install another version from within PyCharm. Although there has been some discussion regarding this in the issue tracker, the PyCharm team doesn’t seem keen on adding this feature.
Your best bet is to head over to python.org and download the installer for additional versions.
If you need help creating or implementing custom software, give us a call – 586.263.1775 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 5.djvu/627
SOCIAL CONTROL 6ll
of long-exposed stone. To impart venerableness to an institu- tion is within the power of no man. Society cannot at will make the moss grow or the ivy run, although it can gladly avail itself of the charm they lend to the granite walls of authority. Is custom, therefore, something to be recognized and then passed by?
No, the binding power of custom is more fecund of conse- quence than that. It calls forth certain adjustments. Every regulative institution pays homage to the empire of use and wont ; at many and various points society deflects its policy in order to get the utmost service that custom is able to render it.
The segments of social life in which custom-imitation pre- vails fall naturally into two groups. In the one group, which embraces language, costume, cuisine, games, sports, greetings, folk-lore, etc., we find an unconscious and passive persistence in old ways. An improvement has to contend less with the resist- ance than with the indifference or the inertia of people. Little controversy is waged between the old and the new. The many follow the well-worn path unthinkingly ; a few deliberate and then adopt the better. With certain changes, such as the spread of reading, the rise of discussion, or the substitution of teacher for parent, the old is more rapidly displaced, and the new tri- umphs with hardly a protest.
But there is another group in which improvement arouses opposition. In politics, law, religious belief, ritual, ceremony, and moral codes the time-hallowed finds staunch defenders, and the tension between the old and the new calls forth the hostile camps of conservatives and radicals. To the superior new the old shows itself pugnacious and uncompromising. And the removal of the young from home to school changes the theater, but not the fierceness, of the strife.
Whence this pig-headed conservatism ? Shall we say that the old becomes bound up with the interest of a class, and that it is this selfish interest that fights innovation ? No, not this. In the case of change in the dogmas or rites of a church, or in the pro- cedure of a court, there need be no private interest at stake. And again there are private interests arrayed against a new | WIKI |
create full ubuntu 17.10 install using wubi efi and wubi move.sh
Discussion in 'Computer Tutorials' started by chrisrlink, Nov 11, 2017.
1. chrisrlink
OP
chrisrlink Intel Pentium III Hamster inside
Member
7
Aug 27, 2009
United States
inside your crappy old PC
ok for one this is a little long i tested it and it works great for people with no dvd/usb and stuck on windows 7/8.1/10
things you need
1)windows computer MBR partition preferred though GPT should work with tweaks to the tut
2) Wubi efi ( http://github.com/hakuna-m/wubiuefi ) official wubi only supports up to 12.04 iirc uefi can get the latest in sevreral flavors)
3) gparted (in ubuntu)
4) wubi-move (http://github.com/bcbc/Wubi-move)
thats all now for the actual process
In windows)
1) use virtual disk service to partition 2 sections (1 for the ext4 file system and 1 for swap space leave unformatted NOT unallocated) just select "do not format" when creating the partitions
2) using Wubi Uefi create a 14-16 GB virtual file (located in C:\wubi fyi) put in your password for the ubuntu install and click install it will automaticly download the 17.10 iso when done reboot
once rebooted it will automaticly enter stage 2 of ubuntu install dl required files and install grub
OK thats it for the windows side let's move on shall we?
1)download gparted in terminal type sudo apt-get install gparted if you get into trouble with it scroll down
2) download wubi-move and extract all of it
3: note your partitions in my case sda4 was the disk file sda3 was the small unformatted swapspace and sda2 is for the FS
4) cd into wubi-move dir (make sure only you'r V file is the only partition mounted)
5) type sudo bash wubi-move.sh /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3 (first is FS 2nd is Swap) it will ask if you want to format push Y in about 5 minutes it will copy all directories including saved files,it will also update grub for you
reboot and select your new fs partition in grub
6:once in your new one open terminal and get into gparted
delete your win partition (don't worry it's fine I assume your partition for win is sda1)
7: go back to wubi move and do sudo wubi-move /dev/sda1 it'll copy everything (again)
8: reboot into the sda1 partition and go into gparted delete your old ubuntu partition and resize sda1 to take up sda2's deleted space
DONE you now have a fully functional Ubuntu 17.10 distro
Trouble shooting
Q:HALP I get a cannot connect to DISPLAY:0 error when trying to open gparted
A: I assume you tried gparted by terminal using sudo gparted, well it's an easy fix though temporary in terminal type xhost +x note there is no sudo it will clear xauthority display so any user can use X applications like gparted until logout
2. Eastonator12
Eastonator12 GBAtemp Advanced Fan
Member
5
Aug 16, 2016
United States
What are the benefits to this from a bootable usb
3. Argonitious
Argonitious Advanced Member
Newcomer
2
Oct 29, 2011
United States
1. You don't have to rely on a USB drive. (Sorry, just had to say it. :P)
2. You don't lose everything when you shut your computer down, since Ubuntu is actually installed on your PC this way. (Technically you can accomplish something similar if you know how to set up persistent storage on your Ubuntu USB drive.)
3. More storage, since you are using a full HDD/SDD instead of a USB stick. You could use a USB HDD or SSD if you wanted, though.
Personally, I think Wubi is not really the best way to use Ubuntu. A full install in an actual partition on your HDD/SDD is generally better for performance and reliability. Either option does have its own issues.
I'm not saying Wubi is all bad. I do appreciate chrisrlink's effort in writing this guide. I'm just saying that Wubi is better as a trial run of Ubuntu. It's a great way for people to introduce themselves to Linux without completely devoting themselves to a full install.
Sorry if that was overly wordy. :lol:
4. gnmmarechal
gnmmarechal GBAtemp Guru
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gnmmarechal is a Patron of GBAtemp and is helping us stay independent!
Our Patreon
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http://gs2012.xyz
It has disadvantages. You may be unable to boot Ubuntu if you force-shutdown Windows.I prefer to keep Windows and Linux independent.
5. Argonitious
Argonitious Advanced Member
Newcomer
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Oct 29, 2011
United States
That's what I was trying to say. :lol:
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Kirix Support Forums
Problems running under GTK
Please post all general questions, comments, bug reports, and any other wxAUI feedback here.
Problems running under GTK
Postby Peek on Thu Jul 20, 2006 2:43 pm
I've been happily using wxAUI with MSWindows now for a few months and it's been pretty good to me. Now I'm porting my app over to GTK+ and things aren't so great. :( Under GTK+, when I try to undock a window (via dragging), the entire desktop freezes and I have to kill the app remotely. It appears that the lock-up happens when wxAUI starts to draw the highlight for where the window can be re-docked because if I drag a pane off of the dock fast enough so that it doesn't do any highlighting, it doesn't lock up. There are no error or warning messages from X (or anything else). I was even able to reproduce this problem with the simple example app given in the wxAUI docs, so it has nothing to do with the particulars of my application. Any ideas on what I can do to fix this problem?
My environment: Red Hat, wxWidgets 2.6.3, GTK+ 2.4, gcc 3.4.5, wxAUI 0.9.1
Peek
Registered User
Posts: 10
Joined: Thu Mar 30, 2006 12:56 pm
Postby Ben on Fri Jul 21, 2006 1:45 am
Can you please try with wxAUI 0.9.2? We are constantly improving the wxGTK version of wxAUI.
Best,
Ben
User avatar
Ben
Kirix Support Team
Posts: 522
Joined: Mon Dec 19, 2005 6:29 am
Postby Peek on Fri Jul 21, 2006 8:51 am
Well, as it turns out, another programmer had modified our version of the window manager to make some MSW-specific changes to how the window transparency is handled, but he didn't wrap those changes in #ifdefs. I realized this when I compared our hacked version 0.9.1 with an unadulterated version 0.9.2. So, everything's good. Sorry for the false alarm and thanks for your response, Ben.
Peek
Registered User
Posts: 10
Joined: Thu Mar 30, 2006 12:56 pm
Return to wxAUI Questions, Thoughts & Feedback | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
mineral oil
mineral engine oil for best lubrication
engine oil for best lubrication
about
Mineral engine oil for best lubrication is essentially produced or distilled from petroleum crude oil. Effectively the most basic type of engine oil, These mineral engine oils are normally colorless or lite yellowish and their weight is around 0.8g/cm3(density).
These oils are also called conventional oils. It is highly recommended for smaller-capacity engines that do not impose much mechanical pressure while running.
Most of the engine oil for best lubrication manufacturers will recommend new bike owners use mineral oils as they offer good engine protection for the first few kilometers of running. and it will be helpful for wear and tear in the engine for better clearance while reciprocating parts. The engines in the upside of mineral oils are that they are very affordable and will not hurt your wallet for frequent oil changes.
The downside of mineral oils is that they don’t last very long so you need to replace the oil at recommended intervals. Even with frequent oil changes, it is still considered affordable to most people, many people commonly consider the price as 1st preference, it has pocket-friendly and cheap compared to other types of oil segments.
its uses:
Mineral engine oil for best lubrication is basically good for better oil circulation in the engine ( from the bottom to the top of the engine head bore), because it is slightly less in thickness( viscosity) and will be able to lubricate better compared to other types of engine oil. these types of engine oil are used in slow-moving bikes because the kind of bikes does not move fast or can see less reciprocation in the engine (i.e, fewer cc bikes) below 100 to 50cc segments. Is also good for better circulation in the cold start of a bike because it has less viscosity.
disadvantages:
However these type of engine oil for best lubrication does not have major issues in using purpose for recommended guidelines for particular bikes, but they have dropbacks in situations like climatic condition use when used in high temperature ( like in the afternoon the normal temperature is high outside), so if we ride in that time it will not protect the moving parts of the engine, because it is just a normal byproduct mineral oil by petroleum and ass less viscosity (thickness), it will become like water inside the engine during high temperatures. another drop back which is not a big case but it has to be changed every less interval of times ( can be less time period of 1800 to 2000max kilometers). And it can’t be used in higher cc bike segments which are not recommended according to their manual and some professionals.
best brands engine oils:
These are the best engine oil for the best lubrication in mineral-based segments (conventional engine oil).
• Motul
• Castrol
• shell
• servo
• mobil1
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Black screen after changing monitor
i have a similar problem , 1 have been running 16.2 for about a week on a 18" tv through hdmi , today i bought a 24" monitor and now without changing anything and now the screen goes black and is restored via a mouse/move or keyboard click how can i stop this as it is realy annoying
Thank you
Rob
Can you please post the terminal output of:
sudo lshw- C video
sure , here you go , on another note i have gone through every setting i can find with relation to screen saving and power and turned off everything i can find and the screen has stayed on for over an hour without me touching the computer so i guess i may have fixed something but dont know what
Ah well, let's let it run and see if it has been fixed with the Power Settings. That may well have done it.
When you plug to an external screen, if your computer resolution doesn't match the external screen resolutions capacities you may see OUT OF RANGE or similar warnings. Next time you plug it hold Windows logo and press P to change between seeing only computer screen, both screens or only external one. The current resolution resets by default by timeout just to avoid being stuck in a blank screen in the external screen. Can be helpful to check the external screen resolutions and set it to the best one, according to the computer aspect ratio. By my experience, at least both screens mode worked every time but at lower resolution.
thank you for your reply but the monitor works fine as a second screen on my imac , the problem seams to have been to do with power settings , oh and i dont have a windows logo on my mac keyboard
Rob
Well, yes, the Apple logo then :sweat_smile:.
If I am not mistaken, it is the Command key on an Apple Notebook.
Yes, it may be, I've never used a Mac. Or anyway computers other than Asus and HP so I'm used to seeing the Windows logo :window::grin:.
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Extensions of symmetric operators
In functional analysis, one is interested in extensions of symmetric operators acting on a Hilbert space. Of particular importance is the existence, and sometimes explicit constructions, of self-adjoint extensions. This problem arises, for example, when one needs to specify domains of self-adjointness for formal expressions of observables in quantum mechanics. Other applications of solutions to this problem can be seen in various moment problems.
This article discusses a few related problems of this type. The unifying theme is that each problem has an operator-theoretic characterization which gives a corresponding parametrization of solutions. More specifically, finding self-adjoint extensions, with various requirements, of symmetric operators is equivalent to finding unitary extensions of suitable partial isometries.
Symmetric operators
Let $$H$$ be a Hilbert space. A linear operator $$A$$ acting on $$H$$ with dense domain $$\operatorname{dom}(A)$$ is symmetric if
* $$\langle Ax, y\rangle = \langle x, A y\rangle, \quad \forall x,y\in\operatorname{dom}(A).$$
If $$\operatorname{dom}(A) = H$$, the Hellinger-Toeplitz theorem says that $$A$$ is a bounded operator, in which case $$A$$ is self-adjoint and the extension problem is trivial. In general, a symmetric operator is self-adjoint if the domain of its adjoint, $$\operatorname{dom}(A^*)$$, lies in $$\operatorname{dom}(A)$$.
When dealing with unbounded operators, it is often desirable to be able to assume that the operator in question is closed. In the present context, it is a convenient fact that every symmetric operator $$A$$ is closable. That is, $$A$$ has the smallest closed extension, called the closure of $$A$$. This can be shown by invoking the symmetric assumption and Riesz representation theorem. Since $$A$$ and its closure have the same closed extensions, it can always be assumed that the symmetric operator of interest is closed.
In the next section, a symmetric operator will be assumed to be densely defined and closed.
Self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators
If an operator $$A$$ on the Hilbert space $$H$$ is symmetric, when does it have self-adjoint extensions? An operator that has a unique self-adjoint extension is said to be essentially self-adjoint; equivalently, an operator is essentially self-adjoint if its closure (the operator whose graph is the closure of the graph of $$A$$) is self-adjoint. In general, a symmetric operator could have many self-adjoint extensions or none at all. Thus, we would like a classification of its self-adjoint extensions.
The first basic criterion for essential self-adjointness is the following: $$ Equivalently, $$A$$ is essentially self-adjoint if and only if the operators $$A^* \pm i$$ have trivial kernels. That is to say, $$A$$ fails to be self-adjoint if and only if $$A^*$$ has an eigenvector with complex eigenvalues $$\pm i$$.
Another way of looking at the issue is provided by the Cayley transform of a self-adjoint operator and the deficiency indices.
$$
$$W(A)$$ is isometric on its domain. Moreover, $$\operatorname{ran}(1-W(A))$$ is dense in $$A$$.
Conversely, given any densely defined operator $$U$$ which is isometric on its (not necessarily closed) domain and such that $$1-U$$ is dense, then there is a (unique) densely defined symmetric operator
* $$ S(U) : \operatorname{ran}(1 - U) \to \operatorname{ran}(1 + U)$$
such that
* $$ S(U)(x - Ux) = i(x + U x), \quad x \in \operatorname{dom}(U).$$
The mappings $$W$$ and $$S$$ are inverses of each other, i.e., $$S(W(A))=A$$.
The mapping $$A \mapsto W(A)$$ is called the Cayley transform. It associates a partially defined isometry to any symmetric densely defined operator. Note that the mappings $$W$$ and $$S$$ are monotone: This means that if $$B$$ is a symmetric operator that extends the densely defined symmetric operator $$A$$, then $$W(B)$$ extends $$W(A)$$, and similarly for $$S$$.
$$
This immediately gives us a necessary and sufficient condition for $$A$$ to have a self-adjoint extension, as follows:
$$
A partially defined isometric operator $$V$$ on a Hilbert space $$H$$ has a unique isometric extension to the norm closure of $$\operatorname{dom}(V)$$. A partially defined isometric operator with closed domain is called a partial isometry.
Define the deficiency subspaces of A by
* $$\begin{align}
K_+ &= \operatorname{ran}(A+i)^{\perp}\\ K_- &= \operatorname{ran}(A-i)^{\perp} \end{align}$$ In this language, the description of the self-adjoint extension problem given by the theorem can be restated as follows: a symmetric operator $$A$$ has self-adjoint extensions if and only if the deficiency subspaces $$K_{+}$$ and $$K_{-}$$ have the same dimension.
The deficiency indices of a partial isometry $$V$$ are defined as the dimension of the orthogonal complements of the domain and range:
* $$\begin{align}
n_+(V) &= \dim \operatorname{dom}(V)^\perp \\ n_-(V) &= \dim \operatorname{ran}(V)^\perp \end{align}$$
$$
We see that there is a bijection between symmetric extensions of an operator and isometric extensions of its Cayley transform. The symmetric extension is self-adjoint if and only if the corresponding isometric extension is unitary.
A symmetric operator has a unique self-adjoint extension if and only if both its deficiency indices are zero. Such an operator is said to be essentially self-adjoint. Symmetric operators which are not essentially self-adjoint may still have a canonical self-adjoint extension. Such is the case for non-negative symmetric operators (or more generally, operators which are bounded below). These operators always have a canonically defined Friedrichs extension and for these operators we can define a canonical functional calculus. Many operators that occur in analysis are bounded below (such as the negative of the Laplacian operator), so the issue of essential adjointness for these operators is less critical.
Suppose $$A$$ is symmetric densely defined. Then any symmetric extension of $$A$$ is a restriction of $$A^*$$. Indeed, $$A\subseteq B$$ and $$B$$ symmetric yields $$B \subseteq A^*$$ by applying the definition of $$\operatorname{dom}(A^*)$$. This notion leads to the von Neumann formulae:
$$
Example
Consider the Hilbert space $$L^2([0,1])$$. On the subspace of absolutely continuous function that vanish on the boundary, define the operator $$A$$ by
* $$A f = i \frac{d}{dx} f.$$
Integration by parts shows $$A$$ is symmetric. Its adjoint $$A^*$$ is the same operator with $$\operatorname{dom}(A^*)$$ being the absolutely continuous functions with no boundary condition. We will see that extending A amounts to modifying the boundary conditions, thereby enlarging $$\operatorname{dom}(A)$$ and reducing $$\operatorname{dom}(A^*)$$, until the two coincide.
Direct calculation shows that $$K_+$$ and $$K_-$$ are one-dimensional subspaces given by
* $$\begin{align}
K_+ &= \operatorname{span} \{\phi_+ = c \cdot e^x \}\\ K_- &= \operatorname{span}\{ \phi_- = c \cdot e^{-x} \} \end{align}$$
where $$c$$ is a normalizing constant. The self-adjoint extensions $$A_\alpha$$ of $$A$$ are parametrized by the circle group $$\mathbb T = \{\alpha \in \mathbb C : |\alpha| = 1 \}$$. For each unitary transformation $$U_\alpha : K_- \to K_+$$ defined by
* $$U_\alpha (\phi_-) =\alpha \phi_+$$
there corresponds an extension $$A_\alpha$$ with domain
* $$ \operatorname{dom}(A_{\alpha}) = \{ f + \beta (\alpha \phi_{-} - \phi_+) | f \in \operatorname{dom}(A), \; \beta \in \mathbb{C} \}.$$
If $$f \in \operatorname{dom}(A_\alpha)$$, then $$f$$ is absolutely continuous and
* $$\left|\frac{f(0)}{f(1)}\right| = \left|\frac{e\alpha -1}{\alpha - e}\right| = 1.$$
Conversely, if $$f$$ is absolutely continuous and $$f(0)=\gamma f(1)$$ for some $$\gamma \in \mathbb{T}$$, then $$f$$ lies in the above domain.
The self-adjoint operators $$A_\alpha$$ are instances of the momentum operator in quantum mechanics.
Self-adjoint extension on a larger space
Every partial isometry can be extended, on a possibly larger space, to a unitary operator. Consequently, every symmetric operator has a self-adjoint extension, on a possibly larger space.
Positive symmetric operators
A symmetric operator $$A$$ is called positive if
* $$\langle A x, x\rangle\ge 0, \quad \forall x\in \operatorname{dom}(A).$$
It is known that for every such $$A$$, one has $$\operatorname{dim}K_+ = \operatorname{dim}K_-$$. Therefore, every positive symmetric operator has self-adjoint extensions. The more interesting question in this direction is whether $$A$$ has positive self-adjoint extensions.
For two positive operators $$A$$ and $$B$$, we put $$A\leq B$$ if
* $$(A + 1)^{-1} \ge (B + 1)^{-1}$$
in the sense of bounded operators.
Structure of 2 × 2 matrix contractions
While the extension problem for general symmetric operators is essentially that of extending partial isometries to unitaries, for positive symmetric operators the question becomes one of extending contractions: by "filling out" certain unknown entries of a 2 × 2 self-adjoint contraction, we obtain the positive self-adjoint extensions of a positive symmetric operator.
Before stating the relevant result, we first fix some terminology. For a contraction $$\Gamma$$, acting on $$H$$, we define its defect operators by
* $$\begin{align}
&D_{ \Gamma }\; = (1 - \Gamma^*\Gamma )^{\frac{1}{2}}\\ &D_{\Gamma^*} = (1 - \Gamma \Gamma^*)^{\frac{1}{2}} \end{align}$$
The defect spaces of $$\Gamma$$ are
* $$\begin{align}
&\mathcal{D}_{\Gamma}\; = \operatorname{ran}( D_{\Gamma} )\\ &\mathcal{D}_{\Gamma^*} = \operatorname{ran}( D_{\Gamma^*}) \end{align}$$
The defect operators indicate the non-unitarity of $$\Gamma$$, while the defect spaces ensure uniqueness in some parameterizations. Using this machinery, one can explicitly describe the structure of general matrix contractions. We will only need the 2 × 2 case. Every 2 × 2 contraction $$\Gamma$$ can be uniquely expressed as
\Gamma = \begin{bmatrix} \Gamma_1 & D_{\Gamma_1 ^*} \Gamma_2\\ \Gamma_3 D_{\Gamma_1} & - \Gamma_3 \Gamma_1^* \Gamma_2 + D_{\Gamma_3 ^*} \Gamma_4 D_{\Gamma_2} \end{bmatrix} $$
where each $$\Gamma_i$$ is a contraction.
Extensions of Positive symmetric operators
The Cayley transform for general symmetric operators can be adapted to this special case. For every non-negative number $$a$$,
* $$\left|\frac{a-1}{a+1}\right| \le 1.$$
This suggests we assign to every positive symmetric operator $$A$$ a contraction
* $$C_A : \operatorname{ran}(A + 1) \rightarrow \operatorname{ran}(A-1) \subset H $$
defined by
* $$C_A (A+1)x = (A-1)x. \quad \mbox{i.e.} \quad C_A = (A-1)(A+1)^{-1}.\,$$
which have matrix representation
C_A = \begin{bmatrix} \Gamma_1 \\ \Gamma_3 D_{\Gamma_1} \end{bmatrix}
* \operatorname{ran}(A+1) \rightarrow
\begin{matrix} \operatorname{ran}(A+1) \\ \oplus \\ \operatorname{ran}(A+1)^{\perp} \end{matrix}. $$
It is easily verified that the $$\Gamma_1$$ entry, $$C_A$$ projected onto $$\operatorname{ran}(A+1)=\operatorname{dom}(C_A)$$, is self-adjoint. The operator $$A$$ can be written as
* $$A = (1+ C_A)(1 - C_A)^{-1} \,$$
with $$\operatorname{dom}(A)=\operatorname{ran}(C_A -1)$$. If $$\tilde{C}$$ is a contraction that extends $$C_A$$ and its projection onto its domain is self-adjoint, then it is clear that its inverse Cayley transform
* $$\tilde{A} = ( 1 + \tilde{C} ) ( 1 - \tilde{C} )^{-1} $$
defined on $$\operatorname{ran}( 1 - \tilde{C})$$ is a positive symmetric extension of $$A$$. The symmetric property follows from its projection onto its own domain being self-adjoint and positivity follows from contractivity. The converse is also true: given a positive symmetric extension of $$A$$, its Cayley transform is a contraction satisfying the stated "partial" self-adjoint property.
The unitarity criterion of the Cayley transform is replaced by self-adjointness for positive operators.
Therefore, finding self-adjoint extension for a positive symmetric operator becomes a "matrix completion problem". Specifically, we need to embed the column contraction $$C_A$$ into a 2 × 2 self-adjoint contraction. This can always be done and the structure of such contractions gives a parametrization of all possible extensions.
By the preceding subsection, all self-adjoint extensions of $$C_A$$ takes the form
\tilde{C}(\Gamma_4) = \begin{bmatrix} \Gamma_1 & D_{\Gamma_1} \Gamma_3 ^* \\ \Gamma_3 D_{\Gamma_1} & - \Gamma_3 \Gamma_1 \Gamma_3^* + D_{\Gamma_3^*} \Gamma_4 D_{\Gamma_3^*} \end{bmatrix}. $$
So the self-adjoint positive extensions of $$A$$ are in bijective correspondence with the self-adjoint contractions $$\Gamma_4$$ on the defect space $$\mathcal{D}_{\Gamma_3^*}$$ of $$\Gamma_3$$. The contractions $$\tilde{C}(-1)$$ and $$\tilde{C}(1)$$ give rise to positive extensions $$A_0$$ and $$A_{\infty}$$ respectively. These are the smallest and largest positive extensions of $$A$$ in the sense that
* $$A_0 \leq B \leq A_{\infty}$$
for any positive self-adjoint extension $$B$$ of $$A$$. The operator $$A_\infty$$ is the Friedrichs extension of $$A$$ and $$A_0$$ is the von Neumann-Krein extension of $$A$$.
Similar results can be obtained for accretive operators. | WIKI |
Talk:Claude A. Fuller
conflicting sources on birthplace
The references refer to different places for his place of birth. For instance encyclopedia of arkansas states he was born in Springhill, while the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress states that he was born in Prophetstown, Whiteside County, Illinois. Since there is no wikipedia article on a Springhill in Whiteside Illinois, but there is an article on a Propetstown, I switched the listed place of birth from Springhill to Prophetstown. --Jamo58 (talk) 05:40, 23 January 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
Emery Valentine
Emery (or Emory) Valentine (1858 – September 9, 1930) was an American politician and the sixth mayor of Juneau, Alaska, from 1908 to 1912 and from 1917 to 1919. He was also a miner, goldsmith, jeweller, assayer, gunsmith, watchmaker, architect, firefighter, and businessman.
Early life
Valentine was born in Dowagiac, Michigan. He traveled to Colorado around the age of 10 and became a miner, until he was injured in an accident and lost his leg. He then learned to be a goldsmith and became an apprentice to a jeweler.
Career
Valentine came to own a number of stores throughout Colorado and Montana, from 1876 to 1886, when he left the states and settled in Juneau in May 1886. There, he bought a plot of land from Joe Juneau and began his own jewelry store, E. Valentine Jeweler. He would have built a jewelry store in Skagway, but he faced competition from Herman Kirmse, a well-known jeweler.
Architect
Emery Valentine built a number of notable buildings in Juneau, including the Valentine Building (now on the National Register of Historic Places), at 119 Seward Street, in 1912, and the Seward Building (now known as Dockside Jewelers), at 145 South Franklin Street. In 1897, he traveled to Skagway, where he built a dock. It was the same dock that local gangster Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith was killed in a gunfight by Frank Reid on July 8, 1898.
Firefighter
After coming to Juneau, Valentine organized the Juneau Volunteer Fire Department. At first, the establishment implemented a horse-drawn cart and a hand pump. Usually, volunteers would form bucket brigades to transport water as well. Valentine also donated a specialized wagon to the department in 1897; the wagon carried the slogan "You ring the Bell and we'll do the rest". As mayor, he renovated the department and designed the city's first water system.
Politician
Valentine served as a member of the city council for a single term in 1902. During his six terms as mayor, he helped to acquire the People's Dock, near the southern region of the town. Although a Republican, Valentine had close ties with the Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party.
Other
Valentine also worked as the Japanese vice-consul from 1912 to 1914. For his service to the country of Japan, he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun.
Family
Emery Valentine was married at least three times:
* Katherine (divorced in Juneau in May 1891)
* Maude Adela Hayford Gough (married October 19, 1900, in Juneau; divorced May 14, 1903)
* Mrs. Frank (Josephine G.) Cook (married December 20, 1909, in Juneau; divorced in Juneau in 1915)
Later life
Valentine was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Juneau, Alaska. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Société des Amis des Universités de Paris
The result was keep. (non-admin closure) Mediran ( t • c ) 10:22, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
Société des Amis des Universités de Paris
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
No references are given in the article, and I can't find any substantial coverage online. I thought a merge/redirect might be suitable, but I can't find a suitable target. — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 17:39, 26 December 2012 (UTC)
* Ok, it looks like I was thinking too hard about this - now I think the best course of action would be a merge/redirect to University of Paris. I thought the society wasn't tied to a particular university, but it turns out that's because the original University of Paris was split up into several smaller universities in 1970. — Mr. Stradivarius (have a chat) 17:49, 26 December 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of France-related deletion discussions. — Frankie (talk) 17:28, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. — Frankie (talk) 17:28, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions. — Frankie (talk) 17:28, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Mark Arsten (talk) 15:35, 2 January 2013 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Theopolisme ( talk ) 23:58, 8 January 2013 (UTC)
* Keep, update and move to an article with its current name "Fondation Robert de Sorbon" (see ) then redirect there. I admit that it is not too easy to find online references but this is a venerable institution from 1899 that creates or runs courses at the Sorbonne. And has hosted academic conferences - see some of the references within amazon.fr books. It also published or publishes the annals of the University of Paris which are available in the BNF. Some of its presidents have been ex-presidents of France. Mcewan (talk) 10:24, 9 January 2013 (UTC)
* Keep, per User:Mcewan, but remove all the unsourced BLP red-listed people per WP:LISTPEOPLE. Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 07:38, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spellbound (software developer)
The result was Speedy delete per author request. GBT/C 22:17, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
Spellbound (software developer)
* ( [ delete] ) – (View AfD) (View log)
Insufficient secondary coverage; fails WP:N. One notable game, but notability is not inherited. Percy Snoodle (talk) 13:00, 4 March 2008 (UTC) Percy Snoodle (talk) 13:00, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Delete non-notable; prod should have stood. Cheers, Jack Merridew 13:10, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Keep, unless the nominator can name a policy this article fails. --Pixelface (talk) 19:25, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* This company developed the PC games Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive, Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood, Chicago 1930, Desperados 2: Cooper's Revenge, and they're currently developing Gothic 4. They've also developed 3 games for the Game Boy Color: TOCA Touring Car Championship, Dukes of Hazzard: Racing for Home, and Colin McRae Rally. --Pixelface (talk) 19:49, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* response - No such information is in the article. -- Orange Mike | Talk 21:42, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Evo-Ed: Integrative Cases in Evolution Education
Cases for Evolution Education
Molecular Genetics
Most mammals, including 65% of humans, cannot digest lactose as adults. Lactase persistence, the opposite of lactose intolerance, is the result of an evolutionarily conserved mutation in the regulatory mechanisms of lactase-mRNA production. A SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) in the binding site of one of lactase's transcription factors is associated with the continuation of lactase production into adulthood.
Biosynthesis of Lactase
The human lactase gene (LCT) is a 55 kilo-base pair segment of the second chromosome. It contains 17 exons. LCT is transcribed into Lactase-mRNA by RNA polymerase, and Lactase-mRNA is translated by a membrane-bound ribosome into a polypeptide called pre-pro-lactase. During translation, the 1,927 long amino acid sequence is fed into the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), but remains anchored in the lipid bilayer of the ER membrane. Several subunits of pre-pro-lactase are cleaved off as the enzyme is processed into its mature form. The immature protein is dimerizedA transcription factor is a protein that binds to a segment of DNA and either attracts or repels the RNA polymerase complex that carries out transcription. (attached to another copy of itself) within the ER. Then a transport vesicle containing pro-lactase blebs off the ER and travels to fuse with the Golgi Apparatus. Once within the Golgi Apparatus, the “pro” subunit prevents degradation and ensures proper folding of lactase into its mature quaternary structure before it is cleaved off. Finally, a vesicle containing mature lactase travels from the Golgi Apparatus to fuse with the external brush border membrane of epithelial cell. Here, the enzyme will carry out its function of breaking down dietary lactose.
Regulation of Lactase Synthesis
The regulation of lactase synthesis over developmental time is the factor that separates lactase persistent from non-persistent individuals. In most mammals, including 65% of humans, the level of lactase-mRNA found in the enterocytes is greatly decreased over the years after weaning. This is because mammals don't typically consume milk in adulthood, so the production of enzymes to help digest milk is unnecessary and therefore energetically wasteful at a cellular level. Age-dependent lactase regulation of this sort occurs at transcription.A transcription factor is a protein that binds to a segment of DNA and either attracts or repels the RNA polymerase complex that carries out transcription.
Transcription Factors
A transcription factor (TF) is a protein that binds to a specific segment of DNA and influences a gene's transcription frequency. Once bound to DNA, a TF either attracts or repels the molecular machinery necessary for transcription. TFs can even attract other transcription factors to form large transcription complexes.
Special TFs called "activators" bind to specific enhancer sites on the DNA; these activators are helpful in initiating transcription by binding to RNA Polymerase and other enzymes used in transcription. This type of TF therefore increases the expression of a gene.
Other TFs influence the probability and frequency of transcription by binding to transcription factors at enhancer sites. Enhancer sites may be far away from the start of a gene, but the DNA loops around permitting the enhancers to come into contact with the transcription complex. This increases the frequency of transcription of the gene and, by extension, increases the expression of a gene.
A series of transcription factors have been identified that regulate the amount of lactase-mRNA an intestinal epithelial cell produces over the course of its life. These transcription factors bind to the DNA about 14,000 base pairs upstream of the lactase gene, within the introns (non-protein-coding regions) of an upstream gene, MCM6. Much of the research concerning the evolution of lactase persistence in humans focuses not on mutations in the lactase LCT gene, but rather on mutations in these enhancers within the introns of the MCM6 gene.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
LactaseIf a nucleotide substitution mutation achieves a frequency of 1% in a population over time, it is considered a "single nucleotide polymorphism", or SNP.
The type of mutation that is studied in the context of lactase persistence evolution is a called a single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP. A SNP is a mutation where only one nucleotide in a sequence is changed.
Several SNPs are associated with lactase persistence, all of which are thought to increase or decrease a transcription factor's ability to bind to DNA at that site. This binding affinity influences the likelihood that transcription factors will attach to the DNA and either repel or attract RNA polymerase.
In one well-studied SNP, 13910 bp upstream of the Lactase gene, a Thymine base has been substituted into the DNA sequence in the place of a Cytosine base. This mutation (T instead of C) increases the binding affinity of a transcription factor called Oct-1, which acts as an activator. It has been shown to increase transcription complex binding to the promoter, and therefore increase production of lactase-mRNA. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Colonnades Shopping Centre
Colonnades Shopping Centre is a shopping centre in Adelaide, South Australia. The shopping centre is located in the City of Onkaparinga, in the suburb of Noarlunga Centre. Colonnades is located on a large allotment of land with access from Goldsmith Drive, Beach Road and Burgess Road. Colonnades is currently the 3rd largest shopping centre in metropolitan Adelaide behind both Westfield Marion and Westfield Tea Tree Plaza.
Since opening the centre has seen multiple expansions including the most recent being a $51m expansion adding an Aldi and more market feel area.
Transport
Colonnades Shopping Centre is serviced by both Noarlunga Centre railway station and Colonnades Interchange, and is the hub for public transport in the outer Southern Suburbs of Adelaide. The shopping centre is also serviced by a taxi rank just outside of the centre itself.
History
Colonnades Shopping Centre was built in 1979 and had a wing added to the northern end of the centre in the mid-late 2000s which included a Woolworths supermarket. Colonnades Shopping Centre was acquired by Centro in 2003, and underwent a A$125 million expansion, which has seen the building of a larger Woolworths, and the addition of a Big W among many other shops. The new wing also added a number of speciality shops to the expanded area.
The centre contains three supermarkets, two department stores and approximately 200 other specialty stores. The mall also contains a food court.
In 2019, Myer permanently closed its doors after 40 years of operation.
The shopping centre has laid and connected 5000 solar panels on its rooftop. The 1.8 megawatts (MW) system is generating renewable power to reduce dependence on the national grid and contribute towards the environment of the local community. | WIKI |
My Kingdom (film)
My Kingdom is a 2001 British crime film directed by Don Boyd and starring Richard Harris, Lynn Redgrave and Jimi Mistry.
It premiered at the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival on the eve of 9/11 and like many films that year was consequently compromised commercially. It was subsequently previewed in Los Angeles to heighten nomination opportunities for the performance of Richard Harris later that year and was well reviewed by the Los Angeles Times and Variety.
The film, co-scripted by Boyd with The Guardian journalist Nick Davies and drawing on both their researches into the London and Liverpool criminal underworld (which in Boyd's case included the Kray brothers), brought Boyd into conflict with its principal lead Richard Harris, who wanted to rewrite the script. The film was released in the United Kingdom by Tartan Films receiving mixed reviews while generally acknowledging a fine performance from Harris who was nominated for a British Independent Film Award. Harris acknowledged his approval for the final film at a valedictory event held at the Cambridge Film Festival months before his death.
Cast
* Richard Harris as "Sandeman"
* Reece Noi as The Boy
* Lynn Redgrave as Mandy
* Tom Bell as "Quick"
* Emma Catherwood as Jo
* Aidan Gillen as Puttnam
* Louise Lombard as Kath
* Paul McGann as Dean
* Jimi Mistry as "Jug"
* Lorraine Pilkington as Tracy
* Colin Salmon as "The Chair"
* James Foy as "Animal"
* James McMartin as "Mineral"
* Danny Lawrence as "Tigger"
* Gerard Starkey as Minder
* Sasha Johnson Manning as Soprano
* Seamus O'Neill as "Snowy"
* Chris Armstrong as Dutch Farmer
* Ingi Thor Jonsson as Dutch Farmer
* Otis Graham as Delroy
* David Yip as "Merv"
* Kieran O'Brien as The Photographer
* Jack Marsden as Billy "The Whizz"
* Amer Nazir as "Mutt"
* Mushi Noor as Jeff
* Carl Learmond as Rudi
* Anthony Dorrs as "Skunk"
* Steve Foster as "Toffee"
* Oscar James as Desmond
* Sylvia Gatril as The Brothel Receptionist
* Sharon Byatt as Annie
* Desmond Bayliss as John "The Dog"
* Kelly Murphy as Karen
* Leanne Burrows as Miss Joy | WIKI |
Aphomia sociella
Aphomia sociella, also known as the bee moth and the bumble bee wax moth, is a small moth of the family Pyralidae (snout moths) and subfamily Galleriinae. Its body and forewings are typically reddish brown, tan, or dark green in color and females have a dark spot in the center of each forewing. The bee moth is native to Europe and are named "bee moths" because they seek out nests of bees and wasps to lay their eggs. Aphomia sociella are considered a pest because the bee moth larvae severely damage commercial bee hives. Bee moths are also studied for their unique mating ritual which includes a release of pheromones from both the male and the female along with an ultrasonic signal emitted through the male's tymbals.
Description
The adult bee moth has a wingspan of 18-40 millimetres (0.71-1.57 inches). The body and forewings are typically reddish brown, tan, or dark green in color. This species is an example of sexual dimorphism where the male moths are generally more brightly colored and more distinctly patterned compared to the female moths. The females also contain a dark spot on the center of each of their forewings.
Geographic range
The bee moth is commonly found in Europe, Britain, and Asia. In North America, the bee moth has been spotted in various states such as California, Utah, New York, Virginia, and Connecticut. This moth flies from June to August in the temperate parts of its range, e.g. Belgium and The Netherlands.
Oviposition
The bee moth is a pest of bumblebees, wasps, and—on rare occasions—even mice. Females prefer to lay their eggs in more exposed and elevated nests of various species of Bombus and Vespine wasps. It is uncommon for a bee moth to seek out nests that are closer to the ground.
Larvae
Bee moth larvae are known to feed on the host eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the bumble bees and wasps. Bee moth larvae will also feed on pollen, honey, and any waste that they find in the nest.
Egg
Females are attracted to the odors of active bumble bee nests and a female will lay up to 100 eggs once it finds a nest that it prefers. The defenses of host colonies tend to increase during the summer; therefore, emergence from the eggs will typically occur in the early summer between March and July in order to take advantage of the temporary weakness of their hosts.
Larvae
Larvae are typically yellow in color and have a length of 22–30 mm. They begin by spinning a silk around themselves for protection and then proceed to feed on the surrounding environment including the pollen and honey within the nest, stored food, and meconia. The larvae tend to tunnel throughout the nest looking for food all the while destroying large amounts of the nest around them.
Host
Female Aphomia sociella have been known to lay eggs in a wide variety of bumble bee, hornet, and wasp nests including the bald-faced hornet (Dolichovespula maculata), the common aerial yellowjacket (D. arenaria), the German wasp (Vespula germanica), and the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). Coexistence between the bee moth and its host is possible, especially in situations where the host wasps will tend to expand their nests downwards and so leaving the Aphomia sociella larvae to feed on the upper levels. In short, a large nest is able to accommodate both species.
Mechanisms of overcoming host species
The larvae of the Aphomia sociella will spin a strong silk to protect itself while it feeds. This silk is dense and difficult to penetrate and shields the larvae from the potentially harmful bees and wasps.
Protective behavior
If perturbed or threatened, an adult bee moth will fall to the ground and pretend to be dead by lying on its back in the exact form in which it landed. This is beneficial when infiltrating a host wasp or bumblebee nest as the host will be less likely to attack if it believes that the moth is dead.
Male/male interactions
Male sex pheromones can serve to ward off other competing males by either direct repulsion from the odor or by causing the females to stop their own calling behavior of wing fanning. Males have also been shown to physically attack other competing males for territory in the mating process.
Pheromones
Male and female bee moths are both capable of releasing pheromones in order to attract the opposite sex. The females release a pheromone which contains Hexan-1-ol, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-ol, and 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one. The two compounds hexan-1-ol and TMPD-one serve to boost the strength of the TMPD-ol which is shown to cause males to begin their ultrasonic signaling and proceed in the courtship process.
Male bee moths attract females using a sex pheromone which is released from glands in their wings. This pheromone by itself is sufficient to cause female attraction. A major component of this pheromone has been found to be 3,4-Dihydro-9-hydroxy-3-methylisocoumarin (R-mellein).
The honeycombs that bee moth larvae feed on is shown to contain a fungus called Aspergillus ochraceus which is known to produce mellein. Experiments also found the same ''Asp. ochraceus'' fungus in the intestines of bee moth larvae which suggests that the sex pheromone of mellein is biosynthesized by a microorganism.
Courtship
Males begin the courtship process by silently fanning their wings in one second intervals followed by half a second of rest. At the same time the males will also release their sex pheromones which has a floral odor that triggers a flying or walking response in females. When a female approaches a male bee moth, the male will begin the next step in its courtship process which includes walking, wing fanning, and "courting songs" which are ultrasonic sounds emitted from the male's tegula. The female will then respond to the male by also walking, wing fanning, and emitting its own courtship pheromones. After the female assumes a copulation position, the male can proceed to mate. If the female is repeatedly unreceptive to the male's courtship, the male will revert to the first step of its courtship ritual and try again with another female. Other variables, such as female wing-beat sounds and substrate vibrations may also play a part in the courtship process.
Sound generation
Aphomia sociella males generate ultrasonic emissions in the courtship rituals during mating. These sounds are generated from wing movements that create high-frequency oscillations of the tegular tymbals. These tymbals are located on the anterior part of the tegulae underneath the patagium sclerite. These ultrasonic emissions are not only emitted when in the presence of females, but also in the presence of other males as well. If a competing male is introduced into the territory of a bee moth that is in the process of courting, the resident is shown to approach and even attack the intruder. Eventually the two males will take up new positions and begin calling for females again.
The ultrasonic signals produced by Aphomia sociella males consist of short chirps which are separated by random periods of silence. The average duration of one of these courting/rival songs is approximately 1122 milliseconds and are estimated to have a maximum range of 0.45 meters.
Aphomia sociella females lack the tymbals that males possess and so are not able to produce ultrasonic emissions.
Synonyms
This moth has been described as a new species several times, which has yielded a considerable number of alternate scientific names which are all invalid as junior synonyms nowadays:
* Aphomia asiatica Caradja, 1916
* Aphomia eritrella Della Beffa, 1941
* Aphomia lanceolata Dufrane, 1930
* Aphomia minor Dufrane, 1930
* Aphomia pedemontella Della Beffa, 1941
* Aphomia rufinella Krulikowski, 1909
* Aphomia virescens Skala, 1929
* Crambus colonatus Haworth, 1809 (unjustified emendation)
* Crambus colonum Fabricius, 1798 (unjustified emendation)
* Lithosia socia Fabricius, 1798 (unjustified emendation)
* Tinea colonella Linnaeus, 1758
* Tinea sociella Linnaeus, 1758
* Tinea tribunella [Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775 | WIKI |
Issues running JavaScript tests in VS Code
Recently I was involved in troubleshooting an interesting issue with running unit tests for a Javascript project that was depending on a native Node module. The key step in resolving the issue was when we determined that the tests ran fine from the command line and only failed when the Mocha Test Explorer extension for Visual Studio Code was used.
The tests failed with the following error:
Error: The module '\\?\c:\Git\project\node_modules\gl\build\Release\webgl.node'
was compiled against a different Node.js version using
NODE_MODULE_VERSION 72. This version of Node.js requires
NODE_MODULE_VERSION 75. Please try re-compiling or re-installing
the module (for instance, using `npm rebuild` or `npm install`).
at process.func (electron/js2c/asar.js:140:31)
at process.func [as dlopen] (electron/js2c/asar.js:140:31)
at Object.Module._extensions..node (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:969:18)
at Object.func (electron/js2c/asar.js:140:31)
at Object.func [as .node] (electron/js2c/asar.js:140:31)
at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:782:32)
at Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:695:12)
at Module._load (electron/js2c/asar.js:717:26)
at Function.Module._load (electron/js2c/asar.js:717:26)
at Module.require (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:822:19)
This wasn't the first time I've encountered errors of this type. They can only occur with native Node modules and in my previous experience, they were always caused by one of the following:
• The Node.js version on the local machine was recently upgraded (or downgraded) and the Node modules weren't reinstalled afterward. The installed native Node modules targeted the Node version from when they were installed. Since the Node version changed in the meantime, they were now targeting the wrong version. Deleting the node_modules folder and reinstalling the Node modules using npm i should resolve this problem.
• There's no prebuilt version of the native Node module for the installed version of Node. This usually happens when trying to run an old version of the native Node module from before the Node version currently in use was released. This can usually be resolved by updating the Node module to a more recent version. If that's not an option, the native Node module can be compiled locally. If all prerequisites for the node-gyp build tool are correctly installed, the build should trigger automatically when installing the module.
Neither of the two options was true in this case. And to make matters even weirder, there wasn't any Node version released that would require NODE_MODULE_VERSION 75 as mentioned in the error message.
However, there is a commit in the Node repository mentioning this version concerning Electron. With Visual Studio Code being an Electron application, things now started to make sense. Electron uses different Node versions from the ones that are released standalone. For some reason, the tests were running using the Node engine built into Visual Studio Code. The presence of the electron folder in the call stack of the error above further confirmed this suspicion.
So, why was the Mocha Test Explorer running the tests using the Visual Studio Code Node engine? The answer lies in its documentation for the mochaExplorer.nodePath configuration option:
The path to the node executable to use. By default it will attempt to find it on your PATH, if it can't find it or if this option is set to null, it will use the one shipped with VS Code.
That's what was happening. Hardcoding the path to the Node executable in this configuration option immediately resolved the issue. The longterm solution was to fix the local Node installation so that the Node executable folder was included in PATH. I can imagine that restarting Visual Studio Code could also fix the issue if any changes were made to the local Node installation while Visual Studio Code was running.
If you want to reproduce this error yourself, you can download a sample project code from my GitHub repository. In it, I misconfigured Mocha Test Explorer to cause this error. Of course, you also need to have the extension installed and use it to run the sample test included in the project.
Get notified when a new blog post is published (usually every Friday):
If you're looking for online one-on-one mentorship on a related topic, you can find me on Codementor.
If you need a team of experienced software engineers to help you with a project, contact us at Razum.
Copyright
Creative Commons License | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Cerebral lateralization and function
The human brain is a paired organ; it is composed of two halves called cerebral hemispheres that look pretty much alike. Electrical responses from both hemispheres contributed to the prediction of later language functioning.
However, quantitative relationships between the degree of lateralization in particular brain regions and the level of functioning have yet to be established. For these people, their language abilities are controlled mostly by the left hemisphere.
