document_id stringlengths 7 8 | text stringlengths 297 5.1k | entities list | relations list | events list | coreferences list |
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7950842 | High molecular weight DNA isolated from 14 primary tumour tissues of human oral carcinoma patients was analysed for transforming activity by NIH3T3 co-transfection assay using pSV2neo gene as a selectable marker, followed by nude mouse tumorigenicity assay. Ten of the patient tumour tissues demonstrated molecular lesio... | [
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"carcino... | [] | [
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23326120 | AIM: To investigate the anti-hepatofibrotic effects of Gardenia jasminoides in liver fibrosis. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent common bile duct ligation (BDL) for 14 d and were treated with Gardenia jasminoides by gavage. The effects of Gardenia jasminoides on liver fibrosis and the detailed molecular mecha... | [
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... | [] | [
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9504287 | We studied whether common shared environmental or behavioral risk factors, other than tobacco smoking, underlie both atherosclerotic diseases and cancer. We identified a group of 96,891 one-year survivors of acute myocardial infarct through the Danish Hospital Discharge Register between 1977 and 1989. We calculated the... | [
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9464471 | It has been reported that garlic activates nitric oxide synthase in vitro and that chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) induces arterial hypertension in rats. In this work, we studied the effect of oral administration of L-NAME for 4 weeks on control and ga... | [
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"... | [] |
20110285 | Given the high incidence of breast cancer and that more than half of cases remain unexplained, the need to identify risk factors for breast cancer remains. Deficiencies in DNA repair capacity have been associated with cancer risk. The mutagen sensitivity assay (MSA), a phenotypic marker of DNA damage response and repai... | [
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28,
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133,
146
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... | [] | [
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12936923 | BACKGROUND: Some aspects of diet are relatively newly recognized potential risk factors for asthma, but the evidence to date is conflicting. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to determine whether the food and nutrient intakes of adults with asthma differ from those of adults without asthma. DESIGN: This was a community-based, cr... | [
{
"id": "12936923_T1",
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"ast... | [] | [
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... | [] |
9823823 | OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract on objective measures of cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) based on formal review of the current literature. METHODS: An attempt was made to identify all English and non-English-language articles in which G. biloba extra... | [
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350,
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362,
382
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"... | [
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8187074 | Ten organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions were studied for their modifying effects on diethylnitrosamine-induced neoplasia of liver in male F344 rats using the medium-term bioassay system of Ito based on the two-step model of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenic potential was scored by comparing the number and ar... | [
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... | [] | [
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... | [] |
19222119 | We studied the estrogenic activity and cellular effect of wild yam extract in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The extract increased the activity of the progesterone receptor and pS2 genes at the mRNA levels in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, although the effects were not as prominent as those of 17beta-estradiol (E(2... | [
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20233001 | BACKGROUND: In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that Nigella Sativa (NS) has protective effects against ischemia reperfusion injury on various organs. However, its protective effects on intestinal tissue against ischemia reperfusion injury are unclear. We aimed to determine whether NS prevents intestinal isch... | [
{
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521,
529
... | [] | [
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... | [
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"id": "20233001_1",
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11115792 | Cow's milk-based infant formulas and cow's milk consumption in childhood have been suggested to promote the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus and other immune-mediated or neurological diseases. Epidemiological studies in man have led to the hypothesis that introduction of cow's milk-based infant formula within th... | [
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22471470 | There is growing use of anticancer complementary and alternative medicines worldwide. Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol, wounds, inflammation, and gastrointestinal ailments. Fenugreek is also reported to have anticancer properties due to... | [
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23590152 | HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that sour cherry seed extract (SCSE) protects against cardiovascular disease and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and that this protection correlates with SCSE-induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidat... | [
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"... | [] |
8537983 | BACKGROUND: Tea is one of the most frequently consumed beverages in the world. Antioxidant polyphenol compounds (such as catechins and flavonols) are abundantly present in both green and black teas and have been observed to have anticarcinogenic properties in cell and animal model studies. In black tea, however, most o... | [
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24948862 | BACKGROUND: Periodontal diseases are ubiquitous, affecting all dentate animals. Regular methods for controlling it have been found to be ineffective, which have paved the way for the use of herbal products as an adjunctive to mechanical therapy as they are free to untoward effects and hence can be used for a long perio... | [
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{
... | [] |
