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In the Counting unit, students show, compare, and order numbers up to 200. Students count by 20s, 25s, and 50s up to 200. Students also read and write numbers up to 200.
Patterns and Equality
In the Patterns and Equality unit, students learn about patterns in addition and subtraction. They learn how to show and create various patterns and explore the concept of equality.
Addition and Subtraction
In the Addition and Subtraction unit, students learn about composing and decomposing numbers and rounding numbers to the nearest ten. Students also solve addition and subtraction problems using mental strategies, math tools, and vertical equations.
In the Data unit, students collect, organize, and read data, create graphs, and ask and answer questions about data. Students also explore and describe probability with experiments.
Fractions, Multiplication, and Division
In the Fractions, Multiplication, and Division unit, students investigate fractions, multiplication and division. Students analyse the relationship between a whole and the size of its parts, compare fractions, and make a whole. Students also develop an understanding of multiplication and division with equal groups.
In the Shapes unit, students identify, describe, sort, and build two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes. Students also describe locations and learn how to draw a map.
In the Coding unit, students build on their knowledge by creating code using sequential and concurrent events. They practice reading code and correcting mistakes that they find.
In the Money unit, students count money and represent it in different ways. Students compare amounts of money to determine which has more value.
In the Measurement unit, students measure height, length, and width using centimetres and metres. Students also tell and measure time.
Throughout the course, students will be encouraged to build their social-emotional learning skills specifically focusing on critical thinking skills, including creative and flexible ways of solving various problems. | <urn:uuid:accec46e-0720-40ff-a9f2-651d1952f926> | https://www.virtualelementaryschool.com/grade-2-mathematics/ | fineweb_edu_high | 4.4375 |
- Scientific Name: Astilbe
- Garden: Dog Friendly Garden
- Plant Type: Herbaceous Perennial
- Evergreen/Deciduous: Deciduous
- Sun/Shade Exposure: Part Shade to Full Shade
- Moisture Requirements: Moist, well-drained
Astilbe have been cultivated since the late 1700s and have become a staple in the shade garden. They offer a feathery texture with the foliage and great vertical, fluffy spires of flowers.
Blooms in June, July, or August come in shades of pink, lavender, red, and white and are wonderful as cut flowers when many blooms of the shade garden have past.
Besides their lovely appearance, Astilbe are one of the best choices for the ever-so-common semi-shady moist spot in the garden. With that in mind, they combine well with Hosta, Acorus, Ligularia, ferns, Pulmonaria, and Japanese iris. Since they have been admired for centuries there is an overwhelming array of varieties and hybrids available.
Culture: Astilbe are hardy, deciduous perennials that thrive in partial or dappled shade and moist soils. They can grow in well-drained soils with regular water and along the moist edge of a pond. It is essential Astilbe do not dry out in summer.
Maintenance: Astilbe require little maintenance other than division of old plants when the center of the clump dies out (about every three years). Encourage maximum blooms with yearly fertilizing with compost and/or a granular all-purpose fertilizer.
Additional qualities: Attracts butterflies, hummingbirds and beneficial insects. Deer resistant. Good cut flowers. Tolerates moist soil.
Pest and Disease: As with other members of the Saxifrage family, Astilbes are susceptible to root weevil. They can be controlled with beneficial nematodes in the spring. | <urn:uuid:b2b00ce3-c879-4c65-9df1-9a3c0d5641a6> | https://clarkgreenneighbors.org/green-living/plant-library/item/astilbe | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.1875 |
I'm trying to find the conditional probability of with 4 separate events. For example, I want to find:
P(A| B,C,D) and also all of the different variations of this i.e [P(B|A,C,D) etc.].
I've started out by finding the union of B, C, D (U) through p(B) + p(C) + p(D) - p(BC) - p(BD) - p(CD) + p(BC*D).
But I'm confused on what I should do next. Could someone please explain to me how I find:
P(A|U) = P(A) * P(U|A) / P(U) ==> I think I'm confused on the P(U|A) part.
• 1
$\begingroup$ What is the meaning of $P(A|B,C,D)$? $\endgroup$ – Xi'an Jan 5 at 17:37
Depends what you mean by "B,C,D"; if you mean B AND C AND D, that's an intersection (union corresponds to OR).
Supposing you mean B AND C AND D, the basic Bayesian formula applies as follows:
$$ P(A|(B\cap C\cap D))=\frac{P(A\cap B\cap C\cap D)}{P(B\cap C\cap D)} $$
It is true that this also equals
$$ \frac{P(A)P((B\cap C\cap D)|A)}{P(B\cap C\cap D)} $$
Whether this is a useful equality depends on which of the various terms you have values for.
Your Answer
| <urn:uuid:334da128-bc3d-4bfb-b36b-1b2b97247437> | https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/503583/conditional-probabilities-with-multiple-events | dclm_baseline | 0.996274 |
What is Extrasensory Perception?
ESP stands for Extrasensory Perception. This is the ability to perceive information using the mind. More specifically, extrasensory perception is the ability to discern objectively verifiable information without using the five physical senses. Think of it as a direct transfer of information between consciousness and the environment. Some people refer to it as the sixth sense.
ESP is a manner of mental functioning that has been around for as long as humans have been sentient. In fact, likely even longer. It is theorized by Mr. Rourke and others that ESP is actually the intuitive whispering of the earliest form of consciousness extracting survival information from the environment. Most people believe ESP is either real or not. But the implication of this form of perception is far more significant than even predicting the future.
Often, we find ourselves imagining scenarios or predicting events. Has this ever happened to you? You might even believe you have the ability to read minds. Maybe you have ESP? If this is true, what kind of ESP could you have? There are a few different kinds.
Extrasensory perception (ESP) is the ability to perceive information using the human mind. This ability is based on the idea that human beings can perceive information beyond the physical senses. While this concept has been around since the beginning of time, the term ‘ESP’ wasn’t coined until the 1930s.
There are different beliefs regarding ESP and how it affects humans. Some people believe that all humans have these unique abilities and experience ESP at times. Others believe that only select individuals can access this power. Nevertheless, it’s clear that some people are in tune with their paranormal abilities.
Seven Common Types of ESP
During a spiritual reading, your intuitive will be able to sense things beyond the five physical senses. Jack Rourke is a psychic in Los Angeles who uses his talents and abilities to help others understand their lives. Jack shares that he is primarily clairvoyant and has learned to be immersive in his ESP.
To help you understand ESP, here is a breakdown of the seven most common types.
Precognition is the ability to see into the future. Experiments conducted by the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University show that the human mind has the ability to predict outcomes of events based on certain circumstances.
Retrocognition is the ability to see into the distant past. It can be as simple as recognizing a person or place like what happens in deja vu. People with retrocognition may also be able to recall details of past events.
Clairvoyance is the ability to see things that are happening to someone else. This is how psychics are able to access information about the past, present and future.
Telepathy is similar to clairvoyance, except it relates to reading another person’s thoughts. Telepaths are often strong enough to communicate with others using their mind.
Clairaudience is the ability to hear the events that are happening to someone else. Typically, this ability is strongest during meditation, though information can be gathered from a number of environments.
Clairsentience is when someone perceives a feeling throughout their body. People with this ability can usually tune into other people and places through vibrations and auras.
Mediums can communicate with the dead by channeling their spirits. Most mediums have several types of ESP that allow them to access information, such as clairvoyance and Clairaudience.
Jack Rourke uses a combination of ESP techniques to understand his clients and address their needs. This client-focused process will prove helpful in identifying your personal issues and helping you live your best life. Contact Jack today to schedule your psychic reading in Los Angeles. | <urn:uuid:4e5ecae9-dfc5-44fd-abed-ec18a7aed9dc> | https://www.jackrourke.net/7-main-types-extrasensory-perception/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.15625 |
See files for Cats
Although cats and dogs are very different animals, the fact is that cats need veterinary care, just like dogs do. They also need adequate food, companionship, time and all the commitment you can possibly give them.
As an owner, you are responsible for making sure your cat enjoys a full state of health and well-being, both physically, mentally and socially. This all depends on you being informed about various diseases that can affect your feline.
In this AnimalWised article you will find out some of the symptoms and treatments of anemia in cats, so that you know what is this disease, how it manifests itself and how to take action against it.
What is anemia?
Medically, the term anemia means a lack of red blood cells in the blood. Humans can also suffer from this disease. Red blood cells carry oxygen to nurture tissues and transport carbon dioxide until it is eliminated through respiration. When there are not enough red blood cells, not enough oxygen reaches its destiny and the organism becomes weak.
As outlined below, anemia can be caused by many factors, but they all lead to a decrease in red blood cell count and hemoglobin, which is the pigment responsible for the uptake and transport of oxygen.
Causes of anemia in cats
The main causes of anemia in cats include:
- Blood loss through external or internal bleeding
- Autoimmune disease
- Viral infection
- Renal disease
- Adverse reaction to drugs
Symptoms of anemia in cats
As previously mentioned, red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen. Therefore, in case of anemia, the tissues in your cat's body will not get enough oxygen.
This condition manifests itself mainly through lethargy, fatigue and low exercise tolerance. However, other symptoms that may indicate anemia include:
- Decreased appetite
- Weight loss
- Pale mucus
How is anemia in cats diagnosed?
In order to diagnose anemia in cats there are two main analytical tests which are carried out by taking a blood sample and then studying it:
- Hematocrit: This will indicate the volume of red blood cells in the cat's blood. It will determine whether this level is normal or, on the other hand, whether it corresponds to a state of anemia.
- Hemogram: Also known as a complete blood count, this analysis provides information about all the cells in the blood including red cells, white cells and platelets.
Obviously, it is not enough to diagnose anemia; the most important thing is to identify the primary cause. In order to do this, the veterinarian will consider the patient's clinical history, all the symptoms presented and perform a complete physical examination. The vet must also rule out the presence of viral diseases such as leukemia.
Treating anemia in cats
The treatment of anemia in cats mainly depends on the cause. In the case of severe anemia, a blood transfusion may be required to restore the level of red blood cells.
This method is considered not only when anemia is severe but also when it is caused by any type of bleeding. Several blood transfusions may be required until the animal's body is able to synthesize new, healthy red blood cells.
Other therapeutic treatments will depend on the underlying cause; their aim is to remove or treat the causative factor of anemia.
Can you prevent anemia in cats?
Some causes of anemia are unforeseeable, and preventing it may be difficult. However, you can take steps to help maintain your cat's overall welfare and prevent this disease as far as possible:
- Try to keep your cat indoors to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. If your cat has contact with the outside environment, consult your veterinarian to see which vaccines are appropriate for the prevention of these diseases.
- Try to feed your cat a healthy and balanced diet and pay attention to any changes in its behavior.
This article is purely informative. AnimalWised does not have the authority to prescribe any veterinary treatment or create a diagnosis. We invite you to take your pet to the veterinarian if they are suffering from any condition or pain.
If you want to read similar articles to Anemia in Cats, we recommend you visit our Cardiovascular diseases category. | <urn:uuid:e845de29-7951-4994-ad83-6ab0c4eceeed> | https://www.animalwised.com/anemia-in-cats-307.html | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.171875 |
How Do You Get Rid of Maggots?
How Do You Get Rid of Maggots?
To get rid of maggots, it is necessary to eliminate anything in the area that attract house flies. For instance, trash bins should be lidded and cleaned regularly to prevent maggots. Remove maggots by treating the area with diatomaceous earth or vinegar, then clean and disinfect the area to prevent a reinfestation. Maggot infestations may require consistent cleaning efforts during warm months.
1. Remove food sources
Locate the items that are appealing to house flies, and remove them if possible. Moisture attracts flies, for instance, and should be dried immediately in areas where house flies are present.
2. Clean the area thoroughly
Sprinkle enough diatomaceous earth or vinegar to cover the maggots, and allow the mixture to remain for a few hours to kill the maggots. Wash the affected area with soapy water, then disinfect with a solution of 2 cups white vinegar per gallon of hot water.
3. Prevent maggots in trash bins
Use a tight fitting lid to cover trash bins, or sprinkle a liberal amount of diatomaceous earth in the bottom of trash cans and recycling bins to prevent the pests from returning. Spread diatomaceous earth in any area of the home or garden where maggots have been found to prevent the pests from returning. | <urn:uuid:51b393c1-cfd3-4764-904e-7be64bb58239> | https://www.reference.com/home-garden/rid-maggots-348afa3bc1c288a8 | dclm_baseline | 0.712249 |
Q:
Merging columns in MySQL
I'm trying to visualize patterns in my database year-over-year. My DB is MySQL, my server-side language is PHP and the data visualizer is Morris.js.
I've exported my data year by year and have been trying to merge this data using PHP, but the order of efficiency is terrible and unintuitive, so I'm looking to merge columns in MySQL rather than after the fact in PHP.
I'm pulling out the data so that within each year January 7 represents Jan 1 + Jan 2 + .. + Jan 7 and December 31 represents Jan 1 + .. + Mar 25 + .. + Dec 31. This is all within one single year, so that the column 2012 is cumulative only for 2012.
For 2014, the data looks like,
+--------+-------+
| date | books |
+--------+-------+
| Jan-01 | 17 |
| Jan-02 | 40 |
| Jan-03 | 99 |
| Jan-04 | 164 |
| Jan-05 | 307 |
| Jan-06 | 527 |
| Jan-07 | 744 |
| Jan-08 | 866 |
| Jan-09 | 941 |
| Jan-10 | 990 |
| Jan-11 | 1016 |
| Jan-12 | 1030 |
| Jan-13 | 1082 |
+--------+-------+
Right now I'm pulling out the data like so,
<?php
// the actual code includes data for 2010-2014
$sql2014Cumulative = "SELECT DATE_FORMAT(b.`date_added`, '%b-%d') AS date, COUNT(*) AS books\n"
. "FROM (SELECT DISTINCT date(`date_added`) `date_added` FROM `books` WHERE YEAR(`date_added`) = 2014) b\n"
. "JOIN `books` b2 ON b.`date_added` >= date(b2.`date_added`)\n"
. "WHERE YEAR(b2.`date_added`) = 2014\n"
. "GROUP BY b.`date_added`\n"
. "ORDER BY b.`date_added` ASC";
$sql2013Cumulative = "SELECT DATE_FORMAT(b.`date_added`, '%b-%d') AS date, COUNT(*) AS books\n"
. "FROM (SELECT DISTINCT date(`date_added`) `date_added` FROM `books` WHERE YEAR(`date_added`) = 2013) b\n"
. "JOIN `books` b2 ON b.`date_added` >= date(b2.`date_added`)\n"
. "WHERE YEAR(b2.`date_added`) = 2013\n"
. "GROUP BY b.`date_added`\n"
. "ORDER BY b.`date_added` ASC";
$result2014Cumulative = $mysqli->query($sql2014Cumulative);
$result2013Cumulative = $mysqli->query($sql2013Cumulative);
while($row2014Cumulative = $result2014Cumulative->fetch_array(MYSQLI_ASSOC))
{
$rows2014Cumulative[] = array('date' => $row2014Cumulative['date'], '2014' => $row2014Cumulative['books']);
}
while($row2013Cumulative = $result2013Cumulative->fetch_array(MYSQLI_ASSOC))
{
$rows2013Cumulative[] = array('date' => $row2013Cumulative['date'], '2013' => $row2013Cumulative['books']);
}
$mergedDataCumulative = array_replace_recursive($rows2013Cumulative, $rows2014Cumulative);
?>
<script>var booksYearOverYearCumulative = <?php echo json_encode($mergedDataCumulative); ?>;</script>
...
On a schema that looks like this,
+---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| user_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | MUL | NULL | |
| course_code | varchar(9) | NO | | NULL | |
| for_sale | tinyint(1) | NO | | NULL | |
| date_added | datetime | NO | | NULL | |
| date_removed | datetime | NO | | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |
| date_modified | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+---------------+------------------+------+-----+---------------------+-----------------------------+
Then I'm taking each set of data from each year and merging them into an array and exporting into JSON for Morris.js. This is the tedious and messy part.
What would be easier is if this was all done in MySQL and the data was exported in one table and was displayed as such,
+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| date | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 |
+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| Jan-01 | 17 | 12 | 0 |
| Jan-02 | 40 | 40 | 12 |
| Jan-03 | 99 | 102 | 18 |
| Jan-04 | 164 | 136 | 27 |
| Jan-05 | 307 | 144 | 45 |
| Jan-06 | 527 | 504 | 48 |
| Jan-07 | 744 | 893 | 189 |
| Jan-08 | 866 | 1002 | 567 |
| Jan-09 | 941 | 1100 | 890 |
| Jan-10 | 990 | 1430 | 1054 |
| Jan-11 | 1016 | 1435 | 1278 |
| Jan-12 | 1030 | 1545 | 1575 |
| Jan-13 | 1082 | 1604 | 1897 |
+--------+-------+-------+-------+
So rather than merging all the data using PHP, does anyone know how I can group cumulative data by day within each year and export it in one table?
A:
With simple case when
select
b.date 'date',
sum(b.y2014) '2014',
sum(b.y2013) '2013',
sum(b.y2012) '2012'
from (
select
date_format(date_added, '%b-%d') as 'date',
case year(date_added) when 2014 then books else 0 end as 'y2014',
case year(date_added) when 2013 then books else 0 end as 'y2013',
case year(date_added) when 2012 then books else 0 end as 'y2012'
from books
) b
group by b.date;
With joins
select
date_format(y14.date_added, '%b-%d') as 'date',
y14.books as '2014',
y13.books as '2013',
y12.books as '2012'
from
books y14
left join books y13
on year(y13.date_added) = 2013
and month(y13.date_added) = month(y14.date_added)
and day(y13.date_added) = day(y14.date_added)
left join books y12
on year(y12.date_added) = 2012
and month(y12.date_added) = month(y14.date_added)
and day(y12.date_added) = day(y14.date_added)
where
year(y14.date_added) = 2014
;
You could use many different ways, union all, etc...
SQLFIDDLE
SQLFIDDLE
| 9e32184e634bedb5fc96bb64b2d3039c | null | pile_stackexchange | null |
[In situ determination of the Ki-67 growth fraction (Ki-67 GF) in human tumors (studies in breast cancer)].
The monoclonal antibody Ki-67 has been described in 1983 by Gerdes. Lymphocytes stimulated with PHA as well as a number of human tissues have been studied using the antibody. The results have shown, that the Ki-67 antigen is expressed by all cells in the active phases of the cell cycle not, however, by resting cells or the starting sequences of the cell cycle. Although the nature of the Ki-67 antigen ist not yet known, several studies have demonstrated that the Ki-67 growth fraction is a valuable parameter for characterization of malignant tumors. So far, the so-called "Ki-67 growth fraction" (Ki-67 GF) has been determined on non-Hodgkin-lymphomas and on malignant tumors of the bone, kidney and lung. The most extensive data are available on breast cancer. In the author's studies the APAAP-method (APAAP = "alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase") is preferred as an immunohistochemical staining method. The median Ki-67 growth fraction of 261 breast carcinomas was 12.5% (range 1 to 65%), being five times higher than in benign breast tissue (n = 126). The Ki-67 GF of breast cancer was correlated to different parameters known to be related to prognosis. Thus, a correlation was found with the age of patients, tumor stage, histological grading and hormone receptor status. These results are similar to those obtained by autoradiography and flow cytometry. Of 141 patients the clinical outcome of disease is known (median follow-up 22 months): 25 patients have developed local recurrence of the chest wall. This group of patients showed no significant correlation to the Ki-67 growth fractions of the primary tumors. However, the Ki-67 GF was significantly higher in 20 patients with early systemic disease and in 19 patients who died from breast cancer. Based on these results a clinical trial on adjuvant chemotherapy of lymphnode-negative patients should be taken into consideration. Thus, the prognosis for early stage breast cancer might be improved. | bd20e2e6ee2486a32f995009bf727837 | null | pile_pubmed | null |
Formation of molecular orbital occur by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. Here we will discuss about the types of MO and their formation.