Some may be Cerebral lateralization and function proxies than others, perhaps because they lend themselves to more precise measurement, but none is ideal. We are still trying. The second truth is that none of the markers is definitive.
Left-hemisphere regions are biased to interact more strongly within the same hemisphere, whereas right-hemisphere regions interact more strongly with both hemispheres. A developmental shift toward bilateralization of a previously unilateral function is different in principle from deterioration of the unilateral function.
The same problem is encountered when behavioral changes at the other end of the life span are being interpreted. Rather than using a particular cognitive task during fMRI that would engage only a subset of relevant brain regions, we measured slow, spontaneous activity fluctuations present throughout the brain while participants were at rest reviewed in ref.
Investigators have attempted to lateralize a function or set of functions without any independent knowledge as to how the functions are organized.
Two distinct forms of functional lateralization in the human brain
For example, there are two areas in the brain that are very important for speech: Differential loss of skills does not necessarily mean differential deterioration of the cerebral hemispheres. But in the smaller parts, there are some differences. In clinical assessment of this aphasia, it is noted that the patient cannot clearly articulate the language being employed.
It was observed that if the patient was presented with an image to his left visual field right brainhe would report not seeing anything.
Lateralization of brain function
Within the scientific community, the vagueness of this term has led to much debate. As Kinsbourne has pointed out, neuropsychologists have been more successful in specifying where functions are localized than in specifying the functions that are localized.
When these connections are cut, the two halves of the brain have a reduced capacity to communicate with each other.
The large parts of both hemispheres are exactly the same on both sides. In contrast, right-hemisphere cortical regions involved in visuospatial and attentional processing interact in a more integrative fashion with both hemispheres.
Here we demonstrate that two distinct forms of functional lateralization are present in the left vs.CHECKPOINT CEREBRAL LATERALIZATION AND FUNCTIONALITY 1 Cerebral Lateralization and Functionality Serena Valdivia PSY/ December 6, Chantell Hines Cerebral Lateralization and Functionality Cerebral Lateralization and Functionality 2 The four methods that are used to.
The term brain lateralization refers to the fact that the two halves of the human brain are not exactly alike. Each hemisphere has functional specializations: some function whose neural mechanisms are localized primarily in one half of the brain.
Lateralization of brain function Cerebral lateralization is an evolutionary ancient adaptation of the brain that contributes to biological fitness (Vallortigara et al., ). From: Avian Medicine (Third Edition), Sep 03, · This study alters our fundamental understanding of the functional interactions between the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain by establishing that the left and right hemispheres have qualitatively different biases in how they dynamically interact with one another.
demonstrating that lateralization of function is associated. The term brain lateralization, or lateralization of brain function, means that the different halves do things differently. The brain's hemispheres. A deep groove called the longitudinal fissure separates the brain into its two hemispheres (halves).
The. The lateralization of brain function is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other.
The medial longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum. Although the macrostructure of the two hemispheres.
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Cerebral lateralization and function
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Plain View Project: These police departments are investigating officers' offensive social media posts
(CNN)Law enforcement agencies in Dallas and Florida on Thursday became the latest to announce they are investigating allegations some of their employees made offensive comments on Facebook after a watchdog group compiled screenshots of the posts and shared them in an online database. The screenshots of the public posts, published in the Plain View Project's online database, purport to show officers or police department employees making hateful or racist remarks. Since its founding in 2017, the Plain View Project says it has compiled images of more than 5,000 social media posts and comments by more than 3,500 current and former police officers in eight jurisdictions throughout the US. Researchers obtained rosters of police officers and then looked them up on Facebook, according to the project's website. After examining the profiles to confirm they belonged to police officers, they reviewed public posts and comments to see if they would "undermine public trust and confidence in police." So far, two police departments, one sheriff's office and one circuit attorney's office have announced they are taking action: Dallas On Thursday, Dallas Police Sgt. Warren Mitchell announced the department was conducting an internal investigation as a result of The Plain View Project, "to determine if the officers violated the Department's Social Media Policy, or any other departmental policy." Mitchell said the department is working with the project's founder to obtain the list of names and posts by employees connected to Dallas police. The internal inquiry's findings will be made public, Mitchell said. "We take these matters seriously and we want to ensure the community that we will not tolerate racism, bigotry or hatred of any kind in our organization." Lake County, Florida The Lake County Sheriff's Office in Florida said it was investigating social media posts by 16 of its active duty officers that were shared by the Plain View Project. Lt. John Herrell said no sheriff's office employees were currently suspended, fired or placed on administrative leave. Many of the posts were from former or retired employees, Herrell said. Social media is part of the office's background checks for new hires, he said. Philadelphia Philadelphia police said it had taken 72 police officers off the street and placed them on administrative duty pending an internal investigation into posts that included Confederate imagery, anti-Muslim sentiments, violent rhetoric and racist comments. An independent law firm is assisting in the investigation, per Philadelphia Police Commissioner Richard Ross. Each post will be examined to see if the speech is constitutionally protected by the First Amendment, he said. If it is found to be protected, "no further action will be taken." The department will also review its social media policies and consult the Anti-Defamation League. The Philadelphia Fraternal Order of Police Lodge #5's President John McNesby said in a statement that the officers "are entitled to due process just like any other citizen." "Far too many officers have been taken off the street during a time of increased violence in our city," he added. St. Louis St. Louis Circuit Attorney Kimberly M. Gardner's office announced 22 officers would be barred from bringing their cases to her office as a result of posts that came to light in the Plain View Project. Cases in which these officers serve as primary witnesses are not currently being prosecuted, according to spokeswoman Susan C. Ryan, but it's unclear how many cases that affects. "When a police officer's integrity is compromised in this manner, it compromises the entire criminal justice system and our overall ability to pursue justice," Gardner said in a news release. "After careful examination of the underlying bias contained in those social media posts, we have concluded that this bias would likely influence an officer's ability to perform his or her duties in an unbiased manner." CNN has reached out to the St. Louis Police Officers' Association but has not heard back. CNN's Michelle Lou, Julia Jones and Carma Hassan contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Journal article Open Access
A novel thermally stable heteropolysaccharide-based bioflocculant from hydrocarbonoclastic strain Kocuria rosea BU22S and its application in dye removal
Habib Chouchane
A new bioflocculant named pKr produced by hydrocarbonoclastic strain Kocuria rosea BU22S
(KC152976) was investigated. Gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis
confirmed the high potential of the strain BU22S in the degradation of n-alkanes. Plackett–
Burman experimental design and response surface methodology were carried out to optimize
pKr production. Glucose, peptone and incubation time were found to be the most significant
factors affecting bioflocculant production. Maximum pKr production was about 4.72 ± 0.02 g/L
achieved with 15.61 g/L glucose, 6.45 g/L peptone and 3 days incubation time. Chemical analysis
of pKr indicated that it contained 71.62% polysaccharides, 16.36% uronic acid and 2.83%
proteins. Thin layer chromatography analysis showed that polysaccharides fraction consisted of
galactose and xylose. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the presence of many
functional groups, hydroxyl, carboxyl, methoxyl, acetyl and amide that likely contribute to
flocculation. K. rosea pKr showed high flocculant potential using kaolin clay at different pH (2–
11), temperature (0–100°C) and cation concentrations. The bioflocculant was particularly effective
in flocculating soluble anionic dyes, Reactive Blue 4 and Acid Yellow, with a decolorization
efficiency of 76.4% and 72.6%, respectively. The outstanding flocculating performances suggest
that pKr could be useful for bioremediation applications.
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Aspartame Side Effects
There are so many different artificial sweeteners out there, but one of the most controversial sweeteners is the artificial sweetener aspartame. Aspartame was approved by the FDA in 1974 however many people were concerned about the sweetener and challenged the validity of the tests that were done. Learn more about Aspartame side effects.
Even today people are weary about aspartame and report side effects that were caused by the sweetener. Aspartame is made from a combination of two amino acids, is sweeter than sucrose, and is labeled as having zero calories per serving. The serving sizes are smaller than most because of how sweet it is.
The side effects of aspartame should be easier to look up because it has been evaluated about 26 times and it is approved for use in more than 100 nations. Unlike the Stevia side effects, which are harder to track down because there have been less tests performed, aspartame has the side effects laid out pretty clearly.
The only problem with aspartame is that it is a controversial sweetener so there are many sites that report extremely dangerous side effects that come from consuming aspartame. So, here are a few of the side effects that have actually been recorded and some of the side effect myths that are reported about aspartame.
Aspartame Side Effects
• Headaches
• Mood changes
• Dizziness
• Skin symptoms
• And gastrointestinal symptoms
Myth side effects:
• Cancer
• Brain tumors
• Parkinson’s disease
• Lupus
• Alzheimer’s disease
• And multiple sclerosis
Apparently one of the more common myths is that aspartame is a cause of cancer. Studies have been done and there is no evidence that supports this myth. After looking into the actual aspartame side effects, it was concluded by the FDA that aspartame was safe to eat in normal amounts.
The aspartame sweetener can be found in some of the things we eat daily like; chewing gum, breath mints, soft drinks, cereals, frozen ice, frozen ice cream, flavored waters, fruit spreads, hard candies, instant cocoa mixes and more.
Because the sweetener aspartame is found in so many foods and so readily available it is hard to imagine it causing seriously dangerous side effects.
There are now somewhere over 6,000 food and drink products that are made using aspartame as the sweetener. However, because there have been so many reports of dangerous side effects being caused by aspartame you may want to research more before using this sweetener.
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IWithSettableUserAgent
interface
Namespace: Vuplex.WebView
An interface implemented by a webview if it supports changing the User-Agent of an individual webview instance.
Example
await webViewPrefab.WaitUntilInitialized();
var webViewWithUserAgent = webViewPrefab.WebView as IWithSettableUserAgent;
if (webViewWithUserAgent) {
// Set a flag indicating a mobile User-Agent.
webViewWithUserAgent.SetUserAgent(true);
// OR set a custom User-Agent string.
webViewWithUserAgent.SetUserAgent("Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv:91.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0");
}
Summary
Public methods
SetUserAgent
void SetUserAgent(bool mobile)
By default, a webview uses a User-Agent of a desktop computer so that servers return the desktop versions of websites. If you instead want the mobile versions of websites, you can invoke this method with the value true to configure the webview instance to use a User-Agent of a mobile device.
SetUserAgent
void SetUserAgent(string userAgent)
Configures the webview instance to use a custom User-Agent string. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Anxiety
Biofeedback is a clinically-proven therapy that uses specialized non-invasive equipment to monitor and display your physiological activity in order to expand your awareness and increase control of your body. Biofeedback is an empirically supported treatment of several anxiety disorders including:
• panic disorder
• phobias
• generalized anxiety disorder
• obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
How do biofeedback therapists assess anxiety disorder patients?
After a medical evaluation to rule out medical diseases and medications that can produce the symptoms of anxiety, a biofeedback practitioner may conduct a psychophysiological profile that monitors your breathing, finger temperature, heart rhythm, skeletal muscle activity, and skin conductance during resting, mild stressor, and recovery conditions using biofeedback sensors. The psychophysiological profile will enable your biofeedback provider to develop an individualized training program to correct abnormal physiological changes associated with anxiety episodes.
Frequent findings during biofeedback stress tests of patients with anxiety disorders include:
• shallow, rapid breathing
• constriction of the small arteries of the fingers
• reduced heart rate variability
• contraction of muscles in the upper shoulders, neck, and forehead
• increased sweat gland activity
Neurofeedback is a specialized form of biofeedback for the brain based on regulating the brain's electrical frequencies, or EEG, in order to teach the brain to produce brainwaves that are not associated with anxiety or low stress tolerance. Over several sessions, the brain is trained to learns to produce healthier types of brainwave frequencies though operant conditioning and learning theory. The changes are shown to be permanent. Individuals with anxiety disorders have been shown to have higher, faster frequencies of brain activity in areas of their brain associated with emotion. By training these areas of the brain to produce less of this fast frequency activity, the brain learns to calm and the client is better able to handle stressful situations and decrease overall anxiety.
How does biofeedback treat anxiety disorders?
Biofeedback training methods may combine cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), which is a form of psychotherapy, with one or more kinds of biofeedback training, including:
• EMG biofeedback (skeletal muscle activity)
• heart rate variability biofeedback (timing between heartbeats)
• respiratory biofeedback (breathing patterns)
• skin conductance biofeedback (sweat gland activity)
• temperature biofeedback (blood flow through small arteries)
What is the client's role in biofeedback training?
Biofeedback therapists assign “homework” during each training session. You are expected to note symptoms and practice self-regulation skills in between training sessions. These assignments often involve:
• lifestyle modification, in which you change routine behaviors like diet and exercise
• biofeedback practice, in which you practice self-regulation using portable biofeedback devices that range in sophistication from a disposable thermometer to a compact heart rate variability trainer
• relaxation exercises, which may involve practice in reducing arousal that takes from 15 seconds to 30 minutes
• self-monitoring, in which you record your symptoms, performance, or daily experience
Why is “homework” important to your success?
These assignments help you to increase your awareness and control to the diverse settings and activities of your daily life. Practice allows you to transfer your new skills from the clinic to everyday life where you need them. Studies confirm that successful biofeedback patients practice at least occasionally.
There are many reasons why regular practice contributes to success:
• Practice devotes more time on task. When you practice five times a week for 30 minutes, you have added 6 ½ hours to the 1-2 hours you spend in the biofeedback clinic.
• Practice extends training to new settings and activities. Just because you can warm your hands in the clinic does not mean that you can warm them at home or at the office. You may need to practice in each setting to transfer your self-control skill to that setting.
• Practice allows you to consciously correct unhealthy behaviors like shallow, rapid breathing or muscle bracing.
• Practice makes self-control automatic. You may need to practice a relaxation skill like skeletal muscle relaxation for 6 months until you can perform it automatically at the first sign of trouble.
Source: altMD.com 2015
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Mongolia, the Tangut country, and the solitudes of northern Tibet vol 2 (1876).djvu/288
262 of currant (Ribes pulchellum and another), raspberry (Rubus Idæus), and the climbing Atragene alpina.
The commonest herbs were the red lily (Lilium tenuifolium), French honeysuckle (also found in the lower alpine meadow-land), several kinds of astragalus, violets, several varieties of pedicularis, including one conspicuous for its pink flowers, Rhaponticum uniflorum and Polygonatum Sibiricum. Where the ground was moist we observed a greater variety of herbaceous plants; valerian, meadow-rue, the willow herb (Epilobium angustifolium), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), columbine (Aquilegia viridiflora), wormwood, Silene repens, Rubia cordifolia, and Sanguisorba alpina, often growing in patches in the alpine meadows. The vegetation of the tree-belt is richer than either of the others, although far less luxuriant than that of Kan-su.
The alpine region, which begins at an elevation of 10,000 feet, is of comparatively small extent, more limited even than that of the Munni-ula range. Here we saw the beautiful caragana, covered with white and pink blossoms early in July, the meadow-sweet, the white kurile tea (the same we had seen in the forests), and a low kind of willow.
In the lower alpine belt, besides many of the flowers we have already enumerated, we observed ranunculus, larkspur, beautiful carnations (Dianthus superbus), onion, and corydalis. On the higher ground bushes cease altogether, the caragana being the only one to appear up to the very summit of Mount Bugutui; but here its proportions are | WIKI |
[meta-oe] [PATCH 06/11] monit: upgrade 5.32.0 -> 5.33.0
wangmy
From: Wang Mingyu <wangmy@...>
Changelog:
==========
New: Added click-jacking protection headers to Monit HTTP GUI (the SAMEORIGIN
iframe is allowed).
Fixed: Issue #1035: If the start, stop or restart program statement contains
the equal sign, which is not followed by a space character, the
configuration is not parsed correctly.
Fixed: Issue #1047: If the MariaDB server doesn't allow access to the host,
from which Monit test is running, Monit reported: Invalid handshake
packet sequence id -- not MySQL protocol.
Fixed: Add the missing responsetime option to the ping test.
Signed-off-by: Wang Mingyu <wangmy@...>
---
.../recipes-support/monit/{monit_5.32.0.bb => monit_5.33.0.bb} | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
rename meta-oe/recipes-support/monit/{monit_5.32.0.bb => monit_5.33.0.bb} (94%)
diff --git a/meta-oe/recipes-support/monit/monit_5.32.0.bb b/meta-oe/recipes-support/monit/monit_5.33.0.bb
similarity index 94%
rename from meta-oe/recipes-support/monit/monit_5.32.0.bb
rename to meta-oe/recipes-support/monit/monit_5.33.0.bb
index e4ec9d526..66d4079a9 100644
--- a/meta-oe/recipes-support/monit/monit_5.32.0.bb
+++ b/meta-oe/recipes-support/monit/monit_5.33.0.bb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ SRC_URI = " \
file://monitrc \
"
-SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "1077052d4c4e848ac47d14f9b37754d46419aecbe8c9a07e1f869c914faf3216"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "1ace889c0183473a9d70160df6533bb6e1338dc1354f5928507803e1e2a863b5"
DEPENDS = "zlib bison-native libnsl2 flex-native openssl virtual/crypt"
--
2.34.1 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Project Pedro
Citation format problems
I've added a lot more specific information, cited existing information, and cleaned up a few factual errors, but unfortunately I cannot seem to figure out how to properly use the ref tags and Reflist -- I included the specific page numbers for my citation in the tags, but hovering over only shows the entire article's citation (rather than the small popup that I see on other article when I hover). If someone could help with that, that would be great! Beyourmostawesome (talk) 19:09, 19 May 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
Hanna Miluska
Hanna Miluska (born 29 May 1984) is a Swiss former swimmer, who specialized in freestyle events and open water marathon. She is a two-time medalist in the 5 km open water at the World and European Championships. Miluska is also a member of Beider Basel Swimming Club (Schwimmverein Beider Basel), and is trained by her long-time coach Axel Mitbauer. She is also the daughter of former rower Ivan Miluška, who played for Czechoslovakia in the men's pairs at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.
Miluska made her own sporting history in 2002 as an open water swimmer. She won a total of two medals in the 5 km open water: silver at the European Championships in Berlin (1:00:27), and bronze at the FINA World Championships in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt (58:13).
Two years later, Miluska qualified for two swimming events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by clearing a FINA B-standard entry time of 2:02.65 (200 m freestyle) from the World Championships in Barcelona, Spain. In the 200 m freestyle, Miluska challenged seven other swimmers on the third heat, including three-time Olympian Olena Lapunova of Ukraine. She edged out Argentina's Florencia Szigeti to take a second spot and twenty-fourth overall by 0.01 of a second in 2:03.28.
Miluska also teamed up with Chantal Strasser, Flavia Rigamonti, and Nicole Zahnd in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay. Swimming the second leg, she recorded a split of 57.60, and the Swiss team finished the heats in twelfth overall with a final time of 2:02.75.
Miluska is also a former varsity for the Alabama Crimson Tide, and a graduate of political science at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. | WIKI |
Java AWT Scrollbar Insets
The scrollbar scrolls through a range of integer values. It is a very convenient component to take a value from the user within a range of values. Scrollbar have two orientations: Vertical or Horizontal. Scrollbar can be set with maximum and minimum values within which the scrollbar moves. The scroll bar may be given an initial value. At this value, the scroll box is positioned by default in the scroll bar.
Event handler for Scrollbar
Scrollbar generates AdjustmentEvent and is handled by AdjustmentListener. The AdjustmentListener includes only one abstract method adjustmentValueChanged() which must be overridden with event handling code.
Scrollbar Basics
Scrollbar is a well known window gadget in Windows environment. Scrollbar comes with some properties mentioned herewith.
Property Description
Alignment(orientation) A scrollbar can be either
vertical
or horizontal. The default is vertical.
Unit increment When the user clicks the arrow on either end of the scrollbar, the scrollbar value is changed by this amount for which it is set. By default is it is 1. The value can be set explicitly with the method setUnitIncrement().
Block increment When the user clicks anywhere in the area between scroll box (also known as thumb) and arrow, the value is changed by this amount. By default is it is 10. The value can be set explicitly with the method setBlockIncrement().
Minimum and Maximum values It is the range of values within which the scroll box moves. Beyond these values, the scroll box cannot move.
Initial value It is the value where by default the scroll box is positioned. Or to say, it is the default value given by the scrollbar when displayed.
Scroll box size This gives the size of the scroll box. It is actually the maximum value minus the visible amount. Visible amount can be set explicitly. For example, if the maximum value is 300 and the visible amount is 50, the size of the scroll box is 250 (300 – 50). But the scroll box can scroll to a maximum value of 300.
Following is class signature of java.awt.Scrollbar
public class Scrollbar extends Component implements Adjustable, Accessible
Following program illustrates three horizontal scrollbars which moves between the values 0 to 255. The values of these scrollbars are taken as RGB values, constructed a Color object and set to the frame. As the scrollbar moves the background of the frame changes.
Example on Java AWT Scrollbar Insets
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ScrollDemo extends Frame implements AdjustmentListener
{
Scrollbar redScroll, greenScroll, blueScroll;
Label redLabel, greenLabel, blueLabel;
Panel p1;
public ScrollDemo()
{
setBackground(Color.yellow);
p1 = new Panel();
p1.setLayout(new GridLayout(3, 2, 5, 5));
redScroll = new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL, 0, 0, 0, 255);
redScroll.setUnitIncrement(5); //default is 1
redScroll.setBlockIncrement(15); //default is 10
p1.add(redLabel = new Label("RED"));
p1.add(redScroll);
// similarly set for green scroll bar
greenScroll = new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL, 0, 0, 0, 255);
greenScroll.setUnitIncrement(5);
greenScroll.setBlockIncrement(15);
p1.add(greenLabel = new Label("GREEN"));
p1.add(greenScroll);
blueScroll = new Scrollbar();
blueScroll.setOrientation(Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL);
blueScroll.setValue(0);
blueScroll.setVisibleAmount(0);
blueScroll.setUnitIncrement(5);
blueScroll.setBlockIncrement(10);
blueScroll.setMinimum(0);
blueScroll.setMaximum(255);
p1.add(blueLabel = new Label("BLUE"));
p1.add(blueScroll);
redScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this);
greenScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this);
blueScroll.addAdjustmentListener(this);
add(p1,"South");
setTitle("Playing With Colors");
setSize(450,325);
setVisible(true);
}
public Insets getInsets()
{
Insets is1 = new Insets(5, 8, 10, 25);
return is1;
}
public void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent e)
{
int rv = redScroll.getValue();
int gv = greenScroll.getValue();
int bv = blueScroll.getValue();
redLabel.setText("RED: "+ rv);
greenLabel.setText("GREEN: "+ gv);
blueLabel.setText("BLUE: "+ bv);
Color clr1 = new Color(rv, gv, bv);
setBackground(clr1);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new ScrollDemo();
}
}
Java AWT Scrollbar Insets
Output screen of Java AWT Scrollbar Insets
5 thoughts on “Java AWT Scrollbar Insets”
1. sir y this program setBounds() method not working means its showing the scrollbar in the whole screen not in the specified place
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class a extends Frame
{
a()
{
Scrollbar redScroll = new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL, 0, 0, 0, 255);
redScroll.setUnitIncrement(5);
redScroll.setBlockIncrement(15);
add(redScroll);
redScroll.setBounds(0,878,155,60);
setSize(300,300);
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String []aa)
{
new a();
}
}
1. See this code:
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class a extends Frame
{
a()
{
setLayout(null);
Scrollbar redScroll = new Scrollbar(Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL, 0, 0, 0, 255);
redScroll.setUnitIncrement(5);
redScroll.setBlockIncrement(15);
redScroll.setBounds(0,280,300, 20);
add(redScroll);
setSize(300,300);
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String []aa)
{
new a();
}
}
Know the method signature of setBounds() method:
setBounds(int x, int y, int width, int height);
1. sir in button creation without using “setLayout();” method we can put our button anywhere in the frame with the help of setBounds() method but here if we remove “setLayout(null);” in the above program then setBounds() method doesnt show the required result it will put the scrollbar in the whole frame and it will show the required result if we put “setLayout(null);” along with “setBounds()” method . why it happens?
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Glossary
This page provides brief definitions and links to more information of terms that are used in the Anthos Service Mesh documentation.
A
Anthos Workload Identity
a tuple of trust domain, namespace, and service account. It has a SPIFFE identity format of spiffe://<workload_identity_pool>/ns/<namespace>/sa/<serviceaccount> in Anthos workload x509 certificates. For other credential types (e.g., OIDC tokens), the format may vary.
C
Canonical Service
A label applied to workloads in Anthos Service Mesh that allows you to group one or more workloads as a logical service within the service mesh. A workload belongs to exactly one canonical service, whereas it can belong to multiple Kubernetes services. A canonical service is identified by a name and a namespace, and can be further divided into one or more canonical revisions.
control plane
A control plane is a set of system services that configure the mesh or a subset of the mesh to manage the communication between the workload instances within. Anthos Service Mesh 1.9 and later provides two control planes:
• Google-managed control plane: This is a fully-managed Google Cloud service that you only need to configure, while Google handles its reliability, upgrades, scaling and security for you.
• In-cluster control plane: This is a Google-supported distribution of istiod that you install on your cluster. When you install Anthos Service Mesh with istiod, you are responsible for upgrading and for configuring security and scaling.
Although the control plane distributes its configuration to the sidecar proxies, the control plane does not directly participate in handling traffic for workloads in the mesh.
D
data plane
The data plane is the part of the mesh that directly handles communication between workload instances. Anthos Service Mesh's data plane uses proxies deployed as sidecars to mediate and control all TCP traffic that your mesh services send and receive.
F
fleet
A fleet (formerly known as an environ) lets you organize clusters to make multi-cluster management easier. Registering your clusters in a fleet simplifies the management of a multi-cluster mesh by introducing the concept of "sameness" for identity, namespaces and services. If you have clusters in different projects, you need to register the clusters with the fleet host project rather than the project that the cluster was created in. To learn more about fleets, see Introducing fleets.
I
identity
Identity is a fundamental security infrastructure concept. The Anthos Service Mesh identity model is based on a first-class workload identity. At the beginning of service-to-service communication, the two parties exchange credentials with their identity information for mutual authentication purposes.
Clients check the server's identity against their secure naming information to determine if the server is authorized to run the service.
Servers check the client's identity to determine what information the client can access. Servers decide whether to allow the access based on the configured authorization policies.
Using identity, servers can audit the time information was accessed and what information was accessed by a specific client. They can also charge clients based on the services they use and reject any clients that failed to pay their bill from accessing the services.
The Anthos Service Mesh identity model is flexible and granular enough to represent a human user, an individual service, or a group of services. On platforms without first-class service identity, Anthos Service Mesh can use other identities that can group service instances, such as service names.
Anthos Service Mesh supports the following service identities on different platforms:
• Kubernetes: Kubernetes service account
• Google Kubernetes Engine: Google Cloud service account
• Google Cloud: Google Cloud service account
ingress gateway
An ingress gateway represents a load balancer to handle incoming traffic entering from outside the mesh. You use Istio Gateway resources to configure the load balancer and you create virtual services and authentication policies to control how incoming traffic is secured and routed to your workloads.
istiod
istiod (the "d" is for "daemon)" is the consolidated monolithic binary that provides control plane services. Before Anthos Service Mesh 1.5, the control plane services were provided by separate components called Pilot, Citadel, Mixer, and Galley.
IstioOperator
A custom resource that you use to configure the in-cluster control plane. For more information, see Enabling optional features.
M
Managed Instance Group (MIG)
Lets you operate applications on multiple identical VMs, starting with a minimum MIG size of one VM. You can make your workloads scalable and highly available by taking advantage of automated MIG services, including: autoscaling, autohealing, regional (multiple zone) deployment, and automatic updating. For more information, see managed instance groups (MIGs).
Mesh CA
The name of the Google-managed certificate authority that manages mTLS certificates. Mesh CA is installed by default when you install Anthos Service Mesh.
mutual TLS
Anthos Service Mesh uses mutual TLS (mTLS) for authentication and encryption between services in the mesh. mTLS makes it possible for workloads to verify each other's identities and authenticate with each other. You might be familiar with simple TLS through its use in HTTPS to allow browsers to trust web servers and to encrypt the data that is exchanged. When simple TLS is used, the client establishes that the server can be trusted by validating its certificate. mTLS is an implementation of TLS in which both client and server present certificates to each other and verify each other's identities.
N
network
Anthos Service Mesh uses a simplified definition of network based on general connectivity. Workload instances are on the same network if they are able to communicate directly, without a gateway.
O
overlay file
A YAML file containing an IstioOperator custom resource (CR). You use overlay files to configure the control plane. You can override the default control plane configuration and enable Supported optional features in a YAML file that you pass to istioctl install or to the install_asm script. You can layer on more overlays, and each overlay file overrides the configuration on the previous layers. See Enabling optional features for the YAML that you can use to enable features that aren't enabled by default.
P
primary cluster
A primary cluster is a cluster with a control plane. A single mesh can have more than one primary cluster for high availability or to reduce latency. In the Istio 1.7 documentation, a multi-primary deployment is referred to as a replicated control plane.
R
remote cluster
A remote cluster is a cluster that connects to a control plane residing outside of the cluster. A remote cluster can connect to a control plane running in a primary cluster or to an external control plane.
revision
A revision represents a snapshot-in-time of application code version and configuration. When you install or upgrade Anthos Service Mesh, a When you install or upgrade Anthos Service Mesh, a revision label is added to the control plane. To enable automatic sidecar injection, you add the revision label to your namespaces and restart your Pods. The revision label associates the Pods in a namespace with a particular control plane revision.
revision-based upgrade
Migrations from OSS Istio and upgrades follow the revision-based upgrade process (referred to as "canary upgrades" in the Istio documentation). With a revision-based upgrade, the new revision of the control plane is installed alongside the existing control plane. You then move some of your workloads to the new revision, which lets you monitor the effect of the upgrade with a small percentage of the workloads before migrating all of the traffic to the new revision.
S
secure naming
Server identities are encoded in certificates, but service names are retrieved through the discovery service or DNS. The secure naming information maps the server identities to the service names. A mapping of identity A to service name B means "A is authorized to run service B". The control plane watches the apiserver, generates the secure naming mappings, and distributes them securely to the sidecar proxies.
service mesh
A service mesh or simply mesh is an infrastructure layer that enables managed, observable and secure communication between workload instances.
sidecar
A pattern for running a utility or helper alongside a workload. If you are using Kubernetes, sidecars run alongside the workload container in a pod. When discussing service mesh, the word "sidecar" is often used to refer to the proxy.
T
trust domain
Trust domain corresponds to the root of trust of a system and is part of a workload identity.
Anthos Service Mesh uses a trust domain to create all identities within a mesh. For example, in the SPIFFE ID spiffe://mytrustdomain.com/ns/default/sa/myname, the substring mytrustdomain.com specifies that the workload is from a trust domain called mytrustdomain.com.
When using the Mesh CA, the trust domain is automatically generated by Anthos Service Mesh. It is based on the cluster's workload pool.
You can have one or more trust domains in a multi-cluster mesh, as long as the clusters share the same root of trust.
W
workload
A workload is a containerized application, service, or other program such as a batch job or daemon running on a platform. The platform could be a Kubernetes cluster, virtual machine, or another environment such as Google Distributed Cloud Virtual for Bare Metal. Workloads have names, namespaces, and unique ids. On Kubernetes, a workload typically corresponds to a Deployment, but there are other types of workloads, such as a StatefulSet.
WorkloadEntry
allows you to describe non-Kubernetes-Pod endpoints that should be part of the mesh, and treat them the same as a Kubernetes Pod. In our case, each VM is registered as a WorkloadEntry in the mesh. For more information, see https://istio.io/latest/blog/2020/workload-entry/
WorkloadGroup
describes a collection of workload instances. See WorkloadGroup.
Workload Identity pool
The trust boundary, also known as a trust domain of an Anthos Service Mesh. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Cass Ingram
March 14/2020
There are a number of foods that offer protection to our bodies at all times. The more that is consumed of these super-charged foods and herbs the greater is the protection.
Heat is a positive thing, in other words, that potency and pungency that a person tastes upon consumption. As a rule, hot or spicy means it is powerful, especially in its actions on the mucous membranes. This also means that naturally hot/spicy foods increase the metabolic rate, often dramatically so.
Wild oregano
The king of kings, in the ability to dramatically empower the immune system and far more, nothing can compare to the powers of this incredibly potent herb, which is really a spice. As well, numerous books are available which outline its immense health-giving powers. It has three main potencies: germicidal, antihistaminic, and immune-boosting. For a person who wants the ultimate power this is it. Studies show that it has a combination effect, being at the same time antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-mold, antibacterial, and anti-parasitic. Of all spices tested, by far, wild oregano is the most potent germicide. For the ultimate protection it is bested used the extracted oil of wild oregano. Moreover, pay attention to the word wild, as, now, there is actually cloned and farm-raised-based oil of oregano on the market. Many of these fraudulently claim to be wild. Some are even tainted with synthetic components, like chemical forms of carvacrol. Beware of cheap imitations claiming to be wild but which really aren’t.
Store oregano often isn’t the truly wild type and is typically contaminated with fillers. For truly wild oregano use a high-quality wild extract, the crude herb in a capsule, and the juice-essence, the latter being a hydrosol from wild herb distillation.
Onions
Make no mistake onions are a super-food. J. H. Kim did a study finding that extracts of onions were highly active against oral bacteria, including the main cause of dental caries. These included nasty oral bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivitis and Prevotella intermedia. The results showed that components of this food had a positive effect against all the oral pathogens tested, maintaining activity as long as 48 hours. This makes sense, as onions lose much of their pungency over time. It is well-known that the regular intake of this naturally hot-tasting food helps reduce the risk for infection. It’s acrid, aromatic compounds are particularly invaluable for respiratory health. For anyone with lung conditions they should be routinely consumed. A single onion per day is plenty; no need to overdo it.
While it is best raw even cooked onions offer some benefit. In fact, daily intake is associated with a number of benefits, including thinning of the blood, improved bowel function, resistance to colds/flu, enhanced digestion, and increased metabolic rate, the latter being an aid to weight loss.
Garlic
Everyone knows that garlic has immune-bolstering functions. According to work published in Microbes and Infection there can be no doubt about its antimicrobial powers. Freshly homogenized garlic was found to be active against a number of disease-causing species, including E. coli, candida, giardiasis, and amebas. It was also determined to possess antiviral properties. The spicy food contains compounds that bind to the various protein components of the germs, especially the germ’s much-needed enzymes, neutralizing them. Other work at Cornell University found that it was capable, even as the typical sprinkle powder, of inhibiting virtually all known bacteria. No matter what the degree or type of infection it is always a good idea to consume it. Raw garlic is the true germicide, with over 90% of its potency lost through cooking. It is an inexpensive, while not entirely a socially acceptable way, of being protected. Take advantage of it. However, for garlic breath chew on parsley.
Black seed
These are tiny seeds from the ripe pods of the Mediterranean plant, Nigella sativa. It is not common for Westerners to consume black seeds, but they should. Also, the oil should be regularly consumed. There is great powers in black seed and their expressed oil regarding immune function. an immune-potentiating complex, proven to strengthen the immune response. There are countless assaults against the body, so it is ideal to consume black seeds and the freshly cold-pressed oil on a regular basis. Quality black seed oil is often mixed with fennel and cumin, which are related seeds, also form the Mediterranean, often found in capsule form. Some people prefer the pure liquid, it can be found also with tiny amounts of wild rosemary and oregano oils as enhancing antioxidants and preservatives. The whole seed can be purchased or in a ground form with enhancing cumin powder and red sour grape.
Cinnamon
No doubt, cinnamon has monumental health benefits. This delicious spice offers potency not only as a natural anti-infective compound but also for balancing blood sugar. Cinnamon is a natural addition to carbohydrates, as it aids in sugar and starch metabolism. So, it protects against two major health concerns, diabetes and infection. In particular, it is a strong natural medicine against fungus. As well, it is a potent antioxidant and so helps preserve the tissues from age-related degeneration.
Add these natural medicines to the diet in every way possible. Take them also as high-quality supplements. As a result, you will enjoyed increased strength and vitality, while reaping major benefits for immune health. Moreover, these are all wild foods and/or high-grade food supplements that can be readily found. Use them for yourself and your whole family and get the divinely-inspired, whole food answer to the most optimal health possible.
Sources:
Ankri, S. and D. Mirelman. 1999. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection. 1:125.
Kim, J.H. 1997. Antibacterial action of onion (Allium cepa L.) extracts against oral pathogenic bacteria. J. Nihon Univ. Sch. Dent. Sept, 39:136.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/WekaIO
Was looking for objective information about parallel file systems for HPC. I believe this FS is notable enough (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190129005117/en/WekaIO-Joins-Ranks-Prestigious-Machine-Learning-Cloud) for a page or at least be listed in the article about parallel file systems. Socratesone (talk) 17:33, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
As of February 5th, 2019 (https://blocksandfiles.com/2019/02/05/wekaio-goes-higher-than-summit/) - Weka.io currently claims that it's "Matrix" File System is the fastest in the world, and there is evidence to support that. This definitely fits notability criteria. Socratesone (talk) 18:45, 6 February 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
House at 18 Park Street
The House at 18 Park Street, also known as the Clarence A. Van Derveer House, is a historic house at 18 Park Street in Wakefield, Massachusetts. The $1 1/2$-story Craftsman/Bungalow style house was built in 1922 by Clarence A Van Derveer, a real estate broker who lived next door and subdivided his lot to build this house. It has classic Craftsman features, including exposed rafters under extended eaves (which shelter a porch), and paneled porch pillars and rails.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. | WIKI |
Simple task manager application using Angularjs PHP Mysql
Cover image
This tutorial explains how to create a simple Task Manager application using AngularJS. Here I used PHP for server side communication and MySQL for database.
Live Demo
Our task manager app will have the following features
• Create a new task
• Strikeout the completed tasks
• Option to delete any task
• User will be able to search for tasks
1. Creating MySQL Database
We will create the only table required for this project tasks
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS angularcode_task;
USE angularcode_task;
--
-- Table structure for table `tasks`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tasks` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`task` varchar(200) NOT NULL,
`status` int(11) NOT NULL,
`created_at` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=5 ;
--
-- Dumping data for table `tasks`
--
INSERT INTO `tasks` (`id`, `task`, `status`, `created_at`) VALUES
(1, 'My first task', 0, 1390815970),
(2, 'Perform unit testing', 2, 1390815993),
(3, 'Find bugs', 2, 1390817659),
(4, 'Test in small devices', 2, 1390818389);
2. The project structure
We will arrange the project files of our MVC framework into 5 different folders for better organisation.
js/ – Javascript library files. e.g. angular.js
app/ – Our custom javascript controller files for our project
partials/ – Small pagelets that we wish to reuse
ajax/ – The .php files to communicate to server (Connect, Create, Read, Update, Delete)
css/ – Stylesheet files
3. The Stylesheets
We will add some css for styling purpose
<link href="css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"></link>
<link href="css/taskman.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"></link>
4. Import the required javascript library
<script src="js/angular.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="app/app.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
5. The Controller Code (app.js)
//Define an angular module for our app
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('tasksController', function($scope, $http) {
getTask(); // Load all available tasks
function getTask(){
$http.post("ajax/getTask.php").success(function(data){
$scope.tasks = data;
});
};
$scope.addTask = function (task) {
$http.post("ajax/addTask.php?task="+task).success(function(data){
getTask();
$scope.taskInput = "";
});
};
$scope.deleteTask = function (task) {
if(confirm("Are you sure to delete this line?")){
$http.post("ajax/deleteTask.php?taskID="+task).success(function(data){
getTask();
});
}
};
$scope.toggleStatus = function(item, status, task) {
if(status=='2'){status='0';}else{status='2';}
$http.post("ajax/updateTask.php?taskID="+item+"&status="+status).success(function(data){
getTask();
});
};
});
6. Our pagelet file (task.html)
<div class="widget-box" id="recent-box" ng-controller="tasksController">
<div class="widget-header header-color-blue">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<h4 class="bigger lighter">
<i class="glyphicon glyphicon-align-justify"></i>
TASK MANAGER
</h4>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-3">
<button ng-click="addNewClicked=!addNewClicked;" class="btn btn-sm btn-danger header-elements-margin"><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus"></i> Add New Task</button>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-3">
<input type="text" ng-model="filterTask" class="form-control search header-elements-margin" placeholder="Filter Tasks">
</div>
</div></div>
<div class="widget-body ">
<form ng-init="addNewClicked=false; " ng-if="addNewClicked" id="newTaskForm" class="add-task">
<div class="form-actions">
<div class="input-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="comment" ng-model="taskInput" placeholder="Add New Task" ng-focus="addNewClicked">
<div class="input-group-btn">
<button class="btn btn-default" type="submit" ng-click="addTask(taskInput)"><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus"></i> Add New Task</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div class="task">
<label class="checkbox" ng-repeat="task in tasks | filter : filterTask">
<input
type="checkbox"
value="{{task.STATUS}}"
ng-checked="task.STATUS==2"
ng-click="toggleStatus(task.ID,task.STATUS, task.TASK)"/>
<span ng-class="{strike:task.STATUS==2}">{{task.TASK}} [{{task.ID}}]</span>
<a ng-click="deleteTask(task.ID)" class="pull-right"><i class="glyphicon glyphicon-trash"></i></a>
</label>
</div>
</div>
</div>
7. CRUD Files
addTask.php
<?php
require_once '../includes/db.php'; // The mysql database connection script
if(isset($_GET['task'])){
$task = $_GET['task'];
$status = "0";
$created = time();
$query="INSERT INTO tasks(task,status,created_at) VALUES ('$task', '$status', '$created')";
$result = $mysqli->query($query) or die($mysqli->error.__LINE__);
$result = $mysqli->affected_rows;
echo $json_response = json_encode($result);
}
?>
getTask.php
<?php
require_once '../includes/db.php'; // The mysql database connection script
$status = '%';
if(isset($_GET['status'])){
$status = $_GET['status'];
}
$query="select ID, TASK, STATUS from tasks where status like '$status' order by status,id desc";
$result = $mysqli->query($query) or die($mysqli->error.__LINE__);
$arr = array();
if($result->num_rows > 0) {
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
$arr[] = $row;
}
}
# JSON-encode the response
echo $json_response = json_encode($arr);
?>
updateTask.php
<?php
require_once '../includes/db.php'; // The mysql database connection script
if(isset($_GET['taskID'])){
$status = $_GET['status'];
$taskID = $_GET['taskID'];
$query="update tasks set status='$status' where id='$taskID'";
$result = $mysqli->query($query) or die($mysqli->error.__LINE__);
$result = $mysqli->affected_rows;
$json_response = json_encode($result);
}
?>
deleteTask.php
<?php
require_once '../includes/db.php'; // The mysql database connection script
if(isset($_GET['taskID'])){
$taskID = $_GET['taskID'];
$query="delete from tasks where id='$taskID'";
$result = $mysqli->query($query) or die($mysqli->error.__LINE__);
$result = $mysqli->affected_rows;
echo $json_response = json_encode($result);
}
?>
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How Yoga Can Help Keep Us Healthy During The Pandemic
The Covid-19 virus spreads quite rapidly. But you know what spreads even more rapidly? The emotional and mental unrest that accompanies it.
It is not surprising that many are breaking down from panic attacks, anxiety, stress, depression, etc. Any measure that can help us handle the emotional and physical toll the pandemic brings is of the utmost importance.
And there’s one measure that fits this bill perfectly: yoga.
What is Yoga?
Yoga is a mind and body practice. Although it might have meant different things to different people in the past, the focus of modern-day yoga is mindfulness in movement.
Mindfulness is non-judgemental awareness of the present moment.
Yoga is a very simple practice with tons of benefits.
The Benefits Of Yoga
1. Reduces stress
Research has shown that yoga plays a vital role in decreasing our levels of cortisol, the body’s primary stress hormone, in the blood.
2. Boosts self-confidence
Yoga helps us become in touch with our bodies in the present moment, allowing us to accept and love our bodies as they are overtime.
All of this is done without judgement, which increases self-confidence.
3. Reduces inflammation
Research has shown that practicing yoga may lessen inflammation in the body. The Covid-19 virus causes severe lung inflammation. Therefore, yoga could be an effective tool for managing this symptom.
4. Improves flexibility
Our increase in inactivity in recent times can lead to the development of tight areas in our body, pain, and immobility. Yoga can help prevent or undo all of these.
5. Helps alleviate back pain
Inactivity can lead to tightness throughout the body and spinal compression. This can then lead to back pain. However, yoga helps to reverse the process, reducing the back pain.
6. Improves blood flow
This leads to the proper circulation of oxygen to all organs of the body. In addition, lymph is drained faster, aiding the maintenance of a healthy immune system.
7. Encourages a healthy lifestyle
According to studies, practicing yoga promotes healthy habits in individuals such as mindful eating, quality rest, positive moods, deep breaths, etc.
Conclusion
Yoga is good for the body and the mind. Contrary to societal beliefs, you don’t need a yoga studio to practice yoga. You can still get all the benefits of yoga by simply stretching and connecting with your inner self at home.
Also, everyone can practice yoga irrespective of their age or present health status. Don’t push yourself too hard though.
To get or find out the yoga technique(s) that suit you, you could consult an online yoga consultant.
Finally, yoga can be easily learned by simply watching videos, joining a virtual yoga community, or consulting a yoga practitioner.
At the end of the day, it is all about finding out what works for you and sticking to it.
Photo by rishikesh yogpeeth on Unsplash
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Malden Manor
Malden Manor is a manor house located in the Old Malden area in the borough of Kingston upon Thames, London, England.
The Manor House, next to St John's, is mentioned in the Domesday Book. In 1264 Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester, founded a college here that was later moved to Oxford as Merton College. The house was later used as a court in the reign of Henry VIII, and in the mid 18th century the house was the home of Captain Cook. In 1852 the Hogsmill River was the setting for the background of Ophelia painted by John Everett Millais.
There is a nearby railway station also called Malden Manor. | WIKI |
Talk:Sotetsu 20000 series
8-car version
Hi everyone, we need a table of 8-car formation below the 10-car table since the trains there had introduced into service. The train loadout will be Tc2-M1-T1-M2-M3-T2-M4-Tc1. We also ned to add more information specifically for the 8-car trains as they are capable of one-man operation on Tokyu Meguro, TM Nambu, Toei Mita, and Saitama Lines. Thank you. -JC1199154 (talk 07:59, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
* If you have sources, feel free to provide the 21000 series's corresponding formation table and details. Note YouTube videos and other forms of user-generated content are not reliable sources and, more often than not, should not be used. XtraJovial (talk) 00:33, 30 December 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Semi-Automatic Bed Leveling Your 3D Printer
Two of the most important prerequisites for successful 3D printing is making sure the bed is level and correctly setting the Z=0 height. Getting both of these right almost guarantees great adhesion since the first print layer is not only at the right distance from the build platform but also at a consistent distance for the entire bottom surface of the part.
Manual bed leveling is tedious, requiring the user to move the print nozzle to different points around the build platform, adjust some screws and make sure the nozzle is a piece-of-paper’s thickness higher than the platform. If you want to get complicated, there is an automatic option that probes the build platform and makes height corrections in the software. The probes come in several flavors, two common methods being a deployed mechanical switch (usually mounted to a servo) or force sensors under the build platform that sense when the nozzle touches the build platform. This method also requires some fancy firmware finesse to get working correctly.
[Jonas] posted a video showing the semi-automatic bed leveling capability of his printer. The build platform is held a bit high by springs that surround each of the 3 screws that support the bed assembly. The nozzle is moved directly over one of the 3 screws and then moved down until it noticeably presses on the build platform, compressing the support spring. A thumb wheel is then tightened at that location, locking the bed in place. The same process is performed for the other 2 support points. The result is a perfectly level build surface. Check the video out after the break to see just how quick this procedure is!
We’ve seen a somewhat similar concept that uses a clever gimbal and lock system under the bed.
22 thoughts on “Semi-Automatic Bed Leveling Your 3D Printer
1. My guess is that either:
A. You don’t own a 3d printer
B. You have nema 23s on your z, your smooth rods are 1 inch thick, your printer contains no plastic parts and is kept in a temperature controlled room to prevent differential thermal expansion
C. You have no idea what you are talking about.
Bed levelling is part of owning a 3d printer, from commercial fdm to reprap. If you think your bed is permanently level then you are just wrong.
