identifier stringlengths 7 768 | collection stringclasses 3 values | open_type stringclasses 1 value | license stringclasses 2 values | date float64 2.01k 2.02k ⌀ | title stringlengths 1 250 ⌀ | creator stringlengths 0 19.5k ⌀ | language stringclasses 357 values | language_type stringclasses 3 values | word_count int64 0 69k | token_count int64 2 438k | text stringlengths 1 388k | __index_level_0__ int64 0 57.4k |
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https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%20%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%82%20%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | സൽമാൻ അബൂ സിത്ത | https://ml.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=സൽമാൻ അബൂ സിത്ത&action=history | Malayalam | Spoken | 209 | 1,427 | പലസ്തീൻ അഭയാർത്ഥികളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ഗവേഷണങ്ങളുടെ പേരിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധനായ ഒരു ഗവേഷകനാണ് സൽമാൻ അബൂ സിത്ത ( ;1937-ൽ ജനനം). അഭയാർത്ഥികളുടെ തിരിച്ചുവരവിനായും അവരുടെ അവകാശങ്ങൾക്കായും പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്ന അബൂ സിത്ത, 1948-ലെ പലസ്തീൻ കൂട്ടപ്പലായനത്തെ ചരിതരേഖകളാക്കാനുള്ള രചനകൾക്ക് നേതൃത്വം നൽകി.
ജീവചരിത്രം
1937 ൽ അബൂ സിത്ത എന്ന പലസ്തീൻ കുടുംബത്തിലാണ് സൽമാൻ ജനിച്ചത്. 1948-ൽ വിദ്യാർത്ഥിയായിരിക്കുമ്പോളാണ് പലസ്തീൻ വിഭജനപദ്ധതി രൂപപ്പെടുകയും ജൂതരാഷ്ട്രം രൂപപ്പെടുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നത്. തുടർന്ന് സുരക്ഷാകാരണങ്ങൾ പറഞ്ഞ് അദ്ദേഹത്തെയും മറ്റു വിദ്യാർത്ഥികളേയും നാട്ടിലേക്ക് തിരിച്ചയച്ചു.
ഹഗാന, സൽമാന്റെ ഗ്രാമം പിടിച്ചെടുക്കുകയും വീടുകൾ തീവെച്ചുനശിപ്പിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തതോടെ ഗാസയിൽ അഭയാർത്ഥിയായി മാറുകയും ചെയ്തു.
തുടർന്ന് കൈറോയിലെ അൽ-സൈദിയ സെക്കൻഡറി സ്കൂൾ, കൈറോ യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി, ലണ്ടൻ യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം പൂർത്തിയാക്കി. സിവിൽ എഞ്ചിനീയറിങിൽ ഡോക്ടറേറ്റ് നേറ്റിയ അദ്ദേഹം ലണ്ടൻ, കാനഡ, കുവൈത്ത് എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ വിവിധങ്ങളായ ഉത്തരവാദിത്തങ്ങൾ വഹിച്ചുവന്നു.
പലസ്തീൻ നാഷണൽ കൗൺസിൽ അംഗം
റെഫ്യൂജി അഫയഴ്സിൽ ഗവേഷകനായി നാനൂറോളം പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ രചിച്ചു.
ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ ഡെവലപ്മെന്റ് ആൻഡ് കൺസ്ട്രക്ഷൻ പ്രൊജക്റ്റ്സിൽ ഡയറക്റ്റർ
പലസ്തീൻ ലാൻഡ് സൊസൈറ്റിയുടെ സ്ഥാപകനും പ്രസിഡന്റും
റൈറ്റ് ഓഫ് റിട്ടേൺ കോൺഗ്രസിന്റെ ജനറൽ കോഡിനേറ്റർ
പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച കൃതികൾ
The Return Journey (2007) Palestine Land Society,
Atlas of Palestine, 1917- 1966 Palestine Land Society (December 2010),
The Palestinian Nakba 1948: The register of depopulated localities in Palestine (Occasional Return Centre studies) (1998 reprinted 2000), Palestinian Return Centre,
Mapping My Return, The American University in Cairo Press (May 2016),
ലേഖനങ്ങൾ
Peace Palestine Traces of Poison: Israel’s Dark History Revealed
Geography of Occupation
Palestine Remembered Palestine Right Of Return, Sacred, Legal, and Possible
Jerusalemite 7 June 2007 "Atlas of Palestine 1948: Reconstructing Palestine"
അവലംബം
ലണ്ടൻ സർവ്വകലാശാലയിലെ പൂർവ്വ വിദ്യാർത്ഥികൾ
ജീവിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന പ്രമുഖർ
1937-ൽ ജനിച്ചവർ | 13,206 |
https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%20%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AD%20%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | విజయ్పూర్ శాసనసభ నియోజకవర్గం | https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=విజయ్పూర్ శాసనసభ నియోజకవర్గం&action=history | Telugu | Spoken | 89 | 624 | విజయ్పూర్ శాసనసభ నియోజకవర్గం మధ్య ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్రంలోని నియోజకవర్గాలలో ఒకటి. ఈ నియోజకవర్గం షియోపూర్ జిల్లా, మోరెనా లోక్సభ నియోజకవర్గం పరిధిలోని ఎనిమిది శాసనసభ నియోజకవర్గాల్లో ఒకటి.
ఎన్నికైన సభ్యులు
1957: ఉనికిలో లేదు.
1962: నావల్ కిషోర్, స్వతంత్ర
1967: జగ్మోహన్ సింగ్, స్వతంత్ర
1972: జగ్మోహన్ సింగ్, భారతీయ జనసంఘ్
1977: అజిత్ కుమార్, జనతా పార్టీ
1980: జగ్మోహన్ సింగ్, కాంగ్రెస్ (I)
1985: బాబులాల్ మేవారా, భారతీయ జనతా పార్టీ
1990: రామ్నివాస్ రావత్, కాంగ్రెస్
1993: రామ్నివాస్ రావత్, కాంగ్రెస్
1998: బాబులాల్ మేవారా, భారతీయ జనతా పార్టీ
2003: రామ్నివాస్ రావత్, కాంగ్రెస్
2008: రామ్నివాస్ రావత్, కాంగ్రెస్
2013: రామ్నివాస్ రావత్, కాంగ్రెస్
2018: సీతారాం ఆదివాసి, బీజేపీ
మూలాలు
మధ్య ప్రదేశ్ శాసనసభ నియోజకవర్గాలు | 16,969 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaplochelus | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Diaplochelus | https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaplochelus&action=history | Swedish | Spoken | 21 | 62 | Diaplochelus är ett släkte av skalbaggar. Diaplochelus ingår i familjen Melolonthidae.
Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:
Källor
Externa länkar
Skalbaggar
Diaplochelus | 41,270 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Curran | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Jim Curran | https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim Curran&action=history | Polish | Spoken | 207 | 508 | Jim Curran (ur. 1943 w Uppingham) – brytyjski kamerzysta, fotograf, pisarz, były wykładowca politechniki w Bristolu, himalaista i malarz. Członek Climbers Club i Alpine Club. Były organizator i przewodniczący jury odbywających się w Kendal festiwali filmowych poświęconych tematyce górskiej. Mieszka w Sheffield.
Wspinał się i filmował podczas piętnastu wypraw wysokogórskich (w tym dwukrotnie na Mount Everest), towarzysząc najbardziej znanym himalaistom brytyjskim (Chris Bonington, Joe Tasker, Alan Rouse, Joe Brown, Peter Boardman). Filmował w Andach, na Kaukazie, w Górach Atlas i w Chinach.
Filmografia (wybór)
Kongur, prod. Chris Lister, Northern Films, Leeds
K2 – Triumph and Tragedy, prod. Chris Lister, Northern Films, Leeds
Barnaj, prod. Chris Lister, Northern Films, Leeds
Trango, prod. Chris Lister, Northern Films, Leeds
Książki (wybór)
K2 – Triumph and Tragedy, Hodder Stoughton, 1989; polski przekład: K2: Triumf i tragedia, tłum. Małgorzata Białas i Zbigniew Białas, Czeladź: Alma-Press, 1989,
Suspended Sentences
K2 – The Story of the Savage Mountain, Hodder & Stoughton.
High Achiever – The Life and Climbs of Chris Bonington, Mountaineers Books, 1999, ..
Nagrody
Banff Mountain Book Festival (1996) – non-fiction award (za K2 – The Story of the Savage Mountain)
EMMY – za wybitne osiągnięcia w dziedzinie fotografii elektronicznej
Przypisy
Brytyjscy filmowcy
Brytyjscy wspinacze
Brytyjscy twórcy literatury górskiej
Urodzeni w 1943 | 20,435 |
https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBegr%C3%B3wko | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Żegrówko | https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Żegrówko&action=history | Min Nan Chinese | Spoken | 25 | 93 | Żegrówko sī chi̍t ê tī Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok Tōa Pho-lân Séng Kościan Kūn Śmigiel Kong-siā ê chng-thâu.
Chham-oa̍t
Pho-lân ê chng-thâu
Chham-khó
Kościan Kūn ê chng-thâu | 40,740 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays-Bas%20aux%20Jeux%20olympiques%20d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20de%202004 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Pays-Bas aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2004 | https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pays-Bas aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2004&action=history | French | Spoken | 228 | 456 | Les Pays-Bas participent aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2004 à Athènes. 210 athlètes néerlandais, 134 hommes et 76 femmes, ont participé à 99 compétitions, dans 22 sports. Ils y ont obtenu 22 médailles : 4 d'or, 9 d'argent et 9 de bronze.
Médailles
Médailles d'or
Médailles d'argent
Médailles de bronze
Athlètes engagés
Cyclisme
Cyclisme sur route
L'équipe néerlandaise féminine de cyclisme sur route comprend trois coureuses : Mirjam Melchers, Leontien van Moorsel, qui disputent la course en ligne et le contre-la-montre, et Anouska van der Zee, qui ne dispute que la course en ligne.
Trois fois médaillée d'or aux Jeux de 2000, Leontien van Moorsel obtient un quatrième titre olympique en s'imposant lors du contre-la-montre.
Course en ligne :
Mirjam Melchers :
Anouska van der Zee : abandon
Leontien van Moorsel : abandon
Contre-la-montre :
Leontien van Moorsel : Médaillée d'or
Mirjam Melchers :
L'équipe masculine néerlandaise pour la course en ligne est composée de cinq coureurs : Max van Heeswijk, que le sélectionneur Gerrie Knetemann espère voir décrocher une médaille en cas d'arrivée au sprint, Michael Boogerd, Erik Dekker, qui ont un , Karsten Kroon et Servais Knaven. Thomas Dekker représente les Pays-Bas au contre-la-montre.
Course en ligne :
Max van Heeswijk :
Erik Dekker :
Karsten Kroon :
Servais Knaven : abandon
Michael Boogerd : abandon
Contre-la-montre :
Thomas Dekker :
Notes et références
Pays-Bas
2004 | 16,040 |
https://drupal.stackexchange.com/questions/267998 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,018 | Stack Exchange | Jorge Montoya, https://drupal.stackexchange.com/users/60589 | English | Spoken | 499 | 918 | Add .active class to a menu link when other menu link is clicked
I have following scenario:
Drupal 8.5.6, with a bootstrap subtheme.
There are 2 menus (I'll call them main menu and secondary menu).
The links in the main menu are geographic areas, I've managed to add the .active class to the link, based on the url with the help of this answer: https://drupal.stackexchange.com/a/191861/60589 with a preprocess function and tweaking the twig code.
The links in the secondary menu are related to each one of the links in the main menu, so when I click Area 1 in the main menu, a custom secondary menu will appear in this page.
The problem:
I want the main menu link to stay highlihted, when I click on a link of the secondary menu
The URLs look like this:
mysite/areas/area1 ==> the Area1 link in the main menu gets the active class
mysite/areas/area1/otherlink ==> the links in the secondary menu have this structure, I want the Area1 link in the main menu to keep the .active class.
The cited solution appears a little buggy, as it replaces all potentially existing classes of the menu items. But what makes it not suitable for your use case is, that it is intended to add the active class only, if the current path matches the menu link's URL path.
What you are looking for instead, is the menu items' "active trail". It is a flag set by the menu module on every menu item found when traversing the menu tree upwards, starting from the current active item up to the menu root.
With this information at hand, have a check for the default menu template. It features the menu item specific property in_active_trail:
in_active_trail: TRUE if the link is in the active trail.
So you can easily add the active class to your currently active menu item and all its parents by using the following in your theme's menu.html.twig:
{%
set link_classes = [
item.in_active_trail ? 'active',
]
%}
{{ link(item.title, item.url, {'class': link_classes}) }}
A more complete example for a Bootstrap 4 navigation with menu.html.twig:
{#
/**
* @file
* Theme override to display a Bootstrap 4 menu.
*/
#}
{% import _self as menus %}
{{ menus.menu_links(items, attributes, 0) }}
{% macro menu_links(items, attributes, menu_level) %}
{% import _self as menus %}
{% if items %}
{% if menu_level == 0 %}
<ul{{ attributes.addClass('nav') }}>
{% else %}
<ul class="menu">
{% endif %}
{% for item in items %}
{%
set classes = [
'nav-item',
item.is_expanded ? 'menu-item--expanded',
item.is_collapsed ? 'menu-item--collapsed',
item.in_active_trail ? 'menu-item--active-trail',
]
%}
<li{{ item.attributes.addClass(classes) }}>
{%
set link_classes = [
'nav-link',
item.in_active_trail ? 'active',
]
%}
{{ link(item.title, item.url, {'class': link_classes}) }}
{% if item.below %}
{{ menus.menu_links(item.below, attributes, menu_level + 1) }}
{% endif %}
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endif %}
{% endmacro %}
Thanks Mario, I had to test the code, but from the moment I read your answer, I knew it was right.
| 27,786 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14199161 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,013 | Stack Exchange | Frank Tudor, https://stackoverflow.com/users/730127 | English | Spoken | 484 | 835 | Game made by Google maps: marker loop, marker image changing and crossing table
I'm working to get a small game in google maps api v3, an easy "Drag'n'drop" marker (a waste) to put in the right container (so another marker).
here's what I did till now http://www.nadersafwan.site90.net/minijeu.html
here are my achievements:
I managed to put all the map parameters
to create the points, 8 fix points and 1 draggable,
to have a random position for my dragable marker,
I've set timeout and points,...
all I want now is to create a sort of loop, which clear the old marker (with defined properties) and to show another marker (with his own image and NAME): this may be executed every time those variables correspond in both (mobile and fix markers) and at a certain distance.
so I need:
1 - a function which says that at XY px of distance and if the kind of marker is the same type, and then which creates a loop who clears up the old marker attributes and gives a new one with the new attributes
2 - a function which design a random type of waste and which gives the related attributes (image and name) to the dragable marker
what i have:
1 - distance between markers (euclidean distance):
google.maps.event.addListener(marker, 'dragend', function() {
for (var i = 0; i < point_tab.length; i++) {
if (i in point_tab) {
var d = point_tab[i];
var dlat = d.coords.lat();
var dlng = d.coords.lng();
var dist = Math.sqrt( Math.pow(lat - dlat, 2) + Math.pow(lng - dlng, 2) );
console.log(dist);
for (i in types_dechets) {marker.setIcon(point_tab[i].image)}
if (dist < 0.01) {
alert("youpie");
clearOverlays();
marker.setMap(map);
}
}
}
if (dechetterie_trouvee == false) {
alert("pollueur");
}
}
All I need here is to add a variable confrontation inside the 'point_tab' Array between the values of the dragableMarker and the fixMarkers already defined as "point_tab[n].nom" variable.
Here I use the 'clearoverlays()' function to clear the marker, but 'marker.setMap(map)' gives me a different image only once, I want it to changing every time my marker get cleared
2 - for a random waste type choice I tried out this:
for (n in point_tab) {
var random_type_dechet = function() {
var randomIndex = Math.floor(Math.random() * point_tab[n].length);
return point_tab[randomIndex].image;
}
}
I don't really understand this so much but, it may change randomly the type of waste in the 'point_tab' Array, probably to be implemented with the previous script to get always a different dragableMarker?
Nader...Need some clarification. You have markers that will change based on proximity? you need a loop to go back and clean this up? You need a listener? to wait for marker changes via drag and drop? Also (problem) your main link to your example is producing an error and redirecting to the webhost. Maybe you should create a jsfiddle and add what you have and give a link so we can see what you current have.
| 29,207 |
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | وفات | https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=وفات&action=history | Persian | Spoken | 123 | 421 | وفات (انگلیسی: Obit) فیلم مستند دربارهٔ نویسندگان آگهی ترحیم در نیویورک تایمز است. این فیلم در جشنواره فیلم ترایبکا در ۱۵ آوریل سال ۲۰۱۶ به نمایش درآمد.
خلاصه داستان
این فیلم اولین فیلم مستندی است که به دنیای روزنامهنگارها میپردازد. در این مستند نویسندگان و سردبیران نیویورک تایمز، رویکرد منحصر به فرد خود برای نوشتن از شخصیتهای برجسته را مورد بحث قرار میدهند.
عوامل
William McDonald
Bruce Weber
Margalit Fox
William Grimes
Jack Kadden
Douglas Martin
Jeff Roth
Daniel Slotnik
Paul Vitello
لینکهای رسمی
وبسایت
IMDB
Metacritic
منابع
فیلمها به زبان انگلیسی
فیلمهای ۲۰۱۶ (میلادی)
فیلمهای ایالات متحده آمریکا
فیلمهای فیلمبرداری شده در نیویورکسیتی
فیلمهای مستند ۲۰۱۶ (میلادی)
فیلمهای مستند آمریکایی
فیلمهای مستند دهه ۲۰۱۰ (میلادی)
فیلمهای واقعشده در نیویورک سیتی
نیویورک تایمز | 20,687 |
https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/410940 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | benwiggy, https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/198019, https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/380463, keskeane | English | Spoken | 227 | 301 | How can I create an option in the print PDF pop up menu with Automator?
I tried to create a print plug-in for pdf pop-up menu, where I'd like to open the PDF in messages so I can send as a text or iMessage. After a few trials it did launch the messages app but it didn't show the pdf within it, nothing to send. Wanted to try the same plug in with iBooks to see if it works and it did beautifully; saved the pdf to iBooks. I’m using the “open finder items” command. Is there something different I should do to make this work with messages app? My OS is BigSur 11.1.
Thanks!
Without seeing a screenshot of the entire Automator workflow, we can't possibly know what's wrong with the script. However: see my answer below for an easier way.
I added two screenshots. What you have suggested in your answer didn't work, unfortunately.
Simply putting an Alias to the application in the Library/PDF Services folder (either the User's Library folder or the root level /Library folder) should be sufficient to send the PDF from the print menu's "Save As PDF" button to any application.
This should have the same effect as opening the document with the app, or dropping it on the app's icon. It may depend what the app does with incoming documents.
| 35,931 |
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns-J%C3%B6rg%20Anders | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Hanns-Jörg Anders | https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanns-Jörg Anders&action=history | Malagasy | Spoken | 29 | 88 | Hanns-Jörg Anders dia mpaka sary mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i Alemaina teraka ny 1 Janoary 1942
Jereo koa
Biôgrafia
Rohy ivelany
Ao amin'i Freebase:
Biôgrafia
mpaka sary
Teraka tamin'ny taona 1942 | 13,349 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2783069 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,010 | Stack Exchange | Amy B, Matt, Partha, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5721612, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5721614, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5721742, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8155, omoniyi yemi | English | Spoken | 118 | 326 | How to write this SQL average query in linq
Here's the SQL I would like run:
DECLARE @StartDt DATETIME, @EndDt DATETIME
SET @StartDt='2009-01-01'
SET @EndDt='2010-06-01'
SELECT
AVG(DATEDIFF(day, CreatedDt, CompletedDt))
AVG(DATEDIFF(day, CreatedDt, ComplianceDt))
FROM MyTable
WHERE RequestDt BETWEEN @StartDt AND @EndDt
Can this be expressed in Linq (C#) and have it all run on the database?
DateTime startDt = new DateTime(2009, 1, 1);
DateTime endDt = new DateTme(2010, 6, 1);
var query = dc.MyTables
.Where(x => startDt <= x.RequestDate && x.RequestDt <= endDt)
.GroupBy(x => 1) //unsure about this group by
.Select(g => new
{
FirstAvg = g.Average(x =>
SqlMethods.DateDiffDay(x.CreatedDt, x.CompletedDt)),
SecondAvg = g.Average(x =>
SqlMethods.DateDiffDay(x.CreatedDt, x.ComplianceDt))
});
var row = query.Single();
Easy isn't the only quality I value.
| 48,168 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo%20Ferro%20Fini | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Palazzo Ferro Fini | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palazzo Ferro Fini&action=history | German | Spoken | 426 | 771 | Palazzo Ferro Fini ist ein Palast in Venedig in der italienischen Region Venetien. Er liegt im Sestiere San Marco mit Blick auf den Canal Grande, etwa gegenüber der Kirche Santa Maria della Salute. Der Palast ist Sitz des Regionalparlaments von Venetien.
Der Palazzo Ferro Fini besteht eigentlich aus zwei Palästen, dem Palazzo Flangini Fini und aus dem größeren Palazzo Manolesso Ferro. Auf dem Weg entlang dem Canal Grande in Richtung des San-Marco-Basins liegt der Palast auf der linken Seite nach dem Palazzo Pisani Gritti, aber noch vor dem Palazzo Contarini Fasan.
Geschichte
Der Palazzo Flangini Fini war seinerseits in zwei Gebäude unterteilt (ein größeres der Contarini und ein kleineres der De Ponte), bevor der griechische Anwalt Tommaso Flangini 1638 beide zusammen kaufte und den Architekten Pietro Bettinelli mit dem Umbau betraute. Er hinterließ den Palast testamentarisch der griechischen Gemeinde Venedigs und 1662 kaufte ihn ein weiterer griechischer Anwalt, Girolamo Fini, der den Architekten Alessandro Tremignon mit der Vereinheitlichung der Fassade und der Komplettierung der Innenräume beauftragte.
Den Palazzo Manolesso Ferro kaufte der Doge Michele Morosini Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts und er fiel 1740 an die Familie Ferro und von diesen durch Erbe an die Manolessos. In den 1860er-Jahren wurde daraus das Hotel „New York“.
Einige Jahrzehnte später kauften die Reederfamilie Ivancich beide Paläste und vereinigten sie in ein Grand Hotel, das bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg großes Prestige besaß. 1972 ging es in den Besitz der Region Venetien über, die es lange und genau restaurieren ließ.
Beschreibung
Der Palazzo Flangini Fini hat eine asymmetrische Fassade von majestätischem Klassizismus mit Mehrfach- und Einzelfenstern in beiden Hauptgeschossen, die mit Bögen und Schlusssteinen versehen sind. Relevant sind auch die Gesimse zwischen den Stockwerken und die Dachlinie.
Die Fassade des älteren Palazzo Manolesso Ferro kombiniert verschiedene Baustile: Das Mezzaningeschoss zeigt ein Dreifachfenster im Renaissancestil, im ersten Hauptgeschoss finden sich gotische Fenster mit Dreipassbögen, wogegen man im zweiten Hauptgeschoss mit Rundbögen zu klassischen Elementen zurückkehrte.
Die Restaurierung im Auftrag der Region Venetien zielte zum einen auf die Wiedererlangung der ursprünglichen Raumaufteilung ab, die über die Jahrhunderte je nach der unterschiedlichen Nutzung verändert worden war (z. B. das Atrium im Erdgeschoss, der Saal im ersten Hauptgeschoss, die Höfe), zum anderen auf die Anpassung des Komplexes an die neue Funktion als Sitz der Institution.
Die Innenräume des Gebäudes sind mit Fresken, Stuck und Muranoglas geschmückt. Die Decke des Büros des Präsidenten des Consiglio regionale zeigt ein Fresko mit mythologischem Thema von Pietro Liberi.
Einzelnachweise und Bemerkungen
Weblinks
Palast im Sestiere San Marco
Palast am Canal Grande
Erbaut im 14. Jahrhundert
Erbaut im 17. Jahrhundert | 48,366 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59245431 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,019 | Stack Exchange | Fraction, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11129751 | English | Spoken | 325 | 868 | Getting ancestors in MongoDb using tree structure
I have the following collection representing the directory structure.
I'd like to write an aggregation query that will return all child directory IDs starting from a certain point.
For example:
Starting from root: results: child_A, child_B, child_A_1
Starting from child_a: results: child_A_1
I've created the following query (in Mongo 4.2) according to the docs, but I'm unable to run it successfully.
[{
$match: {
_id: ObjectId('5de7a00bf3663d0805644b91')
}
}, {
$graphLookup: {
from: 'documents',
startWith: '$_id',
connectFromField: '_id',
connectToField: 'parentId',
as: 'hierarchy'
}
}]
How can I solve that issue?
Your query works as expected: https://mongoplayground.net/p/YOh9lfw4XtM
It is non-trivial solution.
REQUIREMENTS
1 We need to add extra field (let's call it level) which indicates where document is located inside hierarchy.
|root 0
|-child A 1
|--child A_1 2
|-child B 1
2 We need to define previously hierarchy depth (for instance: max 3)
LIMITATION
In order to filter from specific level, we need to modify root and children $match values.
Ensure always hierarchy level:
root - 0
children - 1
root - 1
children - 2
SOLUTION
db.documents.aggregate([
{
$facet: {
root: [
{
$match: {
level: 0
}
}
],
children: [
{
$match: {
level: 1
}
},
{
$graphLookup: {
from: "documents",
startWith: "$_id",
connectFromField: "_id",
connectToField: "parentId",
maxDepth: 0,
as: "hierarchy"
}
},
{
$sort: {
_id: 1
}
}
]
}
},
{
$unwind: "$root"
},
{
$project: {
"root._id": 1,
"root.name": 1,
"root.level": 1,
"root.hierarchy": {
$filter: {
input: "$children",
as: "sub_level",
cond: {
$eq: [
"$$sub_level.parentId",
"$root._id"
]
}
}
}
}
},
{
$replaceRoot: {
newRoot: "$root"
}
}
])
MongoPlayground (max depth: 3) | MongoPlayground (max depth: 4)
EXPLANATION
With $facet we define level structure. root all root directory only. children contains all children with level 1 + children descendants.
We $filter (merge) root and children by parentId
With $project and $replaceRoot we return original structure.
LINKS
https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/facet/
https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/filter/
https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/replaceRoot/
| 7,789 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extj%C3%A4rnen | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Extjärnen | https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extjärnen&action=history | Swedish | Spoken | 35 | 87 | Extjärnen är en sjö i Härjedalens kommun i Härjedalen och ingår i .
Se även
Lista över insjöar i Härjedalens kommun
Källor
Externa länkar
Insjöar i Ljusnans avrinningsområde
Insjöar i Härjedalen
Insjöar i Härjedalens kommun | 41,053 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56033240 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,019 | Stack Exchange | https://stackoverflow.com/users/496803, thelatemail | Danish | Spoken | 125 | 377 | R Select all Nth list Items from a list of list
Suppose having a list of list made by this code :
Lst<-list(list(c(1,2,3),c('A','B','C')),
list(c(4,5,6),c('D','E','F')))
>Lst
[[1]]
[[1]][[1]]
[1] 1 2 3
[[1]][[2]]
[1] "A" "B" "C"
[[2]]
[[2]][[1]]
[1] 4 5 6
[[3]]
[1] "D" "E" "F"
How to extract all the seconds elements of all sub-lists (Lst[[1]][2] and Lst[[2]][2])to get this output :
> [1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F"
Use sapply over Lst
c(sapply(Lst, `[[`, 2))
#[1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F"
Or using purrr
library(purrr)
flatten_chr(map(Lst, 2))
I think map also allows you to just use an integer - flatten_chr(map(Lst, 2))
We can use pluck with map
library(tidyverse)
map(Lst, pluck, 2) %>%
unlist
#[1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F"
| 11,369 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66005668 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | Anish B., howlger, https://stackoverflow.com/users/421195, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6505250, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7291698, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8340997, paulsm4, user7291698 | English | Spoken | 244 | 412 | Eclipse Gradle Wizard creates project with SubFolder -lib
When I create a Gradle project in Eclipse the result is a nested project with a -lib folder created automatically. Any ideas on why this is being created?
I can reproduce this in Eclipse 2021-03 (4.19) containing Eclipse Buildship 3.1.5.v20210113-0929, but not in Eclipse 2020-12 (4.18) containing Eclipse Buildship 3.1.4.v20200326-1743. Make sure it has been reported here: https://github.com/eclipse/buildship/issues
@user7291698 In my case, the lib was not created. Can you mention in which version of eclipse is this happening ?
I tried this with Eclipse 2020-03 and Eclipse 2021-03, same behaviour in both versions.