What is LCAO
- An atomic orbital is an electron wave.
- Constructive interference involves the 2 waves which are in phase. They add up to form the amplitude of the new wave. Bonding MO formed by the additive effect of atomic orbitals.
- Destructive interference involves the 2 waves which are out of phase. Subtraction of the waves form the amplitude of the new wave. Antibonding MO formed by the subtractive effect of atomic orbitals.
- Crest of a wave is a + wave sign. Trough of a wave is a – sign.
- Bonding MO forms by the combination of + & + sign and – & – sign
- Antibonding MO forms by the overlap of + & – sign
Difference between bonding and antibonding molecular orbital
- Bonding MO forms by the additive effect of the atomic orbitals. Antibonding MO forms by the subtractitive effect of the atomic orbitals.
- The electron density increases in the region between the nuclei of bonded atoms in bonding MO. While electron density decreases in the region between the nuclei of the atoms in antibonding MO
- Bonding MO formed have lower energy than the atomic orbitals involved in combination due to the attractive forces. This results in more stability than the antibonding MO which are less stable.
- In the bonding MO, the lobes of the combining orbitals have the same sign. But in the antibonding MO, the lobes of the combining orbitals have the different sign.
- Bonding MOs are of 2 types – sigma and pi. But antibonding MOs are also of 2 types – sigma* & Pi*
Conditions for the combination of atomic orbitals to form MO
- The combining atomic orbitals should have comparable energies. For example: 1s combines with 1s. And 2s can combine with 2s but not with 2p orbital.
- They should have proper orientation for the efficient overlapping. For example 2pz can combine with 2pz orbital but not with 2px or 2py orbitals.
- The extent of overlapping should be large.
Check out the post on Molecular orbital theory here :
For more updates join me on
You Tube Channel : | <urn:uuid:ae261fa9-266b-46c4-8374-f4578a197360> | https://basicsofchemistry.com/what-is-lcao-how-to-explain-formation-of-molecular-orbital/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.25 |
ADAPTED FROM PAT OGDEN’S SENSORIMOTOR PSYCHOTHERAPY INSTITURE TRAINING
Mindfulness about how you walk, move, balance, body alignment, pace, arm movements and joints feel. Notice how core organizers effect the nature of walk.
Defense / boundaries
Using arms to push away; “drawing” an energetic boundary and experiment with pushing object or person out of boundary. Manage distance & closeness studying the effect somatically. Push ball away, play catch with ball
Notice flexibility or rigidity in movement while walking
Ability to reach into space with one or both hands; grasping, holding, letting go, pulling, pushing. Support, orienting, leaning.
Hand on heart and belly bringing mindful attention to the sensorimotor experience. Practice micro movements; focus on spine, torso, organs in abdomen, gravity. Sense your skin.
Sense your body through the perineum, sitz bones. Push feet into the ground noticing the feet and legs. Softening the feet while standing, putting your weight on different areas of feet. Bend knees, feel gravity pull.
Become aware of the “stacking” of the body from feet to head. Lengthen the spine compared to compression. Pull up against gravity.
Notice your breathing as it is. Let the inhale expand the lower belly and exhale letting the air fall out. Experiment with breathing into different parts of body, measured breath and notice the different.
Sense the back through pressing back against the wall studying the sensations. The container made by the skin. Fill the room with energy. Lie down on the floor and press against the floor. Create container with arms to hold feelings.
Experiment with studying what happens with orienting to object symbolizing pleasure & conflict or threat. Or an object’s representing a person you are struggling with. | <urn:uuid:b5eea036-faba-46a2-af50-292dfb467de0> | http://drfoust.net/self-soothing/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.1875 |
Is It OK To Put Vicks In Your Nose?
How can I unclog my nose?
Take a shower.
Stay hydrated.
Use a saline spray.
Drain your sinuses.
Use a warm compress.
Try decongestants.
Take antihistamines or allergy medicine..
How do you unclog your nose in seconds?
How do you sleep with a blocked nose?
Why put Vicks on your feet?
Why does putting Vicks on your feet stop coughing?
Given that feet contains lots of nerves, Graedon speculates that sensory nerves in the soles of the feet may respond to stimulation with Vicks VapoRub: The [brain’s] cough center is right next to the spinal cord.
Is Vicks inhaler good or bad?
In summary, the low doses of inhaled l-methamphetamine delivered from the Vicks inhaler produced little cardiovascular effects in healthy people, even when given in amounts much larger than recommended. Over time, changes in blood pressure and heart rate were clinically insignificant.
What happens if you don’t pick your nose?
Spreading illnesses. Mucus catches dust, bacteria, viruses, and dust that you breathe in every day. You could share those germs if you pick your nose. One study found that nose pickers may spread the bacterium that’s responsible for a large amount of pneumonia.
How do you use Vicks for a stuffy nose?
For example, place your index fingers on both sides of your nose where the nose and cheek meet (with one finger on each side), and apply moderate pressure for 2 to 3 minutes. You can also use your index fingers to apply pressure on the bridge of your nose, right between your eyebrows; hold for 2 to 3 minutes.
What are the side effects of Vicks Vapor Rub?
There are few documented side effects for Vicks VapoRub but some have occurred. Because the medication is topical (applied to the skin) the most likely side effects are skin irritations, rash, redness, or hives. If you notice these side effects, you should discontinue the medication and call your doctor.
Does massaging your nose unblock it?
What home remedy can I use for a burning nose?
Is it OK to put Vicks under your nose?
Topical camphor absorbed through mucous membranes or broken skin also can be toxic. That’s why you should never put VapoRub in or around the nostrils — especially a small child’s nostrils. And if VapoRub gets in your eye, it can injure your cornea.
Can Vicks hurt your lungs?
What can I put in my nose for dryness?
How do I rehydrate my sinuses?
irrigate your sinuses with sterile saline using a neti pot or similar product. use nasal spray to hydrate and lubricate your nasal passages and sinuses. take a hot shower and inhale the steam. diffuse essential oils like lavender, peppermint, or lemon for allergies. | <urn:uuid:c950ce73-7060-4f73-8159-a7b2f7fc73d4> | https://staxmobileapp.com/qa/is-it-ok-to-put-vicks-in-your-nose.html | dclm_baseline | 0.989921 |
Monday, May 11, 2009
The other Stall
This could happen to you tooo.........
'Hi, how are you?'
I'm not the type to start a conversation in the restroom. I don't know what got into me, but I answered, somewhat embarrassed, 'Doin' just fine!'
And the other person says:
'So what are you up to?'
'Uhhh, I'm like you, just sitting here.'
At this point I am just trying to get out as fast as I can when I hear another question:
'Can I come over?'
Then I hear the person say, nervously:
'Listen, I'll have to call you back. There's an idiot in the other stall who keeps answering all my questions!!'
Avoid using the mobile when you are answering a nature's call
No comments: | <urn:uuid:b89d49af-da8c-4e8c-a4ad-2a9327b47295> | http://www.jayantkumar.in/2009/05/other-stall.html | dclm_baseline | 0.990803 |
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Lectures 15: Writing English Phonetically with Hangul
oreans sometimes write English with Korean characters, which can serve a valuable purpose. Just as many Americans in Korea can read Daejeon but not on a road sign, Koreans who cannot read or speak English need a way to refer to such things as the names of foreign movies. Thus the movie Philadelphia is Koreanized as , which Koreans understand. However, it fails in oral communication with a non-Korean. is incomprehensible to native speakers of English because the English ph is /f/, not /p/, and the vowels of the second and last syllables, //, differ dramatically from the strong /a/.
Although writing English with Korean characters has little value for pronunciation, middle and high school students may use Korean characters to write English they have to memorize. They may begin to believe that English sounds can be accurately captured with Korean sounds. However, Korean has no syllable-final /b/, /g/, / /, /s/, or / /, and it has no /f/, /v/, //, // or /z/ at all. Further, /r/ and /l/ are problematic. Equating , a strong vowel, with the weak schwa kills the rhythm of English. Finally, using to break up consonant strings destroys English syllables. English pronunciation is very different from Korean pronunciation, so the Korean alphabet is a poor tool for understanding how English is spoken. | <urn:uuid:a1d90c66-2131-4528-a086-cd001cc2bdd4> | http://busbee.freehostia.com/english_writing/a15.html | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.46875 |
Part of Building Bridges
Materials for Activity
- Leader Resource 1, Map of Underground Railroad Routes
- Computer with Internet access
Preparation for Activity
Description of Activity
Youth learn about the Quaker connection to the Underground Railroad.
Start by asking participants what they know about the Underground Railroad. Share with participants that Quakers played a prominent role in running the Underground Railroad, the system whereby people who were enslaved were helped to escape to northern states and Canada. The abolitionist movement - the movement to end slavery - began with the ministry of the Quakers, preaching abolition throughout the states and territories in the early 1800s.
Pass around copies of Leader Resource 1, which shows the routes taken in the Underground Railroad. The routes start in Southern U.S. states and end in Canada or Northern States.
Let participants take turns with the interactive site The Underground Railroad: The Journey, created by National Geographic.
Process the activity with these questions:
- Though Quakers were some of the earliest members of the abolitionist movement and active in the Underground Railroad, in the early days of the country’s history, many Quakers were also slave traders and holders. Does this surprise you?
- The interactive site tells us that most slaves were encouraged to keep going into Canada. Why? Does this surprise you?
- What else did you learn from the interactive site?
- What happened to Thomas Garrett, the Quaker who was arrested for helping runaway slaves? What fate met runaway slaves who were captured? Though the punishment for a white Quaker helping an African American slave was nowhere near as severe as the punishment for the slave, do you still think people who helped the Underground Railroad were brave? Many Quakers believe war is immoral. Many slaves were victims of war in Africa. How do you think this influenced Quakers’ feelings about slavery? What role did faith play in convincing many Quakers to object to slavery? | <urn:uuid:f4e8b03f-c5bc-449c-ab29-a6aba98fd70f> | https://www.uua.org/re/tapestry/youth/bridges/workshop17/189706.shtml | fineweb_edu_high | 4.5 |
How does the WWE Superstar Undertaker get in the ring so Fast??
If you saw WWE RAW on Monday, the Undertaker made a appearance, and I always wondered "How does he get in the ring so fast?"..Well thanks to Twitter..Now we know....poor cameraman even gets hit in the head by accident....
Content Goes Here | <urn:uuid:fc1bd8b6-b7c2-4fb6-8fc6-1e1b981396e7> | https://c101.iheart.com/content/2017-03-29-how-does-the-wwe-superstar-undertaker-get-in-the-ring-so-fast/ | dclm_baseline | 0.997808 |
Table of Contents
Cyberstalking pertains to the use of technology to pursue an individual severally to the point that the pursuit induces fear and discomfort in them. Stalking has become one of the major media concerns in the recent years as well as an area of serious scientific scrutiny in the last decades. Key among the issues researched in connection with cyberstalking include the various types of stalkers, online behaviors that are regarded as stalking and the potential impacts of stalking on the persons stalked (victims) (Mapple et al. 2012). This research investigates the emotional and psychological impacts of cyberstalking. Having outlined these impacts will help us to determine why or not these stalkings differ from those related to stalking.
Cyberstalking is manifested in different forms including the stalker creating intimidation, causing annoyance, frightening the victims, and creating hostile environments for the victims (Mapple et al. 2012). There is no specific behavior that defines cyberstalking as the practice varies from one person to another. The main victims of cyberstalking are the most vulnerable persons in the society. They include women, the ethnic minorities, children and the transgender individuals. According to Short, Guppy & Hart (2015), more than 53% of the young people who reported having been cyberstalked said that the experience was very upsetting. Cyberstalking has been associated with serious psychological and emotional impacts on the victims.
Effects of cyberstalking on victims
The emotional impacts
Research has established serious connections between cyberstalking and emotional well-being of the victims especially among the children and young people. Mapple et al. (2012) study revealed that the victims of cyberstalking exhibited withdrawal from the peer groups, loneliness and social exclusion. Such behavior is very disastrous to the affected persons. According to Short, Guppy & Hart (2015), the consequent withdrawal of the children from peer groups is highly likely to inflict depression and low self-esteem in the individuals affected. Depression is highly connected with suicidal results especially when the victims are largely isolated.
Avant, Davis & Cranston (2011) also studied the mental effects of cyberbullied young persons and concluded that online stalking is highly likely to cause mental health problems. According to the study, the young people can experience bullying due to mental health issues expressed in them. Consistently, the study highlighted that the young people who experience cyberbullying also exhibit outcomes such as depression, anxieties, psychosomatic symptoms, low self-esteem and suicidal thoughts. The suicidal thoughts are experienced especially when the period of stalking is extended beyond the limits that the victims can bear. The absence of intervention from the necessary authorities can also result in suicidal thoughts and sometimes attempts.
The majority of the cyberstalked persons who exhibit suicidal attempts comprises of the people who have exhibited emotional distress in the past. Moreover, the majority of the people who had survived suicidal attempts in the past are highly likely to exhibit suicidal results when stalked online. A lot of studies often discuss all types of bullying alongside effects such as suicidal attempts, depression and psychosomatic effects. However, there is no proof to link either cyberstalking or any other form of stalking to suicide other than past experiences and suicidal survival in the previous stages (Avant, Davis & Cranston, 2011). Stalking is not akin to the normal development of young people or part of life for the affected persons. Continued exposure to stalking, either online or by other means inflicts an abnormality in the victims and thus increases the mental risks in equal measure. Owing to this similarity in effects, it is clear that both cyberstalking and other offline stalking bear equal effects on the victims.
The psychological effects of cyberstalking on victims
There is little evidence in the literature concerning the psychological impacts of cyberstalking on the victims. Avant, Davis & Cranston (2011) study is one of the most remarkable ones in this sector. The study analyzed the behavior of 232 cyberstalked females. An assessment on the females revealed the symptoms of PTSD, depression, panic attacks and anxiety in the individuals. Avant, Davis & Cranston (2011) study also confirmed that about 20% of the cyberstalked victims exhibited an increase in alcohol consumption while 74% others responded that they had sleep disorders. According to Fleming et al. (2012), the psychological effects of cyberstalking and offline stalking are inseparable as they both exhibit similar social and psychological characteristics. Online stalking can sometimes be instigated by offline stalking or vice versa. For instance, Fleming et al. (2012) note that the majority of the female victims who reported being cyberstalked were stalked by their male counterparts with whom they had failed relationships. Continuous offline stalking on these females, therefore, most probably resulted to their online stalking.
Cyberstalking is one of the major media concern that experts and government agencies are continuously grappling to eradicate. Cyberstalking is increasingly becoming common in the wake of the technological era characterizing the present times. Cyberstalking has serious emotional and psychological effects on the victims as has been highlighted in this research. The major emotional effects include depression, suicidal thoughts, psychosomatic effects, etc. On the other hand, the most common psychological impacts of cyberstalking include PTSD, sleep disorders, etc. Based on the literature findings from the victims of online and offline stalking, the psychological and social effects on the cyberstalked individuals is similar.
- Avant, E. M., Davis, J. L., & Cranston, C. C. (2011). Posttraumatic stress symptom clusters, trauma history, and substance use among college students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20, 539-555.
- Fleming, K. N., Newton, T. L., Fernandez-Botran, R., Miller, J. J., & Ellison, B. V. (2012). Intimate partner stalking victimization and posttraumatic stress symptoms in post-abuse women. Violence against Women, 18(12), 1368-1389.
- Maple, C., Short, E., Brown, A., Bryden, C., & Salter, M. (2012). Cyberstalking in the UK: Analysis and Recommendations. International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies, 3(4), 34-51
- Short, E., Guppy, A., Hart, J.A., & Barnes, J. (2015). The Impact of Cyberstalking. Studies in Media and Communication, 3(2): 23-37. | <urn:uuid:1b2fe7a5-4730-430f-b3b9-83f52179ae73> | https://essaywriter.org/examples/psychological-and-emotional-effects-of-cyberstalking | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.1875 |
Nonuniform expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms along the length of cat intrafusal muscle fibers.
The expression of four myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, avian slow-tonic (ATO) or neonatal-twitch (ANT) and mammalian slow-twitch (MST) or fast-twitch (MFT) in intrafusal fibers was examined by immunocytochemistry of spindles in the tenuissimus muscle of adult cats. The predominant MHCs expressed by nuclear bag fibers were ATO and MST, whereas the MHCs prevalent in nuclear chain fibers were ANT and MFT. The expression of these isoforms of MHC was not uniform along the length of intrafusal fibers. In general, both bag and chain fibers expressed avian MHC in the intracapsular region and mammalian MHC in the extracapsular region. The nonuniform expression of MHCs observed along the length of bag and chain fibers implies that different genes are activated in myonuclei located in the intracapsular and extracapsular regions of the same muscle fiber. Regional differences in gene activation might result from a greater effect of afferents on myonuclei located near the equator of intrafusal fibers then on myonuclei outside the spindle capsule. | 543817a49e89e18ee07ab68af74ce1ec | null | pile_pubmed | null |
Dates: Dec. 21, 1968 – Dec. 27, 1968
The second manned spaceflight mission in the United States Apollo space program, Apollo 8, was launched on December 21, 1968. It became the first manned spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit, reach the Earth's moon, orbit it and return safely to Earth.
Apollo 8 was a specifically memorable journey. It was the first time a spacecraft had orbited the moon and more extraordinary, it was the first time we were provided with a glimpse of our very own planet. A photo that was taken by astronaut Bill Anders,’ titled “Earthrise,” shows the Earth peeking out from beyond the Moon’s surface against the dark eternity of space.
Not only is it famous for the first time the world would get to see its very own planet, but it’s also where the crew of Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot Jim Lovell and Lunar Module Pilot Bill Anders, quoted the book of Genesis as they entered lunar orbit on Christmas Eve. The crew did a live television broadcast from lunar orbit where they showed video of the Earth and the Moon from their point of view. “The vast loneliness is awe-inspiring and it makes you realize just what you have back there on Earth,” said Lovell.
The incredible broadcast paired alongside stunning visuals from space and a fitting reading of the book of Genesis concluded with Borman saying, “And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas, and God bless all of you—all of you on the good Earth.”
The makings of this mission and the space program don’t begin and end in 1968. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was founded in 1958 after the dissolving of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) that same year. NACA, founded in 1915, was one of the first federal agencies to undertake, promote and regulate aeronautical research. NASA was created to coordinate numerous branches of the United States government, private companies and universities with NACA’s same objectives but to also harness their intelligence in order to develop a space program.