1. Yea. You’ll think twice about moving your 3D printer once you realize you’ll have to re-level it again. Well, I’m speaking on *my* 3D printer – a Prusa i3 – that is prone to flexing when moved.
1. I also own the Prusa i3 wood and have installed auto bed leveling using a servo controlled probe. It’s simple yet effective. The software will figure out the angle of the bed by probing 9 times before every print. It’s fully automatic too so it can print well even if you move the printer :)
I’ve fixed the build plate and heated bed to the wooden carriage without springs. It’s very solid and without any play in it. I’ve leveled it as best I could using washers and the auto bed leveling does the rest.
1. Even a $100,000 CNC mill, made all out of cast iron and high-tensile steel, needs to be checked for level and alignment on a regular basis. This is the reality of machinery. You can massively overdesign your machine and increase the maintenance intervals to a very large number (but never eliminate them!), or you can design the machine appropriately for the use case and also conduct appropriate maintenance.
No one would say that a jet airliner has “poor build quality”, but they still need a minimum of one hour of maintenance for every 5 hours of flight. For high-performance fighter jets it can be 10+ hours of maintenance for an hour in the air.
1. you are comparing a mansion to cardboard box, most 3d printers makes LEGO look like heavy duty industrial equipment which would be ok if it was $100 toy but it’s not.
2. Fonz, his comparison perfectly dismantled your previous comment…. so you seem to have shifted gears to the “poor value for money” argument. That’s entirely relative to the owner’s expectations. Addressing your second point, some 3D printers are very flimsy, but the way to compensate is to slow the print way down to keep it from flexing and shaking. Have you designed a 3D printer? Have you used one? Or are your comments based on failures you’ve seen?
2. I’d like to echo macw’s comments… I’m a mechanical engineer, and years ago I worked for a sugar refinery. We melted 4 million pounds of raw sugar a day and packaged the refined product. The high speed packaging machines were made by Bosch and they were amazing. The problem was that the people running them never cleaned them or maintained them. Failures followed. When they brought out the technician from Bosch, he was nearly in tears… he’d never seen machines so poorly maintained (by idiots who would think that if you buy a Ferrari you shouldn’t have to change the oil). Nearly every mechanical component needed to be replaced, because wear and tear increases as the machines get further and further out of whack.
The first time I saw a 3D printer was in the late 90’s. It was a Stratasys being used in an R&D department. It was also a verrrry fiddly sumbitch. The guys operating it were patient and intelligent, and they were able to not just coax prints out of it, but they were able to produce LARGE high quality prints that went to the foundry for casting in steel and eventual machining and installation in mechanical prototypes. They realized the importance of maintenance and adjustment of a high quality machine to produce high quality results.
Since then, I’ve worked on projects to design commercial grade 3D printers, bought a couple of hobby units, and have seen that although there are shortcuts and easy ways of maintaining and adjusting your printers, its something you HAVE to stay on top of, or you WILL have failures.
2. I use this printer at work, this is vital to its operation and given is uses a PEI bed to get excellent bed adhesion with ABS(but making induction based auto bed leveling harder to implement), I would suggest you don’t know what you are on about. This also allows me to use other surfaces such as glass without having to change epprom or firmware settings, just need to do a quick bed leveling.
3. Build it “right” and it will cost in excess of $10,000, require reinforcements to your home’s foundation in the area you want to place it, and a forklift should you ever want to move it.
1. His name is Jonas.
He’s carrying the wheel.
Thanks for all you’ve shown us
But this is how we feel.
Come sit next to me.
Pour yourself some tea.
Just like grandma made
When we couldn’t find sleep.
Things were better then
Once but never again.
We’ve all left the den
Let me tell you ’bout it.
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Page:The World as Will and Idea - Schopenhauer, tr. Haldane and Kemp - Volume 1.djvu/473
THE ASSERTION AND DENIAL OF THE WILL. 431 this other body itself, or else because it compels the powers of the other body to serve its own will, instead of the will which manifests itself in that other body. Thus if, from the will manifesting itself as another body, it withdraws the powers of this body, and so increases the power serving its own will beyond that of its own body, it consequently asserts its own will beyond its own body by means of the negation of the will appearing in another body. This breaking through the limits of the assertion of will of another has always been distinctly recognised, and its concept denoted by the word wrong. For both sides recognise the fact instantly, not, indeed, as we do here in distinct abstraction, but as feeling. He who suffers wrong feels the transgression into the sphere of the assertion of his own body, through the denial of it by another individual, as a direct and mental pain which is entirely separated and different from the accompanying physical suffering experienced from the act or the vexation at the loss. To the doer of wrong, on the other hand, the knowledge presents itself that he is in himself the same will which appears in that body also, and which asserts itself with such vehemence in the one phenomenon that, transgressing the limits of its own body and its powers, it extends to the denial of this very will in another phenomenon, and so, regarded as will in itself, it strives against itself by this vehemence and rends itself. Moreover, this knowledge presents itself to him instantly, not in abstracto, but as an obscure feeling; and this is called remorse, or, more accurately in this case, the feeling of wrong committed.
Wrong, the conception of which we have thus analysed in its most general and abstract form, expresses itself in the concrete most completely, peculiarly, and palpably in cannibalism. This is its most distinct and evident type, the terrible picture of the greatest conflict of the will with itself at the highest grade of its objectification, which is man. Next to this, it expresses itself most distinctly | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Wantok
* ''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a request for adminship that did not succeed. Please do not modify it.
Wantok
Closed by Cecropia 13:55, 20 June 2007 (UTC) at (18/21/7); Scheduled end time 09:02, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
- Wantok has been an editor since 2003, but has been seriously contributing to enwiki and tpiwiki since early 2006. He has few mainspace edits on enwiki, but he is the classic example of a user that is not measured by his edit count.
Wantok is an incredibly thoughtful and diplomatic editor, who takes great care in his work here. Importantly, this user is also an enemy of vandalism. He chooses to focus his anti vandal efforts on obscure pages that apply to his particular expertise, eliminating sneaky vandals and other vandals that are difficult to detect by other editors with dead accuracy.
Wantok is incredibly aware of Wikipedia policy and guidelines, and is an important contributor to multiple wikiprojects, and if accepted as an administrator, will be the only administrator from the country of Papua New Guinea which is an english speaking country with a population of about five million that is horribly underrepresented on enwiki, due to the lack of proliferation of the internet over there. His selection as admin will help dramatically improve PNG related wikiprojects, guidelines, articles, categories, templates and portals.
Please look past the edit count of this user as he really is needed as an admin. Aliasd 09:02, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:
* Despite the embarrassment of such praise, I do accept this nomination. I care a great deal about Wikipedia, and consider it one of the truly valuable and worthwhile community efforts of modern times. I'd be honoured to take on admin duties with en-Wikipedia. Wantok 13:49, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
Questions for the candidate
Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia as an administrator. You may wish to answer the following questions to provide guidance for participants:
* 1. What admin work do you intend to take part in?
* A: In terms of work that can only be done by admins, primarily keeping an eye on articles relating to Papua New Guinea and, more broadly, Melanesia: anti-vandalism, promoting WP guidelines and policies, resolving conflicts as needed. We don't have lot of revert wars, fortunately, though there are areas of heated debate: Western New Guinea and Bougainville Province, and related articles, certainly have their moments. Wantok 13:49, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 2. What are your best contributions to Wikipedia, and why?
* A: Well, the contributions I've found most rewarding and interesting to do have been longer-form work on articles such as Geography of Papua New Guinea or Tourism in Papua New Guinea, but I haven't been doing much of that lately; I'd like to do more. I suppose most of my contribution recently has been much more small-scale: vandalism reversion, policy guidance, minor fixes. And I've enjoyed working within communities such as WikiProject Melanesia to raise the quality of articles across the whole topic area. Wantok 13:49, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
* A: I've been involved in a few conflicts - not a lot. I think I can say I've never found interaction with another user stressful, though occasionally I've put a sharp comment in the edit summary where I should probably take it to the talk page with a fuller explanation. I try to guide, to help clarify, to let users know about policies if needed. Clearly some situations need stronger action (repeat vandalism, revert wars...); if I were given sysop privileges I would be able to take those stronger actions if necessary. Wantok 13:49, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 4. Could you explain, if possible, the large gap in contributions between September 2006 to April 2007 (on enWiki)?
* A: Certainly: travel to Papua New Guinea, followed by the arrival of a new baby. Wantok 00:28, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 5. Would it be extremely advantageous to have an administrator on enwiki from Papua New Guinea? If so, why?
* A: In most respects I don't think it matters where an admin is from, strictly; however, a good familiarity with the subject matter in an area helps, I think, to guide discussion or dispute. Apart from that, the main benefit I think would be in ease of communication with Papua New Guinean contributors (of which there are very few so far, but no doubt many more will participate in future). Wantok 00:28, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 6 (optional question) Do you think fighting vandalism is more important, or creating new articles, that aren't nonsense? RuneWiki 777 20:10, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* A: No way I can say one is always more important than the other. Depends on the level of existing coverage of the subject area. In the case of Papua New Guinea and neighbours, the pressing need is probably more for new and broader articles; in a well developed subject area, vandalism is probably a higher priority. But vandalism is, of course, a problem everywhere that has to be kept at bay. Wantok 00:28, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
Optional question by AldeBaer
* 7. Since we all started out as readers of this encyclopedia, I'd like to know what your three (or more) favourite reads on Wikipedia are (may be articles, or even policy pages, whatever you like), ideally with a short explanation as to what especially you like about them.
* A: That's a fun task. In no particular order:
* Voynich manuscript is a wonderful distillation of a lot of disparate sources: well written and informative. Clear, comprehensive and entertaining: what more could one ask for?
* I was surprised and impressed by the quality of Zen: a very effective job, I think, of fairly presenting a very complex and (to many) obscure subject. Needs some broadening to cover the present day situation in other parts of the world, but overall an excellent article.
* Hayao Miyazaki is a very fine effort indeed. Enjoyed it a lot, and found it illuminating; it could use perhaps some more fleshing out of the thematic analysis aspect. The hand-drawn image in place of a photo is a lovely touch.
* WP:NOT is a masterpiece of concise, entertaining guidance.
* Wantok 05:12, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 8. Please can you give a summary of the policies regarding the following. Thanks, Stwalkerster talk
* Protection:
* A: Protection in general should be applied only where absolutely necessary.
* Temporary semi-protection is a tool against anonymous vandalism where blocking is ineffective. It may also be necessary when article talk pages are being anonymously disrupted (such as repeated deletion of others' comments).
* Users can request permanent semi-protection for a user page (not talk); it can also be applied to pages under constant anonymous vandalism.
* The primary use for temporary full protection is as a means of applying a "time out" to heated content disputes/revert wars (and of course an admin should never apply protection if that admin has been a party to the content dispute).
* Permanent full protection applies as a matter of course to the Main Page, system templates, etc. It may also be used to avoid repeated re-creation of deleted pages.
* Deletion:
* A: Pages should only be deleted if they cannot reasonably be saved. Speedy deletion per WP:CSD and imagevio/copyvio are immediate and do not require debate; likewise proposed deletion requires no debate, but has a 5-day period for comment. Deletions requiring discussion enter the appropriate WP:AFD/WP:CFD (etc) process, and are deleted if common-sense rough consensus is reached. Undeletions can be immediate if process was clearly not followed; otherwise via deletion review. As with protection, an admin should not delete when that admin has participated in the deletion discussion.
* Blocking:
* A: Blocking is typically a last resort and should be used only where clearly needed. It is usually applied to a user engaging in persistent disruption or actions that endanger WP or other users. It should never be a punishment; only as a means to protect Wikipedia.
* Wantok 02:14, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
General comments
* See Wantok's edit summary usage with mathbot's tool. For the edit count, see the talk page.
* Links for Wantok:
''Please keep criticism constructive and polite. If you are unfamiliar with the nominee, please thoroughly review Special:Contributions/Wantok before commenting.''
Discussion
Support Oppose
* 1) Nominator support, Wantok is the sort of user that makes Wikipedia great! Aliasd 15:13, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Regarding edit counts: It is important to note that this is a special case, as this editor lives not only in Australia, but also in a village in a country where internet is for the most part unavailable. Upon returning to the land of broadband, Wantok brings his unique experience, knowledge and culture to Wikipedia, enriching this encyclopedia in an unusual and special way. Wantok's rare contributions have been thoughtful and enriching, and I believe there is enough of a case to support this nomination, otherwise I would not have nominated this user. Aliasd 01:33, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Support Even though I suspect your RfA will not pass (this time), I offer my support. While you have relatively very few edits, your contributions seem to have substance. You seem to handle yourself very well in conflict situations and have good communication skills, which are important for admins. I would like to see more evidence of active vandal reversion, as that is where you get experience with the escalating levels of warnings that can lead to a block. If you are not equipped with a vandal reverting tool, such as Lupin or Vandal Fighter, I would encourage it. — Gaff ταλκ 20:29, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Moral support per κaτaʟaveno. Participate in WP:XfD, study the Administrators' reading list and catch up on policies and guidelines, maybe consider an Editor review and keep contributing to articles. You may also want to take a look at the lists of successful and unsuccessful RfA candidacies to get an idea of what the community is looking for in admins. —AldeBaer 22:33, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 3) No signs of incivility, or evidence which indicates the user will abuse, so I'll support. Yamamoto Ichiro (山本一郎)(会話) 03:01, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 4) Support - Based on answers to questions, the candidate has a sufficient understanding of policy and the admin tools. Editcount may be a little low, but that shouldn't kill the candidacy, IMO. Waltontalk 17:03, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 5) Support -per Walton. I liked his answers to the questions as well. --wpktsfs (talk) 18:16, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 6) Weak Support Sigh. Why not? RuneWiki 777 20:41, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 7) Support I see no reasons to oppose. This editor has been here a while, and would make a fine admin. ~ <font color="#33ff33">Wi <font color="#33ff66">ki <font color="#33ff99">her <font color="#33ffcc">mit 02:29, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* 8) Support. I believe this user can be trusted with the tools, although he may not use them as much as some admins. I also support the idea of an admin from PNG. It will encourage the spread of WP in that country and be of value to the project. --Bduke 04:53, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* 9) Support. Administrators represent the Wikpedia Foundation. For example, every decision an Administrator makes on an AfD automatically becomes Foundation precedent and policy. If the Five Pillars state that no original sources can be copied into Wikipedia, and an Administrator decides that they can be (as has recently been done), that Administrator's decision is, like it or not, Wikipedia Foundation policy. And that kind of decision directly affects the integrity of Wikipedia. Therefore, good judgement is absolutely essential in administrative decision making. The gross number of edits and contributions an applicant has made in the past (or is likely to make in the future) is irrelevant in determining whether or not an applicant has good judgement and is capable of making good decisions. What really counts in adminship is to know, understand, and live by the Foundation's Five Pillars, to know, know where to look for, and to understand the software processes that underly all of Wikipedia's articles. This applicant is mature, and is an experienced, professional web designer, developer, and maintainer. As such I believe he understands completly how to originate and use Wikipedia's article source coding, its templates, portals, special pages, WP: pages, metas, delete, blank, and move pages, the use of subpages, and all the other Wiki software tasks Administrators are expected to know and through which they able to provide help to Wikipedia users, authors and editors. The applicant is a member of the WikiProject Melanesia, a contributing member of the neo-Melanesian language (Tok Pisin) Wikipedia (tpi.Wikipedia.org), and lives in and understands the cultures of Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Oceania in general. And he also speaks several of the languages and dialects. FWIW, in my opinion the applicant is certainly very well-qualified to act as a Wikipedia Administrator. User:K. Kellogg-Smith
* 10) Weak Support. seems to know policy (as per answer to question), and seems to be trustable with the tools. However, a few more edits would have strengthened my support. Stwalkerster talk 19:36, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
* 11) Support, per Walton and Wikihermit. He's been here a while, and can answer questions on policy effectively. --<font color="#3333FF">健次 (derumi)talk 18:19, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* 12) Support This editor is in a geographically unusual situation ,and does not physically have the ability to amass a large body of edits. Those which he has submitted are useful and sensible and show an understanding of policy. A number of the oppose editors are themselves of limited experience, and while I intend to WP:BITE no-one, some of them may not wholly appreciate the difficulty of posting contributions from the Australian Outback.--<b style="color:red;">Anthony.bradbury</b><sup style="color:black;">"talk" 21:43, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* 13) Support It seems like this user has relatively few edits than a typical admin should have but I support his adminship per Walton. mirageinred 22:13, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* 14) Per Anthony exactly, and the second sentence of the nomination. Daniel
* 15) Support after some thinking. A long time contributor who hasn't been in any kind of trouble till now. Anthony.Bradbury's comments make sense. - <font color="Indigo">Two <font color="DarkViolet">Oars 20:50, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
* 16) Support I agree with Anthony.Bradbury and Daniel. Acalamari 23:34, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
* 17) Support -Per above. I don't believe it's that big of a deal. Wikidudeman (talk) 04:52, 19 June 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Oppose I think your heart is in the right place and you have done some great work but, based on your answers above and your contribs, I do not see a huge need for the tools. Also, and in general, successful candidates have somewhat more experience (Mainspace and Wikipedia edits) so that they can better demonstrate to the community their admin-related capabilities. κaτa ʟ aveno TC 15:46, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Oppose, sorry, your edits haven't been very substantial and though you seem thoughtful I don't think you're experienced enough. <b style="color:#330033;">Kamryn Matika</b> 15:59, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 3) Oppose unfortunately, the candidate made only 11 edits from September 2006 until April 2007. If he keeps up his good work, I'd support him in the future though. BH (T|C) (Go Red Sox!) 16:22, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 4) Oppose-He has not made many edits at all, between Sept. and April and I feel and admin needs a lot of edits to show they are ready. He has been here for four years, and he has roughly 550 edits. I have been here for two months, and have 602 edits. I think that is a huge difference. Sorry, but I don't think he has the edit experience!Politics rule 18:43, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 5) Oppose This editor seems like a fine user, but I don't think he has had enough experience to warrant adminship. Gutworth (talk) 19:11, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose I know I shouldn't judge people by their edits, but 783?! For me that is too little. I almost have more than that! Too little experience. Tsk Tsk. <font color="#6495ED" face="Comic Sans MS">Ru<font color="#007FFF">n<font color="#1560BD">e<font color="#0000FF">Wi<font color="#00008B">k<font color="#120a8f">i <font color="#082567"> 777 20:14, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Weak Oppose - Per Katalaveno and per these stats:
* Wikipedia:
* 3 Categories for deletion/Log/2006 May 23
* 3 Categories for deletion/Log/2006 May 11
* 2 Categories for deletion/Log/2006 May 17
* 2 WikiProject Football
* 2 Categories for deletion/Log/2006 May 10
* 2 Templates for deletion/Log/2006 August 11
* 2 Barnstar and award proposals/New Proposals
* Almost all of an admin's work is connected to the Wikispace somehow, and these do not inspire me. But your heart's in the right place, work hard in the mainspace, and wikispace, and you'll get there in no time. It's great that this user wants to help out in the mainspace. But, I really don't see why an admin from Papua New Guinea would help us function better. <font color="#000FFF">Cool <font color="#000FFF"> Blue <font color="#800000">talk to me 21:07, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Re Papua New Guinea: The nominator gives some arguments that appear to be valid... —AldeBaer 22:20, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Oppose, simply too few edits. -- Phoenix2 (holla) 21:45, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Oppose, not really active or the anti-vandal that he claims to be. Cheers, JetLover (Talk) (Sandbox) 00:10, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 3) Oppose far too little experience. Jmlk 1 7 06:19, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 4) Oppose - Nowhere near enough experience. Only 4 months of more than 100 edits each. Od Mishehu 07:35, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 5) Oppose I can not support you at this time because there is not enough Wantok Wiki-history to establish an understanding of your potential.-- VS talk 10:13, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 6) Oppose Too few edits. -- S iva1979 <sup style="background:yellow;">Talk to me 04:29, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* 7) Oppose, not yet, sorry. Neil ╦ 08:47, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* 8) Oppose, lacks of experience and edits. Not this time round. Terence 10:52, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* 9) Oppose I tend to overlook edit counts in favor of other qualities, but there has to be some base of edits from which to discern those qualities and at this number I just cannot give you the nod. I will say that if the numbers come up over the next few months I would be happy to reconsider in a subsequent RfA. <font color="#FFFFFF" face="Arial Bold"> Jody B talk 12:43, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* 10) Oppose -- edit counts do not usually mean much to me, but you have less than 800 edits. I just cant support a contributor with that kind of edit count. Sorry mate, maybe next time. -- Anonymous Dissident Talk <em style="font-size:9px;">-- (dated 01:49, 16 June 2007 UTC)
* 11) Oppose Wantok looks like a good person long-term, but the too few edits is important, because sometimes it takes a couple of thousand edits (give or take 10,000) to see a style or pattern evolve. They are off to a good start, but I think adminship is a bit too early here. So mine is an oppose that I hope in a few months will be a support. Orangemarlin 05:00, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
* 12) Oppose Get more experience over the next few months, and I will be likely to support. <font color="orange" face="comic sans ms">Captain <font color="red" face="Papyrus">panda 04:01, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* 13) Oppose, reluctantly but firmly. Reluctant because Wantok seems like a very nice person, and I think that it's important or editors to be nice; but firm oppose because Wantok had, IMO, far too little experience of wikipedia. Before I could support, I'd need to see a lot more evidence of Wantok's approach to policy and to areas of conflict; but I hope that Wantok's great start to editing will be followed by a lot more. If this RfA fails, please don't that as a criticism, just as friendly "not yet". --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 17:57, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* 14) Oppose. While the editor in question appears to be a wonderful and civil human being, there isn't enough experience under his belt. And although I'm not one to penalize simply for a low Mainspace and edit count, just above 800 is not nearly enough for adminship, and that 800 is spread out between many months. Maybe next time, but for now, it's a no. As well, BrownHairedGirl took the words right out of my mouth. :) <font color="#000000">N <font color="#AF1E2D">SR <font color="#000000">77 (<font color="#AF1E2D">Talk ) 19:33, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
* 15) Oppose. I am not thrilled by your answers to certain questions, say question 1. Maybe with some more edits or more consistency I would support your RFA. Metallic 95 User Page | Talk 01:13, 19 June 2007 (UTC)
Neutral
* 1) Neutral at the moment. Could you explain, if possible, the large gap in contributions between Septemeber 2006 to April 2007 (on enWiki)? Looking at your last 800 ish edits I see extreme civility (I'm confused by your comment that you think you may have been sharp in edit summaries) and a good diversity of work. I'm ignoring edit count, but at the moment you seem to have a "burst" of activity then go quiet. If you have time to address my question it would be appreciated, but this is, of course, optional. Pedro | <font style="color:#accC10;background:#0000fa;"> Chat 15:40, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Neutral I can't in all honesty support - I know editcountitis is A Bad Thing but I estimate that, of your 550 mainspace edits, at least 80-90% are reversions or extremely minor edits to footbal articles to update them with the new season's FIFA rankings. I see absolutely nothing in there that would lead me to oppose but nothing to lead me to support. You have only 20 Wikipedia-space & 19 user talk edits so I've no way at all of judging how well you understand and how you judge policy — iride scent <i style="color:#5CA36A;">(talk to me!)</i> 15:45, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* Neutral you do need more article writing and more edits in general. Please do more admin-related work like xFDs and read about policy. Terence 15:53, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Neutral. As expressed above, this user seems to have made a good number of positive contributions to Wikipedia and that's great. As much as I hate judging on editcounts - the lack of edits in project space (or even talk) leaves me incapable of judging the candidate's understanding of policy, and I am unable to support. Like User:Iridescent says, there's nothing to make me want to oppose but nothing on which I can support. <font color="#0000FF">Ark <font color="#6060BF">yan • (talk) 17:53, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Neutral per lack of involvement in the project, as described above. Participate in more admin-related tasks for a few months to demonstrate your aptitude in applying the policies and guidelines before attempting another RfA. (aeropagitica) 21:46, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
* 3) Neutral Not enough policy knowledge demonstrated - more XfD activity would be good, or other policy-related work. I'm not concerned with the overall edit count, however more administrative experience is required, in my opinion. PGWG 14:50, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
* 4) Neutral - I can't make up my mind; people can change a lot in a couple months, and with a new child, so I'm just not sure I can say for sure either way. No bias to a future nomination, though. --Haemo 04:40, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
* 5) Neutral You seem to be a great contributor, but I don't see a need for adminship. Almost everything you intend to do can be done just as well without admin tools. I hate editcountitis and 780 edits overall wouldn't be a problem to me, but to become an admin you may need more experience in Wikispace. So long, keep up your great mainspace work! Malc82 14:07, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above adminship discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the talk page of either this nomination or the nominated user). No further edits should be made to this page. | WIKI |
Therapies
What is Soft Tissue Therapy (STT)?
Soft Tissue Therapy is not just one therapy but a name for a group of therapies
which treat any injury to the soft tissues of the body from
strains, sprains, fatigue, tension, repetitive strain,
contusions (bruising), lacerations (cuts) and day to day problems.
Soft Tissue Therapy helps with preventative treatment, rehabilitation, remedial recovery,
injury recovery, improvement in flexibility and mobility and pain reduction.
Typical therapies included under Soft Tissue Therapy include, but is not limited to;
Massage
Myofascial Release
Manual Lymphatic Drainage
CranioSacral Therapy
Scar Tissue Release
Reiki
Sound healing
What is soft tissue?
Soft tissue is all the tissue in your body that has not been hardenend through
ossification or calcification, such as bones and teeth.
The soft tissues of the body from superficial to deep in the body are; skin, fat, muscle, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fibrous tissue, fascia, nerves, synovial membranes,
lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
The soft tissues of your body surround, support and protect, internal organs and bones; they give structure to the body and store energy.
How can Soft Tissue Therapy (STT) help?
Soft Tissue Therapy works on the bodys soft tissues with specialist techniques to help:
release tight muscles, release fascia, improve scar tissue, reduce inflammation and bruising,
improve blood flow, reduce 'knots' and reduce pain.
This in turn increases your range of motion, flexibility, mobility, balance and control of your joints.
As Soft Tissue Therapy is not just one therapy but a collection of different therapies, many different injuries and conditions may be effectively treated using one of more of these therapies. Often a combination of therapies can be more effective.
Soft Tissue Therapy is able to:
improve blood circulation
improve your lymphatic system
help to remove metabolic waste (detox)
reduce inflammation and water retention
improve the flexibity and appearance of scar tissue
improve muscle tone and strength
improve the range of joint movement
decrease muscle spasm and cramps
ease stiffness and pain
improve flexibility, mobility and balance
Who can benefit from Soft Tissue Therapy (STT)?
Anyone who has chronic or acute conditions affecting their general health and wellness
caused from some form of soft tissue damage.
As everyone is unique, each individual will be treated differently and have different outcomes.
I treat clients who have chronic illness such as multiple sclerosis, parkinsons, fibromyalgia and none of these clients come to me with the same symptoms or severity. Each one of my clients is treated as an individual and whereas one may find a particular therapy works for them another may find it is a combination of two or more different therapies.
My clients also have different reasons and goals for having a treatment: Some may just want a relaxing treatment to hep them relax whilst others would like a specific injury or problem worked on.
When Soft Tissue Therapy (STT) is helpful
Includes the following injuries and conditions but is not imited to:
back and hip tension and pain
neck and shoulder tension and pain
scarring from injury or surgery
migraines and headaches
whiplash
carpel tunnel syndrome
frozen shoulder
repetitive strain injury
knee and foot restriction and pain
bells palsy
TMJ, teeth grinding, tinnitius, sinusitis
golfers elbow and tennis elbow
post surgery soft tissue damage
sciatica
Parkinsons / nervous system disorders
Fibromyalgia / musculoskeletal disorders
Multiple Sclerosis / autoimmune disorders
ME / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
poor balance
arthritis related conditions
lymphoedema, inflammation, water retention
anxiety, depression, stress related conditions
poor posture
lack of sensation in feet, painful feet, plantar fascitis
reduced flexibility and mobility
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Dane Trbović
Dane Trbović (Serbian Cyrillic: Дaнe Tpбoвић; born 15 April 1986 in Belgrade) is a Serbian football defender currently playing with FK Cement Beočin.
He had previously played with FK Vojvodina in the First League of Serbia and Montenegro and Hungarian First League club Diósgyőri VTK among other lower league clubs in Serbia. | WIKI |
CD30 ligand (CD30L)-expressing acute myeloid leukemias: A new model of paracrine interactions for the regulation of blast cells proliferation
Valter Gattei, Massimo Degan, Francesca Maria Rossi, Angela De Iuliis, Francesca Tassan Mazzocco, Diego Serraino, Vittorina Zagonel, Donatella Aldinucci, Antonio Pinto
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
CD30 ligand (CD30L) is a type-II membrane glycoprotein capable of transducing signals through its specific counterstructure CD30. Even though there are indications that CD3OL plays a key role as a paracrine-acting surface molecule in the deregulated cytokine cascade of Hodgkin's disease, little is known about its biological functions in other human hemopoietic malignancies, despite the demonstration of the frequent expression of CD30L in hemopoietic neoplasms of both myeloid and lymphoid origin. The present review summarises structural and biological properties of CD30L, and focuses on CD30L+ acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) by recapitulating some phenotypic and clinical features of this subset of acute leukemias. We also discuss some mechanisms by which CD30L-expressing leukemic blasts may gain a proliferative advantage through direct interaction with specific cells, in turn expressing its specific counterreceptor CD30. In particular, data has been provided suggesting that CD30L+AMLs may evoke a sort of polarized T-cell response with the preferential production of Th2-like cytokines, mainly IL-4, by specific CD30-expressing T cell subsets. On the other hand, leukemic blasts presenting surface CD30L, have been shown to express a peculiar cytokine-receptors pattern that makes them an ideal target for T cells-produced Th2-like cytokines. Furthermore, some Th2-like cytokines, such as IL-4, are able to enhance blast cells proliferation, as well as to up-regulate the surface expression of specific adhesion molecules that have been shown to be associated with the presence of CD30L on AML blasts.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)21-35
Number of pages15
JournalLeukemia and Lymphoma
Volume35
Issue number1-2
Publication statusPublished - 1999
Keywords
• Acute myeloid leukemia
• CD30
• CD30L
• Interleukin-4
• Th2 cells
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Hematology
• Oncology
• Cancer Research
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A Snowball in Hell
A Snowball in Hell (2008) completes Christopher Brookmyre's suspense trilogy featuring DI Angelique de Xavia. She and her antagonist, Simon Darcourt, were introduced in A Big Boy Did It and Ran Away (2001), while she was the central character in The Sacred Art of Stealing (2002), where she met the third main character of Snowball, the magician Zal Innez. Brookmyre himself sees Snowball as a sequel to two separate books.
Plot summary
The story is set five years after the two previous novels in the group. Angelique de Xavia is now working for an anti-terrorist squad based in Paris. Then she is needed in London, where Simon Darcourt—who was supposed to have died in their confrontation at the end of "A Big Boy Did It and Ran Away"—is back on the scene, with a new specialization: broadcasting videos of the torture (and, sometimes, deaths) of celebrities he has kidnapped.
Meanwhile, Zal Innez, who is in danger from Scottish gangsters, American gangsters, and the law, finds a berth on a cruise ship and becomes a performing magician, drawing crowds.
Angelique is contacted by a person who has abducted her parents, and who will trade them only for Darcourt; meanwhile, she is part of a team looking to arrest Darcourt. She tracks down Zal, believing he can out-think Darcourt, and her parents' abductors too. Zal immediately responds and they seem to be making progress, discovering that Darcourt has cancer. Zal finally sees through Darcourt's multiple misdirections, and the reader is gradually brought up to speed as the finale unfolds.
Characters
Main point-of-view characters:
* Angelique de Xavia: Now a mature but still lonely woman of 35, she has devoted her life to the police and the past five years to fighting terrorism. She is morally exhausted and is considering quitting police work. In this novel, far more than in "Sacred Art," she is tormented by her position as a policewoman who has powerful reasons to rescue the criminal from prosecution.
* Simon Darcourt: His diatribes are presented in the first person. Whereas in A Big Boy Simon was not sadistic, merely massively narcissistic and inhumane, in this novel he takes on the role of confronting individuals with their individual crimes (as he sees them) and providing what he considers appropriate tortures before death. His intelligent, articulate, and complete contempt for his fellow man provides the blackest humor in the novel. His name, like that of Jack Parlabane in other novels by Brookmyre, is derived from a character in Robertson Davies's novel "The Rebel Angels."
* Zal Innez: Son of a Glaswegian magician and a Latina showgirl, born in Las Vegas, an ex-con, he is no longer being blackmailed into committing crimes but fears pursuit for betrayals of two gangsters, as well as a major theft, in The Sacred Art of Stealing. He finds an elderly mentor and finally becomes the famous magician ("Maximillian") his own father had believed he could be.
Themes
The first two novels are set in Glasgow, as befits Tartan Noir, but this one is primarily set in London. Nevertheless, it is one of two Brookmyre novels chosen for discussion by Len Wanner in his 2015 book Tartan Noir: The Definitive Guide to Scottish Crime Fiction (the other being the very first, Quite Ugly One Morning). Wanner focuses on it because of "the moral quality of Brookmyre's narrative strategy" of presenting much of the story in the voice of the "Sadean" (not merely sadistic but like the Marquis himself) philosopher-terrorist Simon Darcourt.
This novel turns a satirical eye (Simon's) on celebrity culture, pop music, and television reality shows. Wanner sees the wit as "Wildean" but there is a larger concern with popular culture's dependence on an audience. The darkly humorous theme of "Dying to be Famous" (a "show" Simon broadcasts) links up with the willingness of a Parisian jihadi to die in order to obtain the publicity of police firing in a mosque surrounded by TV cameras. The only thing that matters in such a culture is being perceived. This contrasts with Angelique's resistance to being an ethnic postergirl for the police.
Angelique de Xavia, through all three novels, provides "a distinctive take on racism, sectarianism, and elective loyalties," representing the "post-colonial detective" studied by Ed Christian and Peter Clandfield. As Clandfield says, her "integration into long narratives whose full complexity probably cannot be conveyed in an essay such as this one" prevents her from being a merely noir—or merely Black—protagonist. In Snowball she finally confronts her parents' assimilationist hopes for her and finds her own way of reconciling herself with them.
Another retrospective theme for all three novels emerges in the comparison between the artisanal, entertaining magic Zal performs and Simon's self-congratulatory cleverness as a murderer. The trilogy resolves with Zal's insight trumping Simon's passionate trickiness.
Reception
The novel won a 2009 Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize. It did not however receive as strong a critical reception as the first two in the group. | WIKI |
User:Mickey655
This user has been indefinately blocked as a sockpuppet of either User:Mickey654 (as per name) or User:MR LOL (as per edit summary) Redwolf24 04:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC) | WIKI |
Terapeutiske tiltak mot selvmordsforsøk og selvskading hos ungdom: systematisk oversikt og metaanalyse
Therapeutic Interventions for Suicide Attempts and Self-Harm in Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Forfattere
Ougrin, D. Tranah, T. Stahl, D. Moran, P. Asarnow, J. R.
Årstall
2015
Tidsskrift
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Volum
54
Sider
97-107
Objective: Suicidal behavior and self-harm are common in adolescents and are associated with elevated psychopathology, risk of suicide, and demand for clinical services. Despite recent advances in the understanding and treatment of self-harm and links between self-harm and suicide and risk of suicide attempt, progress in reducing suicide death rates has been elusive, with no substantive reduction in suicide death rates over the past 60 years. Extending prior reviews of the literature on treatments for suicidal behavior and repetitive self-harm in youth, this article provides a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting efficacy of specific pharmacological, social, or psychological therapeutic interventions (TIs) in reducing both suicidal and nonsuicidal self-harm adolescents. Method: Data sources were identified by searching the Cochrane, Medline, PsychINFO, EMBASE, and PubMed databases as of May 2014. RCTs comparing specific therapeutic interventions versus treatment as usual (TAU) or placebo in adolescents (through age 18 years) with self-harm were included. Results: Nineteen RCTs including 2,176 youth were analyzed. us included psychological and social interventions and no pharmacological interventions. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%) (test for overall effect z = 2.31; p = .02). TIs with the largest effect sizes were dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT). There were no independent replications of efficacy of any TI. The pooled risk difference between TIs and TAU for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-harm considered separately was not statistically significant. Conclusion: TIs to prevent self-harm appear to be effective. Independent replication of the results achieved by DBT, MBT, and CBT is a research priority.
Oversett med Google Translate
-
Tiltaksnivå
Behandling og hjelpetiltak
Tema
Psykiske vansker og lidelser
Følelsesmessige problemer
Selvskading/selvmord
Tiltak
Psykologiske behandlingsmetoder
Kognitiv atferdsterapi, atferdsterapi og kognitiv terapi
Aldersgruppe
Ungdom (13-18 år)
Mer informasjon
Leter du etter mer informasjon om temaet? Trykk på lenkene nedenfor for å søke i PsykTestBarn og Tiltakshåndboka for barn og unges psykiske helse. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Echo (Marvel Comics)
Untitled
* ''See also: Talk:Ronin (comics)
Name
More of a question than a comment, but for those who edited this to include the Ronin info .. has anyone actually CALLED Maya "Ronin" in any of the Avengers comics? I scanned through the issues quickly and couldn't find anything. Seems to me that the Ronin name was just one used by Marvel (and Bendis) to throw us off the true identity. I don't know if she's going to actually using that name at all. —preceding unsigned comment by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
* LOL. Good point. Another reason to leave the page here. - SoM 21:02, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
* I have to give it you, there, er-- unsigned user. You forgot reading the summary at page 1 of Issues 12 and 13. The summary calls her Ronin, though no one has called her as such in the story, I think that one would be enough. --Windspinner 04:23, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
* Well, not necessarily. As I've often said in Talk:Avengers (comics), summary is not the same as an in-story mention, and ultimately that should take precedence. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 04:25, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
* If your name does turn out to be Ronin, she would we move this page to it? I mean, it doesnt look like she'll be being called Echo soon. Or we could just move it to Maya Lopez?--DrBat 16:55, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
* ok, I am not sure if I am doing this right so pls forgive me if I accidentally step on anyones toes.
I wanted to point out something that is being said at the bottom of the article about Maia and Elektra both being stars in the Pleiades. I want to point out that the Greek "Maia" is a completely different name from Maya, as the Greek version is pronounced Meh-a (the e is like the e in echo) an not like M-eye-a as in Maya. The pronounciation similar to Maya deriving from the roman/latin mispronounciation of Greek diphthongs (ai in greek sounds like e in echo). Radaemon (talk) 22:44, 23 January 2008 (UTC)radaemon
Fight with Daredevil
The article states that "she proves more than a match for Daredevil", but I just read this story arc and that is not the case. In her fight with Daredevil, she is trying to kill him while he is clearly trying not to harm her while looking for an opportunity to get her to read his lips. Daredevil immediately found and exploited multiple weaknesses in her methods and her "powers" (darkness; by copying him he knows her next move). I think these points were intended by the authors to show that he could have taken her without too much effort. When she ends up on top, he gets his chance to show her he is Matt. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Justeco (talk • contribs) 00:24, 18 November 2008 (UTC)
Removal from the category for Marvel Comics heroes, non-superpowered
I was already dubious of her inclusion in this category, but when I saw her listed as a "prime example" of "photographic reflexes" in the entry that lists superpowers, well that sealed the deal. It's quite clear that her ability to duplicate a vast variety of physical skills perfectly through mere observation is not a power you find in humans in real life.--Perceive 11:12, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
Based on...
For now, I'm removing the "Heroes based on heroes" category as it's not explained anywhere in the article and the category itself is due to be deleted ka1iban 21:26, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
Removed blatant pov
''Some accuse Marvel of overexposing Echo and of her being a blatant ripoff of Elektra in the sense that Daredevil's ex-lover also hunted him down. Other accuse Marvel editor in chief Joe Quesada of favoring his own creations and bringing these characters to the forefront in the spotlight Marvel titles. Ronin/Echo is prominently featured as the main character in the February 2007 issue of New Avengers #27.''
I removed this. Not only is it blatantly POV (and with weasel words; "some" say? WHO says?), but innaccurate and far reaching to extremes.
'Blatant' rip off of Elektra because its an ex-lover hunting him down? You mean like Typhoid Mary was? Or the fact that Echo was dating Matt at the time so thus she wouldn't qualify as 'ex'. If anything, the movie Elektra ripped off Echo. That being she dated Matt in her civilan guise, attacked him in her costumed one erroneously believing him to be responsible for her father's death, and then relenting after discovering its Matt.
Or the part about she's being overexposed. Huh? The most frequent criticism was that she was so little-known that no one knew who she was when Ronin pulled off the mask! She was a character in two Daredevil arcs, both by the same writer. Thats it!
Joe Quesada favoring his own creations? Last time I checked David Mack was the one who created her. And Mack isn't the one featuring her in Avengers...its Bendis, who has NEVER written Echo prior. And appearing in one arc before taking a break for three arcs? Yeah, so much overexposure.--CyberGhostface 01:37, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
handprint
That mark on her face.. where did it come from? I cant find any mentions anywhere. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:27, 15 January 2007 (UTC).
* Its based in part of how in his last moments, her father left a bloody handprint on her face. Although I imagine she basically just paints it on now.--CyberGhostface 03:38, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Mayalopez1.jpg
Image:Mayalopez1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:09, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Roninecho.png
Image:Roninecho.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:26, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Echodd.jpg
Image:Echodd.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
BetacommandBot (talk) 07:35, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Mayalopez1.jpg
Image:Mayalopez1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
BetacommandBot (talk) 17:57, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Roninecho.png
Image:Roninecho.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
BetacommandBot (talk) 10:26, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
Saying Echo and Hawkeye begin a "relationship" because they slept together is a bit of a stretch
Come on, Hawkeye sleeps with everyone. Using this as evidence that they are beginning a reltionship is unfounded. It happened in the last issue. Remove this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:18, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
On Lip-Reading and Speech
Her lip-reading capabalities are well-delineated, but does she actually talk in the comics or is she limited to sign language and gesture? --Megspayne (talk) 18:45, 8 August 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
Breast Cancer Myths
0
1724
Do you know the answers to these breast cancer myths? While there is no one definitive cause of breast cancer, some factors raise your risk:
1. True or False?Certain deodorants have been found to increase the risk of breast cancer.
2. True or False? Standing in front of a microwave will up my risk.
3. True or False? My family history of breast cancer can predict whether I’m at higher risk for the same diagnosis.
4. True or False? My weight and my age can impact my risk of breast cancer.
Answers:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
“If you have a personal or family history of breast cancer, that does put you at slightly higher risk,” said Baptist Health Paducah Nurse Navigator Terri Walters, RN. She adds that age increases risk as does obesity after menopause, “Eating healthy and exercising can help to prevent breast cancer.
Learn more about Baptist Health Cancer Care and the programs and support groups that we offer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Uji Sifat Listrik Film Tipis LiTao3 dan LiTaFe2O3
M. N. Indro, B. Sastri, L. Nady, E. Ridwan, H. Syafutra, Irzaman Irzaman, Siswadi Siswadi
Abstract
Lithium Tantalat (LiTaO3) pure and LF Thin films has been done is cube-shaped Ferium Oxide Fe2O3 (LFT) with a cube-shaped variation 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% above the substrate Si (100) p-type using a chemical solution deposition (CSD) method by spin coating technique at 3000 rpm rotational speed for 30 seconds. LF Thin films made with 1 M concentration and annealing at a temperature of 850 ° C for Si substrates. Thin films on p-type silicon substrates were characterized thickness using volumetric method, characterization conductance by using LCR meter, test the current-voltage characterization (IV curve) using Keithley Meter IV model 2400, characterization of dielectric constants and time constants using the oscilloscope and function generator and pyroelectric characterization using Wetsteind bridge circuit which in furnace (combustion) to a temperature of 1300C by calculating the increase in temperature variation. From the characterization results indicate thickness thickness increases with the number pendadah ferium given oxide. IV characterization results showed that LF and LFT thin film is a dielectric resistor.Hasil are contained in a thin film on p-type silicon substrate varies in accordance with the addition pendadah used were 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%.
Keywords: LF, LFT, thin film, CSD, spin coating, annealing, cube-shaped, thickness, dielectric constant, time constant-voltage current, ferium oxides, pyroelectric.
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Alamat Penerbit/Redaksi
Departemen Fisika
Fakultas Sains dan Matematika Universitas Diponegoro
Gedung Departemen Fisika Lt. I, Kampus FSM UNDIP Tembalang Semarang 50275
Telp & Fax. (024) 76480822 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Quickbooks Data Corruption with Samba...Help
Tom Nielsen tom at neuro-logic.com
Wed Feb 14 00:01:46 GMT 2001
I am having a ton of trouble with data corruption of my quickbooks pro
2001 data. I am having to rebuild the database about twice a week. I
have the database sitting on a server with RH7 and Samba 2.0.7. Clients
are on Win2000 and only 3 people access the file during the day, most of
the time they access it all at the same time. I put the file on one of
the Win machines for a week and never had a problem. My last attempt at
running the database on the Linux box lasted 6 hours before I had fatal
error in Quickbooks.
Here's my global:
# from localhost (127.0.0.1)
# Date: 2001/02/13 15:24:27
# Global parameters
[global]
workgroup = NLS
netbios name = ZEUS
server string = Samba Server
log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
max log size = 0
socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF=8192 SO_SNDBUF=8192
os level = 65
preferred master = Yes
domain master = Yes
dns proxy = No
wins support = Yes
veto oplock files = /*.QBW/*.qbw/*.QBI/*.qbi/
[homes]
comment = Home Directories
writeable = Yes
browseable = No
[printers]
comment = All Printers
path = /var/spool/samba
printable = Yes
browseable = No
[nls]
path = /home/nls
writeable = Yes
create mask = 0777
level2 oplocks = Yes
Here's a little more from the smb.conf:
blocking locks = Yes
fake oplocks = No
locking = Yes
oplocks = Yes
level2 oplocks = No
oplock contention limit = 2
strict locking = No
share modes = Yes
delete veto files=No
Can someone help me? I've run out of ideas and may have to switch to a NT server if I can't get this figured out. My CEO is starting to breath down my neck a bit.
Let me know what other information I need to provide.
Thanks in advance.
Tom
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Semir Slomić
Semir Slomić (born 14 January 1988 in Banovići ) is a Bosnian retired football player, who played for FK Radnicki Lukavac in the Prva liga FBiH.
Club career
The forward player played previously in Bosnia for FK Budućnost Banovići, FK Sloboda Tuzla, Jedinstvo Bihać and in the Prva HNL for NK Croatia Sesvete and Dinamo Zagreb.
He returned to hometown club Budućnost in summer 2013 and spent the latter years of his career in the Austrian amateur leagues. | WIKI |
Tampines Junior College
Tampines Junior College (Abbreviation: TPJC) was a junior college located in Tampines, Singapore, offering a two-year course for pre-university students leading up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examination.
History
Tampines Junior College was founded in 1986, and was the thirteenth junior college to be established in Singapore.
TPJC began functioning as a centre of pre-university education on 11 April 1986. Pioneering teachers of the college held their first meeting in Tampines Primary School, while the first batch of students studied in a building which became Tampines Secondary School.
On 20 December 1986, the handing over ceremony marked the completion of Tampines Junior College. In late December, the College moved to its present site at 2 Tampines Avenue 9. Sitting on 6 hectares of land and costing about $18.2 million, Tampines Junior College was the 13th college to be built. Designed by P&T Architects, Tampines Junior College received the best-designed college building award in 1988.
On 1 July 1988, the college had its official opening ceremony, which was attended by Mr Phua Bah Lee, then Senior Parliamentary Secretary (Defence) and Member of Parliament for Tampines.
TPJC celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2006. In January 2007, the college became one of the four pre-university centres to offer Theatre Studies and Drama as an examinable subject.
Merger
On 20 April 2017, it was announced that TPJC would merge with Meridian Junior College (MJC), with the merged school located at the current site of MJC. This was in view of the declining cohort sizes since 2014, which was attributed to the fall in Singapore's birth rate. As a result of the merger, TPJC would stop taking in students from 2018 to minimise the need for students to physically relocated to the new site. The merged school operates under the name of Tampines Meridian Junior College, which is the combination of the two schools' names, from 2019. TPJC's current principal, Ms Pamela Yoong, will be the new principal of Tampines Meridian Junior College.