8125218 | Chloroform increases the incidence of liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice when administered in by gavage in corn oil, but not when given in the drinking water at similar daily doses. Since cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation have been implicated in the tumorigenic process for this nongenotoxic agent, these effects... | [
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... | [] | [
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18030357 | We recently showed that Nexrutine, a Phellodendron amurense bark extract, suppresses proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines and tumor development in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Our data also indicate that the anti-proliferative effects of Nexrutine are emediated in part by Akt an... | [
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... | [] |
21056445 | Argemone mexicana (AM), a validated herbal medicine for uncomplicated malaria, seems to prevent severe malaria without completely clearing parasites in most patients. This study, in a high transmission area of South Mali, explores whether residual parasitaemia at day 28 was associated with subsequent malaria episodes a... | [
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19545487 | Olive oil consumption is protective against risk factors for cardiovascular and cancer diseases. A nutrigenomic approach was performed to assess whether changes in gene expression could occur in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after oli ve oil ingestion at postprandial state. Six healthy male volunteers ingest... | [
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... | [] | [
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... | [] |
20136429 | Lipid-soluble ginseng extract was prepared by n-hexane extraction of red ginseng. BALB/c-nu mice were inoculated with human lung cancer (NCI-H460) cells to establish a human tumor xenograft model in nude mice, and the lipid-soluble ginseng extract was orally administered. The tumor inhibitory rates of the lipid-soluble... | [
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... | [] | [
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... | [] |
20032398 | Aloe-emodin, one of the anthraquinones, has been shown to have anticancer activity in different kinds of human cancer cell lines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effect of aloe-emodin on human tongue squamous carcinoma SCC-4 cells. The results indicated that aloe-emodin induced c... | [
{
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10955007 | The causal agents of destructive periodontal disease are several gram-negative bacteria. The mere presence, however, in the dental biofilm does not guarantee onset of the disease. The immunological and inflammatory host response as well as connective tissue and bone metabolism are strongly influenced by genetic, acquir... | [
{
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"r... | [] |
19625686 | BACKGROUND: Experimental and animal studies have shown the activities of catechins, the main constituents of green tea, against infectious agents. No data are available on the association between green tea consumption and the risk of pneumonia in humans. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between green tea consumpt... | [
{
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"text": [
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... | [] | [
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... | [] |
16370222 | Olive oil contains a vast range of substances such as monounsaturated free fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), hydrocarbon squalene, tocopherols, aroma components, and phenolic compounds. Higher consumption of olive oil is considered the hallmark of the traditional Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with low inc... | [
{
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20182037 | Epidemiologic studies have increasingly suggested that caffeine/coffee could be an effective therapeutic against Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have utilized a transgenic mouse model for AD in well-controlled studies to determine if caffeine and/or coffee have beneficial actions to protect against or reverse AD-like cogn... | [
{
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"text": [
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{
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134,
136
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{
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83,
92
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{
"... | [] |
23104247 | Ginseng is one of the most widely used medicinal plants, which belongs to the genus Panax. Compared to uncured white ginseng, red ginseng has been generally regarded to produce superior pharmacological effects with lesser side/adverse effects, which made it popular in a variety of formulation from tea to oriental medic... | [
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504,
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533,
552
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"text": [
"neur... | [] | [
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652,
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"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23104247_T16"
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{
"... | [] |
8710689 | Male Fischer 344 rats were fed a 20% or a 5% corn oil diet and were injected subcutaneously with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) weekly for 16 weeks. In addition, an approximately equal number of animals challenged with DMH were fed daily, until the end of the study, 2 x 10(10) Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus strain GG st... | [
{
"id": "8710689_T1",
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532,
544
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"text": [
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601,
606
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... | [] | [
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"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8710689_T6"
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{
"role... | [] |
9350033 | Effect of feeding 15 mg% capsaicin diet or 3% freeze dried onion powder containing diet were examined in albino rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats maintained on onion diet for 8 weeks excreted comparatively less amounts of albumin, urea, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus. Dietary onio... | [
{
"id": "9350033_T1",
"type": "Disease",
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493,
533
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "9350033_T3",
"type": "Plant",
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[
59,
64
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... | [] | [
{
"id": "9350033_E1",
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480,
489