Although President Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to put funding into space flight, it was President John F. Kennedy that made it a priority. Tired of losing the “Space Race” to the Soviet Union, Kennedy made it his mission that NASA receive more funding in order to improve space exploration.
On May 25, 1961, in a speech to the House of Representatives before a joint session of Congress, it was Kennedy’s goal to have a man land on the moon before the decade of the 1960s came to a close. With his eventual assassination in 1963, America and the world felt as though they owed the late president this final mission. It was he who turned their sites towards to stars and encouraged looking further.
The mission came together at an alarming rate. The United States Apollo program was the program put in place to land the first men on the Moon. In January 1967, the tragic launch pad fire of Apollo 1 killed the three astronauts, Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee, onboard while testing the module. Almost two years later and Apollo 8 demonstrated everything America needed to do to actually get to the moon (except for the landing phase).
Once Apollo 8 became a success it was practically smooth sailing to the famous Apollo 11.
Although Kennedy would never get to see how his persistence and love for space would become reality, his goal was inevitably achieved on July 20, 1969, when Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin stepped foot on the Moon.
Kennedy’s words still live on far past his unfortunate death. One of his greatest speeches given at Rice University in Texas on September 12, 1962, highlighted why we all should care about space. They made America turn its sights towards the sky, break societal barriers and ultimately proved that our dreams can come true if we all work hard.
Apollo 8 is underrated in what it took to get to that moment and what it prepared us for next. Without it, a man would've never landed on the Moon safely and we may never have had the opportunity to see Earth in its purest form.
Watch the final part of a six-part series about 1968 here: | <urn:uuid:1127a59e-0a7c-4925-b914-3d30a8153197> | https://vocal.media/futurism/1968-the-successful-journey-of-apollo-8 | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.796875 |
What is Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?
I get this question a lot. And usually, when I try to explain it, I also get a glazed-eye-with-open-mouth look in response. Still, I’ll do my best to define it here.
Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (vEDS) is a genetic connective tissue disorder that makes organ and vascular tissue very fragile. The fragile portion of that definition means that for someone with vEDS (that’s me!), blood vessels, arteries, and organs are prone to spontaneous rupture. The genetic portion of that definition means that it is usually inherited, and also that it is caused by a genetic mutation, specifically a mutation of the COL3A1 gene.
Here’s a Quick Genetic Lesson from Someone Who Barely Remembers High School Biology:
Our DNA is made up of genes. And genes tell our bodies what to do and how to produce things that our bodies need. One of those things is protein and the body makes all different kinds of proteins. Collagen is one of those proteins and the body makes all different types of collagen.
Collagen is like glue; it provides structure and holds the body together. Collagen is found in connective tissues. Connective tissues are called connective tissues for a reason. They keep stuff connected.
The COL3A1 gene instructs the body how to produce Type III Collagen, which is found in the skin, lungs, intestinal walls, and the walls of blood vessels and arteries. Since the COL3A1 gene is mutated for those with vEDS, Type III Collagen isn’t made correctly. So for someone with vEDS, the connective tissues in the skin, lungs, intestines, blood vessels, and arteries are fragile. Hence the spontaneous rupture thing.
The COL3A1 gene can mutate in one of two ways: it either doesn’t produce enough collagen, or it produces a normal amount of collagen, but it’s all faulty.
What Happens to Someone with Vascular Ehlers-Danlos?
Every vEDS patient experience is different, but the disorder manifests itself in similar ways. Those with vEDS often bruise easily and have thin, translucent skin with a lack of subcutaneous (that would be under the skin) tissue. Lobeless ears and hypermobility in small joints are common. And then there’s the spontaneous rupture thing. This means expecting things like a perforated colon (yep, I’ve had that), aneurysms (got em), carotid artery dissection (check), miscarriage and pre-term labor (check, check), collapsed lung (currently not on my medical chart), and aortic dissection (thankfully, not yet). Dissection is a fancy medical way of saying your arteries just cannot adult anymore and they promptly tear.
The life expectancy of someone with vEDS is usually cut short, with the average life expectancy around 50 years. Ongoing blood pressure management and quick triage by medical teams that know how to handle vEDS in the event of an acute emergency are key to survival.
Here’s Why You Might Have Heard of Ehlers-Danlos Before:
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is actually a group of connective tissue disorders. According to the Ehlers-Danlos Society, there are currently thirteen known subtypes of Ehlers-Danlos (maybe you’ve heard of Hypermobile EDS or Classical EDS). But each type manifests in different ways. A grossly understated example of this is that some of us have fragile blood vessels and organs (that’s the Vascular crowd) while others have unstable and hypermobile joints (that’s the Hypermobile crowd).
Here’s Why You Might Not Have Heard of Ehlers-Danlos Before:
It’s pretty rare, especially the vascular, and uh, rarer types. It has been estimated that Vascular Ehlers-Danlos occurs in about 1 out of every 250,000 people. My geneticist says that vEDS might be more prevalent, but it may be under-diagnosed. Unfortunately, vEDS often isn’t recognized until someone dies from it.
Cures? Treatments? Isn’t there something you can take?
Nope. Nada. Nothing. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos is incurable and untreatable. In our modern world, where medicine is advancing faster than I can learn common core math, this is hard to accept. But this is the reality. I have been told by doctors to prepare my bucket list and live my life well.
What’s With the Zebra Thing?
Apparently, it’s the EDS mascot. Something about an old saying in the medical world that when you hear hoofbeats think horses, not zebras. Most people visiting a doctor would have a common ailment with a common treatment – those would be the horses. But EDS peeps are zebras. Basically, it means EDS is rare. Zebras are cool. I’m down.
You Said it was Inherited?
Yes, I inherited this from my mother. She died at 37 because of it, but we didn’t learn the real reason for her death until my diagnosis in 2016. If someone has vEDS, there is a 50% chance that they would pass it on to each of their children. Sometimes though, vEDS can result from a spontaneous genetic mutation, in which case it would just be…spontaneous…and not inherited.
You have a son, right? Does he have it?
We had my son officially tested for vEDS when he was twelve in 2019 and we are very thankful to report that he does not have it. Vascular EDS does not skip generations and he cannot pass it on to his children. So that means it ends with me. Praise Jesus.
I’m obviously not a doctor, but I try to educate myself on Vascular Ehlers- Danlos Syndrome as much as I can. I’ll update this page as I learn more. But in the meantime, if you have a question that I didn’t answer, feel free to contact me here or you can read more about Ehlers-Danlos here.
Until next time, I’m off to chase my bucket list.
Listen to my vEDS diagnosis story
I’m so thankful to my friend and fellow Vascular Ehlers-Danlos warrior, Katie, for sharing vEDS patient stories in her Staying Connect Podcast. One of the biggest challenges for rare disorders is the need for advocacy and awareness. I am thankful for Katie’s work in the vEDS community and honored to share some of my story here.
Katie and I chat about the medical events that led to my vEDS diagnosis, what I would tell someone who is newly diagnosed, and a bit about how I manage the anxiety that came with it. | <urn:uuid:015b27e1-2427-48aa-a298-f23e187a81a0> | http://therescuedletters.com/about/about-vascular-ehlers-danlos-syndrome/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.515625 |
King of Spain Felipe VI
On 2 June, 2014, Juan Carlos I announced his abdication and this announcement gave way to a frenetic period of political activity. Since there hadn't existed an abdication law that would indicate how to proceed or manage a change of authority, the country had to create a legal solution with great urgency. A new law was crafted and went up for vote in the Spanish Parliament on 13 June, 2014 and was signed into law by Juan Carlos on June 18 at 6:14pm. This event presented a curious situation because during the following 5 hours and 46 minutes, Spain would be without a monarch. We need to remember that Felipe VI wouldn't become king until midnight on June 19.
June 19, the day of the coronation, can be divided into 3 key moments following the official protocol of the Spanish monarchy.
- The first event was the granting of the title of Capitan General to Felipe VI. This ceremony took place in the Zarzuela Palace (the residence of the royal family). During the ceremony, Felipe VI received from Juan Carlos I the red silk sash that converts Felipe VI into the Commander in Chief of the Spanish military.
- The second important event to take place was the coronation which took place before the Spanish Cortes (Parliament). During this ceremony, King Felipe VI took the oath of office swearing on the Spanish Constitution flanked by the royal crown and scepter. After taking his oath, he gave a speech which marked the start of his reign. It should be noted that a citation from Cervantes was used for the first time by a Spanish king: "One man is no more than another if he does no more than another". This citation, found in Don Quijote, expresses the understanding the King has in that he is willing to accept this responsibility and serves for the people.
- The third event of importance took place at the Royal Palace when Felipe VI was received with a 20 gun salute shot from canons manned by the Royal Guard. Afterwards, the new royal family greeted the public from one of the balconies of the palace. Later, the new king and queen had a small reception where they received important personalities from Spanish culture and politics.
What has occurred these last few weeks will determine the agenda, procedures and protocol for future events of a similar nature. There have been few times when the people of a country feel as though they have taken part in precedence setting event which will mark future traditions. | <urn:uuid:18bf6117-ada9-4a6f-9008-2415030f95f7> | https://www.enforex.com/culture/coronation-felipe-vi.html | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.40625 |
365 S.C. 509 (2005)
618 S.E.2d 307
Luther ALEXANDER, Respondent,
v.
FORKLIFTS UNLIMITED, Employer, Zurich American Insurance Company, Carrier, Appellants.
No. 4000.
Court of Appeals of South Carolina.
Heard May 11, 2005.
Decided June 20, 2005.
Rehearing Denied August 29, 2005.
*511 Stephen L. Brown, Robert Gruber and Matthew K. Mahoney, all of Charleston, for Appellants.
Steven D. Haymond, of Columbia, for Respondent.
WILLIAMS, J.:
Forklifts Unlimited and Zurich American Insurance Company ("Appellants") appeal a circuit court order awarding benefits under the South Carolina Workers' Compensation Act. We reverse.
FACTS / PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Luther Alexander was a forklift mechanic for Forklifts Unlimited. On March 8, 2002, he visited a client's plant to repair a large forklift. The repair required installing a forklift starter, which weighed approximately fifty pounds. This task required him to lift the heavy item in an awkward position.
While lifting the starter, Alexander felt a crack in his neck and heard a sound "like a rubber band snap[ping]." After finishing the job, he drove home, but began experiencing a headache. When Alexander awoke the next morning, he was suffering from a terrible headache and severe dizziness. He also noticed that one side of his face was numb and drooping. Alexander promptly phoned his father, who drove him to a nearby hospital.
The hospital staff referred Alexander to neurologist Dr. Allen Ryder-Cook, who determined that Alexander suffered a stroke inducing dissection of his right vertebral artery. Dr. Ryder-Cook also concluded that the arterial dissection was caused by the physical exertion of installing the forklift starter. Appellants sent Alexander to Dr. James L. Bumgarter for *512 an independent medical examination. Dr. Bumgarter agreed that Alexander suffered a stroke caused by an arterial tear. He concluded that it was quite plausible the tear was caused by Alexander's work activity on March 8.
Alexander filed a workers' compensation claim with the South Carolina Workers' Compensation Commission. The matter was first heard by the single commissioner, who found the arterial tear and resulting stroke were compensable under Shealy v. Aiken County, 341 S.C. 448, 535 S.E.2d 438 (2000), and South Carolina Code section 42-1-160 (1976). The ruling was then appealed to the Full Workers' Compensation Commission. The Full Commission found that Alexander's arterial dissection was, in fact, "an injury by accident arising out of and in the course and scope of the claimant's employment" and therefore compensable, but reversed the single commissioner on one important point. The Full Commission concluded that Alexander's stroke, although a direct result of the arterial tear, "was not caused by unusual or extraordinary conditions of employment or sudden and unexpected exertion or strain." This conclusion was supported, in the commission's view, by evidence that Alexander was familiar with the process of changing a forklift starter, knew that this forklift model had a particularly heavy starter, and commonly lifted items weighing between fifty and eighty pounds in the course of his employment. The Full Commission determined, therefore, that the stroke, viewed as a separate injury from the arterial tear, was not a compensable injury.
Both Alexander and his employer appealed the Full Commission's decision to the circuit court. The circuit court determined there was substantial evidence to support the commission's finding that Alexander's stroke was not the result of unexpected strain or overexertion in the performance of his duties or unusual and extraordinary conditions of employment. The court concluded, however, that because the stroke, according to the findings of the commission and the undisputed medical evidence in the record, was the direct result of an "accident" as contemplated by the Workers' Compensation Act, it was a compensable injury. This appeal followed.
*513 STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Administrative Procedures Act establishes our standard of review for decisions by the South Carolina Workers' Compensation Commission as the "substantial evidence" standard. See Lark v. Bi-Lo, Inc., 276 S.C. 130, 135, 276 S.E.2d 304, 306 (1981). Pursuant to this standard, the factual findings of the Workers' Compensation Commission are presumed correct and will be set aside only if unsupported by substantial evidence. Kearse v. State Health & Human Servs. Fin. Comm'n, 318 S.C. 198, 200, 456 S.E.2d 892, 893 (1995). "Substantial evidence is not a mere scintilla of evidence nor evidence viewed from one side, but such evidence, when the whole record is considered, as would allow reasonable minds to reach the conclusion the Full Commission reached." Shealy, 341 S.C. at 455, 535 S.E.2d at 442. Accordingly, "[w]e can reverse or modify the Full Commission's decision in this case only if [Appellants'] substantial rights have been prejudiced because the decision is affected by an error of law or is clearly erroneous in view of the reliable, probative, and substantial evidence on the whole record." Id. at 454-55, 535 S.E.2d at 442 (citing S.C.Code Ann. § 1-23-380(A)(6)(d), (e) (Supp. 1997)).
LAW / ANALYSIS
Appellants contend the circuit court erred in reversing the Full Commission on the compensability of Alexander's stroke because the stroke was not brought on by sudden or unexpected strain or unusual and extraordinary conditions of employment. On the same grounds, they argue the court erred in affirming the Full Commission's ruling that Alexander's arterial tear was compensable. We reluctantly agree.
As an initial matter, we discuss the prudence of the Full Commission's factual determinations. The Full Commission perspicuously concluded that Alexander's employment conditions at the time of the stroke were not unusual or extraordinary and, at the time of the injury, his physical strain was neither sudden nor unexpected. The circuit court affirmed this factual determination as supported by substantial evidence in the record. Pursuant to our standard of review, we likewise affirm this finding. The Full Commission outlined *514 the evidence it relied upon in reaching this conclusion, citing both Alexander's testimony and that of his co-worker that he had replaced starters before, was familiar with the weight of this particular starter, and would routinely perform this kind of physical exertion in the course of a normal working day. While it may be possible to draw differing conclusions from the evidence in this case, the view of the Full Commission was certainly reachable by reasonable minds and supported by substantial evidence; thus, it must be affirmed. See O'Banner v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 319 S.C. 24, 30, 459 S.E.2d 324, 327-28 (Ct.App.1995) ("The possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent the commission's findings from being supported by substantial evidence."); Fair v. Fluor Daniel, 309 S.C. 520, 521, 424 S.E.2d 541, 542 (Ct.App.1992) ("When evidence is in conflict, someone has to determine the true facts. That chore is assigned to the Worker's Compensation Commission.").
The affirmation of this finding leaves this court with the following legal query: under South Carolina law, may a stroke, heart attack, or vascular injury be found compensable in certain circumstances when it is not induced by sudden and unexpected strain or extraordinary conditions of employment? After a thorough review of South Carolina case law applying the special "heart attack standard" for compensability, we must answer this question in the negative.
Simply put, a heart attack constitutes a compensable accident within the meaning of the Workers' Compensation Act if it is induced by unexpected strain or over-exertion in the performance of employment, or by unusual and extraordinary employment conditions. Bridges v. Housing Auth., City of Charleston, 278 S.C. 342, 344, 295 S.E.2d 872, 873-74 (1982). This special standard for determining compensability also applies to cerebral hemorrhages, apoplexy, or other injuries to the blood vessels. Kearse v. South Carolina Wildlife Res. Dep't, 236 S.C. 540, 546, 115 S.E.2d 183, 186-187 (1960); Jennings v. Chambers Dev. Company, 335 S.C. 249, 255, 516 S.E.2d 453, 456 (Ct.App.1999). Because we find no authority clearly expressing an exception to this general rule, we must reverse the circuit court's ruling that Alexander's stroke is compensable. Similarly, because the rule is applicable to vascular injuries as well as strokes and heart attacks, we *515 reverse the Full Commission's ruling that Alexander's underlying arterial dissection, viewed separately from the stroke, was a compensable injury. See id.
The circuit court based its finding of compensability on the fact that Alexander suffered a definite traumatic injury in the course of his employment. In short, the court found that since the medical evidence so clearly reflected a specific injury, which occurred as a result of his job and unmistakably caused his stroke, application of the heart attack standard would be imprudent.
The rationale of the circuit court is notably persuasive. The heart attack standard was established on the sound presumption that illness, injury, or death resulting from certain vascular calamities is "ordinarily the result of natural physiological causes rather than trauma or particular effort." Price v. B.F. Shaw Co., 224 S.C. 89, 97, 77 S.E.2d 491, 494 (1953). Accordingly, it would be patently unfair to hold an employer liable for such injuries through our workers' compensation system based solely on the fact that the employee was at work when the stroke or heart attack occurred. However, when medical causation is so clearly established as a specific traumatic work-related injury, the purposes underlying the application of the heart attack standard are largely absent. The denial of compensation in these rare cases seems to us rather severe, perhaps leading to outcomes not anticipated by the proponents of the standard. This rationale is vaguely referenced in some early case law on the subject. See, e.g., id. at 98, 77 S.E.2d at 495 ("In every case decided by this Court, involving benefits under the [Workers'] Compensation Act resulting from heart conditions or other physiological bodily conditions in which award of benefits were adjudged, there was some unusual or extraordinary condition attached to the work environment, or unusual exertion and strain in the performance of the work, or of course, a definite traumatic injury. . . .) (emphasis added)."
Nevertheless, the requirement that a claimant show he was exposed to unusual and extraordinary conditions of employment or unexpected strain or overexertion to receive benefits for a heart attack, stroke, or vascular injury has been reiterated by our supreme court as recently as 2000. See Shealy, 341 S.C. at 457, 535 S.E.2d at 443. Because South Carolina law *516 does not currently clearly recognize an exception to the general heart attack standard when there is a definite traumatic injury arising in the course of one's employment and because our powers, as an intermediate appellate court, do not permit us to create one,[1] we reluctantly conclude the circuit court and Full Commission erred in finding any of Alexander's injuries compensable.
For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court's order is REVERSED.
HEARN, C.J., and KITTREDGE, J., concur.
NOTES
[1] See Lusk v. Callaham, 287 S.C. 459, 462, 339 S.E.2d 156, 158 (Ct.App.1986) (citing Bain v. Self Mem'l Hosp., 281 S.C. 138, 314 S.E.2d 603 (Ct.App.1984)).
| 82942b678eed5899746cb35c048c5195 | null | pile_freelaw | null |
For one brief moment, this star ruled the entire galaxy
Nobody even knew the star V838 Monocerotis existed before it suddenly became the brightest star in the entire Milky Way in January 2002. But we don't actually know why this star suddenly became 600,000 times brighter than the Sun.