School Premises
On 23 April 2020, 210m of copper cable worth S$11,000 was stolen from the vacant Tampines Junior College at 3.36am.
On 1 June 2020, it was announced that the vacant school premises will be converted as temporary accommodation for migrant workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore.
Starting 2024, former Tampines Junior College site will be used to house Temasek Junior College during their infrastructure rejuvenation programme.
Crest
The College Crest was designed by a pioneer student.
Uniform
The uniform design was the product of the efforts of students and staff. Male students wear a light green short-sleeved shirt with long pants. Female students wear a blouse and A-line skirt of the same colour. Many female students choose to wear shorts underneath their skirts too, though this is optional. There are no rules governing coloured undergarments as the blouse is not white in colour.
Anthem
TPJC's anthem was composed by a pioneer teacher, Ms. Lilian Chia, with music by Antony Albuquerque.
House System
The house system was begun in 2006; replacing the practice of assigning students to houses based on their stream of study. Each cohort of J1 students is divided into six houses:
* Eagle (red)
* Falcon (orange)
* Hawk (yellow)
* Heron (purple)
* Phoenix (blue)
* Seagull (grey)
Each house is led by the House Captain and Vice-captain. The house captains also head committees that comprise student representatives drawn from each class under the house.
Every year, House events organised by the House Committee include the Inter-House Track & Field, Inter-House Cheerleading and Road Run. During the Inter-House Track & Field, students represent their houses in events. Besides track and field events, students win points for their houses by cheerleading, mascot and flag design competitions.
In 2013, the House Wall was painted and created in as an avenue to display the accomplishments in each House. The House Wall features the current points standing of each House and captures each unique House culture. It is located at the B Block of the college.
In 2014, the House shirts were re-designed to reflect the stronger House identity present in the college. The shirts featured the House colours more prominently and were meant to make students from each House more distinctive during House events.
Subjects offered
TPJC is among the few colleges in Singapore that offers the full range of subjects under the new GCE A-Level syllabus introduced in 2006. Under this system, students take 3 H2 content-based subjects and 4 H1 subjects comprising Mother Tongue, Project Work, General Paper and one contrasting subject. Students who wish to challenge themselves academically may take up to 4 H2 content-based subjects.
The college does not prohibit students from taking a particular GCE A-level subject, even if they have less than stellar grades for the subject at the GCE O-level. Instead, with the exception of Physics (which requires extensive prior knowledge at the O-level), students are allowed to pursue subjects they have not previously studied in secondary school, if they pass strict qualifying tests.
Students who wish to take H2 Theatre Studies and Drama (TSD) have to sit for aptitude tests and undergo interviews.
Language Elective Programmes
TPJC is one of two pre-university centres that offer the Malay Language Elective Programme (MLEP). Under this programme, students study the Malay language, literature and culture at greater depth; and are given opportunities to go on trips to the Middle East, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Co-curricular activities
TPJC is known for its Performing Arts with niche CCA groups such as the Symphonic Band, Choir, Guitar Ensemble, the Chinese Language Debating and Drama Society, Chinese Orchestra, Indian Dance, Modern Dance, Malay Dance, English Drama Club, and more, all of which have received numerous awards at the Singapore Youth Festival.
The Student Council
The Junior College Student Council, set up in 1986, has a long history of serving the student population and upholding the college's values. The TPJC Council acts as a link between the College Administration and the student body. It is the student representation of the highest standing, subject to the authority of the Principal. The highest office a student can hold in College is that of President of the Student Council, and his/her services are acknowledged by the college.
The college gives priority to the Student Councillors when it comes to talks, seminars, symposiums and conventions. Every year, two councillors from the college represent the school at the Prime Minister's National Day Rally Speech, the Budget speech, and other events of national importance, such as PM Lee Hsien Loong's inauguration at the Istana in 2004. In addition, councillors receive luminaries and other distinguished guests to the college, together with the principal. In 2007; as well as ushers and general helpers at the launch of the European Union's programme for schools in Singapore, with more than 10 ambassadors representing their respective European countries coming down to the college to celebrate this highly anticipated event.
The TPJC Link
The TPJC Link, originally known as TPlink, is the college's quarterly magazine. Written and managed by a team of student writers, the magazine is distributed to all staff and students for a nominal fee, deducted annually under a general miscellany fee. Since the January–March 2008 issue, the magazine has extended its coverage of college events from a 12 to 16-page spread.
TPJCian Magazine
TPJCian Magazine was established in March 2008 by a second year student, Md Azhar B Aziz. Its student-driven content and use of videos, podcasts and online discussions enables students to find news of campus life and stimulates them intellectually with its articles, reviews and study resources.
The online magazine publishes new content twice or more a week, with editorials on current affairs, essays on General Paper topics, reviews of college's performances and concerts and views on college life. The magazine's editorial policy allows all students to submit their articles for consideration.
The magazine has established a following among online users of the college, breaking ground in June 2008 by being the first website related/linked with a local educational institution to conduct an onsite, real-time discussion on current affairs, open to public users.
Notable alumni
* Amrin Amin: Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, Member of Parliament for Sembawang GRC
* Jade Seah: Mediacorp artiste
* Suhaimi Yusof: Actor and comedian
* Faraliza Tan: Miss Singapore World 2008 | WIKI |
Example 2 of running HMM-LDA topic model
This example shows how to collect multiple samples from the HMM-LDA Gibbs sampler from the same chain and different chains
Choose the dataset
dataset = 1; % 1 = psych review; 2 = nips papers
if (dataset == 1)
% Load the psych review word stream
load 'psychreviewstream';
% Set the parameters for the model
T = 50; % number of topics
NS = 12; % number of syntactic states
ALPHA = 50 / T; % ALPHA hyperparameter
BETA = 0.01; % BETA hyperparameter
GAMMA = 0.1; % GAMMA hyperparameter
end
if (dataset == 2)
% Load the nips paper word stream
load 'nips_stream';
% Set the parameters for the model
T = 50; % number of topics
NS = 16; % number of syntactic states
ALPHA = 50 / T; % ALPHA hyperparameter
BETA = 0.01; % BETA hyperparameter
GAMMA = 0.1; % GAMMA hyperparameter
end
What output to show (0=no output; 1=iterations; 2=all output)
OUTPUT = 1;
The number of iterations
BURNIN = 100; % the number of iterations before taking samples
LAG = 10; % the lag between samples
NSAMPLES = 2; % the number of samples for each chain
NCHAINS = 2; % the number of chains to run
The starting seed number
SEED = 1;
for c=1:NCHAINS
SEED = SEED + 1;
N = BURNIN;
fprintf( 'Running Gibbs sampler for burnin\n' );
[WP,DP,MP,Z,X]=GibbsSamplerHMMLDA( WS,DS,T,NS,N,ALPHA,BETA,GAMMA,SEED,OUTPUT);
fprintf( 'Continue to run sampler to collect samples\n' );
for s=1:NSAMPLES
filename = sprintf( 'ldahmm_chain%d_sample%d' , c , s );
fprintf( 'Saving sample #%d from chain #%d: filename=%s\n' , s , c , filename );
comm = sprintf( 'save ''%s'' WP DP Z ALPHA BETA SEED N Z T s c' , filename );
eval( comm );
WPM{ s , c } = WP;
MPM{ s , c } = MP;
if (s < NSAMPLES)
N = LAG;
SEED = SEED + 1; % important -- change the seed between samples !!
[WP,DP,MP,Z,X]=GibbsSamplerHMMLDA( WS,DS,T,NS,N,ALPHA,BETA,GAMMA,SEED,OUTPUT,Z,X);
end
end
end
Running Gibbs sampler for burnin
Iteration 0 of 100
Iteration 10 of 100
Iteration 20 of 100
Iteration 30 of 100
Iteration 40 of 100
Iteration 50 of 100
Iteration 60 of 100
Iteration 70 of 100
Iteration 80 of 100
Iteration 90 of 100
Continue to run sampler to collect samples
Saving sample #1 from chain #1: filename=ldahmm_chain1_sample1
Iteration 0 of 10
Saving sample #2 from chain #1: filename=ldahmm_chain1_sample2
Running Gibbs sampler for burnin
Iteration 0 of 100
Iteration 10 of 100
Iteration 20 of 100
Iteration 30 of 100
Iteration 40 of 100
Iteration 50 of 100
Iteration 60 of 100
Iteration 70 of 100
Iteration 80 of 100
Iteration 90 of 100
Continue to run sampler to collect samples
Saving sample #1 from chain #2: filename=ldahmm_chain2_sample1
Iteration 0 of 10
Saving sample #2 from chain #2: filename=ldahmm_chain2_sample2
Inspect the first few topics of a few samples
for c=1:NCHAINS
for s=1:NSAMPLES
[S] = WriteTopics( WPM{s,c} , BETA , WO , 7 , 0.8 );
fprintf( '\n\nExample topic-word distributions of chain %d sample %d\n' , c , s );
S(1:5)
[S] = WriteTopics( MPM{s,c} , BETA , WO , 7 , 0.8 );
fprintf( '\nExample hmm state-word distributions of chain %d sample %d\n' , c , s );
S(1:5)
end
end
Example topic-word distributions of chain 1 sample 1
ans =
'similarity bias used account represented drug extended'
'order serial search network comparison applied parallel'
'stimulus stimuli response or which color accounts'
'responses change rate s both underlying normal'
'self individual different individuals those others does'
Example hmm state-word distributions of chain 1 sample 1
ans =
'model theory authors article process analysis framework'
'it presents we although when can proposes'
'for which by a or through e.g'
'and are or not the can were'
'in with as on by from about'
Example topic-word distributions of chain 1 sample 2
ans =
'similarity bias presented represented account drug systematic'
'order serial network search parallel comparison applied'
'stimulus stimuli response which or color cs'
'responses change rate both s normal underlying'
'self individual individuals other does situations occur'
Example hmm state-word distributions of chain 1 sample 2
ans =
'model theory authors article process function analysis'
'it presents although we however when proposes'
'for which by a or through e.g'
'and are or not can were'
'in as with on by from at'
Example topic-word distributions of chain 2 sample 1
ans =
'control evidence patterns studies motor production functional'
[1x76 char]
'is that has there view people review'
'cognitive action part e.g implicit systems dynamic'
'knowledge relations features such specific structures also'
Example hmm state-word distributions of chain 2 sample 1
ans =
'authors results data theory processes relation theories'
'as used suggested assumed shown consistent concluded'
'to article based argued in proposed shown'
'of and to is for with'
'these presents evidence however proposes describes when'
Example topic-word distributions of chain 2 sample 2
ans =
'control studies patterns motor evidence production primary'
[1x80 char]
'is that has there phenomena view review'
'cognitive action part e.g dynamic implicit explicit'
'knowledge relations structures specific also features distance'
Example hmm state-word distributions of chain 2 sample 2
ans =
'authors results data theory processes relation theories'
'as used shown suggested assumed consistent concluded'
'to article based argued proposed in accounts'
'of and to is for with'
'these presents evidence however describes proposes when' | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Transport theory for energetic alpha particles and tolerable magnitude of error fields in tokamaks with broken symmetry
K. C. Shaing, C. T. Hsu
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
11 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
A transport theory for energetic fusion born alpha particles in tokamaks with broken symmetry has been developed. The theory is a generalization of the theory for neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity for thermal particles in tokamaks. It is shown that the radial energy transport rate can be comparable to the slowing down rate for energetic alpha particles when the ratio of the typical magnitude of the perturbed magnetic field strength to that of the equilibrium magnetic field strength is of the order of 10-4 or larger. This imposes a constraint on the magnitude of the error fields in thermonuclear fusion reactors. The implications on stellarators as potential fusion reactors are also discussed.
Original languageEnglish
Article number033012
JournalNuclear Fusion
Volume54
Issue number3
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2014 Mar
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Nuclear and High Energy Physics
• Condensed Matter Physics
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Transport theory for energetic alpha particles and tolerable magnitude of error fields in tokamaks with broken symmetry'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Stara Wieś
Stara Wieś (literally old village in Polish) may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Stara Wieś, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Podkarpackie Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Aleksandrów County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Inowrocław County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Biłgoraj County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Chełm County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Hrubieszów County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Krasnystaw County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Gmina Krośniewice in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Gmina Kutno in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Piotrków County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Radomsko County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Rawa County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Gmina Łęczna in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Gmina Puchaczów in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Puławy County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Radzyń Podlaski County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Limanowa County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Miechów County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Nowy Sącz County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Białobrzegi County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Grójec County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Lipsko County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Mińsk County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Otwock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Piaseczno County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Pruszków County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Przasnysz County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Siedlce County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Żyrardów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Pszczyna in Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Stara Wieś, Opole Voivodeship (southwest Poland) | WIKI |
Draft talk:2022 Adelaide International 1 – Women's Singles
Contested deletion
This article should not be speedily deleted for lack of asserted importance because this is a WTA event that will be held on the week commencing 3 January 2022. This is a WTA 500 event, and, in accordance with Wikipedia precedent, the draw will be provided along with the results. This page being deleted is utterly ludicrious. --Alexxbrookss (talk) 19:57, 26 December 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
[No. B222241.
Second Dist., Div. One.
May 6, 2011.]
In re M.C., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. IRENE V, Defendant and Appellant. In re M.C., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. MELISSA V. et al., Defendants and Appellants.
[No. B223176.
Second Dist., Div. One.
May 6, 2011.]
Counsel
Carlson & Greenberg and John E. Carlson for Defendant and Appellant Melissa V.
Michael A. Salazar, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant Jesus P.
Joseph D. MacKenzie, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant Irene V.
Christopher Blake, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Minor M.C.
Andrea Sheridan Ordin, County Counsel, James M. Owens, Assistant County Counsel, and Sarah Vesecky, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Robert C. Fellmeth, Elisa Weichel and Christina Riehl for Children’s Advocacy Institute as Amicus Curiae.
Opinion
JOHNSON, J.
SUMMARY
This dependency action involves the question of whether a child, bom during the marriage of two women but conceived as the result of a premarital relationship between one of the women and a man, may have three presumed parents, one of whom is the child’s biological mother, one of whom is the child’s presumed mother because she and the child’s biological mother were married when the child was bom, and one of whom is the child’s presumed father because he promptly came forward and demonstrated his commitment to his parental responsibilities, to the extent the biological mother and circumstances allowed. The juvenile court found the child has three presumed parents. The biological and presumptive mothers appeal, arguing the juvenile court erred when it found the father to be a presumed father. We conclude substantial evidence supports the parentage findings, but the juvenile court’s work is incomplete. The matter must be remanded for the juvenile court to resolve the conflicting presumptions of parentage.
The presumed father argues the trial court also erred when it refused to place the child in his custody, pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.2, because he is a noncustodial, nonoffending parent. We agree the court erred in its application of section 361.2 by failing to find placement of the child in her father’s custody would be detrimental to her safety, protection or physical or emotional well-being. In light of the juvenile court’s failure to first resolve conflicting parentage presumptions, however, the issue of placement was and is not yet ripe for consideration, and must be resolved on remand.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Background prior to juvenile court intervention
Appellant Melissa V. (Melissa) and appellant Irene V. (Irene) met in June 2006, and began living together within two weeks. The relationship was stormy from the start, marked by physical and verbal abuse by both women, and Allegedly peppered throughout with problems arising from Melissa’s mental illness and drug and alcohol abuse.
Melissa and Irene became registered domestic partners in February 2008; they separated on May 25, 2008. During that separation, Melissa began an intimate relationship with defendant and appellant Jesus P. (Jesus). In June 2008 Melissa became pregnant with minor M.C. (or the child), and informed Jesus he was the child’s father. Jesus was supportive of Melissa’s pregnancy, and invited Melissa to live with him. Melissa lived with Jesus and his family for the first few months of her pregnancy. During that time, Jesus provided financial support for Melissa, and ensured that she received prenatal medical care.
On July 24, 2008, Melissa filed a petition to dissolve the domestic partnership with Irene. In conjunction with that petition, Melissa sought a temporary restraining order (TRO). In a statement filed in support of her request for the TRO, Melissa outlined incidents of abuse and physical violence Irene had allegedly committed against her between April 2007 and May 2008. The family law court issued a TRO (which was never served) against Irene on July 25, 2008.
Melissa and Irene reconciled in September 2008. Melissa told Jesus “she did not feel comfortable with him and preferred to live with Irene and that Irene had agreed to care for her and the baby,” and moved out. At first, the women lived in a car. In late September they moved into an apartment. When she left Jesus, Melissa did not tell him where she would be living. She did not provide him any contact information, and did not have a phone for more than a few weeks. Melissa and Irene were married on October 15, 2008, when same-sex marriage was legal in California.
M.C. was bom M.C.V. in March 2009. Melissa is the only parent listed on the child’s birth certificate. Irene was present at the child’s birth. Melissa, Irene and M.C. lived together for about three to four weeks, until Melissa moved out taking the child with her. Jesus did not assert a right to visitation with or custody of M.C. after she was bom, nor did he pay any child support. Jesus did not know where Melissa was living and made no effort to contact her through her family.
In May 2009, Irene filed a request in San Bernardino Superior Court (SBSC) for an OSC (order to show cause) regarding child custody and visitation, seeking joint legal and physical custody of M.C. Melissa opposed that request. In June 2009, Melissa obtained a restraining order in the SBSC action.
In June 2009, Melissa resumed contact with Jesus, who had moved to Oklahoma in February 2009 to pursue an employment opportunity. Melissa told Jesus she had left Irene, and needed financial assistance for M.C. Jesus agreed to send her money for the child’s support and, on three occasions between July and August 2009, sent $100 to Melissa through Western Union. Melissa and Jesus maintained Internet contact with one another and, at Jesus’s request, Melissa regularly took M.C. to visit Jesus’s family.
Detention
M.C. was taken into protective custody in mid-September 2009, after Melissa’s new boyfriend, Jose A., attacked Irene with a knife, stabbing her in the neck and back and causing severe injuries. Melissa was arrested and charged as an accessory to attempted murder in connection with that attack.
Respondent Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) filed the instant petition, pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b). As ultimately sustained, the petition alleged the assertion of dependency court jurisdiction over M.C. was warranted because Irene, Melissa’s spouse and the child’s presumed mother, and Melissa had a history of domestic violence, and that Melissa was incarcerated and had a history of substance abuse.
In its detention report DCFS detailed what it then knew about M.C.’s background. It reported that Melissa and Irene were married, but had separated and were currently getting divorced. Melissa noted that Irene was not on the child’s birth certificate and had not legally adopted M.C. Melissa told DCFS her relationship with Irene had always been violent. They fought often and, occasionally, both of them ended up with black eyes. The maternal grandmother echoed Melissa’s statement. The maternal grandmother said Melissa and Irene had lived with her family for about six months in 2008. The relationship was volatile; Irene and Melissa fought at least once a week. The maternal grandparents wanted M.C. placed with them.
Melissa told DCFS Jesus was M.C.’s biological father, and that he was living somewhere in Oklahoma. She (untruthfully) said she had not been in contact with Jesus since M.C.’s birth, and had no information about him.
According to information obtained from the police, Melissa and Jose were driving in Melissa’s car on September 21, 2009, and saw Irene board a bus. Jose got on the same bus and befriended Irene. Jose later bought a beer for Irene, and they sat in a park to drink. As Irene rose to leave, Jose stabbed her in the neck and back. Irene saw Jose run away and get into Melissa’s car. Irene was taken to the hospital in critical condition.
Police officers contacted Melissa, who came to the police station. At first, Melissa denied any involvement in the stabbing. She told the interviewing officer she and Jose had been at home all day, smoking marijuana; M.C. was with them. Melissa was left in an interview room equipped with a telephone, and called Jose. She did not know she was being taped. Later, Melissa admitted to police she and Jose had followed Irene. They had planned for Jose to confront Irene and scare her to “make sure she doesn’t come to court and to back off and stay away from [Melissa’s] baby.” Melissa said she and Jose wanted to scare Irene, but if scaring her did not work they would use physical violence. When Jose returned to the car after attacking Irene, he told Melissa “things went bad.” Melissa admitted she and Jose smoked methamphetamines in the car with M.C. in the backseat, and routinely used drugs in front of the child.
A DCFS social worker met with Irene at the hospital. Irene, who was medicated at the time, told DCFS she had not legally adopted M.C. because she did not think she needed to since she and Melissa were married. She said that she currently had an order permitting her to visit M.C. every other weekend, but had not seen the child in four months. Irene did not know Jesus, and later told DCFS she believed Melissa had only had a fleeting relationship with him.
At the detention hearing the court found Irene to be M.C.’s “presumed mother” pursuant to marriage, found Melissa to be the child’s biological mother and found Jesus to be an “alleged father.” M.C. was placed in shelter care.
Interim reports
After meeting with Irene in early October 2009, DCFS reported that she lacked transportation, and was unemployed and receiving general relief and food stamps. Irene lived with Maria C., Irene’s mother’s former companion, and Maria’s daughter. The two-bedroom apartment lacked beds or an operative refrigerator. Irene slept on a sofa, and Maria and her daughter slept on mattresses on the floor. Irene could not live with her own mother, because her mother was involved in her own ongoing dependency action, and her other children were detained in permanent placement. In addition to the unsuitable physical environment, DCFS was reluctant to place M.C. in Irene’s care because she remained injured and unable to care for the baby, and there was a chance she might be attacked again, as Jose remained at large.
DCFS determined that, with a few physical changes and the vacation from the home by a maternal uncle, the maternal grandparents’ home would be a suitable physical environment in which to place the child. M.C.’s maternal grandfather, who had recently retired, was available to care for her during the day.
Jurisdiction and disposition
DCFS’s jurisdiction/disposition and supplemental reports contained Melissa’s, Irene’s and Jesus’s responses to the allegations of the petition and additional information. Melissa told DCFS she and Irene had engaged in physical violence throughout their relationship, including incidents during which Irene struck her with a closed fist, and kicked and pushed her. The final incident occurred in May 2009 when Melissa returned to their home to retrieve belongings, and Irene pushed her into a closet and a window. The women did not engage in any physical violence during Melissa’s pregnancy or in front of the child. Melissa also told DCFS she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and severe depression when she was 13 years old, had battled depression throughout her life, and had been involuntarily hospitalized several times due to suicidal ideations.
With regard to Irene’s stabbing, Melissa said she had not wished to kill or harm Irene and had not known what Jose did. She said she and Jose followed Irene because they “just wanted to scare her. [Melissa] did not want her visiting with the baby and [she] wanted for her to stop fighting for custody of [M.C.]” Melissa said her attempts to reconcile with Irene had been futile; they simply continued to argue. She told DCFS Irene did not provide financial support for M.C., and that Irene had not been emotionally supportive when they lived together—she had seldom held the child and became easily irritated when the infant cried.
Melissa denied telling the police she had used methamphetamines the day Irene was stabbed, denied any methamphetamine use since high school, and denied she had ever been under the influence of drugs or alcohol in front of her child. She did admit that she had a significant history of drug abuse in the past, and that she continued regularly to drink and smoke marijuana.
With respect to the allegation regarding Jesus’s failure to provide for the child’s care, Melissa told DCFS he “can’t provide he is in Oklahoma.” But she said he had sent money for the child’s support through Western Union. She also said Jesus had been supportive of her pregnancy, was supportive after M.C.’s birth and had never denied paternity. Melissa said she had lived with Jesus and his family for the first four months of her pregnancy.
In response to the allegations of domestic violence, Irene admitted she fought with and yelled at Melissa, but adamantly denied ever having hit her. When asked about specific instances in 2006 (involving a thrown hammer), and in 2008 (after which Melissa had been treated at a hospital), Irene claimed that the first instance had been Melissa’s doing, and the latter had occurred after a drunken Melissa fell down a set of stairs. Irene said Melissa “had a history of fabricating stories and making false accusations against people.” Irene told DCFS that she had used methamphetamines when she was in high school. Irene admitted drinking alcohol on occasion, but denied any current alcohol or drug abuse. Regarding Jesus, Irene told DCFS she believed he was only a “one night stand and that [Melissa] had no contact with him.” Irene acknowledged that the demise of her relationship with Melissa was for the best, but said she believed she would continue to coparent M.C., and was committed to securing a safe and nurturing home for the child.
DCFS was able to conduct a telephonic interview of Jesus in Oklahoma by mid-October 2009. He said Melissa told him her entire relationship with Irene had involved physical violence, and he had never understood why she went back to Irene. As far as the drug abuse allegations, Jesus thought “Melissa smoked marijuana.”
Jesus denied the allegation that he failed to provide for M.C. He told DCFS he and Melissa met over the Internet, and became intimate a few days after they met. Shortly thereafter, Melissa became pregnant. When that happened, Jesus took Melissa into his home, provided for her financially and made sure she went to her doctor’s visits. He told DCFS he had always intended “to be father to the baby no matter what,” irrespective of his relationship with Melissa. When Melissa moved out to return to Irene, she told Jesus she “did not feel comfortable with him and preferred to live with Irene,” who had agreed to care for her and the baby. Melissa did not tell Jesus where she was going, and did not provide him with any of her contact information. In February 2009, Jesus moved to Oklahoma, where he remains, after receiving an offer for full-time employment. Jesus was engaged to be married, and he and his fiancée were expecting a child.
Jesus did not try to contact Melissa after she moved out. He did not hear from her until June 2009, when she called him to say she and Irene had split up, and she needed money for the baby. Since that time, Jesus has maintained contact with Melissa through the Internet, and she began taking the baby to visit his family.
Jesus told DCFS he is employed as an assistant , produce manager at a grocery store, has stable and adequate housing and the support of his immediate family, including his fiancée and the child’s paternal grandmother to help care for the child. Jesus said he is “prepared to care for his child and provide her with a loving and nurturing home.” DCFS contacted the child protective service agency in Oklahoma and requested that a courtesy visit be made to assess Jesus’s home for possible safety concerns or hazards. The Oklahoma agency refused to assess Jesus’s home absent a court order to do so.
The maternal grandparents wanted M.C. placed in their care. At the time, however, DCFS had lingering concerns about the wisdom of such a placement.
Based on its investigation, DCFS recommended that the juvenile court sustain the petition, find Jesus to be M.C.’s presumed father and order an Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC; Fam. Code, § 7900 et seq.) in Oklahoma for Jesus.
On October 26, 2009, the juvenile court found Jesus to be M.C.’s biological father. The court took DCFS’s recommendation that Jesus be declared the child’s presumed father under submission, and ordered DCFS again to try to facilitate a courtesy assessment of Jesus’s home through the Oklahoma agency. The parties were ordered to submit briefs addressing whether a biological father could be elevated to the status of presumed father under Family Code section 7611, subdivision (d), based on visitation between paternal family members and the child. The matter was set for a contested adjudication.
In January 2010, Melissa, who remained incarcerated, submitted on the petition’s jurisdictional allegations.
A supplemental report by DCFS prepared for the jurisdictional hearing noted both the paternal and maternal grandparents regularly visited M.C., and the visits went well. The foster mother said both grandmothers were loving and affectionate with the baby and provided her excellent care. Irene also had monitored visits with M.C. twice weekly, for two hours. Although she was usually late for the visits, or ended them early, Irene behaved appropriately during the visits and the foster mother reported no problems.
A team decisionmaking meeting was conducted in late January 2010; Irene, Jesus, the paternal grandmother, the maternal grandparents and DCFS representatives attended. Everyone there agreed that, for the time being, the most appropriate placement for M.C. was the home of her maternal grandparents. DCFS noted Jesus maintained contact with his mother in order to stay abreast of how M.C. was doing. Monitored visits were arranged for Jesus and M.C. while he was in California. Jesus told DCFS that he and his fiancée, who was then four months pregnant, lived in a two-bedroom apartment. They were planning to buy a home and to marry in July after their child was bom. Jesus was willing to do whatever was necessary or asked of him in order to have his daughter released to his care. Jesus’s fiancée told DCFS she would help in any respect, and was willing to care for M.C. if the child was released to Jesus’s care.
The two-day jurisdictional hearing began on January 29, 2010. Irene testified. At the conclusion of the hearing, the petition was modified and sustained. The matter was continued to February 5, 2010, for a ruling on paternity and disposition.
In a “Last Minute Information,” submitted prior to the continued hearing, DCFS recommended the court terminate its jurisdiction and grant joint legal custody to Melissa and Jesus, vesting Jesus with sole physical custody, and giving Melissa and Irene monitored visitation. If the court was not inclined to release M.C. to Jesus’s care, DCFS recommended the child be placed with her maternal grandparents, that Jesus be found to be a presumed father and given monitored visits when in California, and that both Melissa and the presumed mother Irene be granted monitored visitation and reunification services.
The court declared M.C. a dependent of the juvenile court, placed her in the care of her maternal grandparents under DCFS’s supervision and ordered reunification services for all three parents. Jesus and the paternal grandmother were given unmonitored visitation, and DCFS was given authority to permit Jesus to have overnight visits. Irene was given monitored visits, as was Melissa, once DCFS verified visits were safe and appropriate at her place of incarceration. The court ordered DCFS to initiate an ICPC for Jesus in Oklahoma.
Irene appeals from the jurisdictional, parentage, dispositional, and removal orders. Melissa filed an appeal from the parentage, removal and dispositional orders. Jesus appeals from the dispositional order and the order that an ICPC be completed as to him.
DISCUSSION
The principal issue on appeal concerns the juvenile court’s novel finding that M.C. has three presumed parents—a biological presumed mother, a statutorily presumed mother and a constitutionally presumed father under Adoption of Kelsey S. (1992) 1 Cal.4th 816 [4 Cal.Rptr.2d 615, 823 P.2d 1216] (Kelsey S.). Melissa and Irene insist the juvenile court erred when it found Jesus to be M.C.’s. presumed father. Jesus, not surprisingly, contends that finding was correct, but maintains the court erred when it refused immediately to place M.C. in his custody, and in requiring an ICPC with the State of Oklahoma. M.C. and the amicus curiae contend, essentially, that the trial court’s ruling affording presumed parent status—and the concomitant rights, privileges and protections that attach thereto—to Melissa, Irene and Jesus, may (as argued by M.C.) or should (as urged by the amicus curiae) be affirmed.
Before turning to the merits, some background is helpful.
1. Parentage
The Uniform Parentage Act (UPA), Family Code section 7600 et seq., provides the statutory framework for judicial determinations of parentage, and governs private adoptions, paternity and custody disputes, and dependency proceedings. (Adoption of Michael H. (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1043, 1050 [43 Cal.Rptr.2d 445, 898 P.2d 891] (Michael H.); In re Jesusa V. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 588, 603 [10 Cal.Rptr.3d 205, 85 P.3d 2] (Jesusa V.).)
Under the dependency law scheme, only mothers and presumed parents have legal status as “parents,” entitled to the rights afforded such persons in dependency proceedings, including standing, the appointment of counsel and reunification services. (In re Zacharia D. (1993) 6 Cal.4th 435, 451 [24 Cal.Rptr.2d 751, 862 P.2d 751] (Zacharia D.); In re Emily R. (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1344, 1354 [96 Cal.Rptr.2d 285].) In an appropriate case, a man or a woman who is not a child’s biological parent may be deemed his or her “presumed parent.” (Jesusa V, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 606; In re Nicholas H. (2002) 28 Cal.4th 56, 58-59 [120 Cal.Rptr.2d 146, 46 P.3d 932] (Nicholas H.); Elisa B. v. Superior Court (2005) 37 Cal.4th 108, 119-120 [33 Cal.Rptr.3d 46, 117 P.3d 660] (Elisa B.).)
Under the UPA, the parent-child relationship between a child and his or her natural mother is presumptively established, most often and easily, “by proof of her having given birth to the child.” (§ 7610, subd. (a).)
Establishing a father’s status is often more difficult. Nevertheless, the need to establish a father’s status in a dependency proceeding is pivotal; it determines the extent to which he may participate in the proceedings and the rights to which he is entitled. (In re Christopher M. (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 155, 159 [6 Cal.Rptr.3d 197].)
The UPA distinguishes between “alleged,” “biological,” and “presumed” fathers. (Francisco G. v. Superior Court (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 586, 595-596 [110 Cal.Rptr.2d 679].) “A man who may be the father of a child, but whose biological paternity has not been established, or, in the alternative, has not achieved presumed father status, is an ‘alleged’ father. [Citation.]” (Zacharia D., supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 449, fn. 15.) “A biological or natural father is one whose biological paternity has been established, but who has not achieved presumed father status . . . .” (Ibid.)
“Presumed father status ranks highest.” (In re Jerry P. (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 793, 801 [116 Cal.Rptr.2d 123] (Jerry P.).) Presumed fathers are vested with greater parental rights than alleged or biological fathers. (Zacharia D., supra, 6 Cal.4th at pp. 448-449.) “[O]nly a presumed . . . father is a ‘parent’ entitled to receive reunification services under [Welfare and Institutions Code] section 361.5,” and custody of the child under Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.2. (Zacharia D., at p. 451; see Jerry P, supra, 95 Cal.App.4th at p. 801.)
Section 7611 sets forth several rebuttable presumptions under which a man may qualify as a presumed father, two of which are pertinent here. They are: if the man is or has been married to the child’s mother and the child is born during (or soon after) the marriage (§ 7611, subd. (a)), or the man “receives the child into his home and openly holds out the child as his natural child” (§ 7611, subd. (d)). “The statutory purpose [of section 7611] is to distinguish between those fathers who have entered into some familial relationship with the mother and child and those who have not. [Citation.]” (In re Sabrina H. (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 702, 708 [266 Cal.Rptr. 274]; see In re T.R. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 1202, 1209 [34 Cal.Rptr.3d 215] (T.R.).) Therefore, to become a presumed father, [an unwed biological father] must not only openly and publicly admit paternity, but must also physically bring the child into his home.” (Michael H., supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 1051.)
An alleged father has the burden to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, the foundational facts supporting his entitlement to presumed father status, i.e., that he received the child into his home and openly and publicly acknowledged paternity. (In re Spencer W. (1996) 48 Cal.App.4th 1647, 1652-1653 [56 Cal.Rptr.2d 524] (Spencer W.).) If the alleged father establishes this foundation and it is challenged, the statutory presumption may be rebutted in an appropriate action only by clear and convincing evidence. (§7612, subd. (a); T.R., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 1210; Nicholas H., supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 63.)
An unwed father may also, under narrow circumstances, assert constitutional paternity rights, even though he does not qualify under a statutory presumption under section 7611. (Kelsey S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 849; In re J.L. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 1010, 1018 [72 Cal.Rptr.3d 27] (J.L.); Gabriel P v. Suedi D. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 850, 860 [46 Cal.Rptr.3d 437].) Such a quasi-presumed, or “Kelsey S.” father as they are most commonly known, is an unwed biological father who comes forward at the first opportunity to assert his paternal rights after learning of his child’s existence, but has been prevented from becoming a statutorily presumed father under section 7611 by the unilateral conduct of the child’s mother or a third party’s interference. (In re Elijah V. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 576, 583 [25 Cal.Rptr.3d 774] (Elijah V.).)
The principles regarding the presumptions of paternity also have been applied with equal force to a woman seeking presumed mother status. (In re Karen C. (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 932, 938 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 677] (Karen C.); In re Salvador M. (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 1353, 1357 [4 Cal.Rptr.3d 705] (Salvador M); see Elisa B., supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. 119-120 [citing Karen C. and Salvador M. with approval]; Johnson v. Calvert (1993) 5 Cal.4th 84, 90 [19 Cal.Rptr.2d 494, 851 P.2d 776] [statutory “provisions applicable to the father and child relationship” shall be used to determine a mother and child relationship “insofar as practicable”].)
We review a juvenile court’s determination of presumed parentage status under the substantial evidence standard. (Charisma R. v. Kristina S. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 361, 368-369 [96 Cal.Rptr.3d 26], disapproved on another ground in Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512, 532, fn. 7 [113 Cal.Rptr.3d 327, 235 P.3d 988]; Jerry P, supra, 95 Cal.App.4th at p. 819; Spencer W, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at p. 1650; but see In re Kiana A. (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 1109, 1116 [113 Cal.Rptr.2d 669] (Kiana A.) [determination of presumed father status reviewed under abuse of discretion standard].) “[W]e review the facts most favorably to the judgment, drawing all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in favor of the order. [Citation.] We do not reweigh the evidence but instead examine the whole record to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have found for the respondent. [Citation.]” (Spencer W., supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at p. 1650.)
Increasingly, as aptly illustrated here, the complicated pattern of human relations and changing familial patterns give rise to more than one legitimate claimant to the status of presumed parent, and the juvenile court must resolve the competing claims. As the Supreme Court explained in Jesusa V, “[although more than one individual may fulfill the statutory criteria that give rise to a presumption of paternity, ‘there can be only one presumed father.’ [Citations.]” (Jesusa V, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 603.) The procedure for reconciling competing presumptions is set forth in section 7612. It provides that: “(a) ... a presumption under Section 7611 is a rebuttable presumption affecting the burden of proof and may be rebutted in an appropriate action only by clear and convincing evidence. [][] (b) If two or more presumptions arise under Section 7610 or 7611 that conflict with each other, or if a presumption under Section 7611 conflicts with a claim pursuant to Section 7610, the presumption which on the facts is founded on the weightier considerations of policy and logic controls.” (See also Jesusa V., at p. 603.)
M.C. and the amicus curiae invite us to employ this case as a vehicle to highlight the inadequacies of the antiquated UPA to accommodate rapidly changing familial structures, and the need to recognize and accommodate novel parenting relationships. We agree these issues are critical, and California’s existing statutory framework is ill equipped to resolve them. But even if the extremely unusual factual circumstances of this unfortunate case made it an appropriate action in which to take on such complex practical, political and social matters, we would not be free to do so. Such important policy determinations, which will profoundly impact families, children and society, are best left to the Legislature. The Supreme Court has yet to decide “ ‘whether there exists an overriding legislative policy limiting a child to two parents’ ” (Elisa B., supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 118, fit. 4, quoting Sharon S. v. Superior Court (2003) 31 Cal.4th 417, 427, fn. 6 [2 Cal.Rptr.3d 699, 73 P.3d 554]). To date, the Supreme Court has rejected the concept of dual paternity or maternity where such recognition would result in three parents: “[W]hat we considered and rejected in Johnson was the argument that a child could have three parents: a father and two mothers.” (Elisa B., supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 118; see also Jesusa V, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 603 [“[although more than one individual may fulfill the statutory criteria that give rise to a presumption of [parentage], ‘there can be only one presumed father’ ”]; Johnson v. Calvert, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 92 [a child may have only one natural mother]; Kristine H. v. Lisa R. (2005) 37 Cal.4th 156, 166 [33 Cal.Rptr.3d 81, 117 P.3d 690].) We are bound by this authority. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455 [20 Cal.Rptr. 321, 369 P.2d 937] [decisions of the Cal. Supreme Court “are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California”].)
Moreover, the reasons M.C. and the amicus curiae urge judicial recognition of extended parental relations illustrate why such recognition could be unwise here, even if it were possible. In the abstract, it is not difficult to opine a child might be well served by judicial recognition and preservation of a relationship with three legal “parents,” all of whom love and care for her, and each of whom has evinced a commitment to providing her a safe and stable family environment. This is not that case.
Here we have a child who was detained as an infant and who has never found safety or stability with any individual claiming parental status. The biological mother has a lengthy history of drug and alcohol abuse and serious emotional disturbance or mental illness, has never been capable of providing her daughter a stable home and will, in all likelihood, never be able to do so within the time allotted her under dependency law in light of her involvement in an attack on her ex-wife’s life.
The presumed mother likely developed a superficial attachment, at best, to M.C. when the newborn lived with her for three weeks. If Melissa is to be believed, Irene rarely held the infant when they lived together, and became irritated when the baby cried. Thus, the child may never have begun to form an early attachment to Irene. While Irene has begun consistently to visit M.C., she has never occupied a parental role in the child’s life. Her relationship with M.C. cannot, at least on this record, approach the level of a parent-child relationship the state seeks to protect in dependency actions. (Jesusa V, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 609.) And, it is questionable whether Irene will be able to pull her own life together within the legally allotted time to allow such a relationship with M.C. to flourish. Irene has significant issues related to domestic violence to address before she can be deemed a suitable caretaker, she resides in inappropriate housing, and lacks parenting skills, employment and transportation. Nor is there any “family relationship” to preserve here, as the fleeting marriage during which the child was bom no longer exists, and the marital partners agree there is no chance of reconciliation. “[T]he [parental] presumptions are driven by state interest in preserving the integrity of the family and legitimate concern for the welfare of the child.” (Steven W. v. Matthew S. (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 1108, 1116 [39 Cal.Rptr.2d 535].)
Finally, although viewed against the backdrop of the two women, Jesus appears to be the most stable and capable “parent” available to M.C., we cannot ignore the fact that he made no attempt to forge a parent-child bond with M.C. before this dependency proceeding began. Even since, on this record, he appears to have remained a relative stranger to M.C., not by choice, but by virtue of physical distance and his inability to spend more time with his daughter during fifis pivotal bonding period of her life. Clearly the juvenile court afforded Jesus presumed father status with the hope he will be able to build the parental relationship with M.C. he now lacks. But, as the facts demonstrate, this is not a case about reunifying or preserving a familial relationship between a child and her biological or presumed parent or parents. It is about creating an opportunity to build a familial relationship where no family has ever existed. As such, even if it were our role to do so, we would deem this an inappropriate action in which to attempt to resolve issues of such substantial statewide importance.
With that in mind, we turn to the merits.
a. No one disputes Melissa’s presumptive status as M.C.’s biological or natural mother.
b. Irene is M.C. ’s statutorily presumed mother
According to section 7611, a man is presumed to be the natural father of a child if, as pertinent here, “(a) He and the child’s natural mother are or have been married to each other and the child is bom during the marriage .... HD . . . HD (d) He receives the child into his home and openly holds out the child as his natural child.” (§ 7611, subds. (a), (d).) The statute is written in masculine form but, where it is practicable to do so, the statutory presumptions regarding parentage apply equally to women. (Johnson v. Calvert, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 90; Elisa B., supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. 119-120; Karen C, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 938; Salvador M., supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 1357.)
The party seeking to establish presumed parent status bears the burden of proof by a preponderance of evidence. (Glen C. v. Superior Court (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 570, 585-586 [93 Cal.Rptr.2d 103]; Spencer W, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at p. 1652.) The statutory presumption of parentage is a rebut-table presumption that affects the burden of proof. If the presumption applies, it “may be rebutted in an appropriate action only by clear and convincing evidence.” (§ 7612, subd. (a).)
Melissa and Irene were married when M.C. was born. In addition, Melissa, M.C. and Irene lived in the same home for a few weeks after the child was bom. Irene claims she and Melissa planned to raise the child together as a family, or to coparent even if they were not together. She considers herself M.C.’s parent, and claims to have spent every day with the child after she was bom until Melissa moved out, and always to have held out M.C. as her natural child although she has provided no support for M.C. since Melissa left. Evidence of the circumstances of the relationship between Irene and the child during the period between M.C.’s birth and Melissa’s departure is sparse. It is, however, undisputed the three people shared a home for a few weeks. It is also undisputed that Irene took steps, even before this action was initiated, to obtain custody of and visitation with M.C., and that, once she was permitted to see the child, her visits were consistent and appropriate. Applying the UPA in a gender-neutral fashion, the juvenile court concluded Irene qualified as a “presumed mother” under both section 7611, subdivision (a), due to the marital presumption, and subdivision (d), because she had received M.C. into her home and openly held her out as her natural child. No one seriously disputes either finding. The evidentiary support for the finding under subdivision (d) is relatively weak, but uncontradicted. In any event, Irene satisfies the statutory requirements as a presumed mother under section 7611, subdivision (a).
c. Jesus is a quasi-presumptive father
(i) Jesus is not a presumed father under section 7611, subdivision (d)
Jesus cannot qualify as a statutorily presumed father. He never married or attempted to marry Melissa, so section 7611, subdivision (a) is clearly inapplicable. To qualify under section 7611, subdivision (d), Jesus must have “receive[d] the child into his home and openly [held] out the child as his natural child.” There is no question that, since he learned Melissa was pregnant, Jesus consistently and openly held out M.C. as his natural child. He opened his home to Melissa, supported her financially during the first four months of her pregnancy, told his family she was pregnant with his child, and ensured that she received prenatal medical care.
When Melissa moved out, she cut off contact with Jesus until June 2009 when she sought financial help for M.C. from him. Jesus immediately responded to Melissa’s request, and began providing minimal financial support. Jesus also signed a declaration acknowledging that M.C. was his biological child in connection with Melissa’s divorce proceeding and responded affirmatively to Melissa’s request to change M.C.’s last name, months before this dependency action began. Jesus arranged for M.C. to visit his parents on a regular basis, so she could establish a relationship with her paternal relatives. In addition, when DCFS contacted him about this action, Jesus immediately proclaimed his intention to parent M.C., and expressed his desire to have M.C. placed in his custody and care. He appeared at every court hearing thereafter, travelling from Oklahoma to do so, during a period when he was not yet entitled to vacation leave at his new job.
Although Jesus argues he should be found a presumed father pursuant to section 7611, subdivision (d), the trial court correctly concluded he does not qualify under that section. Jesus, who has lived in Oklahoma all of M.C.’s life, never “received” M.C. into his own home. M.C.’s visits and contact with paternal relatives are not sufficient to satisfy this requirement. Section 7611, subdivision (d) does not apply unless a child has been physically present for some period of time in his or her father’s home; “constructive receipt” is not sufficient. (In re Tanis H. (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1229 [69 Cal.Rptr.2d 380].)
(ii) Jesus is a Kelsey S. father
Although he does not qualify as a statutorily presumed father, the juvenile court did find Jesus to be a presumed father under Kelsey S. based on the facts outlined above. That conclusion was correct.
Kelsey S. was a private adoption case in which an unwed father was prevented from taking the child into his home, and thereby prevented from becoming a presumed father under the predecessor version of section 7611, subdivision (d). In Kelsey S., the biological father sought custody of the infant within two days of its birth. (Kelsey S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 822.) About the same time, the child’s mother placed the baby with prospective adoptive parents. The trial court issued a TRO awarding custody and control to the father. The father, however, was not able to take custody because the prospective adoptive parents secretly removed the child from their home. The TRO was mooted a few days later, when the court ordered the child into the custody of his mother, and prohibited visitation by either the father or the prospective adoptive parents. The father was later permitted to visit the child at the shelter where the child was living with his mother. (Id. at pp. 821-822.) In the subsequent adoption proceeding, the court ruled the father was not a presumed father under section 7611, subdivision (d)’s predecessor statute because he had never physically taken the child into his home. Thus, the baby was free to be placed for adoption without the father’s consent, if adoption was in the child’s best interest. The trial court found adoption was in the child’s best interest and terminated the father’s parental rights. (1 Cal.4th at p. 823.) The appellate court affirmed. (Ibid.)
The Supreme Court reversed. It held that section 7611, subdivision (d) “and the related statutory scheme violates the federal constitutional guarantees of equal protection and due process for unwed fathers to the extent that the statutes allow a mother unilaterally to preclude her child’s biological father from becoming a presumed father and thereby allowing the state to terminate his parental rights on nothing more than a showing of the child’s best interest. If an unwed father promptly comes forward and demonstrates a full commitment to his parental responsibilities—emotional, financial, and otherwise—his federal constitutional right to due process prohibits the termination of his parental relationship absent a showing of his unfitness as a parent.” (Kelsey S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 849, italics omitted.)
Kelsey S. protection applies to “an unwed father [who] promptly comes forward” and sufficiently and timely demonstrates “a full commitment to his parental responsibilities.” (Kelsey S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 849.) According to the Supreme Court, “[o]nce the father knows or reasonably should know of the pregnancy, he must promptly attempt to assume his parental responsibilities as fully as the mother will allow and his circumstances permit.” (Ibid.)