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "9350033_T1"
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{
"... | [] |
8729670 | BACKGROUND: Pecan tree pollen is considered to be highly allergenic. However, no specific scientific data about its role in causing allergic diseases are available. OBJECTIVE: To study the role of pecan tree pollen in the development of allergy. METHODS: The presence of pecan tree pollen was determined by weekly and mo... | [
{
"id": "8729670_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
132,
149
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],
"text": [
"allergic diseases"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8729670_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1114,
1123
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"text":... | [] | [
{
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"text": [
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1220,
1229
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8729670_T6"
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{
"ro... | [] |
23471851 | SCOPE: The molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health benefit effects of soybean proteins on obesity-associated metabolic disorders have not been fully clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of soluble soybean protein peptic hydrolysate (SPH) on adipocyte differentiation by using 3T3-L1 murine ... | [
{
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103,
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{
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122,
141
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"... | [] | [
{
"id": "23471851_E1",
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"text": [
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64,
79
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]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23471851_T6"
},
{
... | [] |
18982874 | OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to objectively access the trial evidence on the role of omega-3, red yeast rice and garlic in preventing clinical cardiovascular events. Given the large number of clinical trials favoring statin use in cardiovascular disease, it is important to see if evidence is available for these... | [
{
"id": "18982874_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
239,
261
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],
"text": [
"cardiovascular disease"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18982874_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1495,
1525
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],
... | [] | [
{
"id": "18982874_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduces"
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"offsets": [
[
1979,
1986
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "18982874_T23"
},
{
... | [] |
7672072 | A hospital-based, case-control study of laryngeal cancer was conducted in the Oncology Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay, during 1988-1992, in which 143 new cases and 460 controls were interviewed. The study was restricted to males. As in most previous studies tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking were the major risk facto... | [
{
"id": "7672072_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
40,
56
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],
"text": [
"laryngeal cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7672072_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
404,
420
]
],
"text": [
... | [] | [] | [] |
20836552 | Previous studies have suggested that garlic oil could protect the cardiovascular system. However, the mechanism by which garlic oil protects diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy is unclear. In this study, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats received garlic oil (0, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of body weight) by gastric gavag... | [
{
"id": "20836552_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
141,
149
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],
"text": [
"diabetes"
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},
{
"id": "20836552_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
158,
172
]
],
"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "20836552_E1",
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"text": [
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1139,
1149
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]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20836552_T18"
},
{
... | [] |
24338506 | PURPOSE: To predict the burden of cancer in Catalonia by 2020 assessing changes in demography and cancer risk during 2010-2020. METHODS/PATIENTS: Data were obtained from Tarragona and Girona cancer registries and Catalan mortality registry. Population age distribution was obtained from the Catalan Institute of Statisti... | [
{
"id": "24338506_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
24,
40
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"text": [
"burden of cancer"
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},
{
"id": "24338506_T2",
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[
98,
104
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"text": [
... | [] | [
{
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928,
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"arguments": [
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"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "24338506_T6"
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{
"role... | [] |
20406522 | BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression (MD) and regular tobacco use (RU) or nicotine dependence (ND). However, few have used a genetically informative design to assess whether these traits share a common genetic and/or environmental liability. METHOD: ... | [
{
"id": "20406522_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
90,
106
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"text": [
"major depression"
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{
"id": "20406522_T2",
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[
108,
110
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],
"text": [... | [] | [
{
"id": "20406522_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"text": [
"positive association"
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"offsets": [
[
61,
81
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]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20406522_T1"
},
... | [
{
"id": "20406522_1",
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"20406522_T2"
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{
"id": "20406522_2",
"entity_ids": [
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"20406522_T4"
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}
] |