The star's brief reign as our galaxy's brightest star didn't last long, and it faded back into obscurity almost as quickly as it had appeared in the first place. Almost a decade later, astronomers still aren't exactly sure what caused this tremendously bright outburst, but there are some theories, one of which is the so-called light echo. A NASA astronomer explains:
| <urn:uuid:e70e9750-009d-4169-97b4-71bcf33e79c5> | http://io9.com/5864848/for-one-brief-moment-this-star-ruled-the-entire-galaxy | dclm_baseline | 0.985933 |
ACCEPTED
03-13-00025-CV
7964490
THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
11/24/2015 10:19:49 AM
JEFFREY D. KYLE
CLERK
No. 03-13-00025-CV
In the Third Court of Appeals FILED IN
3rd COURT OF APPEALS
Austin, Texas AUSTIN, TEXAS
11/24/2015 10:19:49 AM
Jerry Scarbrough, et al JEFFREY D. KYLE
Clerk
Appellant
v.
Helen Purser, et al.
Appellee
On Appeal from the 146th Judicial District Court of
Bell County, Cause No. 236,117-B
UNOPPOSED
MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE
POST-SUBMISSION BRIEF
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:
1.
This case was presented to Chief Justice Rose and Justices Field and Borland
on October 22, 2015. Jerry Scarbrough, Melissa Deaton and Denise Steele Pierce
are the appellant/third-party defendants. Helen Purser, Bubba Purser, Elizabeth
Purser Tipton, Sue E. Van Zanten, and JoAnn Purser (the “Purser Family”) are the
appellees/third-party plaintiffs.
2.
On November 12, 2015, counsel for the Pursers filed a post-submission brief,
to answer questions the panel had asked both counsel. Counsel for the third-party
defendants now asks for leave to also answer these questions that were asked of both
parties. Counsel for the Purser Family does not object to the granting of leave to
file.
3.
There have been no prior post-submission briefs in this case except for Mr.
Moore’s submission for the Purser family. It would skew the presentation of this
case if these post-submission briefs were not allowed, because the time allotted to
argument was not enough to properly answer all questions and address all major
issues.
CONCLUSION & PRAYER
Filing of this post-submission brief is unopposed by counsel for the Pursers.
These briefs are not particularly long, but allow the justices’ questions to be
answered.
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, the third-party defendants ask
this Court for Leave to File Third-Party Defendants’ Post-submission Letter Brief
and for such other and further relief as may be just.
Respectfully submitted,
____/s/ MB CHIMENE_________
THE CHIMENE LAW FIRM
Michele Barber Chimene
TBN 04207500
2827 Linkwood Dr.
Houston, TX. 77025
PH: 832 940-1471; no fax
michelec@airmail.net
CERTIFICATE OF CONFERENCE
Counsel for the third party defendants has attempted to reach Daryl Moore,
counsel for the Purser Family and he has emailed me that he is not opposed, as
witnessed by this signature.
_____/s/ MB CHIMENE
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
The undersigned certifies that on 11/23/15 she served a true and correct copy
of this Motion to Mr. Daryl Moore by email.
_____/s/ MB CHIMENE_________
| 0725dc89cc84112103aea810a905a38a | null | pile_freelaw | null |
Q:
C static funtions accesible outside of file?
I used code blocks to make a project with main.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "t.h"
int main()
{
printf("%c\n", return_f('f'));
printf("%c\n", return_f(return_char(71)));
printf("%d\n", STATIC_INT);
return 0;
}
And t.h:
static int STATIC_INT = 14;
static unsigned char return_char(char n){
return (n/2 + 9);
}
unsigned char return_f(char n){
return ((n=='f' || n=='F') ? n+1 : 'f');
}
Since I assume static should limit globals and functions to their files, how does it allow to run/print out:
g
f
14
Or is that just not how it's supposed to work?
A:
t.h is included textually before the actual compilation process takes place. Therefore static int STATIC_INT = 14; is part of your main.c file.
The real problem is that you are declaring variables in a header file which is almost always wrong.
| 98ebc83be8d161110c04510545d05908 | null | pile_stackexchange | null |
We are lucky in North America! The incidence of many infectious and parasitic diseases is much less than other areas of the world. However, take heed and be on the alert as new diseases emerge and old ones re-emerge all the time: Who had heard of Lyme disease or parvovirus 40 years ago?
Recent studies have shown that Chagas disease, a single-celled parasite spread by an insect sometimes known as the “kissing bug”, is well-established in Texas, and that it’s here to stay. While the number of diagnosed infections over the last twenty years has been less than 1,000, it’s important to keep in mind that around 40% of those infections were diagnosed after the dog died.
Not all new diseases are as fatal or devastating, and this isn’t to say that Chagas disease will become a problem in the US. The take-home is that new diseases will emerge in North America, especially given the increase in pet travel and climate change.
What’s looming ahead, and what are we doing about it?
The veterinary world is already keeping a close eye on Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, three diseases spread by ticks and prevalent in certain regions in North America. Leishmaniasis, a protozoal parasite spread by sand flies, is generally associated with places like India and the Amazon basin, but it has occurred in the United States and could become more of a problem. Fortunately, it’s still rather rare. Then there’s babesiosis, a malaria-like disease; bartonellosis (spread by fleas and ticks), a bacterial infection: cytauxzoonosis, spread by ticks. . .
You may have noticed that the common thread here is that these diseases are spread by arthropods (“bugs”). Not all diseases are, of course, but many are, and these few should provide incentive enough to keep up with your flea and tick prevention. Remember that your veterinary visit isn’t just for vaccines and a physical, it’s for education. Keep reading the news as well. There’s no reason to become obsessive, but part of being a responsible pet owner is keeping abreast of current developments—six months to a year in between appointments is a long time in the world of medicine. | <urn:uuid:627b0e2b-a25a-45ea-bceb-b879a1fe1c8d> | https://blooranimalhospital.ca/news/dont-take-flea-and-tick-prevention-for-granted/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.125 |
The perils of nurses accepting gifts from their patients.
There are few perks to being a nurse. The pay is poor, the working conditions often challenging and the pension is not what it once was. At the same time, patients have never been so demanding, with expectations sometimes being unreasonable. | 9f083a49c141cfe8283daf0a66f0b0e5 | null | pile_pubmed | null |
First of all, the construction of photovoltaic power plants is not limited by land and not affected by weather factors. In areas where land resources are not tight, PV power plants can use their own excess land to build distributed PV power plants, improve land re-farming utilization and land output, and increase farmers' income. Secondly, the construction scale of photovoltaic power station is not restricted. According to the photovoltaic power station investment scale and construction scale of different, it needs grid investment is not the same. For small investment in distributed photovoltaic power station for farm buildings do not need to use the national grid to grid system. Depending on the grid capacity (voltage level), PV power plants are mainly used for self-consumption (or grid-connected with other power sources) and external sale of electricity (such as power generators). Large photovoltaic power plants can operate using the load on the grid; while small renewable energy power plants belong to the national grid range of grid facilities for self-consumption and external power output. Agricultural greenhouses, small rural water construction and all kinds of facilities can be installed with PV grid-connected systems.
First, the farmhouse can be installed distributed photovoltaic power plant?
Agricultural houses can be installed photovoltaic power station, its main role is to increase farmers' income, to prevent desertification of arable land, but also to reduce the consumption of water, electricity, gas and other energy in rural areas. Distributed projects can choose the right type of power station and project location according to the actual situation.
Second, whether distributed farming can solve the farming problem by using PV grid-connected system?
If the scale of farming is more than 100 mu, it is possible to install a PV grid-connected system. Distributed photovoltaic power generation can not only meet the lighting and farming electricity, but also collect, store and supply power to the grid. In addition to direct power supply to the grid, PV modules can also provide energy to the power supply of PV power generation, and the power station can be utilized through these two links. The application of these links can make the PV power station a complete power station. Distributed farming is to divide the farm into a number of independent plots or use fishing nets and other means for farming management or fish farming electricity use of one of the land, but also may be in other areas of business management or production of energy. At present, small distributed projects that mostly use farming mode include family farming-based, large-scale farms with a certain scale of family farmers, etc. Although distributed projects in the specific implementation process is difficult and there are certain risks, but the distributed project itself has a variety of advantages is also a lot of traditional industrial enterprises can not be compared and use some efficient methods. | <urn:uuid:65e08579-e933-46d4-a69f-53d1916d774b> | https://dupleluck.com/fr/blogs/news/1031 | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.3125 |
Trees as environmental sentinels.
Trees are reliable indicators of the long-term effects of atmospheric pollution. As the botanical big game of the planet they are also standing guard and may be providing a warning signal about our own future. | 3f1c3196e53cd26a20ec449f50b20a81 | null | pile_pubmed | null |
Three Rivers
Reading Group Guide
1. The author began writing this book after reading a newspaper article about a baptism gone wrong. Does knowing the baptism scene was inspired by true events change your reading of the book? In what way?
2. In Chapter Four, George Walter says to Melody: “You have choices to make.” Melody, Obi, and Geneva all make pivotal choices throughout the book. Discuss how the choices they make affect their fates.
3. Three Rivers deals with religious belief, superstition, and myth. What is the book trying to say about the differences or similarities between various belief systems?
4. Melody resents her mother, but is affectionate toward her father. Both her parents can be difficult and hard to like. Why is she kinder and more forgiving toward her father? Why does she resent her mother so much?
5. Obi is determined to give his son a better life. In pursuit of this, he makes the unconventional choice to live as a drifter along the rivers of the Mississippi Delta. It’s a choice that puts both his son and him at risk in many ways. What are some of the perils of living the way Obi and Liam live? What are the benefits? Is he really giving Liam a better life?
6. Pisa is described as having “a gift.” Given the events of the story, do you think Pisa actually has the ability to foretell or change the future? Or is she running a good con? Does it matter?
7. When Melody discovers the true nature of the relationship between Bobby and Maurice, she is shocked and angry. Why does she react the way she does? Is she, as Maurice accuses, either bigoted or racist? Or is it something else?
8. In Chapter Twenty-four, we learn a dark secret about Geneva’s past. How does this change the way you feel about Geneva? Does it make her more or less likeable as a character? | <urn:uuid:14386a99-1e28-40a2-8c8e-7b75577e371b> | https://www.tiffanyquaytyson.com/reading-group-guides-and-more/three-rivers/ | dclm_baseline | 0.998576 |
Q:
Print duration with an add-in which changes fonts
I'm creating an add-in for word which change one font to another one just before printing.
Everything works well but It takes five minutes to print a page.
I'm using Range.Font.Name to change the font for each character using the font I want to replace.
How could I accelerate the process in order to have a normal printing time?
A:
I've managed to reduce the time needed to print by using a "foreach" loop instead of a "for"
| ac58afdd53c2e3ad977ac8c804be53ca | null | pile_stackexchange | null |
Written by: on November 27, 2017 @ 12:28 pm
As the temperature drops, the coats and scarves come out and you probably barely think about heat -unless you leave your coat behind! Have you ever wondered about how we keep the heat or why we need it? Or how animals and humans differ? What would you need to survive in the extreme cold?
All creatures have an optimal temperature their body needs to achieve proper function. Warm-blooded creatures (endotherms) can regulate their body so it stays at a constant temperature. So naturally if you were in an extremely cold environment your body will have to work overtime to stay warm! How is the heat escaping?
On the Move
Heat radiates out and diffuses from an area of high concentration (your body) to areas of lower concentration (everywhere else) through either conduction or convection. Conduction is transfer of heat between two solid surfaces. So, if you sit in the snow heat will escape via your direct contact with the snow. Convection is the transfer of heat between a mass (i.e. you) and a moving fluid or gas. So, if you are standing outside and an icy wind blows past you, it is pulling heat away from you. Same thing is true if you jumped in the Arctic Ocean. Your heat will escape in the passing chilly water.
The heat from a warm-blooded human or polar bear in the Arctic is constantly trying to escape and move away from the body through these two mechanisms. The goal in these extreme environments is to either contain your body heat and stop its movement, or at least slow it down so the internal body mechanisms can keep up with production.
Capture the Heat
What are some ways your body stays warm and what are some things you can do?
• Fuel your fire – make sure you are well fed and hydrated so your body can burn extra calories to maintain your core temperature.
• Shivering – This is actually a warning that you are too cold. Your muscles spontaneously contract to burn calories and generate heat to increase or maintain your core temperature. If you are shivering, you should get somewhere warm or put on more layers. It is one of the last lines of defense your body has to prevent hypothermia.
• Layer up – Adding clothing layers traps air and slows the transfer of heat. This insulation, especially if your coat is waterproof, is a powerful way to keep the heat in.
• Shelters – such as igloos in the artic, or your own house are designed to trap heat and keep you and your environment warm.
Animals versus Humans – how do they capture the heat? What do you think makes animals and humans different when it comes to the cold? Animals have evolved many different adaptations to allow them to cope with extreme cold.
Polar bears have both an extra layer of fat and special fur. Their special coat features two types of fur: long oily guard hairs and short insulating hairs. Together these different types of hair help the polar bear stay warm. The oily guard hairs are hollow allowing them to trap warmth and bring it close to the skin. They also provide an oily outer layer which prevents the polar bear from getting wet and losing heat via convection. The shorter insulating hairs help polar bears stay warm by trapping heat close to the skin. Under their fur, polar bears have black skin which is good for absorbing the rays of the arctic sun. Plus, their coat is white, which is helpful for camouflage, and reflects light making it a poor conductor of heat.
Whales, seals, walruses are all examples of marine mammals that use blubber to stay warm. Blubber is just an extra layer of insulating fat, which keeps their internal heat from escaping. Having blubber means those animals can swim in the cold arctic ocean without getting a cold or hypothermia.
Otters are an interesting marine mammal that can survive in the icy ocean, but don’t have blubber. Otters have a super dense, double-layered coat of up to a million hairs per square inch! That fur is designed to be water-proof and capture pockets of air. All that air makes them float and works just as well as a layer of blubber.
Humans on the other hand must add something to their body to stay warm. The simplest solution for early humans was to wear the skins and pelts of these animals. We basically borrowed the animal adaptations by making clothes out of animal skin – everything from seal and caribou to rabbit and bear. Eskimos even make waterproof parkas from the skins of marine mammals.
Modern fabric technology:
Scientists and engineers have been able to replicate these animal adaptations in a variety of ways.
• Fleece is similar to wool and very efficient at keeping you warm by trapping air and adding insulation to your layers. Guess what – it’s made of plastic polymer! Its polyester fiber can even be made from recycled bottles.
• Nanowire tech – a newer technology that features special metallic fibers that trap air and can even be used to generate heat when a charge is run through them.
• Adaptable smart fabric –Astronauts wear a temperature regulating suit under their space suit that circulates liquids and helps them maintain a constant temperature. Scientists have been studying a way to create something similar to this for everyday use. Imagine wearing a light weight shirt that adjusts to the temperature no matter where you are. Almost like having a central air system right next to your skin.
• Synthetic furs and fabrics- Also we can spare the rabbits and other animals and manufacture faux fur and other coverings that keep the adaptation and hold the slaughter.
Bundle up your layers and stay warm this winter just like a polar bear!
Tags: , , , , , , , ,
Catogories: E-News HTHT
Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:107b7f25-1663-4e0f-ad81-f2255b03894e> | https://sciencemadefun.net/blog/turning-up-the-heat/ | dclm_baseline | 0.74423 |
Augsburg’s STEM programs took an important step towards sustainability on December 8 by signing the Green Chemistry Commitment.
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce the use or generation of hazardous substances. “It’s benign by design,” says Associate Professor Michael Wentzel, whose own research focuses on the development of green synthetic methods in the field of sustainable chemistry.
In his role as department chair and undergraduate summer research coordinator, Wentzel works to help students build their science communication skills—a crucial factor in advancing systemic change for a sustainable future.
One way to communicate the magnitude of a big step forward? Print up the biggest possible certificate.
Having signed on, Augsburg joins more than 50 other institutions that have agreed to integrate green chemistry across the curriculum and sub-disciplines of chemistry. A primary goal of the commitment is that upon graduation, all chemistry majors will:
- Have a working knowledge of the twelve principles of green chemistry.
- Have an understanding of the principles of toxicology, the molecular mechanisms by which chemicals affect human health and the environment, and the resources to identify and assess molecular hazards.
- Be able to to assess chemical products and processes and design greener alternatives when appropriate.
- Be prepared to serve society as scientists and professionals through the articulation, evaluation, and employment of methods and chemicals that are benign for human health and the environment.
Beyond Benign is a nonprofit organization founded in 2007 to provide educators with the tools, training and support to make green chemistry an integral part of chemistry education. Through programs like the Green Chemistry Commitment, they work to help catalyze the development of green technological innovations that result in safer products and processes in support of a sustainable, healthy society. | <urn:uuid:10254783-1904-4263-aa68-4423159b9a68> | https://www.augsburg.edu/news/2022/12/12/augsburg-signs-green-chemistry-commitment/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.09375 |
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crap in mouth | <urn:uuid:70c89ff5-ad4a-4721-8433-baad5f519a92> | http://scatgallery.info/esd/cute-girls-pooping-panties.html | dclm_baseline | 0.74126 |
Introduction to Conjunctions
Understanding the role of conjunctions in language can enhance your communication skills – whether in writing or speaking. In this tutorial, we will explore the concept of conjunctions, including their various types and uses in sentences.
What are Conjunctions?
Conjunctions are important parts of speech that connect words, phrases, or clauses. They are like the glue that holds the components of a sentence together, offering clarity and cohesion to sentences. For instance: "I love pizza, but I don't like pineapple on it." Here, 'but' is a conjunction that links the two ideas together.
The Types of Conjunctions
To understand how conjunctions work, it’s important to know the different types. These are categorized into three main types: Coordinating Conjunctions, Subordinating Conjunctions, and Correlative Conjunctions.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join two independent clauses or parts of a sentence that are of equal importance and structure. The most common ones are 'for', 'and', 'nor', 'but', 'or', 'yet', and 'so', usually remembered with the acronym FANBOYS. For example, "I wanted to go for a jog, but it's raining outside."
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are used to link a dependent clause to an independent clause, creating a complex sentence. They introduce conditions, time, cause and effect, and contrasts. Examples include 'because', 'although', 'since', 'unless', etc. For instance: "I'll stay indoors since it's raining."
3. Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect phrases or clauses that have equivalent importance within a sentence. These include pairs like 'neither-nor', 'either-or', 'whether-or', 'not only-but also', etc. For example: "Either she forgot her keys, or she lost them."
Usage Rules for Conjunctions
1. Position of Conjunctions
The placement of conjunctions within sentences is very important. Coordinating conjunctions commonly sit between the words or phrases they're connecting, while subordinating conjunctions typically come at the start of the dependent clause. Correlative conjunctions take a unique position, with one word appearing in each clause. For example, "I washed the dishes, but I didn't clean the floor."