I tested this on Eclipse 2021-03 using the latest gradle version 7.0-rc-1 and reproduced your issue where a nested project with a lib subproject was created. I then made a new Eclipse project specifying Gradle version 6.6 to be used and the resulting project was not nested. I suggest trying Gradle 6.6 and seeing if you get the same behavior I got. This might fix your project.
Also try running the gradle init command from the command line and see what project structure you get there. I tested this on my PC where I have gradle 5.6 as the default version and got a non nested structure. You can of course always manually modify your gradle project in a few minutes to not be nested.
Please also report your findings here: https://github.com/eclipse/buildship/issues
@stuart - please "upvote" and "accept" this reply. See also: https://github.com/eclipse/buildship/issues/1077
| 46,253 |
https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/226712 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,020 | Stack Exchange | alecxs, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/151865, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/327093, https://android.stackexchange.com/users/327294, miguelps, munsoft004 | English | Spoken | 171 | 282 | Xiaomi android always boot in recovery (twrp) mode
I tried to install twrp in my xiaomi redmi 7A, and it worked, but now i'm not able to boot the system.
The steps i followed are as follows:
fastboot flash recovery recovery.img
fastboot boot recovery.img
It seems like i have to flash the firmware, but i want to see another solutions for obvious reasons.
https://android.stackexchange.com/q/214902
Yes, the best solution is to flash the stock firmware. Or the other option is if you backed up recovery partition then you can flash it through twrp to go back to stock recovery, which can solve your problem.
Thanks. Where can i download good/thrusty firmware image? I'm downloading from some site i found but i'm not secure about it.
https://xiaomistockrom.com/xiaomi-redmi-7 Do upvote.
Due to the poor attention to this problem, i've check the @munsoft004 response as accepted. And yes, i did flash the firmware.
For future intent to flash TWRP with fastboot, if the command "fastboot flash recovery recovery.img" works, do not run fastboot boot recovery.img
| 12,942 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilchowe%20%28obw%C3%B3d%20kirowohradzki%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Wilchowe (obwód kirowohradzki) | https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilchowe (obwód kirowohradzki)&action=history | Polish | Spoken | 43 | 118 | Wilchowe () – wieś na Ukrainie, w obwodzie kirowohradzkim, w rejonie hołowaniwskim, w hromadzie Błahowiszczenśke. W 2001 liczyła 1320 mieszkańców, wśród których 1299 wskazało jako ojczysty język ukraiński, a 18 rosyjski, 1 bułgarski, 1 ormiański, a 1 inny.
Przypisy
Wsie w obwodzie kirowohradzkim | 45,595 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filix%20thelypteris | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Filix thelypteris | https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filix thelypteris&action=history | Vietnamese | Spoken | 51 | 103 | Filix thelypteris là một loài dương xỉ trong họ Dryopteridaceae. Loài này được Farw. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1904.
Danh pháp khoa học của loài này chưa được làm sáng tỏ.
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
Filix
Thực vật được mô tả năm 1904
Unresolved names
es:Filix thelypteris | 46,967 |
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancy-les-Cheminots | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Sancy-les-Cheminots | https://ku.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sancy-les-Cheminots&action=history | Kurdish | Spoken | 25 | 85 | Sancy-les-Cheminots, komuneke departmena Aisne a li herêma Hauts-de-Franceê ye ku li aliyê bakurê Fransayê ye.
Mijarên din
Komunên departmena Aisne
Çavkanî
Girêdanên derve
Komunên Aisne | 9,225 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65191868 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,020 | Stack Exchange | Asperi, Owen Rivera, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12299030, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14204818 | English | Spoken | 580 | 1,111 | Changing @Published value triggers Init in View
I am facing a problem initializing the view, it is reinitialized when the @Published property is set and I cannot figure out why.
The app structure is:
MyApp -> MainView -> fullscreenCover OrderView -> ListOfOrders -> fullscreenCover ProductView -> Bug Button. The view model is injected as @StateObject.
Here is a simplified version of the app I'm working on:
View model
class SystemService: ObservableObject {
@Published private(set) var testValue: Bool = false
@Published private(set) var products: [Product] = []
}
The App declaration
@main
struct MyApp: App {
@StateObject private var systemService = SystemService()
@ViewBuilder
var body: some Scene {
WindowGroup {
MainView(systemService: systemService)
}
}
}
The main view, which basically just shows a fullscreen modal view - OrderView
struct MainView: View {
@StateObject var systemService: SystemService
@State private var activeFullScreen: ActiveFullScreenEnum?
var body: some View {
VStack {
Button(action: {
activeFullScreen = .order
}, label: Text("Order Details"))
}
.fullScreenCover(item: $activeFullScreen, content: { item in
switch item {
case .order:
OrderView(systemService: systemService)
}
})
}
}
The Order View contains a list of products.
struct OrderView: View {
@StateObject var systemService: SystemService
@State private var activeFullScreen: OrderFullScreenEnum?
init(systemService: SystemService) {
_systemService = StateObject(wrappedValue: systemService)
print("OrderScreen Initialized")
}
var body: some View {
VStack {
ScrollView {
ForEach(systemService.products) { product in
Button(action: {
activeFullScreen = .product(product)
}, label: Text("Prodcut Details"))
}
}
}
.fullScreenCover(item: $activeFullScreen, content: { item in
switch item {
case .product(let product):
ProductView(systemService: systemService, product: product)
}
})
}
}
And finally the Product View where the bug is discovered.
The bug is - when pressing on the "Bug Button" the ProductView is dismisses, and OrderView's init calls and prints out "OrderScreen Initialized".
struct ProductView: View {
@StateObject var systemService: SystemService
var body: some View {
VStack {
Button(action: {
systemService.testValue.toggle()
}, label: Text("Bug Button"))
}
}
}
Probably the issue in my fundamental misunderstanding of how Combine works, I will be grateful if somebody could help.
***** Additional info *****
If I add .onAppear to the Order View
.onAppear {
print("Order View Did Appear")
}
The first call to systemService.testValue.toggle() from the Ordre View triggers .onAppear, but only once, only the first time. After that, the bug disappears and .fullScreenCover doesn't get dismissed anymore.
Calling systemService.testValue.toggle() from OrderView causes calling OrderView Init
So the main question - How changing the @Published value can cause the view to be reinitialized.
There are no .onReceive used anywhere.
Yes, it does. So what's the question? If you don't want it then move that boolean into separated view model.
The question is:
How to use a @Published value from the ViewModel (which initializes in the root of the app) on the .fullScreenCover View, without the .fullScreenCover being dismissed every time the @Published value changes.
Ok, I see that reinitialization is not the problem itself, I've tried a few other views and the .fullScreenCover doesn't get dismissed there despite reinitializing the view.
More details: The bug happens and .fullScreenCover gets dismissed only on the first change of the @Published value. After that everything works as expected.
I think the main problem is that the application may be trying to operate with four different instances of SystemServices.
@StateObject - 'A property wrapper type that instantiates an observable object.'
@ObservedObject - 'A property wrapper type that subscribes to an observable object and invalidates a view whenever the observable object changes.'
Instead of @StateObject, try giving @ObservedObject in the child views of App a go.
Good luck.
| 47,247 |
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%20%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | پارک پروازی اپکوت اسنتر | https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=پارک پروازی اپکوت اسنتر&action=history | Persian | Spoken | 83 | 255 | پارک پروازی اپکوت اسنتر یک فرودگاه خصوصی است که یک باند فرود چمن دارد و طول باند آن ۱۲۹ متر است. این فرودگاه در شهر لیک بوئنا ویستا، فلوریدا کشور ایالات متحده آمریکا قرار دارد و در ارتفاع ۳۱ متری از سطح دریا واقع شده است.
جستارهای وابسته
کد فرودگاهی یاتا
کد فرودگاهی ایکائو
فهرست فرودگاههای ایالات متحده آمریکا
منابع
ترابری در شهرستان اوسکئولا، فلوریدا
ساختمانها و سازهها در شهرستان آسیوولا، فلوریدا
فرودگاههای ازبین رفته در فلوریدا
هواپیمای فوق سبک
والت دیزنی ورلد | 370 |
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C3%A9 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Andé | https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andé&action=history | Romanian | Spoken | 27 | 53 | Andé este o comună în departamentul Eure, Franța. În 2009 avea o populație de 1080 de locuitori.
Note
Vezi și
Lista comunelor din Eure
Comune din Eure | 29,807 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68630735 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 381 | 770 | Get Oracle view code information using oracle toad
I want to see the code of preexisting view in query window itself without going Schema Browser or directly going to that object. How to see view code in Oracle TOAD?
We can see using below script in SQL Server
sp_helptext 'viewname'
In Oracle I have tried like below
select * from USER_SOURCE where Name ='viewname'
but its not giving viewname code information. How to achieve this task in Oracle?
Example:
SQL> create or replace view v_emp
2 as
3 select d.deptno,
4 d.dname,
5 e.empno,
6 e.ename,
7 e.job,
8 e.sal
9 from emp e join dept d
10 on e.deptno = d.deptno
11 where d.deptno <> 30;
View created.
You were querying USER_SOURCE, but that view doesn't contain views - check USER_VIEWS instead. Query, similar to yours, doesn't return anything:
SQL> select text
2 from user_views
3 where view_name = 'v_emp';
no rows selected
Why no rows selected? Because Oracle stores object names in UPPERCASE by default unless you enclosed the name into double quotes, but - in Oracle - that's generally a bad idea as you'd always have to reference objects with double quotes, matching letter case. By default, you can reference them any way you want.
So:
SQL> select text
2 from user_views
3 where view_name = 'V_EMP'; --> note uppercase here
TEXT
----------------------------------------------------------------
select d.deptno,
d.dname,
e.empno,
e.ename,
e.job,
SQL>
But hey! Part of code is missing! That's SQL Plus, though. As view text is stored into a LONG datatype column:
SQL> desc user_views
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- --------------------
VIEW_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
TEXT_LENGTH NUMBER
TEXT LONG --> here it is
TYPE_TEXT_LENGTH NUMBER
<snip>
you'd then
SQL> set long 10000
SQL> select text
2 from user_views
3 where view_name = 'V_EMP';
TEXT
----------------------------------------------------------------
select d.deptno,
d.dname,
e.empno,
e.ename,
e.job,
e.sal
from emp e join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno
where d.deptno <> 30
SQL>
and see the whole view code.
In TOAD, the result is a WIDEMEMO column so you'll have to double-click it to view the result (without using the SET LONG command; it is related to SQL*Plus only).
The view code will be present in user_views table in oracle. you can achieve this by using the query
SELECT * FROM user_views WHERE VIEW_NAME= UPPER('viewname')
| 19,240 | |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58467309 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,019 | Stack Exchange | Matthew Formosa, Progman, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10148103, https://stackoverflow.com/users/286934, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8882414, iamsumitd | English | Spoken | 935 | 2,201 | How to read and store inputs properly in this program?
How to get input values properly and store them to use further in this program?
I don't know why but this program is outputting Full Name: and Address: at once and taking input values only for Address:. Also, when I'm outputting New Account option, it is not outputting First Name:.
package com.company;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
public static final Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
public String name;
public int age;
public long personummer;
public String address;
public long phoneNumber;
public long amount;
public boolean created = false;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main BankID = new Main();
int option;
do {
System.out.println("- - - - Welcome to Bank of Hkr - - - -");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("1) New account");
System.out.println("2) View account");
System.out.println("3) Deposit");
System.out.println("4) Withdraw");
System.out.println("5) Exit");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println(">> Please choose an option...");
option = input.nextInt();
switch (option) {
case 1:
BankID.newAccount();
break;
case 2:
BankID.viewAccount();
break;
case 3:
BankID.deposit();
break;
case 4:
BankID.withdraw();
break;
default:
System.out.println(">> Not A Valid Option ");
}
} while (option != 5);
}
public void newAccount() {
System.out.println("New Account Wizard");
System.out.println("------------------");
System.out.println("Enter the following details: ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Full Name: ");
name = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("Address: ");
address = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("Age: ");
age = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("Personummer: ");
personummer = input.nextLong();
System.out.print("Phone Number: ");
phoneNumber = input.nextLong();
System.out.println("Thanks. Your details have been saved.");
}
public void viewAccount() {
if (created) {
System.out.println("View Account");
System.out.println("Full Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
System.out.println("Personummer: " + personummer);
System.out.println("Address: " + address);
System.out.println("Phone Number: " + phoneNumber);
System.out.println("Amount: " + amount);
} else System.out.println("First create an account");
}
public void deposit() {
if (created) {
System.out.println("Deposit");
System.out.print("Enter the deposit amount: ");
amount += input.nextLong();
} else System.out.println("First create an account");
}
public void withdraw() {
if (created) {
System.out.println("Withdraw");
System.out.print("Enter the withdrawal amount: ");
amount -= input.nextLong();
} else System.out.println("First create an account");
}
}
Apologies if the rest of the code isn't related to the question asked. But I'm no expert and might have made some other major mistake in any other part of the code.
Side note: Do not let variable names start in uppercase, otherwise they get confused with class names (which start in uppercase).
Where did I do that?
at Main BankID = new Main();. It should be bankID.
Good catch. It's an object name, though.
I did not go through all the code but I made some changes to address the issues the mentioned. You will see that I am using a separate Scanner for Strings. Also, I am setting created to true once the account has been created. I also added the case for option 5 for completeness.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
public static final Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
public static final Scanner stringInput = new Scanner(System.in);
public String name;
public int age;
public long personummer;
public String address;
public long phoneNumber;
public long amount;
public boolean created = false;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main BankID = new Main();
int option;
do {
System.out.println("- - - - Welcome to Bank of Hkr - - - -");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("1) New account");
System.out.println("2) View account");
System.out.println("3) Deposit");
System.out.println("4) Withdraw");
System.out.println("5) Exit");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println(">> Please choose an option...");
option = input.nextInt();
switch (option) {
case 1:
BankID.newAccount();
break;
case 2:
BankID.viewAccount();
break;
case 3:
BankID.deposit();
break;
case 4:
BankID.withdraw();
break;
case 5:
break;
default:
System.out.println(">> Not A Valid Option ");
}
} while (option != 5);
}
public void newAccount() {
System.out.println("New Account Wizard");
System.out.println("------------------");
System.out.println("Enter the following details: ");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Full Name: ");
name = stringInput.nextLine();
System.out.println("Address: ");
address = stringInput.nextLine();
System.out.println("Age: ");
age = input.nextInt();
System.out.print("Personummer: ");
personummer = input.nextLong();
System.out.print("Phone Number: ");
phoneNumber = input.nextLong();
created = true;
System.out.println("Thanks. Your details have been saved.");
}
public void viewAccount() {
if (created) {
System.out.println("View Account");
System.out.println("Full Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Address: " + address);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
System.out.println("Personummer: " + personummer);
System.out.println("Phone Number: " + phoneNumber);
System.out.println("Amount: " + amount);
} else System.out.println("First create an account");
}
public void deposit() {
if (created) {
System.out.println("Deposit");
System.out.print("Enter the deposit amount: ");
amount += input.nextLong();
} else System.out.println("First create an account");
}
public void withdraw() {
if (created) {
System.out.println("Withdraw");
System.out.print("Enter the withdrawal amount: ");
amount -= input.nextLong();
} else System.out.println("First create an account");
}
}
It works. But there is some weird thing about this .next(); It's asking for the address after name but printing age after name when asked to print the user info using view account option. There's something unclear about this.
@iamsumitd that's just a matter of the order of the System.out.println()'s. I've edited my answer to print them out in the order you're expecting them.
Same problem as I initially had. It has to do with the name formatting. The compiler responds differently in case of full name and just the first name. See this image - https://imgur.com/a/WONFn2b
Oh ok, now I see the problem. You will need to opt for a new Scanner when working with Strings, and use another Scanner when not working with Strings. This is a known limitation with Java Scanners. I have edited my answer once again.
Great! It works fine. Now, I'll go over and probably try to advance the program by making it usable to work to multiple users and add error handling. Thanks.
| 13,048 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masquerade%20%28Buch%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Masquerade (Buch) | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masquerade (Buch)&action=history | German | Spoken | 179 | 346 | Masquerade ist ein Kinderbuch des britischen Autors, Illustrators und Malers Kit Williams (* 1946). Es enthält verschlüsselte Hinweise auf das Versteck eines juwelenbesetzten goldenen Schmuckstückes in Form eines Hasen, das Williams geschaffen und in der Nacht vom 7. auf den 8. August 1979 im Beisein von Showmaster und Autor Bamber Gascoigne (* 1935) in Großbritannien vergraben hatte. Menschen aus aller Welt machten sich auf die Suche nach dem Juwel, das am 24. Februar 1982 in Ampthill gefunden wurde.
Masquerade erschien 1979 und begründete das Genre der so genannten Sessel-Schatzsuche (engl. armchair treasure hunt). Das Buch wurde unter anderem ins Deutsche und Französische übersetzt und fand großen Anklang in den Vereinigten Staaten, Australien, Südafrika und Japan.
Für einen Skandal sorgte 1988 eine Veröffentlichung der Sunday Times, die enthüllte, dass der Finder des Schatzes das Rätsel nicht auf regulärem Weg gelöst hatte. Er hatte vielmehr Insider-Informationen von der ehemaligen Lebensgefährtin des Autors erhalten.
Literatur
Kit Williams: Masquerade. München (Tomus) 1987. ISBN 3-920954-12-2
Weblinks
Auflösung des Rätsels Seite für Seite (englisch)
Der Masquerade-Skandal (englisch)
Kinderliteratur
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert) | 40,367 |
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%20%28Modern%20Talking-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | America (Modern Talking-ის ალბომი) | https://ka.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America (Modern Talking-ის ალბომი)&action=history | Georgian | Spoken | 29 | 136 | America — ჯგუფ Modern Talking-ის მეათე სტუდიური ალბომი. გამოიცა 2001 წელს. დისკი გამოვიდა ლეიბლზე BMG.
სიმღერების სია
რესურსები ინტერნეტში
სქოლიო
2001 წლის ალბომები
Modern Talking-ის ალბომები
Hansa Records-ის ალბომები | 34,710 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66898022 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | Jini, Klaus D., https://stackoverflow.com/users/10656085, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3929826 | English | Spoken | 99 | 140 | What happens to the file If the connection is lost while sending a file using scp.put()?
I need to implement file transfer using scp(ssh). I've tried to find information about this but i couldn't.
When the connection is lost during the file transferring using scp.put(), what happens to the file?
The file will be abnormally stored or lost?
If the file is stored abnormally, how can I resend it?
Thanks.
You will most likely get a truncated version of the file. But this in actually not related to Python and not a programming question.
I see.. thank you :)
| 46,487 |
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | نوناتولا | https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=نوناتولا&action=history | Arabic | Spoken | 52 | 174 | نوناتولا هي بلدية في مقاطعة مودينا في إقليم إميليا رومانيا الإيطالي.
السكان
في سنة 1861 بلغ عدد السكان نسمة، وتطور العدد ليصل في سنة 2011 لـ نسمة.
توأمة
لنوناتولا اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
ليه مورو
أولسيا دي مونتسيرات
أعلام
جيامباتيستا لولي
ماريا غيرا
المراجع
بلديات مقاطعة مودينا
مدن وبلدات في إميليا-رومانيا | 18,184 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narai%20Kandao%20%28gintang%20sa%20Pakistan%2C%20Federally%20Administered%20Tribal%20Areas%2C%20lat%2034%2C28%2C%20long%2071%2C28%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Narai Kandao (gintang sa Pakistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, lat 34,28, long 71,28) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narai Kandao (gintang sa Pakistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, lat 34,28, long 71,28)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 186 | 319 | Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Narai Kandao.
Gintang ang Narai Kandao sa Pakistan. Nahimutang ni sa lalawigan sa Federally Administered Tribal Areas, sa amihanang bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Islamabad ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Narai Kandao.
Ang yuta palibot sa Narai Kandao kasagaran kabungtoran. Narai Kandao nahimutang sa usa ka gitas-on. Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga ka metro ug km sa kasadpan sa Narai Kandao. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Narai Kandao medyo hilabihan populasyon. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang Shinpokh, km sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Narai Kandao. Hapit nalukop sa [[kalibonan ang palibot sa Narai Kandao. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Narai Kandao, kabukiran talagsaon komon.
Ang klima kasarangan. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hunyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Pebrero, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Enero, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga gintang sa Federally Administered Tribal Areas | 16,360 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste%20der%20Monuments%20historiques%20in%20Fouesnant | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Liste der Monuments historiques in Fouesnant | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liste der Monuments historiques in Fouesnant&action=history | German | Spoken | 55 | 121 | Die Liste der Monuments historiques in Fouesnant führt die Monuments historiques in der französischen Gemeinde Fouesnant auf.
Liste der Bauwerke
|}
Liste der Objekte
Monuments historiques (Objekte) in Fouesnant in der Base Palissy des französischen Kultusministeriums
Literatur
Le Patrimoine des Communes du Finistère. Flohic Editions, Band 1, Paris 1998, ISBN 2-84234-039-6, S. 473–481.
Weblinks
Fouesnant | 33,136 |
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3%20%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Сцяг Луцка | https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Сцяг Луцка&action=history | Belarusian | Spoken | 72 | 254 | Сцяг Луцка — сцяг горада Луцка, зацверджаны 23 жніўня 2007 года рашэннем сесіі гарадскога савета Луцка.
Апісанне
Сцяг уяўляе сабой прамавугольнае палотнішча з суадносінамі бакоў 1:1, падзеленае на чатыры роўныя часткі. Верхняя ад дрэўка і ніжняя ад краю — чырвоныя. Дзве іншыя часткі — жоўтыя. На верхняй ад дрэўка (чырвонай) частцы знаходзіцца сярэбраны (белы) валынскі крыж. Харугва спалучыла ў сабе колер сімволікі герба горада Луцка і Валыні.
Спасылкі
Луцька міськрада
Луцк
Сцяг | 2,988 |
Cu09qeXwIMw_1 | Youtube-Commons | Open Web | CC-By | null | 2 Boxes Of 2022 23 Bowman U Inception For Justin S | None | English | Spoken | 340 | 432 | What's going on guys got Kyle here with late in sports cards and we are ripping two boxes This is 2023 or 2022 2023 Bowman inception University. This one both. These are for Justin s Good luck Justin. Let's see what we got. Let's see that wimby. Oh, man. I Changed Matt's knife, so I was like barely touching boxes yesterday and now I gotta Gotta fight them. Oh, no Pete. Oh No First up we got some 199 nice one here Chris Murray Keegan's twin there Iowa first first inception there First auto is gonna be Marvin mims out of Oklahoma on the base inception auto Nice one there the running back or receiver. Sorry receiver Sides at Mims. I like that And we've got a few should of 75. This is gonna be a roceer Bolton out of Gonzaga On the first bowman to 75. We've got Talia tag of Iowa to his little brother Zach Evans JJ McCarthy and Avery Anderson on the base righty Justin box two Looking for those redemptions man. I think the only redemptions in here are scootin victor So definitely can't go wrong on either of those Maybe a little cave and Clark. I've seen some really cool dual football autos up in the like those Richardson and uh That's embedded last night CJ Stroud and Bryce one is sick too Got Aiden O'Connell that is number to 99 for the uh Purdue QB Got an auto branded Murray for Georgetown BM on the auto Nice one there on the first base auto And behind that we have Felix Akapara out of Ohio State on the first auto Felix Akapara There's a grady dick on the first out of Kansas Hopefully the magic can get him uh Seth Trimble Will Anderson first and Zach Edie nice one on the uh base first there Alrighty Justin that will do it for your two boxes there of uh bowman university inception. Thank you so much My friend. We'll get it right out to you.
| 44,070 |
https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/43761 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | Beau. D, ChrisW, M H, Timothy Quinn, Zac Anger, https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/19354, https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/19522, https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/20365, https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/20402, https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/254, https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/471, ruben2020 | English | Spoken | 838 | 1,109 | Companies that practice right livelihood
I am looking for companies who operate in resonance with the ideas of right livelihood. I have looked for them, but don't seem to be finding any.
Does anyone know how to find companies that practice right livelihood?
Kind regards,
Timothy
Would you like to be more specific about what you're looking for -- your definition of "right livelihood", and in what way[s] you think most companies don't operate like that, such that you "don't seem to be finding any"?
Hello, right livelihood with regards to buddhism? With regards to your question though, I have found 'word of mouth' from the ground up is the most effective way to ensure any community or company meets criteria you are looking for and the mission statement on their webpage is a rule of thumb to measure against.
Maybe try learn of/ observe their business practices & policies. Thank you
"A lay follower should not engage in five types of business. Which
five? Business in weapons, business in human beings, business in meat,
business in intoxicants, and business in poison." - Vanijja Sutta
Is it really very hard to find companies that don't deal with weapons, human trafficking/ slavery/ prostitution, meat, alcoholic beverages, recreational drugs, and poisons (for malevolent purposes)?
For e.g. the company running Stack Exchange (with offices in New York and London) itself should fulfill these criteria.
UPDATED:
Right Livelihood applies to individual Buddhists, not entities like companies.
It's up to individuals to run businesses or be employed in businesses based on trades allowed by Right Livelihood.
Companies don't practise Buddhism. Individual Buddhists do.
By right livelihood i am referring to companies that not only do not violate the tenants you describe in terms of the products/outcomes that they create or enable, but that also never allow financial harm to their employees/communities, esp in times of financial hardship.
@TimothyQuinn Right Livelihood applies to individual Buddhists, not entities like companies. It's individuals who observe Right Livelihood, not companies.
Imagine if companies did practice no harm to people, communities or Earth, ever, and this is their first goal, above making a profit.
A noble ideal @TimothyQuinn, but not one that can be put into play in this day and age. The majority of this world's current economy is and has been made either through exploiting needs or wants. Exploitation for the sake of economic benefit is out of the question for an ascetic with the goal of harmony.
Avoid large companies, that's step one. Most major retail companies use some form of legal or illegal slavery (third world sweatshops, prison labor, etc.). Every major technology company, as far as I know, has profited from slavery (again, legal or illegal), building hardware or software for weapons, or both. Large national and international companies will engage in business that (if they were people, not companies) would break the precepts, because that kind of business is profitable, and profit is the entire point of companies.
Smaller companies would be a safer bet, and companies that are at least nominally committed to openness and transparency. Your average small to medium sized business probably isn't running a sweatshop in Indonesia or a cobalt mine in Congo, and most likely also isn't inventing new ways to get people on drugs or writing software to more accurately guide drone strikes. Even small companies, even very small family-owned businesses, will do things that are unethical sometimes, because again, the point of companies is to make a profit. Even nonprofit work is frequently harmful, because nonprofits also have to do things that increase profits (for their donors).
I think if you're looking for an employer where you can feel like you're not contributing to harm (whether in a way that breaks the precepts or otherwise), you're always going to feel like you're in a bit of a grey area. It may be better to just stay away from directly breaking the precepts (don't work at a liquor store, don't work for Raytheon, etc.), work for an employer where you don't feel too conflicted, and not worry about what the company gets up to otherwise.
And yet, companies are in fact people, with the incorrect top priorities. The truth of a competitive workplace and a separated life is before us as we speak, and we have learned that it is not sustainable. Love based decision making at all levels of business (right livelihood between all stakeholders) is sustainable, as well as connecting and nurturing at all levels. And all it is, is a priority shift. This is quite doable, and it would be a game changer on this planet.
@TimothyQuinn I'm not disagreeing with you (and I have my own very strong opinions about the ethics and sustainability of the current dominant economic system and type of labor relationships in most of the world), but that's not the world we live in right now. We can do what we can to change things, but in the mean time, we still have to pay our bills :)
| 41,682 |
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegangan%20permukaan | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Tegangan permukaan | https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tegangan permukaan&action=history | Malay | Spoken | 150 | 373 | Tegangan permukaan diertikan sebagai kecenderungan sesuatu permukaan bendalir menganjal lalu menjadikannya memperolehi luas permukaan yang sekurang-kurangnya. Air mempunyai tegangan permukaan yang lebih tinggi (72.8 milinewton per meter pada 20°C) berbanding kebanyakan cecair lain kerana daya tarikan molekul air yang secara relatifnya tinggi melalui suatu rangkaian ikatan hidrogen.
Tegangan ini berdimensi daya per unit panjang, atau tenaga per unit keluasan. Kedua-dua kawasan ini mempunyai sama nilainya, namun istilah tenaga permukaan yang turut dipakai untuk pepejal lebih umum digunakan apabila merujuk kepada tenaga per unit keluasan.
Sifat ini membolehkan spesies serangga tertentu (e.g. Gerridae) untuk mengapung serta meluncur di atas permukaan air sungguhpun ia lebih tumpat berbanding air.