8582833 | The occurrence of multilocular malignant tumors in the upper aerodigestive tract in young patients with known marijuana abuse has been described by other authors. A case of a 28-year-old man who was known to abuse alcohol, nicotine and cannabis for some years is presented. He suffered simultaneously from a squamous cel... | [
{
"id": "8582833_T1",
"type": "Disease",
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31,
47
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"text": [
"malignant tumors"
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},
{
"id": "8582833_T4",
"type": "Disease",
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[
356,
385
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],
"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "8582833_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
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"text": [
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631,
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8582833_T7"
},
{
"role":... | [] |
19561384 | BACKGROUND: Consumption of Plantago ovata may protect against colorectal cancer. To test this hypothesis, an ecological study was performed to determine mortality rates and distribution of colorectal cancer, and the consumption and distribution of P ovata, in different provinces in Spain. The putative association betwe... | [
{
"id": "19561384_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
62,
79
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"text": [
"colorectal cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19561384_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
189,
206
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],
"text": [... | [] | [
{
"id": "19561384_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"text": [
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"offsets": [
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46,
53
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19561384_T1"
},
{
"ro... | [] |
20640522 | We have previously reported that Eriobotrya japonica seed extract (ESE) is effective for the treatment of various gastric mucosal injuries. For the pharmaceutical preparation of ESE, we are evaluating deep sea water (DSW), which contains trace elements and has a homeostasis-enhancing effect, as the solvent. In this stu... | [
{
"id": "20640522_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
114,
138
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],
"text": [
"gastric mucosal injuries"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20640522_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
420,
444
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],
... | [] | [
{
"id": "20640522_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"treatment"
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"offsets": [
[
93,
102
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20640522_T1"
},
{
... | [
{
"id": "20640522_1",
"entity_ids": [
"20640522_T9",
"20640522_T11"
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] |
16091758 | We examined the relation between coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mortality in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study). In total, 110,688 cohort members (46,399 male and 64,289 female subjects) aged 40-79 years were grouped by coffee intake into three categories... | [
{
"id": "16091758_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
53,
77
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"text": [
"hepatocellular carcinoma"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16091758_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
79,
82
]
],
"tex... | [
{
"id": "16091758_R1",
"type": "Neutral",
"arg1_id": "16091758_T8",
"arg2_id": "16091758_T1",
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16091758_R2",
"type": "Neutral",
"arg1_id": "16091758_T8",
"arg2_id": "16091758_T2",
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "16091758_E1",
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958,
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "16091758_T20"
},
{
... | [
{
"id": "16091758_1",
"entity_ids": [
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"16091758_T2"
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] |
20129403 | Almond oil [Oleum amygdalae] has long been used in complementary medicine circles for its numerous health benefits. Although no conclusive scientific data exists currently, almonds and almond oil have many properties including anti-inflammatory, immunity-boosting and anti-hepatotoxicity effects. Further, associations b... | [
{
"id": "20129403_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
408,
432
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"text": [
"irritable bowel syndrome"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20129403_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
493,
507
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],
... | [] | [
{
"id": "20129403_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"have"
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"offsets": [
[
196,
200
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]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20129403_T7"
},
{
"rol... | [] |
21849094 | It is appreciated far and wide that increased and regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is linked with noteworthy anticancer benefits. Extensively consumed as a spice in foods and beverages worldwide, ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an excellent source of several bioactive phenolics, including non-volatil... | [
{
"id": "21849094_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
677,
692
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21849094_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
941,
956
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"text": [... | [] | [
{
"id": "21849094_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"text": [
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"offsets": [
[
595,
601
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21849094_T1"
},
{
"r... | [] |
21972295 | OBJECTIVES: Almost 20% of people smoke tobacco worldwide--a percentage projected to rise in many poor countries. Smoking has been linked to increased individual risk of tuberculosis infection and mortality, but it remains unclear how these risks affect population-wide tuberculosis rates. DESIGN: We constructed a state ... | [
{
"id": "21972295_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
169,
181
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"text": [
"tuberculosis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21972295_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
269,
281
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],
"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "21972295_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
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"offsets": [