Kelsey S. was not a dependency action. But the vast majority of appellate courts to have considered the issue have had no difficulty extending its holding to dependency proceedings. (See In re Baby Boy V. (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 1108, 1117 [45 Cal.Rptr.3d 198]; Jerry R, supra, 95 Cal.App.4th at p. 797; In re Andrew L. (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 178, 191-193 [18 Cal.Rptr.3d 591]; In re Julia U. (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 532, 541-542 [74 Cal.Rptr.2d 920]; In re William K. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1, 11 [73 Cal.Rptr.3d 737]; J.L., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1022-1024; but see In re Vincent M. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 943, 957-958 [74 Cal.Rptr.3d 755] [refusing to extend Kelsey S. in the context of a dependency proceeding after reunification period expired].)
In Zacharia D., although the Supreme Court stopped short of applying Kelsey S. in that dependency action, the court acknowledged that “[extending Kelsey S. to apply in the dependency context would allow such a father to participate as a ‘parent’ in, or end the need for, the dependency proceedings.” (Zacharia D., supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 451.) The court noted that, in a dependency proceeding, the issue might arise as to “whether the statutory distinctions between biological and presumed fathers are unconstitutional as applied to a biological father who is precluded from attaining presumed father status by the mother or a third party, but who comes forward early in the dependency process, and who displays a commitment consistent with the standard set forth in Kelsey S.” (Zacharia D., at p. 451.) In keeping with our prior decisions and the weight of authority, we find Kelsey S. applies in the dependency context, affording such parents quasi-presumptive status, equivalent to presumed parent status under section 7611. In short, “a father asserting valid Kelsey S. rights may effectively qualify for presumed father status as the result of his constitutional right to parent, which overrides any contrary statutory direction.” (J.L., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at p. 1023.)
To satisfy the Kelsey S. criteria, a child’s biological father must show he promptly stepped forward to assume full parental responsibilities for his child’s well-being, the child’s mother or some third party thwarted his efforts to assume his parental responsibilities, and that he demonstrated a willingness to assume full custody of the child. (Kelsey S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 849.) In deciding whether an individual biological father qualifies, the court instructed juvenile courts to consider “all factors relevant to that determination. The father’s conduct both before and after the child’s birth must be considered. Once the father knows or reasonably should know of the pregnancy, he must promptly attempt to assume his parental responsibilities as fully as the mother will allow and his circumstances permit. In particular, the father must demonstrate ‘a willingness himself to assume full custody of the child—not merely to block adoption by others.’ [Citation.] A court should also consider the father’s public acknowledgement of paternity, payment of pregnancy and birth expenses commensurate with his ability to do so, and prompt legal action to seek custody of the child.” (Ibid.)
We agree Jesus satisfies the requirements of a Kelsey S', father. From the time he learned Melissa was pregnant, he held himself out as M.C.’s father. Melissa lived with him the first four months of her pregnancy. He acknowledged paternity to Melissa, his family and his fiancée, financially provided for Melissa for a time and ensured that she received prenatal care. He told DCFS he had always intended to be a father to M.C., regardless of the nature of his relationship with Melissa. It was beyond Jesus’s control that Melissa left him to return to her volatile relationship with Irene. She did not tell Jesus where she was moving, or leave him any contact information. But, once Melissa renewed contact in June 2009, Jesus responded promptly and began providing support for M.C. He maintained communications with Melissa until she was imprisoned, expressed his desire to be part of M.C.’s life and facilitated arrangements so his daughter could begin to know her paternal relatives. When the dependency action was initiated, Jesus came from Oklahoma to attend each hearing and continued to fight for custody of M.C.
Arguably, Jesus might have expended more effort to maintain ties with Melissa throughout her pregnancy, acted sooner to establish his paternity by seeking to have his name on M.C.’s birth certificate, or made an effort to visit M.C. after she was bom. But the law does not require Jesus to do everything he possibly can. Rather, he is required to “promptly attempt to assume his parental responsibilities as fully as the mother will allow and his circumstances permit.” (Kelsey S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 849, italics added.) The juvenile court implicitly found Jesus was operating under the financial, time and distance constraints of a new job in another state and his commitment to his pregnant fiancée in Oklahoma, which prevented him from coming to California as often as he might otherwise have done, at least until he was entitled to vacation time.
Moreover, it was Melissa who left Jesus without any information about how to reach her, and Melissa who lost her phone within weeks of the time she left him. Irene had a phone, but she did not know Jesus, nor make any effort to contact him. She did not want Jesus—whom she believed to have been a one-night stand—involved in her life with Melissa and the baby. According to Irene, the two women planned to raise M.C. together as a family; Jesus was not part of that plan. Thus, the court could reasonably conclude Melissa’s unilateral actions in leaving Jesus and refusing to provide contact information, combined with Irene’s inaction and the constraints created by Jesus’s finances and distance from his child, contributed to the circumstances preventing Jesus from establishing his status as a presumed father. While Jesus might have hunted Melissa down, and forcefully interjected himself into the relationship between Melissa and Irene, it is also possible to conclude he chose not to do so, and instead decided to allow an emotionally fragile woman the space she needed so that she could return to a relationship in which she felt “more comfortable,” and complete her pregnancy as free from stress as possible.
Under the circumstances of this action, the juvenile court found that Jesus acted reasonably, promptly and consistently demonstrated his intention to make the fullest commitment as his circumstances permitted to fulfill his parental responsibilities. (Kelsey S., supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 850.) Substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s conclusion that Jesus is a Kelsey S. father, and occupies a status equivalent to that of a statutorily presumed parent. (J.L., supra, 159 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1023-1025.)
2. The juvenile court must weigh the conflicting presumptions
We are left with three individuals claiming legal status as parents: a biological mother (pursuant to § 7610), a statutorily “presumed mother” (pursuant to § 7611, subds. (a) & (d)), and the constitutional equivalent, a Kelsey S. father. Only two of these individuals may retain that status. A juvenile court faced with conflicting claims of presumed parentage must apply section 7612 to determine which presumption controls. (Elijah V., supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at p. 584.)
Section 7612, subdivision (a) provides that “in an appropriate action” certain presumptions of parenthood “may be rebutted” by clear and convincing evidence. This provision vests the trial court with discretion to determine as a threshold matter whether the case is an appropriate one in which to entertain a challenge to an individual’s status as a putative presumed parent. An “appropriate” action includes one “in which another candidate is vying for parental rights . . .” and seeks to rebut another candidate’s status as presumed parent in order to perfect his or her own claim. (Nicholas H., supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 70; see Jesusa V, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 606, fn. 5.) If the action is an appropriate one in which to entertain a challenge to an individual’s presumptive or claimed parental status, clear and convincing evidence may rebut that status. If there is no clear evidence that a candidate is unfit to retain his or her status, the analysis must proceed under section 7612, subdivision (b). Under that subdivision, if two or more presumptions arising under section 7610 or 7611 conflict with each other, or a presumption arising under section 7611 conflicts with a claim of parentage under section 7610, “the presumption which on the facts is founded on the weightier considerations of policy and logic controls.” (§ 7612, subd. (b).)
Here, no individual claiming parental status has been shown by clear and convincing evidence to be unfit to retain his or her status. The juvenile court declined to weigh the presumptions, content to leave M.C. with three presumed parents. While we empathize with the desire to leave all options open, particularly in a case such as this in which, at least at the time the parentage determination was made, no available choice was optimal, that conclusion was improper. The court’s ruling was not wrong—as far as it went. M.C. does have three presumed parents, a situation the Supreme Court has acknowledged may exist. (Elisa B., supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 119; Jesusa V, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 603.) But the juvenile court must take the next step to reconcile the competing presumptions to determine which of them are founded on the weightier considerations of policy and logic. The Supreme Court has stated clearly that, “[although more than one individual may fulfill the statutory criteria that give rise to a presumption of [parentage], ‘there can be only one presumed father.’ ” (Jesusa V, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 603.) To date, the Supreme Court continues to reject the notion of dual paternity or maternity where its recognition would result in three parents. (Elisa B., supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. 118-119 [stating the court has “considered and rejected . . . the argument that a child could have three parents: a father and two mothers”]; Kristine H. v. Lisa R., supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 166.)
This conclusion is implicit in the court’s finding that all three parents were entitled to retain their presumptive status. That conclusion would have been unwarranted had evidence demonstrated any candidate clearly unfit to be a legal parent. We defer to the trial court if substantial evidence supports its factual determination. (Charisma R. v. Kristina S., supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at pp. 368-369.) Accordingly, the matter must be remanded to the juvenile court to resolve the conflicting fact-intensive presumptions as between the three parents under the standard articulated in section 7612, subdivision (b), and in view of circumstances as they have developed since the parentage determination was made in February 2010.
3.
Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.2 provides, in pertinent part, that: “(a) When a court orders removal of a child pursuant to Section 361, the court shall first determine whether there is a parent of the child, with whom the child was not residing at the time that the events or conditions arose that brought the child within the provisions of Section 300, who desires to assume custody of the child. If that parent requests custody, the court shall place the child with the parent unless it finds that placement with that parent would be detrimental to the safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the child.”
Under Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.2, placement of the dependent child with a nonoffending, noncustodial parent must be the juvenile court’s first priority if that parent requests the placement. (In re Adrianna P. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 44, 55 [81 Cal.Rptr.3d 918]; In re V.F. (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 962, 973 [69 Cal.Rptr.3d 159].) If it refuses to make such a placement under section 361.2, the juvenile court must find, by clear and convincing evidence, that it would be detrimental to the child to give custody to the noncustodial parent. (In re John M. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1564, 1569 [47 Cal.Rptr.3d 281].) This standard is extremely high, and it was not met here where the juvenile court refused to place M.C. with Jesus, not because it found that to do so would be detrimental to M.C., but because such a placement would jeopardize the child’s interest in reunification with Irene. The fact that a child’s reunification with another presumed parent may become more difficult, or even much more difficult, is not, itself, sufficient to support a finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that it would be detrimental to place the child with an out-of-state presumed parent. (Id. at p. 1570.) Rather, the detriment must relate to the child’s safety, or similar concerns, and the burden is on DCFS to demonstrate the danger.
But, the issue of M.C.’s placement under Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.2 is not ripe for either juvenile court or appellate consideration until the juvenile court resolves the conflicting parental presumptions pursuant to section 7612, subdivision (b). On remand, if after resolving the conflicting presumptions, Jesus retains his status as presumed father, the juvenile court is to conduct a new placement hearing using the appropriate standard under section 361.2. (In re V.F., supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 974.)
DISPOSITION
The order finding that M.C. has three presumed parents is incomplete and, as such, is reversed. The matter is remanded for the juvenile court to complete its inquiry and weigh the competing parentage presumptions in accordance with the factors articulated in Family Code section 7612, subdivision (b).
Chaney, J., concurred.
ROTHSCHILD, Acting P. J., Concurring and Dissenting.
I agree with the majority that Jesus is a presumed father under Adoption of Kelsey S. (1992) 1 Cal.4th 816 [4 Cal.Rptr.2d 615, 823 P.2d 1216] (Kelsey S.), and I accordingly concur in part l.c.(ii) of the majority’s Discussion. I dissent from the remainder of the majority’s Discussion, however, because I find it either unnecessary to our decision or incorrect on the merits.
As the majority acknowledges, no party challenges the presumed parent status of either Melissa V. or Irene V. Therefore the issue is not before us. Because we should consequently express no opinion on it, I do not join part l.a. and b.
The majority correctly concludes that Jesus is a presumed father under Kelsey S. As a result, the majority’s further conclusion that Jesus is not a presumed father under Family Code section 7611, subdivision (d), is unnecessary and adds nothing to the opinion, so I do not join part l.c.(i).
Part 2. of the majority’s discussion, in contrast, is necessary, but I disagree with it. At the hearing on February 5, 2010, the trial court could and should have reduced the number of presumed parents from three to two. To do that, the court first could and should have determined whether one of the presumptions was rebutted by clear and convincing evidence under Family Code section 7612, subdivision (a), and then, if three presumed parents still remained, the court could and should have resolved the conflicts among the three presumptions by determining which two are “founded on the weightier considerations of policy and logic” under Family Code section 7612, subdivision (b). Had the court done so, and had the court either found Jesus’s presumption rebutted at the first step or resolved the conflicting presumptions against Jesus at the second, we would have been compelled to reverse, because the record contains no evidence that would support such an outcome. Moreover, we would have directed the trial court on remand to find that Jesus’s presumption was not rebutted and to resolve the conflicts in his favor, we would not have remanded for further proceedings and the taking of additional evidence as to Jesus. There is consequently no reason to remand for further proceedings and the taking of additional evidence as to Jesus in this case—he should not be worse off because the trial court failed to mle at all than he would have been if the court had mled against him. We should therefore direct the trial court to find that Jesus’s presumption was not rebutted and to resolve the conflicts in his favor.
Because of my disagreement with part 2. of the majority’s opinion, I disagree with part 3. as well. At the hearing on February 5, 2010, the trial court should have reduced the number of presumed parents from three to two, and Jesus should have been one of the two. If the trial court had reached that result, or if we were correcting its failure to do so by directing it to reach that result on remand, then there would be no question about whether Jesus will, at the end of the day, “retainf] his status as presumed father.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 224.) Accordingly, there should have been no impediment to application of Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.2 at the hearing on February 5, 2010, and there is no impediment to our applying it now. Moreover, as the majority correctly states, the standard for refusing Jesus’s request for placement under that statute “was not met here” (maj. opn., ante, at p. 224)—the record before the trial court at the hearing contained no evidence that placement with Jesus “would be detrimental to the safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the child.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 361.2, subd. (a).) (In her respondent’s brief, M.C. agrees that the order denying placement with Jesus under Welf. & Inst. Code, § 361.2 “must be vacated as lacking any basis whatsoever.”) We should therefore direct the trial court to place M.C. with Jesus forthwith.
To summarize: At the hearing on February 5, 2010, the trial court could and should have reduced the number of presumed parents from three to two. Had the court done so, it would have had no basis for concluding that Jesus was not one of the two. And, had the court concluded that Jesus was one of the two, the court would likewise have had no basis to refuse to place M.C. with Jesus under Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.2. On this appeal, decided in May 2011, we should direct the trial court to do what it should have done on February 5, 2010. M.C. has been separated from Jesus for too long already, and continuing delays do not benefit her. I therefore respectfully dissent.
For the sake of clarity, and to protect the confidentiality of the child, we will refer to her by her initials and to the other parties by their first names or familial status in relation to the child (e.g., paternal grandparents).
M.C. was initially given the surname Melissa shared with Irene. In June 2009, Melissa effected a legal change to the child’s surname to Melissa’s own name.
The restraining order required Irene, among other things, to refrain from any contact with M.C. That order was supplanted by a July 2009 order issued by the Los Angeles Superior Court granting Irene weekly monitored visitation.
The petition also contained allegations regarding Jesus’s neglect of and failure to provide support for M.C. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 300, subds. (b), (g).) Those allegations were ultimately stricken.
Irene later disavowed this statement, claiming it was made under heavy sedation, and said she had regularly been visiting M.C.
In response to a request by Melissa’s attorney, Jesus submitted a declaration of paternity in June 11, 2009, in the divorce proceeding to assist Melissa in her effort to defeat Irene’s attempt to obtain shared custody of and visitation with M.C.
Jesus also appealed the order finding Irene to be a presumed mother, but his opening brief does not address the issue, which we deem waived. M.C. appears only as a respondent. We also granted leave for the Children’s Advocacy Institute to appear as amicus curiae.
Statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise indicated.
The issue of whether Irene qualifies as a statutorily presumed mother is not before us. We note, however, that another court may be called upon to address whether a gender-neutral reading of the UPA is a “practicable” application, in light of the fact that the primary statutory goal is to determine “paternity,” not “parentage.”
For example, under section 7540, “the child of a wife cohabiting with her husband, who is not impotent or sterile, is conclusively presumed to be a child of the marriage.” As M.C. points out, a gender-neutral reading of this statute, which presumes a husband is capable of impregnating his wife, would be absurd as applied to a same-sex cohabiting couple. It is similarly difficult to imagine what legitimate purpose would be served by a voluntary declaration of “parentage"—as opposed to a declaration of “paternity”—under section 7570, as it stands now. The clear purpose of such declarations is to establish paternity, not just for purpose of providing the child access to benefits, but also to provide knowledge of the child’s medical and genetic history, which may be necessary for purposes of his or her medical diagnoses and treatment. In light of the rapidly changing nature of familial relationships, few if any of which were on the horizon at the time the UPA was adopted in 1975, we agree the Legislature would be wise to expand the concept to include, for example, the lesbian couple where one partner or spouse is impregnated through an anonymous sperm donation, or the gay male couple where a surrogate carries to term the child of one partner or spouse. But, as it stands now, a declaration of “parentage” under the UPA is not encompassed within the statutory scheme.
The provisions of section 7611 regarding presumed father status are substantively unchanged from the predecessor statute, Civil Code former section 7004.
The court found the father failed to demonstrate a parental commitment to the child and that his efforts to become a presumed father were not thwarted by the child’s mother or a third party. (Zacharia D., supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 451.)
Melissa and Irene argue Jesus could have acted earlier to establish his paternity judicially. The record reflects that, when M.C. was less than two months old, Melissa’s attorney contacted Jesus to inform him that she was working to establish Jesus’s paternity and obtain a judgment so Irene would have no parental rights with respect to M.C. Jesus cooperated in that endeavor, and signed a declaration acknowledging paternity and consenting to the child’s name change. At that time, Jesus believed his interests and Melissa’s were aligned, and that there was nothing more he needed to do to establish paternity. Jesus may have been naive, but his actions were not unreasonable at the time.
We conclude that, for purposes of resolving conflicting presumptions under section 7612, subdivision (b), a Kelsey S. father is the equivalent of a statutorily presumed father. Any other conclusion would render Kelsey S. status meaningless.
Amy G. v. M.W. (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1 [47 Cal.Rptr.3d 297], held that section 7612, subdivision (b) did not provide a mechanism to resolve a challenge brought by a woman claiming presumed mother status under section 7611 to another woman’s conflicting claim of biological maternity arising under section 7610, subdivision (a). (142 Cal.App.4th at p. 14.) Amy G. was abrogated by an amendment to section 7612, subdivision (b) expanding the resolution mechanism to encompass conflicts between claims arising under section 7610 or 7611, or between a section 7611 presumption and a claim to parentage under section 7610. (Stats. 2008, ch. 534, § 1.)
In light of the remand, we deem Jesus’s claim that it was improper for the court to order an ICPC moot. The juvenile court has a duty to be sure Jesus’s home is safe. The Oklahoma agency refused to assist the court without a court order. Accordingly, the court had no reasonable means to obtain the information it required short of ordering the ICPC. In any event, even if the ICPC was not necessary, no harm was done and, presumably, the investigation of Jesus’s home has been completed and will provide useful information.
The majority concludes that the trial court has already implicitly determined that no presumptions were rebutted.
Such a placement would not prevent the court from continuing to safeguard M.C.’s interests. For example, the court could order that Jesus’s custody of M.C. be subject to the continuing jurisdiction or supervision of the court. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 361.2, subd. (b)(2), (3).)
| CASELAW |
Page:The Annual Register 1899.djvu/531
1899.] SCIENCE. 107
has disclosed the possession of remarkable energies. Its peculiar radi- ations persist undiminished after an imprisonment for three years in a wooden box encased with lead, and in a mine 2,800 feet beneath the surface its behaviour is unchanged. Since its reflected rays produce a greater photographic effect than those that are direct, it must be •capable of setting up secondary radiations in other bodies. A disc of an inactive substance placed immediately over a radio-active sub- stance acquires the property of emitting Becquerel rays and of rendering air conductive of electricity.
Sir W. Crookes thinks that uranium may have the faculty of ap- propriating from the rapidly moving, as distinct from the slowly moving, molecules of air an energy that it expends in maintaining a radiation across the ether; and that the necessary smallness and shortness of such waves make them comparable to the rays of Rontgen.
The fact that electrical conductivity is produced by uranium ra- diation is explained by Mr. Rutherford on a theory of ionisation. He finds, also, that uranium emits two kinds of rays, of which the one is more penetrative, less easily absorbed by gases, has more photographic power, and passes a hundred times more freely through aluminium than the other kind. They are both unaffected by the impact of kathodic rays.
M. and Mme. Sklodowska-Curie have extracted from pitch blende some sulphide which they believe to be that of a new metal, polonium, and which is 400 times as active as uranium. To Sohncke's rule, that 4he fluorescence of all bi-refracting crystals is polarised, the salts of uranium are an exception. Herr Schmidt finds that uranyl compounds of sodium and potassium acetates effect no polarisation.
A corpuscular view of Rontgen rays is taken by Herr Walter. They are not intermittent pulses, but are discharged kathodic particles much smaller than electro-chemical ions, and they possess a highly penetrative power by virtue of the very fact that they carry no charge. Herr Geitler, indeed, believes them to be incapable of carrying a charge. Lord Kelvin, having observed that kathodic rays which strike the antikathode normally are more efficient in producing Rontgen rays than those which strike it obliquely, considers that the Rontgen rays are actually due to the electric charges, carried by the kathodic par- ticles, being imparted to the antikathode.
Professor Sutherland prefers the view that electricity exists in separate natural units, the electrons, which are not always associated with atoms to form ions. If a positive and a negative electron unite to form a neutron it is insulated by the ether until it is exposed to an external force sufficient to decompose it, and then the ether acts as a conductive electrolyte. The ions that he believes to be undoubtedly present in the kathodic stream are quite subordinate to the stream of electrons ; and when they impinge upon an aluminium window the ions are arrested and the electrons get through as Lenard rays. Lenard rays and kathodic rays both carry negative electricity, both originate Rontgen rays, both colour haloid salts, both have magnetic and electric deflectibility, and both can excite luminescence. The colouring of salts would be by the electrons attaching themselves to electro-negative | WIKI |
UAE minister sees chance for Iran to reset 'troubled' ties with neighbors
DUBAI (Reuters) - A senior United Arab Emirates official said on Sunday the re-election of moderate Iranian President Hassan Rouhani could be a chance for Tehran to reset “its troubled relations” with its neighbors. Relations between Gulf Arab states, including the UAE, have been strained over fears that Tehran was interfering in their affairs, including in Syria and Yemen, fomenting unrest and sectarian tensions. Tehran denies these allegations. Rouhani beat his main challenger, hardline judge Ebrahim Raisi, in presidential election on Friday, garnering more than 57 percent of the vote. It was not immediately clear if the comments by UAE Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Anwar Gargash reflected any change in Arab states’ views of Iran. U.S. President Donald Trump’s criticism of Tehran was well received at a summit of Arab and Islamic leaders with him in Riyadh on Sunday. In a tweet about Rouhani’s election victory, Gargash said: “With Pres(ident) Rouhani’s re-election, one hopes Iran reset its troubled relations with neighbors. Let Tehran not squander another opportunity.” On Saturday, Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir, at a news conference with his U.S. counterpart Rex Tillerson in Riyadh, said Iran’s presidential election was an internal matter. “We want to see deeds, not words” from Iran, he added. Kuwait’s emir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, an ally of Saudi Arabia, congratulated Rouhani on his re-election. The UAE, a regional trading and tourism hub, is a main trading partner with non-Arab Iran. The Gulf Arab state last year downgraded ties with Tehran after Saudi Arabia severed ties with Tehran after demonstrators angry at the execution of a Shi’ite Muslim cleric in the kingdom attacked Saudi missions. Reporting by Sami Aboudi; Editing by Tom Heneghan | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- Asian Stocks Fall After U.S. Payroll Growth Slows
Asian stocks fell for a second day
after weaker growth in U.S. payrolls and manufacturing added to
evidence of a slowdown in the world’s largest economy and as the
yen rose, curbing the earnings outlook for Japanese exporters. Rio Tinto Group (RIO) , the world’s second-largest mining company,
declined 2 percent in Sydney, leading raw-materials shares lower
as metals prices fell. Lenovo Group Ltd. dropped 4 percent as a
person familiar with the discussions said talks over the sale of
International Business Machines Corp.’s server division to the
Chinese computer maker broke down. Toyota Motor Corp., the
world’s biggest carmaker, slid 1.1 percent in Tokyo . The MSCI Asia Pacific Index fell 0.4 percent to 140.85 as
of 3:25 p.m. in Tokyo, with about three shares falling for every
two that rose. Six of the 10 industry groups on the gauge
retreated. Markets in China reopened after a holiday. “We all know that things are getting a little bit
slower,” said Sydney-based Kumar Palghat, a money manager and
founder of Kapstream Capital, which oversees at least $5.2
billion. “It’s way too early for the Fed to even contemplate
removing stimulus.” Japan ’s Nikkei 225 Stock Average fell 0.8 percent and the
broader Topix Index slipped 0.4 percent. Australia ’s S&P/ASX 200
Index sank 0.7 percent, extending losses as a government report
showed building permits unexpectedly dropped in March. New
Zealand’s NSX 50 Index fell 0.6 percent. South Korea ’s Kospi
index slid 0.3 percent. Chinese Manufacturing Hong Kong ’s Hang Seng retreated 0.3 percent and China’s
Shanghai Composite lost 0.5 percent as a private gauge of
Chinese manufacturing declined last month, adding to signs that
growth in the world’s second-biggest economy will cool for a
second straight quarter. Taiwan’s Taiex Index rose 0.4 percent. The regional MSCI Asia Pacific gauge climbed 9.3 percent
this year through yesterday amid optimism Japan will deploy more
measures to beat deflation and that policy makers in the U.S.
and China remain on standby to buoy growth. Futures on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index added 0.3
percent today, indicating U.S. markets will rebound from
yesterday’s decline following slower growth in American
payrolls. The S&P 500 yesterday dropped 0.9 percent, retreating
from a record high. The Fed will maintain its bond buying at $85 billion a
month, the Federal Open Market Committee said at the conclusion
of a two-day meeting in Washington yesterday. It left unchanged
its statement that it plans to hold its target interest rate
near zero as long as unemployment remains above 6.5 percent and
the outlook for inflation doesn’t exceed 2.5 percent. U.S. Jobs Reports yesterday showed U.S. companies added fewer workers
than forecast in April and the Institute for Supply Management ’s
factory index fell to 50.7 in April from 51.3 in March. The
Labor Department publishes its jobs and unemployment report on
May 3. It may show combined payrolls for companies and
government agencies increased by 148,000 workers in April after
rising 88,000 in March, according to a survey of economists by
Bloomberg. Energy companies and raw-materials producers posted the
biggest declines among the 10 industry groups in the MSCI Asia
Pacific Index. Crude oil futures traded near a one-week low,
while the London Metals Exchange Index of six base metals lost
3.2 percent yesterday, the most in more than four months. The
index entered a bear market on April 23, commonly defined as a
retreat of more than 20 percent from its most recent peak. Cnooc Ltd. (883) , China’s largest offshore oil producer,
decreased 2.2 percent to HK$14.16 in Hong Kong. Rio Tinto slid 2
percent to A$53.91 in Sydney, while BHP Billiton Ltd. (BHP) , the
world’s biggest mining company, lost 1.2 percent to A$31.79. Lenovo Drops Lenovo sank 4 percent to HK$6.81 in Hong Kong. Discussions
for the sale of IBM’s server business to Lenovo broke down after
the two sides couldn’t agree on a price, said a person familiar
with the discussions. Lenovo shares jumped 9.9 percent in the
past two weeks after Bloomberg reported the talks on April 19. Japanese exporters fell as the yen strengthened for a sixth
day, reducing the value of overseas income at the nation’s
companies when repatriated. Toyota retreated 1.1 percent to
5,490 yen, paring this year’s 37 percent advance. Nissan Motor
Co. (7201) declined 2 percent to 979 yen. Hyundai Merchant Marine Co. dropped 9.9 percent to 9,240
won after South Korea’s second-biggest shipping line announced
plans to sell $117.6 million worth of exchangeable bonds. Among stocks that advanced, LG Uplus Corp., South Korea’s
smallest mobile-phone operator, surged 15 percent to 11,950 won,
the most on the MSCI Asia Pacific Index. The stock led a rally
in the nation’s carriers on speculation lower marketing costs
will boost profit. DBS Group Holdings Ltd. jumped 4.4 percent to S$17.49 in
Singapore, heading for its highest close since May 2008.
Southeast Asia’s largest bank posted an unexpected increase in
profit as fees, commissions and trading income rose. To contact the reporters on this story:
Adam Haigh in Sydney at
ahaigh1@bloomberg.net ;
Jonathan Burgos in Singapore at
jburgos4@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Nick Gentle at
ngentle2@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Fourth Granada Lectures in Computational Physics: by K. Lindenberg, Y. Zhao, D. W. Brown (auth.), Pedro L.
By K. Lindenberg, Y. Zhao, D. W. Brown (auth.), Pedro L. Garrido, Joacquín Marro (eds.)
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Read Online or Download Fourth Granada Lectures in Computational Physics: Proceedings of the 4th Granada Seminar on Computational Physics Held at Granada, Spain, 9–14 September 1996 PDF
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Additional info for Fourth Granada Lectures in Computational Physics: Proceedings of the 4th Granada Seminar on Computational Physics Held at Granada, Spain, 9–14 September 1996
Example text
This behavior is explored further in the next subsection. 3 Energy Bands and Effective Mass We have seen that the structure of polaron energy bands at general parameter values is strongly influenced by the limiting behaviors at small g and small J. At zero coupling, the free exciton energy band enters the one-phonon continuum at r;,c, such that the energies of the joint ground states of the exciton-phonon system are given by (22), E(r;,)- E(O) = 2J[1- cos(r;,)] =1 (62) with r;,c given by the relation (21).
An indication of the improvement, not only for the case just discussed but for other cases as well, can be seen in Fig. 4. 8 Fig. 4. 0, g = 1, 2, 3 as computed by the GL method (solid lines) and the Toyozawa method (dashed lines). 95 to allow all curves to be compared in a single illustration. K = r;,j1r. Confirmation of the polaron structure just described is obtained by looking at the exciton and phonon amplitude surfaces for another set of parameter values in this regime, namely, J = 9 and g = 5.
Above the self-trapping transition the energy band is nearly sinusoidal and strongly narrowed, suggesting a small polaron form; however, non-trivial finite-J corrections remain. 0 and various values of g. Figure 16 shows the dependence of the polaron bandwidth on g for J's ranging from 2 (see Fig. 4) to 9 (see Fig. 15). Consistent with the discus- 40 K. Lindenberg, Y. W. 2 ·-. 9 \ 0 0 2 g '· 3 4 5 Fig. 16. Polaron bandwidths E(r;, = 'll')- E(r;, = 0) as computed by the GL method vs. 0. sion above, the bandwidth is near unity up to a finite ]-dependent value of g, then it drops rather quickly as the band narrows through the "selftrapping-transition" region, and the continued narrowing beyond that can not be resolved on the scale of this figure.
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Page:English Caricaturists and Graphic Humourists of the nineteenth century.djvu/500
boy to observe with watchful eye the leading features of the object before him, and then some little time after reproduce them from memory as nearly as he could. … He had no regular training in academy or school of art; he painted in the studio of no master save his father; and it is curious to see how his genius overleapt what would have been serious disadvantages to an ordinary man. … He attached himself to no school; he was not familiar, strange to say, with the masterpieces of foreign artists. He had never been in Paris, or Rome, or Vienna." It will be well for the reader to bear this in mind, because Doyle is one of the few book illustrators or etchers whom the professional art critic has condescended to notice, and it will enable him the better to understand and appreciate the soundness of his criticism. No one, we are told, owed less than Richard Doyle "did to those who had gone before him; and if this rendered his works less elaborate and conventional, it gave them a freshness and originality which might have been hampered if he had been forced into conformity with the accepted canons of the professional studio." The writer of the article from which we have quoted would seem to have read what Mr. Hodder has told us respecting his friend Kenny Meadows, for the following is certainly not new to us: "He was not a self-taught artist, for he was trained by one who had a genius kin to his own, but he was an artist who had never forced himself into the observance of those mechanical rules and canons which to ordinary men are necessary to their correct painting (just as rules of grammar are necessary to correct writing), but hamper and trammel the man of genius, who has in himself the fount whence such rules proceed, and instinctively follows them in the spirit, though not in the letter. So far as they will forward the end he has in view, and no farther." It will be seen by the above that the kindly writer gives Doyle credit for genius, and we who are strictly impartial will cheerfully admit that if he had not positive genius,—which we somewhat doubt,—he was certainly one of the most genial and graceful of comic designers. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cadwalader's Ice Cream
The result was speedy keep. N ORTH A MERICA 1000 20:50, 23 March 2015 (UTC)
Cadwalader's Ice Cream
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
I couldn't establish that this meets WP:ORG or WP:GNG Boleyn (talk) 19:11, 23 March 2015 (UTC)
* Speedy Keep, it is best to add sources in this case, company is clearly notable, BBC, Another BBC source (this source also mentions the economic effect this store has on the community), and . Valoem talk contrib 19:51, 23 March 2015 (UTC)
* Keep and add sources - this is a well known brand and it should not be to hard. Valoem has made a good start on this by digging up the BBC links. Artw (talk)
* Nomination withdrawn per above, Boleyn (talk) 20:46, 23 March 2015 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Idol Chatter
The result was Delete. BigHaz - Schreit mich an 00:19, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
Idol Chatter
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Originally listed as a speedy and deleted by me as such, but after that I reversed myself and decided to give this the benefit of an AfD. There is no credible claim for this podcast meeting WP:WEB and from what I can tell, the one "reference" in the article actually makes no mention of the podcast. My opinion is Delete, but I'll let the community decide this one. Isotope23 20:34, 20 March 2007 (UTC) *Save I hope me not signing the note isn't bad. I didn't know how to. I will click on signature and copy what you guys have done and hope it works. And as far as spamming- I was only seeing how to add a link: it wasn't "spamming" in the sense of the word most people would associate it with- and it's not like it was numerous sites. Reconsider, or give some valuable suggestions, please. Thanks guys. Senatorsfan--Senatorsfan 03:39, 22 March 2007 (UTC) Note: This user has already voted. Real96 08:09, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
* Delete Few (if any) podcasts are notable. I've only seen one mention of the podcast in my 2+ years on the VFTW boards, so its importance in the AI community is disputable. Caknuck 20:59, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
* Delete you were right with the speedy tag, actually - this is a fan review not an encyclopaedia article and the claim to notability is not credible - "one of the most popular" is completely unsupported by any kind of data. Plus the creator's only contribs are this and spamming podcasts to other articles. Guy (Help!) 21:08, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
* Save any help to make it a more encycopaedic article is welcome, as it is similar to 'Keith and the Girl', another podcast that is one of many listed. The new medium of podcasting will only grow, so more podcasts will need to be listed. Sound quality, production values, listenership, comments about the podcast are good enough for me. As for it being "notable"- that's highly a matter of personal opinion. Libsyn does not release figures to prove their audience, but itunes listeners have great comments about it, as do those on podcast alley. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Senatorsfan (talk • contribs) — Senatorsfan (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* Delete per above. Real96 08:39, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
* Save Not really sure how to use this site yet, but thought I would throw my 2 cents in. I'm a big fan of pottercast and mugglecast. This podcast may not be notable yet, but it is well on its way. I just listened to an episode and it is polished and well-produced. If it is deleted, try again next year. Or re-work the entry. --<IP_ADDRESS> 16:18, 21 March 2007 (UTC)profplum profplum — <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* Delete per Isotope23. -- Black Falcon 22:08, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Do I Have Nasal Polyps?
Do you suffer from recurrent colds and flu? If yes, you may have nasal polyps.
Nasal Polyps, also known as Sinus Polyps, are non-cancerous growths in the nose or in the sinuses (the canal behiand your cheekbone). The cause symptoms similar to those of cold and flu; however, the symptoms caused by nasal polyps will never get better. You may therefore have a persistently blocked or stuffy nose, and you may experience mucus running down the back of your throat. In addition, large polyps interfere with breathing and this can cause chronic headaches due to lack of oxygen. You may also find yourself yawning a lot, and experience daytime fatigue, even after a proper night’s sleep. You will notice that you don’t smell or taste as good as you used to.
Nasal polyps in the nasal passage can be visible to others and be very embarrassing, especially if you get asked what’s wrong in your nose! They have a teardrop shape, and may be pink, yellowish or grey in colour. They are soft to touch and have a jelly-like texture. Polyps can occur singly, or more often in clusters, a condition called polyposis. Often if you have polyps on one side, you will most likely also get them on the other side.
Nasal polyps should not be left untreated. They increase your risk of nasal infections, which can be fairly serious. In addition, they tend to grow in size, and can cause pain, discomfort and swelling. Very large polyps can alter the shape of your face and be very embarrasing.
The exact cause of nasal polyps is not always known; however, what is known is that ultimately they occur as a result of an irritation and subsequent inflammation of nasal linings. This may be due to a chronic allergy, such asthma or hay fever. They may also be due to frequent nasal and sinus infections, an adverse reaction to aspirin, or living in heavily polluted areas. Injuries to the nose, mainly those which alter the shape of the nose, also increase the risk of getting nasal polyps. All these factors will cause the cells in the nasal linings to get inflamed, causing fluids to build up in them. Eventually, gravity pulls these fluid-laden cells down, resulting in the characteristic tear-drop growth of nasal polyps.
If you suspect you have nasal polyps, you should get them checked by a doctor. A doctor will take a history and carry out a physical examination, sometimes with the use of a nasal speculum. In some cases, a CT scan or X-ray will be needed to confirm the diagnosis. You will then be adviced either to start steroid therapy or to undertake surgery. However, both of these approaches are only a short-term solution and are associated with a number of side effects and complications.
A permanent nasal polyps solution should be holistic and tackle the underlying cause of nasal polyps, and not only the symptoms. For more information on such as system, visit Manuel Richards’ Nasal Polyps Treatment Miracle™ program [ http://newnaturalremedies.com/nasalpolyps ]. Manuel Richards is a certified nutritionist, a biomedical researcher and a holistic health consultant. Manuel Richards’ articles and work have been featured worldwide, both online and in print. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pterois cincta
Pterois cincta, the Red Sea lionfish or Red Sea clearfin lionfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and lionfishes. It is found in the Red Sea.
Taxonomy
Pterois cincta was first formally described in 1838 by the German naturalist and explorer Eduard Rüppell with the type locality given as Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. This taxon was regarded by some authorities to be a junior synonym of P. radiata but is now considered to be a valid species. The specific name cincta means "belted", an allusion to the thin milky white horizontal striping of this species.
Description
Pterois cincta has 12 spines and between 10 and 12 soft rays, typically 11, in its dorsal fin and 3 spines and 6 or 7 soft rays in its anal fin. There are typically 16 fin rays in the pectoral fin pectoral-fin, although there are infrequently 15, 17 or 18. The soft rays of the dorsal fin are relatively long averaging around 35% of the fish's standard length and the soft rays of the anal fin are even longer, averaging around 40% of the fish's standard length. The pectoral fin rays too, are relatively long, the ninth ray being nearly as long or exceeding the standard length, as are the pelvic fin rays which average 70% of the standard length, The supraocular tentacles lack lateral branches. This species attains a maximum total length of 15.9 cm The background colour of the head and body is brownish-red with whitish lips. A relatively wide reddish brown band with thin white edges runs from the tentacle above the eye, diagonally through the eye to the rear edge of the preoperculum with 2 more white-edged rusty coloured bands saddling the nape. There are 5 more similar bands on the flanks with the white forking at the dorsal and ventral ends, the second and third bands are the widest and have a widthe greater than the diameter of the orbit. There is a horizontal white-edged rusty band on the caudal peduncle. The fins have a similar reddish brown colour to the body, although the soft rayed dorsal and anal fins have this on the rays only with the membranes being translucent and there are whitish markings on both the pectoral and pelvic fins.
Distribution and habitat
Pterois cincta appears to be endemic to the Red Sea, it is found as far south of the straits at Bab-el-Mandeb north to the Gulf of Aqaba. This species is found over sandy bottoms in or near coral reefs at depths of 5 to 15 m. | WIKI |
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What is NOS workout?
What is NOS workout?
Nitric oxide is a naturally occurring gas in the body that helps increase blood flow. Nitric oxide supplements contain ingredients that are said to produce more nitric oxide in the body, thereby improving your workout.
What is cs 6 Sets?
CS-6 Sets (Cell Swelling-6 Sets) Typically like NOS, these are drop-sets (6 drops) performed following the last set of an exercise, but with a slightly different approach to NOS: First, aim to perform 8 reps (unless stated otherwise), then rest for ‘UP TO’ 20 seconds MAX.
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Excessive nitric oxide Just as deficiency of nitric oxide can lead to disease, too much can also cause disease. Nitric oxide is released from the cerebral vasculature, brain tissue and nerve endings. It may cause headache in migraine.
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Nitric oxide is vital for a healthy cardiovascular system, but deep breathing is just a start. Produced by the endothelium—the lining of the blood vessels—this chemical is highly responsive to healthy heart habits like regular exercise and low cholesterol.
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1) Lower Blood Pressure and Cholesterol In terms of lowering blood pressure, ACV works by inhibiting the enzymes that cause the constriction of blood vessels and increasing nitric oxide, which relaxes them.
Does nitric oxide clean arteries?
Nitric oxide is a powerful neurotransmitter that helps blood vessels relax and also improves circulation. Some evidence shows that arginine may help improve blood flow in the arteries of the heart. That may improve symptoms of clogged arteries, chest pain or angina, and coronary artery disease.
What is Ben Pakulski’s mi40 program?
Ben Pakulski’s MI40 program is a well-structured muscle building, workout, and nutritional regime that requires commitment and discipline. While the workouts last only 40 minutes, they are very demanding not just on your muscles but also on your nervous system.
What is mi40 intentions?
MI40 is a complete program for dedicated bodybuilders who want to build muscle to their full potential. This review of Ben Pakulski’s program will reveal to you how this program works, what “ MI40 Intentions ” are, who this plan is for, what benefits it offers, and what the pros and cons are.
How does mimi40 work for bodybuilding?
MI40 is beneficial in that it gives bodybuilders a tested method for stressing muscles and kick them into growth. This method relies on torque and tension through the range of motion for more effective muscle and strength building as opposed to heavier weights thrown around with poor form, in complete contrast to what you often see in the gym.
Is mi40 a good program for beginners?
The way MI40 was designed means that this program can be unusually hard even for someone who regularly works out, but it can be a real challenge for beginners. It is suitable for motivated bodybuilders with some experience. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Angela Violi
Angela Violi is an Italian and American combustion engineer whose research topics include chemical kinetics, aerosols, the creation of nanoparticles from combustion, and nanoscale self-assembly. She is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor at the University of Michigan, in the Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biophysics, Applied Physics, and Chemical Engineering.
Education and career
Violi studied in chemical engineering at the University of Naples Federico II, earning a laurea in 1994 and completing her Ph.D. in 1999. After postdoctoral research at the University of Utah, she stayed on at the University of Utah as a research professor until moving to the University of Michigan as an assistant professor in 2006. She became associate professor in 2009 and full professor in 2015, and was named Arthur F. Thurnau Professor in 2020.
Recognition
Violi was the 2015 winner of the George Westinghouse Silver Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, "for career efforts that have focused on high-temperature chemically reacting systems, which are critical to widespread applications including energy utilization and advanced materials". She was the 2017 winner of the Adel Sarofim Award, given for "outstanding advancements in understanding combustion processes, formation of combustion by-products and mechanisms of their health effects" at the International Congress on Combustion By-Product and Their Health Effects, and was one of three winners of the 2019 J. Cordell Breed Award for Women Leaders of SAE International.
She was elected to the 2019 class of Fellows of The Combustion Institute, "for outstanding contributions to the fundamental research of soot modeling, pioneering the use of multiscale molecular dynamics simulations in combustion". | WIKI |
Question
The purpose of SysDcmSettings
I see that we have in repo a couple of data packages with SysDcmSettings that were probably generated automatically and I'm wondering what's their purpose. My guess is it has something to do with some filtering but I'm not sure. Do you know the answer?
Like 0
Like
3 comments
Dear Carlos,
SysDCMSettings contains setting for section cases. It contains binding to the section, stages of the DCM, filters and default case. In UI it looks like this: http://prntscr.com/lkk1nq
Ok, thank you. So if I have something like this in the Filters column:
[{"columnUId":null}]
and my StageColumnUId has only nulls, it means I can delete those settings? It seems they were created by accident.
Carlos Zaldivar Batista,
Sure, but we recommend you to save those settings before deleting in order to restore it if something goes wrong.
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八宝粥 2016-06-24 09:18:38 16265次浏览 3条评论 2 4 0
Yii 提供了一整套用来简化实现 RESTful 风格的 Web Service 服务的 API。
1.修改config/main.php文件，在components添加
'urlManager' => [
'enablePrettyUrl' => true,
'enableStrictParsing' => true,
'showScriptName' => false,
'rules' => [
['class' => 'yii\rest\UrlRule',
'controller' => [
'......',
'product', //对应ProductController
]
],
],
],
2.修改common/models/User.PHP
public static function findIdentityByAccessToken($token, $type = null)
{
return static::findOne(['access_token' => $token]);
}
3.在Controllers中新建ProductController.php
namespace api\controllers;
use common\models\Product;
use yii\rest\ActiveController;
use yii\web\Response;
use yii\filters\auth\CompositeAuth;
use yii\filters\auth\HttpBasicAuth;
use yii\filters\auth\HttpBearerAuth;
use yii\filters\auth\QueryParamAuth;
class CategoryController extends ActiveController
{
public $modelClass = 'common\models\Product';
public function behaviors()
{
$behaviors = parent::behaviors();
$behaviors['contentNegotiator']['formats']['text/html'] = Response::FORMAT_JSON;
$behaviors['authenticator'] = [
//auth method 1
//'class' => HttpBasicAuth::className(),
//auth method 2
'class' => HttpBearerAuth::className(),
//auth method 3
//'class' => QueryParamAuth::className(),
//auth method 4
'class' => CompositeAuth::className(),
'authMethods' => [
HttpBasicAuth::className(),
HttpBearerAuth::className(),
QueryParamAuth::className(),
],
];
return $behaviors;
}
//直接在响应主体内包含分页信息
public $serializer = [
'class' => 'yii\rest\Serializer',
'collectionEnvelope' => 'items',
];
}
4.可以通过不同的方式进行认证
HTTP 基本认证: access token 当作用户名发送，应用在access token可安全存在API使用端的场景，例如，API使用端是运行在一台服务器上的程序。
请求参数: access token 当作API URL请求参数发送，例如 https://example.com/users?access-token=xxxxxxxx，由于大多数服务器都会保存请求参数到日志， 这种方式应主要用于JSONP 请求，因为它不能使用HTTP头来发送access token
OAuth 2: 使用者从认证服务器上获取基于OAuth2协议的access token，然后通过 HTTP Bearer Tokens 发送到API 服务器。
yii\filters\auth\CompositeAuth
yii\filters\auth\HttpBasicAuth
yii\filters\auth\HttpBearerAuth
yii\filters\auth\QueryParamAuth
QueryParamAuth:
class QueryParamAuth extends AuthMethod
{
public $tokenParam = 'access-token';
public function authenticate($user, $request, $response)
{
$accessToken = $request->get($this->tokenParam);
if (is_string($accessToken)) {
$identity = $user->loginByAccessToken($accessToken, get_class($this));
if ($identity !== null) {
return $identity;
}
}
if ($accessToken !== null) {
$this->handleFailure($response);
}
return null;
}
}
HttpBearerAuth:
class HttpBearerAuth extends AuthMethod
{
public $realm = 'api';
public function authenticate($user, $request, $response)
{
$authHeader = $request->getHeaders()->get('Authorization');
if ($authHeader !== null && preg_match('/^Bearer\s+(.*?)$/', $authHeader, $matches)) {
$identity = $user->loginByAccessToken($matches[1], get_class($this));
if ($identity === null) {
$this->handleFailure($response);
}
return $identity;
}
return null;
}
public function challenge($response)
{
$response->getHeaders()->set('WWW-Authenticate', "Bearer realm=\"{$this->realm}\"");
}
}
HttpBasicAuth:
class HttpBasicAuth extends AuthMethod
{
public $realm = 'api';
public $auth;
public function authenticate($user, $request, $response)
{
$username = $request->getAuthUser();
$password = $request->getAuthPassword();
if ($this->auth) {
if ($username !== null || $password !== null) {
$identity = call_user_func($this->auth, $username, $password);
if ($identity !== null) {
$user->switchIdentity($identity);
} else {
$this->handleFailure($response);
}
return $identity;
}
} elseif ($username !== null) {
$identity = $user->loginByAccessToken($username, get_class($this));
if ($identity === null) {
$this->handleFailure($response);
}
return $identity;
}
return null;
}
public function challenge($response)
{
$response->getHeaders()->set('WWW-Authenticate', "Basic realm=\"{$this->realm}\"");
}
}
5.自定义接口参数
新建APIAuth继承HttpBearerAuth
namespace api\filters;
use yii\filters\auth\HttpBearerAuth;
class APIAuth extends HttpBearerAuth
{
public $realm = 'api';
public function authenticate($user, $request, $response)
{
$uid = $request->getHeaders()->get('uid');
$phone = $request->getHeaders()->get('phone');
$key = $request->getHeaders()->get('key');
if($key != sha1($uid.$phone)){
return null;
}
$authHeader = $request->getHeaders()->get('Authorization');
if ($authHeader !== null && preg_match('/^Bearer\s+(.*?)$/', $authHeader, $matches)) {
$identity = $user->loginByAccessToken($matches[1], get_class($this));
if ($identity === null) {
$this->handleFailure($response);
}
return $identity;
}
return null;
}
public function challenge($response)
{
$response->getHeaders()->set('WWW-Authenticate', "Bearer realm=\"{$this->realm}\"");
}
}
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Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/North Carolina Highway 132
{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"LineString","coordinates":-77.89358,34.14009],[-77.89293,34.14262],[-77.89272,34.1437],[-77.89255,34.14503],[-77.89244,34.14599],[-77.89235,34.14742],[-77.89202,34.1553],[-77.89183,34.15995],[-77.89134,34.17219],[-77.89106,34.17862],[-77.89087,34.18304],[-77.89077,34.18459],[-77.8906,34.1863],[-77.89033,34.1883],[-77.88838,34.20043],[-77.8882,34.20155],[-77.88598,34.21536],[-77.88572,34.21652],[-77.88545,34.2174],[-77.88515,34.21829],[-77.88476,34.21911],[-77.88427,34.22004],[-77.88364,34.22104],[-77.87239,34.23708],[-77.87181,34.23801],[-77.87135,34.23898],[-77.87102,34.23993],[-77.87076,34.24104],[-77.87066,34.24213],[-77.87067,34.24307],[-77.87081,34.2441],[-77.87148,34.24877],[-77.87157,34.24987],[-77.87156,34.25088],[-77.87142,34.25241],[-77.8712,34.2539],[-77.86873,34.26935],[-77.86849,34.27124],[-77.86839,34.27305],[-77.86802,34.27909],[-77.86814,34.28053],[-77.86857,34.28226],[-77.86923,34.28378],[-77.86989,34.28533],[-77.87139,34.28919],[-77.87183,34.29026],[-77.8724,34.29163],[-77.87278,34.29264],[-77.87375,34.29515],[-77.87502,34.29842],[-77.87544,34.29956],[-77.8759,34.30082],[-77.87731,34.30496],[-77.87954,34.31148],[-77.882,34.31884],[-77.88298,34.32155],[-77.88385,34.32409],[-77.8852,34.32801],[-77.88552,34.32889],[-77.88586,34.32966],[-77.8863,34.33052],[-77.88689,34.33149],[-77.88751,34.33234],[-77.88818,34.33313],[-77.88888,34.33392],[-77.89897,34.34511],[-77.89956,34.34584],[-77.90003,34.3466],[-77.9004,34.34751],[-77.90062,34.3485],[-77.90057,34.34973},"properties":{"name":"North Carolina Highway 132","stroke":"#cc0000","stroke-opacity":1,"stroke-width":3,"fill-opacity":0}}]} | WIKI |
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Help someone with useful health advice.