Pautan luar
Mengenai ketegangan permukaan serta kes-kes berkaitannya yang unik di dunia sebenar (dalam bahasa Inggeris)
Surface Tensions of Various Liquids
Mesin pengiraan tegangan permukaan untuk larutan akueus yang mengandungi ion-ion H+, , Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, , , Cl−, , Br− dan OH−. | 48,374 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68628831 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | Ryenski, https://stackoverflow.com/users/155826, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6591677, superbot | English | Spoken | 567 | 1,062 | How to omit parents that have no children
I am omitting parents that have no children and doing this in the view:
<% @books.each do |b| %>
<% if b.comments.empty? %>
<% else %>
.....
My controller:
@pagy, @books = pagy_countless(Book.where(user_id: current_user.id).includes(:comments).order("comments.created_at DESC").group("comments.created_at, books.id"), items:10 )
And I am using pagy gem.
The issue is that the first page of the pagination is empty, with all the parents and their children showing on the second page. This is because I am omitting childless parents from the view and there are enough such parents that come on top that the first page is entirely empty.
How can I omit childless parents from the controller?
What you're doing is iterating over the collection, and not displaying the book if its comments are empty. This will indeed give you rows empty output, which is not what you want.
What you want is a query that will give you a collection containing only those books with comments.
Depending on how your associations are set up, you may be able to do this with a left outer join:
# books_controller.rb
def index
@books = current_user.books.left_join(:comments).distinct(:id).where.not(comments: {id: nil})
@pagy, @books = paginate(@books, items: 10)
end
This will generate SQL something like:
SELECT DISTINCT "books".* FROM "books"
LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."member_id" = "books"."id"
WHERE "books"."user_id" = $1
AND "comments"."id" IS NOT NULL
LIMIT $2 OFFSET $3 [["user_id", "123"], ["LIMIT", 10], ["OFFSET", 0]]
Then, because your collection will only contain books with comments, you can simply render the whole collection:
<!-- books/index.html.erb -->
<= render collection: @books %>
Thank you for your answer. What's good about this is that it gets rid of the childless parents. But it gives duplicate parents. I had switched to includes(...) for this reason, but includes(...) shows childless parents. If you know another way to do this, I'd really appreciate it.
My question that led me to use includes: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68605659/rails-duplicate-models-show-on-template/68612955#68612955
You are right, an inner join would give you dups on the books. Maybe you need a left join, combined with distinct, which should give you only unique books. I've updated the answer.
FYI this query is the opposite of this answer: https://stackoverflow.com/a/5570221/155826
Thank you. For some reason I can't now order this by comment created date. I get this error: PG::InvalidColumnReference: ERROR: for SELECT DISTINCT, ORDER BY expressions must appear in select list LINE 1: ... "comments"."id" IS NOT NULL ORDER BY comm... ^
I added this to the second line: .order("comments.created_at DESC"). I deleted the grouping.
If you want to only fetch records with a match in the join table you want to use an INNER JOIN:
@books = Book.joins(:comments)
.includes, .eager_load, .left_join and .preload create an OUTER JOIN.
If you want to use an INNER JOIN yet avoid those pesky N+1 queries you can use .joins together with .includes or .eager_load:
@books = Book.joins(:comments)
.includes(:comments)
Thank you for your reply, max. The issue here is actually that while @books = current_user.books.left_join(:comments).distinct(:id).where.not(comments: {id: nil}) and @pagy, @books = paginate(@books, items: 10) shows distinct values, when I add .order("comments.created_at DESC") the error message shows: PG::InvalidColumnReference: ERROR: for SELECT DISTINCT, ORDER BY expressions must appear in select list LINE 1: ... "comments"."id" IS NOT NULL ORDER BY comm.... If you know a solution, I'd really appreciate it.
To clarify, this issue arose after implementing Ryan's solution, which partially solves my original issue (if not for the above error).
| 13,181 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68636071 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | Swedish | Spoken | 167 | 426 | How to divide characters after every dash in Oracle and create new columns based on extracted values?
Here is an example for my data:
ID
3-1-2
4-50-15
What I want is :
ID1
ID2
ID3
3
1
2
4
50
15
What is the best way for this ?
Use SUBSTR and INSTR (as it is faster than regular expressions):
SELECT SUBSTR(ID, 1, INSTR(ID, '-', 1, 1) - 1) AS ID1,
SUBSTR(
ID,
INSTR(ID, '-', 1, 1) + 1,
INSTR(ID, '-', 1, 2) - INSTR(ID, '-', 1, 1) - 1
) AS ID2,
SUBSTR(ID, INSTR(ID, '-', 1, 2) + 1) AS ID3
FROM table_name;
Which, for the sample data:
CREATE TABLE table_name (ID) AS
SELECT '3-1-2' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT '4-50-15' FROM DUAL;
Outputs:
ID1
ID2
ID3
3
1
2
4
50
15
If you did want to use (slower) regular expressions then:
SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(id, '[^-]+', 1, 1) AS id1,
REGEXP_SUBSTR(id, '[^-]+', 1, 2) AS id2,
REGEXP_SUBSTR(id, '[^-]+', 1, 3) AS id3
FROM table_name;
sqlfiddle here
| 28,416 | |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney%20General%20of%20Bhutan | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Attorney General of Bhutan | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attorney General of Bhutan&action=history | English | Spoken | 570 | 760 | The Office of the Attorney General of Bhutan (Dzongkha: ; Wylie: ) is the legal arm of the executive branch of the government. It is also the legal adviser of the government and its representative in the judicial system of Bhutan. Under the Constitution of 2008, the Attorney General is appointed by the King of Bhutan on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Office of the Attorney General is codified by the Attorney General Act of 2006, an act of parliament incorporated by the Constitution. Under the Act, the Attorney General also authors and reviews legislation for parliament.
Office of the Attorney General
The Office of the Attorney General was first formed as the "Office of Legal Affairs" in 1999 by the Lhengye Zhungtshog (Council of Ministers) on the recommendation of its Special Task Force on Enhancing Good Governance. The Office of Legal Affairs was formally established by law on April 14, 2000, as the government's central legal agency. In 2000, the Office began to assume the role of prosecutor, until then the purview of the Royal Civil Service Commission Secretariat and the Law and Order Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The policies and decisions of the Office were guided during its early years by Terms of Reference issued by the Council of Ministers in 2002.
On June 30, 2006, the Office of Legal Affairs was replaced by the Office of the Attorney General that exists today. The Attorney General Act of 2006 creates an independent Attorney General office responsible for advising the government, representing it in legal matters including law enforcement, and drafting and reviewing legislation.
The Attorney General Act of 2006, wholly incorporated by the Constitution of 2008, tasks the Attorney General with prosecuting crimes, safeguarding the impartiality of the judicial process, and disseminating information about the law among the people. The Attorney General also drafts Bhutanese legislation for submission to parliament, reviews legislation authored in parliament, and advises all levels of government regarding judicial decisions.
The Office of the Attorney General currently codifies its own Prosecution Guidelines for its Prosecution and Litigation Division. When deciding whether to prosecute cases under Bhutanese law, the Prosecution and Litigation Division first evaluates whether there exists a prima facie case – whether the elements of the offense are met. When a prima facie case is established, the matter is subjected to an "Evidential Test" and a "Public Interest Test." The "Evidential Test" requires sufficient to convict the accused, and that "any reasonable judge would, without compunctions, hold the accused guilty." The "Public Interest Test" requires further that such a prosecution would not have an adverse implication on the public.
Divisions of the Office of the Attorney General
The Office of the Attorney General is divided into divisions and sections; these divisions are overseen by the Deputy Attorney General, who reports to the Attorney General:
Administration & Finance Division
Drafting & Review Division:
Drafting Section; Review Section
Legal Services Division:
Domestic Section; International Section
Policy & Planning Division
Prosecution & Litigation Division:
Civil Section; Criminal Section
Research & IT Division:
Research Section; IT Section; Library & Documentation Section
List of attorneys general
Prior to June 30, 2006, Attorneys General of Bhutan were known as "Directors of the Office of Legal Affairs."
See also
Law of Bhutan
Judicial system of Bhutan
Constitution of Bhutan
References
External links
Office of the Attorney General online
Judiciary of Bhutan
Law enforcement in Bhutan | 3,113 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran%C3%A8s | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Granès | https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granès&action=history | French | Spoken | 1,478 | 2,402 | Granès est une commune française, située dans le Sud-Ouest du département de l'Aude en région Occitanie.
Au cœur d'un vaste plateau calcaire, exposée à un climat océanique altéré, la commune est drainée par le ruisseau de Granès et le ruisseau de Saint-Ferriol. La commune possède un patrimoine naturel remarquable : un site Natura 2000 (les « hautes Corbières ») et deux zones naturelles d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique.
Granès est une commune rurale qui compte en , après avoir connu une forte hausse de la population depuis 1975. Ses habitants sont appelés les Granettois ou Granettoises.
Géographie
Communes limitrophes
Hydrographie
La commune est dans la région hydrographique « Côtiers méditerranéens », au sein du bassin hydrographique Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse. Elle est drainée par le ruisseau de Granès et le ruisseau de Saint-Ferriol, qui constituent un réseau hydrographique de de longueur totale.
Climat
Le climat qui caractérise la commune est qualifié, en 2010, de « climat océanique altéré », selon la typologie des climats de la France qui compte alors huit grands types de climats en métropole. En 2020, la commune ressort du même type de climat dans la classification établie par Météo-France, qui ne compte désormais, en première approche, que cinq grands types de climats en métropole. Il s’agit d’une zone de transition entre le climat océanique et les climats de montagne et le climat semi-continental. Les écarts de température entre hiver et été augmentent avec l'éloignement de la mer.
Les paramètres climatiques qui ont permis d’établir la typologie de 2010 comportent six variables pour les températures et huit pour les précipitations, dont les valeurs correspondent à la normale 1971-2000. Les sept principales variables caractérisant la commune sont présentées dans l'encadré suivant.
Avec le changement climatique, ces variables ont évolué. Une étude réalisée en 2014 par la Direction générale de l'Énergie et du Climat complétée par des études régionales prévoit en effet que la température moyenne devrait croître et la pluviométrie moyenne baisser, avec toutefois de fortes variations régionales. La station météorologique de Météo-France installée sur la commune et mise en service en 1991 permet de connaître en continu l'évolution des indicateurs météorologiques. Le tableau détaillé pour la période 1981-2010 est présenté ci-après.
Milieux naturels et biodiversité
Réseau Natura 2000
Le réseau Natura 2000 est un réseau écologique européen de sites naturels d'intérêt écologique élaboré à partir des directives habitats et oiseaux, constitué de zones spéciales de conservation (ZSC) et de zones de protection spéciale (ZPS). Un site Natura 2000 a été défini sur la commune au titre de la directive oiseaux : les « hautes Corbières », d'une superficie de , accueillant une avifaune riche et diversifiée : rapaces tels que les Busards, l'Aigle Royal, le Circaète Jean-le-Blanc, qui trouvent sur place des conditions favorables à la nidification et à leur alimentation du fait de l'importance des milieux ouverts.
Zones naturelles d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique
L’inventaire des zones naturelles d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF) a pour objectif de réaliser une couverture des zones les plus intéressantes sur le plan écologique, essentiellement dans la perspective d’améliorer la connaissance du patrimoine naturel national et de fournir aux différents décideurs un outil d’aide à la prise en compte de l’environnement dans l’aménagement du territoire.
Deux ZNIEFF de sont recensées sur la commune :
les « Corbières occidentales » (), couvrant du département ;
le « pech Bugarach et Serre de Bec » (), couvrant du département.
Urbanisme
Typologie
Granès est une commune rurale. Elle fait en effet partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee. La commune est en outre hors attraction des villes.
Occupation des sols
L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d’occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des forêts et milieux semi-naturels (73,7 % en 2018), en augmentation par rapport à 1990 (65,4 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
forêts (47,4 %), zones agricoles hétérogènes (26,3 %), milieux à végétation arbustive et/ou herbacée (26,3 %). L'évolution de l’occupation des sols de la commune et de ses infrastructures peut être observée sur les différentes représentations cartographiques du territoire : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et les cartes ou photos aériennes de l'IGN pour la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).
Risques majeurs
Le territoire de la commune de Granès est vulnérable à différents aléas naturels : météorologiques (tempête, orage, neige, grand froid, canicule ou sécheresse), feux de forêts et séisme (sismicité modérée). Un site publié par le BRGM permet d'évaluer simplement et rapidement les risques d'un bien localisé soit par son adresse soit par le numéro de sa parcelle.
Le retrait-gonflement des sols argileux est susceptible d'engendrer des dommages importants aux bâtiments en cas d’alternance de périodes de sécheresse et de pluie. 99,9 % de la superficie communale est en aléa moyen ou fort (75,2 % au niveau départemental et 48,5 % au niveau national). Sur les dénombrés sur la commune en 2019, 91 sont en aléa moyen ou fort, soit 100 %, à comparer aux 94 % au niveau départemental et 54 % au niveau national. Une cartographie de l'exposition du territoire national au retrait gonflement des sols argileux est disponible sur le site du BRGM.
Histoire
Au XVIIIe siècle, Granès faisait partie des seigneuries qui appartenaient à la famille Hautpoul, seigneurs de Rennes-le-Chateau. Au partage qui, le 22 septembre 1770, suivit la mort de François d'Hautpoul, marquis de Blanchefort, elle échut à sa seconde fille, Elisabeth d'Hautpoul, connue comme "la dernière Demoiselle de Rennes", et morte en mai 1820.
Le village, dont le nom signifie "terrain à petites graines" en occitan, constitua le grenier à céréales de la commune de Saint-Ferriol dont il dépendait jusqu'en 1789.
Le 12 novembre 1964 une météorite de 9 kg est tombée près du village. Actuellement elle est conservée à l'Université de Montpellier. Un moulage d'un morceau de cette météorite est exposé à la mairie.
Politique et administration
Découpage territorial
La commune de Granès est membre de la communauté de communes des Pyrénées audoises , un établissement public de coopération intercommunale (EPCI) à fiscalité propre créé le dont le siège est à Quillan. Ce dernier est par ailleurs membre d'autres groupements intercommunaux.
Sur le plan administratif, elle est rattachée à l'arrondissement de Limoux, au département de l'Aude, en tant que circonscription administrative de l'État, et à la région Occitanie.
Sur le plan électoral, elle dépend du canton de la Haute-Vallée de l'Aude pour l'élection des conseillers départementaux, depuis le redécoupage cantonal de 2014 entré en vigueur en 2015, et de la troisième circonscription de l'Aude pour les élections législatives, depuis le redécoupage électoral de 1986.
Liste des maires
Démographie
Économie
Emploi
En 2018, la population âgée de s'élève à , parmi lesquelles on compte 63,9 % d'actifs (55,7 % ayant un emploi et 8,2 % de chômeurs) et 36,1 % d'inactifs. Depuis 2008, le taux de chômage communal (au sens du recensement) des est inférieur à celui de la France et du département.
La commune est hors attraction des villes. Elle compte en 2018, contre 24 en 2013 et 24 en 2008. Le nombre d'actifs ayant un emploi résidant dans la commune est de 35, soit un indicateur de concentration d'emploi de 41,7 % et un taux d'activité parmi les 15 ans ou plus de 44,1 %.
Sur ces 35 actifs de 15 ans ou plus ayant un emploi, 13 travaillent dans la commune, soit 36 % des habitants. Pour se rendre au travail, 72,2 % des habitants utilisent un véhicule personnel ou de fonction à quatre roues, 11,2 % s'y rendent en deux-roues, à vélo ou à pied et 16,7 % n'ont pas besoin de transport (travail au domicile).
Activités hors agriculture
Onze établissements sont implantés à Granès au . Le secteur du commerce de gros et de détail, des transports, de l'hébergement et de la restauration est prépondérant sur la commune puisqu'il représente 54,5 % du nombre total d'établissements de la commune (6 sur les 11 entreprises implantées à Granès), contre 32,3 % au niveau départemental.
Agriculture
La commune fait partie de la petite région agricole dénommée « Pays de Sault ». En 2010, l'orientation technico-économique de l'agriculture sur la commune est la polyculture et le polyélevage. Six exploitations agricoles ayant leur siège dans la commune sont dénombrées lors du recensement agricole de 2010 (douze en 1988). La superficie agricole utilisée est de .
Culture locale et patrimoine
Lieux et monuments
Église Saint Ferriol de Granès (une niche sur la façade sud contient une statue en terre cuite de Sainte Germaine de Pibrac.
Personnalités liées à la commune
Héraldique
Voir aussi
Liste des communes de l'Aude
Notes et références
Notes et cartes
Notes
Cartes
Références
Site de l'Insee
Autres sources
Liens externes
Granès sur le site de l'Institut géographique national
Commune dans l'Aude
Commune dans l'arrondissement de Limoux | 39,619 |
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerstadia%20patouillardii | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Joerstadia patouillardii | https://szl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joerstadia patouillardii&action=history | Silesian | Spoken | 39 | 119 | Joerstadia patouillardii je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Alessandro Trotter, a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Gjaerum & Cummins 1982. Joerstadia patouillardii nŏleży do zorty Joerstadia i familije Phragmidiaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.
Basidiomycota
patouillardii | 13,291 |
https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/questions/77902 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | End Anti-Semitic Hate, adatum, https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/users/64455, https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/users/8503 | English | Spoken | 1,073 | 1,642 | Document scanning software
Are there good, free, preferably FOSS document scanning software for Windows 7+ with network support?
HP's printer/scanner software recently stopped working due to a dependency on Flash. With Flash deprecated, HP also left the printer/scanner support high and dry: https://support.hp.com/us-en/document/c02463264
Most of the alternatives they suggest don't work for networked printer/scanner devices. https://support.hp.com/us-en/document/c01796879
On Linux I'm happy with XSane and Gnome's simple Document Scanner.
Is there something similar for Windows?
I added what I hope is the correct link for XSane. Is it correct? In doing so, I noticed the site indicates a Windows version. I've never tried it though. Would that help?
The website for Sane is http://www.sane-project.org/ and XSane is a front-end for it but its old site http://www.xsane.org/ now redirects to https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/XSane/. Installing on linux is easy as it is available through most distros' package manager. I read it was possible to get it working on Windows but it was complicated, requiring cigwin, etc. I have no idea about the site you linked.
Thank you! I will update the link to what you provided.
Yes! I can highly recommend NAPS2. It is completely open-source, and is available here:
Main page:
https://www.naps2.com/
GitHub:
https://github.com/cyanfish/naps2
SourceForge:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/naps2/
In my experience, NAPS2 works very well. The quality of the output is excellent. The OCR works great too.
It works wonderfully with networked devices, and does not require Flash.
The software is available as portable software, or with an installer (whichever you prefer).
The only downside to it is that a new version has not been released for about 2 years (as of 2021 January), and there are currently 9 pull requests that have not been integrated. Hopefully, development will continue. That said, I have not encountered any significant issues.
NAPS2 looks promising but it fails to detect the networked device when clicking the "Choose device" button with both the WIA and TWAIN drivers. I can access the printer/scanner at its local IP, so I know it is available. Is there something that needs to be done for NAPS2 to see the device?
@adatum I think you're seeing the same thing I'm seeing, but are getting a different result. When I click the 'Profiles' button in NAPS2, a window appears. Then, I click the 'New' button, which brings up a dialog box. In that dialog box, there are the WIA and TWAIN buttons. If I then select 'WIA' and press 'Choose device', I'll see the WIA network scanners. If I select 'TWAIN' and press 'Choose device', I'll see the TWAIN network scanners. If you're not getting the same results, perhaps try hardcoding the IP addresses for the scanners instead of using DHCP.
How do I know if the network scanner (HP L7700 all-in-one) is using WIA, TWAIN, or neither? The device is assigned a static IP by the DHCP based on its MAC, but I don't see anywhere to enter it in NAPS2's Profiles window. The "Choose device" field is not editable.
I am not sure. In my experience (which is not unlimited!), HP all-in-one (AIO) devices typically use WIA. Can you scan or print from other applications? Can you assign a static IP directly on the AIO device without having to use DHCP to create the static IP assignment (don't let DHCP use that IP though!)? Yes, the 'Device' field is not editable for me either... it wants to get a value from the 'Choose device' button. To set up the HP AIO, did you run the massive HP installer package and install its network drivers? I know HP also has/had a free download called the 'HP Print & Scan Doctor'.
To be clear, the device is not being shared via a Windows computer. It is simply assigned a static (reserved) IP on the network by the router's DHCP. Other computers can see it and add it as a network printer/scanner, at least on linux. Is it possible to access a network device directly with NAPS2, or does WIA/TWAIN require installing drivers on a Windows machine then sharing that device on the network via Windows?
@adatum I'm not 100% sure, but I found some info on the HP L7780, which should be similar to the L7700. I think you can assign a static IP directly via the device, outside of your router's DHCP range. Frankly, it shouldn't matter, but it can't hurt for troubleshooting purposes. Either way, the L7700 should be available to all devices on the network (with appropriate permissions, etc.). For NAPS2 to see it on a Windows box, either WIA or TWAIN drivers will likely need to be installed. But that's just for the Windows box, and shouldn't affect how other devices see the L7700.
You'll also have to ensure that your firewall is not blocking the IP address of the L7700 or any of the ports required (from the Windows device). Also, your firewall will have to be configured to allow the L7700 to communicate with the Windows device.
Where do I get the WIA or TWAIN drivers? Is that required? I don't think I installed them if they are separate from the driver software bundle provided by HP, and I don't see standalone WIA/TWAIN drivers on HP's site. Btw, the specific device model is the L7780 in the L7700 series.
@adatum The drivers should be included with the bundle included with the device, or included with Windows. I have used similar HP AIO devices with a very similar setup, and as far as I recall, all I installed was Windows 7, the HP bundle (which is a hot mess), and NAPS2. I did have to ensure the firewall and router were configured properly to allow the required packets to flow between the Windows box and the HP AIO device.
What is the proper firewall or router configuration? I tried temporarily disabling Windows Firewall but it did not help.
@adatum Since you temporarily disabled the Windows Firewall, then I would expect all traffic to be allowed during that test period. You can likely perform the same test on your router to perform both tests simultaneously. For security purposes, I recommend disconnecting any cables leading to the internet.
I tried with a different Windows 7 computer (instead of a Virtualbox Windows 7 virtual machine which may have network complications) and this time the device's IP is recognized (seen in screenshot) though NAPS2 always crashes within seconds of launching it. I've included the Windows event logs too: https://imgur.com/a/uh27DVT
| 11,325 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%B1%B9%E7%B9%81 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 何屹繁 | https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=何屹繁&action=history | Chinese | Spoken | 88 | 2,108 | 何屹繁（英文：Leo He，）出生于四川宜宾，中国大陆男歌手，男演员。2015年，参加安徽卫视青春励志榜样养成类真人秀《星动亚洲第一季》。2016年，参加《星动亚洲第二季》，2016年10月18日以音乐小分队SWIN-S成员身份出道，并以组合成员身份已先后发行EP《New World》、《EP1》、《EP2》。2018年1月参演网剧《暴走武林学园》。2018年4月23日发行单曲《I'm not fine》，2018年8月22日发行单曲《LEO KING》，并包揽词曲创作，2018年12月11日参加优酷记录当代年轻人集体成长的选秀节目《以团之名》。2019年8月30日发行创作单曲《黎明之后》，12月13日发行创作单曲《没有关系》，参加2020年1月19日播出中国大陆首档校园音乐综艺节目《新声请指教》，与温书琴组成行势组合代表川音出赛。2020年5月20日发行词曲创作单曲《陪你》。
演艺经历
2015年
2015年7月10日，参加安徽卫视大型青春励志榜样养成真人秀《星动亚洲》第一季 ，作为第一季冠军队B.SWAN成员出现在韩国MBC的show champion节目中。
2015年9月27日，星动亚洲十五强回国参加安徽卫视中秋晚会，首秀《Top Now》等。
2015年11月22日，参加中央电视台综艺频道（中央三台）《我要上春晚》，“星动男团”以一首《巅峰时刻》成功晋级。
2016年：出道
2016年1月14日，参加《我要上春晚》特别节目《2016年直通春晚》。表演《准备好没有》和《冬天里的一把火》。
2016年2月5日，亮相2016年安徽卫视春节联欢晚会，表演曲目《Top Now》。
2016年3月4日，参加安徽卫视《星动亚洲》第二季，成为第二季星动梦之队的七强之一。
2016年10月14日，获邀出席在上海举办的世界顶级时尚音乐盛典Fashion Rocks亚洲首秀与CoCo李玟、Usher、Charli XCX等音乐人同台献艺，以全新单曲《New World》首秀的方式为Fashion Rocks献上开场，并登上T台助阵上官喆大秀。
2016年10月18日，作为音乐小分队SWIN-S成员正式出道。
2016年11月10日，作为常驻嘉宾，参加安徽卫视大型美食分享类综艺节目《心动的味道》，每一期与不同美食嘉宾一同展开美食之旅。
2016年12月23日，所在小分队SWIN-S正式发布迷你专辑《New World》，共《New World》、《For You》、《只因你太美》、《明日路》、《Fantasy》五首单曲。
2016年12月24日，SWIN“New World”全国巡回演唱会合肥站首演，经过北京、成都、广州，2017年5月27日于上海站收官。
2017年
2017年1月1日，SWIN作为受邀嘉宾出席了由安徽卫视主办的国剧盛典颁奖典礼，献唱了《当》、《爱的供养》、《那么骄傲》、《红日》等9首影视歌曲。
2017年4月29日，参加湖南卫视大型互动音乐综艺《我想和你唱》第二季首期节目。
2017年7月17日，发布SWIN全员专辑《EP1》，共有《告别少年》、《发光的星体》、《和你去海边》三首单曲。
2017年10月7日，现身上海INNERSECT潮流文化展，何屹繁除SOLO了一首RAP作品《天干物燥》外，与组合SWIN共同献唱了《发光的星体》、《NEW WORLD》、《告别少年》。
2017年10月29日，作为主要嘉宾出席安徽卫视《星动亚洲》第三季。SWIN组合作为学长，在现场与尚雯婕等嘉宾一起提点新人，并以共同投票的形式选出能够进入“星动学院”的梦想学员。
2018年
2018年1月9日，以SWIN团体发布第二张专辑全员EP《EP2》，共有《BFGF》、《我敢》、《不解释》三首单曲。
2018年1月23日，参演网剧《暴走武林学园》。
2018年4月23日，发布单曲《I'm Not Fine》，首次担任歌词创作。
2018年8月22日，发布创作单曲《LEO KING》，包揽作词作曲。
2018年12月11日，参加优酷视频偶像男团竞演养成类真人秀节目《以团之名》。
2019年
2019年6月21日，OG (One Group)发布专辑Dreammaker，参与词曲创作并共同演绎《K.I.N.G》及《DreamMaker》。
2019年8月30日，发布创作单曲《黎明之后》 ，与Taro芋头共同词曲创作。
2019年12月13日发行创作单曲《没有关系》。
2020年
2020年2月23日，与温书琴代表四川音乐学院组成“行势”组合参加浙江卫视音乐教育实践节目《新声请指教》。
2020年5月20日发行词曲创作单曲《陪你》。
2020年6月12日演唱的《夏夜知君暖》插曲《我想》上线。
2021年
2021年1月，參加騰訊《創造營2021》。
音乐作品
专辑/EP
小分队 SWIN-S
全员团体 SWIN
单曲
未收录在其专辑里的单曲
影视作品
网剧
综艺节目
参考资料
L
1998年出生
在世人物
宜宾人
中国男歌手
中国电视男演员
四川男演员
中華人民共和國饒舌歌手
中国偶像
中國華語歌手
中国男舞者
词曲作家
四川歌手
H
H | 2,875 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochyta | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Pochyta | https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pochyta&action=history | Vietnamese | Spoken | 18 | 43 | Pochyta là một chi nhện trong họ Salticidae.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
Plexippini
Danh sách các chi nhện | 12,126 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70380499 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 329 | 913 | TestRail API returned HTTP 400 Field :suite_id is a required field - JAVA
Hi I am having the some problem regarding the integration of TestNG with TestRail Test Suits.
I am working with Java and every time I get error that the Test Suit ID is compulsory. I have also added the the Test suite ID however I am still having the same error message.