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1776,
1784
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21972295_T13"
},
{
"... | [] |
12713779 | INTRODUCTION: abdominal aortic dilatation can occur above the graft following repair of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This study aimed to determine the incidence and possible aetiological associations of recurrent juxta-anastomotic aneurysms following open repair of AAA. METHODS: the diameter of the infr... | [
{
"id": "12713779_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
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14,
41
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12713779_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
88,
125
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],
... | [] | [
{
"id": "12713779_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
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"text": [
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"offsets": [
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756,
766
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]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12713779_T15"
},
{
"... | [] |
8210262 | Questionnaires on smokeless tobacco use were completed by 781 sixth grade students in 15 schools at six locations in the United States. The students were both American Indian-Alaska Native and non-American Indian-Alaska Native. The Indian and Alaska Native schoolchildren were experimenting with and regularly using smok... | [
{
"id": "8210262_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1038,
1044
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"text": [
"cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8210262_T2",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
28,
35
]
],
"text": [
"tobac... | [] | [
{
"id": "8210262_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"risk"
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"offsets": [
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1029,
1033
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8210262_T1"
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{
"role": ... | [] |
22683493 | ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rhodiola species are traditionally used as tonics and stimulants to treat asthenia, suggesting their possible regulatory effect on energy metabolism. Clinical trials have demonstrated their glucose-lowering effect in type 2 diabetes. AIM OF THE STUDY: To examine the effects of Rhodiola o... | [
{
"id": "22683493_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
249,
264
]
],
"text": [
"type 2 diabetes"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22683493_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
310,
350
]
],
"text": [... | [] | [
{
"id": "22683493_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"induced"
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"offsets": [
[
658,
665
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22683493_T5"
},
{
"role... | [
{
"id": "22683493_1",
"entity_ids": [
"22683493_T15",
"22683493_T13"
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}
] |
23755843 | BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown that drinking more than two cups of coffee per day reduces the risks of hepatitis and liver cancer. However, the heterogeneity of the human genome requires studies of experimental animal models with defined genetic backgrounds to evaluate the coffee ef... | [
{
"id": "23755843_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
140,
149
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"text": [
"hepatitis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23755843_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
154,
166
]
],
"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "23755843_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduces"
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"offsets": [
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119,
126
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]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23755843_T1"
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{
"... | [] |
11496637 | In the course of the "1998 Health and Social Survey", questions were included to verify the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases and also of wheezing. The objectives of this study were 1) to verify the prevalence of wheezing and its validity as an indicator of chronic respiratory diseases in Qu bec; and 2) to ex... | [
{
"id": "11496637_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
114,
134
]
],
"text": [
"respiratory diseases"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11496637_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
275,
295
]
],
"tex... | [
{
"id": "11496637_R1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease_wo",
"arg1_id": "11496637_T13",
"arg2_id": "11496637_T11",
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "11496637_E1",
"type": "Unknown",
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"offsets": [
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653,
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11496637_T12"
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{
"role": "T... | [] |
23318138 | Abnormal regulation of Ca(2+) mediates tumorigenesis and Ca(2+) channels are reportedly deregulated in cancers, indicating that regulating Ca(2+) signaling in cancer cells is considered as a promising strategy to treat cancer. However, little is known regarding the mechanism by which Ca(2+) affects cancer cell death. H... | [
{
"id": "23318138_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
103,
110
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],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23318138_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
159,
165
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],
"text": [
"... | [] | [
{
"id": "23318138_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
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"offsets": [
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428,
434
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23318138_T5"
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{
"r... | [] |
16227704 | OBJECTIVE: Stomach cancer is the second common cause of death in Lithuania and most countries of the world. Nevertheless, there were no reports of epidemiological studies on stomach cancer in Lithuania. Therefore, a hospital-based case-control study has been carried out in order to assess the associations between veget... | [
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174,
188
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... | [] | [
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{
... | [] |