Underactive Thyroid in Men
Underactive Thyroid in Men
An underactive thyroid can drastically slow down the rate of metabolism, which in turn can cause many health problems. Elucidated in this article are a few causes, symptoms, and treatment options of this condition.
Chandramita Bora
According to American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), every year, around 27 million Americans are diagnosed with some or the other kind of thyroid disorder. However, around half the cases remain undiagnosed due to unsure TSH levels. TSH 3rd generation is a pathological test that counts the TSH levels in the blood, which is different from the 1st and the 2nd generation. This means that the 3rd generation TSH reveals the lowest analytical concentration of thyrotropin. The normal levels/range of TSH has always been a topic of debate over the years. Until the year 2002, the normal range was believed to be 0.5 to 5.0 mlU/L. However, latest updates reveal the normal range of TSH to be between 0.3 to 3.0 mlU/L. Therefore, any level below 0.3 might indicate hyperthyroidism, and anything above 3.0 indicates hypothyroidism. Due to the narrower reference range of the ultra-sensitive third generation TSH test, men who may have been experiencing mild symptoms due to mild or sub-clinical hypothyroidism can now be diagnosed and treated. This will help in preventing mild hypothyroidism from changing into overt hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism is the medical term used for an underactive thyroid gland. It refers to a thyroid gland that fails to produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormones, which the body needs to utilize fats and carbohydrates. In other words, the thyroid hormones are of crucial importance to regulate the rate of metabolism. They are also important to maintain the normal body temperature and the production of proteins. The main thyroid hormones are, thyroxine or T4 and triiodothyronine or T3. A deficiency of these two thyroid hormones can disturb the rate of metabolism in the body, and can produce a number of symptoms. The incidence of hypothyroidism is usually more in women, though at times, men too can suffer from this condition.
Underactive Thyroid Causes
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: This is an autoimmune disease which is characterized by the production of antibodies against the body tissues by the immune system. Also termed as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, in this condition, the thyroid gland is attacked by one's own immune system, resulting in inflammation, which eventually leads to an underactive thyroid condition in men.
Pituitary or Hypothalamic Disease: The production of the thyroid hormones is regulated by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus first signals the pituitary gland to release the hormone known as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This hormone then induces the thyroid gland to produce more hormones. Disorders of the pituitary gland can make it unable to create enough TSH, which in turn can lead to hypothyroidism. The total amount of thyroid hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland gets affected if a person is ailing from hypothalamic disease. However, hypothyroidism because of hypothalamic disease is known as tertiary hypothyroidism, and the one due to pituitary disease is called secondary hypothyroidism.
Thyroid Destruction: This occurs mainly to a person who has to undergo radioactive iodine treatment, when he might be suffering from Graves' disease, a disorder of the immune system that leads to the overproduction of the thyroid hormones. Apart from radioactive iodine treatment, he may have to go through a surgical procedure, wherein, a part of the thyroid gland is removed. This may sometimes result in hypothyroidism.
Iodine Deficiency: Severe iodine deficiency results in decreased level of the thyroid hormone, which leads to hypothyroidism. This deficiency is very uncommon in the United States. However, lack of iodine is present mainly in the lesser industrialized nations like Zaire, Chile, India, etc., or in hilly regions like Ecuador. In such places, out of the total population, on an average around 10% people have this condition.
Medication - Medicinal drugs which are usually given for the treatment of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) might often lead to hypothyroidism. A few of the drugs include, methimazole (Tapazole), lithium (Eskalith), and propylthiouracil (PTU). There are some other drugs which contain excessively large amounts of iodine, like amiodarone, potassium iodide, and Lugol's solution (iodine solution). These drugs may adversely affect the thyroid functioning, which results in an underactive thyroid.
Probable Symptoms
Men with an underactive thyroid gland can experience a number of symptoms, out of which the more common ones are:
• Fatigue and sluggishness
• Unexplained weight gain
• Dry and pale skin
• Muscle and joint pain
• Increased sensitivity to cold
• Brittle nails and hair
• Hair loss
• Constipation
• Stiffness of the joints
• Depression
• Low heart rate
• Low sex drive
• Swollen legs
• Puffy face
• Slow speech
• Thinning of the eyebrows
• Thickening of the skin
• Decreased sense of taste and smell
Diagnostic Options
• In case of hypothyroidism, physical examination might reveal a very smaller-than-normal thyroid gland. However, in some cases, the gland might appear to be of normal size or enlarged (due to goiter).
• Further diagnosis involves blood tests, which measure the value of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine. A few other tests, like sodium, prolactin, complete blood count (CBC), etc., are carried out, and a blood sample is taken for these mentioned tests.
• In some cases, the medical advisor might suggest and prescribe an ultrasound examination, if an affected person has goiter.
Treatment Options
This condition is usually treated with the synthetic thyroid hormone known as levothyroxine, and the medication for this condition is taken orally to restore the normal level of thyroid hormones, which usually means lifelong medication. However, the appropriate dosage of this medication changes with time, which is determined by the physician by checking the level of TSH in the body. An overdose of levothyroxine can cause side effects like increased appetite, palpitations, confusion or disorientation, arrhythmia (irregular heart rhythm), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), stroke, coma, seizures, etc.
Although it is not common, undiagnosed hypothyroidism may sometimes lead to myxedema coma. In that case, the thyroid replacement hormones and steroid medications are administered intravenously. Myxedema coma is the condition where the level of thyroid hormones drop down to extremely low levels. It is an acute form of hypothyroidism, which produces symptoms like drowsiness, profound lethargy, extreme cold intolerance, unconsciousness, low blood pressure, difficulty in breathing, and low blood sugar.
Along with medications, certain foods can also help to cope with an underactive thyroid gland. Usually, foods rich in protein, iodine, fatty acids, fibers, selenium, and vitamins (vitamin A, C, B1, B3 and B6) are considered good for patients diagnosed with this condition. However, be sure to talk to your physician, as some foods as well as supplements can affect the absorption of levothyroxine. For example, a high fiber diet along with calcium and iron supplements, and also soy and soy products, can affect the absorption of this medication.
A patient who is diagnosed with a sluggish thyroid needs to be very particular about his diet. Any form of caffeine or alcohol consumption should be strictly avoided. Apart from these, saturated fats, processed foods, or any high calorie food products should not be consumed. Foods that restrain the thyroid gland's performance are known as goitrogens. These food products restrict the iodine from reaching the thyroid gland, and therefore, they should be avoided as much as possible. Peanuts, kale, turnips, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are a few goitrogens which should not be included in the patient's diet.
If left undiagnosed and untreated, it can lead to several complications such as goiter, heart problems, obesity, high cholesterol, myxedema coma, and infertility. Therefore, if you experience the symptoms associated with an underactive or hypoactive thyroid for a considerable amount of time, then it is better to get them properly evaluated by visiting an endocrinologist.
Disclaimer: This HealthHearty article is for informative purposes only, and should not be used as a replacement for expert medical advice. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Former FBI head: assumption Clinton would win a factor in email probe
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Former FBI Director James Comey said his assumption that Hillary Clinton would win the 2016 presidential election was a factor in opening an inquiry into her emails, according to part of an ABC interview broadcast on Saturday. The controversy involved Clinton’s use of a private email server for official correspondence when she was secretary of state under then-President Barack Obama, including for messages that were later determined to contain classified information. Although the FBI ultimately decided not to refer Clinton’s case for prosecution, Democrats said Comey’s announcement damaged her with voters right before the election, and he faced complaints that his moves were politically motivated. “I don’t remember consciously thinking about that, but it must have been because I was operating in a world where Hillary Clinton was going to beat Donald Trump, and so I’m sure that it was a factor,” Comey said in an excerpt of an interview aired on Saturday. “I don’t remember spelling it out, but it had to have been, that she’s going to be elected president and if I hide this from the American people, she’ll be illegitimate the moment she’s elected, the moment this comes out,” Comey added. Comey, who was fired by Republican President Donald Trump last May, is doing a series of media interviews that coincide with the release next week of his book, “A Higher Loyalty: Truth, Lies and Leadership.” Trump, who criticized Comey repeatedly before and after he fired him, denounced him on Twitter on Friday: “James Comey is a proven LEAKER & LIAR,” he said. [nL1N1RQ0L7] Reporting by Idrees Ali; editing by Jonathan Oatis | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
buric
Etymology
From, probably through a later root. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) navel, bellybutton
* 2) belly
* 3) center
Etymology
From, probably through a later root.
Noun
* 1) navel
Etymology
, through an intermediate root, later separated to *un buric (compare also the development of 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬). . Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) navel, bellybutton | WIKI |
Herolds Bay
Herolds Bay (Afrikaans: Heroldsbaai) is a beach resort on the Southern Cape coast. It is 6.4 km from George Airport and can be reached by the R404 (the Skimmelkrans road).
History
The beach resort was initially part of the farm Brakfontein, then property of Dirk Lamprecht and later of Frans Gericke. The latter's descendants still have interests in the area. Although it was first known as Sandstrand, in 1823 it was named after the first vicar on George, Tobias Johannes Herold, a keen angler. At first it was mainly George and people from the immediate vicinity who camped here. Later they were followed by a small group from Oudtshoorn (and especially the Kamanassie). Oompie Meyer and John Urban, both well-known residents of George, took on the task in 1904 of demarcating small plots of land for the vacationers' tents, wagons and canopies. Building materials were delivered on sleds pulled by mules. The first holiday home was built in 1895 for Matilda Howitson from Blanco. This was the first step in the development of a formal holiday resort. Before 1928, there was only one house on the west side, Sandstrand Street. This is the house west of the church and built for the sisters and girls of the Convent School on George. The list of early visitors and home owners is a list of the names of all the notables of the time in the immediate vicinity. The first permanent resident was one Thompson. He was a survivor of a shipwreck in 1920 and made his home in a beachside cave for eight years.
Swimming, fishing, surfing
The waves are a popular playground on hot days. Across from the Stella Maris Chapel, John Urban and the George Divisional Council had a large tidal pool built for swimmers in 1935. During the apartheid years, a pool was built in Skulpieshoek. Surfers are found in the bay all year round. During the summer school holidays, the municipality of George has a team of trained beach guards on duty during daylight hours.
For the angler, the area is a paradise. Eastwards a footpath leads over the rocks to Scott's Bank, Dollieskraal and Dutton's Cove. On the west side a footpath leads to Voëlklip. It can also be reached by car via the Rooikransies Road which turns south from the tarred Skimmelkrans Road. From the exit to Voëlklip it is 2½ km on a dirt road. After almost 1 km from the exit there is a parking space to walk to Rooikransies and further west to the Maalgaten River.
Access routes
In the early years, the heavily laden ox carts made their way to the bay. Especially the last steep descent must have been no easy task for man, ox and cart. Everything needed for the holiday had to be taken along, including live chickens that would be part of the Christmas meal. On arrival, the oxen were herded into the sea to get rid of their ticks. After that they and the wagons went back to the plateau where the Gerickes took care of them until the retreat was started.
In 1911 the first road to Herolds Bay was built. It roughly followed the track of the bullock carts from George. Between the current Bos-en-Dal neighbourhood and the railway, across the farm Soutkloof, through the Gwaing River and past the farm Dutton's Cove. Near the sea the road, now known as the Rooidraai Road, was very steep.
In 1958 the tarmac road from the N2 national road to Herolds Bay was completed. At the airport, the R404 turns away, takes a bridge over the railway line near the Skimmelkrans station and a pass in the Brakfontein cliff. In 1999 the Rooidraai Road (from Heroldsbaai Heights to the bay) was paved. Three years later, the old road from Skimmelkrans station to Herolds Bay Heights was rebuilt and tarred. With this route, Herolds Bay is 6 km from the N2.
Church
In 1933, the Roman Catholic Church built a chapel next to their house. John Urban and his wife (of the famous Urban shoe factory on George) donated the land and were also closely involved in the building of the chapel. Today, the Stella Maris Chapel is a well-known landmark in the settlement.
The church hall of the Dutch Reformed Church was built in 1941 on the plot donated for the purpose by Cecil Gericke. Fresh water was, as with many beach resorts, a problem from the start. The church took advantage of the opportunity by selling fresh water to pay off their building loan. In 1987, the church hall was converted into a church centre with the addition of two youth homes. Currently it is the property of the Dutch Reformed congregation George-Suid.
Development
There have been guest houses since the early 1940s. There is one shop that is open throughout the year. During the school holidays and weekends there are a few kiosks along the beach.
Herolds Bay has few permanent residents. Most houses are very modest and date from the first half of the last century. Some of these old houses have been demolished and replaced with double-storey buildings. Where the Skimmelkrans Road dead ends, Ernie Els had a house built next to the beach.
In 1972, part of the farm Buffelsfontein on the plateau was converted into the Herolds Bay Heights residential area. There are many permanent residents who mostly work in George. With this development, Herolds Bay is also connected to George's electricity, water and sewer network. This benefited further development. Several people also live at the nearby golf estate at Oubaai (Dutton's Cove).
Dangers
In June 1935 Herolds Bay was hit by the highest flood in human memory. It was also accompanied by heavy downpours and caused the Brakfontein brook to run strongly. A plaque in the gorge shows the highest water level recorded at the time. Between Christmas and New Year 1949 it rained so much that the muddy water ran down the slopes through houses and tents. Ten years later, a stormy sea caused damage again. Girls from the convent school on George who were in their beach house had to climb up the head to get away while their trunks were washed around in the waves. In 1980, a reinforced sea wall was built to try to prevent damage to the coastal properties. Again between Christmas and New Year, but now in 2008, the sea was so rough that it covered Skimmelkrans Lane and Sandstrand Street up to the houses with a thick layer of foam.
Sea currents on the western as well as the eastern side of the bay are extremely treacherous. Several bathers have already drowned here and anglers have been knocked off the rocks by freak waves.
Vegetation
Coastal winds from the south carry air with a lot of salt to the land. Together with the dry summers, this causes the fynbos to remain particularly low on the slopes on the sea side. In the sheltered Brakfonteinkloof, the vegetation is significantly higher. This low fynbos is unique in this small area. Unfortunately, one-third of the original fynbos has already been lost to development. Milkwood trees that grew right up to the beach were all lost.
Home remedies against the ever-dreaded blue blisters have been applied for years. To relieve the pain, the fresh leaves of the sour fig and the creeper were applied to the burn marks to relieve the pain.
Archaeology
For many centuries, the first inhabitants of the area fished and collected shellfish. Behind the house Klamarni and adjacent houses is a cave of great archaeological interest. Remains in it indicate that it was inhabited by humans and animals some 100,000 years ago. According to Marincowitz, bones of the extinct bluebuck (Hippotragus leucophaeus) were found in it. In 1979 the site was declared a national monument.
Geology
The rocks in the bay were deposited between 600 and 900 million years ago as clay and muddy sand. About 580 million years ago it came under pressure from the southwest and the rocks were folded, broken and cracked. At the same time, granite seeped into the cracks in the form of magma with a temperature of up to 1,000 degrees Celsius. With the result that the sediment was heated to about 600 degrees C and changed into the rocks that are found there today.
On Herolds Bay the cracks and folds were more intense than elsewhere on this coast. This can be seen in the rocks at the older tidal pool and the contact between the sediment and granite on the east side of the bay. These cracks weakened the rock so that it was eroded more quickly by the waves. This is what made the Herolds Bay of today, because the Brakfontein Spruit never runs so strong that it could have formed the bay on its own. | WIKI |
Ecto v2.1.6 Ecto.LogEntry
Struct used for logging entries.
It is composed of the following fields:
• query - the query as string or a function that when invoked resolves to string;
• source - the query data source;
• params - the query parameters;
• result - the query result as an :ok or :error tuple;
• query_time - the time spent executing the query in native units;
• decode_time - the time spent decoding the result in native units (it may be nil);
• queue_time - the time spent to check the connection out in native units (it may be nil);
• connection_pid - the connection process that executed the query;
• ansi_color - the color that should be used when logging the entry.
Notice all times are stored in native unit. You must convert them to the proper unit by using System.convert_time_unit/3 before logging.
Summary
Functions
Logs the given entry in debug mode
Logs the given entry in the given level
Converts a log entry into iodata
Types
t()
t :: %Ecto.LogEntry{ansi_color: IO.ANSI.ansicode | nil, connection_pid: pid | nil, decode_time: integer | nil, params: [term], query: String.t | (t -> String.t), query_time: integer, queue_time: integer | nil, result: {:ok, term} | {:error, Exception.t}, source: String.t | Enum.t | nil}
Functions
log(entry)
Logs the given entry in debug mode.
The logger call will be removed at compile time if compile_time_purge_level is set to higher than debug.
log(entry, level)
Logs the given entry in the given level.
The logger call won’t be removed at compile time as custom level is given.
to_iodata(entry)
Converts a log entry into iodata.
The entry is automatically resolved if it hasn’t been yet. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Should You Worry About Heart Palpitations? A Cardiologist Explains
Should You Worry About Heart Palpitations? A Cardiologist Explains Hero Image
Many patients come to see me with worry, concern, and even distress over palpitations. When they roll on their left side in bed, or when they're sitting reading, or perhaps before a business presentation, they can feel their heart beat stronger, or faster, or with an irregularity or thud that alarms them.
As a cardiologist, I need a diagnosis to provide the insurance carrier, so we call these events "palpitations." The Latin root is palpare, which means "gentle tap," but in real life it may not be so gentle.
Because palpitations cause a considerable amount of concern and lead to many office visits, I thought it would be helpful to briefly explain heartbeats.
How the heartbeat works
In its optimal state, the top of the heart (atria) and the bottom of the heart (ventricles) beat in perfect synchrony about 50 to 90 times a minute at rest. This is called sinus rhythm and it's the most efficient way for the heart to pump blood.
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This process starts at the top of the heart in the sinus node, travels to the middle of the heart (or the AV node), then the electrical wave-front moves on to cause the contraction that sends blood to the whole body.
Irregular heartbeats
There are many ways that this ballet can be altered. The top of the heart can fire early, causing a premature atrial contraction (PAC). Or the bottom of the heart can fire, early creating a premature ventricular contraction (PVC).
These can occur once and cause a thud in the chest, but they can also occur in multiples or runs, called atrial or ventricular tachycardia, which can indicate a serious underlying problem.
Another common problem I see is when the top of the heart loses all organization of rhythm and quivers, (some say it fibrillates like a bag of worms), creating atrial fibrillation or AFIB. This is so common that it dominates my hospital and office practice.
When you should be concerned?
All of us have some premature beats at times. In fact, the average person experiences a small number of skipped beats. Sometimes seemingly healthy people experience every other heartbeat as a skip, something called bigeminy, which can make the pulse hard to measure and cause worry that the heart rate is 30 beats per minutes when it's actually 60.
Although most people just need a little reassurance that everything's normal, it's often a good idea to search for root causes, particularly in people with medical issues, athletes, older adults, and those with additional symptoms like dizziness, near blackouts, and shortness of breath.
Some thing to consider:
• Does the patient have high blood pressure?
• Is there an overactive thyroid?
• Is there lung disease such as emphysema?
• Is there an electrolyte imbalance like a low potassium or magnesium level?
• Is the patient experiencing poor sleep or sleep apnea?
• Does the patient have silent heart damage?
Additional factors that could cause irregular heartbeats:
• Anxiety and stress
• Excess alcohol or caffeine
• Medications like inhalers for asthma and cold medications
• Illicit drug use
What can you do?
Consider adopting a diet high in plants and vegetables as the additional potassium and magnesium found in whole plant foods can help skipped beats. And review your patterns of exercise; ultra-exercise like repeated full marathons for example, is associated with a five-fold increased risk of AFIB.
Routine studies that may be needed include an electrocardiogram (EKG), blood work, extended heart monitoring often called Holter monitors, an echocardiogram ultrasound evaluation, and treadmill exercise testing.
In some cases, prescription medication, electrical therapies, and a procedure called ablation may manage or cure the more serious causes of palpitations.
You should see a doctor if you have known heart disease, have associated chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, blackouts, or if anyone in your family died suddenly at a young age.
In most other cases, you should expect a brief time to heal and restore balance. Avoid offending medications and stimulants, improve your sleep patterns, and manage stress with yoga, meditation or tai-chi. The ability to use your breath to control the rhythm of the heart (by training the cardiac nervous system) is powerful and a great goal to bring to your mat.
The most helpful measure I offer patients after those approaches is to add magnesium as a supplement. The Western diet is shamefully low in magnesium due to our low intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds and the deterioration of soil quality with low magnesium content in many produce choices. (In fact, a red apple today has on average 80% less magnesium than an apple 80 years ago because of low soil content of magnesium and other minerals.) Organic produce typically has four to five times the amount of magnesium and other nutrients compared to conventionally-grown fruits and vegetables.
Be cautious taking extra magnesium if you have kidney disease but for most persons 250-500 mg a day of extra magnesium is very safe. Most drug stores carry magnesium oxide which may work great if you are constipated but is poorly absorbed.
I tell patients to buy magnesium taurate, malate, glycinate or citrate, which may require a search at a dedicated vitamin shop. Magnesium taurate works particularly well taken at night as it may stop palpitations, improve bowel regularity, relieve migraines, help PMS, and provide a restful night's sleep. That is a winning formula!
There is nothing new about palpitations and they're even referenced in the ancient Song of Songs: You have made my heart beat faster with a single glance of your eyes.
Thankfully, you don't need to see a doctor for a love-related racing heart! However, in other settings, take a breath, take your pulse, and consider that you might have an easily correctable cause of heart racing.
Photo Credit: Getty Images | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Inhale Wisdom: Unveiling the Power of Nasal Breathing Over Mouth Breathing
Inhale Wisdom: Unveiling the Power of Nasal Breathing Over Mouth Breathing
August 18, 2023
Breathing, an act so primal and essential, is often taken for granted. Yet, the way we breathe can have a profound impact on our overall health and well-being. In the eternal debate of mouth breathing vs. nasal breathing, the latter emerges as a clear victor, offering a plethora of benefits that extend beyond the simple exchange of oxygen. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of nasal breathing, exploring why it’s the preferred route for optimal health, and why mouth breathing should be approached with caution.
The Marvels of Nasal Breathing
Nasal breathing, often referred to as the “right” way to breathe, is a natural and efficient mechanism that our bodies are designed for. The nose acts as a sophisticated air filter and humidifier, preparing the air before it reaches the delicate lung tissues. The benefits of nasal breathing go far beyond mere filtration:
• Air Quality Enhancement: The intricate structures inside the nose help filter out impurities, allergens, and particles present in the air, preventing them from entering the respiratory system.
• Moisture Regulation: Nasal passages humidify the air, ensuring that the delicate lung tissues receive adequately moistened air. This helps prevent irritation and inflammation.
• Nitric Oxide Boost: Nitric oxide, a beneficial molecule produced in the nasal passages, plays a vital role in expanding blood vessels, improving oxygen uptake, and enhancing overall lung function.
• Respiratory Muscle Engagement: Nasal breathing engages the diaphragm and the lower rib cage muscles, promoting efficient oxygen exchange and enhancing lung capacity.
The Pitfalls of Mouth Breathing
Mouth breathing, on the other hand, can lead to a host of undesirable consequences:
• Dry Air Impact: Breathing through the mouth exposes the respiratory system to dry and unfiltered air, potentially causing irritation, inflammation, and susceptibility to infections.
• Orthodontic Issues: Prolonged mouth breathing in childhood can lead to facial and dental deformities, as well as an increased risk of crooked teeth and a narrow palate.
• Sleep Disruption: Chronic mouth breathing is associated with sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, snoring, and disrupted sleep patterns.
• Impaired Oxygen Exchange: Mouth breathing tends to be shallower, leading to decreased oxygen uptake and suboptimal exchange in the lungs.
Embracing Nasal Breathing
Shifting from mouth breathing to nasal breathing requires conscious effort and practice. Here are a few strategies to embrace the marvels of nasal breathing:
• Mindful Awareness: Begin by becoming aware of your breathing patterns throughout the day. If you catch yourself mouth breathing, gently redirect your breath through your nose.
• Clear Airways: Keep your nasal passages clear by using saline nasal sprays or a neti pot to flush out any congestion.
• Breathing Exercises: Engage in deep breathing exercises that encourage diaphragmatic engagement and promote the habit of nasal breathing.
• Tape Technique: If you struggle with nighttime mouth breathing, consider using surgical tape to gently close your lips during sleep.
Conclusion
In the eternal tussle of mouth breathing vs. nasal breathing, it’s clear that the nose triumphs as the gateway to better health. Beyond the simple act of oxygen exchange, nasal breathing provides a myriad of benefits that support respiratory health, oxygenation, and overall well-being. By making a conscious effort to embrace nasal breathing and curbing mouth breathing habits, we pave the way for a healthier, more vibrant life. After all, the wisdom of optimal breathing is as close as each inhale and exhale.
Dr. Sonya Reddy received her education at the prestigious NYU College Of Dentistry, where she also received special training in Cosmetic Dentistry. Dr. Reddy is a member of the American Cosmetic Dentists, the Academy of General Dentistry, the American Dental Association, and a SMART certified and accredited member of the International Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
HOWE et al. v. PARKER et al.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
October 12, 1911.)
No. 3,580.
{Syllabus By the Court.)
1. Public Rands (§§ 106, 128) — Rand Department op the United States— Patents and Decisions of — How Directly Assailed.
Patents and decisions of the Rand Department of the United States may be avoided and the legal title under them charged with a trust in favor of the rightful owner of the equitable title to the land on account of an error of law or a gross mistake of fact, or a fraud upon the officers of the department, by a direct suit in a court of equity for this purpose.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Public Rands, Cent. Dig. §§ 104, 301, 302, 344; Dec. Dig. §§ 106, 12S.]
2. Public Rands (§ 106
) — Error in Deciding Whether or Not There is Evidence to Sustain a Charge, Remediable.
Whether or not there is any evidence to sustain a charge, a claim, or a finding of fact in a controversy before the Rand Department over the title to the public land is a question of law, and an error in the decision of that question which results in the issue of a patent to the wrong party is remediable in equity.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Public Rands, Cent. Dig. §§ 104, 301, 302; Dec. Dig. § 106.]
8. Public Rands (§ 97) — Rand Department — Jurisdiction May Be Exercised in Accordance with Raw and Established Rules, and not Otherwise.
The Rand Department has jurisdiction upon legal notice to divest en-trymen of their equitable titles to lands within its power for fraud before the final order for the patent in accordance with the settled rules, practice, and decisions of that department.
But the equitable title to land acquired by a lawful entry cannot be divested or affected by subsequent decisions of the Land Department or subsequent rules of practice therein contrary to a long line of decisions, or an established rule, or a settled practice at the time.
Neither the general nor the supervisory jurisdiction of the Commissioner or the Secretary is so arbitrary or unlimited as to permit such a course of action.
[Ed. Note. — -For other cases, see Public Lands, Cent. Dig. §§ 288, 289; Dec. Dig. § 97.]
4. Public Lands (§ 106) — Land Department — Second Contest Barred bt Adverse Adjudication on Same Charge tn First Contest.
It was a rule of reason, of law, and of property in 1898 established by a long line of decisions of the officers of the Land Department that, in the absence of fraud and of collusion between the parties, an adjudication that an informer’s charge against a homesteader was unfounded was a bar to a contest against him by another informer on the same charge, and a decision to the contrary in that state of the law was an error of law.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Public Lands, Cent. Dig. §5 SOI, 302; Dec. Dig. § .106.]
5. Public Lands (§ 103) — Legal Notice to Heirs of Deceased Entryman Indispensable — First Publication Less than Thirty Days Before Hearing a Fatal Defect.
Where the equitable title to land based on an adjudicated homestead entry of their ancestor and five years occupation and improvement rests in heirs of the entryman, it is indispensable to a divesting thereof by the Land Department that legal notice of the charge against them and its hearing be given them.
The publication of a summons or notice for the first time less than 30 days before the day of hearing is insufficient to give such legal notice by publication under rule 13 of the Land Department (31 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 530).
Statements of the appearance of parties in opinions of officers, in recitals of the proceedings, or by attorneys on pleadings and other docu: ments in a case in which their appearance and authority to appear for them was never questioned or in issue, will not prevail on a demurrer over the averment of the parties that they never received legal notice of the proceedings, and never appeared or authorized an appearance therein in a direct proceeding to litigate the issue thus tendered.
[Ed. Note.- — For other cases, see Public Lands, Cent. Dig. §§ 29S, 299, 307; Dec. Dig. § 103.]
6. Public Lands (§ 30) — Acts of March 1 and 2, 1889 (25 Stat. 759 ; 25 Stat. 1005) Opening Creek Lands in Oklahoma — Disqualification of Homesteaders Under. .
The Act of March 1, 1889, and Act March 2, 1889 (Act March 1, 1889, c. 317, § 2, 25 Stat. 759; Act March 2, 1889, c. 412, § 13, 25 Stat. 1005), which prohibited entry upon and occupancy of any of the lands ceded by the Creek Nation by their agreement of January 31, 1889, until noon of April 22, 1889, and disqualified any one who violated this inhibition from entering any of the lands as a homestead, did not disqualify one who entered upon the ceded land after March 2 and prior to noon of April 22, 1889, but who made the race for the tract he sought from outside the ceded land after noon of April 22, 1889, unless it toe shown that manifest disadvantage in the race for the land resulted to some qualified entry-man from such entry.
They did not disqualify such an one who learned outside the ceded land from one who had acquired all the information he had or communicated prior to March 1, 1889, the description, character, and location of the tract of land therein which he subsequently entered and the best way to go to it so.that',Ije could,go,directly to and identify it without further aid or information.
They did not disqualify such an one with whom his informant agreed to meet him near the land and go with him to it and did so, where the entryman could as well have gone to and recognized the land from his previous information without the meeting and accompanying and the meeting and conduct gave him no advantage and subjected no qualified entryman to any disadvantage in the race for the land.
These acts of Congress may not be construed after the entries of lands thereunder to include within their prohibitions and disqualifications classes of persons or of acts that were not clearly within their unambiguous terms when the entries were made.
[Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Public Panels, Cent. Dig. §§ 48-50; Dec. Dig. § 30.]
(Additional Syllabus by Editorial Staff.)
7. WOBDS AND PHBASES-“SOONER.”
A “sooner” in the parlance of Oklahoma is one who to the injury of other intending settlers enters on and claims land as his homestead before such entry and claim are effective to initiate a valid homestead under the acts of Congress.
[Ed. Note. — For other definitions, see Words and. Phrases, vol. 7, p. 6552.] • ■
Appeal from the United States Circuit Court for the Western District of Oklahoma.
Bill in equity by Arthur Bruce Howe and others against Milton E. Parker and others. From a decree sustaining a demurrer and dismissing the bill, defendants appeal.
Reversed and remanded.
Milton Brown and James M. Challiss (Waggoner & Challiss and Flynn, Ames & Chambers, on the brief), for appellants.
J. H. Everest (T. F. McMechan, R. M. Campbell, and C. F. Smith, on the brief), for appellees.
Before SANBORN and SMITH, Circuit Judges, and WIEEIAM H. MUNGER, District Judge.
For other cases see same topic & § nümber in Dec. & Am. Digs. 1907 to date, & Rep’r Indexes
For other cases see same topic & § number in Dec. & Am. Digs. 1907 to date, & Rep'r Indexes
For other-oases see same topie & § number in Deo. & Am. Digs. 1907 to date, & Rep’r Indexes
SANBORN, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from a decree which sustained a demurrer to and dismissed the bill of the complainants. On this demurrer the-question whether or not the averments of the bill are true is, of course, not open to consideration, and the only question is whether or not the facts alleged state a cause of action for equitable relief. This is the case they state: Henry Howe, an aged minister of the gospel, made a homestead entry of the S. E. % of section 27, township 12 N., of range 3 W., of the Indian Meridian, in Oklahoma, on April 23, 1889, built himself a house upon, and with his daughter, Sarah J. Howe, occupied and improved it as his homestead until, hounded by sooners under Act March 1, 1889, 25 Stat. 759, § 2, and Act March 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 1005, § 13, and 1006, § 14, and by informers under Act May 14, 1880, c. 89, § 2, 21 Stat. 141, and fought by the lawyers he had retained to defend him, he died intestate on June 17, 1893.
A “sooner,” in the parlance of Oklahoma, is one who, to the injury of other intending settlers, enters upon and claims land as his homestead before such entry and claim are effective to initiate a valid homestead under the acts of Congress. The act of Congress of March 1, 1889, provided that the lands in the western half of the domain of the Creek Nation, where the land in controversy is situated, which were acquired by the United States by the Creek Nation’s agreement and cession of January 31, 1889, should be disposed of in accordance with the laws regulating homestead entries, but that:
“Any person who may enter upon any part of said lands in said agreement mentioned prior to the time that the same are opened for settlement by act of Congress, shall not be permitted to occupy or make entry of such lands or lay any claim thereto.’’ 25 Stat. 759, § 2.
Congress on the next day by the act of March 2, 1889, opened the land for settlement and prescribed terms on which homestead claimants might acquire it. That act provided that the land should be disposed of to actual settlers under the homestead laws only, and that:
“Until said lands are opened for settlement by proclamation of the President, no person shall be permitted to enter upon and occupy the same, and no person violating this provision shall ever be permitted to enter any of said lands or acquire any right thereto.” 25 Stat. e. 412, § 13, page 1005.
On March 23, 1889, the President issued his proclamation that this land would be opened for settlement at noon of April 22, 1889. His proclamation contained these words:
“Warning is hereby expressly given that no person entering upon and occupying said lands before said hour of 12 o’clock noon of the twenty-second day of April A. D. one thousand eight hundred eighty-nine hereinbefore fixed, will ever ¡be permitted to enter any of said lands or acquire any right thereto.” 20 Stat. 1540.
About 2 o’clock and 30 minutes in the afternoon of April 22, 1889, Howe first entered upon the land here in dispute. He then claimed it as his homestead, and thereafter continued to reside upon and improve it. Two sooners, Miss Robb and Mr. Woodruff, had previously entered upon and claimed the land as their homesteads, respectively, but Howe made his homestead entry at the land office on April 23, 1889, and on May 9, 1889, and on May 21, 1889, respectively, these sooners filed affidavits that they were, respectively, the first to enter upon and occupy the land after noon of .April 22d, and that Howe entered upon and occupied it before that time. Howe employed one J ohn Burton, a practicing lawyer at Oklahoma City, to defend his claim against Robb and Woodruff, and disclosed to him as his lawyer the facts of his case, and thereupon Burton on September 6, 1889, turned informer and filed an affidavit of contest for himself under section 2 of the act of May' 14, 1880, which gives the successful informer a preference right to enter the land of a homestead claimant. Burton set forth in that affidavit the charge which he and subsequent informers, Milton E. Parker on February 18, 1891, John T. Hornor on April 10, 1901, and others enlarged, that Charles Howe, the son of Henry Howe, entered upon and occupied the tract of land in question before noon of April 22, 1889, wrote Henry Howe that he had selected and was holding this tract for him, and when Henry Howe arrived at Oklahoma City on April 22, 1889, he, Charlie Howe, met and accom-paniéd him to the land, and Henry Howe made his homestead entry with the knowledge of these facts.
There are attached to the bill in this case copies of the records and papers 'relating to the various contests against ITowe and his heirs in the land office from' which it appears that the proof was that the register and receiver found, and that the Commissioner of the General Land Office and the Secreta^ of the Interior affirmed the finding, that “Burton was a' practicing attorney, and the conversation,” in which Burton claimed that Howe admitted facts tending to support this charge, “took place in his office after he had been engaged as attorney for Howe to advise him in the case then pending against him by prior contestants. Burton took advantage of the information obtained in his professional capacity, and based a contest upon the same, and attempted to procure the cancellation of his. client’s, entry for his own benefit.” * ■ - ;
Chester- Howe was a practicing attorney at Oklahoma City. He waá no relation to the entryman, Henry Howe, and, after Burton filed his contest against the latter, he employed Chester as his attorney, artd the latter tried on 'February 17, 1891, before the register and receiver, and won for him the cases of Robb, Woodruff, and Burton against him. The decision of the register and receiver in favor, of Howe was rendered on June 19, 1891. On May 20, 1892,. the commissioner reversed that decision, and awarded the land to Woodruff. 'Howe and Burton appealed. ’ Burton also moved for a review. The Secretary considered the entire case and all the evidence offered by Burton, Robb, and Woodruff- upon the merits, and on February 3, 1894, decided that Howe was not disqualified by the acts and communications of his son and himself, and that his homestead entry was =.valid. Burton moved the Secretary for a review and a rehearing of his case on ■the grounds that each.of :the Secretary’s findings of fact and..rulings of law were erroneous,'and that he had just discovered that Henry Howé and Charles Howe, who was at that time a violator of the Act .of March 2, 1889; and.diad selected the tract in controversy prior to April 22, 1889, agreed in the presence of Emile Bracht and Watson Bracht that Charles should hold the land until after the hour of openl ing, that he should put. Henry Howe in possession thereof, that he' should furnish money to improve it and that he should receive a deed of lialf of it from Henry 'Howe, that Henry Flo we told these facts tó W; T. McMichael and Fannie McMichael, that Flenry Howe entered the ceded territory on April 21, 1889, and that James Shaw and John Jones saw him. ‘Burton supported this motion by his own affidavit -and the affidavits of Emile Bracht and Watson Bracht to the agreeL ment, of W. T. McMichael and Fannie McMichael that Henry told .them that Charles-Howe directed-him how to reach the land, and of Janies Shaw and John'Jones that they saw Henry Howe go into the ceded territory on April-21, 1889. But on October 22, 1894, the Secretary denied the' motion and closed the case. Burton had subsequent opportunity to present' the' testimony of the witnesses named in the'se moving affidavits. Enfile Bracht' and Watson Bracht were subsequently sworn and examined, but they refused to testify to -the agree'm'ent between the Howes which they and Burton- set forth in these •moving affidavits. Burton did not avail himself of. his opportunity to call as witnesses W. T. McMichael, or Fannie McMichael, or James Shaw, or John Jones. The bill avers that the affidavits of these witnesses were untrue, and the subsequent course of the record sustains the averment. ' ■
When Secretary Hoke Smith denied this motion for review and rehearing and closed the case in favor of Howe on October 22, 1894, the sooners ceased, but the informers pursued the chase. The old minister, while alive, had established his integrity, his veracity, and the validity of his entry. But he was dead. His heirs had indeed suc‘ceeded under Rev. St. § 2291 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901. p. 1390),, to his rights, but the defense of those rights had fallen on his unmarried daughter, Sarah J. Howe, who still lived upon his homestead, _ and section 2 of the act of May 14, 1880, seemed to the informers still to offer the land to those who might prove the dead clergyman a violator of the law and a perjurer, and they swarmed forth to-blacken his memory and seize the prize. On June 7, 1897, when Sarah J. 1 Iowe made final proof of her homestead, three of them, Parker, Norman, and Fakes, had filed affidavits of contest on the same grounds which had been proved baseless in the lifetime of TIenry Howe in the cases of Burton, Robb, and Woodruff, and the register and receiver refused to receive and forward her final proof because none of these informers had moved for a hearing or proved his alleged case.
There is an averment in the bill that Chester Howe, the attorney of Henry Howe in the trial of the cases of Robb, Woodruff, and Burton against him, before the register and receiver on February 17, 1891, conspired with Milton E. Parker, the patentee, to file Parker’s affidavit on February 18, 1891, the next day after that trial, that he concealed the fact of this filing from Henry Howe, his client, until March, 1893, when Henry discovered it and charged him with it, that Chester then replied that Parker’s affidavit was filed at his request, and that Parker’s contest was a friendly one and would be dismissed, but that Henry doubted this statement, discharged Chester Howe as his attorney, and employed J. H. Everest who thereafter conducted his case, and that of some of his heirs through the contests in the laud office and is now the leading attorney for Parker and other defendants in this suit. Chester Plowe is not a party to this suit; and this charge against him, if it were unsupported by the records of the land office and he had had no opportunity to meet it, should not receive much consideration here. But the copies of the records in the land office which are presented with the bill disclose these facts: Burton made some charge of this nature against Chester Howe. Chester then made an affidavit in 1902 that he married a half sister of one of the contestants of Henry Howe, that he called Henry into his office and suggested that he retire from the case, and that Henry employ some other attorney on account of that relationship and that Henry at his suggestion, and not at Henry’s request and without any indication of dissatisfaction, made the change of attorneys, and that he, Chester, had no connection with the case of Parker from that time until May or June, 1898, when, after á statement had been made by Mr. Everest, the attorney for some of the heirs' of Howe, and Mr. Dilley, the register, that there was no objection to that course, he argued for Parker the motion to dismiss the latter’s contest which some of the heirs of Howe had made. But whether Chester retired from Henry’s employment at his own or at the latter’s request, the records conclusively show that he was Henry’s attorney;' that he must necessarily have learned through that confidential Telation the facts and the law of his case; that he was on intimate friendly terms with Milton E. Parker; that the day after he tried Henry’s case against Robb, Woodruff, and Burton Parker’s contest affidavit was' filed; that this affidavit of Parker made the charge of the disqualification of Henry Howe to enter the'land which had been made in the amended contest affidavit of Burton and had been tried by Chester Howe the day before; that Chester remained attorney for Henry Howe until March, 1893, but made no move to dismiss, or to try, or to dispose of in any way, Parker’s latent claim; that he ceased to be the attorney of Howe in March, 1893; and that when the first motion was made to dispose of Parker’s contest in May or June, 1898, he carried the information and knowledge of the facts and of the law upon the issue which Parker tendered that he had gained as attorney for Howe to the side of the identical issue he had been retained to defeat and used it to sustain the charge the contestants urged. He succeeded in defeating the motion to dismiss Parker’s contest, he prepared Parker’s petition to intervene in Burton’s contest, and, after the two contests were consolidated, he acted as Parker’s attorney in Washington. The vice of so' gross a breach of trust cannot be extracted, nor can so perfidious a course be rendered fair, just, or right by the absence of objection by local land officers, or the silence of its helpless victims. • Henceforth in this case the first two attorneys of the old clergyman were united in an endeavor to prove that their dead client was a perjurer and a violator of the law, and that the cause they had formerly espoused was unjust and unlawful.
On June 7, 1897, Sarah J. Howe, as a part of her final proof, had filed her' affidavit that Ed Howe of Atchison, Kan., Charles Plowe of Atchison, Kan., Nora Howe, a minor, of Oklahoma City, O. T., Sarah J. Howe, of Oklahoma City, O. T., Bruce Howe, of Council Bluffs, Iowa, Arminda Howard, of Grand Porks, N. D., Della Sullivan, of Chicago, Ill., and Olive Howe, of Omaha, Neb., were the sole heirs of Henry Plowe. On March 29, 1898, Parker suggested the death of Plowe, and on that day and on April 12, 1898, filed affidavits for and caused the publication of a summons to the heirs of -PIenry Howe, whose names were not specified, signed by the receiver of the land office, to appear on May 24, 1898, and furnish testimony concerning Parker’s allegation that Henry Howe had made an illegal homestead entry of the land in question. Parker caused publication of these summonses to be made once in each week for four weeks commencing on April 28, 1898. On April 9, 1898, Sarah J. Howe, Charles Howe, and Ed Plowe moved to dismiss the charge' that Henry Plowe had made an illegal entry under a collusive agreement with his son Charles, upon the ground that the issue on that charge was rendered res ad-judicata by the decision of the cases of Robb, Burton, and Woodruff in 1894. 18 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 31. But this motion was denied. Complainants alleged that no notice of the hearing or trial, or of the subsequent proceedings in this case, except the publication of the summons in the manner hereinbefore stated, was ever given to Bruce Howe, Arminda Howard, Della Sullivan, or Olive Howe, four of the heirs of Henry Iiowe, and that neither of them ever personally appeared, or authorized any one to appear for them, in any contest proceedings subsequent to the death of Henry Howe. The three heirs, Sarah J. Howe, Ed Howe, and Charles Howe, appeared in those proceedings by J. Ii. Everest, after they had specially appeared and challenged them and their motion had been dismissed, and J. S. Jenkins appeared as attorney for Nora Howe, the minor. Parker’s contest case was tried between him and the four heirs who appeared in November, 1898, and on April 18, 1899, the register and receiver decided that Howe was disqualified to make his entry by his relations with his son, Charles, when he entered upon the land. Sarah J. Howe, Nora Howe, Ed Howe, and Charles Howe, appealed to the commissioner, and this appeal was pending when in June, 1900, Parker was permitted on his motion to intervene in the case of Burton v. Howe, in which a rehearing had been granted on March 6, 1900, and thereupon the contests of Parker and Burton were consolidated. Burton’s case had been decided and subsequently his motion for a review and a rehearing had been denied on October 22, 1894, by Secretary Hoke Smith. A change of administration had followed, and Secretary Bliss had succeeded Secretary Smith. Thereupon Burton presented to Secretary Bliss on the same affidavits the same motion for a rehearing which Secretary Smith had deniéd on October 22, 1894, and on March 6, 1900, that motion was granted.