Error message and code is written bellow:
int PROJECT_ID = 1;
Long SUITE_ID = (long) 1286;
APIClient client = null;
@BeforeSuite
public void createSuite(ITestContext ctx) throws IOException, APIException {
client = new APIClient("https://testrail.net");
client.setUser("test@test.com );
client.setPassword("########");
Map data = new HashMap();
data.put("include_all",true);
data.put("name","Test Run "+System.currentTimeMillis());
JSONObject c = null;
c = (JSONObject)client.sendPost("add_run/"+PROJECT_ID,data);
long suite_id = SUITE_ID;
ctx.setAttribute("suiteID" ,suite_id);
}
@BeforeMethod
public void beforeTest(ITestContext ctx,Method method) throws NoSuchMethodException {
Method m = TestNGProject.class.getMethod(method.getName());
if (m.isAnnotationPresent(TestRail.class)) {
TestRail ta = m.getAnnotation(TestRail.class);
System.out.println(ta.id());
ctx.setAttribute("caseId",ta.id());
}
}
@AfterMethod
public void afterTest(ITestResult result, ITestContext ctx) throws IOException, APIException {
Map data = new HashMap();
if(result.isSuccess()) {
data.put("status_id",1);
}
else {
data.put("status_id", 5);
data.put("comment", result.getThrowable().toString());
}
String caseId = (String)ctx.getAttribute("caseId");
Long suiteId = (Long)ctx.getAttribute("suiteId");
client.sendPost("add_result_for_case/"+suiteId+"/"+caseId,data);
}
Error Message:
RemoteTestNG] detected TestNG version 7.4.0
FAILED CONFIGURATION: @BeforeSuite createSuite(org.testng.TestRunner@1f2586d6)
com.uitesting.testRail.APIException: TestRail API returned HTTP 400("Field :suite_id is a required field.")
I am not sure about TestRail APIs but the case is failing in Beforesuite, where you are making a call to addRun endpoint, which seems counterintuitive. It has to be a createSuite call or something of that sort. The error also shows that the addrun (understandably) requires a suiteid.
You need to add suite_id into POST payload in createSuite method as it is required parameter in case if project has multiple suites
@BeforeSuite
public void createSuite(ITestContext ctx) throws IOException, APIException {
client = new APIClient("https://testrail.net");
client.setUser("test@test.com );
client.setPassword("########");
Map data = new HashMap();
// Add the line below:
data.put("suite_id", SUITE_ID);
data.put("include_all",true);
data.put("name","Test Run "+System.currentTimeMillis());
JSONObject c = null;
c = (JSONObject)client.sendPost("add_run/"+PROJECT_ID,data);
long suite_id = SUITE_ID;
ctx.setAttribute("suiteID" ,suite_id);
}
See the docs:
https://www.gurock.com/testrail/docs/api/reference/runs#addrun
| 44,310 | |
https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/290667 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 384 | 1,209 | SELECT only the rows with a unique value on certain columns
I have a table with multiple records by each employee, i need to find all the records by employee where any of the columns values changes. for example i have the following data for George:
HOME
CURRENT
EFFECTIVEDATE
NOTTOEXCEEDDATE
FLAG
GRADE
POSITION
LASTPAYPERIODPAID
GEORGE
610422
610422
NULL
NULL
N
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
610422
NULL
NULL
N
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610124
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610124
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610124
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610124
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
610422
NULL
NULL
N
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610124
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
610422
NULL
NULL
N
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
How do i get the following result data set ?
HOME
CURRENT
EFFECTIVEDATE
NOTTOEXCEEDDATE
FLAG
GRADE
POSITION
LASTPAYPERIODPAID
GEORGE
610124
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
14
ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
630100
11/10/2019
11/6/2021
Y
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE
610422
610422
NULL
NULL
N
15
SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
so far i can only get the result data set by doing a Select Distinct without the LAST_PAY_PERIOD_PAID column. as soon as i add this column i get the first table all over again.
any help is greatly appreciated
I can't see your problem
Distinct produces exactly what you want
SELECT
DISTINCT
[HOME]
, [CURRENT]
, [EFFECTIVEDATE]
, [NOTTOEXCEEDDATE]
, [FLAG]
, [GRADE]
, [POSITION]
, [LASTPAYPERIODPAID]
FROM Table1
Result
HOME CURRENT EFFECTIVEDATE NOTTOEXCEEDDATE FLAG GRADE POSITION LASTPAYPERIODPAID
GEORGE 610124 630100 11/10/2019 11/6/2021 Y 14 ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE 610422 610422 (null) (null) N 15 SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE 610422 630100 11/10/2019 11/6/2021 Y 14 ACCOUNTANT
GEORGE 610422 630100 11/10/2019 11/6/2021 Y 15 SUPERVISOR ACCOUNTANT
George has two current numbers, that is why i don't get your result
http://sqlfiddle.com/#!18/f5920/1
| 21,986 | |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8889870 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,012 | Stack Exchange | Geisler Temple, Lily _, Mike Yockey, Mohammed Meed, Newville, Phfish, Siva Raja Surya E, chirag juneja, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20082241, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20082242, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20082243, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20082278, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20094188, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20094189, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20109171, https://stackoverflow.com/users/20109390, https://stackoverflow.com/users/513872, https://stackoverflow.com/users/575657, marines, stellychou | English | Spoken | 277 | 491 | Ruby, regex to match tabs and replace with 2 spaces?
Does anyone have a regex in ruby that can match and replace a tab with 2 spaces?
This sounds like you're enforcing some formatting standards on a codebase, spaces instead of tabs. Be warned that doing this via some commit hook script can have negative consequences. The offenders local repositories/working copies will expect to be up-to-date, but diffs with the remote repository will show changes. It's best to do this sort of correction AFTER the commit has succeeded.
Couldn't be simpler:
str.gsub(/\t/, ' ')
If you have any tab inside strings they will be replaced too so it's not that obvious. The only tabs you're interested in are ones on the beginning of each line.
If you want to expand tabs (which is a slightly different task than replacing tabs), then:
# This algorithm by Brian Candler (B.Candler@pobox.com) found on the
# org.ruby-lang.ruby-talk mailing list
# http://markmail.org/message/avdjw34ahxi447qk
# Date: 2003-5-31 13:35:09
# Subject: Re: expandtabs
def expand_tabs(s, tab_stops = 8)
s.gsub(/([^\t\n]*)\t/) do
$1 + " " * (tab_stops - ($1.size % tab_stops))
end
end
p expand_tabs("\tfoo", 2) # => " foo"
p expand_tabs(" \tfoo", 2) # => " foo"
p expand_tabs("\t\tfoo", 2) # => " foo"
The reason expanding tabs is different than just replacing them is that a tab can represent a different number of characters depending upon which column it appears in. For example, if the tab stops are every 8 columns, then a tab in the first column should be replaced by 8 spaces, but one in the second column by 7 spaces, one in the third column by 6 spaces, and so on.
| 40,693 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromzewo%20%28Omsk%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Muromzewo (Omsk) | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muromzewo (Omsk)&action=history | German | Spoken | 264 | 619 | Muromzewo () ist eine Siedlung städtischen Typs in der Oblast Omsk (Russland) mit Einwohnern (Stand ).
Geographie
Die Siedlung liegt im Südosten des Westsibirischen Tieflands, etwa 200 km Luftlinie nordöstlich der Oblasthauptstadt Omsk vorwiegend an linken Ufer des Irtysch-Nebenflusses Tara.
Muromzewo ist Verwaltungszentrum des gleichnamigen Rajons Muromzewo.
Geschichte
Die russische Besiedlung des zuvor ausschließlich von Turkvölkern bewohnten Gebietes um die heutige Siedlung begann mit dem Eintreffen von Kosaken aus Tara 1667 oberhalb des Tara-Nebenflusses Bergamak. Muromzewo selbst wurde 1707 gegründet. Durch seine Lage an einem Zweig des Sibirischen Trakts entwickelte es sich zu einem lokalen Handelszentrum. Insbesondere im 19. Jahrhundert kamen zahlreiche Umsiedler aus den zentralrussischen Gouvernements Smolensk, Rjasan, Pensa und Tambow in das Gebiet.
Im Rahmen einer Verwaltungsreform wurde Muromzewo 1924 Verwaltungszentrum eines Rajons. 1968 erhielt es den Status einer Siedlung städtischen Typs.
Bevölkerungsentwicklung
Anmerkung: Volkszählungsdaten
Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
In Muromzewo sind eine Reihe von hölzernen Kaufmannshäusern mit Schnitzereien aus dem 19. Jahrhundert erhalten, ebenso eine Moschee aus der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts und eine Kirche von 1905. Fünf Kilometer vom Ort entfernt befindet sich der denkmalgeschützte Gebäudekomplex einer Wodkabrennerei („Winokurenny sawod“) aus dem Jahre 1894.
Seit 1985 gibt es in Muromzewo ein Heimatmuseum.
Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
In Muromzewo als Zentrum eines Landwirtschaftsgebietes überwiegen Betriebe der Lebensmittelindustrie.
Durch die Siedlung führt eine Regionalstraße, die Bolscheretschje an der R392 Omsk – Tara – Tobolsk mit Sedelnikowo verbindet.
Persönlichkeiten
Michail Uljanow (1927–2007), bedeutender Theater- und Filmschauspieler; geboren in Bergamak, gut 10 km westlich von Muromzewo
Anastassija Tolmatschowa (* 1995), Biathletin
Einzelnachweise
Weblinks
Rajon Muromzewo auf der Webseite der Oblastverwaltung (russisch)
Ort in der Oblast Omsk | 27,589 |
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirugu-Mugai | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Shirugu-Mugai | https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirugu-Mugai&action=history | Swahili | Spoken | 19 | 45 | ni kata ya kaunti ya Kakamega, Eneo bunge la Malava, nchini Kenya.
Tanbihi
Kata za Kenya
Kaunti ya Kakamega | 49,232 |
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vii | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Vii | https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vii&action=history | Romanian | Spoken | 9 | 25 | Vii se poate referi la:
Vii (povestire)
Vii (mitologie) | 5,507 |
https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/96344 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,021 | Stack Exchange | Manglemix, https://crypto.stackexchange.com/users/84276 | English | Spoken | 344 | 699 | Is this a safe zero knowledge proof that two paillier encryptions are equal?
We have encryptions $c_1$ and $c_2$, the person who knows the plaintext and randomness in both wants to prove that they know it. Let $r_1$ and $r_2$ be the randomness values in $c_1$ and $c_2$ respectively. The prover then randomly generates another random number, $z$. They then calculate $a_1 = r_1^n z^n$, $a_2 = r_2^n z^n$. These are the proofs. A verifier would just have to multiply $a_2$ with $c_1$ and $a_1$ with $c_2$ and check if the products are equal. If they are, then it should be safe to assume that $c_1$ and $c_2$ contain the same secret. If $a_1$ is $c_2$ and $a_2$ is $c_1$ then the proof is obviously false despite the equality being true.
This is very unsafe. Anyone can produce a fake proof that two ciphertexts are equivalent.
Given $c_1$ and $c_2$, choose a random $x$ and let $a_1=c_1x\mod {n^2}$ and $a_2=c_2x\mod {n^2}$. We see that $a_1c_2\equiv a_2c_1\pmod {n^2}$ which matches the verification criterion.
A proof that $c_1$ and $c_2$ are encryptions of the same value is equivalent to showing that $c_1/c_2\pmod{n^2}$ is an $n$th power. Here's a sigma protocol for that proof that you can make non-interactive with the usual Fiat-Shamir schtick.
To prove that $k$ is an $n$th power modulo $n^2$
We assume that the prover is endowed with $s:k\equiv s^n\pmod{n^2}$.
Commitment
The prover generates a uniform random number $r\mod{n^2}$, calculates $c=r^n\mod{n^2}$ and publishes $c$.
Challenge
The verifier requests that prover publish either $r$ such that $r^n=c\mod{n^2}$ or $r'$ such that $r'^n=ck\mod{n^2}$.
Response
Prover publishes either $r$ or $r'=rs\mod{n^2}$ according to the challenge.
If both possible responses are available to a responder then responder would know $s=r'/r$ so that knowledge of both responses proves knowledge of $s$. Therefore the protocol is correct with high probability as the number of protocol iterations increases.
Verifer could generate random protocol transcripts for themselves by first picking the challenge, then the response, then the commitment. Therefore the protocol is zero-knowledge.
Thank you this is a very comprehensive answer
| 39,854 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoregelia%20mcwilliamsii | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Neoregelia mcwilliamsii | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neoregelia mcwilliamsii&action=history | English | Spoken | 48 | 148 | Neoregelia mcwilliamsii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. Its name is also spelt Neoregelia macwilliamsii.
Cultivars
Neoregelia 'Ivory'
Neoregelia 'Jeffrey Block'
Neoregelia 'Liz'
Neoregelia 'Sassy'
Neoregelia 'Ultima'
Neoregelia 'Water Melon'
Neoregelia 'Zacate'
× Neomea 'Mundillo'
References
BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009
mcwilliamsii | 17,601 |
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasim%20Aytin | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Rasim Aytin | https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasim Aytin&action=history | Turkish | Spoken | 130 | 429 | Rasim Aytin (d. 1 Ocak 1969; Acıpayam, Denizli), Türk hukukçu.
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinden 1989 yılında mezun olmuştur. 1990 yılında Ankara Barosunda Avukatlık stajını tamamlamış, Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu Gaziantep ve İstanbul İl Sosyal Hizmetler Müdürlüklerinde Avukat olarak, 2006-2010 yılları arasında Maliye Bakanlığı İstanbul Muhakemat Müdürlüğü'nde Müşavir Hazine Avukatı olarak görev yapmıştır. 22 Ekim 2010 tarihinde Cumhurbaşkanı Abdullah Gül tarafından, 25 Ekim 2014 tarihinde ise Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan tarafından Hâkimler ve Savcılar Kurulu üyeliğine seçilmiş 2017'deki halkoylaması sonucu görevi sona ermiş ve 20 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan tarafından Danıştay üyeliğine atanmıştır. Evli ve iki çocuk babasıdır.
Kaynakça
1969 doğumlular
Acıpayam doğumlular
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Hakimler ve Savcılar Kurulu üyeleri
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan tarafından atanan Danıştay üyeleri
20. yüzyıl Türk avukatları
21. yüzyıl Türk avukatları | 42,245 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Austrian%20films%20of%20the%202020s | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | List of Austrian films of the 2020s | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List of Austrian films of the 2020s&action=history | English | Spoken | 47 | 82 | A list of films produced in the Cinema of Austria in the 2020s ordered by year of release. For an alphabetical list of articles on Austrian films see :Category:Austrian films.
References
External links
Austrian film at the Internet Movie Database
Austrianfilm.com
2020
Austrain
Films
de:Liste österreichischer Filme | 11,702 |
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran%20Rantai | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Pertempuran Rantai | https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran Rantai&action=history | Indonesian | Spoken | 942 | 2,286 | Pertempuran Sallasil ( Dhat al-Salasil) atau Pertempuran Rantai adalah sebuah pertempuran antara Kekhalifahan Rasyidin melawan Kekaisaran Sasaniyah Persia pada April 629. Pertempurannya terjadi di Kazima (sekarang Kuwait) tidak lama setelah Perang Riddah usai. Pertempuran ini juga salah satu pertempuran yang dilakukan Kekhalifahan Rasyidin di mana pasukan umat muslim bertujuan untuk memperluas wilayah kekuasaannya.
Latar belakang
Mutsana bin Haritha asy-Shaybani adalah seorang kepala suku di Arabia Timur bagian utara, yang tinggal dekat dengan perbatasan Persia. Setelah perang riddah, Mutsana menyerbu kota-kota Persia di Mesopotamia. Penyerbuan itu berjalan sukses, dengan dirinya berhasil memperoleh sejumlah harta rampasan. Mutsana bin Haritsa pergi ke Madinah untuk menginformasikan Khalifah Abu Bakar tentang keberhasilannya, dan Abu Bakar menunjuknya sebagai komandan atas rakyatnya; setelah hal ini dia mulai melakukan penyerangan yang lebih dalam ke Mesopotamia. Dengan menggunakan mobilitas pasukan kavaleri ringan-nya, dia dapat dengan mudah menyerang kota manapun di dekat gurun dan menghilang lagi ke dalam gurun, membuat tentara Sasaniyah tidak mampu mengejarnya. Tindakan Mutsana menginspirasi Abu Bakar untuk mencaplok Mesopotamia dari Sasaniyah. Untuk memastikan kemenangan, Abu Bakar menetapkan dua langkah: tentaranya akan terdiri dari para sukarelawan, dan mereka akan dikomandoi oleh jenderal terbaiknya, Khalid bin Walid. Setelah mengalahkan Musailimah yang memproklamirkan diri sebagai nabi dalam Pertempuran Yamamah, Khalid masih berada di distrik Yamamah ketika Abu Bakar mengiriminya perintah untuk memerangi Kekaisaran Persia Sasaniyah. Menjadikan Al-Hirah (sebuah daerah di Mesopotamia) sebagai tujuan misi Khalid, Abu Bakar mengirim bala bantuan dan memerintahkan para kepala suku di timur laut Arabia yakni Mutsana bin Haritsa, Mazhur bin Adi, Harmalah dan Sulmah untuk beroperasi di bawah komando Khalid. Pada sekitar minggu ketiga bulan Maret 633 Masehi (minggu pertama Muharram 12 Hijriah) Khalid berangkat dari Yamama dengan pasukan yang terdiri dari 10.000 orang. Tetapi sebelum melakukan hal itu, ia menulis surat kepada Hormozd, gubernur Persia di distrik perbatasan Dast Meisan:Kepala-kepala suku dan prajurit-prajurit mereka (masing-masing 2.000 orang) bergabung dengan Khalid dalam misinya. Dengan demikian Khalid memasuki Kekaisaran Persia dengan 18.000 pasukan. Komandan Persia memberitahu kaisarnya tentang ancaman dari Arabia dan memusatkan para tentaranya untuk pertempuran, yang terdiri dari sejumlah besar pasukan bantuan Arab Kristen.
Strategi Khalid
Tentara Sasaniyah adalah salah satu tentara yang paling kuat dan dilengkapi dengan perlengkapan terbaik pada masa itu, dan merupakan pasukan yang ideal untuk konfrontasi langsung. Satu-satunya kelemahan tentara Persia adalah kurangnya mobilitas: orang-orang Persia yang bersenjata berat tidak mampu bergerak cepat, dan setiap gerakan yang berkepanjangan akan melelahkan mereka. Di sisi lain, pasukan Khalid sangat lincah; mereka menunggang unta dengan kuda-kuda yang siap untuk serangan kavaleri. Strategi Khalid adalah menggunakan kecepatannya sendiri untuk mengeksploitasi kurangnya mobilitas pasukan Sasania. Dia berencana untuk memaksa pasukan Persia untuk bergerak ke sana ke mari sampai mereka kelelahan, dan kemudian melakukan penyerangan ketika pasukan Persia sudah kehabisan tenaga. Kondisi geografi membantu Khalid bin Walid melaksanakan strategi ini dengan sukses. Ada dua rute ke Uballa, melalui Kazima atau melalui Hufair, sehingga Khalid menulis surat kepada pemimpin Persia, Hormozd, dari Yamama sehingga ia akan menduga Khalid akan tiba melalui rute langsung dari Yamama ke Kazima dan kemudian ke Uballa.
Pertempuran
Menyangka Khalid bin al-Walid akan datang melalui Kazima, Hormozd bergerak dari Uballa ke Kazima. Namun di Kazima tidak ditemukan tanda-tanda tentara Muslim. Segera informasi diberikan oleh para pengintai bahwa Khalid bin Walid sedang bergerak menuju Hufeir. Dikarenakan Hufeir hanya berjarak 21 mil dari Uballa, hal ini membahayakan pangkalan Hormozd. Uballa yang merupakan pelabuhan penting Kekaisaran Sassaniyah, terletak di dekat kota Basrah modern. Hormozd segera memerintahkan pasukannya untuj berpindah ke Hufeir, yang berjarak 50 mil jauhnya. Khalid menunggu di Hufeir sampai para pengintai memberitahukan kepadanya tentang kedatangan Hormozd yang tergesa-gesa. Melewati padang pasir, Khalid bergerak menuju Kazima. Setibanya di Hufeir, Hormozd diberitahu tentang perjalanan Khalid menuju Kazima. Karena Hormozd tidak bisa menyerahkan rute Kazima kepada kaum Muslim, tentara Sassaniyah yang bersenjata berat sekali lagi diperintahkan untuk berangkat menuju Kazima. Orang-orang Persia tiba di Kazima dalam keadaan kelelahan.
Hormozd dengan segera mengerahkan pasukan untuk berperang dalam formasi reguler dari pusat dan sayap. Para jenderal yang memimpin sisi sayapnya adalah Qubaz dan Anoshagan. Para prajurit mengikatkan diri mereka dengan rantai sebagai tanda kepada musuh bahwa mereka siap mati daripada lari dari medan pertempuran jika kalah. Hal ini mengurangi bahaya terobosan oleh kavaleri musuh, karena dengan orang-orang yang dihubungkan bersama dengan rantai, tidak mudah bagi kelompok kavaleri untuk merobohkan beberapa orang dan membuat celah untuk penetrasi. Karena tentara Sasaniyah diorganisir dan dilatih untuk pertempuran yang terencana, taktik ini memungkinkan mereka untuk berdiri seperti batu karang dalam menghadapi serangan musuh. Tetapi rantai memiliki satu kelemahan utama: jika terjadi kekalahan, para prajurit tidak mampu menarik diri, karena rantai bertindak sebagai belenggu. Penggunaan rantai itulah yang memberi nama pertempuran ini. Hormozd telah mengerahkan pasukannya tepat di depan tepi barat Kazima, menjaga agar kota itu tetap tertutup oleh penempatan pasukannya. Khalid mengerahkan pasukannya dengan padang pasir di belakang mereka, sehingga mereka bisa mundur ke sana jika kalah. Tentara Persia yang kelelahan tidak mampu bertahan lama dalam serangan yang dilancarkan oleh umat Muslim tersebut dan kaum Muslimin berhasil menembus garis depan Persia di banyak tempat. Merasa kalah, jenderal-jenderal Persia yang memimpin sisi sayap, Qubaz dan Anoshagan, memerintahkan penarikan mundur, yang menyebabkan penarikan mundur total. Sebagian besar orang Persia yang tidak dirantai berhasil melarikan diri, tetapi mereka yang dirantai bersama-sama tidak dapat bergerak cepat, dan ribuan dari mereka tewas dibunuh.
Setelahnya
Setelah Pertempuran Rantai, Khalid mengalahkan pasukan Persia dalam tiga pertempuran lainnya dan merebut sasarannya, yakni Al-Hirah. Penaklukan pertama yang dilakukan umat Muslim atas Irak selesai dalam waktu empat bulan. Abu Bakar tidak memerintahkan Khalid untuk bergerak lebih dalam ke wilayah Sassaniyah, karena Sassaniyah telah menginstruksikan bala bantuan. Perintah Khalid saat ini adalah untuk berangkat untuk menguasai penduduk Persia di Hira. Setelah sembilan bulan, ia mengutus Khalid untuk memimpin penaklukan oleh kaum Muslim atas Suriah.
Referensi | 40,332 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9C%8C | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 磁県 | https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=磁県&action=history | Japanese | Spoken | 13 | 376 | 磁県（じ-けん）は中華人民共和国河北省邯鄲市に位置する県。
歴史
南北朝時代の561年（保定元年）、北周により設置された滏陽県を前身とする。590年（開皇10年）に磁州が設置されるとその州治とされた。その後磁州は何度か廃止されながら存続し、明代が成立すると洪武初年に滏陽県が廃止となり管轄区域は磁州直轄とされた。
1913年（民国2年）の州制廃止に伴い磁県と改編され現在に至る。
史跡
茹茹公主墓(東魏550年葬) - 1978年から1979年にかけて発掘され、21mにおよぶ彩色壁画や東ローマ帝国時代の金貨を含む副葬品が発見された。
行政区画
鎮:磁州鎮、講武城鎮、岳城鎮、観台鎮、白土鎮、黄沙鎮
郷:路村営郷、時村営郷、陶泉郷、都党郷、北賈璧郷
脚注
邯鄲市の行政区画 | 7,840 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/899008 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,009 | Stack Exchange | Aakash Mathur, CharlesDou, Grofab, Morse, SjB, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1739499, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1739500, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1739501, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1945622, https://stackoverflow.com/users/44434, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7907591, https://stackoverflow.com/users/85021, https://stackoverflow.com/users/97883, jonathan, lothar, sybreon | English | Spoken | 723 | 1,442 | Howto Write to the GPIO Pin of the CM108 Chip in Linux?
The CM108 from C-Media has 4 GPIO pin that you can access via a hid interface.
Using the generic write function in Windows I was able to write to the gpio pins.
However I'm trying to do the same thing in Linux without success.
The linux kernel detect the device as a hidraw device.
Note: I was able to read from the device, just not write. (I've run the app as root just to make sure it wasn't a permission issue).
Did you check if the Linux driver supports writes to the device at all?
I got this working, here's how.
I needed to create a new linux hid kernel mod. (it wasn't that hard)/*
/*
* Driver for the C-Media 108 chips
*
* Copyright (C) 2009 Steve Beaulac <steve@sagacity.ca>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
*/
/*
* This driver is based on the cm109.c driver
*/
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/hid.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#define DRIVER_VERSION "20090526"
#define DRIVER_AUTHOR "Steve Beaulac"
#define DRIVER_DESC "C-Media 108 chip"
#define CM108_VENDOR_ID 0x0d8c
#define CM108_PRODUCT_ID 0x000c
#ifdef CONFIG_USB_DYNAMIC_MINORS
#define CM108_MINOR_BASE 0
#else
#define CM108_MINOR_BASE 96
#endif
/*
* Linux interface and usb initialisation
*/
static int cm108_hid_probe(struct hid_device *hdev, const struct hid_device_id *id)
{
int ret;
ret = hid_parse(hdev);
if (ret) {
dev_err(&hdev->dev, "parse failed\n");
goto error;
}
ret = hid_hw_start(hdev, HID_CONNECT_HIDRAW);
if (ret) {
dev_err(&hdev->dev, "hw start failed\n");
goto error;
}
return 0;
error:
return ret;
}
static struct hid_device_id cm108_device_table[] = {
{ HID_USB_DEVICE (CM108_VENDOR_ID, CM108_PRODUCT_ID) },
/* you can add more devices here with product ID 0x0008 - 0x000f */
{ }
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE (hid, cm108_device_table);
static struct hid_driver hid_cm108_driver = {
.name = "cm108",
.id_table = cm108_device_table,
.probe = cm108_hid_probe,
};
static int hid_cm108_init(void)
{
return hid_register_driver(&hid_cm108_driver);
}
static void hid_cm108_exit(void)
{
hid_unregister_driver(&hid_cm108_driver);
}
module_init(hid_cm108_init);
module_exit(hid_cm108_exit);
MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR);
MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DRIVER_DESC);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
used This makefile
obj-m += cm108.o
and compile the module
make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/ M=`pwd` EXTRAVERSION="-generic" modules
sudo make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/ M=`pwd` EXTRAVERSION="-generic" modules_install
depmod -a
I had to modify the modules.order file so that my module would get queried before the generic hid linux module.
This modules make sure that the hidraw uses Interface 2.
Then I can use fopen to read and write to the GPIO pin of the CM108 chip.
BTW: when writing you need to write 5byte the 1st byte is used for the HID_OUTPUT_REPORT
Most hardware in Linux is accessible as a file. If the driver created a hardware node for it on the file-system, you're in luck. You will be able to write to it using regular file routines. Otherwise, you may need to do some assembly magic, which may require you to write a kernel module to do it.
Correct, I'm opening the device with the open system call, and then writing to it using the write system call.
I'm connecting the the /dev/hidraw device.
I've been monitoring the usb bus using "Sniffer for USB (on win32)" and the kernel debug in linux. I can see that when from the Packets that I'm not talking to the correct Interface on Linux.
Windows send the message to Interface 2 and linux to interface 0. The weird thing is that Linux reports the HID being on Interface 2 (using lsusb -v)
So, I guess that you've isolated the problem. I'm guessing that the standard fopen defaults to opening interface 0. Sometimes, a USB device creates multiple /dev entries. You may want to create a new question to ask about this specifically - accessing other interfaces.
Here is a complete example of how to write to the CM108/CM119 GPIO pins on Linux.
https://github.com/wb2osz/direwolf/blob/dev/cm108.c
You don't need to run as root or write your own device driver.
I have the opposite problem. I'm trying to figure out how to do the same thing on Windows.
A link to a solution is welcome, but please ensure your answer is useful without it: add context around the link so your users will have some idea what it is and why it’s there, then quote the most relevant part of the page you're linking to in case the target page is unavailable.
| 38,385 |
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Кіндрат Лусконіг | https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Кіндрат Лусконіг&action=history | Ukrainian | Spoken | 81 | 278 | Кіндрат Лусконіг († 1768) — запорожець, учасник повстання надвірних козаків Коліївщини 1768 р.
За кілька днів до того, як повстанці залишили Холодний Яр, сталася трагедія. Пострілом з пістоля було вбито полковника Йосипа Шелеста. За однією з версій, стріляв Кіндрат Лусконіг після суперечки «за начальство».