1182944 | The mechanism by which magnesium affects digitalis-induced arrhythmias was studied in dogs with and without beta-receptor blockade. Digoxin was infused at a rate of 2.5mug/kg/min until ventricular tachycardia developed, then half the animals were given MgSO4, the other half saline. In animals given MgSO4, sinus rhythm ... | [
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"... | [] | [
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{
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14613266 | OBJECTIVE: Recent reports have suggested an association between consumption of coffee or decaffeinated coffee and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although data are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. Furthermore, existing studies measured dietary exposures and potential confounders only at baseline and did not con... | [
{
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{
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9605207 | Epidemiologic and clinical studies suggest that tomato consumption may reduce the risk of cancer. Lycopene, a hydrocarbon carotenoid, is the major carotenoid in tomatoes and, as a potent singlet oxygen quencher, has been considered by some to be the biologically active agent responsible for the reduction of cancer risk... | [
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309,
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{
"... | [] |
22986747 | Cigarette smoke produces a molecular field of injury in epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. However, the specific signaling pathways that are altered in the airway of smokers and the signaling processes responsible for the transition from smoking-induced airway damage to lung cancer remain unknown. In this s... | [
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... | [] | [
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{
"... | [] |
18206417 | Tobacco-related oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignancy in Asian people. It accounts for almost 40% of cancers among Indian men and 3% in the Western world. Smokeless tobacco has been shown to induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which, along with its receptors, is over-expressed in people with o... | [
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... | [] | [
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{
"role"... | [] |
17850611 | AIMS: Few frameworks have addressed work-force diversity, inequities and inequalities as part of a comprehensive approach to eliminating tobacco-related health disparities. This paper summarizes the literature and describes the known disparities that exist along the tobacco disease continuum for minority racial and eth... | [
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137,
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"t... | [] | [
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"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17850611_T7"
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{
"rol... | [] |
21685250 | BACKGROUND: Although tobacco smoking is commonly cited as a risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the evidence from previous clinical and case-control studies is conflicting. We therefore aimed to prospectively examine the role of tobacco smoking in the development of SCC of the skin in a population-... | [
{
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76,
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"cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma"
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... | [] | [
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{
"role": "T... | [
{
"id": "21685250_1",
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] |
22012859 | Elastase is the only currently identified target protein for indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring hydrolysis product of glucobrassicin in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts that induces a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. In vitro elastase enzyma... | [
{
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275,
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"text": [... | [] | [
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"arguments": [
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"role": "Theme",
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{
"... | [] |
19627211 | Rice bran, the outer bran and germ of the kernel and a by-product of rice milling, is rich in phytonutrients but has been underutilized because of lipid content instability. New methods for the processing of rice bran have yielded a stabilized form that is increasingly used in foods and dietary supplements. Recent stud... | [
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... | [] | [
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"arguments": [
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{
"rol... | [] |
24957864 | Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. With debate surrounding the legalization and control of use, investigating its health risks has become a pressing area of research. One established association is that between cannabis use and schizophrenia, a debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting ~1% of ... | [
{
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252,
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"text": [
"schizophrenia"
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{
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... | [] | [
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{
"role":... | [] |
1441496 | Caffeine is a methylxanthine whose primary biologic effect is antagonism of the adenosine receptor. Its presence in coffee, tea, soda beverages, chocolate, and many prescription and over-the-counter drugs makes it the most commonly consumed stimulant drug. Initially caffeine increases blood pressure, plasma catecholami... | [
{
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"offsets": [
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719,
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"text": [
"addiction"
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{
"id": "1441496_T2",
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918,
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"text": [
"... | [] | [
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "1441496_T5"
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{
"role": ... | [] |
3390851 | Oral cancer is a major health problem in India, afflicting nearly one-third of the total cancer population. The main etiologic factor is the traditional habit of tobacco chewing. Approximately 90% of Indian oral cancers are tobacco related, the possibility of developing the lesion being ten times higher if the habit is... | [
{
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0,
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83,
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"tot... | [] | [
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"role":... | [] |