The consolidated contests of Burton and Parker then proceeded to another trial before the register and receiver, who on March 22, 1902, decided that Howe was disqualified, and awarded the preference right to the land to Parker. The four appearing heirs, of Howe appealed to the commissioner, and on August 2, 1902, he reversed the decision of the register and receiver, and awarded the land to the heirs of Howe. From this decision Parker appealed, and on August 5, 1903, the Secretary decided that Howe was disqualified, and awarded the preference right of entry to Parker. Thereafter Howe’s entry was canceled. Parker entered the land as his homestead. It was patented to him on June 21, 1909, and is now held by him and the other defendants, all of whom took their rights to it after full notice of the claims and equities of the heirs of Howe. The complainants have succeeded to the rights of Henry Howe. They have set forth in their bill all the evidence that was presented to the Secretary when he rendered his final decision, and they pray that the defendants be decreed to hold the lands in trust for them on the grounds that upon the facts established by the evidence without dispute the Secretary fell into clear errors of law applicable to the case which caused him to issue the patent to the wrong party, and that through fraud or gross rífistáke'h’e 'also fell.into á misapprehension of the facts proved before him .which had the same effect.
■ -The* history of this case has been recited at length because one of. the issues it presents is whether or not there was any evidence before, the .Secretary .of the.Interior to sustain his final decision that Henry. Howe had violated the prohibitions- of the acts of Congress, and disqualified himself from making a homestead entry of this land. In the absence of all evidence, the legal presumption in his case, as-in that o.f every other man, was that he obeyed the law, that he was upright, honest, .and truthful.. .The charge against him was tried in his lifetime 'and found to be baseless. The record of the final trial contains both competent and incompetent testimony. Of course, the Secretary disregarded the latter and gave heed only to the former. And when, under, such circumstances a court must decide more than 10. years after .his death in the face of the legal presumption of his honesty and truth and in .the face, of his successful refutation of the charge in his lifetime whether or not,there. Vas any evidence that he'.violated' tlie law and attempted to peipetrate a fraud upon his government, it ,isi important that the court- should' see clearly in 'the beginning'the true’, purpose and meaning of the-law, the circumstances surrounding; the original defendant,.the character-of the parties to tlie controversy, the, ¡nature of the' charge, the motives that induced the informers, 'to make it, as well as tlie evidence to which they resorted to accomplish their purpose. ’ ....
Whether or. not the weight of evidence in substantial 'conflict. sustains the on,e or. the other side of an issue of fact is a question upon which, in cases within his’ jurisdiction, the final decision of the ¡Secretary of the Interior is, conclusive in the absence of fraud or gross mistake. But whether or not there is at the close of a final trial or hearing before him: any evidence to sustain a charge or a findjng of fact in support of'it is in his and in every judicial and quasi judicial tribunal a question of law. Ward v. Joslin, 186 U. S. 142, 147, 22 Sup. Ct. 807, 46 L. Ed. 1093; United States Fidelity & G. Co. v. Board of Com'rs, 145 Fed. 144, 151, 76 C. C. A. 114, 121; Laing v. Rigney, 160 U. S. 531, 540, 16 Sup. Ct. 366, 40 L. Ed. 525; Southern Pacific Company v. Pool, 160 U. S. 438, 440, 16 Sup. Ct. 338, 40 L. Ed. 485; The Francis Wright, 105 U. S. 381, 387, 26 L. Ed. 1100; Clement v. Insurance Co., 7 Blatchf. 51, 53, 64, 58, Fed. Cas. No. 2,882; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. Co. v. Converse, 139 U. S. 469, 472, 11 Sup. Ct. 569, 35 L. Ed. 213. And an injurious error of thé Secretary in finally deciding that- 'question presents good ground for relief, in equity. The Land Department of the United States is a quasi judicial .tribunal, invested with authority to hear and determine claims to the -public lands subject to its disposition and its decisions of the issues ■presented at such' hearings are impervious to collateral attack. But its judgments and patents do not conclude the' rights of claimaiits to the .land; They rest on established principles of law and fixed-rules- of procedure, the application of which to each case conditions, its .right decision/and if the officers of the Land Department are induced.tp-issue a patent to the wrong party by an erroneous view of the law or by a gross mistake of the facts proved, or by a decision induced by fraud, the rightful claimant is not remediless. He may in a court of equity avoid the effect of the decision and the patent and charge the legal title derived from it with a trust in his favor. Lytle v. State of Arkansas, 22 How. 193, 203, 16 L. Ed. 306; Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 636, 647, 26 L. Ed. 875; Moore v. Robbins, 96 U. S. 530, 536, 538, 24 L. Ed. 848; Bogan v. Edinburgh American Land M. Co., 63 Fed. 192, 195, 11 C. C. A. 128, 130; United States v. Winona & St. Peter R. Co., 67 Fed. 948, 958, 15 C. C. A. 96, 106; U. S. v. Northern Pacific R. Co., 95 Fed. 864, 870, 37 C. C. A. 290, 296 ; Cunningham v. Ashley, 14 How. 377, 14 L. Ed. 462; Barnard’s Heirs v. Ashley’s Heirs, 18 How. 43, 15 L. Ed. 285; Garland v. Wynn, 20 How. 6, 15 L. Ed. 801; Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wall. 72, 85, 20 L. Ed. 485; Bernier v. Bernier, 147 U. S. 242, 13 Sup. Ct. 244, 37 L. Ed. 152.
A complete copy of all the evidence before the Secretary at the final hearing is made a part of the bill in hand, and the first question to be considered is, Was there any evidence that Henry Howe violated the acts of Congress of 1889 and disqualified himself as a homesteader? What was the purpose of Congress in adopting these acts? Their primary object was to give the ceded land to homesteaders, who should settle upon and occupy it, and not to subsequent informers, who had never sought to enter or to live upon it. Their secondary purpose was to prescribe such a method of initiating the homesteads that all intending settlers would have a fair chance to make them.
What were the prohibitions of the acts that Henry Howe was charged with violating? That no person should enter upon any part of the ceded lands prior to noon of April 22, 1889 (Act March 1, 1889, 25 Stat. 759, ■§ 2), that no one should “enter upon and occupy” any of those lands before that time (Act March 2, 1889, 25 Stat. 1005, § 13, and President’s Proclamation, 26 Stat. 1546), and they declared that any person who committed either of these forbidden acts should be disqualified from entering any of the lands as a homestead, and they contained no other prohibition, or declaration of disqualification. Moreover, the true construction of these acts is not that it was the intention of Congress thereby to disqualify, and they did not disqualify all who entered the ceded land between March 1, 1889, and noon of April 22, 1889, but that “one who took part in the race for the laud on the day of the opening was not prohibited from taking land because of a prior entry into the territory unless it be shown that manifest advantage resulted to the entryman from his previous going; into the territory.” Potter v. Hall, 189 U. S. 292, 300, 23 Sup. Ct. 545. 549 (47 L. Ed. 817), and cases there cited. In other words, the only prohibition of the acts was of an entry into the territory or upon the land by- the homesteader between March 1 and noon of April 22, 1889, wdiich should be shown to have placed some other qualified entryman at a manifest disadvantage in the race to enter the land on the latter day.
What was Parker’s charge against Plowe? It was that Charles P. Iiowe, the son of Henry Howe, entered upon and occupied a part of the ceded lands prior to noon of April 22, 1889, “and by virtue of said settlement fraudulently and illegally settled upon and held posses-' sion of the above described. tract” (the tract in controversy) “until some time in the afternoon of April 22, 1889, when he delivered possession of the same to said entryman, thereby giving said entryman an advantage, and preventing settlement and occupation of other and qualified settlers.”
In the examination of the testimony these facts must be borne constantly in mind. This is a charge that Henry Howe disqualified himself from making this homestead entry by disobeying the acts of Congress, and no act or statement of Charles Howe which Henry Howe did not authorize or did not adopt as his own could disqualify him. The acts, of Congress did not forbid the communication of information relative to the character, the location and the best way speedily to go from the lines of the ceded territory to each tract therein, nor did they prohibit any one from receiving such information, or disqualify any one from entering any of the lands who after their passage obtained such information from those who had acquired it before their passage. They did not disqualify any one who had entered the ceded territory, learned the character of the land and selected choice tracts for future lawful entry by themselves or others, and learned how to go to them from the lines of the land prior to March 1, 1889, from entering one of those tracts as a homestead, provided he entered the ceded territory from without and went to 'the tract and entered upon it as his homestead after noon of April 22, 1889. They did not disqualify one who entered the ceded territory and passed along the traveled routes through it from entering a part of the land as a homestead, provided he was outside the lines of the ceded land at noon April 22, 1889, and there was no proof that his prior entry upon the ceded lands resulted in manifest disadvantage to some qualified en-tryman. Potter v. Hall, 189 U. S. 292, 299, 300, 23 Sup. Ct. 545, 47 L. Ed. 817.
Now, let us turn in the light of these undoubted rules of law and of fact to the testimony before the Secretary. These facts were established without any conflict of testimony: Henry Howe was living at Manhattan, in the state of Kansas, in April, 1889, when he received from his son Charles a letter advising him to enter some of the land in the ceded territory as his homestead. Thereupon about April 16, 1889, he went from Manhattan on a railroad train through the ceded land to Purcell, a town south of the ceded land, and then in the Indian Territory, where he remained until after noon of April 22, 1889. Pie did not enter upon or occupy or see the tract in controversy on this journey, nor did his passage through the ceded land give him any advantage over other intending settlers in obtaining it. During his stay at Purcell his son Charles met and camped with him there a part of the time. The- tract in dispute was about a mile and a half northeast of Oklahoma station. It had a grove on or .near it, and was the only tract in that vicinity that had a spring upon it, so that it was easily described and recognized. Charles was a photographer, and he went to Oklahoma station the last of January, or the 1st of February, 1889, became one of about 100 boomers who were seeking land about that station, and remained there until the acts of Congress of March 1st and 2d opening the land were passed, and went out of the ceded territory. Prior to March 1, 1889, he had learned all that he ever knew about the character, the location, and the best way to go to this land from Purcell. Prior to March 1, 1889, he had selected this land for a homestead claim, had commenced to make a dug-out and had placed some logs upon it, but the dugout was destroyed by the soldiers, and he never occupied the land or made any mark or improvement upon it between March 1, 1889, and his father’s entry upon it about 2:30 in the afternoon of April 22, 1889. During his stay with his father at Purcell before April 22, 1889, he so clearly described to his father the tract in question and told him so accurately how to go to it from Oklahoma station that Henry Howe could and did go directly to it from that station, recognize, enter upon and claim it as his homestead without need of any further direction or assistance. Henry Howe took the first train from Purcell on the afternoon of April 22, 1889, arrived at Oklahoma station about 2:10 p. m., walked directly to the tract, entered upon, and claimed it as his homestead. When he was about half way from the station to the land Charles met him and went with him to the tract, but his meeting and accompanying him gave Henry Ilowe no advantage or assistance, because the information that Charles had given him at Purcell was ample to enable him to go directly upon, to enter, identify, and claim it as his homestead. When Henry Howe arrived upon the land, the two sooners, Miss Robb and iVTr. Woodruff, had already entered upon, staked, and claimed it for themselves, respectively, and there was no evidence whatever before the Secretary tending to show that any qualified entryman, except Pienry Howe, ever sought or desired to enter this land, or was prevented or hindered by the entry or occupancy of Pienry Howe, or by any other act of Henry Plowe or Charles Plowe from so doing on April 22, 1889, or at any time thereafter prior to Burton’s perfidious filing of his contest affidavit on September 9, 1889. Between January 15, 1889, and March 1, 1889, there were about 100 boomers at Oklahoma station seeking land. Of this company were Charles Plowe, Emile Bracht, Watson Bracht, Harry Bacon, George Sebastian, and Henry Ridenour. Each of them investigated the lands in the vicinity of that station and selected his claim or claims before Marcli 1, 1889, and they agreed among themselves prior to that time not to take each other’s claims, but to protect them. The testimony is conflicting whether the land here in qirestion was known among them as the claim of Charles or as a claim he had selected for his father-, but the proof is positive, and there is no evidence to the contrary, that after March 1, 1889, Charles made no mark or improvement on the tract, and neither he nor his father did any act to prevent any other person from taking it on April 22, 1889, before Pienry Howe entered it at 2:3Q in the afternoon of that day, and the fact that Miss Robb and Mr. Woodruff had then entered upon and taken, possession of it confirms the' testimony of Charles Howe and Watson Bracht that Charles Howe did not mark or improve this tract after March 1, 1889. They testified that Charles selected another tract of land for himself, which cornered cm the tract in dispute, that Bracht had selected a tract half a mile farther north, that thej'' camped together at Purcell until about the 20th of April, and then returned to the vicinity of their claims where they concealed themselves until noon of April 22d, when they entered upon these tracts, respectively, claimed and commenced to improve them. They testified that Charles Howe did not between April 19th and 2:30 p. m. April 22d, enter upon, stake, or do any other act to hold the land entered by Henry, Howe, and no witness came to testify that he did.
, But Burton, Plenry Howe’s first attorney, after his contest had been decided against him in February, 1894, by Secretary Smith, in his affidavit for a review and rehearing which was made on March 14, 1894, about nine months after Henry Howe had died, swore that Henry Howe had shown him in March, 1890, a written statement of facts which Howe said was a true statement, that this statement was signed by Howe, and that after stating that Charles Howe, who was called “Doc” in the alleged statement, had given him specific instructions how to go to the tract so that he “could as well have gone there without him as with him”; that after he had gone a mile from the station he saw “Doc” 30 yards from him facing him; that “Doc” started off eastward and he followed him, but did not overtake him until they got within a few rods of the west line of the claim, proceeded in this way:
“Doe stopped to talk with a man who thought he had- a flag upon, the claim, but -the line was a few rods east of where the flag was up. Then Doe and that man, a stranger, walked to the spring. Doc then went to a lady on ^horseback and pulled up his stake and read the name on it. Doc said she was Miss’ Robb, and that she pulled up ‘my (Doc’s) stake and took it away and put her stake in the same place that I had mine.’ Doe then went four rods north and pulled up another stake and read the name, Frank Woodruff, and said, ‘lie is a sooner.’ Doc then said, while standing on the rock near the spring, that he had been down there before those other stakes were stuck and stuck his stake with the intention of holding the claim, and Doc then •said: to me, ‘Father, T will not try to hold this claim, but will see what I can do with my own.’ ”
• Winn, a' lawyer and partner of Burton, had also made an affidavit ■for Burton on March 10, 1894, that he was present when Howe pre-'sentecl that statement; that Burton copied it; that the copy was correct; "arid that the copy of Burton’s copy in Burton’s affidavit was 'correct. ‘ This old affidavit of Burton was fished out of the records of the Band Office at the final trial below and shown to Burton, and he then testified that he lost his copy of the original statement long ago, and that he cared nothing about it after he had made this affidavit. He was then asked if the purported cop}*- in his affidavit was a true copy of the original, and, over objections, answered, “Yes, sir,” and ■thereupon over objections Howe’s alleged statement in this old affidavit of' Burton was introduced in evidence. Winn was shown the alleged copy of' Howe’s statement found in Burton’s old affidavit, and, after testifying that lie did not know where the original or the copy of it made by Burton was, was asked if the statement in Burton’s affidavit was a copy of the original, and over objections answered that it was. Thereupon over similar objections the agreement in Howe’s affidavit was introduced in evidence. It is clear that the testimony regarding this alleged statement of Henry Howe and the statement itself were not competent evidence (1) because the original of the agreement, if there ever was one, was not produced, no proof was offered that it was lost or that any demand for it had ever been made on the -heirs of Henry Howe who Burton swore last had it, or that any search for it among them where it would be most likely to be found had ever been made; (2) because Burton and Winn could not lawfully first refresh their memories by reading an alleged copy of a copy of the original and then testify simply whether or not it was a true copy of the original, but they could lawfully refresh their memories only from memo-randa made by them at the time the original was before them, and then could only testify orally from their recollection thus refreshed; and (3) because the purported statement of Howe was made by the decedent personally to Burton, then a party to the contest against him, and the adverse parties at the trial were the heirs of that decedent. Compiled Haws of Oklahoma, § 5841, p. 1263; Rev. St. U. S. § 858 (U-. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 659); Mather et al. v. Hackley’s Heirs, 19 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 48, 57. The testimony- concerning this purported statement of Howe therefore does not rise to the dignity of evidence and that statement should be disregarded.
If, however, it were conceded that this statement was evidence of the truth, it contains no evidence tending to disqualify Henry Howe. The proof is uncontradicted that at 2:10 p. m. April 22, 1889, Charles Howe had entered upon, occupied, and was claiming another tract as his homestead. Concede that he had been on Henry Howe’s claim and placed his stake there before those of Robb and Woodruff were established, and Mrs. Wilkerson, formerly Miss Robb, testified that she found a stake there marked “Charlie Howe” two or three minutes after noon of April 22d, when she entered upon the tract. When did Charles Howe put that stake there? Not on April 22d, for Miss Robb was there two or three minutes after noon and Emile Bracht and Charles Howe both testified that Howe was not within one-tliird of á mile from that tract before^ 2 p. m. on that day, and that he never marked or improved that tract after March 2, 1889, and there is n‘0 evidence to the contrary. His stake and his intention to hold Henry Howe’s tract were therefore prior to March 2, 1889, when the testimony is that he marked and started to improve it. And those acts could not disqualify Charles himself, much less Henry Howe, who, according to the evidence, had no part or lot in and knew nothing of this staking or holding until after he had lawfully entered upon the land/ That they gave Henry Howe no manifest advantage over others in the race is demonstrated by the prior entries of Robb and Woodruff, by the fact that Charles Howe was a sooner and disqualified, and by the absence of any evidence that any qualified entryman was hindered by them. Charles Howe’s removal of the stakes of Robb and Woodruff and his public declaration that he would not, and that his father might, take the tract/ were equally immaterial. He had no claim to the tract because .he was disqualified by his soonerism and by the fact that he had already made and was maintaining a homestead claim to another tract. And the removal of the stakes of Robb and Woodruff had no effect whatever because their rights vested when they set those stakes and entered upon the land, and no subsequent removal of them by a stranger could .destroy or diminish them.
The following testimony is also cited and relied upon as evidence of Henry Howe’s disqualification:
Emile Bracht testified that before March 1, 1889, it was understood ■between him and Charles Howe that the land in controversy was to be occupied by his father; but the fact, if it were a fact, and Charles Howe testified that it was not, that Charles selected this tract for his father and started to build a dugout on it before March 1, 1889, could not disqualify his father from entering it because the latter did not enter in violation of the prohibition within the inhibited time. There is no evidence that he authorized or was aware of these acts of Charles which were all prior to his arrival at Purcell, and because selections and markings before the acts of March 1st and March 2d were passed, disqualified no one who complied with those acts after they were passed. Emile Bracht also testified that the boomers at Oklahoma station prior to March 2, 1889, agreed to protect each other’s claims; that they kept no one* óff-.,of the land' in controversy on the opening day; that he and Charles Howe were together near the northeast corner of the N. W. % of section 27, which is about a half a mile north of the S. E. % °f section 27, which is here in -controversy, -at noon of April 22, 1889, and that each then stepped onto the land he claimed and commenced .to put up a tent; that Charles claimed the N. W. % of section 27, and was not on the S. E. %, the land in .question, that forenoon ; that they stayed at their tents until the first train from Purcell whistled, about 2 -o’clock p. m., and then Charles said he must go to meet his father and started south.
, George M. Sebastian testified that'it was about 14 or 15 miles from ,th,e east line of'the ceded.-land to.the tract -in controversy; that he made.the,-race from-the 'east line on horseback to the quarter section ¡half a -mile north of the northwest corner of the land in dispute, .and arrived there about 2 p. m.; that there were plenty of people there .when he arrived, and that a man could ride on horseback from the past line to the land in controversy in from an hour and a half to two hours. He also.-,testified that Henry Howe told him that -Charles located him on his claim; that he was to meet him at the land, and did meet him about.-half . way from the train to the land; that he went with him to the tract, and' that" Charles told him some time after the opening that he .guessed he would give up his claim, but that he had his father .located on.one all right; that his father came in on the train and he met -him about half way from the depot to the grove and took him .up'-there and located him. F. M. Ridenour testified that in 1893 Henry Howe told him that he got off on the .east side of the train and started.'in a northeasterly direction as near as he could to comply with the understanding -he and Charles had as to the direction to get to the claim in question; that it had been so minutely described to him that he knew he was on it before he was SO yards from the west side; that he went on down the hollow to the spring; that after he had gone a mile or more from the station toward the land, or nearly to the grove, he saw Charles coming towards him, but he kept his direction straight ahead, when Charles turned and went and met him about the center of the grove. H. S. Summers testified that he was one of. the boomers who were in Oklahoma three months before the opening; that they then all had claims picked out, and knew each other’s claims and respected each other’s rights, and were organized so far that they would not go on another man’s claim; that he knew Charles Howe three months before the opening and Charles had selected the land in controversy as his claim; that he was with Charles at Purcell a week before the opening, and that he left Chárles there, and that on April 24, 1889, he asked Charles why he did not go up to file, and he said that he did not have to go up; that he had got his father on his claim, and that he could take care of it for himself. Harry Bacon testified that he was one of the boomers; that some weeks before the opening the land in question was selected by Charles Howe and was generally known by the boomers to be selected for his father, Henry Howe, and Charles made improvements on the claim for his father; that he was a sooner and concluded he could not hold his claim about 2 in the afternoon of April 22d, and that he would go to town and get some town lots; that Charles Howe went with him, and, when about half way, Charles stopped suddenly and said he must go to meet his father; that he had made arrangements to meet him and show him the claim in question; and that the next time he saw him he said he got his father there all right. Charles Howe testified that he selected this land for himself prior to March 2, 1889, dug a hole in the bank and hauled some logs for a dugout, but that he never made any marks on it between March 2 and noon of April 22, 1889; and that he never kept any one from settling upon or laying claim to the land on or after that day. Pie testified that he learned all he knew about the land and the way to it prior to March 2,1889, and that he so described it and the way to go to it to his father at Purcell between April 16 and April 22, 1889; that his father needed no further assistance to go to it and to identify it; that his father gained no assistance directly or indi-' rectly by his presence on the ceded land between March 2 and noon of April 22, 1889; ‘that he thought his father could comply with the law and secure this claim, and he could go in sooner and get a more valuable claim for himself, and so he left his father at Purcell and went into the ceded territory and near to the line of his claim, the northwest quarter of section 27, before noon of April 22d and just after noon entered upon it, claimed it as his homestead, and commenced to put his tent up; that about 2:15 p. m. he was walking to town with Bacon, saw his father go to his claim and went to and with him to it, but that he never told Bacon he had to meet his father to show him the land.
All the evidence that counsel claim tends to show a disqualifica-flQfi of Henry Howe has now been recited. Much of it. was contradicted, but we disregard all conflict and concede for the purposes of this decision that the statements of the witnesses against the heirs of Howe were true, but where in all these statements is .there any evi1 dence that Henry Howe was disqualified?
He was not disqualified by the acts of Charles Howe in selecting; ■staking, and improving the tract in controversy prior to March .1, 1889, (1) .because those acts could not disqualify any person who. made the race for the land from without the ceded territory after noon .of April 22; 1889, and Henry Howe made that race in exact conformity to the a£ts of Congress; (2) because there is no evidence that he knew of or ¡authorized those acts when they were, done, or that he- afterwards ratified them as his own; and (3) because those acts were not,shown tq. have conferred any manifest advantage upon him or to have, subjected any qualified entryman to any disadvantage in the race for the jfind. . . ; .
]-.- He was not disqualified by his- acquisition from Charles after April 15; 1889, and before April 22, 1889, of an accurate description of the ■land, and the way to go to it (1) because Charles acquired all that im formation prior to the .passage of the acts of Congress'and those acts contained no prohibition of the acquisition of such information or the communication of it, but their purpose was to spread, such, knowb edge to all who desired to make homesteads on the land,to.induce them to do so; and (2) because such information gave .Henry -Howe no manifest advantage over other intending settlers who ■ were -free to acquire like information from all who had it.
-. He was not disqualified by the presence and acts of .Charles-Howe ■within the ceded land after March 1, 1889, and before 2 p. m.;pf--April 22,. 1889, (1) because the evidence is positive, that, during that-thne-he made no mark or improvement on this land, and. did no act. to-.prevent, ■?md no act that did prevent or hinder, others from entering or 'occppyr ing the land after noon of April 22, 1889, there-is no. evidence to the ¡contrary, and the verity of this evidence is demonstrated by tifié entries -and occupancy of the land as a homestead by Robb and Woodruff immediately after noon of April 22, 1889; (2) because the law prohibited any intending settler from entering and occupying the tract between March 1, 1889, and noon of April 22, 1889, and no prevention of such entry and occupancy during that time could under that law have placed any intending settler at a disadvantage or given any ■intending settler- an advantage; and (3) because there is no evidence •that Henry Howe derived any advantage, or that any qualified entry-man suffered any disadvantage, in the race from the presence or acts of -Charles Howe during this time, and there is affirmative proof- to the contrary both in direct testimony and in the established facts- that ,Robb and Woodruff entered and occupied the tract before Henry .Howe arrived upon it.
,He was not disqualified because Charles Howe agreed with -him at Purcell after April 16 and prior to April 22, 1889, that after he ¡should arrive at Oklahoma Station Charles would, and-he did, meet him and conduct’ him to the land, (1) because the evidence is positive and un-contradicted that that meeting and conduct gave him no aid or ad - vantage in the race; that prior to March 2, 1889, Charles Howe acquired all he ever knew about the land and the way to go to it, and after April 16, 1889, and before April 22, 1889, out of that store of information described to Ilenry Howe the tract so graphically and the way to go to it so accurately that Ilenry could go to it as directly and identify it as readily without as with the meeting and conducting; (2) because the only effect of the agreement to meet, of the meeting, and of the conducting was to communicate to Henry Howe information-about the location and the best way to go to the land which Charles had acquired prior to March 1, 1889, and which he might lawfully communicate and Henry Howe might lawfully receive without disqualification; (3) because the evidence is positive and uncontradicted that Charles was not sent into the ceded land by his father prior to-April 22, 1889, to meet or conduct him, but that he went on his own motion to enter and claim another tract of land for himself; and (4) because there is no evidence that any qualified entryman or intending settler suffered any disadvantage or that Henry Howe obtained any advantage from this agreement to meet, the meeting, or the conducting, but there is positive evidence to the contrary and undisputed proof that Miss Robb and Woodruff entered and occupied the land after noon of April 22, 1889, before Howe, that equestrians could have reached it from the east line of the ceded land between noon and 2 in the afternoon, and that Howe did not arrive upon it until about 2:30 in the afternoon of April 22d.
There is no evidence that he is disqualified in any other way. All the evidence in this case has been read and reread, analyzed, digested, and searched b)- each of the members of this court. All of it that is material has been recited and reviewed here to the end that its character and effect might be clearly perceived, and for the reasons which have now been stated at length this court is unanimously of the opinion that there was no evidence before the Secretary of the Interior or the officers of the Rand Department at the final trial there of the fraud or disqualification of Henry Howe, and that the Secretary in the press of his official duties unwittingly fell into an error of law when he failed to so hold and to give to Ilenry Howe his patent upon that ground.
In Smith v. Townsend, 148 U. S. 490, 497, 13 Sup. Ct. 634, 37 L. Ed. 533, the Supreme Court declared that the acts of Congress under consideration here were not penal statutes, and that the portions which described the disqualifications for entry should be liberally construed in order that no one be permitted to avail himself of the bounty of Congress unless evidently of the classes Congress intended should enjoy that bounty. But in the case at bar the attempt is to extend the disqualifications to a new class of persons and acts not specified in the statutes and to punish with disqualification an entryman who falls clearly within the qualified classes described in the statute because he is alleged to have violated prohibitions and incurred disqualifications which the -acts of Congress do not contain. Because any extension of the disqualifications prescribed by these acts to classes not there; clearly specified has the like effect as the extension of a penal law to persons and acts not within its terms, the prohibitions and disqualifications of these statutes should be interpreted by the familiar rule that, where the statute is before the event plain and unambiguous, the courts may not lawfully extend it to a class of persons who are excluded by its terms, nor by interpolation or construction after their commission make acts violations thereof which were not clearly such by the expressed will of the legislative department when they were done. United States v. Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. 76, 96, 5 L. Ed. 37; United States v. Germaine, 99 U. S. 508, 510, 25 L. Ed. 482; United States v. Ninety-Nine Diamonds, 72 C. C. A. 9, 12, 13, 139 Fed. 961, 964, 965, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 185; Martin v. United States, 168 Fed. 198, 202, 93 C. C. A. 484, 488; Field v. United States, 137 Fed. 6, 8, 69 C. C. A. 568, 570; United States v. Clayton, Fed. Cas. No. 14,814; In re McDonough (D. C.) 49 Fed. 360; Maxwell v. State, 40 Md. 293; Alexander v. Worthington, 5 Md. 472; Smith v. State, 66 Md. 215, 7 Atl. 49; Tynan v. Walker, 35 Cal. 634, 95 Am. Dec. 152; Lake County v. Rollins, 130 U. S. 662, 670, 9 Sup. Ct. 651, 32 L. Ed. 1060; Swarts v. Siegel, 54 C. C. A. 399, 117 Fed. 13; St. Louis Merchants’ Bridge T. Ry. Co. v. United States (C. C. A.) 188 Fed. 191, 193. The actual decisions of the Supreme Court are in accord with this construction. That court has never extended, but has restricted, the expressed disqualifications. By the terms of the acts any one who entered the ceded land between March 1 and April 22, 1889, was disqualified, but the Supreme Court has held that one who entered on or passed through the ceded land during the inhibited period was not disqualified if on the day of the opening he made the race for the land from without and his prior entry was not shown to have given him- a manifest advantage. Potter v. Hall, 189 U. S. 299, 300, 23 Sup. Ct. 545, 47 L. Ed. 817. Howe passed through the ceded lands on a railroad train about April 16, 1889. But he never otherwise entered upon or occupied any of them prior to 2:30 in the afternoon of April 22, 1889. He did not violate any express prohibition of the acts nor incur any éxpress disqualification thereof. He acted, he was compelled to act, under the statutes as they read in 1889, without the benefit of subsequent interpretations, and they ought not now to be construed to disqualify him for acts which they did not then plainly forbid..
In' reality the charge against the old entryman was that he attempted to defraud his government of this land, a charge that clear proof alone could sustain. That charge was founded in and carried through the Land Department by the avarice, zeal, and perfidy of those whom he had retained to defeat it. They raked together and produced a volume of testimony and records, but no evidence to sustain the charge that Charles F. Howe “fraudulently and ■ illegally settled upon and held possession of the above described tract until some time in the afternoon of April 22, 1889, when he delivered possession of the same to said entryman, thereby giving said entryman an advantage and preventing settlement and occupation by other and qualified settlers,” none that Henry Howe ever defrauded or attempted to defraud his government, and we find no fault in him.
Henry Howe died on June 17, 1893, and his right to his homestead was then granted to his eight heirs by section 2291 of the Revised Statutes. Burton’s case against Howe had been tried and was pending before the Secretary, and on February 13, 1894, he decided it in favor of Howe, and on October 22, 1894, he denied Burton’s motion for a review and a rehearing and closed the case. Howe and his daughter had lived upon and occupied the tract more than five years when this motion was denied. Conceding the general jurisdiction of the Hand Department over the disposition of the tract in question thereafter until patent, and that the successor of Secretary Smith had the same power to review and rehear Burton’s case that his predecessor had, nevertheless the equitable title of these heirs to this land had then vested in them by reason of their father’s adjudicated entry and the requisite occupation and improvement thereof for five years. The officers of the Land Department had jurisdiction to divest that equitable title for fraud by proceedings and decisions according to law after legal notice to all the heirs and an opportunity for them to be heard upon the charges made against them, and not otherwise. Neither the general jurisdiction nor the supervisory power of the commissioner, or of the Secretary is arbitrary or unlimited. The effective exercise of each is conditioned by established rules of law. The settled rules and practice and the uniform decisions of the department constitute both rules of law and of property, and equitable titles in entrymen cannot be destroyed by the Land Department in violation of them. System, order, and the uniform application of the established rules and practice of the department to all litigants alike are as essential to the administration of justice in the Land Department as in the courts. What a fare'e the attempt to secure or protect rights in any judicial or quasi judicial tribunal must become if its rules and decisions are ignored or applied to each case as it arises at the arbitrary will of the officer who presides. Equitable titles of claimants to lands under the acts of Congress may not be annulled by the Laud Department in violation of its settled practice, or of a rule of law and of property established by a long line of decisions of its officers, nor without legal notice to the parties in interest and an opportunity to be heard. Germania Iron Co. v. James, 89 Fed. 811, 817, 818, 32 C. C. A. 348, 354, 355; James v. Germania Iron Co., 107 Fed. 597, 602, 46 C. C. A. 476, 481; Shreve v. Cheesman, 69 Fed. 785, 792, 16 C. C. A. 413, 419; Cornelius v. Kessel, 128 U. S. 456, 461, 9 Sup. Ct. 122, 32 L. Ed. 482; Love v. Flahive, 205 U. S. 195, 199, 27 Sup. Ct. 486, 51 L. Ed. 768.
In 1898 it was a rule of reason of law and of property established by a long line of decisions of the Secretary of tire Interior and subordinate officials that an adjudication by the Land Department after trial without collusion between the parties that a charge made by an informer against an entryman was unfounded was a bar to a contest against the latter by another informer on the same charge. Parker v. Gamble, 3 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 390; Reeves v. Emblen, 8 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 444. 445; Samuel J. Bogart, 9 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 217, 218; Busch v. Devine, 12 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 317; Gray v. Whitehouse, 15 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 352; Ferguson v. Daly, 14 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 245, 247; Joseph A. Bullen, 8 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 301, 303; George F. Stearns, 8 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 573, 576; Gage v. Lemieux, 8 Land Dec.Dept. Int. 139; Drury v. Shetterly, 9 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 211; United States v. Alexander, 11 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 507. The Secretary fell into a. controlling error of law when he disregarded ;this rule and sustained the denial by the register and receiver in April,'1898, at a time when the case of Burton stood, and had stood for more than three years, adjudicated and closed against him, of the motion of some of the heirs of Howe to dismiss the charge of collusion and agency in the contest affidavit of Parker on the ground that it was the same charge, as it was in fact, that had been made by Burton and, after trial on the merits, had been adjudicated in favor of Howe. In Brooks v. McBride, 35 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 441, 443, Secretary Hitchcock himself, after Stating that former adjudication could not be pleaded as a bar to the jurisdiction of the Land Department to re-examine and to inquire into any question affecting the right to the public lands when necessary to protect the rights of the government or of parties seeking to acquire title thereto, said: “The Department will, however, apply the doctrine 'of' former adjudication as an equitable bar between parties to a controversy who are seeking to acquire title to the public land, where equity and justice demand it, and to prevent vexatious litigation.” Where did equity and justice ever demand it more. forcibly, where was it ever more necessary to prevent vexatious litigation than in the case in hand ? The Land Department had previously repeatedly applied it in such cases. The opposite rule which the officers followed renders it impossible for a homesteader ever to procure title to a tract of- land which rapidly increases in value after its entry because under it successive in formers .'in turn may make and try the same charge against him until time shall be no more. The case in hand 'well illustrates the error and injustice of such a ruling. It was about five years after Howe’s entry before the contest of the first informer, Burton, was decided against him by the Secretary. Then. Parker pressed the same charge, and it was about 14 years' after Howe’s entry when the Secretary sustained it. It is perhaps fortunate for the heirs of Howe that he did so, for, if the Secretary had decided in their favor, his decision would have been of no benefit to them under this ruling, for there were at least three more informers waiting to try this charge-against them in turn and doubtless many more -would have followed. The reasonable rule, the established rule of law and of property on this subject was that applied in the cases cited above, and it was error to refuse to apply it to this case.
Legal notice to, or the authorized appearance of, each of the heirs of, Howe in the subsequent proceedings after the death of their father was indispensable to the requisite jurisdiction of th& Land Department over the persons and property here in question to enable it to divest "or affect the equitable title or rights of the heirs to this land. - -The complainants allege that Burton by false statements and affidavits that newly discovered evidence had been found by him ■and by deceiving a subsequent Secretary into the belief that■ Charles-Howe’s deposition had not been considered by Secretary Smith when he decided Burton’s case, procured a rehearing of that contest from a subsequent Secretary about six years after a like motion on the same affidavits had been made before and decided adversely to him by the former Secretary in 1894, and that all this was done after the death of Howe without notice to his heirs of the motion or of the rehearing thereon. There is in the record an affidavit of Burton that he served his motion papers on Eugene Everest, and that Eugene was attorney for Sarah Howe, the administratrix and the heirs of Howe, and there is a written acceptance of service signed by “J. H. Everest, Atty. for Sarah J. Howe, Ed Howe and Chas. Howe, a part of the heirs of Henry Howe, dec’d.” But the statement in an opinion of an officer or on a pleading or other paper by an attorney that he appears for a party or the affidavit of the opposing party that he served a notice on the attorney for a party in a case in which the question of the attorney’s authority is not questioned or litigated is insufficient to overcome the positive averment of the party himself in a direct proceeding to question the authority that he had no notice and did not appear in the case, and the record in this case fails to satisfy that the averments of the, hill iu regard to this motion are not true and material. A denial at least is requisite to meet them and to avoid the serious results to which they lead.
The complainants also alleged that they were not legally 'notified, that five of them never appeared or took any part in the proceeding’s in Parker’s contest, and that the other three appeared only after their special appearance and challenge, of the proceedings was overruled. The records of the Land Department disclose the fact that Parker instituted proceedings to obtain service on the heirs of .Howe by publication, hut that he failed to do so because the notice was not first published “at least thirty days prior to the day fixed for the .hearing” as required by rule 13 of the Department (31 Land Dec. Dept. Int. 530), which was in force in 1898. Counsel for the appellees insist that all the heirs of Plowe appeared in the subsequent proceedings in those cases, and they call attention to various places in the record where attorneys before the commissioner and the Secretary signed their briefs “Aitones for Defendants” and “Attorney for the heirs of Pfowe,” and the places in the record and in the opinions of officers where there are recitals that counsel for the defendants or counsel for the heirs of Plowe took some action. All these recitals, however, were made in the absence of any question of the authority of these attorneys, and' they are certainly not sufficient to overcome the positive averment of the bill that the heirs Arthur Bruce Howe, Della Howe .Sullivan,- Ollie Howe Cole, and Minnie Plowe PToward never received notice and never appeared in any of the proceedings in these cases after 1894. Support for this allegation is derived from the fact that the record shows that in the commencement of the proceedings after 1894 Mr. Everest, who conducted the trial, expressly limited his appearance to an appearance for “Sarah Plowe, Ed Plowe and Chas. Howe, a part of the heirs of Plenry Howe,” and that he appeared specially for them to oppose proceedings, cm the ground that jurisdiction had not been obtained, over all the 'defendants. There are other places in the record where he limits his appearance to one for these three heirs and none where he expressly appears for the four who have been mentioned. After proceedings had been instituted and were proceeding, it was not unnatural for attorneys to sign for the defendants or for the heirs of Howe, relying upon the limitation in their first appearance to determine what defendants and what heirs they represented.
Attention is called to an averment in the bill that these four heirs conveyed their interest in the land to Sarah J. Howe between June 7, 1897, and July 30, 1908, when she died, but there is nothing in the bill to show that they conveyed this interest before the final decision in favor of Parker in 1903, and the averment that the Rand Department never acquired jurisdiction of the four heirs mentioned must be sustained until it is denied by answer or by proof. Whether or not the averments of the bill are sufficient to overcome the recitals of appearance of the other four heirs is immaterial now and is reserved for consideration and determination, if that should be necessary, after the hearing on the merits.
The case presents other questions of law, but none which will become material if the views already expressed are sustained by the .evidence at the hearing, and it is unnecessary to prolong this opinion by discussing them. The bill states a good cause of action in equity, and the decree below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Circuit Court, with directions to .permit the defendants to answer | CASELAW |
-- Norwegian Salmon Production Decline Spurs Jump in Fish Prices
Salmon prices are heading for a
record this year as colder sea temperatures in Norway , the
world’s biggest producer, spur the first decline in output in 12
years, according to Rabobank International. Norway’s Atlantic salmon production will probably drop by
about 4 percent from 2012 to 1.15 million metric tons, after
output more than doubled in the past seven years, said Gorjan
Nikolik, a senior industry analyst at Rabobank in Utrecht,
Netherlands . Export prices were 37.70 kroner a kilogram ($3.23 a
pound) as of March 17, near a 22-month high and 30 percent more
expensive than at the same time last year, Statistics Norway
data show. Prices may climb to 45 kroner by the end of June,
topping a record 43.61 kroner in April 2011, Nikolik said. Warm sea temperatures in winter 2011 sped up fish growth
rates and spurred a 19 percent jump in Norway’s Atlantic salmon
output in 2012, Nikolik said. That sent prices to an 11-month
low at the end of September and encouraged grocers to discount
salmon, ultimately boosting consumer demand, he said. Prices
have surged 57 percent since then, helping the country’s exports
achieve a record value in February of 2.5 billion kroner,
according to data from the Norwegian Seafood Council. “There is no expected growth in salmon production in
Norway in 2013, and there has been a very high demand for
salmon,” Egil Sundheim, the director of market information for
the Norwegian Seafood Council in Tromso, said by telephone
today. “Prices will remain fairly high throughout the year.” Sea temperatures have normalized at a cooler level this
year, slowing growth rates, Nikolik said by phone on March 12. Chilean Output Marine Harvest ASA (MHG) , the world’s largest publicly traded
salmon farmer, said in a Feb. 6 report that it expects Norwegian
salmon supplies to decline 3 percent to 6 percent this year,
while output in Chile , the world’s second-biggest producer,
climbs as much as 36 percent. Chile’s production is rebounding
after an infectious anemia virus sickened fish and ravaged its
farms in 2007. Consumer prices for farmed salmon in France , Europe ’s
biggest import market, were 10.71 euros a kilogram ($6.29 a
pound) in February, 13 percent higher than a year earlier,
according to the National Institute of Statistics and Economic
Studies. Norwegian exports of whole, fresh or chilled salmon
rose to a record 83,506 tons in November, a time when production
usually reaches a peak before declining seasonally, Sundheim
said. “This high-price environment will stay for a while,
certainly for most of this year, although the highest jumps will
be in the first half,” Rabobank’s Nikolik said. “We could
easily break previous records.” To contact the reporter on this story:
Whitney McFerron in London at
wmcferron1@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Claudia Carpenter at
ccarpenter2@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Effects of subbasal insulin infusion on resting and exercise-induced glucose turnover in depancreatized dogs
Z. Q. Shi, A. Giacca, K. Yamatani, S. J. Fisher, H. L.A. Lickley, M. Vranic
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
14 Scopus citations
Abstract
β-Adrenergic blockade suppressed lipolysis and normalized the exercise- induced increments in glucose uptake (Glc(U)) and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) in alloxan-diabetic dogs with residual insulin, but not in insulin- deprived depancreatized dogs even when combined with methylpalmoxirate (MP), which suppresses fatty acid oxidation. The effects of a minimal amount of insulin (as in the alloxan-diabetic dog), were studied in depancreatized, 24- h insulin-deprived dogs during rest and treadmill exercise (6 km/h, 10% slope) using a 1/4 basal insulin infusion (50 μU · kg-1 · min-1, insulin, n = 6) alone, or with MP (20 mg · kg-1 · day orally, 2.5 days, MP + insulin, n = 6). At rest, insulin decreased circulating fatty acids (31%) and Glc (13%) and increased Glc(U) and MCR (86 and 72%). Glc production was unaffected. MP plus insulin markedly suppressed hepatic fatty acid oxidation, decreased Glc (44%) and Glc production (50%), and markedly increased MCR (128%). The exercise-induced increments in MCR were markedly improved only by MP plus insulin but were still lower than in the propranolol-treated alloxan-diabetic dogs. Plasma Glc inversely correlated with the exercise-induced increase in MCR (r = -0.86). We conclude that 1) acute infusion of subbasal insulin improved Glc(U) in depancreatized dogs at rest but not during exercise; 2) inhibition of fatty acid oxidation combined with subbasal insulin improved the exercise-induced increase in MCR; and 3) the difference in Glc(U) and MCR between the MP plus insulin-treated depancreatized dogs and the β-blockade-treated alloxan-diabetic dogs suggests a difference between acute and chronic effects of insulin.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)E334-E341
JournalAmerican Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism
Volume264
Issue number3 27-3
DOIs
StatePublished - 1993
Keywords
• fatty acid-glucose cycle
• methylpalmoxirate
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• General Medicine
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Effects of subbasal insulin infusion on resting and exercise-induced glucose turnover in depancreatized dogs'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:NKUstudent/Zande people/Bibliography
"Azande". www.sscnet.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-18
This is an article from The Encyclopedia of World Cultures. It includes a lot of everything about their culture from history to kinship to marriage. It as a .edu website with credible sources listed at the bottom. I used it to add to the history section of the article.
Schmermund, E. M. (2020). Zande people. Salem Press Encyclopedia.
This is an encyclopedia of Zande people. I found it when I first searched Zande people on NKU's database. It gave a well-rounded background of their culture and history. I used it to describe their religion in my sandbox.
"Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company". video.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
This is a dated documentary about Azande Witchcraft. It was directed by an ethnographer and helped me add to the religion section of the article.
Costa, Newton da; French, Steven (1995). "Partial Structure and the Logic of Azande". American Philosophical Quarterly. 32 (4): 325–339. ISSN 0003-0481.
The journal written by Costa is about Azande beliefs, witchcraft, and how others interpret it. It is credible because it includes multiple sources and is found on the database, JSTOR. I used this source to include more information about how witchcraft affects Zande life. | WIKI |
IMF2DBuffer::ContiguousCopyTo method
Copies this buffer into the caller's buffer, converting the data to contiguous format.
Syntax
HRESULT ContiguousCopyTo(
BYTE *pbDestBuffer,
DWORD cbDestBuffer
);
Parameters
pbDestBuffer
Pointer to the destination buffer where the data will be copied. The caller allocates the buffer.
cbDestBuffer
Size of the destination buffer, in bytes. To get the required size, call IMF2DBuffer::GetContiguousLength.
Return Value
The method returns an HRESULT. Possible values include, but are not limited to, those in the following table.
Return code Description
S_OK
The method succeeded.
E_INVALIDARG
Invalid size specified in pbDestBuffer.
Remarks
If the original buffer is not contiguous, this method converts the contents into contiguous format during the copy. For a definition of contiguous as it applies to 2-D buffers, see the Remarks section in IMF2DBuffer interface.
Requirements
Minimum supported client Windows Vista [desktop apps | UWP apps]
Minimum supported server Windows Server 2008 [desktop apps | UWP apps]
Target Platform Windows
Header mfobjects.h (include Mfidl.h)
Library Mfuuid.lib
See Also
IMF2DBuffer
Media Buffers
Uncompressed Video Buffers | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Record (music magazine)
The Record is a monthly music magazine in India. It was established in 1998. The magazine covers articles on pop, rock, hip-hop as well as Bollywood music reviews.
The magazine is published from Mumbai and published and edited by Sunand Bhojani. The magazine claims to have over 75,000 readers per month. In 2007 the magazine also started focussing on Indian acts who have an international appeal. | WIKI |
Measure for Measure by William Shakespeare
“I am always directed by you” – Mariana “I am directed by you” – Isabella. Both these lines are addressed to the Duke. What do they suggest about women status in this play? What other evidence can you find to support your view? Measure for Measure is a play written by William Shakespeare in the seventeenth century which crucially presents the role of women.
Women were viewed as pure and were not expected to be promiscuous, but dependent on men with few options or choices.Shakespeare’s interpretation of women in Measure for Measure very much reflects society’s opinion of women at the time, where men had more freedom and should be given more respect than women. The society at that time was a patriarchal one, where a male was a considered a God like figure and ultimately the leader, and below him was the king and then the nobles. However, although the society gave men more rights than women, Measure for Measure demonstrates that men also had more responsibilities.This is shown through the situation with Claudio and Juliet, as although they are both equally to blame for Juliet’s pregnancy, it is Claudio facing the death penalty. The women of Measure for Measure are generally quite low in the ranks of importance and respect; they are not spoken of with any importance.