К. Лусконіг належав до січовиків, що не визнавали дисципліни, через це незабаром загинув в Умані.
Джерела
Храбан Г. Ю. Спалах гніву народного / Антифеодальне, народно-визвольне повстання на Правобережній Україні у 1768–1769 рр. — К., 1989.
Гайдамаки
Коліївщина | 10,589 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E9%9B%B2%E9%81%94 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 查維·雲達 | https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=查維·雲達&action=history | Chinese | Spoken | 20 | 225 | 查維亞·洛迪古斯·雲達（Javier Rodríguez Venta，），通常稱為查維·雲達（Javi Venta）是一名西班牙足球運動員，擔任右後衛，現時效力英格兰足球联赛球會賓福特。
外部連結
查維·雲達 西甲數據
Futbolme.com 查維·雲達檔案
西班牙足球運動員
西甲球員
西乙球員
西乙二球員
特內里費球員
維拉利爾球員
利雲特球員
英格蘭足球聯賽球員
賓福特球員
西班牙旅外足球運動員
英格蘭外籍足球運動員 | 49,462 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camponotus%20placidus | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Camponotus placidus | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camponotus placidus&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 40 | 74 | Kaliwatan sa murag-sulom ang Camponotus placidus. Una ning gihulagway ni Smith ni adtong 1858. Ang Camponotus placidus sakop sa kahenera nga Camponotus, ug kabanay nga murag-sulom. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Murag-sulom
Camponotus | 23,281 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/991080 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,017 | Stack Exchange | ChanganAuto, https://askubuntu.com/users/1210606, https://askubuntu.com/users/392878, programmer | English | Spoken | 268 | 540 | SynPS/2 Synaptic Touchpad not working in Ubuntu 17.10
I have just upgraded from ubuntu 16.04 to ubuntu 17.10. My touchpad was working on ubuntu 16.04 and also on live usb of 17.10. But, it is not working after installation. My laptop is Dell inspiron 3521
Here the things I did so far:
1) Install xserver-xorg-input-synaptics
Touchpad worked after reboot but stopped working until now after another reboot
2) Upgraded kernel to 4.14.0-041400-generic from 4.13
3) Tried copying /usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d/70-synaptics.conf to /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d
4) Tried commenting out below lines in 40-libinput.conf
Section "InputClass"
Identifier "libinput touchpad catchall"
MatchIsTouchpad "on"
MatchDevicePath "/dev/input/event*"
Driver "libinput"
EndSection
5) Removing xserver-xorg-input-synaptics
Nothing worked so far
Run this command in terminal:
sudo gedit /etc/default/grub
You will find a line like this:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
Now replace "quiet splash" with "acpi=force"
So the new line will be:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="acpi=force"
Save the file.
Now run this command:
sudo update-grub
This should solve your problem.
Thank you for your reply but this didn't solve my problem :(
This question came up for me in a Google search, so I'm posting an answer for other people who may have a similar problem.
This happened to me when dual-booting Ubuntu 20.04 with Windows 10. The touchpad stopped working in Ubuntu and also in Bios, but switching to Windows and shutting it down gracefully fixed this.
It might be possible that Windows somehow blocked the device when I shut it down forcefully.
As usual, the problem is the Windows Fast Startup feature which is generally recommend to be disabled and disabling it is a must when dual-booting. It isn't Windows itself to blame here.
| 25,300 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3559926 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,020 | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 166 | 505 | Differential equation with non-constant trigonometric coefficient
Find general solution of the following:-
$$ (\sin^2x)y'' -(2\sin x \cos x)y' +(\cos^2x +1)y= \sin^3x. $$
I know how to solve if the leading coefficient is $x^2$ (in that we substitute $x = e^z,$ but I'm not able to do for this. How can I do it?
Clearly $y=\sin x$ is a solution to the corresponding homogeneous equation. Let $y=z\sin x$ and then one has
$$ z''\sin^3 x=\sin^3x $$
or
$$ z''=1. $$
So $z=\frac12 x^2+C_1x+C_2$. So the equation has the general solution
$$ y=\sin x(\frac12 x^2+C_1x+C_2). $$
Solving the homogeneous equation:
$$(\sin^2x)y'' -(2\sin x \cos x)y' +(\cos^2x +1)y= 0$$
Substitute $v=\dfrac {y'}{y}$
$$(\sin^2x)(v'+v^2) -(2\sin x \cos x)v +(\cos^2x +1)= 0$$
$$(\sin (x) v -\cos (x))^2 +v'\sin^2 (x) +1= 0$$
$$( v -\cot (x))^2 + v' + \frac 1 {\sin^2 (x)}= 0$$
$$w^2+w'=0$$
$$\left ( \frac 1 w \right )'=1$$
Where $w=\dfrac {y'}{y} -\cot (x)$.
$$\dfrac {y'}{y} -\cot (x)=\dfrac 1 {x+C}$$
$$(\ln y )'=\cot (x)+\dfrac 1 {x+C}$$
Integrate.
$$\boxed {y(x)=c_1\sin(x)+c_2x\sin(x)}$$
| 4,038 | |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6333766 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,011 | Stack Exchange | Abou Sali, Jen, Joel Berger, daxim, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13765636, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13765637, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13765638, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13777300, https://stackoverflow.com/users/46395, https://stackoverflow.com/users/468327, https://stackoverflow.com/users/795342, iakovb, user13765636, user13777300 | English | Spoken | 381 | 626 | Automate download of file dynamically generated by http request
I am trying to automate the download of a bunch of csv files that are generated from a database based on which checkboxes are selected on a form. The website generates the csv file with the click of a 'Download' button. I found the URL to the download prompt using Firebug (and determined how it changes based on checkbox selection), but am unsure how to use it since it is dynamically generated and does not contain a file path. An example URL is the following:
https://www.quantcast.com/download/plannerCSV?&d0Id=10&sc=1&mr=10000
What is the best way to go about doing this? I looked into the Python mechanize module and briefly glazed over pydermonkey, but had trouble finding documentation on downloading dynamically generated files. I also found some suggestions on other forums for using VBscript and Perl-- I prefer to use Python if possible since I am most familiar with it, but if another language is more appropriate, I will learn what I need in order to accomplish this task--I just hope to do it efficiently! Comments from anyone with experience/knowledge/insight on this topic would be appreciated.
If you were using Perl I would say use Mechanize, therefore I imagine Python's (copycat) Mechanize should work too. You might want to stick with it, even if the docs are lacking. Try something easier first, like a static webpage.
WWW::Mechanize documentation, mech-dump form dumper
(turned out I was just missing the login information in order to access the download URL)
Probably the easiest way for you to do this is to use the command line tool wget. If running a UNIX/Linux it's already there. If you're running Windows then a Win32 version can can be downloaded from: http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/wget.htm
The you can use a shell/batch script that will download the file for you.
Example for Windows:
set id=10
set sc=1
set mr=10000
set my_url=https://www.quantcast.com/download/plannerCSV?&d0Id=%id%&sc=%sc%&mr=%mr%
set filename=planner.csv
wget %my_url% --output-document=%filename%
:
: do stuff with file
:
When I ran that, I got the following:
'd0Id' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file." Hmm, can you explain why this happens?
OK I put the URL in quotes but then I got "Unknown/unsupported protocol"--is it because the URL is not a file path in csv format?
| 49,408 |
https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/311489 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,020 | Stack Exchange | Ronak, https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/81126 | English | Spoken | 165 | 496 | Magento 2 Product page disable tabs scrolling
I want to disable those tab click scroll down. when clicking on any tab I don't want to scroll on its content
follow this link:- https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/293437/magento-2-3-3-tab-jumping-on-top
My temporary solution was changing _scrollToTopIfVisible function in this file
\lib\web\mage\collapsible.js
From
_scrollToTopIfVisible: function (elem) {
if (!this._isElementOutOfViewport(elem)) {
elem.scrollIntoView();
}
},
to
_scrollToTopIfVisible: function (elem) {
if (this._isElementOutOfViewport(elem)) {
elem.scrollIntoView();
}
},
If anyone has other soluation please share
Hope this helps.
Best way is to create a mixin to overrule the part which makes it scroll.
define([
'jquery',
], function ($) {
'use strict';
return function (target) {
$.widget('mage.collapsible', target, {
_create: function () {
this.storage = $.localStorage;
this.icons = false;
if (typeof this.options.icons === 'string') {
this.options.icons = JSON.parse(this.options.icons);
}
this._processPanels();
this._processState();
this._refresh();
if (this.options.icons.header && this.options.icons.activeHeader) {
this._createIcons();
this.icons = true;
}
// Removed block which make scroll to top
this._bind('click');
this._trigger('created');
}
});
return $.mage.collapsible;
};
});
I made a feature request to make this configurable/optional. https://github.com/magento/magento2/issues/38382
| 3,861 |
https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Венедиктов Анатолий Васильевич | https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Венедиктов Анатолий Васильевич&action=history | Bashkir | Spoken | 726 | 2,712 | Венедиктов Анатолий Васильевич (18 (30) июнь 1887 йыл — 9 август 1959 йыл) — СССР хоҡуҡ белгесе, СССР фәндәр академияһы академигы (1958), иҡтисад фәндәре кандидаты, юридик фәндәр докторы, профессор, Ленинград дәүләт университетының юридик факультеты деканы, РСФСР-ҙың атҡаҙанған фән эшмәкәре. Сталин премияһы лауреаты
Биографияһы
Анатолий Васильевич Венедиктов 1887 йылдың 18 (30) июнендә Ерек ауылында (хәҙерге Башҡортостан) земство табибы ғаиләһендә тыуған. 1905 йылда Өфө гимназияһын тамамлай. Урындағы РСДРП(б) ойошмаһына инә, агитация менән шөғөлләнә, бының өсөн яуаплы була, әммә 1905—1907 йылдарҙағы Революция еңелеүҙән һуң, сәйәсәттән ситләшә.
1910 йылда А. В. Венедиктов Санкт-Петербург политехник институтын иҡтисад буйынса бүлеге буйынса, 1912 йылда — Санкт-Петербург университетының юридик факультетын тамамлай. 1910—1913 йылдарҙа Петербургта коммерция училищеларында хоҡуҡ фәнен һәм сауҙа хоҡуғын уҡыта. 1912 йылда Политехник институтта «Слияние акционерных компаний» темаһына диссертация яҡлай, иҡтисад фәндәре кандидаты дәрәжәһен ала һәм сауҙа хоҡуғы кафедраһында профессор эшмәкәрлегенә әҙерлек өсөн ҡалдырыла. Был маҡсатта Венедиктов фәнни дәрестәр өсөн ике тапҡыр сит илгә бара, унда граждандар һәм сауҙа хоҡуғы, рим хоҡуғы һәм папирология буйынса семинарҙарҙа эшләй: 1912 йылда Берлинда һәм Гейдельбергта, 1913—1914 йылдарҙа Геттинген, Мюнхен, Лозаннала.
1916—1917 йылдарҙа Юғары коммерция курстарында граждан хоҡуҡтары курсын уҡый, бер үк ваҡытта Сауҙа сәнәғәт һәм министрлығында эшләй, 1917 йылдың көҙөндә Баш иҡтисади комитеттың юрисконсультанты һәм айырым эштәр буйынса V класлы чиновник була.
1918—1919 йылдарҙа Ярославль университетының профессоры, кафедра сәнәғәт хоҡуҡы кафедраһы мөдире. 1919 йылдың сентябрендә Петроград политехник институтында уҡыта. 1929 йылда Ленинград дәүләт университеты (ЛДУ) профессор. 1939—1942 йылдарҙа Планлаштырыу институтында кафедра мөдире. 1944 йылда, уның етәкселегендә ЛДУ юридик факультетының 14 йыллыҡ тәнәфесенән һуң, яңынан тергеҙелгәнендә, декан (1949 йылға тиклем) һәм гражданлыҡ хоҡуғы кафедраһы мөдире итеп билдәләнә (1954 йылға тиклем).
А. В. Венедиктов фәнни эштәрен юғары уҡыу йорттарында ғына түгел, ә РСФСР финанстары халыҡ комиссариатының төрлө ғилми-тикшеренеү институттарында (1919—1927), Коммунистик Академияның совет ҡоролошо һәм хоҡуғы институтында (1928—1937, 1947—1954, 1958—1959) (аҙаҡ СССР ФА Хоҡуҡ институты тип үҙгәртелә) һәм Юридик фәндәрҙең Бөтә Союз институтында алып бара (1943—1946).
СССР Юғары Советы комиссияһы ҡарамағындағы комиссия рәйесе вазифаһында СССР Граждандар кодексын әҙерләү менән шөғөлләнә. «Известия АН СССР», «Правоведение», «Вестник Ленинградского университета». мөхәрририәт коллегияһының ағзаһы булып тора.
1958 йылда СССР Фәндәр академияһының тулы хоҡуҡлы ағзаһы итеп һайлана. Варшава университетының почётлы хоҡуҡ докторы
1959 йылдың 9 авгусында вафат була. Санкт-Петербургта Серафимовка зыяратында ерләнгән.
Маҡтаулы исемдәре һәм башҡа бүләктәре
РСФСР-ҙың атҡаҙанған фән эшмәкәре (28.12.1942)
Сталин премияһы
Ленин ордены
Ижады
А. В. Венедиктов 230-ҙан ашыу хеҙмәт яҙа. А. В. Венедиктовтың 1913 йылдан 1957 йылдарҙа тиклем библиография хеҙмәттәре «Очерки по гражданскому праву» (Л., 1957) йыйынтығында баҫтырыып сыға.
1949 йылда Венедиктовтың «Государственная социалистическая собственность» китабы Сталин премияһына лайыҡ була, ул социалистик лагерға ингән дәүләттәрҙең теленә тәржемә ителә
Төп эштәре
Война, рост цен и старые контракты // Очередные вопросы финансовой и экономической политики. — 1917. Вып. 2 . — Пг.: Издание редакции «Вестника финансов». — 40 с.
Кодификация кредитного и валютного законодательства. — М. : Типография «Шестой Октябрь», 1924. −26 с.
Основные проблемы банкового законодательства : К проекту Кредитного устава СССР / НКФ СССР. Институт экономических исследований. — М. : Фин. изд-во НКФ СССР, 1925. — 27 с.
Договорная дисциплина в промышленности / Ленинградское отделение Коммунистической академии; Институт советского строительства и права. — Л. : Изд-во Леноблисполкома и Ленсовета, 1935. — 212 с.
Об основных проблемах советского гражданского права // Вестник Ленинградского университета. — 1947. — № 11. — С. 99—123.
Производственное предприятие при двух- и трехзвенной системе управления промышленностью : Отдельный оттиск из сборника «Записки планового института». Выпуск VI. — 1947. — с. 3 — 56.
Вопросы социалистической собственности в трудах Иосифа Виссарионовича Сталина // Советское государство и право. 1949. № 12.
Венедиктов, А. В., Догадов, В. М. Ленинско-сталинское учение о социалистической организации труда // Вестник Ленинградского университета. — 1950. — С. 31—50.
Гражданско-правовая охрана социалистической собственности в СССР / А. В. Венедиктов. — М.; Л.: АН СССР, 1954. — 268 с.
Организация государственной промышленности в СССР : В 2-х т. / А. В. Венедиктов. — Л.: Изд-во Ленингр. ун-та, 1957—1961.
Иҫкәрмәләр
Әҙәбиәт
Һылтанмалар
Первый декан возрождённого факультета — Анатолий Васильевич Венедиктов (1887—1959). Юридический факультет Санкт-Петербургского университета
Толстой Ю. К. Анатолий Васильевич Венедиктов
Баринов Д. А., Ростовцев Е. А. Венедиктов Анатолий Васильевич // «Биографика СПбГУ»
Закон сығарыу һәм сағыштырмалы хоҡуҡ фәне институты хеҙмәткәрҙәре
КПСС ағзалары
Санкт-Петербург политехник университеты уҡытыусылары
Санкт-Петербург политехник институтын тамамлаусылар (1917 йылға тиклем)
Рәсәй иҡтисадсылары
Википедия:Статьи с переопределением значения из Викиданных
РСФСР-ҙың атҡаҙанған фән эшмәкәрҙәре
Сталин премияһы лауреаттары
Ленин ордены кавалерҙары
Юридик фәндәр докторҙары
Санкт-Петербургта вафат булғандар
Алфавит буйынса шәхестәр
1959 йылда вафат булғандар
9 августа вафат булғандар
1887 йылда тыуғандар
30 июндә тыуғандар | 13,671 |
https://craftcms.stackexchange.com/questions/36146 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,020 | Stack Exchange | https://craftcms.stackexchange.com/users/7715, nstCactus | English | Spoken | 255 | 390 | Is there a way to eager-load fields in a global set?
I use a header global set to store various thing about my site header, including the company's logo.
I use it in my template like this:
{{ header.globalSetsHeaderLogo.one()logo.getImg() }}
Any idea on how I could eager-load this?
I know you can use this method to eager load fields on injected entry/category variables, so I'm assuming it would work for global sets as well:
{% do craft.app.elements.eagerLoadElements(
className(header),
[header],
['globalSetsHeaderLogo']
) %}
{{ header.globalSetsHeaderLogo[0].logo.getImg() }}
You can find out more about this method for eager loading in this blog post by Andrew Welch.
Do you mean lazy load or eager load?
Usually you lazy load images via JS to speed up site loading but not I'm not sure doing it to one image across multiple pages is all that beneficial?
After the initial load, the browser should cache that image and "reuse" it. However, querying the global set certainly has a cost on the database.
As far as eager loading, not sure it'll make a huge difference here and it looks like you're not outputting any transforms but you might consider using, say, {% cache globally %} tag on your header. That'll save you some db queries that can have an affect on performance.
Good catch! I meant eager-loading, to reduce the number of db queries. I'm not trying to solve a specific performance issue, just to improve my Craft knowledge. As for the cache, it's indeed a good solution but we're already using it.
| 38,811 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42834063 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,017 | Stack Exchange | Martin Niederl, https://stackoverflow.com/users/613130, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6513167, xanatos | Danish | Spoken | 437 | 1,217 | Decrypting byte array with SymmetricAlgorithm and CryptoStream
My encrypting and decrypting methods:
private static SymmetricAlgorithm GetAlgorithm(string password)
{
using (Rijndael algorithm = Rijndael.Create())
{
using (Rfc2898DeriveBytes rdb = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, new byte[]
{
0x53, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x75, 0x6d, 0x20, 0x43, 0x68, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x69, 0x64, 0x65
}))
{
algorithm.Padding = PaddingMode.ISO10126;
algorithm.Key = rdb.GetBytes(32);
algorithm.IV = rdb.GetBytes(16);
}
return algorithm;
}
}
public static byte[] EncryptBytes(byte[] clearBytes, string password)
{
ICryptoTransform encryptor;
using (SymmetricAlgorithm algorithm = GetAlgorithm(password))
encryptor = algorithm.CreateEncryptor();
using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
using (CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(ms, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
cs.Write(clearBytes, 0, clearBytes.Length);
cs.FlushFinalBlock();
return ms.ToArray();
}
}
public static byte[] DecryptBytes(byte[] cipherBytes, string password)
{
ICryptoTransform decryptor;
using (SymmetricAlgorithm algorithm = GetAlgorithm(password))
decryptor = algorithm.CreateDecryptor();
using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
using (CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(ms, decryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
cs.Write(cipherBytes, 0, cipherBytes.Length); //here is the exception thrown
cs.FlushFinalBlock();
return ms.ToArray();
}
}
How i call the methods:
byte[] prev = File.ReadAllBytes(path + sourcefile);
byte[] enc = Encryption.EncryptBytes(prev, password);
byte[] dec = Encryption.DecryptBytes(enc, password);
File.WriteAllBytes(path + targetfile, dec);
When i try to decrypt the byte array i get the following exception:
System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException
Additional information: padding is invalid and cannot be removed
I already read some possible solutions but none of them solved my problem.
The Key and IV (InitialisationVector) are the same, when i encrypt and decrypt so that's definitely not the reason.
The GetAlgorithm is WRONG: you are returning a Disposed algorithm
but when do i need to dispose it then?
You are Disposing the algorithm in the calling method of GetAlgorithm()
Corrected methods:
ERROR: you were disposing the Rijndael algorithm in the GetAlgorithm(). This is wrong: it is the caller of GetAlgorithm() that must dispose the algorithm (as you were correctly doing)
private static SymmetricAlgorithm GetAlgorithm(string password)
{
Rijndael algorithm = Rijndael.Create();
using (Rfc2898DeriveBytes rdb = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, new byte[]
{
0x53, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x75, 0x6d, 0x20, 0x43, 0x68, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x69, 0x64, 0x65
}))
{
algorithm.Padding = PaddingMode.ISO10126;
algorithm.Key = rdb.GetBytes(32);
algorithm.IV = rdb.GetBytes(16);
}
return algorithm;
}
Small warnings here: you were not disposing the ICryptoTransform.
public static byte[] EncryptBytes(byte[] clearBytes, string password)
{
using (SymmetricAlgorithm algorithm = GetAlgorithm(password))
using (ICryptoTransform encryptor = algorithm.CreateEncryptor())
using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
using (CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(ms, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
cs.Write(clearBytes, 0, clearBytes.Length);
cs.FlushFinalBlock();
return ms.ToArray();
}
}
public static byte[] DecryptBytes(byte[] cipherBytes, string password)
{
using (SymmetricAlgorithm algorithm = GetAlgorithm(password))
using (ICryptoTransform decryptor = algorithm.CreateDecryptor())
using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
using (CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(ms, decryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
cs.Write(cipherBytes, 0, cipherBytes.Length); //here is the exception thrown
cs.FlushFinalBlock();
return ms.ToArray();
}
}
| 26,792 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Warrington%20Chubb | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Lewis Warrington Chubb | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis Warrington Chubb&action=history | English | Spoken | 309 | 558 | Lewis Warrington Chubb (October 22, 1882 – April 2, 1952) was an American electrical engineer, director of Westinghouse Research Laboratory, pioneer in radio broadcasting, and inventor, who was awarded the John Fritz Medal in 1947.
Biography
Chubb was born in Fort Yates, Dakota Territory in 1882, the son of army officer Charles St. John Chubb and Sarah L. (Eaton) Chubb. He was raised in multiple army posts of the West, where "Indian uprisings were still flickering along the vanishing frontier."
In 1905 Chubb obtained his MSc from Ohio State University, and started his lifelong career at Westinghouse Electric Corporation as apprentice in research, development and testing. By 1920 he directed the radio engineering department, and from 1930 until his retirement in 1948 he was research director of the Director of Research.
Chubb was granted 150 patents. He was awarded the honorary doctor of science by the Allegheny College, and by the University of Pittsburgh. The Ohio State University awarded him the Benjamin G. Lamme Meritorious Achievement Medal, and in 1947 he was awarded the John Fritz Medal.
Selected publications
Lewis Warrington Chubb. The world within the atom : how scientists explored the atom and learned to release its energy, 1950.
Patents, a selection
Warrington, Chubb Lewis. "Electrical precipitating system." U.S. Patent No. 1,399,422. 6 Dec. 1921.
Lewis, Warrington Chubb. "Electropercussive welding." U.S. Patent No. 1,373,054. 29 Mar. 1921.
Warrington, Chubb Lewis. "Emergency source of voltage." U.S. Patent No. 1,401,671. 27 Dec. 1921.
Lewis, Warrington Chubb. "Means for producing high voltage." U.S. Patent No. 1,508,162. 9 Sep. 1924.
Warrington, Chubb Lewis. "Light telephony." U.S. Patent No. 1,642,011. 13 Sep. 1927.
Warrington, Chubb Lewis. "Vehicle lighting system." U.S. Patent No. 2,087,795. 20 Jul. 1937.
References
External links
Lewis Warrington Chubb (1883-1952), Smithsonian Institution Archives (with picture)
1882 births
1952 deaths
20th-century American engineers
People from North Dakota
John Fritz Medal recipients | 6,857 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7152%20Euneus | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 7152 Euneus | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7152 Euneus&action=history | English | Spoken | 589 | 923 | 7152 Euneus is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered during the second Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey in 1973, and later named after Euneus from Greek mythology. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 9.7 hours and is likely spherical in shape.
Discovery
Euneus was discovered on 19 September 1973, by Dutch astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Tom Gehrels at the Palomar Observatory in California. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.
Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey
While the discovery date aligns with the second Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, Euneus has not received a prefixed survey designation, which was assigned to the discoveries made by the fruitful collaboration between the Palomar and Leiden observatories in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroids.
Naming
This minor planet was named after Euneus, son of Jason and Hypsipyle. He was the king of Lemnos and reprovisioned the Greek fleet with wine during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 August 1997 ().
Orbit and classification
Euneus is a dark Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's Lagrangian point, 60° ahead of its orbit . It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8–5.5 AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,276 days; semi-major axis of 5.16 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.
Physical characteristics
Euneus is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. Most Jupiter trojans are D-types, with the remainder being mostly C and P-type asteroids. It has a typical V–I color index of 0.91 and a BR color of 1.24 (also see table below).
Rotation period
In January 2013, Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies attempted to obtain a rotational lightcurve of Euneus from photometric observations. However, during three consecutive nights of observations, no rotation period could be determined as the lightcurve's brightness did not vary by more than 0.01 magnitude ().
In April 2015, follow-up observations by Stephens gave a period of hours, still with a low brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude, indicating that the body is likely of spherical shape (). Stephens also reanalyzed his data from 2013 using the newly obtained period which still resulted in an essentially flat lightcurve. He concluded that the body was possibly observed near pole-on during the 2013-opposition.
Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Euneus measures 39.77 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.093, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 48.48 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.
Notes
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center
Asteroid 7152 Euneus at the Small Bodies Data Ferret
007152
Discoveries by Cornelis Johannes van Houten
Discoveries by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld
Discoveries by Tom Gehrels
Named minor planets
19730919 | 20,044 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55186949 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,019 | Stack Exchange | AbbyWang - MSFT, Jon Douglas, Oliver Dalton, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1048571, https://stackoverflow.com/users/10539498, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8786171 | English | Spoken | 185 | 261 | Xamarin.Android - adding versions to the layout designer
Earlier today I had an issue where controls weren't rendering in the layout designer (see here) - I managed to fix this by setting the target framework of the app to 8.0 to match the version set at the top of the designer.
Problem is I need the target framework to be 9.0 and I only have 8.0 available in the designer. How do you add versions here? I have 9.0 installed in Tools/Android/Android SDK Manager/Platforms.
Any help would be appreciated.
Use the Visual Studio 2019 Preview. We mention this functionality in the Release Notes
Once you do that and have your Target Framework Version set to Pie (28), it should automatically use it.
I created a simple xamarin.android demo using version9.0 and it works all right. The problem is possibly related to the content of your layout. Would you please post your full layout xaml code so that we can test it for you
@JonDouglas - thank you! It works as expected in Visual Studio 2019.
@AbbyWang-MSFT - you can find my full layout code here.
| 42,813 |
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomystus%20breviceps | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Pseudomystus breviceps | https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudomystus breviceps&action=history | Basque | Spoken | 24 | 89 | Pseudomystus breviceps Pseudomystus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Bagridae familian.
Banaketa
Erreferentziak
Ikus, gainera
Pseudomystus
Bagridae
Kanpo estekak
FishBase.org
Bagridae | 47,453 |
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapelul%20Paraguayului | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Drapelul Paraguayului | https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drapelul Paraguayului&action=history | Romanian | Spoken | 263 | 552 | Drapelul Paraguayului (spaniolă: Bandera de Paraguay) este drapelul statului Paraguay și a fost adoptat pentru prima dată în 1842. Designul său, un tricolor roșu-alb-albastru, a fost inspirat de culorile drapelului olandez, despre care se crede că semnifică independența și libertatea. Drapelul este neobișnuit, deoarece diferă pe părțile sale avers și revers: pe aversul drapelului este prezentată stema națională, iar pe revers sigiliul tezaurului. Acesta a fost revizuit în 2013 pentru a aduce steagul mai aproape de designul său original. Are un raport de 11:20.
Descriere
Adoptat oficial în 1842, fiecare parte a acestui steag tricolor conține un tricolor orizontal în culorile roșu, alb și albastru cu emblema națională centrată pe banda albă. Emblema de pe partea aversă este stema națională a Paraguayului: o stea galbenă cu cinci vârfuri înconjurată de o coroană verde în care sunt îmbinate frunze de palmier și de măsline, înconjurate de două cercuri concentrice între care sunt scrise cuvintele REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY („Republica Paraguay” în spaniolă).