2. Punctuation with Conjunctions
When a conjunction is used to join two independent clauses, a comma is usually placed before the conjunction. If the clauses are not independent, a comma isn't required. For example, "I wanted to buy a car, but I couldn’t afford it."
3. Avoid Conjunction Overuse
While conjunctions are crucial for sentence design, overuse may lead to long, convoluted sentences that can confuse the reader. Aim for a balance, creating complex sentences with conjunctions when needed but also using simpler structures.
Examples of Conjunctions
To provide further clarity, let’s examine examples for each type of conjunction:
“I wanted to bake cookies, but we ran out of flour.”
“She bought a book, and she started reading it immediately.”
“As she was tired, she decided to rest a bit.”
“I’ll finish the report before the meeting starts.”
“Either you apologize, or I won’t talk to you.”
“She is not only a gifted musician but also a wonderful painter.”
Conjunctions give sentences flow and make them more interesting. Whether you're penning a novel, composing an email, or simply conversing, proper use of conjunctions can make your points more accessible and engaging to your audience. The key is to understand their function and know when, where, and how to use them for maximum impact.
In conclusion, remember that language is a powerful tool. The better we understand its components, the more proficient we will become in using it. Keep practicing, and in time, conjunctions will come more naturally to you. | <urn:uuid:bd96c922-db60-4b16-b6f3-fcb9c2eb1ee5> | https://myenglishgrammar.com/lessons/conjunctions/ | fineweb_edu_high | 4.65625 |
Depression Top 10
1. What are the most effective ways to prevent occurrence and recurrence of depression?
2. What are the best early interventions (treatments and therapies) for depression? And how early should they be used in order to result in the best patient outcomes?
3. What are the best ways to train healthcare professionals to recognise and understand depression?
4. What is the impact on a child of having a parent with depression and can a parent prevent their child from also developing depression?
5. What are the best ways to inform people with depression about treatment options and their effectiveness in order to empowerthem and help them self-manage?
6. What are the barriers and enablers for people accessing care/treatment when they are depressed, including when feeling suicidal, and how can these be addressed?
7. Does depression impact employment? How can discrimination and stigma of depression in the workplace be overcome, and how can employers and colleagues be informed about depression?
8. What are the best ways to help friends and family members to support people with depression?
9. Are educational programmes on depression effective in schools for reducing stigma?
10. What is the impact of wait times for services for people with depression?
1. What do people with depression feel works best in managing and treating depression?
2. What are the best ways to identify depression in children and teenagers?
3. What are the most effective ways of managing depression that doesn’t respond to medication or talking therapies?
4. How can the way people with depression engage with mental health interventions/treatment be improved?
5. What is the effectiveness of school-based interventions/treatments for depression/wellbeing?
6. How can the stigma of depression be reduced and perceptions of people with depression improved within the general population?
7. To what extent does the stigma associated with depression affect people’s treatment, symptoms and quality of life?
8. What are the most effective non-drug treatments for depression?
9. What are the long-term consequences of childhood depression?
10. How can depression be diagnosed and assessed in people with communication difficulties?
11. What is the best way to treat psychotic depression in young people?
12. What are the best ways to treat depression and anxiety together?
13. What events and factors can increase the likelihood of having another episode of depression?
14. What is the best way of helping young people with depression who are also diagnosed with another mental health condition?
15. What impact does long-term depression have on the brain?
16. What is the effect of social isolation on depression? | <urn:uuid:34930478-485a-4c97-86a9-ca53c26a5794> | https://www.jla.nihr.ac.uk/priority-setting-partnerships/depression/top-10-priorities/ | dclm_baseline | 1 |
Jenni Carlson: Wes Lunt should win the Oklahoma State QB race
Can the Cowgirls get it done against Duke?
I actually believe the Cowgirls have a chance. Now, it's a slim chance, but still, I don't believe this is an unwinnable game for OSU. Duke has been almost impossible to beat in NCAA Tournament games at home. It hasn't lost one at Cameron Indoor Stadium since 1996. But OSU is athletic enough to beat Duke.
The Cowgirls are going to have to play some of their best basketball. Shoot it well. Take care of the ball. Defend like crazy. But they have it in their power to win this game. Can they get it done, yes? Will they? Um, I'm still picking Duke, but it's going to be close.
About my favorite subject: Why is Derek Fisher playing so much? Here's my question: Is it possible that it's not Fisher's stats — which are terrible — matter? Is there evidence that other Thunder players perform better or display better habits (passing, help defense, etc.) when he's on the court? Trying to throw Scott Brooks a lifeline, here.
Your favorite subject is a subject that I wish would go away. How would it go away? Scott Brooks would STOP playing Derek Fisher. (Sigh.) Anyway … There isn't evidence that the Thunder is better with Fisher on the court. I don't have the plus-minus numbers in front of me, but there have been several instances where the second team that Fisher is on the floor with has given up leads or let the other team build leads.
I wish there was evidence that showed something different, but there really isn't. There isn't a good reason why Brooks has decided to play Fisher so much. If Fisher was producing great results, I'd take my medicine, say that I was wrong and admit that he should playing. But that isn't happening.
Fisher needs to take the Kevin Ollie Memorial Chair. He can be a great locker room leader, but he shouldn't ever play a meaningful minute. That's what Ollie did, what Royal Ivey did, and it's what Derek Fisher should be doing.
What was the point of signing Brewer?
That's a great question. I wish I had a great answer for you. Seems to me like not playing Brewer is a shame and a waste. I'm not under the impression that he's some first-team defensive player, but there is evidence that he'd be the best defender on the second unit.
I'm not sure why Scott Brooks isn't playing Brewer more. The only thing I can figure is that he's more comfortable with the other guys. Comfort is a big deal, and maybe he just doesn't feel it yet with Brewer.
Scott Brooks has diamond in the rough in Jeremy Lamb ... he should polish him up and use him.
There just aren't enough minutes to go around, unfortunately. I like Lamb's game, too, but I don't see where Lamb fits into the current rotation. Where would Lamb's minutes come from? Who would sit when he plays? Now, if Kevin Martin is out after this season, the answer to that question changes. But as for right now, I don't see Lamb being better than anyone else who's getting minutes. I wish he could get more minutes, too, but right now, he's just an odd man out. I wouldn't be surprised, though, if that doesn't change next year.
| |
by Jenni Carlson
+ show more
Trending Now
Around the web
1. 1
Russia vetoes UN resolution on Crimea's future
2. 2
Asteroid to dim a bright star for some in Northeast
3. 3
Lindsey Graham challenger calls the senator 'ambiguously gay'
4. 4
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Former Yukon catcher and Red Sox prospect Jon Denney arrested
+ show more | <urn:uuid:3f765c78-9e2e-4987-a1bd-7694a219334c> | http://newsok.com/jenni-carlson-wes-lunt-should-win-the-oklahoma-state-qb-race/article/3771466/?page=2 | dclm_baseline | 0.715583 |
In a world-first, scientists in the UK have imaged the effects of LSD on the human brain, and we now have an unprecedented view into the effects of one of the most powerful drugs ever created.
These images not only reveal that the potent hallucinogen activates regions all over the brain - and not just the visual cortex, as previously suspected - but it shows how regions that are usually separated start signalling to each other in response to the drug, to produce some intense effects.
The experiment was led by David Nutt, a professor of neuropsychopharmacology at Imperial College London, and the UK government's former drugs advisor, who was sacked in 2009 for his criticism of its tougher laws on cannabis.
Together with his colleague, Robin Carhart-Harris, Nutt recruited 20 healthy volunteers who were willing to get super high for science, and injected them with 75 micrograms (mcg) of LSD - or 0.075 mg - on one day, and a placebo on another.
As you can see in the images above and below, the effects of the drug ran all over the brain, and connectivity between regions was altered dramatically. The team used three different brain imaging techniques - arterial spin labelling, resting state MRI, and magnetoencephalography - to figure out what was going on.
They found that the participants' visual processing was no longer restricted to the visual cortex at the base of the brain - all kinds of regions contributed to what the participants 'saw', which is pretty odd, seeing as their eyes were closed.
"We observed brain changes under LSD that suggested our volunteers were 'seeing with their eyes shut' - albeit they were seeing things from their imagination rather than from the outside world," explains Carhart-Harris. "We saw that many more areas of the brain than normal were contributing to visual processing under LSD - even though the volunteers' eyes were closed."
Not only that, but regions that usually don't signal to each other suddenly started connecting, while regions that usually form a network became segregated, Ian Sample reports for The Guardian.
This could explain why LSD is associated with intense, dreamlike images and a sense of 'oneness' with the Universe, but also a loss of personal identity, known as ego dissolution.
"Normally our brain consists of independent networks that perform separate specialised functions, such as vision, movement and hearing - as well as more complex things like attention," says Carhart-Harris. "However, under LSD the separateness of these networks breaks down and instead you see a more integrated or unified brain."
While this might all seem like just a bit of fun with drugs, the researchers behind the experiment are taking it very seriously. Nutt says neuroscientists have waited 50 years for this moment, which was made possible by a crowdfunding campaign.
"This is to neuroscience what the Higgs boson was to particle physics," he told The Guardian. "We didn't know how these profound effects were produced. It was too difficult to do. Scientists were either scared or couldn't be bothered to overcome the enormous hurdles to get this done."
The researchers say it's so important to get a better understanding of the incredibly intense and unique effects of LSD - or Lysergic acid diethyl amide - on the brain, because without it, we'll never realise the potential therapeutic effects of psychedelic drugs for people with psychiatric disorders, such as depression and addiction, or maybe even asthma.
"We are finally unveiling the brain mechanisms underlying the potential of LSD, not only to heal, but also to deepen our understanding of consciousness itself," Amanda Feilding, director of the Beckley Foundation in the UK, which partly funded the study, said in a press statement.
The results have been published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. | <urn:uuid:c35c976b-467a-4e56-b4cc-2f5ba8e3690f> | https://www.sciencealert.com/for-the-first-time-ever-scientists-have-imaged-the-brain-on-lsd | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.0625 |
Perinatal infections: the obstetrician's viewpoint.
The obstetrician's role is to recognize and treat maternal systemic infections which may spread transplacentally to the fetus, and to ensure that the lower genital tract is kept free from pathogenic organisms, particularly during the last trimester of pregnancy. In some cases the obstetrician can reduce the likelihood of premature rupture of the membranes by inserting a cervical suture. Where this has not been possible conservative management should be used to keep the fetus in utero before the 34th week and more active after this time. In trapartum infections can be reduced to a minimum by keeping the membranes intact during early labour, by the aggressive use of uterine stimulants to avoid prolonged labour, by exerting extreme care to avoid sepsis during pelvic examinations and internal monitoring, and by earlier use of Caesarean section. | 2f333fabb6de05af23b8530b3bf9dc6b | null | pile_pubmed | null |
By Jane Maland Cady, International Program Director, Collaborative Crop Research Center, the McKnight Foundation
Growing up in La Paz, Bolivia, Magali Garcia Cardenas remembers being told that farmers in the Altiplano region of the Andes observed local animals and flowers to predict whether or not the growing season was going to be wetter than usual. Later, when she was doing her Ph.D. field research to become an agronomist, she learned that this colloquial knowledge wasn’t an urban legend. Rather, it was proof of the farmers’ intimate understanding of weather patterns in a windswept part of the world that is located 13,000 feet above sea level in the harsh glare of the equatorial sun.
That formative insight now guides Garcia’s work at the Universidad Mayor de San Andres in La Paz, where she collaborates with smallholder farmers and other partners to identify weather and climate trends by using traditional forecasting methods—in this case observing cloud cover—and also analyzing data from 16 weather stations across the Altiplano. It’s a dynamic and innovative practice that honors both scientific biophysical knowledge and indigenous knowledge.
“Researchers don’t live under the field conditions that the farmers face every day,” says Garcia. “Farmers are so integrated with the nature where they produce that they have extremely good perceptions of what is happening.” At the same time, they are constantly innovating by introducing new tools, strategies, crop varieties, and technologies—including WhatsApp groups to share their findings with each other.
What’s taking place across the Altiplano is just one example of a growing global practice of farmer research networks (FRN), which strive to improve agriculture and food systems by fostering ecological solutions that are tailored to the specific areas where they will be employed. At a time when climate change is wreaking havoc on the world’s agricultural and food systems, we must listen to the insights and practices of the people who are planting seeds and tilling the soil in these increasingly challenging conditions. FRNs are part of a more equitable system that gives farmers and farm communities a voice.
Beginning in 2012, the McKnight Foundation’s Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP), which was founded in the 1980s as a response to global hunger issues that included the Ethiopian famine crisis, hypothesized that a FRN approach would enable smallholder farmers, scientists, and nongovernmental organizations to implement research that was both more participatory and more effective in advancing agroecological knowledge and practice.
Today, we know that FRNs work. Collaborating with academics and other professionals, farmers across the world co-create research agendas and are engaged throughout the process. CCRP is part of this effort, with projects in 10 countries.
In western Kenya, farmers are collaborating with researchers to improve the formula for bokashi, which is a compost made from food waste. In Burkina Faso, FRNs are enhancing the productivity of bambara, a groundnut that is an important source of protein. Female farmers in villages in West African have successfully tested and selected pearl millet seeds to cross breed so that they can be grown in areas with low soil fertility. Farmers in Ecuador are working to manage crop pests without relying on chemical pesticides. Enhancing farmers’ ability to access and adapt agroecological innovations can improve their productivity, food security, and resilience.
“Our objective is not only to grow food to feed the hungry today, but also to do it in a sustainable manner,” says Batamaka Somé, CCRP’s regional representative in West Africa, who grew up in a farming family in Burkina Faso. “Not just for the people in their home communities, but for those who are not even born yet.”
Today, the United Nations convenes its first-ever Food Systems Summit, where everyone from farmers to policymakers will take action to transform the way we grow good food that is affordable, accessible, and supports the environment. The time is now for a new paradigm when it comes to the way research is done to feed the world. This shift will use public research for public good to emphasize a systems-based approach that elevates diverse sources of knowledge and recognizes that our food systems, our health, and our planet are interconnected. FRNs are key to building this more relevant and inclusive system. | <urn:uuid:e1583af6-8c20-465c-9e90-436dd16ee54e> | https://www.ccrp.org/news/collaborative-farmer-research-networks-can-help-us-fix-global-food-systems/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.078125 |
Welcome to Ivy Global School Entrance Test!
Time allowed/ Thời gian làm bài là: 45 phút.
Good luck!/ Chúc bạn làm bài thật tốt!
READING Vocabulary
Do items 1-12 and mark the best definitions for the bolded text.
1. large cavern
2. harsh winter
3. active child
4. shatter a window
5. imitate the artist
6. amazing story
7. timid puppy
8. demonstrate joy
9. assist a teacher
10. deep slumber
11. consume lunch
12. revoke the power
READING Comprehension
One of the greatest desires James had was to own a dog. His parents told him that if he could earn money and take care of the dog, they would allow him to adopt one.
James worked selling newspapers during the week and mowed lawns on the weekends. After six months, James had enough money to adopt a puppy and buy a dog house.
James spent the next week going down to the animal shelter and talking to the volunteers about every dog they had for adoption. There were small dogs, big dogs, hairy dogs, and loud dogs. The one that James liked the most was a little puppy dachshund. It was only six months old.
James paid $100 for the little dachshund and $50 for a dog house. He also bought two dog bowls for food and water, and a collar with a name tag.
After one day, James had already decided the best name for his new puppy: Cowboy. The moment James put a bandana on the dachshund, the puppy looked just like a cowboy.
1. Who is the story about?
2. What did James want to have?
3. James earned money by
4. Where did James get his dog?
5. James also bought two
6. Cowboy was what kind of dog?
Calculate and mark your answers.
1. $7.25 + $3.02 + $0.18 =
2. 889 + 726 =
3. $3.53 + $2 + $0.64 + $5 =
4. 5,678 + 5,972 =
5. 917 - 525 =
6. $14.00 - $6.55 =
7. $9.75 - $6.35 =
8. 834 - 645 =
9. $12.11 x 8 =
10. 225 x 8 =
11. $18.5 x 7 =
12. 2 years 5 months x 2 =
13. 36 : 9 =
14. $5.82 : 2 =
15. 105 : 3 =
16. 410 : 5 =
17. 1/4 + 1/4 =
18. 5/8 - 2/8 =
19. 1/3 x 2 =
20. 1/3 : 1/3
Calculate and mark your answers.
1. x means
2. What temperature does the thermometer show?
3. Four hundred fifteen means the same as
4. Which numeral belongs in the box?
5. Which of the following numerals names the smallest number?
6. The roman numeral XI means
7. Which digit is in the hundreds’ place in the numeral 406,317,289?
8. Thirty thousand fifty-six is the same as
Calculate and mark your answers
1. Jane has 7 apples. Jon has 14 apples. How many apples do they have together?
2. The bar graph to the right shows Sarah’s bake sale earnings over the last 5 days. On which day did she earn the most?
3. Tom had 12 pieces of gum. He divided them equally among 3 other boys and himself. How many pieces of gum did each boy receive?
4. Martha made 9 muffins and her sister made 6 more. They ate 4 muffins. How many did they have left?
5. A garden had 5 rows of sunflowers with 6 sunflowers in each row. Seven sunflowers were cut and given away. How many remained?
LANGUAGE Capitalization
For each item, choose the number of words that need to be capitalize. If no word needs to be capitalized, choose N for “None”.
1. yesterday i read an interesting
2. article about norilsk, russia. the
3. article said that norilsk is
4. in siberia, at the foot
5. of the putoran mountain. there
6. are large amounts of natural
7. resources in norilsk, which are
8. shipped to the city of
9. karanoyarsk by way of the
10. yenisei river. it is very
11. cold there and temperatures have
12. reached -63° f. snow covers
13. the ground about 260 days
14. a year. i can’t imagine
15. living some place that cold.
LANGUAGE Usage and Structure
1. I have never seen a elephant.
2. The cherries are good.
3. The bicycle was a present for they.
4. I had already eaten the cake.
5. Diana and Peter is waiting for us.
6. Singing along with her friends and loving every minute.
7. That mountain is the taller of the three.
8. Cory drive a red truck.
9. Alex had drew a picture for his sister.
10. The new books are for you and he.
11. I think I am faster then you.
12. We girls enjoyed the movie.
In the items below, decide if the original sentence is transformed correctly. If it is transformed correctly, choose T for True. If it is NOT transformed correctly, choose F for False.
The statement above can be transferred into a question which asks, “Is it snowing?"
The statement above can be transferred into a negative statement which reads, “It was not snowing."
Read the following items and choose the answer that BEST describes each preceding group of words. All punctuation marks have been intentionally removed for these items.
15. Wendy makes beautiful paper flowers.
16. Because it is very cold outside
Read the following items and choose the BEST answer.
17. Put the paper ON THE DESK.
The part written in capital letters above is
18. The horse is very __________ .
In the above sentence, the blank must be filled with
For each group of words below, choose the word that is spelled wrong. If none of the words are spelled wrong, fill in the space next to the words “none of these." | <urn:uuid:cb8d7f73-7db1-452e-945b-5789def072ce> | https://igs.ivyprep.edu.vn/test/ivy-global-school-grade-5-entrance-test/ | dclm_baseline | 0.80317 |
Q:
Imported jar in gradle, compiles, but not recognized by Android Studio (0.2.10)
This is an annoying one.