Juliet is the object of Claudio’s sexual release and Mariana is the long lost forgotten fiancee of Angelo, who was abandoned by him when she lost her dowry in a shipwreck.The only woman who kind of breaks the trend of the lowly women is Isabella, who has the courage to stand up to Angelo for her chastity. In the first half she is pushed between Angelo and Claudio while she decides what to do and refuses to respond Angelo’s advances, then in the second half, she takes her orders from the Duke which shows that on the other hand she is still obedient toward the Duke, following all of his instructions.
In Act V, Scene 1, the Duke shows his opinion of women when talking to Mariana, he says: “Why, you are nothing then: neither maid, widow nor wife”.According to the Duke’s point of view, the other woman who truly is free is Mistress Overdone as she earns her own money and is able to get some freedom; at least she doesn’t have to stay at home cooking. The main female character in Measure for Measure is Isabella; she represents a very pure female character. This is first seen at the start of the play by the fact that she is training to become a nun and by the strong Christian values she appears to have. This is then emphasized later when she is told her brother’s life will be saved if he agrees to sleep with Angelo.
She refuses this offer, placing her chastity and her Christian values above her own life. This illustrates that a woman’s purity is highly valued, while a woman being promiscuous is not accepted. Mariana is another female character in the play and she is quite different to Isabella. None of these three men, Angelo, Claudio or the Duke, seem to think that her CHOICE matters- her body is to be bargained for whether for lust, life or love.When the duke asks Mariana to allow him a private discussion with Isabella, she replies, “I am always bound to you”, as if she is speaking to an old friend.
And again, when the duke tells her he respects her, she answers that she knows it and has found it to be true, suggesting a long-term relationship. This statement also shows that she is his subject. The adjective ‘bound’ means that she is obliged to do as he wishes and also compelled to do so. She uses the adverb ‘always’ to him which shows that she will always follow his example and will do his will in any condition.Her absolute trust is manifested when she agrees to entrust her chastity as the Friar asks.
In the Jacobean society Shakespeare lived in, women would have always done as they were bid by order of men, but especially if the order was given by a man of religion. These words show the absolute compliance that the Duke is able to gain through becoming a disguise (pseudo-)friar. The Duke abuses this religious power to gain insight into people’s souls for his own ends.He knows that Angelo wishes Isabella to ‘give up the treasures’ of her body and uses the two women to gain more power over Angelo.
The same applies to when Isabella says to the Duke, “I am directed by you”, this statement also shows how women respected men and how men were above in authority. As mentioned above, there are no independent women in Measure for Measure, this is not strange, considering the setting and Shakespeare’s own era; there are prostitutes and nuns who are given no chance to control their own lives most of all they seem to have no choice in any matter. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Page:Saducismus Triumphatus.djvu/290
Mr. Mompesson is a Gentleman, of whose truth in this account; I have not the least ground of suspicion, he being neither vain nor credulous, but a discreet, sagacious and manly person. Now the credit of matters of Fact depends much upon the Relators, who, if they cannot be deceived themselves, nor supposed any ways interessed to impose upon others, ought to be credited. For upon these circumstances, all humane Faith is grounded, and matter of Fact is not capable of any proof besides, but that of immediate sensible evidence. Now this Gentlemen cannot be thought ignorant, whether that he relates be true or no; the Scene of all being his own house, himself a witness, and that not of a circumstance or two, but of an hundred, nor for once or twice only, but for the space of some years, during which he was a concerned, and inquisitive Observer. So that it cannot with any shew of reason be supposed that any of his Servants abused him, since in all that time he must needs have detected the deceit. And what interest could any of his Family have had (if it had been possible to have managed without discovery) to continue so long so troublesome, and so injurious an Imposture? Nor can it with any whit of more probability be imagined, that his own melancholy deluded him since (besides that he is no crazy, nor imaginative person) that humour could not have been so lasting and pertinacious. Or if it were so in him, can we think he infected his whole Family, and those multitudes of Neighbours and others, who had so often been witnesses of those passages? Such supposals are wild, and not like to tempt any, but those whose Wills are their Reasons. So that upon the whole, the principal Relator Mr. Mompesson himself knew, whether what he reports was true or not, whether those things acted in his House were contrived Cheats, or extraordinary Realities. And if so, what interest could he serve in carrying on, or conniving at a jugling Design and Imposture?
He suffered by it in his Name, in his Estate, in all his Affairs, and in the general peace of his Family. The Unbelievers in the matter of Spirits and Witches took him for an Imposter. Many others judged the permission of such an extraordinary Evil to be the judgment of God upon him, for some notorious wickedness or impiety. Thus his Name was continually exposed to censure, and his Estate suffered, by the concourse of people from all parts to his House, by the diversion it gave him from his affairs, by the discouragement of Servants, by reason of which he could hardly get any to live with him. To which if I add the continual hurry that his Family was in, the af- | WIKI |
The DX51 ASTM Equivalent: Unveiling its applications and benefits
The DX51 is a popular steel grade known for its versatile applications and numerous benefits. It is widely used in various industries for manufacturing different products due to its excellent properties and ASTM equivalent standards. In this article, we will unveil the applications and benefits of the DX51 steel grade, providing valuable insights into why it has gained such popularity.
The DX51 is a hot-dip galvanized steel grade that conforms to European standards. Its ASTM equivalent is ASTM A653/A653M-17, which specifies the requirements for galvanized steel sheets, including coating thickness, mechanical properties, and chemical composition. This ensures the quality and adherence to industry standards, making it a reliable choice for various applications.
One of the key applications of DX51 steel is in the construction industry. It is used for manufacturing roofing and walling systems, structural components, and exterior claddings. The galvanized coating provides exceptional corrosion resistance, protecting the steel from rust and other environmental damages. Additionally, its high tensile strength and excellent formability make it suitable for creating complex shapes and designs, offering flexibility to architects and designers.
Another significant application of the DX51 steel grade is in the automotive industry. It is commonly used for manufacturing automotive parts and components, such as body panels, chassis, and reinforcements. The galvanized coating acts as a barrier against corrosion, which is crucial for prolonging the lifespan of vehicles. Moreover, the DX51 steel’s high strength-to-weight ratio enhances fuel efficiency and reduces the overall weight of vehicles.
The DX51 steel grade is also extensively utilized in the manufacturing of household appliances. Appliances like refrigerators, ovens, dishwashers, and washing machines require robust and corrosion-resistant materials. DX51 steel meets these requirements with its excellent formability, corrosion resistance, and durability, ensuring the longevity and reliability of these appliances.
Additionally, DX51 steel finds applications in the electrical industry, specifically for electrical enclosures and cabinets. The galvanized coating acts as a protective layer against moisture and other environmental factors, making it ideal for enclosing electrical components safely.
Now, let’s delve into the benefits of choosing DX51 steel for various applications. Firstly, the galvanized coating provides exceptional corrosion resistance, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications. This extends the lifespan of the products, reducing maintenance costs and enhancing their overall durability.
Secondly, DX51 steel’s high tensile strength makes it a reliable choice for applications that require structural integrity and load-bearing capacity. It can withstand heavy loads and impacts, ensuring the longevity and safety of the products.
Thirdly, the excellent formability of DX51 steel allows for easy fabrication and shaping. This makes it a preferred choice for applications that demand complex designs and intricate shapes.
Lastly, DX51 steel is a cost-effective option compared to other materials. Its long lifespan, low maintenance requirements, and high recyclability make it an economically viable choice, reducing the manufacturing and lifecycle costs of products.
In conclusion, the DX51 steel grade, with its ASTM equivalent standards, offers a range of applications and benefits across various industries. Its corrosion resistance, high strength, formability, and cost-effectiveness make it a trusted choice for construction, automotive, household appliances, and electrical applications. With its numerous advantages, the DX51 steel grade continues to be a popular material among manufacturers, providing durable and reliable solutions for diverse industry needs.
en_USEnglish | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Push to Develop Young Players Revives A.C. Milan
On Soccer Filippo Galli does not draw the parallel lightly. When he does so, it comes buttressed by caution and littered with caveats. His wariness is understandable. More than most, he knows the power of the past at A.C. Milan. As a player, Galli was part of the club’s greatest team, alongside Paolo Maldini, Franco Baresi, Alessandro Costacurta and the rest. Thirty years later, as director of Milan’s youth system, he has helped nurture the generation that some feel — and many hope — might follow in their footsteps. He knows comparing the teams is dangerous, invoking expectations and bringing pressure. That he is prepared to do it anyway is telling. “There are similarities,” he said, “between now and where Milan was in the mid-1980s.” The reason for his optimism is obvious. On Saturday, Milan beat all-conquering Juventus at San Siro. The game’s only goal was scored by Manuel Locatelli, an 18-year-old midfielder who has made only eight appearances in Serie A. In the 96th minute, Gianluigi Donnarumma, a 17-year-old goalkeeper heralded as Italy’s heir to Gianluigi Buffon, produced a flying save to deny Juventus an equalizer. The victory carried Milan to within 2 points of Juventus at the top of the standings. Had a win against Genoa on Tuesday followed, Milan would have occupied first place, albeit temporarily. But a 3-0 defeat perhaps served as a reminder why Manager Vincenzo Montella has been keen to play down his team’s early-season achievements. Milan is, by some distance, the youngest squad in the league; Montella has made plain that comparing these players to the greats of the past is premature in the extreme. The team Galli played on won five Serie A championships and three European Cups. For a time, it was the world’s best. Donnarumma and Locatelli have never even played in Europe. It is hard to avoid the sense, though, that something is stirring at San Siro. Milan, for the last several years, has seemed a club unable or unwilling to move on. It was here, after all, that Milan Lab, the famed medical department, seemed to be able to prolong players’ careers almost indefinitely. The presence of veterans well into their late 30s served as a painful reminder of what Milan once was, infusing the club with an air of faded grandeur. Silvio Berlusconi, the owner, would not countenance selling the team that transformed him from media magnate into political potentate; plans to move from the crumbling San Siro were published and then shelved. Milan seemed to have settled into a period of elegant, irreversible decline. The immediate, compelling impact of Donnarumma and Locatelli has changed all that. Now, at last, Milan seems to be driving forward. Despite appearances, this is no overnight sensation. Galli stresses that everything depends on “the talent of the players,” that “there are no gurus here,” but such modesty, while commendable, is misleading. Milan’s nascent revival is more than mere good fortune. In January 2013, Adriano Galliani, Milan’s longstanding vice president, tasked Galli with answering one question. Milan, he knew, could no longer compete in the transfer market with the financial powerhouses of the Premier League. But why was it, he wanted to know, that the rest of Europe’s soccer elite managed to produce their own players, but Milan did not? Galli embarked on a journey that crisscrossed the continent to try to find an explanation. He went to Barcelona’s famed academy at La Masia, the hothouse of talent that produced Lionel Messi, Andrés Iniesta and others. Galli spent a few weeks at Ajax in Amsterdam, and visited Manchester United and Real Madrid, too. “I wanted to understand what they were doing,” Galli said in an interview Monday. “At the end of those studies, we had a clear idea of what to do.” He produced — and Galliani endorsed — a document that was designed to revolutionize the way Milan approached youth development. Galli wanted to remain true to Milan’s “history and identity”; he bridles at the suggestion the plan is in some way derivative of one club or other. “We looked at all of them, and at coaches like Marcelo Bielsa, Pep Guardiola, Juan Manuel Lillo and César Luis Menotti, too,” Galli said. “Our method looks at integrating all of the areas: the technical, the athletic, the tactical, the psychological,” he added. “Producing players is not only about technique. It is more holistic than that. Our job is to create the right environment to allow talent to flourish, to give players the tools not only to become professional, but to play for A.C. Milan, to play at San Siro.” As at Barcelona, he has encouraged youth team coaches to play in a consistent style across age groups. Coaches, together with psychologists and medical staff, meet at the start of every week to map out the next five days’ activities. The focus is on creating players rather than just winning games in youth competitions. Galli takes his role as an educator literally. “Educate is from a Latin word,” he said. “Educere. It means to draw out. That is what we are here to do. To draw out talent.” That is easier in some cases than others. Cristian Brocchi, now the coach of Brescia, coached Donnarumma and Locatelli in Milan’s youth squad, and during a brief spell in charge of the senior side, he gave Locatelli his debut. “You only had to see them to see they were special,” Brocchi said. The test of Galli’s model will be how many follow. There are contenders. Davide Calabria, a fullback, has already appeared for the first team; hopes are high for midfielder Mattia El-Hilali and forward Zakaria Hamadi. Not all will make it. Brocchi suggested “one or two a year” making the grade would represent the start of “a new cycle” for the club. That is ambitious enough, but it may well prove more complicated in the future. Should Montella achieve any measure of success — or should a long-expected takeover by a Chinese consortium come to pass — Milan may be talent-rich but opportunity-poor. That is a parallel Galli is not afraid to make. “The club was struggling in the 1980s, too,” he said. “That is when young players have the chance to play.” As Brocchi pointed out, “Franco Baresi, Paolo Maldini, Alessandro Costacurta and Demetrio Albertini made the first team in the 1980s because the club had no choice.” When trophies and financial firepower followed, the production line ground to a halt. “If you can buy ready-made players, it is always easier to do that,” Brocchi said. Such problems, of course, remain far off at best, hypothetical at worst. That they are deemed worthy of consideration, though, suggests something has changed. For years, Milan has looked only to the past. All of a sudden, it is preoccupied with the future once more. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Dark Nights with Poe and Munro
Dark Nights with Poe and Munro is an adventure game developed by D'Avekki Studios. Players control two radio hosts as they become embroiled in various short adventures involving the supernatural. The game uses full-motion video.
Gameplay
John "Poe" Pope and Ellis Munro are radio hosts who cover supernatural topics. The characters previously appeared in D'Avekki Studios' games as minor characters. In the series chronology, this game takes place before The Shapeshifting Detective. Players control Poe and Munro as they become involved in six supernatural adventures, each of which is self-contained. At points where the players can make choices, icons are displayed on the screen. Players must choose an icon that represents their desired action before time runs out. During more intense situations, such as a facing someone wielding a knife, the timers are shorter. After each adventure, the game recounts the player's choices and tells them how popular each choice was among other gamers.
Development
Dark Nights with Poe and Munro was initially meant to be a small game made between D'Avekki Studios' major projects, but the developers said it eventually became their largest project as of 2021. It was released for PCs on May 19, 2020; for Xbox One and PlayStation 4 on May 4, 2021; for Nintendo Switch on July 15, 2021; and for iOS on October 27, 2021.
Reception
On Metacritic, Dark Nights with Poe and Munro received mixed reviews. Adventure Gamers wrote, "A mix of the supernatural and saucy, Dark Nights with Poe & Munro excites with witty exchanges and Lynchian tales that come undone by unclear choice and pacing." IGN published two reviews. IGN France praised the game's replayability and atmosphere, and IGN Greece praised the branching choices and called the leads likeable. Digitally Downloaded's reviewer enjoyed the noir atmosphere, acting, and gameplay, which was described as "new yet familiar". The Danish version of Gamereactor said that the game is uneven but enjoyable. | WIKI |
Skip To Content ArcGIS for Developers Sign In Dashboard
User
Description
A user resource representing a registered user of the portal.
Personal details of the user, such as e-mail and groups, are returned only to the user or the administrator of the user's organization (the properties in the Response Properties table below).
A user is not visible to any other user (except the organization's administrator) if their access setting is set to "private."
Request Parameters
ParameterDetails
[Common Parameters]
For a complete listing, see Common parameters.
Response Properties
PropertyDetails
username
The username of the given user.
id
The ID of the user.
fullName
The user's full name.
availableCredits
The number of credits available to the user.
assignedCredits
The number of credits allocated to the user.
firstName
The user's first name.
lastName
The user's last name.
preferredView
The user's preferred view for content, either web or GIS.
description
A description of the user.
email
The user's e-mail address.
idpUsername
The original username if using enterprise logins.
favGroupId
The user's favorites group and is created automatically for each user.
lastLogin
The last login date of the user.
mfaEnabled
Indicates if the user's account has multifactor authentication set up.
access
Indicates the level of access of the user: private, org, or public. If private, the user descriptive information will not be available to others nor will the username be searchable.
storageUsage
The total storage used by the user's organization or subscription in Byte.
storageQuota
The total storage amount allowed for the user's organization or subscription in Byte. Usually 2TB for organization, 2GB for non-organization.
orgId
The ID of the organization the user belongs to.
role
Defines the user's role in the organization.
Values: org_admin (organization administrator or custom role with administrative privileges) | org_publisher (organization publisher or custom role with publisher privileges) | org_user (organization user or custom role with user privileges)
privileges
A JSON array of strings with predefined permissions in each. For a complete listing, see Privileges.
roleId
(Optional) The ID of the user's role if it is a custom one.
userLicenseTypeId
The user's user license type ID.
disabled
Disables access to the organization by the user.
units
User-defined units for measurement.
tags
User-defined tags that describe the user.
culture
The user locale information (language and country).
cultureFormat
The user preferred number and date format defined in CLDR (only applicable for English and Spanish, i.e. when culture is en or es).
See Languages for supported formats. It will inherit from organization cultureFormat if undefined.
region
The user preferred region, used to set the featured maps on the home page, content in the gallery, and the default extent of new maps in the Viewer.
thumbnail
The file name of the thumbnail used for the user. All user thumbnails are relative to the URL https://<community-url>/users/<userName>/info.
created
The date the user was created. Shown in UNIX time.
modified
The date the user was last modified. Shown in UNIX time.
groups
A JSON array of groups the user belongs to. See Group for properties of a group.
provider
The identity provider for the organization. This was added at Portal for ArcGIS 10.3.1.
Values: arcgis (for built-in users) | enterprise (for external users managed by an enterprise identity store) | facebook (for public accounts in ArcGIS Online) | google (for public accounts in ArcGIS Online)
Example Usage
URL for User
https://www.arcgis.com/sharing/rest/community/users/jsmith
JSON Response Syntax
{
"username": "<username>",
"id": "<user id>",
"fullName": "<first name> <last name>",
"availableCredits": <available credits>,
"assignedCredits": <allocated credits>,
"firstName": "<first name>",
"lastName": "<last name>",
"preferredView": "Web" | "GIS" | null,
"description": "<description>",
"email": "<email address>",
"idpUsername": "<username>",
"favGroupId": "<group id>",
"lastLogin": <dateofuserlastloginshowninUNIXtime>,
"mfaEnabled": true | false,
"access": "private" | "org" | "public",
"storageUsage": <storageused-bytes>,
"storageQuota": <storagequota-bytes>,
"orgId": "<organizationid>",
"role": "org_admin" | "org_publisher" | "org_user",
"privileges": [
"<privilege1>",
"<privilege2>",
"<privilege3>"
...
],
"roleId": "<role ID>",
"userLicenseTypeId": "<user license type ID>",
"disabled": true | false,
"units": "english" | "metric",
"tags": [
"<tag1>",
"<tag2>"
],
"culture": "<culturecode>",
"cultureFormat": "<num and date format>",
"region": "<region>",
"thumbnail": "<filename>",
"created": <datecreatedshowninUNIXtime>,
"modified": <datemodifiedshowninUNIXtime>,
"provider": "arcgis" | "enterprise" | "facebook" | "google",
"groups": [
{
"id": "<groupid>",
"title": "<grouptitle>",
"isInvitationOnly": "true|false",
"owner": "<groupownerusername>",
"description": "<description>",
"snippet": "<summary>",
"tags": [
"<tag1>",
"<tag2>",
"<tag3>"
],
"phone": "<contact>",
"thumbnail": "<filename>",
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Numerical evaluation of prequalified end-plate connections used in a framed steel industrial structure
Eduardo Ambiado, Alvaro Lopez, Juan C. Vielma
Producción científica: Contribución a una revistaArtículorevisión exhaustiva
3 Citas (Scopus)
Resumen
The design of end-plate connections for steel structures is more loosely specified in Chilean regulations than in American regulations. Nevertheless, eight-bolt extended stiffened (8ES) end-plate connections have not derived benefit from extensive past research, and therefore, their normative recommendations are quite constraining. In this study, both the prequalification and qualification limits are evaluated, and the linear and nonlinear analyses of a connection from a case study focused on a typical industrial structure, characterized by its reduced dimensions, are carried out. For the design of the connection, a spreadsheet was developed based on AISC 358. The nonlinear analysis was modeled using the finite element method, and it is confirmed that the normative recommendations restrict the design in a very conservative way, resulting in oversizing. Finally, a new optimized connection configuration is proposed and analyzed without stiffeners.
Idioma originalInglés
Número de artículo243
Páginas (desde-hasta)1-20
Número de páginas20
PublicaciónMetals
Volumen11
N.º2
DOI
EstadoPublicada - feb. 2021
Huella
Profundice en los temas de investigación de 'Numerical evaluation of prequalified end-plate connections used in a framed steel industrial structure'. En conjunto forman una huella única.
Citar esto | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Geoffrey V of Joinville
Geoffrey V (Geoffroy), nicknamed le Trouillard, was the Lord of Joinville from 1190 until his death in late 1203 or early 1204. He was also the hereditary seneschal of the County of Champagne. He went on both the Third Crusade (1189–90) and the Fourth Crusade (1202–04), where he died.
Geoffrey was the eldest son of Geoffrey IV of Joinville and Héluis (Helvide), a daughter of Guy I of Dampierre. His maternal grandfather had gone on a crusade in 1125. In 1189, Geoffrey accompanied his father on the Third Crusade. He was praised in the Bible of Guyot de Provins: "Who was Geoffrey of Joinville? By Saint Giles, they do not have a better knight than him that side of the Punta del Faro." His prowess was such that King Richard I of England, a leader of the Third Crusade, as a mark of favor gave him the right to marshall his family's arms with those of England. His father died in at the siege of Acre in August 1190.
Geoffrey was present at the wedding of Count Theobald III and Blanche of Navarre in Chartres on 1 July 1199, where he signed Theobald's act granting a dower to Blanche. In the week after Theobald's death (24 May 1201), Geoffrey was at Sens when Blanche rendered homage to King Philip II for Champagne on behalf of the child she was bearing, the future Theobald IV.
Following the death of Theobald, who had taken a vow to go on a crusade, Geoffrey of Joinville joined Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Matthew II of Montmorency and Simon IV of Montfort-l'Amaury approached Duke Odo III of Burgundy, asking him to fulfill Theobald's vow and lead a crusade. Odo refused, and Geoffrey was nominated to make the same request to Count Theobald I of Bar, who also refused.
Later in 1201, in preparation for his own crusade, Geoffrey made gifts to the Abbey of Clairvaux, the church of Saint-Laurent in Joinville and the men of Watrignéville subject to the Abbey of Saint-Urbain, which was a neighbour of Joinville. In the last two of these donations, he makes explicit reference to his intention to go to Jerusalem and visit the Holy Sepulchre. His presence with the main crusader army, however, is unrecorded. Geoffrey of Villehardouin in his account make no mention of the lord of Joinville after the failed negotiation with the count of Bar. He does not name him as one of the crusaders who split from the main army at Piacenza and went to Syria via the ports of Apulia, although it is possible he did go this route. His younger brother Robert, lord of Sailly, who was in Champagne preparing for his crusade in 1201, joined the army of Walter III, Count of Brienne, but died in Apulia en route in 1203.
Geoffrey did reach Syria. According to Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, "Geoffrey, the eldest born [son of Geoffrey IV], nicknamed Trullardus, a most famous knight, wearing the sign of the cross, crossed the sea and after many feats there he died."
Geoffrey died at Krak des Chevaliers in late 1203 or early 1204 and was buried in the chapel there. Since he had no children, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Simon. His shield hung in the chapel of Krak des Chevaliers alongside those of other crusaders until, fifty years later during the Seventh Crusade, probably in 1253–54, his nephew John retrieved his shield and brought it back to hang in the church of Saint-Laurent in Joinville. It was still hanging there as late as 1544, when it was stolen by some German mercenaries during the Italian War of 1542–46.
The nickname Trullardus or Trouillart, is attested in the lengthy epitaph written in 1311 by Geoffrey's nephew John of Joinville for the tomb of his great-grandfather and Geoffrey's grandfather, Geoffrey III (died 1188), in Clairvaux. The epitaph contains a genealogy of the family, including "Joffroy Troulart, who was lord of Joinville". Its meaning is unknown, but was not terribly uncommon in Champagne, for several members of the Villehardouin family carried it. A legend dating at least to 1498 and current at the court of Duke René II of Lorraine states that he obtained his nickname from having killed a Genoese pirate with a trouille, perhaps a fishing spear. | WIKI |
Special routes of U.S. Route 64
Several special routes of U.S. Route 64 exist. In order from west to east they are as follows.
Spring Hope alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64 Alt) was established in 1979, replacing the old mainline US 64 through the town of Spring Hope.
Rocky Mount–Tarboro alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64 Alt) was established in 1987, replacing the old mainline US 64 between the cities Rocky Mount and Tarboro.
Princeville–Williamston alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64 Alt) was established in 1996, replacing the old mainline US 64 between the cities Princeville and Williamston. At some locations it is signed as US 64A.
Farmington business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) goes through downtown Farmington, via Main Street and Broadway Avenue. Mainline US 64 is signed as both Bypass and Truck route, going south around Farmington, via Murray Drive.
Muskogee business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US-64 Bus.) was established in 1960, replacing the old mainline US-64 through downtown Muskogee, via Okmulgee Avenue and South Main Street. It also has an overlap with U.S. Route 62 Business along Okmulgee Avenue.
Alma business route
U.S. Route 64 Business (Hwy. 64B or US 64B) is an east–west highway in Alma. The route connects US 64 to Highway 162 along a former alignment of US 64 in the city. The route was designated by the Arkansas State Highway Commission on July 28, 1965.
* Major intersections
Vilonia business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64B) was established October 11, 2011, following the former alignment of US 64. It traverses through downtown Vilonia, via Main Street.
Augusta business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64B) was established on May 9, 1956, following the former alignment of US 64. It traverses through downtown Augusta, via 5th Street, Magnolia Street, 3rd Street, and Main Street.
Patterson–McCrory business route
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64B) was established in 1968, it goes through Patterson and McCrory.
Wynne business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64B) starts from US 64 and goes west into downtown Wynne, ending at Falls Boulevard (AR 1). It does not reconnect to US 64, making it a business spur; not to be confused with US 64 Spur, located northwest of Wynne.
Parkin business route
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64B) was established in 1972, it starts from US 64 and goes west into downtown Parkin, ending at Church Street. It does not reconnect to US 64, making it a business spur.
Earle business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64B) was established in 1972, it goes through downtown Earle, via 2nd Street.
Crawfordsville business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64B) was established in 1972, it goes through downtown Crawfordsville, via Main Street.
Whiteville business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) was established in 1963, it goes through downtown Whiteville, via Main Street.
Selmer business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) is a former section of US 64 that runs along West Cherry Avenue, Court Avenue and Mulberry Avenue in downtown Selmer, between the two ends of an overlap of US 45 and 64.
Lawrenceburg business route
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) was established during the mid-2010s as a replacement for mainline US 64's realignment onto the Lawrenceburg Highway. It goes through downtown Lawrenceburg, via West Gaines Street, East Gaines Street and Pulaski Highway.
Winchester business route
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) in Winchester serves as a replacement for the former alignment of US 64 through the southwest side of the town. It terminates at U.S. Route 41A at the Winchester town square. The highway is signed as US 64 Bus. on the route and is concurrent with SR 50 for its entire length, along with the unsigned concurrencies of SR 15 and SR 16.
Hayesville business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 1971 when mainline US 64 was placed on new bypass south of Hayesville. The business routes follows the old alignment through the downtown area, via Hwy 64 Business, Hiwassee Street and Main Street.
Brevard business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) was established in 1960 as a renumbering of US 64A in downtown Brevard, via Caldwell Street. The 1.07 mi business loop appears only in NCDOT and AASHTO logs and maps; its actually utilized as westbound US 64 and southbound US 276 (between Main Street and Broad Street). In 2006, NCDOT submitted a request to officially make US 64E and US 64W through downtown Brevard, but was denied in the AASHTO Fall Meeting.
Morganton business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 1960, which followed the old mainline US 64 routing through downtown Morganton before 1956, via Burkemont Avenue, Union Street and Meeting Street. Between 1969 and 1972, US 64 Bus was split into one-way alignments, eastbound continued on Meeting Street while westbound moved onto Union Street. In 1992, a few years after US 64 was rerouted through Lenoir, US 64 Bus was removed east of Green Street along Meeting and Union Streets to Fleming Drive. Eastbound went north on Green Street to Avery Avenue and westbound went south from Sterling Street to Union Street. Continuing along Avery Avenue and Lenoir Road, it reconnects with mainline US 64, via Sanford Drive. This new alignment adds a short overlap with NC 181 and a long overlap with NC 18; its older section west of Green Street continued to share a short overlap with US 70 Bus.
Asheboro business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 2020 when mainline US 64 was placed on a new freeway bypass south of Asheboro. The business route continues along the former mainline alignment through the city limits.
Pittsboro business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 2005 when mainline US 64 was placed on new freeway bypass north of Pittsboro. The business route continues along the former mainline alignment through the downtown area, via East and West Streets. At center is the county courthouse, surrounded by a roundabout.
Raleigh–Zebulon business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 1960 when mainline US 64 was placed on new bypass route north of Wendell, through Lizard Lick; the 6 mi business route travels through downtown Wendell along Wendell boulevard, connecting with NC 231 (Selma Road). In 1975, mainline US 64 was placed on new freeway bypass north of Wendell and Zebulon, extending the business route an additional 3 mi, from near Eagle Rock to north of Zebulon (via Gannon and Arendell Avenues); the former bypass through Lizard Lick became NC 97. In 2006, US 64/US 264 was placed on new freeway bypass south of Knightdale; its old alignment becoming another extension of US 64 business, via New Bern Avenue / Knightdale Boulevard and a 1.1 mi hidden concurrency along the Cliff Benson Beltline.
Nashville business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 1963 when mainline US 64 was placed on new freeway bypass route north of Nashville. The business route follows the old alignment through the downtown area via Western Avenue, Barnes Street, Washington Street, and Eastern Avenue.
Rocky Mount business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) was established in 1982, it replaced the old mainline US 64 through downtown Rocky Mount, via Sunset Avenue, Thomas Avenue, and Raleigh Street.
Jamesville business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) was established in 1992, it replaced the old mainline US 64 through downtown Jamesville, via Main Street.
Columbia business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus.) was established in 1960, the business loop goes through downtown Columbia, via Broad Street and Main Street.
Fayetteville bypass
U.S. Route 64 Bypass (US 64 Byp.) runs along the southern side of Fayetteville, Tennessee. The first section is named Wilson Parkway and runs south, then curves to the southeast. After the intersection with Hedgecomb Avenue and River Drive, the road makes a sharp curve to the northeast where it runs along the west bank of the Elk River. At the intersection with US 431, an overlap with US 231 ends as it joins US 64 Bypass onto a new road named Thornton Taylor Parkway. After passing the Lincoln Medical Center, the road curves from the northeast to northwest as US 64 Bypass ends at US 64, while US 231 continues northward along Thornton Taylor Parkway towards Shelbyville Highway.
Cleveland bypass
U.S. Route 64 Bypass (US 64 Byp.) was constructed as the southeastern part of the Cleveland beltway, known as APD-40. The route is part of Corridor K of the Appalachian Development Highway System.
Manns Harbor–Manteo bypass
U.S. Route 64 Bypass (US 64 Byp.) was established in 1999 as a new primary routing bypassing Manns Harbor and Manteo, while also providing direct access between Nags Head and the mainland. Its main feature is the Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge, which is a divided four-lane bridge crossing over the Croatan Sound. From 1999 to 2003, it also shared a complete concurrency with US 264 Bypass.
Wynne spur route
U.S. Route 64 Spur (US 64S) is a north–south spur route in Wynne. The highway serves as an alternate north–south highway to Highway 1 between a residential section of Wynne and US 64. The highway was created for access to an industrial park at the request of City of Wynne officials in 1985.
The highway begins at an intersection with US 64 and Highway 1 in northern Wynne in the Arkansas Delta. It runs due south as a section line road through an industrial and agricultural area to John Brown Road, where state maintenance ends. The roadway continues south under city maintenance as Martin Luther King Street.
* Route description
* Major intersections
Franklin–Hendersonville truck route
U.S. Route 64 Truck (US 64 Truck) follows US 23 from Franklin to Dillsboro, then east following US 74 to Hendersonville, for a total of 80.8 mi. Signage is not primary, US 64 Truck signs are typically located on the side of major junction changes indicating direction of route. Tractor-trailer trucks are prohibited to use mainline US 64 between Franklin and Brevard.
Savannah truck route
U.S. Route 64 Truck (US 64 Truck), also known as, Savannah Truck Route follows Water Street around downtown Savannah, Tennessee.
Brevard alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64A) was established in 1943, as a new primary routing in downtown Brevard, via Caldwell Street. In 1960 it was renumbered to US 64 Business.
Bat Cave–Morganton alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64A) was established in 1934 as an alternate route from Bat Cave, in concurrency with US 74, to Ruth, then north to Morganton, replacing NC 181. In 1948 the route became mainline US 64.
Statesville alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64A) was established in 1954, it replaced the old mainline US 64 through downtown Statesville. In 1960 it was renumbered to US 64 Business.
Franklinville–Ramseur alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64A) was established in 1941, it replaced the old mainline US 64 through Franklinville and Ramseur. Around 1957, US 64A was downgraded to Andrew Hunter Road and part of NC 22.
Siler City alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64A) was established in 1952, it replaced the old mainline US 64 through downtown Siler City, via 3rd Street. By 1957 it was decommissioned.
Rocky Mount alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64A) was established in 1934 as an alternate route in downtown Rocky Mount, via Thomas Avenue; while mainline US 64 used Sunset Avenue, Raleigh Street, and Tarboro Street. It was absorbed by mainline US 64 by 1949.
Williamston alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64A) was established in 1954, it replaced the old mainline US 64 through downtown Williamston, via Main Street, Haughton Street and Sycamore Street (now Jamesville Road). In 1960 it was renumbered to US 64 Business.
Columbia alternate route
U.S. Route 64 Alternate (US 64A) was established in 1954, it replaced the old mainline US 64 through downtown Columbia, via Main Street. In 1960 it was renumbered to US 64 Business.
Enid business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 1967, replacing the old mainline US 64 through downtown Enid, via Rock Island Boulevard, Grand Avenue and Owen K. Garriott Road. The business loop was decommissioned in 2009.
Rosman business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 1979 when mainline US 64 was placed on new bypass north of Rosman. However, this business loop designation lasted six months before being decommissioned in 1980; reason was because request to AASHTO was denied. The routing followed US 178 into Rosman, then along Old Rosman Highway (SR 1388) to US 64, towards Brevard.
Statesville business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 1960, as a renumbering of US 64A through downtown Statesville. In 1963, mainline US 64 reverted to its original route through Statesville.
Raleigh business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established around 1965 when mainline US 64 was placed on new freeway bypassing north of Raleigh. The business route began at the Western Boulevard interchange with US 64/US 1 and proceeded east into the downtown area, where it became Boylan Avenue. At Boylan/South intersection, US 64 turns right onto South Street, while NC 31 continues on along Boylan Avenue to Central Prison. Between Saunders Street and East Street, US 64 splits with westbound on South Street and eastbound on Lenoir Street. Continuing along East Street, it turns right onto New Bern Avenue then meeting back with US 64 at the beltline. In 1971, US 64 was split between East Street and Idlewild Avenue, with westbound on New Bern Avenue and eastbound on Edenton Street. In 1973, the split was extended further west from Idlewild Avenue to the Edenton Street / New Bern Avenue split. In 1978, the business loop was decommissioned with its entire routing becoming secondary roads.
Tarboro–Princeville business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established around 1968 when mainline US 64 was placed on new bypass east of Tarboro and south of Princeville; the business route followed the old alignment through both downtown areas via Main Street. In 1994, US 64 was placed on new freeway south of Tarboro, making the business loop impracticable. Majority of the business route was replaced by NC 33, with only the stretch between Western Boulevard and Northern Boulevard downgraded to secondary road.
Williamston business loop
U.S. Route 64 Business (US 64 Bus) was established in 1960 as a renumbering of US 64A through downtown Williamston, via Main Street, Haughton Street and Jamesville Road. In 1977, it was decommissioned with Main Street and Jamesville Road downgraded to secondary road, while Haughton Street remained part of US 17 Bus. | WIKI |
The historic and artistic value of the tomb and its murals are beyond question. It is believed to have been built for a Thracian aristocrat or even a king; in any case a wealthy member of the ruling class of this ancient nation which is thought to have peopled the Balkans since at least the 2nd Millennium BC. The fashion for richly decorated tombs appeared among powerful Thracians about the 5th Century BC and lasted until Christianity prevailed in the 4th Century AD. The origin of the tombs are obscure, but experts believe that the Thracians started depicting people, animals and deities about the same time as the Greeks, under their influence.
This is why many Thracian treasures, statuettes, reliefs and murals depict scenes from Thracian culture but were clearly made by dextrous Greek craftsmen. Two of the most prominent examples are from the Panagyurishte Treasure and the Kazanlak Tomb, both showing elegant, idealised mortals and deities.
There are, however, treasures that were obviously made by the Thracians themselves – the vessels from the Rogozen Treasure or the horse harnesses of Letnitsa are some of the most obvious examples.
The Aleksandrovo Tomb, though, is the first painted by a genuine Thracian, with none of the refined proportions and the idealisation typical of Hellenistic art. The people and animals of Aleksandrovo are solid and heavy, and the accuracy of the details depicted is stunning. The horse harnesses on the frescoes were used for the reconstruction of real harnesses found in Thracian graves. The artist did not even shy away from depicting the mythical ancestor of the deceased as a rather overweight and elderly gentleman.
We may even know the name and the face of the painter. In the chamber, above the dining scene, there is a small but clearly visible profile of a young man, scratched on the surface, together with the words ΚΟΞΙΜΑСΗС ΧΡΗСТОС. One of Bulgaria’s leading epigraphists translated it as Kodzimases the Master, giving strong support to the hypothesis that it might be the first self-portrait in ancient art.
The most striking aspect of the murals, however, is their meaning. Why are the four riders chasing deer and boar? Why is the overweight, elderly gentleman running naked after a boar and waving a double axe above his head? What do the dancers and the diners represent? The answers are the result of guesswork. According to the most accepted explanation, the dining and hunting scenes show the bliss that awaits the deceased in the afterlife. Thracian aristocrats were followers of a peculiar doctrine, now called Thracian Orphism. It was a mystical religion that kept its secrets from outsiders, although it is known that its initiates believed that they became semi-gods after death.
Kitov’s theory, in which he firmly believed, was that dead Thracian kings and aristocrats were deified and their tombs were turned into temples. Despite the claustrophobic dimensions of the tombs – or maybe precisely because of them – the living initiates would return and participate in rituals we may never be able to reconstruct.
Dr Kitov was positive that the Aleksandrovo Tomb was full of evidence to support his theory. The stone couch had cushions at the two sides, like the beds used for dining in Antiquity, and among the rubble in the antechamber, there were fragments of something like a table. The stone doors could only be locked from the inside. All these details, Dr Kitov speculated, showed that feasts held exclusively for initiates took place in the tomb. However, it was harder to explain why the doors were broken from the inside and where and how the pick found in the corridor fits into the picture.
The tomb, as with everything connected to the Thracians, who did not bother to write down their deeds and left all that work to the “prejudiced” Greeks, is full of secrets and unexplained details.
One of the most surprising mysteries of the Aleksandrovo Tomb, however, is the story of its discovery by Kitov.
When the dazed archaeologist left the tomb, he called the Archaeological Institute in Sofia, some colleagues and the media. The reporters seized the news, but the commission at the institute was far from happy. Kitov had overstepped his authority and the excavations did not look as if they had been recently made by treasure hunters. By entering the tomb and photographing the murals he had put the frescoes at risk and might have disturbed the layers of evidence inside.
The archaeologist was banned from fieldwork for one year and lost his copyright on any information concerning the Aleksandrovo Tomb. He returned and finished the research only in 2003. Then he spent the rest of his life in open warfare with his colleagues from the commission. He denounced them as petty bureaucrats who cared more for the rules than the actual heritage and claimed that his “illegal” work had saved the murals from being stolen, cut to pieces and sold to collectors in Bulgaria and abroad. Kitov’s opponents criticised his gung-ho approach to fragile artefacts, structures and cultural layers. Rumours appeared as well, according to which Kitov (or locals hired by him) had dug the trenches and made up the whole story of that peculiarly clear and sunny 17 December 2000 to back up his version of how the Aleksandrovo Tomb was discovered.
Who was right and who was wrong will probably never emerge. Dr Kitov, however, won in the long run. His spectacular discoveries turned him into one of the superstars of Bulgarian archaeology. The judgement is still out on the place of the Alexandrovo Tomb on UNESCO’s world heritage list. | FINEWEB-EDU |
hontalan
Adjective
* 1) stateless, homeless
Noun
* 1) displaced person, stateless the international legal status of a person without a citizenship | WIKI |
The City of Boston is a place filled to the brim with history. In fact, it was one of the major cities that played a major role in the inception of the United States. Prior to the Revolutionary War, the city was the site of some of the most notable events like the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and the famous ride of Paul Revere warning the citizens of the city that the British were coming. Even today, the city is the sight of many tourist spots. One of them is a large, lush green park known as the Boston Common. Despite being a place where many visits, it might be the place where spirits have said to loom around at night. This place where people relax, walk their dogs and enjoy all kinds of activities carries a sordid story or two that can only be told in the history books. We will talk about the history of the park and how it somehow became the subject of hauntings and spiritual discoveries over the years.
About The Park
Boston Common (or best known as The Common) is known to be the oldest park in the United States as it was established in 1634. The park covers 50 acres of land that stretches across Tremont Street and throughout other streets like Boylston Street, Park Street, Charles Street, and Beacon Street. One of the most notable parts of the common is the park itself that is situated on Tremont Street with the Massachusetts State House facing towards the park itself. One of the pieces of land that was part of the Common is now known as the Old Granary Burial Ground, one of the oldest cemeteries in the city. By 1662, the cemetery was no longer considered a part of the Common.
Prior to the Common becoming a park, it served as a grazing pasture for the cattle that were raised by Puritan settlers. Unfortunately, overgrazing tended to be the main issue as many of the wealthier Puritans would purchase more livestock. Cows would continue to graze, only to be limited by an amount of 70 per day. Grazing at the Common was banned in 1830 by then Mayor Harrison Gray Otis.
While the Commons served as a grazing site, it was also considered to be a place where public executions would frequently take place. One such execution took place in 1660 when a Quaker named Mary Dyer was hanged at the gallows for repeatedly breaking a law that was considered a grave violation against Puritans. This was only one of the four executions involving Quakers as part of their ongoing tensions with the Puritan citizens of Boston. The Common was a sight where the Boston martyrs were forever immortalized. The British would also use the gallows to execute those who violated their laws while they occupied the city. The last known execution to have occurred was in 1817.
The Commons was also the sight of a riot that occurred while the city suffered a food shortage. As many ships and warehouses were damaged, the lieutenant governor of Massachusetts at the time was injured in the riot. Once the grazing ban was in place, the Common would finally achieve park status. By that time, fences around the perimeter were erected.
Meanwhile, the Charles Street side of the Common was not in the best shape. It was being used as a dumping ground for garbage and other waste, making it unbearable for anyone passing through. Many citizens had complained about the smell among other things.
While the park had evolved and underwent various changes for a couple of centuries, the park still stands today and has become more of a gathering place for formal and informal events alike. A lot of concerts, protests, demonstrations, and many other events have occurred on the lush green grounds. Where there is plenty of space, there is always room for activities. However, the Commons for what it had for a past story, it also is a place where so many instances of paranormal activity can occur.
Ghosts In The Park?
Due to the fact that the Common served as a site for numerous executions for nearly 200 years (which also included the hanging of a dog), it comes as no surprise that many would discuss some paranormal activities or hear strange noises coming from the park. The spirits that may be lurking around may be of those who have been executed for what may have been egregious crimes in the eyes of the Puritans or the British that occupied the city. Either way, it is said that hauntings may have occurred here on a regular basis (typically at night).
In fact, among the handful of those executed here were known to be pirates that tended to cause trouble while on the High Seas. While the ghost of Blackbeard may not be walking about the Common, those insanely talked about “pirate ghosts” might very well be here in the oldest park in America. The spirits that roam the grounds are said to be those looking for justice and closure. Since many of them have been executed without the ability to defend themselves in what seemed to be “Kangaroo court” trials.
Among some of the common sightings were the spirits of two women wearing clothing from the early 19th century sitting on one of the park benches. Some have also reported seeing them walk arm and arm down the path. Other reports of shadowy figures and spirits moving around have also flown around for many years.
The Old Granary Burial Ground
At one point, the Old Granary Burial Ground was part of the Boston Common before it became its own separate place. However, this cemetery is also said to have quite a spiritual presence. Many of America’s earliest residents and forefathers were said to be interred here on the grounds including Paul Revere and Samuel Adams. One of the earlier burials of note was of a woman who was known as Mary Balston. She was married to a wealthy business owner named Issac Goose. It is because of this known connection that she may have been the person who had written the famous “Mother Goose” nursery rhymes. While there is no known verification that Mary Balston was indeed the real Mother Goose, there had been stories and urban legends that the fairy tale writer known to many children throughout generations was a resident and buried in Boston during the 1600s.
What really makes this burial ground stand out is the slate headstones that line up row by row. Some of them include markings of the Puritans like the soul effigy, the willow and urn, and a man with the likeness that can be only described as “Father Time”. As of today, more than 6,000 are said to be buried in the cemetery. There is no doubt that many spirits including those responsible for the formation of the United States may be frequent fixtures here. So the eerie feelings and random cold spots might be one of the regular occurrences that happen in America’s third-oldest cemetery.
The Boston Common was once larger than it is now. And at one point, it had one of the oldest cemeteries in America as part of its design. If you want to visit a place where you might find a few specters hanging around at night, there might be no better place than the Boston Common. Don’t be surprised if you feel chilled or spooked out by any noises or any presences that might be milling around. It’s probably someone still trying to figure out why they met their untimely and probably unwanted demise before their actual time ran out. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Page:The costume of China, illustrated in forty-eight coloured engravings.pdf/221
THE PUNISHMENT OF THE BASTINADO
Is frequently used in China, for slight offences, and occasionally inflicted on all ranks.
When the number of blows sentenced by the Mandarin are few, it is considered as a gentle chastisement or fatherlycorrection, and when given in this mild way is not disgraceful, though the culprit is obliged, on his knees, withhis forehead touching the ground, to thank the magistrate who so kindly ordered it to be administered.
Every Mandarin whose degree of nobility does not exceed the blue ball on his cap, is subject to this castigation, when ordered by his superior; but all above that rank can only be bastinadoed at the command of the Emperor.
The instrument used on these occasions is a split bamboo, several feet long, which is applied on the posteriors, and, in crimes of magnitude, with much severity. In petty offences, the offender (if he has the means) contrives dexterously to bribe the executioner, who, in proportion to the extent of the reward, mitigates the violence of the punishment, by laying the strokes on lightly, though with a feigned strength, to deceive the Mandarin; and it is said, that, for a douceur, some are ready to receive the punishment intended for the culprit; though, when eighty or a hundred blows is the sentence, it sometimes affects the life of the wretched criminal.
When a Mandarin is from home, he is generally attended by an officer of police, and perhaps one or more soldiers, who are ordered in this summary way to administer some half dozen blows on any careless person who might negligently omit the customary salute of dismounting his horse, or kneeling in the road before the great man as he passes by. | WIKI |
1569 in Ireland
Events from the year 1569 in Ireland.
Incumbent
* Monarch: Elizabeth I
Events
* Sir Edmund Butler of Cloughgrenan leads a revolt against the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir Henry Sidney, in Leinster.
Births
* Niall Garve O'Donnell (Niall Garbh Ó Domhnaill), last Prince of Tyrconnell (d. 1626)
* Geoffrey Keating (Seathrún Céitinn), Roman Catholic priest, poet and historian (d. c.1644) | WIKI |
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