Culorile drapelului se crede că sunt inspirate din drapelul Franței pentru a arăta independența și libertatea, iar stema reprezintă independența Paraguayului. Emblema de pe partea revers este sigiliul tezaurului: un leu galben sub o bonetă frigiană roșie plasată în vârful unui stâlp (simbolizând curajul) și cuvintele Paz y Justicia („pace și dreptate”). Diferențele dintre părțile avers și revers provin din perioada în care José de Francia a fost la putere (1814-1840). Pe 15 iulie 2013, steagul a fost modificat. Stema a fost simplificată, iar designul a fost modificat pentru a fi apropiat de forma sa originală.
Drapele istorice
Note
Legături externe
Paraguay
Paraguay | 35,803 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laderan%20Kalaberan%20Kattan | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Laderan Kalaberan Kattan | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laderan Kalaberan Kattan&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 194 | 381 | Pangpang ang Laderan Kalaberan Kattan sa Kapupud-ang sa Amihanang Mariyana (Estados Unidos). Nahimutang ni sa munisipyo sa Saipan Municipality, sa amihanan-sidlakang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan-sidlakan sa Saipan ang ulohan sa nasod. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Laderan Kalaberan Kattan. Ang Laderan Kalaberan Kattan nahimutang sa pulo sa Kapupud-ang sa Amihanang Mariyana.
Ang yuta palibot sa Laderan Kalaberan Kattan kabungtoran sa habagatang-kasadpan, apan sa habagatang-kasadpan nga kini mao ang patag. Sa amihang-sidlakan, dagat ang pinakaduol sa Laderan Kalaberan Kattan. Kinahabogang dapit sa palibot ang Kapupud-ang sa Amihanang Mariyana, ka metros ni kahaboga ibabaw sa dagat, km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Laderan Kalaberan Kattan. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang Saipan, km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Laderan Kalaberan Kattan. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Laderan Kalaberan Kattan, nga bato nga pormasyon, mga lawis, ug mga lapyahan talagsaon komon.
Ang klima nga savanna. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hunyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Oktubre, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Oktubre, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Disyembre, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Nga bato nga pormasyon sa Saipan Municipality | 10,541 |
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Maria%20di%20Caravaggio | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Santa Maria di Caravaggio | https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa Maria di Caravaggio&action=history | Tagalog | Spoken | 52 | 111 | Ang Simbahan ng Santa Maria di Caravaggio ay isang simbahang Katolikong Baroque na matatagpuan sa Piazza Dante, sa Napoles, Italya.
Bibliograpiya
Vincenzo Regina, Le chiese di Napoli. Viaggio indimenticabile attraverso la storia artistica, architettonica, letteraria, civile at spirituale della Napoli sacra, Newton e Compton editore, Napoli 2004.
Isinalin mula sa Italyano Wikipedia | 9,492 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Essomba | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | René Essomba | https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=René Essomba&action=history | French | Spoken | 242 | 397 | René Essomba est un chirurgien et un dirigeant sportif camerounais né le à Mbalmayo et mort le .
Biographie
René Essomba est médecin et professeur titulaire de la chaire en chirurgie. Il est chirurgien en chef à l'hôpital central de Yaoundé de 1962 à 1977.
Officiant en France et au Cameroun, il est le président de l'Ordre des médecins du Cameroun et le médecin des délégations du Cameroun aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1968 et de 1972.
Il est président de la Fédération camerounaise de football de 1966 à 1972, président de l'Union des fédérations de football d'Afrique centrale en 1968, vice-président de la Confédération africaine de football de 1972 à 1976, président du Comité national olympique camerounais de 1972 à sa mort, membre du Comité international olympique de 1978 à sa mort et secrétaire général de l'Association des comités nationaux olympiques d'Afrique de 1989 à 1993.
Son nom ressort un an après sa mort en 1998 dans le scandale de l'attribution des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2002 ; en effet, ce scandale prend naissance lorsqu'il est révélé que le comité d'organisation de Salt Lake City a financé les frais de scolarité de sa fille Sonia Essomba à l'université de Washington.
Notes et références
Liens externes
Médecin camerounais
Chirurgien du XXe siècle
Professeur de médecine
Dirigeant sportif camerounais
Membre du Comité international olympique
Naissance en avril 1933
Naissance à Mbalmayo
Naissance au Cameroun français
Décès en août 1998
Décès à 66 ans | 11,737 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-S%C3%A9verin | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Saint-Séverin | https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Séverin&action=history | Dutch | Spoken | 24 | 67 | Saint-Séverin (Frankrijk), een Franse gemeente
Saint-Séverin-sur-Boutonne, een Franse gemeente
Saint-Séverin (België), een deelgemeente van de Belgische gemeente Nandrin
Église Saint-Séverin, een kerk in Parijs | 46,438 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | ディンプル | https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ディンプル&action=history | Japanese | Spoken | 12 | 231 | ディンプル
えくぼを指す英語。
ゴルフボールや野球の軟式・準硬式ボール表面に施されたマグヌス効果を発生させる「凹み」の事。
シャーリー・テンプルが主演した1936年の映画、『テンプルのえくぼ』（原題：Dimples）
ジョン・リー・フッカーの楽曲、『Dimples』。
スコッチ・ウイスキー銘柄のひとつ。
ネクタイを締めるときに作る装飾用の皺。
ディンプル (ゲーム会社) - コンピュータゲームの開発、販売などを行っていた会社。2005年設立、2010年廃業。
英語の語句 | 48,196 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4484398 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,022 | Stack Exchange | Surb, Vivaan Daga, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/1065070, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/154545, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/789929, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/953679, talopl, Átila Correia | Sicilian | Spoken | 415 | 709 | Proof addition is commutative in $ \mathbb R$
I want to formally prove that $ + $ is commutative in $ \mathbb{R} $.
I thought about the following proof so far:
Given $ n_1, n_2 \in \mathbb{N} $.
$ A = \{x \in \mathbb{N} \mid 1 \le x \le n_1\}$
$ B = \{n_1 + 1, n_1 + 2, ..., n_1 + n_2\} $
Of course $ A \cap B = \emptyset, \left|A\right| = n_1, \left|B\right| = n_2$.
Therefore $ \left|A \cup B\right| = n_1 + n_2 = \left|B \cup A\right| = n_2 + n_1, \Rightarrow n_1 + n_2 = n_2 + n_1.$
But even if this proof is valid, it only works for $ \mathbb{N} $.
So I thought of another proof, take two disjoint square in the plane, therefore the area of the two squares combined is $ n_1 + n_2 $, and at the same time, it's also $ n_2 + n_1 $.
Is there any alternative proof for the commutativity of $ + $ in $ \mathbb{R} $?
why would you take squares instead of segments on a line? Anyway, I suggest you first define what $\Bbb R$ means.
You are going to have to give a formal definition of $\mathbb{R}$, if you want to formally prove anything about it.
@Surb Do you mean the definition with the Cauchy Sequences?
As both @Surb and @Violet Flame have mentioned in the comments, in order to formally prove properties of ${\mathbb{R}}$ you need first to give an actual formal construction of ${\mathbb{R}}$. Two notable constructions are the Dedekind construction or the Cauchy construction, both of which build ${\mathbb{R}}$ out of ${\mathbb{Q}}$. In both cases, commutativity of addition in ${\mathbb{R}}$ is easy to see from the commutativity of addition in ${\mathbb{Q}}$. This can be easily seen from commutativity of addition and multiplication in ${\mathbb{Z}}$, which can be easily seen from commutativity of addition and multiplication in ${\mathbb{N}}$. To build ${\mathbb{N}}$, you can use, for instance, the Peano axioms, from which commutativity of addition and multiplication comes from a bunch of induction
You can define real numbers as Cauchy sequences of rational numbers. Then the proposed property results from the commutativity from the rational numbers. You can check out the construction of the naturals, integers, rationals and reals in the book of Terence Tao called Analysis I, for example.
But wouldn't I have to prove that $ + $ in $ \mathbb{Q} $ is commutative?
@talopl Indeed. That is why I mentioned the proposed reference.
| 18,639 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%82%E5%B3%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8F%A3 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 堂島入口 | https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=堂島入口&action=history | Japanese | Spoken | 32 | 518 | 堂島入口（どうじまいりぐち）は、大阪府大阪市北区にある、阪神高速道路1号環状線の入口。入口のみのハーフICである。中之島方面からは四つ橋筋を介して容易にアクセスが可能だが、梅田方面からは四つ橋筋が北行きの一方通行路であるためにアクセスしづらく、大阪駅西方の梅田出入口を用いた方が良い場合がある。
連絡する道路
四つ橋筋
中之島通
土佐堀通（大阪府道168号石切大阪線）
乗り継ぎ
16号大阪港線の波除出口や、3号神戸線の中之島西出口から当入口への乗り継ぎ制度がある。なお、1号環状線から16号大阪港線・3号神戸線方面へは一般道経由の乗り継ぎはなく、東船場JCTや西船場JCTで連絡している。
周辺
北新地駅
渡辺橋駅
肥後橋駅
住友村
朝日新聞大阪本社
大同生命大阪本社
フェスティバルホール
隣
阪神高速1号環状線
(1-04)土佐堀出口 - 中之島JCT - (1-05)堂島入口 - (1-06)北浜出口
関連項目
日本のインターチェンジ一覧
大阪市内の筋・通一覧
外部リンク
阪神高速道路株式会社
うしま
とうしま
大阪市北区の交通 | 10,087 |
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre%20Bar%C3%B3 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Torre Baró | https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torre Baró&action=history | Catalan | Spoken | 69 | 134 | Torre Baró (Pont de Montanyana), despoblat al municipi del Pont de Montanyana, a la comarca de l'Alta Ribagorça, a la província d'Osca
Barri de Torre Baró, barri al districte de Nou Barris de la ciutat de Barcelona
Torre del Baró (Barcelona), edifici que s'aixeca sobre un dels turons més orientals de la carena de Collserola que dona al pla de Barcelona
Estació de Torre Baró, estació ferroviària a Barcelona | 29,447 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latarnie%20umar%C5%82ych%20w%20Krakowie | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Latarnie umarłych w Krakowie | https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latarnie umarłych w Krakowie&action=history | Polish | Spoken | 384 | 968 | Latarnie umarłych w Krakowie – istniejące do dziś dawne latarnie umarłych na terenie Krakowa, przebudowane lub przestawione i pełniące inne funkcje niż pierwotnie; najczęściej są teraz kapliczkami. Zamurowano szczytowe otwory, miejsca gdzie niegdyś ustawiano źródła światła: lampki, kaganki oliwne, pochodnie. Budowle wzbogacono o figurki świętych.
Jedyna gotycka, najbardziej okazała i najlepiej zachowana znajduje się dziś przy kościele św. Mikołaja przy ulicy Kopernika 9. Trafiła tutaj w 1871, od XIV wieku ostrzegała przed przekroczeniem progów szpitala św. Walentego dla trędowatych, który do 1818 znajdował się na Kleparzu przy dzisiejszym placu Słowiańskim. Jest to mierząca ok. 3,5 metra gotycka kolumna, zakryta szpiczastym daszkiem, ozdobionym figurą Jezusa. Źródłem światła był w niej kaganek, wciągany na szczyt latarni przez wewnętrzny kanał. W 1845 roku została ona uwieczniona na płótnie przez Michała Stachowicza. Przy przenosinach w 1871 zamurowano otwory w górnej części, przez które dawniej wydobywało się światło palonej wewnątrz lampy.
Słup dębnicki — słupowa kapliczka przy ul. Konopnickiej.
W zieleni Parku Krakowskiego ukryta jest kolejna z zachowanych latarń, mogła ona niegdyś wskazywać drogę do letniej rezydencji królewskiej w Łobzowie.
U wylotu ulicy św. Sebastiana na tyłach hotelu Royal stoi kolejna latarnia, która na obecne miejsce trafiła na początku XIX wieku. Pochodzi z połowy XVII wieku, prawdopodobnie stała przy nieistniejącym już dziś kościele św. Sebastiana, przy którym znajdował się niegdyś kolejny ze szpitali dla chorych wenerycznie. Dzisiaj potocznie nazywana jest kapliczką św. Gertrudy.
Przy ulicy Kopernika 44, przy murze klasztoru Karmelitanek, stoi latarnia, która niegdyś wskazywała i oświetlała drogę do klasztoru.
Kapliczka Sobierajów z XVII wieku stojąca przy ulicy Dobrego Pasterza. Prawdopodobnie wzniesiona w 1683 roku na pamiątkę krótkiego pobytu w tym miejscu Jana III Sobieskiego przed wyruszeniem na Wiedeń. Obok kapliczki pochowani zostali powstańcy styczniowi, którzy zmarli od ran podczas ukrywania się w pobliskiej stajni. Kapliczka przejęła więc funkcję latarni umarłych.
Kapliczka Boga Ojca przed starym Cmentarzem Podgórskim (ulica Wielicka) to także latarnia umarłych. Pierwotnie stała w okolicach skrzyżowania ulicy Wielickiej i Robotniczej, jednak podczas wyburzania przez Niemców części cmentarza pod linię kolejową zmieniony został układ komunikacyjny. Kapliczka po wojnie trafiła na obecne miejsce.
Kapliczka słupowa w typie latarni zmarłych przy ulicy Tynieckiej 64. Murowana, z II połowy XIX wieku.
Murowana kapliczka słupowa XVIII/XIX wiek, w typie latarni zmarłych - ulica Kozienicka 12
Murowana kapliczka XVIII/XIX wiek - ulica Skotnicka 58B
Galeria
Przypisy
Krakowskie tradycje
Kapliczki w Krakowie | 29,714 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrinus | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Macrinus | https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macrinus&action=history | Vietnamese | Spoken | 1,532 | 3,298 | Macrinus (; 165 – 218), là Hoàng đế La Mã từ năm 217 đến 218. Macrinus là người gốc Berber (người dân bản địa Bắc Phi) và là một thành viên thuộc tầng lớp kị sĩ trở thành vị Hoàng đế đầu tiên không xuất thân từ tầng lớp Nguyên Lão nghị viên. Về sau ông bị quân nổi loạn lật đổ và giết chết năm 218.
Khởi nghiệp
Sinh tại Caesarea (nay là Cherchell, Algérie) ở tỉnh thuộc La Mã Mauretania trong một gia đình kị sĩ, Macrinus tiếp nhận một nền giáo dục cho phép ông bước vào tầng lớp chính trị La Mã. Trong những năm tiếp theo, ông nổi tiếng là một luật gia tài giỏi, dưới thời Hoàng đế Septimius Severus ông nắm giữ nhiều chức vụ quan trọng và chẳng mấy chốc đã trở thành thân tín của Hoàng đế. Người kế vị Severus là Caracalla đã bổ nhiệm ông làm Trưởng quan chỉ huy Cấm vệ quân.
Trong khi Macrinus nhận được sự tin tưởng của Caracalla, thì bỗng nhiên xuất hiện lời đồn đại nói rằng ông sẽ phế truất và kế thừa ngôi vị Hoàng đế, tin đồn lan truyền ngày càng nhanh có ý ám chỉ đến sự soán đoạt này. Cảm thấy Caracalla có khuynh hướng loại trừ các đối thủ chính trị, Macrinus lo sợ cho sự an toàn của mình nếu Hoàng đế biết được lời tiên đoán này. Cũng theo Dio thì Caracalla đã thực hiện các bước tái phân bổ các hành viên trong phe cánh Macrinus.
Vào mùa xuân năm 217, Caracalla đang ở các tỉnh phía đông để chuẩn bị mở một chiến dịch quân sự chống lại Đế quốc Parthia. Macrinus lúc này cũng tham gia vào chiến dịch và lãnh trọng trách chỉ huy Cấm vệ quân. Đến tháng 4, đích thân Hoàng đế đến thăm một ngôi đền thờ thần Luna gần vị trí diễn ra trận Carrhae với chỉ duy nhất một nhóm thân binh hộ tống theo ông, trong đó có cả Macrinus. Sự kiện không rõ ràng, nhưng chắc chắn rằng Caracalla đã bị sát hại tại một số điểm trong chuyến đi (có thể vụ việc xảy ra vào ngày 8 tháng 4).
Thi thể của Caracalla được nhóm thân binh mang về từ đền thờ cùng với thi thể của một vệ sĩ hộ giá. Câu chuyện như Macrinus kể lại là thi thể của tên vệ binh đó đã sát hại Caracalla. Bất chợt đến ngày 11 tháng 4, Macrinus đã tự xưng là Hoàng đế La Mã rồi phong con mình là Diadumenianus làm Caesar và người kế vị; ông còn tự ban cho mình cái tên "Antoninus", vì vậy có thể kết nối chính ông với các triều đại tương đối ổn định của các Hoàng đế Antoninus vào thế kỷ thứ 2.
Triều đại
Bất chấp xuất thân từ giới kị sĩ, Macrinus vẫn được Viện Nguyên lão công nhận đế hiệu. Theo S.N. Miller thì điều này có thể là do kinh nghiệm có được khi Macrinus còn làm luật gia và thái độ cung kính với giới Nguyên lão nghị viên của ông. Vì vậy mà Hoàng đế thấy rằng những việc này rất cần thiết để thay thế một số lãnh đạo địa phương bằng những kẻ thân tín do chính ông lựa chọn. Mẹ của Caracalla là Julia Domna lúc đầu bị ngó lơ thì bỗng chốc đã bắt đầu mưu tính khởi binh chống đối đến nỗi Hoàng đế phải ra lệnh buộc bà rời khỏi Antioch. Dù vào lúc ấy đang trong giai đoạn cuối của bệnh ung thư vú (Cassius Dio) mà bà đã chọn thay vì tự tuyệt thực cho đến chết.
Trong các vấn đề cấp bách của chính sách đối ngoại, Macrinus đã bày tỏ một xu hướng tiến tới hòa giải và việc miễn cưỡng tham gia vào các cuộc xung đột quân sự. Ông tránh gây rắc rối ở tỉnh Dacia bằng cách trả lại các con tin đã bị Caracalla giam cầm và chấm dứt tình trạng rối loạn ở Armenia bằng cách trao ngai vàng của nước đó cho Tiridates, người có cha cũng bị giam cầm dưới thời Caracalla. Rắc rối nhất vẫn là vấn đề vùng Lưỡng Hà, vốn đã bị người Parthia xâm chiếm trước làn sóng hỗn loạn sau khi Caracalla mất. Đối đầu với người Parthia trong trận chiến mùa hè năm 217, Macrinus đạt được một trận hòa đầy tốn kém gần thị trấn Nisibis và kết quả là Hoàng đế buộc phải nhập cuộc đàm phán qua đó Roma phải trả tiền bồi thường khổng lồ lên đến 200 triệu sesterces cho vua Parthia là Artabanus IV để đổi lấy hòa bình.
Macrinus phải đưa ra một số cân nhắc tài chính khi ông đánh giá lại tiền tệ La Mã. Hoàng đế đã nâng độ tinh khiết bạc của đồng denarius từ 51,5% đến 58% - trọng lượng bạc thực tế tăng từ 1,66 gram đến 1,82 gram.
Việc Macrinus miễn cưỡng tham gia vào các cuộc chiến tranh và thất bại để đạt được chiến thắng ngay cả kẻ thù thấp kém trong lịch sử như Parthia đã gây ra sự bất bình đáng kể trong quân đội. Điều này trở nên phức tạp cũng do ông giảm bớt các đặc quyền mà họ được hưởng dưới thời Caracalla và việc đưa vào một hệ thống trả lương mà tân binh nhận được ít hơn so với các cựu binh. Chỉ sau một thời gian ngắn, các quân đoàn bất mãn đã mau chóng tìm kiếm một ứng cử viên cho ngôi vị Hoàng đế mới.
Tại một cao điểm có các di tích nổi tiếng của ông đã được xây dựng để vinh danh Macrinus bao gồm một ngôi đền thần Capitoline có cửa bốn cột lớn ở Volubilis được xây dựng vào năm 217. Danh tiếng Macrinus còn lan tận đến Roma. Không chỉ có Hoàng đế mới thất bại trong việc tham quan thành phố sau khi lên nắm quyền nhưng một cơn bão cuối mùa hè gây ra đám cháy và lũ lụt lan rộng. Sụ việc Macrinus được chọn làm thị trưởng đã chứng minh ông không có khả năng khắc phục các thiệt hại cho sự hài lòng của dân chúng và phải được thay thế.
Suy vong
Bất mãn này được sự khuyến khích từ các thành viên còn lại của nhà Severus đứng đầu bởi Julia Maesa (cô của Caracalla) cùng hai cô con gái Julia Soaemias và Julia Mamaea. Sau khi bị Macrinus đuổi ra khỏi hoàng cung và ra lệnh trở về nhà, những người phụ nữ nhà Severus từ nhà của họ gần Emesa ở Syria đã mưu tính đưa một người khác thuộc nhà Severus lên ngôi Hoàng đế.
Họ đã sử dụng ảnh hưởng di truyền của họ lên sự sùng bái thần mặt trời của Elagabalus (được Latinh hóa thành El-Gabal) công bố con trai của Soaemias là Elagabalus (được đặt tên theo vị thần bảo trợ của gia đình) mới thực sự là người kế vị Caracalla. Tin đồn được lan truyền, với sự ủng hộ của phụ nữ nhà Severus rằng Elagabalus là con ngoài giá thú Caracalla và do đó là con của sự đoàn kết giữa những người anh em họ đầu tiên.
Cái chết
Ngày 18 tháng 5 năm 218, Elagabalus được Legio III Gallica tuyên bố là Hoàng đế tại quân doanh ở Raphana. Một đạo quân dưới quyền người giám hộ của Elagabalus là Gannys lập tức tiến về Antioch và tham gia vào lực lượng dưới trướng Macrinus vào ngày 8 tháng 6 năm 218. Tuy nhiên, Hoàng đế mau chóng bại trận và phải cải trang chạy trốn đến Ý thì bị bắt gần Chalcedon và sau cùng bị xử tử ở Cappadocia. Riêng Diadumenianus thì chết trong đám loạn quân ở Zeugma.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
Dio Cassius, bk. 79
Herodian, 4.14–5.4
Historia Augusta
Miller, S.N., "The Army and the Imperial House," The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Imperial Crisis and Recovery (A.D. 193–324), S.A. Cook et al. eds, Cambridge University Press, 1965, pp 50–2.
Liên kết ngoài
Life of Macrinus (Historia Augusta at LacusCurtius: Latin text and English translation)
"Macrinus and Diadumenianius" at De Imperatoribus Romanis (by Michael Meckler of Ohio State University)
Macrinus by Dio Cassius
Livius.org: Marcus Opellius Macrinus
Macrinus, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05
Ross Cowan, 'The Battle of Nisibis, AD 217', Ancient Warfare 3.5 (2009), 29-35. An examination of Macrinus' generalship.
Sinh năm 165
Mất năm 218
Bị xử tử năm 218
Triều đại Severus
Hoàng đế La Mã bị xử tử
Người La Mã thế kỷ thứ 2
Hoàng đế La Mã thế kỷ thứ 3
Chấp chính quan của Đế quốc La Mã
Người Berber
Người La Mã từ châu Phi
Pháp quan thái thú
Nhân vật chiến tranh La Mã-Ba Tư
Nhân vật từ Cherchell
Vụ xử tử thế kỷ thứ 3
Người Algérie bị xử tử
Nhân vật bị Đế quốc La Mã xử tử | 24,088 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Blunden%20%28author%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Bill Blunden (author) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill Blunden (author)&action=history | English | Spoken | 94 | 144 | William Alva Blunden (born December 3, 1969) is the author of several books including The Rootkit Arsenal: Escape and Evasion in the Dark Corners of the System, Behold A Pale Farce: Cyberwar, Threat Inflation & The Malware Industrial Complex, Cube Farm, and Software Exorcism. The jacket of the former work lists his credentials MCSE, MCITP, and Enterprise Administrator. He is also active in the social sciences space and helped author articles appearing in Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology.
References
Living people
1969 births
American non-fiction writers
Place of birth missing (living people) | 46,341 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62602970 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,020 | Stack Exchange | Michael, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13216165, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4783205, pg2727 | Sundanese | Spoken | 526 | 1,151 | Web API Controller Authorization with parameters
I have a MVC5 applicatino where we use mvc controllers AND web api controllers.
We have authorization attributes on our MVC Controller as like this:
/// <summary>
/// Only allows authorization if the logged in user has the corresponding application access name
/// </summary>
/// <seealso cref="AuthorizeAttribute" />
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method | AttributeTargets.Class, Inherited = true, AllowMultiple = true)]
public class ApplicationAccessAuthorizationAttribute : AuthorizationBaseAttribute
{
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ApplicationAccessAuthorizationAttribute"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="accessNames">Name of the access.</param>
public ApplicationAccessAuthorizationAttribute(string accessNames)
{
AccessNames = accessNames.Split(',');
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets a comma separated list of access names to apply against the users
/// permission set.
/// </summary>
protected IList<string> AccessNames { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Called when a process requests authorization.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="filterContext">The filter context, which encapsulates information for using <see cref="T:System.Web.Mvc.AuthorizeAttribute" />.</param>
public override void OnAuthorization(AuthorizationContext filterContext)
{
base.OnAuthorization(filterContext);
if (!filterContext.HttpContext.Request.IsAuthenticated)
{
filterContext.Result = new RedirectToRouteResult(new System.Web.Routing.RouteValueDictionary(new { controller = "Account", action = "Login", area = string.Empty, returnURL = HttpContext.Current.Request.RawUrl }));
}
else
{
var currentUserId = GetUserId();
var userPermissions = Task.Run(() => UserService.GetUsersApplicationAccess(currentUserId)).Result;
var permissions = userPermissions.Select(x => x.AccessName).ToList();
if (!permissions.Intersect(AccessNames).Any())
{
filterContext.Result = new RedirectToRouteResult(new System.Web.Routing.RouteValueDictionary(new { controller = "Error", action = "NotFound", area = string.Empty }));
}
}
}
}
Then we call it like this:
[ApplicationAccessAuthorization(ApplicationAccessConstants.Manager)]
I need to duplicate this on a WebAPI Controller.
I know I need to add a filter in WebApiConfig file.
But how do I pass the specific access names that are requested for each controller / action call in the web API controller?
public static class WebApiConfig
{
/// <summary>
/// Registers the specified configuration.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="config">The configuration.</param>
public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
{
config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes();
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
name: "DefaultApi",
routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional });
// Log the filter here for the api controllers error handling ; this should catch all errors that occur within the web api
config.Filters.Add(new APICustomExceptionFilter();
}
}
How can I pass parameters with the API Web Controller set up?
Because when I set my filter in WebAPIConfig file, it is forcing me to add the "AccessNames" as a parameter, but I do no have access to that yet?
What isn't working? I believe you should do exactly the same. Just inherit from AuthorizeAttribute. What isn't working?
https://dev.to/leading-edje/custom-authorization-filters-in-asp-net-web-api-3hnm
@Michael: I updated my question at the end, but: Because when I set my filter in WebAPIConfig file, it is forcing me to add the "AccessNames" as a parameter, but I do no have access to that yet? So do I have to put something in the web API controller config as a filter or is there another way to force the attribute to fire?
I did not need the WebApiConfig.cs filter. I could leave that out and me changing it from MVC to API Controller attribute appears to have fixed it.
/// <summary>
/// Only allows authorization if the logged in user has the corresponding application access name
/// </summary>
/// <seealso cref="AuthorizeAttribute" />
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method | AttributeTargets.Class, Inherited = true, AllowMultiple = true)]
public class WebApplicationAccessAuthorizationAttribute : AuthorizationFilterAttribute
...
| 27,840 |
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein%20Hehlen | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Klein Hehlen | https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klein Hehlen&action=history | Simple English | Spoken | 41 | 58 | The village of Klein Hehlen was incorporated in 1939 by law into the nearby town of Celle. The suburb is northwest of the town centre.
References
Other websites
The official website of the town of Celle
Celle
Villages in Lower Saxony | 4,636 |
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretra%C5%BEni%20upit | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Pretražni upit | https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretražni upit&action=history | Croatian | Spoken | 7 | 21 | upit pretraživanja baze podataka
mrežni pretražni upit | 26,709 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo%20el%20Toro%20%28suba%20nga%20anhianhi%20sa%20Mehiko%2C%20Estado%20de%20Zacatecas%2C%20lat%2023%2C40%2C%20long%20-103%2C49%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Arroyo el Toro (suba nga anhianhi sa Mehiko, Estado de Zacatecas, lat 23,40, long -103,49) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arroyo el Toro (suba nga anhianhi sa Mehiko, Estado de Zacatecas, lat 23,40, long -103,49)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 102 | 167 | Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Arroyo el Toro.
Suba nga anhianhi ang Arroyo el Toro sa Mehiko. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa Estado de Zacatecas, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan-kasadpan sa Mexico City ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang klima tropikal sa ibabwan. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Mayo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hulyo, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Abril, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga suba sa Estado de Zacatecas | 29,981 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Murphy%20Park | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Louis Murphy Park | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis Murphy Park&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 180 | 266 | Parke ang Louis Murphy Park sa Tinipong Bansa. Ang Louis Murphy Park nahimutang sa kondado sa Dubuque County ug estado sa Iowa, sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa ulohang dakbayan Washington, D.C. metros ibabaw sa dagat kahaboga ang nahimutangan sa Louis Murphy Park.