I have a simple project structure which is based on Gradle, very similar to other projects I have.
The project has these imports:
dependencies {
compile 'com.android.support:support-v4:13.0.+'
compile files('libs/jackson-annotations-2.1.0.jar')
compile files('libs/jackson-core-2.1.0.jar')
compile files('libs/jackson-databind-2.1.0.jar')
compile files('libs/zip4j_1.3.1.jar')
compile files('libs/httpclient-4.1.3.jar')
compile files('libs/httpclient-cache-4.1.3.jar')
compile files('libs/httpcore-4.1.4.jar')
compile files('libs/httpmime-4.1.3.jar')
compile project(":grid_lib")
}
Which works well.
The only problem is that the Android Studio does not recognize those classes, so they are all in red and have no intel.
Very annoying!
I've been banging my head against the wall for too long, so I'm trying here now. What do you say guys? Any ideas?
Thanks :-)
Edit
I've answered my own questions, for those who find the same problem.
A:
well, to answer my own question...
Sometimes Android Studio's Gradle goes haywire, and I found a simple fix:
Restart Android Studio
Create a new project (doesn't matter where or name)
Wait for it finish downloading its gradle stuff
Restart android studio
For other gradle problems, an additional step may be required, which is copying the gradle wrapper (gradlew files, and gradle folder, not the .gradle folder) from the newly created project to your own project, and re-import your project.
You can now delete the new project... of course.
Edit:
Gradle's version keep changing.
If you are still having trouble, try this-
Edit your gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties file, and update the distribution url's version. Currently it should be 1.8, but it may change in the future. So you can use a "new project" to find out what the version should be. Example: distributionUrl=http\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-1.8-bin.zip
Edit your build.gradle file, and change the minimum version to 0.6.+ - and again it may change in the future. Example for current versions: classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:0.6.+'
Restart your Android Studio and recompile.
A:
I encountered the same problem once I tried to upgrade Crashlytics to Fabric which cost me few hours to solve it.
I tried cleaning the project and rebuilding it from IDE and Terminal, closed Android Studio and opened it again, synced the gradle, checked out to other git branches and so on. Non of them solved the problem!
As a final attempt I closed the project and imported it to Android Studio again and the error was gone!!! I couldn't find any explanation for why it happened but it could be some sort of caching issue on the gradle which was not being cleared in normal ways.
| e6dd12184b5db9cad84fac83aadee1ed | null | pile_stackexchange | null |
As human capital theory suggests, health is an important component of human capital [1
], and healthy human capital plays a huge role in promoting national economic growth [2
]. In particular, people with a higher level of health can promote labor market participation and provide a stable labor force [3
], which is an important condition for high income and economic status [4
]. Human capital theory also points out that governments and individuals need to invest in health in order to have good health status [1
]. For example, the government has the responsibility to provide public health services, such as sound infrastructure, regular hospitals, and comprehensive medical insurance systems [5
], so that people have the ability to access high-quality services when they have health problems. Individuals need to master health knowledge and maintain high health literacy to manage their health.
Rural adults with good health status help to promote economic and social development in rural China, as well as the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, as rural adults constitute an important part of the labor force. However, chronic disease prevalence and other indicators show that the overall health status of rural Chinese adults has been declining. Specifically, the two-week prevalence rate for rural adults increased from 13.9% in 2003 to 20.2% in 2013. In addition, there is a large gap between urban and rural health expenditures, in terms of both public and private expenditure [6
]. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the government has been implementing preferential policies in favor of urban areas. Many resources are invested in urban areas, while rural areas lack support for development. Due to the unequal distribution of health service resources, rural adults have to travel long distances and pay transportation costs in order to access high-quality health services [7
], which imposes a great burden. Moreover, results from the National Resident Health Literacy Survey show that in 2019, the health literacy level of urban adults was 24.81%, while that of rural adults was 15.67%, thus the average level of health literacy is lower in rural areas than in cities. In this context, how to improve the health status of rural adults, reduce inequalities in health, and achieve integrated development of urban and rural areas have become some of the issues of most concern for the Chinese government.
In the past two decades, the internet has developed rapidly. This rapid expansion has increased people’s access to health information, especially residents in rural and remote areas [8
]. As of March 2020, China had 904 million internet users, and the internet penetration rate was 64.5% [11
]; further, 33.2% of Chinese adults have sought health information from the internet [12
]. In addition, the government has successively proposed a series of normalization strategies such as Internet+ and digital villages to develop rural areas. Specifically, in 2018, the State Council issued “Opinions on Promoting the Development of ‘Internet + Medical Health’” in order to promote deep integration, which helps in having access to health information, adopting a healthy lifestyle, and improving the accessibility of medical and health services for rural adults by using the internet. Therefore, the internet could help reduce social inequalities in health [13
]. In this context, it is necessary and significant to explore whether and how the internet plays a role in improving the health of adults in rural China. Moreover, there are few studies directly focused on this topic. To fill that research gap, this study used three rounds of data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) collected in 2014, 2016, and 2018 to investigate the relationship between internet use and health outcomes of rural adults who are at least 16 years old. The study confirms that internet use has a significantly positive impact on rural adults’ health. Information accessibility, social interaction, and exercise are three important pathways linking internet use to improved health outcomes. In addition, internet use has heterogeneous effects on the health of rural adults of different genders, age groups, and education levels. Attention should be focused on highly educated older men in order to improve the effects of internet use. This study highlights the role of the internet in improving the health of rural adults, and thus contributes to both the field of internet use and rural human capital theory, and provides empirical evidence for accelerating the popularity of the internet in rural China.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2
reviews the existing literature. Section 3
explains data sources and the methodological approach of the study. The empirical results are presented and discussed in Section 4
and Section 5
, respectively. Section 6
concludes the paper.
2. Literature Review
In recent years, a number of research efforts have empirically studied the impact of the internet on individual health, but results are mixed. On one hand, many studies found that internet use contributed to positive health outcomes of adults [9
]. On the other hand, some found that internet use had no impact or a negative impact on health outcomes [17
]. In general, most research suggests that the effect of the internet on adults’ health is positive, and those studies provide important references for the framework of this study.
The internet has the potential to improve adults’ health by providing public access to large amounts of health information, medical resources, and social support [9
]. Compared with offline information resources, the internet has more advantages in terms of obtaining health-related information [20
]. The internet enables the dissemination of health information, overcoming geographical and time constraints, making it more convenient and faster. The anonymity of the internet allows a greater variety of health information to be shared [22
]. Internet use for health-related purposes could increase adults’ medical knowledge, improve their health literacy [15
], and help them implement healthy behaviors, such as doing moderate exercise every week, eating healthy, and avoiding unhealthy behaviors [16
]. It is found that internet users are more likely than non-internet users to have weekly moderate physical activity and eat healthy, and are less likely to smoke [17
]. Moreover, the internet can provide opportunities for rural residents to interact with healthcare providers, especially for people in remote areas [9
]. The use of the internet can also enhance communication with distant relatives and friends, leading to a larger and more useful social network [25
], which is associated with better psychological functioning and well-being [19
]. In addition, internet use for health helps people find social support from online support groups, which is conducive to their health-related knowledge and physical and mental health [19
Although researchers have recently focused on issues of the relationship between internet use and health outcomes, some gaps exist. First, most research has studied the impact of seeking health information on the internet on adults with specific illnesses or diseases [32
] or explored factors that predict internet use for health purposes [33
]. Little is known about the impact of internet use by adults in general on health outcomes. Second, little research has empirically examined the pathways through which internet use could affect health outcomes. Third, little research has examined the issue with nationally representative data collected in recent years in rural China, where medical resources are scarce and adults have low health literacy. To bridge these gaps in the literature, this study uses longitudinal data from a nationwide survey to investigate the causal relationship between internet use and adults’ health outcomes in rural China. Specifically, this study examines whether and how internet use positively affects their health outcomes. On the basis of the existing literature mentioned above, we proposed three pathways—information accessibility, social interaction, and moderate exercise—through which internet use could improve health status. This study also examines whether these effects differ for people with different characteristics (for example, gender, age, and education). In addition, this study employs instrumental variables and the linear two-stage least squares (2SLS) method to address potential endogenous problems due to omitted variables or reverse causality.
Whether and how internet use significantly and positively affect health outcomes of rural adults was empirically tested. To do this, multivariate analysis was first adopted to examine the impacts of internet use (measured by general usage and weekly online time) while controlling for individual and household characteristics. Second, a potential path analysis for the impacts was conducted. Third, whether internet use has different impacts on health outcomes of rural adults with different characteristics was examined. Finally, the causal relationship between internet use and health outcomes was tested by solving the endogenous problem.
4.1. Basic Regression
The results for the impact of internet use on health outcomes of rural adults are found in Table 2
and are reported in standard deviations (SD). Table 2
shows a positive and significant effect of general internet usage on health outcomes (columns 1 and 2). Specifically, in the regression without the year dummy variable, health status improved by 0.266 standard deviations at the 0.01 level of significance (row 1, column 1) if a rural resident used the internet. In the regression including the year dummy variable, health status improved by 0.351 standard deviations (row 1, column 2, p
< 0.01), which is greater than the effect without the year dummy variable. Similar results can be found from another measure of internet use, weekly online time (columns 3 and 4). It can be seen that if rural adults increased their weekly online time by one hour, their health outcomes would improve by 0.010 standard deviations (row 2, column 3) in the regression without the year dummy variable. The coefficient was 0.012 (row 2, column 4) after including the year dummy variable. All four regressions show that internet use has a positive and significant impact on health outcomes of rural adults. After controlling for the year dummy variable, internet use had a greater effect on health outcomes. This is consistent with previous research showing that health outcomes of rural adults are improved by using the internet [9
also shows that men who were married, younger, and more educated were more likely to report good health. Individuals who exercised weekly and did not smoke and drink were significantly more likely to report good health. Only after controlling for the year dummy variable was sleep quality significantly correlated with health outcomes. The coefficients in columns 2 (0.033) and 4 (0.032) are both positive and significant at the 0.1 level, but small in size. In addition, people who had a job, more family members, more houses, and higher household income reported better health conditions. All of these effects are statistically different from zero.
4.2. Pathway Examination
This study examined three potential pathways linking internet use to improved health outcomes. One path is that internet use allows people to have access to a large amount of health information conveniently, which is positively associated with health status [38
]. Using the internet to seek health information helps in receiving necessary informational support that improves people’s ability to deal with health-related problems [39
]. Internet use also has direct positive paths to social interaction and social support, which, in turn, are positively associated with health outcomes [40
]. Social interaction online can help rural adults get support and advice, improve their health knowledge, and manage their health, leading to better health outcomes [41
]. In particular, internet use can expand people’s social networks and increase their social interactions to obtain social support resources from distant friends, online support communities, and healthcare experts [19
]. Another path is that internet use can increase people’s health knowledge and promote health behavior changes [16
], such as engaging in weekly physical activity and not smoking. People who were nonsmokers and did exercise weekly were significantly more likely to report good health [38
In addition, there are relevant questions to measure information accessibility, social interaction, and exercise in the CFPS survey. Information accessibility is a categorical variable captured by a question in the CFPS that asks how important using the internet is to obtain information. Respondents gave their answers on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 = very unimportant to 5 = very important). Social interaction is a continuous variable measured by family gift exchange, which is the sum of all income and expenses of gifts and cash for family social activities. Information about incomes and expenses of family gifts and cash is collected in the CFPS survey. Exercise is measured by asking respondents how many times a week they do exercise. In this paper, the answers are transformed into a dummy variable, defining weekly exercise with a value of 1 and no exercise with a value of 0. In the regression of information accessibility on internet use, this study used an ordered logistic model, since information accessibility is an ordered discrete variable. In the regression of social support, the random effects model was employed.
As shown in Table 3
, the analysis examined the impacts of internet use on three paths: information accessibility, social interaction, and exercise. It can be seen that general internet usage is positively associated with information accessibility (row 1, column 1, p
< 0.01), which means that compared with people who do not use the internet, users claim that the internet is an important channel for obtaining information. The same results were found in the regression of weekly online time (row 2, column 2). When rural adults are online for more time each week, they are more likely to obtain health information on the internet, thus helping to improve their health. All of these coefficients are significantly different from zero. Columns 3 and 4 show that internet use (general usage and weekly online time) also has a positive impact on social interaction. However, it can be seen that the effect of weekly online time (row 2, column 4) is not statistically different from zero. In other words, as predicted by a number of authors in the literature [19
], the more time rural adults spend online to increase their social networks, the less time they have to maintain and strengthen their social relationships offline, which may not necessarily improve overall social relationships. Finally, this study examined the impact of internet use on rural adults’ exercise. Similar to the regression of information accessibility, general internet usage (coefficient = 0.546; row 1, column 5) and weekly online time (coefficient = 0.017; row 2, column 6) both help to encourage rural adults to exercise moderately every week. Moreover, these effects are significant at the 0.01 level and moderate in size.
4.3. Heterogeneous Effects
To further draw out the important effects of internet use on health outcomes, this study examined important subgroups of rural adults, specifically, gender, age, and education groups. The effects of internet use on rural adults of different genders are presented in Table 4
. It can be seen that general internet usage (coefficient = 0.538; row 1, column 3) and weekly online time (coefficient = 0.027; row 2, column 4) both had a greater impact on health outcomes for women. These coefficients are positive and significant at the 0.01 level. For men, the coefficients of general internet usage and weekly online time are small and not statistically different from zero, although general usage shows a positive impact on health outcomes (row 1, column 1). Moreover, weekly online time was negatively associated with men’s health status (row 2, column 2). This is consistent with the previous literature showing that women were more likely to use the internet to seek heath information [42
], which had a positive impact on health status.
Considering the different impact of internet use on the health outcomes of rural adults of different age groups, as shown in Table 5
, it can be seen that general internet usage had a positive and significant effect on health outcomes for rural adults in the 16–39 age group (row 1, column 1) and the 40–59 age group (row 1, column 3). The magnitude of this effect was larger for the former (0.461) than for the latter (0.212). However, the effect of general internet usage on people over 60 years old was the smallest and is not significant (coefficient = 0.081; row 1, column 5). This may be because young people are more likely to use the internet to seek heath information, and more experience with internet usage could enhance users’ attitude toward the technology and increase their capacity to take advantage of resources they find online [9
], which in turn positively affects health outcomes [9
]. In addition, the effects of weekly online time were not significant for rural adults in all age groups (row 2).
In Table 6
, which presents the impact of internet use on health outcomes of rural adults with different education levels, it can be seen that the effects of internet use are significant only among people with primary school education or below. Specifically, general internet usage was positively associated with health outcomes of rural adults with primary school education or below (row 1, column 1), although the coefficient (0.462) is smaller than the coefficient (0.521) for people with education beyond senior high school. A similar result of the effect of weekly online time (coefficient = 0.023; row 2, column 2) can be seen, which is positive and significant. Again, the magnitude of this effect is smaller compared to people with education beyond senior high school (coefficient = 0.028; row 2, column 6). For people with an education level between junior and senior high school, the effect of internet use was not significant, and the size is the smallest (columns 3 and 4).
4.4. Endogenous Issues
Although this study used longitudinal data and a panel logit model, which allow stronger causal claims about the relationship between internet use and health outcomes than cross-sectional data [19
], there may still be endogenous problems, and thus, an inability to draw a causal relationship between the two. The longitudinal design of the CFPS follows the same individuals over many years, which helps in controlling stable characteristics such as demographic differences and personality; however, it cannot control for unmeasured variables that may change over time. There may also be reverse causality between internet use and health outcomes, since people with poor health are more likely to use the internet to seek health-related information or find support resources. Therefore, our study used two instrumental variables (provincial internet penetration and whether there is a computer at home) to address endogenous problems. Internet penetration refers to the popularity and utilization of internet facilities in a region, which is not directly related to rural adults’ health. However, internet penetration has an important impact on individuals’ online decision-making, which satisfies the exogenous requirements of instrumental variables. Having a computer at home (1 = yes, 0 = no) also meets the requirements of instrumental variables. Specifically, whether people have a computer at home is positively associated with their internet use. Individuals who have a computer at home are more inclined to use the internet, although those who do not may also use smartphones or other people’s computers to surf the internet. On the other hand, whether people have a computer at home generally does not directly affect their health through channels other than the internet. A general fact is that if the computer at home is not connected to the internet, it is easy for it to be idle, since its functions are extremely limited, and it has little effect on the owner. Moreover, this study used the two-stage least squares (2SLS) method to estimate the effect of internet use on health outcomes.
shows the results of the impact of general internet usage and weekly online time on health outcomes of rural adults using instrumental variables. In the first-stage regression, both instrumental variables had a significant impact on general internet usage (rows 1 and 2, column 1), which is positively and significantly associated with health outcomes (row 3, column 2). The coefficient (0.099) decreased by 0.252 after addressing the endogenous problem. Similar results can also be seen for the impact of weekly online time. Specifically, both instrumental variables are significantly associated with weekly online time (rows 1 and row 2, column 3) at a significance level of p
= 0.01. Moreover, weekly online time had a significant effect on health outcomes (row 4, column 4). The effect (0.009) decreased by 0.003 after solving endogeneity.
The findings of this study are consistent with most of the previous relevant research, showing that internet use has a positive and significant impact on health outcomes [9
]. After addressing endogenous problems, internet use still has a positive and significant impact. Moreover, this study found that internet use is positively associated with information accessibility, which means that the internet is an important source of information for rural adults to access health information. This study also found that internet use increases social interaction significantly, by which people can obtain social support and helpful advice. In addition, internet use has a significant effect on people’s health behaviors. In particular, rural adults will do exercise every week to improve their health status. The findings showed that internet use provides more opportunities for rural adults to seek health information, draw on more social support resources, and have better health behaviors, which help to improve their health literacy and enhance their ability to manage their health, leading to better health outcomes.
Another important finding is that internet use has heterogeneous effects on the health of rural adults of different genders, age groups, and education levels. In the regression that shows gender heterogeneity, the results demonstrate that internet use has a positive and significant impact on women’s health outcomes, with greater effects than on men’s health outcomes. However, the effect of internet use on men’s health was not significant. For rural adults of different age groups, it was found that the health of rural adults in younger age groups could be improved by general internet use. Specifically, there are significant and positive effects of general internet usage on health outcomes of rural adults in the 16–39 and 40–59 age groups, and the effect size for the former is almost twice that of the latter. However, this study did not find a significant relationship between general internet use and health outcomes of people aged 60 or above. This may be because older people are less likely to use the internet, and they have low internet skills, which means they are unable to benefit from online health resources [33
], especially in rural China. In addition, this study found that internet use only had a positive and significant effect on the health outcomes of people with primary school education or below. This may be because rural adults with more education generally have high socioeconomic status, and they have more opportunities to communicate directly with healthcare providers and obtain health resources.