9060235 | In a tribal village in Kerala, India, local volunteers were trained to work in a programme for the primary prevention of tobacco-related cancers and the secondary prevention of common cancers. They gathered data on the use of tobacco and alcohol in a population of some 19,000 people, and identified one or more warning ... | [
{
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137,
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"cancers"
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},
{
"id": "9060235_T2",
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184,
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"ref_id": "9060235_T1"
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"role":... | [] |
22257133 | BACKGROUND: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are at higher risk of tobacco-related harm compared with general population. However, they may not fully appreciate health risks even when asymptomatic. AIM: The study aims to explore the perceived health risks, attitude and readiness to quit tobacco among euthymic BD pat... | [
{
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"offsets": [
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26,
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{
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44,
46
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... | [] | [
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62,
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"ref_id": "22257133_T10"
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{
"role": "... | [
{
"id": "22257133_1",
"entity_ids": [
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}
] |
19556852 | Many naturally occurring phytochemicals have shown cancer chemopreventive potential in a variety of bioassay systems. One such naturally occurring biologically active compound is tea Camellia sinensis, which is the most consumed beverage in the world after water. The most abundant and active constituents of tea are pol... | [
{
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51,
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[
395,
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"rol... | [] |
8439494 | Recently published results of epidemiologic case-control studies in China and Italy on gastric carcinoma in relation to diet suggest that consuming garlic may reduce the risk of gastric cancer. Chemical constituents of garlic have been tested for their inhibiting effect on carcinogenesis, using in vitro and in vivo mod... | [
{
"id": "8439494_T1",
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[
87,
104
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"text": [
"gastric carcinoma"
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{
"id": "8439494_T2",
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[
178,
192
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],
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... | [] | [
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8439494_T2"
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{
"rol... | [] |
24697562 | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Xerostomia is a subjective symptom of dryness in the mouth. Although a correlation between xerostomia and oral conditions in the elderly has been reported, there are few such studies in the young adults. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of xerostomia with the gingival cond... | [
{
"id": "24697562_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
26,
36
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"text": [
"Xerostomia"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
117,
127
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"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "24697562_E1",
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1339,
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "24697562_T22"
},
{
... | [] |
21291361 | Hibiscus sabdariffa Linne is a traditional Chinese rose tea and has been effectively used in folk medicines for treatment of hypertension, inflammatory conditions. H. sabdariffa aqueous extracts (HSE) were prepared from the dried flowers of H. sabdariffa L., which are rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins... | [
{
"id": "21291361_T1",
"type": "Disease",
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[
125,
137
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"text": [
"hypertension"
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},
{
"id": "21291361_T4",
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[
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"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "21291361_E1",
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"offsets": [
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21291361_T2"
},
{
... | [] |
10500021 | BACKGROUND: Dietary antioxidants, including carotenoids, are hypothesized to decrease the risk of age-related cataracts by preventing oxidation of proteins or lipids within the lens. However, prospective epidemiologic data concerning this phenomenon are limited. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine prospectively the... | [
{
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
110,
119
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"text": [
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},
{
"id": "10500021_T2",
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[
378,
386
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"text": [
... | [] | [
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"id": "10500021_E1",
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "10500021_T6"
},
{... | [] |
12151348 | Tea is one of the most popular beverages consumed in the world. Curcumin, the major yellow pigment in turmeric, is used widely as a spice and food-coloring agent. In this study, we studied the effects of tea and curcumin on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters. DMBA solution (0.... | [
{
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"text": [
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"text": [
"... | [] | [
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12151348_T17"
},
{
... | [] |
12209964 | Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of stomach cancer in many studies but there are limited data on this relationship in women and on risk associated with use of tobacco products other than cigarettes. We examined stomach cancer death rates in relation to cigarette smoking in women and use of cigarette,... | [
{
"id": "12209964_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
55,
69
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"text": [
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{
"id": "12209964_T2",
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[
230,
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"text": [
... | [] | [
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"id": "12209964_E1",