Ang yuta palibot sa Louis Murphy Park kay patag. Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga ka metro ug km sa habagatan-kasadpan sa Louis Murphy Park. Dunay mga ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Louis Murphy Park medyo gamay nga populasyon. Ang kinadul-ang mas dakong lungsod mao ang Dubuque, km sa amihanan sa Louis Murphy Park. Hapit nalukop sa kaumahan ang palibot sa Louis Murphy Park. Sa rehiyon palibot sa Louis Murphy Park, mga walog talagsaon komon.
Ang klima klima sa kontinente. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hunyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Enero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Hunyo, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Disyembre, sa milimetro.
Saysay
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga dapit sa Iowa (estado) | 4,428 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%20Creek%20%28suba%20sa%20Tinipong%20Bansa%2C%20Iowa%2C%20Wapello%20County%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Sand Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Iowa, Wapello County) | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Iowa, Wapello County)&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 72 | 106 | Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Sand Creek.
Suba ang Sand Creek sa Tinipong Bansa. Nahimutang ni sa kondado sa Wapello County ug estado sa Iowa, sa sidlakang bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa Washington, D.C. Ang Sand Creek mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Mississippi River ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mississippi River (suba) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Iowa (estado) | 6,971 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Jaques | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Elliott Jaques | https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elliott Jaques&action=history | Swedish | Spoken | 55 | 120 | Elliott Jaques, född 1917, död 2003, var en kanadensisk psykolog och läkare. Han var känd för sin forskning om företagskultur. Han var grundaren av Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.
Källor
Kanadensiska psykologer
Kanadensiska läkare
Kanadensiska författare
Alumner från University of Toronto
Alumner från Harvard University
Alumner från Johns Hopkins University
Födda 1917
Avlidna 2003
Män | 3,812 |
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portman%20Road | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Portman Road | https://is.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portman Road&action=history | Icelandic | Spoken | 22 | 65 | Portman Road er knattspyrnuvöllur í Ipswich á Englandi og heimavöllur Ipswich Town F.C.. Völlurinn tekur rúm 30.000 í sæti.
Ensk margnota íþróttamannvirki | 39,373 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roszczenia%20petytoryjne | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Roszczenia petytoryjne | https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roszczenia petytoryjne&action=history | Polish | Spoken | 338 | 889 | Roszczenia petytoryjne – sposób prawnej ochrony własności poprzez system roszczeń, jakie przysługują właścicielowi w wypadku naruszenia jego prawa. Ochronę petytoryjną zapewniają dwa podstawowe roszczenia: windykacyjne i negatoryjne.
Roszczenia petytoryjne stosuje się odpowiednio do zwierząt.
Roszczenie windykacyjne (rei vindicatio)
Roszczenie windykacyjne wynika bezpośrednio z istoty prawa własności jako prawa podmiotowego o charakterze bezwzględnym. Jako że właściciel ma wyłączne prawo do posiadania, korzystania i rozporządzania rzeczą, to wszelkie naruszenia owych uprawnień dają właścicielowi prawo wystąpienia ze stosownymi roszczeniami. Zgodnie z art. 222 Kodeksu cywilnego właściciel może żądać od osoby, która włada faktycznie jego rzeczą, aby została mu wydana (chyba że osobie tej przysługuje skuteczne względem właściciela uprawnienie do władania rzeczą). Roszczenie windykacyjne służy więc ochronie uprawnień właściciela. Z roszczeniem windykacyjnym mamy do czynienia tylko wtedy, gdy zostaną spełnione dwa warunki:
jego treścią jest żądanie wydania rzeczy,
gdy wynika ono z prawa własności.
Legitymację czynną (uprawnienie) do wystąpienia z roszczeniem windykacyjnym ma właściciel, współwłaściciel lub użytkownik wieczysty. Przeciwko posiadaczowi legitymację czynną ma też dzierżyciel. Oprócz nich, legitymację czynną, ale formalnoprawną mają również prokurator i Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich. Natomiast legitymację bierną ma każdy, kto faktycznie włada cudzą rzeczą.
Roszczenie negatoryjne (actio negatoria)
Roszczenie negatoryjne także wynika bezpośrednio z istoty prawa własności jako prawa podmiotowego o charakterze bezwzględnym. Z roszczeniem tym może wystąpić właściciel, którego prawo zostało naruszone w inny sposób, aniżeli przez pozbawienie go faktycznego władania rzeczą. Roszczenie składa się z dwóch uprawnień, uprawnienia te mogą być realizowane oddzielnie lub łącznie:
żądanie przywrócenia stanu zgodnego z prawem polega na domaganiu się usunięcia cudzej rzeczy oraz usunięcia skutków naruszenia (np. zasypanie bezprawnie kopanego rowu); roszczenie to nie może być utożsamiane z roszczeniem odszkodowawczym,
zaniechania naruszeń ma na celu doprowadzenie do powstrzymania nieuprawnionego od bezprawnych działań odnoszących się do rzeczy cudzej; roszczenie to aktualne jest wtedy, gdy istnieje obawa dalszych naruszeń.
Legitymację czynną mają właściciel i użytkownik wieczysty. Legitymowanym jest każdy, kto naruszył prawo własności w inny sposób niż pozbawienie właściciela władania rzeczą. Roszczenie negatoryjne nie ulega przedawnieniu, jeśli dotyczy nieruchomości.
Przypisy
Zobacz też
windykacja
roszczenia posesoryjne
proces petytoryjny
Linki zewnętrzne
Prawo rzeczowe
Zadłużenie | 10,957 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backspacer | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Backspacer | https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backspacer&action=history | Russian | Spoken | 813 | 2,399 | «Backspacer» — девятый студийный альбом американской рок-группы Pearl Jam, вышедший в 2009 году на лейбле Monkeywrench.
Музыканты начали готовить материал по отдельности в конце 2007 года, а уже в 2008 году группа собралась вместе для начала записи нового альбома вместе с продюсером Бренданом О’Брайаном, ранее принимавшем участие в работе над Ten, Vs. Vitalogy No Code и Yield. Альбом записывался на Henson Recording Studios в Лос-Анджелесе, и на Southern Tracks Recording в Атланте. После издания Backspacer в сентябре 2009 года, музыканты отправились в мировое турне, а также выпустили два сингла в поддержку альбома: «The Fixer» и «Got Some/Just Breathe».
Альбом стал самым коротким по продолжительности релизом группы. Звучание Backspacer было вдохновлено группами новой волны, элементы стилей которых Pearl Jam смешивали с поп-музыкой. В отличие от политически ангажированных Riot Act иPearl Jam лирика песен выдержана в оптимистическом ключе.
Backspacer получил положительные отзывы от критиков, особенно отметивших звучание и композиционный строй песен. Альбом возглавил Billboard 200, а также лидировал в чартах Канады, Австралии и Новой Зеландии.
Запись
В 2007 году, после окончания концертного тура, участники Pearl Jam начали работать над первыми демоверсиями песен, пересылая материалы друг другу по электронной почте. Гитарист Майк Маккриди провел несколько совместных сессий вместе с ударником Мэттом Кэмероном и гитаристом Стоуном Госсардом.
Музыканты также поучаствовали в записи песни «Love, Reign o’er Me» группы The Who для саундтрека к фильму Опустевший город. Для продюсирования кавера при этом был привлечен Брендан О’Брайан.
Музыка и лирика
Оформление
Рекламная кампания
Отзывы
Backspacer получил, в основном, положительные отзывы от музыкальных критиков. Рейтинг альбома на Metacritic составляет 79/100 на основе 24 рецензий, что является лучшим результатом группы.
Обозреватель Allmusic, Стефан Томас Эрлвин, положительно отозвался об альбоме отметив что он «звучит так, как будто им [музыкантам] нравится быть в группе; это опьяняющий шум». Энн Пауэрс из The Los Angeles Times охарактеризовал Backspacer как «11 головокружительных рок-композиций и откровенных эмоциональных баллад, после полтора часа которых открывается катарсис». Кроме того, он похвалил «легкость и ловкость музыки», а также «то жесткий, то задорный вокал Веддер». Роб Шеффилд из Rolling Stone назвал Backspacer набором "коротких, сжатых панк-мелодий, " и так же высоко оценил пение Эдди Веддера. Он писал: «После задумчивого настроения времен Буша, Pearl Jam в конце концов прорвало». Дэйв Симпсон в своем обзоре для The Guardian отметил «возбужденное» звучание релиза. По его мнению это «сделанная взрослыми мужчинами и полная рефлексии и эклектики запись, на которой можно найти и гитарные мотивы U2, и соло-партии Buzzcocks». Эван Соуди из PopMatters писал в своей рецензии: «Pearl Jam наконец-то вспомнили, кто они такие, и потому теперь звучат сильнее, чем когда-либо».
Обозреватель журнала Q, Пол Бранниган, похваливший релиз, писал, что альбом «в значительной степени характеризуется влиянием новой волны рок-н-ролл». По мнению же рецензента Time, Джоша Тирангела Backspacer не несет в себе ничего нового и «берет исключительно своим драйвом». Лэй Гринблатт из Entertainment Weekly так же отмечал обилие традиционных рок-влияний на Backspacer. The New York Times отметился смешанной рецензией, назвав альбом «лицемерным». Джошуа Лав из Pitchfork Media, сказал, что альбом представляет собой «потраченные впустую 37 минут небрежного отношения Pearl Jam к материалу».
Награды
Backspacer был номинирован на премию Грэмми в категории «Лучший рок-альбом», но проиграл альбому The Resistance группы Muse. Релиз попал в различные списки лучших альбомов 2009 года: Allmusic включил Backspacer в список «Любимых альбомов 2009 года», Billboard разместил его в топ-10 альбомов года, в то время как Rolling Stone удостоил альбом 11 позиции в аналогичном списке. Popmatters и Q поставили релиз на 31 и 35 место соответственно.
Продажи
Альбом дебютировал на первом месте Billboard 200 с 189,000 проданных копий в первую неделю релиза. Таким образом, в том году Backspacer стал единственным независимым релизом в Billboard 200. Он также стал первым альбомом группы, со времен No Code, который в первую неделю занял первое место в этом чарте. Backspacer продержался 32 недели в чарте, и был удостоен золотой сертификации RIAA в январе 2010 года. К июлю 2013 года было продано 635,000 копий, согласно Soundscan. Также альбом возглавил чарты Канады, Австралии, и Новой Зеландии.
Список композиций
Бонусные треки для канадской версии iTunes
Бонусные треки для версии Amazon.co.uk
Участники записи
Pearl Jam
Джефф Амент — бас-гитара
Мэтт Кэмерон — ударные
Стоун Госсард — гитара
Майк Маккриди — гитара
Эдди Веддер — гитара, вокал
Приглашенные музыканты
Брюс Андрус — труба
Джастин Бёрнс — виолончель
Ричард Динe — труба
Дэнни Лофер — виолончель
Кэтти Линн — виолончель
Брендан О’Брайан — бэк-вокал, пианино
Кристофер Пулграм — виолончель
Сюзан Уэлти — труба
Производство
Брендан О’Брайан — продюсер, микширование
Билли Боуэрс, Джон Бёртон, Том Тэпли — звукоинженеры
Ник Дидиа — запись
Экди Фишер — дизайн
Эдди Хорст — струнные и духовые аранжировки
Патти Хорст — переписчик
Нил Хандт — техник
Боб Людвиг — мастеринг
Стив Моррисон, Том Сировски — ассистент
Джек О’Брайан, Мэла Шарма — координатор записи
Том Томмороу — оформление, дизайн
Джордж Уэбб — техник
Позиции в чартах и сертификации
Недельные чарты
Сертификации
Годовые чарты
Синглы
Примечания
Альбомы Pearl Jam
Альбомы альтернативного рока
Хард-рок-альбомы
Альбомы фолк-рока
Альбомы, возглавлявшие Billboard 200
Альбомы, возглавлявшие Canadian Albums | 26,261 |
https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%20%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | احمد حسین قمر | https://ur.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=احمد حسین قمر&action=history | Urdu | Spoken | 34 | 100 | احمد حسین قمر ایک برطانوی ہندوستانی مسلمان مصنف تھے جو محمد حسین جاہ کے ساتھ طلسم ہوش ربا کے لیے مشہور ہیں۔
حوالہ جات
1800ء کی دہائی کی پیدائشیں
1800ء کی دہائی کی وفیات | 35,017 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77839048 | StackExchange | Open Web | CC-By-SA | null | Stack Exchange | English | Spoken | 241 | 293 | Elastic/Kibana Query: How to find the unique serial_number in documents that were present an hour ago but are not present now?
The system I am using generates logs for every device, each device has a unique serial number(serial_number in logs). As the devices are active we get logs every minute so if some device is closed then we won't receive its log from the next minute till the time it is turned on again.
I want to write a query to list the serial_number of all the devices that are inactive, inactive devices are considered those that were present in logs an hour ago but are not present now. So basically we gotta filter the serial_number of devices that are not being logged from last minute but were getting logged an hour ago, I want to write the query because I am creating a table to visualize so it is must to write a JSON type DSL query.
For Better Understanding of the query that I want to write consider the description "First filter out documents based on unique serial_number that were present an hour ago, then filter out documents based on unique serial_number that were present a minute ago, then filter out the serial_number that were only present an hour ago and are not present now. Write single Elastic DSL query for it."
Don't mark this question a possible duplicate of the question at this link (click here to see)
| 26,723 | |
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura%20%28seri%20televisi%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Aura (seri televisi) | https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aura (seri televisi)&action=history | Indonesian | Spoken | 176 | 424 | Aura adalah sinetron Indonesia produksi SinemArt yang ditayangkan perdana 19 Desember 2022 pukul 14.10 WIB di SCTV. Sinetron ini disutradarai oleh M. Haikal dan dibintangi oleh Natasha Wilona, Farhan Rasyid, dan Bucek.
Sinopsis
Suatu hari di tahun 2005, Aura diajak orang tuanya pergi ke Cirebon menggunakan kereta. Di tengah perjalanan, tiba-tiba sesosok pria menghampiri dan mengajak Aura untuk mengikutinya. Aura pun mengikuti pria itu hingga gerbong belakang yang kosong. Tiba-tiba pria misterius itu muncul dan memeluk Aura. Tak lama kemudian, terjadilah kecelakaan pada kereta tersebut. Kereta tersebut menabrak kereta lain dari arah berlawanan.
Ketika Aura membuka matanya, suasana sekitarnya berubah. Ia berada di sebuah kereta yang berbeda. Aura bertemu dengan Nadya, sang kakak di kereta tersebut. Melihat Aura, Nadya kaget hingga tak sadarkan diri.
Di stasiun perhentian Aura kembali bertemu dengan pria di kereta. Kemudian pria itu menjelaskan bahwa Aura berada di tahun 2022, dunia 17 tahun mendatang dari kecelakaan kereta yang terjadi.
Pemeran
Lagu tema
Keterangan
Referensi
Pranala luar
Situs web SinemArt
Sinetron SinemArt
Sinetron SCTV
Sinetron Indonesia tahun 2022
Seri televisi Indonesia tahun 2022 | 4,530 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%B3%89%E9%9A%86%E8%B1%90 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | 冷泉隆豐 | https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=冷泉隆豐&action=history | Chinese | Spoken | 22 | 1,061 | 冷泉隆豐（），日本戰國時代的武將。大內氏家臣。父親是冷泉興豐。
本姓多多良氏，是大內氏的支流。父親興豐自稱母方的家號冷泉氏。
生平
在永正10年（1513年）出生。仕於周防國戰國大名大內義興，在義興死後，仕於其子義隆。受主君義隆下賜偏諱（「隆」字），改名為隆祐，後來，再取父親的名字中的一字，改名為隆豐。負責率領大內氏的水軍。大永7年（1527年），在攻略安藝國時，於、國府城（）戰鬥。
天文10年（1541年），成為安藝武田氏的居城的城主。天文11年（1542年），跟隨義隆遠征出雲國的尼子氏，包圍月山富田城，不過因為國人眾等人背叛，全軍撤退（月山富田城之戰）。此時，負責義隆的養子晴持所乘的船，不過晴持在撤退時溺死。翌年（1543年），攻略伊予國。與安藝國國人白井房胤（白井賢胤的父親）等人一同在天文15年（1546年）2月進攻伊予的平智島；翌年（1547年）5月，再次聯合，進攻伊予的中途島。
主君義隆在月山富田城之戰的敗北後，開始變得文弱。大內家中，分為相良武任等文治派和陶隆房（後來的晴賢）等武斷派，出現激烈對立。在對立激化後，回避雙方的暴發，而仲介亦不了了之。在隆房謀反的流言在山口中廣泛流傳後，義隆亦沒有接受誅殺隆房的進言。
天文20年（1551年），隆房謀反。因為隆房周到的安排，除了文治派以外，幾乎沒有人是義隆的友方。義隆逃離山口後，打算投靠石見國的吉見正賴，不過因為風暴，沒能乘船，於是進入長門國的。陶軍在包圍大寧寺後，義隆自殺。在擔任介錯後，自身亦向陶軍突擊而戰死（大寧寺之變）。另一說則指，在與敵軍戰鬥後，進入著火的，詠唱後，在腹部割出十字，把內臟投入天井後死去。而連接該藏經閣的斜道被稱為「冷泉坂」。
辭世句是「」。
現今山口縣岩國市周東的冷泉屋敷（冷泉氏館）跡被認為是隆豐等人的居館。
人物
不只是武勇優秀，亦擅長和歌。被稱為智勇兼備之士，而且是忠臣，得到很高評價。
登場作品
電視劇
『毛利元就』（NHK大河劇，1997年，演員：）
外部連結
武家家伝＿大内氏
相關條目
冷泉氏
戰國武將
日本戰國水軍
周防國出身人物
日本戰爭身亡者 | 49,940 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagoer%20Schule%20%28%C3%96konomie%29 | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Chicagoer Schule (Ökonomie) | https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicagoer Schule (Ökonomie)&action=history | German | Spoken | 4,514 | 8,479 | In der Wirtschaftswissenschaft bezeichnet Chicagoer Schule ein im 20. Jahrhundert an der Universität Chicago entstandenes ökonomisches Programm (der Begriff Schule wird hier verwendet im Sinne von Denkschule).
Ergänzend zur eher spontanen und ungeplanten Genese (Entwicklung) einer Forschungsgruppe vollzog sich in der wissenschaftlichen und öffentlichen Diskussion ab Mitte der 1940er Jahre ein zweiter Prozess, in dessen Verlauf die Chicagoer Schule zu einem Markennamen stilisiert wurde. In der Literatur tauchte die Chicagoer Schule erst nach 1950 auf und erst um 1960 wurde sie zu einer unter Ökonomen weithin bekannten eigenständigen Schule.
Die Universität von Chicago stellt mit Milton Friedman, Theodore W. Schultz, George Stigler, Ronald Coase, Gary Becker, Merton Miller, Robert Fogel, Robert E. Lucas, James Heckman und Eugene Fama mehr als doppelt so viele Nobelpreisträger und Träger des Alfred-Nobel-Gedächtnispreises für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, die während des Preisgewinns dort lehrten, wie Harvard und Princeton. Weiterhin waren die Träger des Nobelpreises oder des Alfred-Nobel-Gedächtnispreises Paul Samuelson, Kenneth Arrow, Herbert A. Simon, Lawrence Klein, Tjalling Koopmans, Friedrich von Hayek, Gerard Debreu, James Buchanan, Trygve Haavelmo, Harry Markowitz, Myron Scholes, Edward Prescott, Vernon L. Smith, Edmund Phelps und Roger B. Myerson vor oder nach ihrem Nobelpreisgewinn in Chicago tätig. Die Chicago School hat damit wie kaum eine zweite das ökonomische Denken in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts geprägt.
Begriffsinhalt
Chicagoer Schule wird sprachlich nicht einheitlich verwendet; es kann unterschieden werden zwischen:
Chicagoer Schule im engeren Sinne: bezeichnet diejenigen Wissenschaftler, die tatsächlich im 20. Jahrhundert an der Universität von Chicago lehrten.
Chicagoer Schule im weiteren Sinne: bezeichnet eine bestimmte Denkrichtung in der Wirtschaftswissenschaft, die sich durch die unter Lehren genannten Annahmen zu einer einheitlichen Schule zusammenfassen lässt.
Grundannahmen
Trotz ihrer Heterogenität sind folgende Merkmale charakteristisch für die Theoriegebäude ihrer Vertreter:
Neoklassische Preistheorie: Jedes wirtschaftliche Verhalten lässt sich mithilfe der neoklassischen Preistheorie erklären.
Marktwirtschaft: Freie Märkte sind das effizienteste Mittel zur Ressourcenallokation und Einkommensverteilung. Damit einher geht die Neigung, die wirtschaftliche Aktivität des Staates im Zweifel zurückzudrängen.
So beschrieb Milton Friedman 1974 als wesentliche Merkmale:
Theoriegeschichte und -entwicklung
1892–1920: Frühe Chicagoer Schule
In ihrer Anfangszeit unterschied sie sich nicht in schulbildender Weise von anderen amerikanischen Wirtschaftsfakultäten. In der ersten Phase lehren – angezogen vom konservativen Dekan James Laurence Laughlin (1850–1933) die Ökonomen Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), Leon C. Marshall, John Maurice Clark (1884–1963), Wesley C. Mitchell (1874–1948), Robert Hoxie, Chester W. Wright, Simeon L. Leland, Alvin Johnson und John U. Nef.
James Laurence Laughlin (1850–1933)
Die Universität von Chicago wurde 1892 durch John D. Rockefeller gegründet. Ihr erster Präsident war William R. Harper (1856–1906). Als Besonderheit erhielt die Universität eine eigenständige Fakultät für politische Ökonomie (Department of Political Economy). Harper plante zunächst Richard T. Ely (1854–1934) zum Dekan der Fakultät zu machen. Die Verhandlungen mit Ely, der der deutschen historischen Schule nahestand, scheiterten jedoch an dessen Gehaltsforderungen. Durch Zufall lernte Harper James Laurence Laughlin kennen, der ihn bei einer Diskussion in New York über Geldtheorie beeindruckt hatte. Anekdotisch ist überliefert, dass Harper mit Laughlin darauf bis in den frühen Morgen diskutierte und jenen schließlich als Dekan der neuen Fakultät gewann. Ab 1892 gab Laughlin das Journal of Political Economy heraus, das bald zu den führenden Zeitschriften gehörte.
Mit Laughlin hatte Harper das genaue Gegenteil Elys gewählt: Laughlin war zutiefst konservativ und ein überzeugter Anhänger der klassischen Nationalökonomen: Adam Smith, David Ricardo und besonders John Stuart Mill. Elys interventionistischen Ansatz nannte er verächtlich elyism. Er betonte einerseits die empirische Verifikation ökonomischer Theorie, andererseits – so warfen Kritiker ihm vor – schien die klassische Theorie davon ausgenommen und durch nichts zu widerlegen. Die klassische Theorie stand für ihn auf einer Stufe mit religiösen Wahrheiten:
Er publizierte vor allem zur Geldtheorie und war, im Gegensatz zu späteren Vertretern der Chicago School, ein Befürworter der Zentralbank und an der Gründung der Federal Reserve beteiligt. Er kann zu den Vorläufern des Insider-Outsider-Modells gerechnet werden. In ökonomischer Hinsicht wird seine Arbeit für wenig kreativ gehalten. Sein Verdienst besteht vor allem im Aufbau der Fakultät: Entscheidend für die Berufung des Fakultätspersonals war nicht ihre ideologische Ausrichtung, sondern allein ihre fachliche Exzellenz.
Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929)
Thorstein Veblen gilt als einer der Gründer der amerikanischen Institutionenökonomik. Er war ein entschiedener Gegner der neoklassischen Theorie (das Wort „neoklassisch“ geht wahrscheinlich auf ihn zurück). Ihre Deduktionsergebnisse seien falsch, da bereits die Grundannahmen der neoklassischen Preistheorie falsch seien. Wirtschaftswissenschaft könne nicht als eigene Wissenschaft bestehen, sondern nur als übergreifende Wissenschaft, die Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Soziologie und Anthropologie beinhalte. Dass Veblen seiner zuweilen beißenden Kritik an der Marktwirtschaft zum Trotz von Laughlin berufen wurde, kann als Beispiel der undogmatischen Berufungspraxis Laughlins gesehen werden. Als Veblen Chicago nach 14 Jahren verlassen musste, war dies nicht Ergebnis seiner ideologischen Einstellung, sondern seines als ausschweifend empfundenen Privatlebens: Auch die Intervention Laughlins konnte seine Entlassung durch Harper nicht verhindern.
John Maurice Clark (1884–1963)
Nach dem Tod Harpers 1907 trat Harry Pratt Judson dessen Nachfolge an; dieser gab Laughlin noch deutlich mehr Freiheit bei der Ernennung der Fakultätsmitglieder: Zu den wichtigsten Ernennungen dieser Zeit gehören Chester W. Wright und Leon C. Marshall. Marshall folgte Laughlin nach dessen Emeritierung als Dekan der Fakultät nach. Die Berufung John Maurice Clarks, des Sohnes John Bates Clarks, nach Chicago 1915 geht auf seinen Einfluss zurück und ist die wichtigste dieser Phase. Clarks Reputation half die verknöcherten Strukturen des Endes des Laughlin-Ära zu überwinden. Clarks ökonomisches Denken war einerseits vom neoklassischen Erbe seines Vaters, andererseits aber auch durch die Integration institutionalistischen Denkens beeinflusst: Ein Wirtschaftssystem, das auf reinem Laissez-faire beruhte, hielt er für unmöglich und empfahl, sich „behutsam einer sozial-liberalen Steuerung“ („cautiously towards a program of social-liberal planning“) hinzuwenden (Social Control of Business (1926)).
1920–1940: Erste Chicagoer Schule
Die Wurzeln einer eigenständigen Chicagoer Schule reichen in die 1920er Jahre zurück. In dieser Zeit lassen sich drei Gruppen innerhalb der Wirtschaftsfakultät identifizieren: zunächst der sogenannte harte Kern der späteren Chicago-Schule – bestehend aus dem Trio Frank Knight, Jacob Viner und Henry Calvert Simons. Dann eine zweite Gruppe, die als Institutionalisten bezeichnet werden kann; und schließlich eine dritte heterogene Gruppe von quantitativ orientierten Ökonomen.
Frank Knight (1885–1972)
1928 erhielt Frank Knight den Ruf auf den Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftstheorie als Nachfolger John M. Clarks. Skeptisch gegenüber jeglicher anerkannten Lehrmeinung, allen wissenschaftlichen und religiösen Dogmen und allen -ismen (sowohl Kommunismus und Sozialismus als auch Kapitalismus), gestaltet sich seine Einordnung schwer: So wird er der Neoklassik, der Österreichischen Schule und auch den Institutionalisten zugeordnet. Er selbst sah sich, trotz aller Zweifel und Skepsis, als klassischen Liberalen: Den klassischen Liberalismus des 19. Jahrhunderts hielt er für gescheitert (The Case for Communism: From the Standpoint of an Ex-Liberal (1932)), dennoch hinderte ihn seine tiefgründende Skepsis gegenüber politischer Macht daran, zentrale Wirtschaftsplanung für sinnvoll zu halten; Wirtschaftsreformen und -planung seien grundsätzlich irrational („All talk of social control is nonsense“) und durch politische Eigeninteressen bestimmt:
Er unterschied sich ferner durch die Art der Legitimation des marktwirtschaftlichen Systems vom klassischen Liberalismus: Wirtschaftliche Freiheit war ihm Selbstzweck, nicht nur utilitaristisches Mittel zur Befriedigung der Konsumentenwünsche. Die ethische Rechtfertigung der Marktwirtschaft beschäftigte ihn sein gesamtes Leben; niemals erreichte er jedoch das Maß an optimistischer Überzeugung von der Marktwirtschaft wie später sein Schüler Milton Friedman in Capitalism und Freedom. Friedman warf er grobe Vereinfachung vor. Ethisch betrachtet sei Marktwirtschaft niemals gerecht (The Ethics of Competition (1923)), sondern eher einem Glücksspiel vergleichbar:
Überzeugend könne die Marktwirtschaft nur angesichts ihrer Alternativen legitimiert werden. Sozialpolitik griff er dennoch fast schärfer als Friedman an, da sie die selbstgesteckten Ziele verfehle; den Kommunismus nannte er „Wahnsinn, wahrlich verbrecherischen Wahnsinn“ („Madness, criminal madness, of course; but how many of the bright and educated have fallen for and preached for it.“ (On the History and Method of Economics (1956), S. 273)).