Despite these findings, in the future, attention should be paid to digital skills, which play a key role in using the internet effectively to seek health resources, increasing people’s medical knowledge, and managing their health. However, most people in rural China are older and have lower socioeconomic status and digital skills, and thus are unable to take full advantage of online health resources [13
]. Moreover, rural adults have great difficulty in identifying correct online health information, as they generally have low health literacy, and thus, they cannot search for and understand the applicable information [44
]. There are disadvantaged people who do not possess the necessary skills to search for health information online, which may create inequalities in health information accessibility for rural adults [33
]. Attention should be paid to bridging the digital gap and maximizing the impact of the internet on people’s health. More research is warranted to further explore the relationship between digital skills and health outcomes.
In addition, our study did not explore the effect of different types of internet use on health outcomes, as each pattern is likely to have a different impact on people’s well-being, especially their physical and mental health. For instance, health-related internet use was positively associated with health status [9
]. People can search for health information online and get social support from online communities and others who share similar experiences [30
]. Moreover, the internet may affect health and well-being by affecting the ease with which people can access social support from friends and family [7
], since most people are more likely to use the internet to communicate with distant friends and family members, which can strengthen already-existing social networks [46
]. In addition, using the internet for entertainment and relaxation is to some extent regarded as a leisure activity, which helps people reduce stress and improve health outcomes [47
]. Last but not least, the health outcomes were measured by people’s own reports of their general health. More objective measurements of health outcomes should be considered in future studies.
Despite these limitations, this study has important implications, which are particularly important in the context of rural China, which lags far behind urban areas. Information technology has developed rapidly and brought significant changes to personal life in recent years, especially health-related internet use. Our study found that internet use has a positive and significant impact on the health outcomes of rural adults. Rural adults can find a large amount of health information, increase their social interaction, and maintain physical exercise every week to improve their health outcomes by using the internet. Thus, it is important to promote internet use for health purposes in rural areas. Given that online health information is sometimes unreliable and rural adults have low health literacy, future research should focus on ways that not only encourage people to obtain health resources online, but also provide knowledge or resources to increase their ability to identify correct information efficiently. Health-promoting actions should be designed in terms of internet use.
Although previous studies investigated the impact of internet use on people’s health outcomes, the causal relationship between the two is not yet fully understood. Most of the studies on this topic only used cross-sectional data or simple correlation analysis to investigate this relationship. Moreover, little research has examined the issue in developing countries, especially in rural China, where adults lack high-quality medical resources. To bridge the gaps in the literature, this study examined the causal relationship between internet use and health outcomes of rural adults using instrumental variables and longitudinal data from three waves of a nationally representative survey in rural China. The results indicate that internet use has a significantly positive impact on health outcomes of rural adults. This study also examined three pathways, information accessibility, social interaction, and exercise, through which internet use could improve health outcomes. In addition, this study investigated the heterogeneous effects of internet use on rural adults of different genders, ages, and education levels. Attention should be focused on highly educated older men to improve the effects of internet use. | <urn:uuid:9d008d4b-a837-43a0-aff0-28cc58f90502> | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/18/6502 | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.265625 |
Vitamin D: How Much Does My Child Need?
When you were a kid, getting enough vitamin D wasn’t often an issue. If you weren’t in school, you were running around outside. You were exposed to the sunlight, and that was enough to power up your body’s vitamin D. And your parents? They probably endured a spoonful of cod liver oil every night to cover their needs. But that’s not the case for today’s kids. During the past five years, the number of children with vitamin D deficiency has increased by more than 200 percent, according a study by the United Kingdom-based public-awareness campaign Vitamin D Mission.
The lack of vitamin D could be because kids aren’t going outside as much, or because of the rise in the use of sunscreen, which is, naturally, very important for its own reasons. But it leaves today’s parents wondering: Is my child getting enough?
Vitamin D Primer
“Vitamin D isn’t actually a vitamin,” explains Maria Kennedy, a dietitian and nutritionist in Cary. “It’s actually a hormone.” Vitamin D, in other words, isn’t the end game — it’s a starting player that makes things happen in our bodies.
Scientists believe it works like this: Skin contains a substance called provitamin D. When exposed to sunlight, provitamin D begins to change into vitamin D. But then it has to be “activated,” so it travels to the liver, where it undergoes a chemical change. After that, it takes a trip through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it goes through another change to become the active form our bodies can use.
“Vitamin D is most important for good bone health,” Kennedy says. “It helps your bones absorb calcium. So, when kids weren’t getting enough sunlight, they’d become vitamin D deficient. They’d end up with a condition called rickets, where their bones became soft and weak.”
Vitamin D goes to work doing other things, too. Research shows it boosts the immune and nervous systems, and may even help battle diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease and multiple sclerosis.
So, how can kids get their vitamin D?
“Mainly from the sun,” Kennedy says. “You can’t get vitamin D from too many foods, but it’s mostly in fatty fish. And there aren’t a lot of kids who readily eat a lot of fatty fish!” It’s also in fortified milk, but Kennedy suggests choosing wisely. “Because it needs to bind to a fat to work, you should use at least 1 percent milk. Skim milk won’t have the fat vitamin D really needs to work efficiently.”
How Much Do Kids Need?
The good news is, it doesn’t take a lot of effort for kids to get the vitamin D they need. Laura Reavis, a clinical dietitian for Cone Health Nutrition and Diabetes Management Center in Greensboro, says infants up to 12 months old need 400 IU (international units, the standard for measurement) daily. “If they’re formula-fed, it’s most likely fortified with the correct amount of vitamin D,” she says, but check the label if you want to be sure. If your baby is nursing, you’ll want to give him a supplement, because it’s not present in breast milk. For kids older than age 1 — and adults up to age 70 — the recommended daily allowance is 600 IU.
“Vitamin D is really most important for kids during periods of rapid growth,” Reavis says. “So, that first year when infants are growing rapidly, it’s important. Then again during the adolescent growth spurt, you want to be sure your child is getting enough.”
If your child is getting her vitamin D from the sun, there’s no need for her to go outside and stand in the middle of the yard for several hours. The ultraviolet radiation waves called known as UVB start vitamin D formation, and those waves shine down best around noon. “Exposure for about 20 minutes at noon without sunscreen is enough to make vitamin D and store it,” Reavis says.
Here’s some really cool news: Human bodies can store vitamin D, so if children spend time outside during the summer, Reavis says, typically enough vitamin D will be stored in their fat cells to last them through winter.
What You Can Do
“It’s really not terribly difficult to make sure kids are getting enough vitamin D,” says Dr. Marty Baker, a pediatrician with Carolinas Healthcare in Charlotte. If you have an infant who’s on formula, check the label to see if she’s getting her 600 IU. And if you’ve got an infant who’s nursing, talk to her doctor about providing a supplement in a liquid dropper.
But follow the guidelines closely. The FDA cautions parents to only use the dropper that comes with the bottle of vitamin D to avoid toxicity. “And sometimes people think, ‘If one drop is good, 10 would be better,’ ” Baker says. But that’s not the case with vitamin D, since it’s not water-soluble and it’s possible to overdose. “There’s overload on the kidneys,” Baker explains. “So if it says five drops, do five drops. Not 50 or 15.”
If you’re concerned about your child going outside without sunscreen, it’s not an all-or-nothing scenario.
“If sunscreen were perfect, it would protect us from skin cancer while allowing us to get our vitamin D,” Baker says. Since that’s not the case, apply sunscreen to protect your child’s skin, but be sure he gets outside often to maximize the chances he’ll have enough exposure. Remember, it doesn’t take hours to store up on vitamin D — even several minutes every day is sufficient.
It’s not easy to tell if your child is vitamin D deficient, but if he has pain in his legs or knees, or if he’s getting sick more often, that may be an indication, Reavis says.
If you’re still unsure, Kennedy offers this advice: “If you’ve got a child who doesn’t spend time outside and who doesn’t drink fortified milk, ask the doctor to just have a blood test done,” she says. “It’s simple, it’s quick, and why worry about giving your kid extra vitamin D if they’re already getting what they need naturally?”
Kathleen M. Reilly is a writer and mom in the Triangle. Visit her online at kathleenreilly.com. | <urn:uuid:16326a80-99aa-4818-8400-8567d4ab8b19> | https://www.charlotteparent.com/vitamin-d-how-much-does-my-child-need/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.078125 |
As the global population continues to grow, the challenge of providing food for billions of people becomes increasingly pressing. Sustainable agriculture offers a pathway to meet this demand while safeguarding the environment and ensuring the well-being of future generations.
Sustainable agriculture is a holistic approach to food production that seeks to balance economic, social, and environmental aspects. It aims to enhance food security, improve livelihoods, and protect natural resources, all while minimizing negative impacts on the ecosystem.
One of the central principles of sustainable agriculture is soil health. Healthy soils are essential for productive and resilient agriculture. Practices such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and reduced tillage help maintain soil fertility, prevent erosion, and retain moisture, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and enhancing the land's long-term productivity.
Furthermore, sustainable agriculture emphasizes biodiversity. Encouraging diverse crop varieties and promoting agroecological approaches can strengthen resilience to pests and diseases. Additionally, integrating livestock into farming systems through practices like rotational grazing can restore degraded lands and improve nutrient cycling.
Conservation of water resources is another vital aspect of sustainable agriculture. Efficient irrigation techniques, rainwater harvesting, and water recycling can reduce water consumption and increase overall water use efficiency. This is particularly crucial in water-scarce regions facing the challenges of climate change.
The use of chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers is minimized in sustainable agriculture, as these can have adverse effects on human health, beneficial insects, and the broader ecosystem. Instead, integrated pest management and organic farming practices are employed to control pests and maintain soil fertility without relying on harmful chemicals.
Moreover, sustainable agriculture promotes the use of renewable energy sources and seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with food production. Implementing renewable energy technologies, such as solar-powered irrigation systems and biogas digesters, helps decrease the carbon footprint of agriculture.
In addition to environmental benefits, sustainable agriculture supports social equity and rural development. By adopting fair trade practices, supporting smallholder farmers, and empowering women in agriculture, sustainable farming systems promote social inclusivity and alleviate poverty in rural communities.
To fully realize the potential of sustainable agriculture, various stakeholders need to be involved. Governments can play a crucial role by enacting policies that support and incentivize sustainable farming practices. Financial institutions can provide financial support to farmers transitioning to sustainable methods, while consumers can make informed choices by supporting sustainable and locally produced food.
Educating farmers about sustainable practices and providing them with training and access to technology is essential for successful adoption. Research institutions and agricultural extension services can contribute by developing and disseminating knowledge on sustainable farming techniques that suit local conditions.
In conclusion, sustainable agriculture is a viable and necessary solution to the challenges of feeding a growing global population while protecting the environment and promoting social equity. By prioritizing soil health, biodiversity, water conservation, and renewable energy, sustainable agriculture offers a pathway towards a more resilient, food-secure, and sustainable future for all. Collaboration between governments, farmers, consumers, and various stakeholders is crucial in realizing the full potential of sustainable agriculture and shaping a more sustainable food system.
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Enter the verification codes to confirm your identity. | <urn:uuid:6b53c40a-123c-48ce-966c-3a700869d579> | https://collegeessay.org/essay/sustainable-agriculture-feeding-the-future-4938275610487321 | fineweb_edu_high | 4.40625 |
Soluble Leptin Receptor and Risk of Gestational Diabetes in a Multiethnic Population: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Soluble leptin receptor (sOb-R), a potential marker of leptin resistance, is inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes, independently of leptin concentrations. We have previously shown that ethnic difference in leptin concentration may partly explain the increased risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) in South Asians. Our objective was to investigate whether sOb-R concentrations are associated with risk of GDM, whether concentrations of sOb-R differ across ethnic groups, and whether ethnic differences in sOb-R explain the ethnic differences in GDM risk. The STORK Groruddalen study; a prospective cohort study of pregnant women living in Oslo, Norway, between May 2008 and May 2010. Of the total sample (n = 823), 680 (47.1% Europeans) had sOb-R measured in pregnancy week 15 and an oral glucose tolerance test performed in week 28. GDM was diagnosed according to World Health Organization 2013 criteria. sOb-R was inversely associated with GDM (odds ratio, 0.76 [95% confidence interval, 0.69-0.83] per ng/ml increase in sOb-R, P < .001) in crude analysis. The association was attenuated after adjustments for covariates and leptin (0.85 [0.77-0.95], P = .004). Compared to women with sOb-R higher than 5 ng/ml, the odds ratio of GDM was 0.29(0.11-0.78; P = .014) among women with sOb-R greater than 10 ng/ml and 0.59 (0.37-0.94; P = .026) among women with sOb-R 5-10 ng/ml, in adjusted analysis. sOb-R levels did not differ across ethnic groups, and sOb-R did not explain ethnic differences in GDM risk. There was an independent, inverse association between sOb-R and GDM, with the lowest risk of GDM observed among higher sOb-R concentrations. | 91697f1ee3e5096bdb3c4589fd2aff4d | null | pile_pubmed | null |
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
September 11, 2008
No. 08-50403
Summary Calendar Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
TONY O’NEAL JOHNSON
Defendant-Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 6:04-CR-9-ALL
Before JOLLY, BENAVIDES, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Tony O’Neal Johnson, federal prisoner # 82365-080, was convicted
following a guilty plea on three counts of possession with intent to distribute at
least five grams of cocaine base (“crack”) in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(B)(iii). He moves to proceed in forma pauperis (IFP) to appeal the district
court’s order denying his motion for reduction of sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(2). The district court denied Johnson leave to proceed IFP on appeal,
certifying that the appeal was not taken in good faith for the reasons stated in
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion
should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
No. 08-50403
its order denying relief. By moving for leave to proceed IFP, Johnson is
challenging the district court’s certification that his appeal was not taken in good
faith. See Baugh v. Taylor, 117 F.3d 197, 202 (5th Cir. 1997).
“Section 3582(c)(2) permits a district court to reduce a term of
imprisonment when it is based upon a sentencing range that has subsequently
been lowered by an amendment to the Guidelines, if such a reduction is
consistent with the policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.”
United States v. Gonzalez-Balderas, 105 F.3d 981, 982 (5th Cir. 1997). The
decision whether to reduce a sentence under § 3582(c)(2) is discretionary, and
this court reviews the denial of a § 3582 motion for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Boe, 117 F.3d 830, 831 (5th Cir. 1997).
Johnson based his motion on the United States Sentencing Commission’s
adoption of Amendment 706, which modified the sentencing ranges applicable
to crack cocaine offenses to reduce the disparity between crack cocaine and
powder cocaine sentences. See United States Sentencing Commission,
Guidelines Manual, Supp. to Appendix C, Amendment 706, p. 226-31 (Nov. 1,
2007) (amending U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)). Johnson argues that in the light of
Amendment 706, he was eligible for a reduction in his sentence regardless of his
career offender status for purposes of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1.
As the district court’s reasoning suggests, a reduction in Johnson’s base
offense level under § 2D1.1 pursuant to Amendment 706 would not affect
Johnson’s guidelines range of imprisonment, which derived from an application
of § 4B1.1. Because Johnson’s guidelines range of imprisonment was not derived
from the quantity of crack cocaine involved in the offense, Johnson was not
“sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that ha[d]
subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission.” § 3582(c)(2). The
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Johnson’s motion for a
reduction of sentence. To the extent that Johnson argues that the district court
had the discretion to reduce his sentence under § 3582(c)(2) in the light of United
2
No. 08-50403
States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), this argument is unavailing because
Booker did not involve a retroactive amendment to the Guidelines. See United
States v. Shaw, 30 F.3d 26, 29 (5th Cir.1994).
Johnson argues for the first time on appeal that he seeks reduction in his
sentence based on Amendment 709 to the Guidelines. Because this argument
is raised for the first time on appeal, we decline to consider it. See Leverette v.
Louisville Ladder Co., 183 F.3d 339, 342 (5th Cir. 1999)(“This court will not
consider an issue that a party fails to raise in the district court absent
extraordinary circumstances.”).
Johnson has not shown that the district court’s determination that his
appeal would be frivolous was incorrect. Accordingly, his request for IFP is
DENIED. See Baugh, 117 F.3d at 202 n.24. Because his appeal is frivolous, it
is DISMISSED. 5TH CIR. R. 42.2.
3
| 1f226bf6de7ed2ef64a4be4a883d6833 | null | pile_freelaw | null |
Point in triangle test
LINK: http://www.blackpawn.com/texts/pointinpoly/default.html
Same Side Technique
A common way to check if a point is in a triangle is to find the vectors connecting the point to each of the triangle's three vertices and sum the angles between those vectors. If the sum of the angles is 2*pi then the point is inside the triangle, otherwise it is not. It works, but it is very slow. This text explains a faster and much easier method.
First off, forgive the nasty coloring. I'm really sorry about it. Honest.
Okay, A B C forms a triangle and all the points inside it are yellow. Lines AB, BC, and CA each split space in half and one of those halves is entirely outside the triangle. This is what we'll take advantage of.
For a point to be inside the traingle A B C it must be below AB and left of BC and right of AC. If any one of these tests fails we can return early.
But, how do we tell if a point is on the correct side of a line? I'm glad you asked.
If you take the cross product of [B-A] and [p-A], you'll get a vector pointing out of the screen. On the other hand, if you take the cross product of [B-A] and [p'-A] you'll get a vector pointing into the screen. Ah ha! In fact if you cross [B-A] with the vector from A to any point above the line AB, the resulting vector points out of the screen while using any point below AB yields a vector pointing into the screen. So all we need to do to distinguish which side of a line a point lies on is take a cross product.
The only question remaining is: how do we know what direction the cross product should point in? Because the triangle can be oriented in any way in 3d-space, there isn't some set value we can compare with. Instead what we need is a reference point - a point that we know is on a certain side of the line. For our triangle, this is just the third point C.
So, any point p where [B-A] cross [p-A] does not point in the same direction as [B-A] cross [C-A] isn't inside the triangle. If the cross products do point in the same direction, then we need to test p with the other lines as well. If the point was on the same side of AB as C and is also on the same side of BC as A and on the same side of CA as B, then it is in the triangle.
Implementing this is a breeze. We'll make a function that tells us if two points are on the same side of a line and have the actual point-in-triangle function call this for each edge.
function SameSide(p1,p2, a,b)
cp1 = CrossProduct(b-a, p1-a)
cp2 = CrossProduct(b-a, p2-a)
if DotProduct(cp1, cp2) >= 0 then return true
else return false
function PointInTriangle(p, a,b,c)
if SameSide(p,a, b,c) and SameSide(p,b, a,c)
and SameSide(p,c, a,b) then return true
else return false
It's simple, effective and has no square roots, arc cosines, or strange projection axis determination nastiness.
Barycentric Technique
The advantage of the method above is that it's very simple to understand so that once you read it you should be able to remember it forever and code it up at any time without having to refer back to anything. It's just - hey the point has to be on the same side of each line as the triangle point that's not in the line. Cake.
Well, there's another method that is also as easy conceptually but executes faster. The downside is there's a little more math involved, but once you see it worked out it should be no problem.
So remember that the three points of the triangle define a plane in space. Pick one of the points and we can consider all other locations on the plane as relative to that point. Let's go with A -- it'll be our origin on the plane. Now what we need are basis vectors so we can give coordinate values to all the locations on the plane. We'll pick the two edges of the triangle that touch A, (C - A) and (B - A). Now we can get to any point on the plane just by starting at A and walking some distance along (C - A) and then from there walking some more in the direction (B - A).