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12209964_T6"
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{
... | [] |
10943000 | The efficiency of some polysaccharides was investigated in mice with an experimental toxic hepatitis. Hepatitis was induced by the oral administration of 10% solution CCl4 in olive oil at a dosage of 3 ml/kg body weight every day during 7 days. After that tested substances were administrated every day 30-40 min before ... | [
{
"id": "10943000_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
102,
111
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],
"text": [
"Hepatitis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10943000_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
175,
180
]
],
"text": [
"... | [] | [] | [] |
21197427 | Cerebral ischemia is known to produce brain damage and related behavioral deficits including memory. Recently, accumulating lines of evidence showed that dietary enrichment with nutritional antioxidants could reduce brain damage and improve cognitive function. In this study, possible protective effect of Zingiber offic... | [
{
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
0,
17
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],
"text": [
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},
{
"id": "21197427_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
38,
50
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"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "21197427_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21197427_T8"
},
{
... | [] |
9536163 | OBJECTIVE: To study the mortality of women in an occupation known to have a high mortality among men. METHODS: A total of 6788 female seafarers of all job categories who had been employed on Danish merchant ships, passenger ships, and privately owned ferries between 1986 and 1993, were followed up until the end of 1993... | [
{
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"offsets": [
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"text": [
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{
"id": "9536163_T2",
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"offsets": [
[
893,
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"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "9536163_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"risk"
],
"offsets": [
[
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]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "9536163_T4"
},
{
"role": ... | [] |
15671634 | Ginkgo biloba, an extract of the ginkgo tree, may prevent or lessen symptoms of acute mountain sickness in humans. The mechanism of this effect is poorly understood. One hypothesis is that ginkgo alters nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, possibly by scavenging NO or altering nitric oxide synthase expression and thereby less... | [
{
"id": "15671634_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
80,
103
]
],
"text": [
"acute mountain sickness"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
540,
558
]
],
"t... | [] | [
{
"id": "15671634_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"prevent"
],
"offsets": [
[
50,
57
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "15671634_T11"
},
{
"r... | [] |
17415096 | Oral squamous cell carcinoma, the fifth most common cancer worldwide, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The effect of lifestyle factors, including tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol drinking, diet and dental care, on the risk of oral cancer was investigated in a case-control study conducted in Raj... | [
{
"id": "17415096_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
0,
28
]
],
"text": [
"Oral squamous cell carcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
52,
58
]
],
"... | [] | [] | [] |
12954453 | Excess aluminum (Al) exposure impairs neurocognitive function in humans and animals. Epidemiologic studies have shown a potential link between chronic Al exposure and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the protective effects of the herbal medicine Dipsacus asper extract against the cogniti... | [
{
"id": "12954453_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
167,
186
]
],
"text": [
"Alzheimer's disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12954453_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1323,
1342
]
],
"te... | [] | [
{
"id": "12954453_E1",
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1306
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12954453_T2"
},
{
... | [] |
19639212 | We investigated the effects of a water-soluble extract of Maitake (Grifola frondosa), a Japanese edible mushroom, on the proliferation and cell death of four human gastric cancer cell lines (TMK-1, MKN28, MKN45 and MKN74). The Maitake extract (ME) inhibited the proliferation of all four cell lines in a time-dependent m... | [
{
"id": "19639212_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
164,
178
]
],
"text": [
"gastric cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19639212_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1279,
1293
]
],
"text": ... | [] | [
{
"id": "19639212_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
1268,
1275
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19639212_T12"
},
{
... | [] |
19550292 | Garlic is generally used as a therapeutic reagent against various diseases, and numerous studies have indicated that garlic and its derivatives can reduce the risk of various types of human cancer. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a major member of garlic derivatives, could inhibit the cell proliferation by triggering either... | [
{
"id": "19550292_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
58,
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]
],
"text": [
"various diseases"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19550292_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
190,
196
]
],
"text": [
... | [] | [
{
"id": "19550292_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"used"
],
"offsets": [
[
20,
24
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19550292_T9"
},
{
"role"... | [] |
11010950 | BACKGROUND: Animal and in vitro studies have provided evidence of an anticarcinogenic effect of active ingredients in garlic. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between garlic consumption and risk of stomach, colon, head and neck, lung, breast, and p... | [
{
"id": "11010950_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
382,
389
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11010950_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
620,
626
]
],
"text": [
"... | [] | [
{
"id": "11010950_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effect"
],
"offsets": [
[
1586,
1592
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11010950_T1"
},
{
... | [] |
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