Knights bekanntestes Werk ist Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921). In ihm legte er dar, wie in einem System vollständigen Wettbewerbs dennoch Gewinn entstehen könne: Er unterscheidet zwischen Risiko und Unsicherheit (Knightsche Unsicherheit); während Risiko versicherbar ist (und deshalb keinen Gewinn hervorbringen kann), ist echte Unsicherheit nicht versicherbar und kann somit Quelle von Gewinn sein. Gérard Debreu sieht in Risk, Uncertainty and Profit ferner das Arrow-Debreu-Modell vorweggenommen.
Knight beteiligte sich an zahlreichen wegweisenden Diskussion in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften. So griff er die auf Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk zurückgehende Kapitaltheorie der Österreichischen Schule heftig an. Ferner bezog er in Fallacies in the interpretation of social costs (1924) Stellung gegen Arthur Cecil Pigous welfare economics. Den Keynesianismus hielt nie für wenig mehr als Scharlatanerie. Seine Ausgabe von Keynes General Theory soll, nach der Überlieferung Don Patinkins, von zahlreichen Anmerkungen übersät gewesen sein, von denen ‚Nonsense!‘ zu weniger schmähenden gehörte. Keynes habe „die Wirtschaftswissenschaften zurück in dunkle Jahrhunderte geführt“ („succeeded in carrying economic thinking back to the Dark Age.“)
In methodischer Hinsicht stand Knight quantitativer Forschung ablehnend gegenüber; dies führte schließlich auch zur Entfremdung selbst von seinen ehemals engsten Schülern. Kelvins Diktum „When you cannot measure, your knowledge is meager and unsatisfactory“ hielt er entgegen:
Nicht weniger abweisend war er gegenüber der zunehmenden Mathematisierung der Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Da die Sozialwissenschaften epistemologisch von den Naturwissenschaften verschieden seien, könnten deren Methoden nicht sinnvoll auf die Wirtschaftswissenschaft übertragen werden. Dies mache deren Aussagen gleichwohl nicht weniger exakt und allgemeingültig als die der Naturwissenschaften. Die Ablehnung quantitativer Methoden führte zu großen Spannungen mit anderen Fakultätsmitgliedern wie Henry Schultz und Paul Howard Douglas, so dass Knight und Douglas gegen Ende nur noch über Briefe miteinander kommunizierten.
Jacob Viner (1892–1970)
Der wichtigste Kurs im Curriculum der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät war der – fast legendäre – Kurs economics 301, in dem die fortgeschrittenen Studenten intensiv über Preistheorie diskutierten. Er wurde stets von den bedeutendsten Professoren der Fakultät gegeben. Zu ihnen gehörte auch Jacob Viner, ein Schüler Frank W. Taussigs aus Harvard der 1919 nach Chicago kam (Professur ab 1925) und dort bis 1946 blieb. Er war bekannt und gefürchtet für seinen bisweilen sogar demütigenden Stil in economics 301. Sein Vorlesungsstil war stark dem Taussigs verwandt, aber, wie Paul Samuelson sich später äußerte: “Viner added one new ingredient: terror.” Für einige Studenten erwies sich sein rauer, auf Fehler der Studenten lauernder Stil jedoch auch als leistungsfördernde Herausforderung. Evsey Domar erinnerte sich später: “To fight him back became my greatest ambition.”
In wissenschaftlicher Hinsicht beschäftigte sich Viner vor allem mit den Hintergründen der Weltwirtschaftskrise. Er gehörte zu den ersten Kritikern Keynes’, was insoweit überraschend ist, als sich ihre Analysen der Great Depression nicht unähnlich waren. Viner sah als ihre Ursache sinkende Gewinnmargen, da die Produktpreise schneller als die Kosten gefallen seien. Als Lösung sah er unter dem Goldstandard nur Lohnsenkungen, nach dessen Lockerung befürwortete er auch die Anhebung des Preisniveaus. Keynes Lösungen taugten jedoch kaum als General Theory; seine Theorie gelte nur in the short-run in absoluten Ausnahmesituation wie der Weltwirtschaftskrise. Kritik übte Viner auch an Keynes Vorschlägen zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit: Keynes hielt Lohnsenkungen für untauglich zu deren Senkung, Viner hielt dem entgegen:
Weiterhin hielt er dessen Theorie über die Bestimmung des Zinssatzes für falsch: Nicht die Liquiditätspräferenz, sondern Angebot und Nachfrage bestimmten dessen Höhe. Die Stabilität der Konsumfunktion, von Keynes als bestimmt, wobei c die Konsumneigung angibt, hielt Viner nicht für zwingend: Konsum könne sehr wohl unterschiedlich ausfallen, je nachdem, ob die Reallöhne sinke und das Preisniveau gleich bleibt oder die Reallöhne gleich blieben bei steigendem Preisniveau. Er bestritt nicht den Wert einiger Ideen Keynes’ für den Fortschritt der Wirtschaftswissenschaften, er stimmte mit ihm über die Nachkriegswirtschaftsordnung überein, hielt ihn jedoch eher für eine Art Propheten oder Politiker. Auf seinen Vorschlag hin und gegen den Widerstand Frank Knights wurde Keynes 1940 mit der Ehrendoktorwürde der Universität von Chicago ausgezeichnet. Dennoch resümierte er:
Viners eigentliche Forschungsschwerpunkte lagen in den Bereichen Außenwirtschaftstheorie, Preistheorie und Geschichte der Volkswirtschaftslehre. Seine Außenwirtschaftstheorie unterschied sich dabei kaum von der seines Lehrers Taussig; er war ein Anhänger des Freihandels, ergänzt um einige Einschränkungen gegenüber der klassischen Theorie. Seine Außenhandelstheorie konnte sich jedoch nicht gegen das Heckscher-Ohlin-Modell durchsetzen. In The Customs Union Issu (1950) arbeitete er als erster heraus, dass die Schaffung von Zollunion und Freihandelszonen nicht notwendig stets wohlfahrtserhöhend wirken müsse, da nicht nur neue Handelsströme entstünden (trade creation) sondern auch bestehende Handelsströmen abgelenkt werden können (trade diversion): Ein Produkt werde dann günstiger aus einem Mitgliedsland der Zollunion importiert, obwohl es sowohl vor als auch nach der Schaffung der Zollunion in einem Drittland günstiger produziert werden könne: Aus globaler Perspektive wirke dies wohlfahrtsmindernd. Das Modell wurde später von James Meade erweitert. Seine größte theoriegeschichtliche Schrift Studies in the Theory of International Trade (1937) befasst sich ebenfalls mit Außenhandel. Die klassische Freihandelslehre basierte für ihn auf folgenden vier Motiven: der Gedanke eine kosmopolitischen Brüderschaft aller Menschen, wohlfahrtsfördernder Effekt, die ungleiche weltweite Ressourcenverteilung und die religiös beeinflusste Hoffnung auf die friedvolle Kooperation aller Menschen. In seinen Untersuchungen zu Adam Smith betonte er, dass dessen Wealth of the Nations nur in Zusammenhang mit der Theory of Moral Sentiments voll verstanden werden könne.
Aaron Director (1901–2004)
Aaron Director hatte vor seiner Chicagoer Zeit lange Zeit starke Sympathien für sozialistische Theorien und arbeitete unter anderem im Steinkohlenbergbau. Er kam 1927 als postgraduate nach Chicago, wo er als Assistent von Paul Douglas arbeitete und mit diesem The problem of unemployment schrieb. Weiterhin zählte er zu den Schülern Frank Knights, dessen Perfektionismus ihm jedoch auch hinderlich war. Die frühen Arbeiten dieser Phase beschäftigten sich, veranlasst durch die Weltwirtschaftskrise mit den Problemkreisen um Stagnation und Arbeitslosigkeit: Arbeitslosigkeit entstehe, entgegen einer damals verbreiteten Vorstellung, nicht durch technischen Fortschritt: Dieser führe vielmehr nur zu Verschiebung von Arbeitsplätzen innerhalb der Wirtschaftssektoren. Zur Vermeidung von Arbeitslosigkeit in Depressionen empfahl er staatliche Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen, die durch Geldschöpfung statt Steuern finanziert werden sollten. Kreditexpansion hielt er für nicht geeignet, Depressionen zu überwinden, da selbst bei niedrigem Zins Geschäftsleute keine Kredite aufnähmen.
1937/38 verbrachte Director an der LSE. Er kehrte erst 1946 als Nachfolger von Henry Calvert Simons nach Chicago zurück. In dieser Phase bildete Monopoltheorie den Schwerpunkt seiner Arbeit: Er verwarf die seinerzeit in Chicago vorherrschende Lehre einer starken Antitrust-Politik auf Basis der klassischen Preistheorie. Monopole führten meist zu Effizienzsteigerungen ohne tatsächlich die befürchteten Folge der Preissteigerung für die Verbraucher nach sich zu ziehen und bestünden meist nur vorübergehend. Die verbleibenden, tatsächlich problematischen Monopole verdankten ihre Existenz meist staatlicher Intervention. Directors Monopoltheorie gehört zu seinen wichtigsten Beiträgen und kann als Vorläufer der law and economics-Bewegung in Chicago gewertet werden. Director, dessen Einfluss eher indirekt und katalytisch auf Studenten wirkte, entwickelte auch erste Ideen, die später als public choice bekannt wurden: Lobbyismus werde erheblich verstärkt, wenn das Vertrauen auf Intervention diese zum Anlaufpunkt von Lobbygruppen mache:
Das Vertrauen auf Staatsintervention und Einschränkung wirtschaftlicher Freiheit fand er besonders unter Intellektuellen. Die Paradoxie, dass ausgerechnet diejenigen wirtschaftliche Freiheit einschränken wollten, denen Meinungsfreiheit und der Markt der Ideen am wichtigsten sei, erklärte er mit der Neigung des Menschen, eigene Beiträge zu überschätzen:
1945–1960: Nachkriegsära
Theodore W. Schultz (1902–1998)
Theodore W. Schultz, Sohn deutscher Farmer aus South Dakota, kam 1944 nach Chicago, wo er bis zu seinem Lebensende blieb. Er erhielt 1979 den Wirtschaftsnobelpreis. Schultz gehörte zu den ersten, die Preistheorie auf vermeintlich nicht-ökonomische Probleme anwandten; somit kann er zu den Vorläufern Gary Beckers gezählt werden. Den Schwerpunkt seiner Arbeit bildete, bevor er nach Chicago kam, die Beschäftigung mit Agrarökonomie, besonders auch im Hinblick auf Entwicklungsländer. In seiner Chicagoer Zeit wandte er sich der Humankapitaltheorie zu. Auf das zugrunde liegende Problem wurde er aufmerksam, als er feststellte, dass während der 1940er und 1950er Jahre die Flächenproduktivität deutlich angestiegen war, ohne dass dies durch den Einsatz von Maschinen und Personal erklärbar war. Er erklärte dies mit dem gestiegenen Humankapital:
Dieses Konzept stellte er in Kontrast zu den in der Tradition Thomas Robert Malthus’ Bevölkerungsfalle stehenden Verelendungstheorien. Gleichermaßen würden Entwicklungsländer nicht durch den bloßen Einsatz von physischem Kapital, sondern vor allem durch die Steigerung des Humankapitals ihre Lage verbessern. Die Themen Agrarökonomie, Entwicklungshilfe und Humankapital seien somit auf engste miteinander verbunden.
1953–1970: Chicago Boys
Auf Grundlage seiner Humankapitaltheorie war Schultz davon überzeugt, dass die Entwicklungsländer Lateinamerikas nur durch verbesserte Bildung in den Bereichen Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Landtechnik, Ingenieurwesen, Betriebswirtschaft und öffentliche Verwaltung vorangebracht werden konnten. 1953 wandte er sich an Albion Patterson, um ein akademisches Austauschprogramm für Südamerika auszuarbeiten. 1955 reisten Schultz, Earl Hamilton, Simon Rottenberg und Arnold Harberger nach Chile um Verträge mit der Universidad Católica de Chile zu schließen. Von 1956 bis 1970 nahmen etwa hundert chilenische Studenten am Austauschprogramm teil; die ersten waren 1956 Sergio de Castro, Carlos Massad und Ernesto Fontaine. Ähnliche Programme wurden mit Unterstützung der Ford und Rockefeller Foundation bald unter der Leitung Harbergers mit der Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (Argentinien), der Universidad del Valle (Kolumbien) und vielen anderen Universitäten in ganz Südamerika aufgebaut.
Als im September 1970 Salvador Allende Präsident von Chile wurde, erfuhr das Land intensivierte protektionistische Maßnahmen, Vergesellschaftungen und Verstaatlichungen. Alle Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, die als anti-sozialistisch eingestuft wurden – darunter auch die der UCC, erhielten keine Gehälter mehr. Heimlich arbeiteten die nunmehr isolierten Ökonomen ein Programm aus, das die wirtschaftlichen Probleme des Landes unter Allende in Chicago-Manier analysierte und Vorschläge zur Lösung machte; es wurde El Ladrillo ‚der Ziegelstein‘ genannt: Es enthielt vor allem marktwirtschaftliche Reformen, aber auch Gesundheits- und Kinderernährungsprogramme, effektive Sozialeinrichtungen und sozialen Wohnungsbau.
1973 übernahm Augusto Pinochet durch einen Militärputsch die Macht in Chile und begründete eine Militärdiktatur. Das Militär versuchte zunächst erfolglos die wirtschaftlichen Probleme zu lösen. Nachdem dies offenbar erfolglos geblieben war, wurden 1975 Los Chee-Ca-Go Boys, wie man die UCC-Absolventen nannte, mit der wirtschaftlichen Reform des Landes betraut. Zu ihnen gehörten Juan Carlos Mendez (Steuerreformen), Sergio de la Cuadra (Außenhandel), Miguel Kast (Sozialpolitik) und José Piñera (Soziale Sicherheit und Arbeit); die Leitung oblag de Castro.
Die öffentliche Wahrnehmung der Chicago Boys war und ist umstritten. Obwohl das Programm von Schultz gegründet, der tatsächliche Projektkoordinator H. Gregg Lewis und der intellektuelle Vater des Projekts Harberger war, wurden die Chicago Boys in der Öffentlichkeit vor allem mit Milton Friedman in Verbindung gebracht und ihm vorgeworfen, Chile sei sein ideologisches Versuchslabor. Juan Gabriel Valdés sah im „ökonomischen Reduktionismus“ und der „Voreingenommenheit gegen Politik“ die Attraktivität der Chicago School für nicht-demokratische Regime.
D. Gale Johnson (1916–2003)
Ein weiterer bedeutender Vertreter des agrarökonomischen Zweiges in Chicago war D. Gale Johnson, den Schultz aus Iowa mitgebracht hatte. Er erhielt 1954 eine Professur in Chicago und übernahm auch mehrfach Aufgaben der Fakultätsverwaltung. Er untersuchte besonders den Landwirtschaftssektor in zentral verwalteten Volkswirtschaften und stellte ihnen ein jämmerliches Zeugnis aus:
Er entwickelte eine Gesamtnachfragefunktion des Agrarsektors, eine Vorstufe der Arbeiten von Zvi Griliches und Marc Nerlove.
1960–1970: Zweite Chicagoer Schule
Damit fand die Chicagoer Schule zu einem Zeitpunkt erstmals Erwähnung, als Emeritierungen, Todesfälle sowie Wegberufungen die Fakultät deutlich schwächten, und gerade Milton Friedman von der Columbia University als Professor nach Chicago zurückkehrte (1946). Zudem darf vermutet werden, dass sich Friedman, der „nur“ auf dem zweiten Platz der Berufungsliste gestanden hatte, besonders um den Aufbau einer eigenen Reputation bemühte. Friedman gilt heute als bekanntester Vertreter der Chicagoer Schule.
Milton Friedman (1912–2006)
Milton Friedman studierte selbst 1932 auf Empfehlung von Arthur F. Burns in Chicago bei Knight, Viner, Simons, Lloyd Mints, Douglas und Schultz. Aus dem Wechselspiel zwischen Frank Knight und Jacob Viner entwickelte sich ein Zirkel, zu dessen wichtigsten Mitgliedern neben Friedman, seine spätere Frau Rose Director, George Stigler, Allen Wallis sowie die jüngeren Dozenten Aaron Director und Henry Simons gehörten. Der intensive Austausch um den charismatischen Lehrer Frank Knight ließ die Gruppe zur Keimzelle einer eigenen Richtung innerhalb der Fakultät erstarken. Friedman kehrte 1946 als Professor nach Chicago zurück.
In methodischer Hinsicht unterschied sich Friedman gravierend von den sonstigen Fakultätsangehörigen: Komplexe mathematische Modelle auf ökonometrischer Basis schienen ihm wenig nützlich. Mit den Mitgliedern der Cowles Commission stand er in ständig gespanntem Verhältnis. Sein eigenes methodisches Modell war weniger auf tiefschürfende philosophische Überlegungen gestützt als im Laufe seiner Forschungstätigkeit, gleichsam als Nebenprodukt, entstanden: Er bevorzugte schlichte mathematische Modelle mit vereinfachenden Grundannahmen, die jedoch an ihrer predictive power empirisch zu überprüfen waren (The Methodology of Positive Economics (1952)).
Zu seinen einflussreichsten frühen wissenschaftlichen Entdeckungen zählt die Permanente Einkommenshypothese (The Theory of the Consumption Function (1937)); Simon Smith Kuznets hatte 1936 festgestellt, dass – entgegen den Folgerungen aus der keynesianischen absoluten Einkommenshypothese – die Sparquote in den USA über einen Zeitraum von dreißig Jahren nicht gestiegen war. Friedman erklärte diese Paradoxie damit, dass der Konsum einer Person nicht von ihrem aktuellen, sondern von ihrem durchschnittlichen permanenten Einkommen abhänge. Franco Modigliani entwickelte dies zur Lebenszyklushypothese weiter. Die Umlaufgeschwindigkeit des Geldes lasse sich wiederum als eine Funktion des permanenten Einkommens darstellen, wie Friedman durch empirische Untersuchungen bestätigt fand. Gleichfalls in Auseinandersetzung mit dem Keynesianismus entstand Friedmans Theorie zur Phillips-Kurve. Mit der Annahme, dass diese langfristig vertikal verlaufe, sah er sich durch die Stagflation der 1970er Jahre bestätigt. Arbeitslosigkeit könne nicht durch Inflation, sondern nur durch die Beseitigung von Marktbeschränkungen gesenkt werden (vgl. natürliche Arbeitslosenquote).
1976 wurde Friedman „für seinen Beitrag zur Verbrauchsanalyse, zur Geldgeschichte und -theorie sowie seine Klarlegung der Komplexität der Stabilisierungspolitik“ mit dem Nobelpreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften ausgezeichnet.
Friedman wurde der Öffentlichkeit mehr durch seine polarisierende politische Aktivität als durch seine wissenschaftliche Arbeit bekannt. Er war ein enthusiastischer Anhänger freier Märkte, was den Times-Kolumnisten Leonard Silk dazu veranlasste ihn „Adam Smith’s most distinguished spiritual son“ zu bezeichnen. Er verteidigte das Erziehungsrecht der Eltern, das er durch Bildungsgutscheine stärken wollte und forderte die Abschaffung der Wehrpflicht. Staatliche Transferleistungen und Mindestlöhne lägen nicht im Interesse ihrer Bezieher, sondern verschärften Armut; als Alternative schlug er eine negative Einkommensteuer vor. Er selbst legte Wert darauf, seine wissenschaftliche Arbeit unabhängig von seinen politischen Positionen, wenn sie auch freilich von seinen ökonomischen Kenntnissen nicht unberührt blieben, zu beurteilen. George Stigler merkte dazu an:
Seit 1970: Dritte Chicagoer Schule
Zur dritten Chicagoer Schule zählt neben der Fortführung Friedmans Monetarismus, James M. Buchanan, Robert E. Lucas, Robert Fogel, Gary S. Becker, Richard Posner und Eugene Fama.
Gary Becker (1930–2014)
Economics 301 wurde bis 1976 von Friedman gegeben. Sein Nachfolger war Gary Becker, der den Kurs die nächsten 20 Jahre behalten sollte. Er ist vor allem für die Analyse vielfältiger Phänomene außerhalb des eigentlichen Gebiets der Wirtschaftswissenschaften mithilfe der Preistheorie bekannt. In seiner Dissertation The economics of discrimination (1957) lieferte er einen Beitrag in der Anwendung ökonomischer Theorie auf Feindseligkeiten gegenüber gesellschaftlichen Minderheiten, indem er ein einfaches Außenhandelsmodell darauf übertrug: Sog. Diskriminierungskoeffizienten wirkten dabei wie Importzölle. Das Werk wurde teils wenig wohlwollend rezensiert und die damals völlig neue Übertragung des materialistischen ökonomischen Modells auf ethische Fragestellungen gerügt; Chicago University Press druckte das Buch erst nach Intervention Stiglers.
Beckers Opus magnum, Human Capital, erschien als Becker bereits 1957 an die Columbia University gewechselt war. Seine zentrale These ist, dass Aus- und Fortbildung sowie Gesundheit in der gleichen Weise wie jede andere Investition durch Betrachtung des return on investment erklärt werden können. In Human Capital griff er auch die damals vorherrschende pigouvianische These an, dass Aus- und Fortbildung ihrer externen Effekte vom Staat durchzuführen seien: Da Unternehmen bei Fortbildung ihrer Mitarbeiter stets fürchten müssten, dass diese von anderen Unternehmen abgeworben werden, bestehe für sie kein Anreiz, ihre Mitarbeiter fortzubilden. Becker unterscheidet zwischen unternehmensspezifischem und generellem Humankapital: Da Unternehmensmitarbeiter in Form eines höheren Gehaltes voll von Schulungsmaßnahmen profitieren würden, bestehe für sie genug Anreiz, die Kosten der Ausbildung selbst zu tragen. Die genannte Unterscheidung erkläre ferner den Einkommensabstand zwischen Männern und Frauen: Da Frauen schwangerschaftsbedingt öfter ihre Berufstätigkeit unterbrechen oder Teilzeitarbeit leisten würden, sei ihr Anreiz geringer, in ihr Humankapital zu investieren. Damit könne auch das Leontief-Paradoxon erklärt werden, da in den zugrunde gelegten ökonometrischen Studien Humankapital nicht berücksichtigt werde. Von besonderer politischer Brisanz war seine Feststellung, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen ethnischen Gruppen und ihrem durchschnittlichen Einkommen bzw. ihrer Stellung in Unternehmenshierarchien bestehe: Japanische, chinesische, jüdische und kubanische Familien seien statistisch klein, was zu hohen Investitionen in ihre Kinder und hohen Einkommen führe, wohingegen Mexikaner, Puerto Ricaner und Afroamerikaner statistisch große Familien hätten, was zu geringen Investitionen in das Humankapital der Kinder führe, weshalb diese aufgrund schlechter Ausbildung später geringe Einkommen beziehen würden.
Eugene Fama (* 1939)
Eugene Fama ist der Robert R. McCormick Distinguished Service Professor of Finance an der University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Er ist besonders bekannt für seine Arbeiten zur Markteffizienzhypothese. Weiterhin untersucht er die empirische Beziehung von Risiko und erwarteter Rendite und ihre Folgen für das Portfoliomanagement. Er gilt als der Vater der modernen Finanzwissenschaft und wird vielfach zitiert. Gemessen an seinen Zitationen ist er der neunteinflussreichste Ökonom aller Zeiten. Im Jahr 2013 wurde Eugene Fama zusammen mit Robert J. Shiller und Lars Peter Hansen für ihre Arbeiten zur Effizienz von Märkten (bzw. “for their empirical analysis of asset prices”) mit dem Alfred-Nobel-Gedächtnispreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften ausgezeichnet.
Die Markteffizienzhypothese besagt, dass Assetpreise alle verfügbaren Informationen widerspiegeln. Eine direkte Konsequenz ist, dass kein Marktteilnehmer den Markt langfristig schlagen kann. Preise sollten nur auf neue Informationen reagieren und daher einen zufälligen Verlauf (random walk) aufweisen.
Außerdem hat sich Fama zusammen mit Kenneth French kritisch mit dem Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) auseinandergesetzt. Das CAPM besagt, dass die durchschnittliche Rendite eines Assets allein durch sein Beta erklärt wird. Eugene Fama und Kenneth French konnten zeigen, dass es weitere unabhängige Risikofaktoren gibt, die die zu erwartende Rendite determinieren. Diese Faktoren sind Size (Größe) und Value (Wert). Darunter versteht man die systematische Überrendite von kleinen Firmen (Size), bzw. billig bewerteten Unternehmen, relativ zu einer fundamentalen Unternehmenskenngröße (Value). Fama und French führten daher ein Dreifaktorenmodell ein, welches Aktienrediten mittels 3 statistisch unabhängigen Risikofaktoren erklärt.
Richard Posner (* 1939)
Posner gehört der rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät an; seine wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Kenntnisse hat er sich im Selbststudium erarbeitet. Er gilt als einer der Begründer der law and economics-Bewegung, die sich mit der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts befasst. Er sieht dies durch den engen Zusammenhang von Gerechtigkeit und ökonomischer Effizienz gerechtfertigt:
Steven Levitt (* 1967)
Levitt ist Professor an der University of Chicago sowie Leiter des Becker Center on Price Theory dortselbst. Außerdem ist er Träger der John Bates Clark Medal.
Berühmt wurde er durch einen im Jahr 2000 veröffentlichten Artikel "The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime" (zusammen mit John Donohue III.), in welchem er mittels multivariater statistischer Methoden für die USA einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Legalisierung der Abtreibung Mitte der 1970er Jahre und dem Rückgang der Kriminalitätsrate Anfang der 1990er Jahre aufzeigte. Die Begründung für die Beobachtung ist: durch die Legalisierung der Abtreibung erhielten auch diejenigen Frauen die Möglichkeit zur Abtreibung, die ihren Kindern kein stabiles Elternhaus bieten konnten, zum Beispiel weil sie drogenabhängig waren bzw. in einem kriminellen Umfeld lebten. Kinder aus solchen Elternhäusern werden mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit kriminell. Der Rückgang der Kriminalitätsrate in den USA in den 1990er Jahren kam somit zu der Zeit, in der diese Generation volljährig geworden wäre. Levitt unterstreicht, dass er diesen Zusammenhang nicht als Rechtfertigung der Abtreibung versteht.
Mit seinen populärwissenschaftlichen Büchern Freakonomics: Überraschende Antworten auf alltägliche Lebensfragen und dem Nachfolger SuperFreakonomics – Nichts ist so wie es scheint: Über Erd-Abkühlung, patriotische Prostituierte und Selbstmord-Attentäter mit Lebensversicherung gehört er zu den umstrittensten aktuellen Wirtschaftswissenschaftlern in den USA.
Literatur
Primärliteratur
Sammelwerke:
Frühe Chicagoer Schule:
Erste Chicagoer Schule:
Zweite Chicagoer Schule:
Dritte Chicagoer Schule:
Zeitschriften:
Sekundärliteratur
Rob Van Horn, Philip Mirowski: The Rise of the Chicago School of Economics and the Birth of Neoliberalism. In: Philip Mirowski, Dieter Plehwe (Hrsg.): The Road from Mont Pèlerin. The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA / London 2009, S. 139–178.
Weblinks
Offizielle Internetpräsenz des University of Chicago – Department of Economics
Internetseite über die Chicago School von The New School
History of The New School for Social Research
Einzelnachweise
Wirtschaftspolitik
Liberalismus | 29,310 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schorren | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Schorren | https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schorren&action=history | Cebuano | Spoken | 59 | 169 | Ang Schorren ngalan niining mga mosunod:
Alemanya
Schorren (bukid), Baden-Württemberg Region, Tübingen Region,
Schorren (bungtod), Baden-Württemberg Region, Tübingen Region,
Schorren (lasang sa Alemanya, lat 48,77, long 9,95), Baden-Württemberg Region,
Schorren (lasang sa Alemanya, lat 48,45, long 9,72), Baden-Württemberg Region,
Schorren (lasang sa Alemanya, lat 47,91, long 9,69), Baden-Württemberg Region,
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot 2016-01
Pagklaro paghimo ni bot Alemanya | 44,236 |
https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%20Dusun%2C%20Kapuas%20Barat%2C%20Kapuas | Wikipedia | Open Web | CC-By-SA | 2,023 | Sei Dusun, Kapuas Barat, Kapuas | https://bjn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sei Dusun, Kapuas Barat, Kapuas&action=history | Banjar | Spoken | 15 | 42 | Sei Dusun adalah sabuah kampung di Kacamatan Kapuas Barat, Kabupatin Kapuas, Prupinsi Kalimantan Tangah, Indunisia. | 11,074 |
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