With that in mind we can now describe any point on the plane as
P = A + u * (C - A) + v * (B - A)
Notice now that if u or v < 0 then we've walked in the wrong direction and must be outside the triangle. Also if u or v > 1 then we've walked too far in a direction and are outside the triangle. Finally if u + v > 1 then we've crossed the edge BC again leaving the triangle.
Given u and v we can easily calculate the point P with the above equation, but how can we go in the reverse direction and calculate u and v from a given point P? Time for some math!
P = A + u * (C - A) + v * (B - A) // Original equation
(P - A) = u * (C - A) + v * (B - A) // Subtract A from both sides
v2 = u * v0 + v * v1 // Substitute v0, v1, v2 for less writing
// We have two unknowns (u and v) so we need two equations to solve
// for them. Dot both sides by v0 to get one and dot both sides by
// v1 to get a second.
(v2) . v0 = (u * v0 + v * v1) . v0
(v2) . v1 = (u * v0 + v * v1) . v1
// Distribute v0 and v1
v2 . v0 = u * (v0 . v0) + v * (v1 . v0)
v2 . v1 = u * (v0 . v1) + v * (v1 . v1)
// Now we have two equations and two unknowns and can solve one
// equation for one variable and substitute into the other. Or
// if you're lazy like me, fire up Mathematica and save yourself
// some handwriting.
Solve[v2.v0 == {u(v0.v0) + v(v1.v0), v2.v1 == u(v0.v1) + v(v1.v1)}, {u, v}]
u = ((v1.v1)(v2.v0)-(v1.v0)(v2.v1)) / ((v0.v0)(v1.v1) - (v0.v1)(v1.v0))
v = ((v0.v0)(v2.v1)-(v0.v1)(v2.v0)) / ((v0.v0)(v1.v1) - (v0.v1)(v1.v0))
Here's an implementation in Flash that you can play with. :)
// Compute vectors
v0 = C - A
v1 = B - A
v2 = P - A
// Compute dot products
dot00 = dot(v0, v0)
dot01 = dot(v0, v1)
dot02 = dot(v0, v2)
dot11 = dot(v1, v1)
dot12 = dot(v1, v2)
// Compute barycentric coordinates
invDenom = 1 / (dot00 * dot11 - dot01 * dot01)
u = (dot11 * dot02 - dot01 * dot12) * invDenom
v = (dot00 * dot12 - dot01 * dot02) * invDenom
// Check if point is in triangle
return (u > 0) && (v > 0) && (u + v < 1)
The algorithm outlined here follows one of the techniques described in Realtime Collision Detection. You can also find more information about Barycentric Coordinates at Wikipedia and MathWorld.
posted on 2009-12-01 16:58 zmj 阅读(1260) 评论(0) 编辑 收藏 引用
| <urn:uuid:bf6abf87-1069-4348-b87a-6d22fb34b93d> | http://www.cppblog.com/zmj/archive/2009/12/01/102345.html | dclm_baseline | 0.959401 |
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[P] What are Alpha Zero’s Inputs (Chess)?
My current understanding of Alpha Zero from a high level is that it takes in the board state and outputs the probability distribution of results. I am especially confused about the anatomy of the inputs though.
Taking the example of chess, the DeepMind arxiv paper said that the network had a total of 119 spatial planes. Of these spatial planes four types stick out to me: color, repetitions, total move count, and no-progress count.
The layer feels useless because it only encodes a single number repeated. Couldn’t this be optimized out because the information is already encoded within the board structure. The chess board is oriented such that the side AlphaZero is playing is on the bottom and color should be implicit with the layers that the P1 and P2 pieces exist in. Didn’t the authors also say P1 is always the player to make the move? Why do we need a color map?
I’m not sure what this is. Does this come from fen representation? Why does this need to be counted per time-step? I believe that past a certain point the repetitions no longer count towards a draw. As well, how are these encoded? Is it just a copy of the relevant positions that would cause a three-fold repetition?
Total Move Count and No-Progress Count
Are these encoded as integers? To my understanding, activation functions perform best near 0. So, a small difference in count would not make a difference. Would these be normalized or will this happen implicitly in the network. Also not sure what are no-progress counts.
I apologize if my questions are a waste of time.
submitted by /u/MiddleStress
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| <urn:uuid:e52192e5-af5c-47f4-a8bb-7e8c74ccfa93> | https://torontoai.org/2019/06/19/p-what-are-alpha-zeros-inputs-chess/ | dclm_baseline | 0.960679 |
Q:
Central Limit Theorem, why $n \ge 30$?
This is what I think the technical statement of CLT is:
If we consider $\overline{X}_{n}$ coming from a sample of $\mathcal n$ independent and identically distributed random variables $X_{i}$ with mean $\mu$ and variance $\sigma^{2}$ then as n $\rightarrow \infty$
$\sqrt n \left( \left(\frac{1}{n} \ \sum_{i=1}^{n} X_{i} \right) - \mu \right) \approx N(0,\sigma^{2})$
Question: I've read textbooks which claim $n \ge 30$ without offering any support for the claim, why $n \ge 30$?
A:
There are quantitative versions of the CLT which provide an estimate of the rate of convergence. One is given at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry%E2%80%93Esseen_theorem. This says that the sequence of CDFs of the rescaled sample means converges uniformly to the appropriate normal CDF, provided the third moment of the variables exists.
Assuming the summands have finite third absolute moment, we get $|F_n - \Phi| \leq \frac{C \rho}{\sigma^3 \sqrt{n}}$ where $\sigma$ is the standard deviation of the summands and $\rho$ is the absolute third moment of the summands. Here $C$ does not depend on the variables, and has been shown to be less than $\frac{1}{2}$. So the practical convergence rate depends on how big $\rho$ is relative to $\sigma$.
Let's try this with the binomial. The standard deviation is $(p(1-p))^{1/2}$. The third absolute moment is $p (1-p)^3 + (1-p) p^3 = p (1-p) ((1-p)^2+p^2)=p (1-p) (1-2p+2p^2)$. The factor of $(1-2p+2p^2)$ is between $1/2$ and $1$, so we can essentially ignore that. The important thing is that $\frac{\rho}{\sigma^3}$ is on the order of $(p (1-p))^{-1/2}$. So for the binomial, the theorem estimates the error as being at most $\frac{1}{2 p^{1/2} (1-p)^{1/2} \sqrt{n}}$. Making this small could require $n$ to be quite large, if $p$ is close to $0$ or $1$.
A quantitative example: take $p=0.01$, then $\frac{1}{2 p^{1/2} (1-p)^{1/2}}$ is a little larger than $5$. In this case, the theorem only guarantees that the error is less than $0.1$ uniformly if $n>2500$. In reality this is probably rather blunt (indeed, a sharp argument for this special case can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Moivre%E2%80%93Laplace_theorem), but it gives an idea of how slow the convergence rate could be in the worst cases.
| 4ac7193caadfdd694593e0cc883c7d8b | null | pile_stackexchange | null |
Use of videotaping to evaluate pediatric resident performance of health supervision examinations of infants.
To demonstrate reliability of a method for evaluating pediatric resident performance of health supervision examinations of infants using real patients and to evaluate pediatric resident performance of health supervision examinations of infants before and after an educational intervention consisting of a 6-month ambulatory rotation combined with video-assisted review of resident performance of the examination. Longitudinal cohort study in which all second-year residents were enrolled. Residents' preintervention (baseline) videotapes were compared with postintervention videotapes. Each resident served as his or her own control. University hospital pediatric resident continuity clinic. Sixteen second-year pediatric residents who were participating in a required 6-month ambulatory rotation. METHOD AND MAIN RESULTS: Reliability study: Using a 51-item instrument derived from the American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Health Supervision, trained raters blind to the sequence and dates of the videotaped health supervision examinations independently rated 44 resident encounters (a minimum of two raters per tape) and achieved good interrater reliability (kappa = 0.80). Intervention study: After a 6-month ambulatory rotation which included resident-faculty reviews of preintervention videotapes, residents showed a 14% mean improvement in performance scores for the examination (P < .05). The results indicate that videotaped health supervision examinations using real patients can be reliably evaluated by observational techniques in a continuity practice. A 6-month ambulatory block rotation coupled with video-assisted interactive review of examinations is associated with measurable improvement in resident performance on the postintervention test. | cbd2aab69a4c7eb97f5c5b9810b4483c | null | pile_pubmed | null |
The following is a brief guide to Ewing’s Sarcoma. It is intended to give you a basic understanding of the disease so that you can have an informed discussion with your doctor about the disease, your diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
This is by no means intended to be a comprehensive guide to Ewing’s Sarcoma. You should direct all questions and confirm all information with your doctor or team of medical professionals.
Overview of Ewing’s Sarcoma
Often abbreviated as ES, Ewing’s Sarcoma is a bone cancer that is known for being particularly sensitive to radiation therapy.
ES is similar in appearance to another type of soft tissue cancer, the even more uncommon primitive neuroectodermal tumor, or PNET. These two types of cancer are in fact so familiar that for research and treatment purposes they are treated as largely the same.
When pathologists examine ES it appears blue, because of the particular stain that is used to identify the tumor. For this reason ES is often called small round blue cells.
The Typical Ewing’s Sarcoma Patient
ES is a rare pediatric cancer. In fact, it has appeared in fewer than three people per million under 20 years old, according to a 2008 study. In almost all cases ES is discovered in patients that are between five and 25 years old. Cases after the age of 25 are incredibly uncommon. The majority of cases occur in children and adolescents between 10 and 20 years old.
ES is also uncommon in those younger than five. It is more common in boys than girls, and males also have a lower rate of survival than females when diagnosed with ES. ES is ten times more common in Caucasians than blacks.
The most common locations of ES are the pelvis, followed by bones in the legs.
Symptoms of Ewing’s Sarcoma
An ES tumor will grow over weeks and months and occasionally patients report feeling pain or seeing a mass. If a mass has been present for a long period of time it is most likely not ES, as the disease is extremely aggressive. On occasion, the tumor eats away at bones, leading to fractures.
ES can mimic many other diseases of the bone, such as osteosarcoma and lymphoma.
Treatment of ES
According to the Liddy Shriver Sarcoma Initiative, it is ideal that those diagnosed with ES have a team of physicians from a variety of disciplines provide care. These physicians should include:
- Orthopedic oncologists
- Medical oncologists
- Pediatric oncologists
- Radiation oncologists
- Musculoskeletal radiologists
- Musculoskeletal pathologists
In some cases, a surgery team should include:
- Spine surgeons
- Vascular surgeons
- Plastic surgeons | <urn:uuid:b3bdbad8-8538-48e5-8d09-bcbedf5f78c4> | http://www.leiomyosarcoma.org/ewings-sarcoma/ | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.546875 |
Author | Jaime Ramos
When we think of cities with the largest public parks in the world, we immediately think of London or New York. However, despite the popularity of these parks, the largest public parks in the world are not located in these cities. And some cities are home to absolute nature reserves that are open to the public.
What is a public park?
When we talk about public parks, we are referring to natural spaces located within the metropolitan areas of cities and which are used to satisfy various urban uses, molding them and adapting them. An interesting feature of the largest parks is that, since time immemorial, they have been nature reserves that have helped cities to grow around them.
What are the largest public parks in the world?
The largest, therefore, already existed before the humans who have adopted and molded them, partly, for urban recreational uses. These are the largest.
1) Izmaylovsky Park in Moscow, 160 km2
Although the official list of Parks names Chugach State Park in Anchorage (Alaska, United States) as the largest in the world as it covers a vast metropolitan area, it is in fact located 20 kilometers from the urban center.
To find a major park that is truly and genuinely urban, with areas used as public parks, we have to go to the Russian capital. Moscow's Izmaylovsky Park, located to the East of the capital, is actually a forest that belonged to Russian aristocracy and royalty. There is even a famous television comedy with the same name.
The park is one of Moscow's hidden treasures that combines historic architecture and art; recreational areas with traditional businesses and an incredible biodiversity. Preservation managers have classified 50 species at risk that are monitored.
2) The Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai, 103 km2
#SGNPpic.twitter.com/ijO4WjVc9Y— Sanjay Gandhi National Park (@gandhi_park) April 3, 2020
A forest, three lakes, caves, Buddhist temples, waterfalls and large felines... This is what awaits the 18 million inhabitants of the peninsula where Mumbai emerges from the Vasai Creek estuary.
The location is loaded with history. Its current name is a tribute to Indira Gandhi's son, who died in a plane crash in 1980. According to park sources, it has over 1,000 plant species, 50,000 insects, 241 bird species, 38 reptiles or 40 mammals, including tigers and leopards.
The latter interact with our own species. They are not just responsible for dozens of deaths in the park and surrounding areas, but the presence of leopards contains the dog population in the area.
3) Bukhansan Park in Seoul, 80 km2
The South Korean capital is home to numerous parks, including Namsan Mountain Park (around 35 km^2^), which is built into the city center. However, it is not the largest. The largest is the Bukhansan Park, which stretches from the North on the city map.
With one hundred Buddhist temples and forts, dating back 2000 years, the mountains of this nature reserve have defended the city from invaders. Today it provides a natural lung for the megacity with 9.77 million inhabitants. There are over 1,300 wildlife species in the park.
4) North Saskatchewan River Valley parks in Edmonton, 73 km2
In this case, we are not referring to a single park, but rather successive urban parks on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River as it crosses the metropolitan area of Edmonton in Canada.
This history of this network, which includes up to 30 urban parks, began with the proposal by the architect Frederick Todd to use the nature reserve along the riverbank. Since 2007, the municipal authorities began buying and adding land to make up an area that is equivalent to 22 times the size of Central Park (New York). The recreational facilities include historical forts, natural preservation centers, a zoo and the Muttart Conservatory greenhouses.
5) Margalla Hills National Park in Islamabad, 70.3 km2
Margalla Hills National Park pic.twitter.com/DDbW6o7LkB— Beautiful Pakistan🇵🇰 (@LandofPakistan) May 28, 2022
This park and Islamabad hug one another. It is not only an essential nature reserve, but rather the city has used part of its land as it has grown, surrounding the famous Shakarparianhills/park and the Rawal Lake. The reserve has been the center of controversy among the executive and judicial branches and the military forces, who were claiming 32 km2 of the park.
Images | Wikimedia.commons/Kristy2906, Wikimedia.commons/kamish721, Wikimedia.commons/ Simon Law | <urn:uuid:48bef16e-2d52-4f27-b360-a44690b9060e> | https://tomorrow.city/a/the-largest-public-parks-in-the-world | fineweb_edu_broad | 3.125 |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Diverse Source Text Dataset (2.5M)
A curated, deduplicated, multi-domain English text dataset blending 7 sources across STEM, legal, scientific, encyclopedic, Q&A, and general knowledge domains. Designed as high-quality, diverse source material for downstream NLP tasks such as synthetic data generation, fine-tuning, and text analysis.
Dataset Summary
| Total samples | 2,500,000 |
| Estimated tokens | ~2.8B (GPT-2) / ~2.4B (modern tokenizers) |
| Language | English |
| Format | Parquet (ZSTD compressed) |
| File size | 4.28 GB |
| Text length | 200 - 50,000 characters |
| Mean length | 4,656 characters (~1,107 tokens) |
| Median length | 2,439 characters |
Source Breakdown
| Source | Samples | Share | Avg Chars | Avg Tok/Doc | Quality Score | Domain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FineWeb EDU (broad, 3.0-4.0) | 750,000 | 30% | 4,997 | 1,063 | 3.39 | General educational |
| DCLM-baseline | 500,000 | 20% | 2,295 | 572 | 0.89 | Commonsense / explanatory |
| FineWeb EDU (high, >= 4.0) | 375,000 | 15% | 4,923 | 1,023 | 4.18 | STEM / high-quality educational |
| Pile - FreeLaw | 250,000 | 10% | 14,458 | 3,781 | N/A | Legal (court opinions, filings) |
| Pile - PubMed Abstracts | 250,000 | 10% | 1,335 | 292 | N/A | Biomedical / scientific |
| Pile - StackExchange | 200,000 | 8% | 2,190 | 761 | N/A | Technical Q&A |
| Pile - Wikipedia (en) | 175,000 | 7% | 2,923 | 685 | N/A | Encyclopedic |
Schema
text: string # The document text (200-50,000 chars)
id: string # Unique document identifier from source
url: string # Source URL (null for Pile sources)
source: string # One of 7 source labels
quality_score: float64 # Source-specific quality score (null for Pile sources)
Methodology
Collection
- FineWeb EDU: Streamed from HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu across 12 Common Crawl dumps, filtered by educational quality score
- DCLM-baseline: Streamed from mlfoundations/dclm-baseline-1.0 with fasttext quality score >= 0.65
- Pile subsets: Streamed from monology/pile-uncopyrighted, filtered by subset name
Filtering
- Minimum 200 characters, maximum 50,000 characters
- 20% over-fetch to absorb deduplication losses
Deduplication (3-stage)
- Exact text dedup: MD5 hash of normalized text (lowercased, whitespace-collapsed) - removed 70,433 (2.3%)
- URL dedup: Normalized URL matching - removed 19,283
- Near-dedup (anchor pairs): Three passes using MD5 hashes of text start/mid/end 500-char anchors - removed 3,353
Total removed: 93,069 / 3,000,000 (3.1%)
Final Assembly
- Each source trimmed to exact target count, prioritizing highest quality scores
- Globally shuffled via deterministic hash (seed=42)
- Written as single Parquet file with ZSTD compression
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("blythet/diverse-2.5m", split="train")
print(ds)
# Dataset({
# features: ['text', 'id', 'url', 'source', 'quality_score'],
# num_rows: 2500000
# })
# Filter by source
stem = ds.filter(lambda x: x["source"] == "fineweb_edu_high")
# Filter by quality
high_quality = ds.filter(lambda x: x["quality_score"] is not None and x["quality_score"] >= 4.0)
Intended Use
This dataset provides high-quality, diverse English text suitable for:
- Synthetic data generation (e.g., chain-of-thought, instruction tuning)
- Fine-tuning language models across multiple domains
- Text analysis and NLP research
- Domain-specific data extraction (legal, scientific, educational, technical)
The domain diversity covers STEM, legal reasoning, scientific literature, technical Q&A, encyclopedic knowledge, and general commonsense explanations.
Limitations
- Quality scores are only available for FineWeb EDU and DCLM sources; Pile subsets have
nullquality scores - URLs are only available for FineWeb EDU and DCLM sources
- Text is English-only
- The dataset inherits any biases present in the upstream sources
License
This dataset is released under ODC-By (Open Data Commons Attribution License), consistent with the upstream source licenses:
- FineWeb EDU: ODC-By
- DCLM-baseline: ODC-By
- Pile (uncopyrighted subsets): Public domain / permissive
Citation
@dataset{diverse_2.5m,
title={Diverse Source Text Dataset},
author={blythet},
year={2025},
url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/blythet/diverse-2.5m},
note={2.5M curated, deduplicated multi-domain English texts}
}
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