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Why is depth perception easier with 2 eyes but worse with 1? | Depth perception is given by the brain perceiving the difference between the image of the 2 eyes. If an image is further away, there is less difference between the image the right eye sees and the image the left eye sees. The closer it is the more the image is different. Imagine a twig. Very far away you will see it th... | It's not really that different. Your field of vision is wider, but your eyes automatically combine the images so other than that it's similar. If I close one eye, the image is about 25% narrower but other than that not a huge difference. Depth perception only works with two eyes, but depth perception is subtle and only... | It's not really that different. Your field of vision is wider, but your eyes automatically combine the images so other than that it's similar. If I close one eye, the image is about 25% narrower but other than that not a huge difference. Depth perception only works with two eyes, but depth perception is subtle and only... | Because you have two eyes. When they're looking at the same thing, your brain can merge the image. When you're focusing on something different, you're actually seeing two different images. | Exactly the same way that we can perceive depth with our vision, with parallax. Notice that when you look at something close to your face, you go cross-eyed. Your brain measures the difference in angle between your eyes. If they are pointing straight forward, then your brain knows the object is far away, if your eyes a... | Scientific answer: It is because of the crossing fibers in the optic chiasm and in the posterior commissure: visual input from one eye thus reaches the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus on both sides. See "optical reflex" here: _URL_0_ TLDR; The correct answer is that the threshold for "too much light" is determined by the... | [
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How do snails get their shells without being near the ocean? | Shells don't simply come from the sea, they're grown by secreting their material. Snails grow their own shells. | There is a sea snail that does this: _URL_0_ | There is a sea snail that does this: _URL_0_ | It's because of air bouncing around. Think about how you can hear the wind because it moves things around and even if there's nothing to move, you can hear it whistling past buildings or thumping into walls. Well, even a tiny breeze makes noise but usually it's so quiet we can't hear it or don't notice. That's where t... | If i recall correctly, snails are super sensitive to touch and have relatively many pain/heat/cold receptors in thier skin. | The shell is redirecting ambient noise in toward your ear, you get the same effect by listening to the inside of a cup. The similarity with the breaking of a wave is that it is also basically random noise. | [
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How is the diameter of Mars 53% the size of Earth's but the surface area in only 38% of Earth's? | The surface area is actually only 28% of Earth's. The forumula for the surface area of a sphere is 4 * pi * r². So if r = .53, r² = .28 | [Mars](_URL_0_) has a mean density of 3.933 g/cm compared to 5.514 g/cm3 for [Earth](_URL_2_). The radius of Mars at 2,106 mi is slightly over half of Earth's radius 3,959 mi. Thus the ratios of their volumes is 2106^3 / 3959^3 = [0.15](_URL_1_). So since Mars is about 30% less dense than Earth and has 15% of the volum... | [Mars](_URL_0_) has a mean density of 3.933 g/cm compared to 5.514 g/cm3 for [Earth](_URL_2_). The radius of Mars at 2,106 mi is slightly over half of Earth's radius 3,959 mi. Thus the ratios of their volumes is 2106^3 / 3959^3 = [0.15](_URL_1_). So since Mars is about 30% less dense than Earth and has 15% of the volum... | Mars The large canyon, Valles Marineris (Latin for "Mariner Valleys", also known as Agathadaemon in the old canal maps), has a length of 4,000 km (2,500 mi) and a depth of up to 7 km (4.3 mi). The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars. By... | Timekeeping on Mars The average length of a Martian sidereal day is 24 h 37 m 22.663 s (88,642.66300 seconds based on SI units), and the length of its solar day (often called a sol) is 24 h 39 m 35.244147 s (88,775.244147 seconds). The corresponding values for Earth are 23 h 56 m 4.0916 s and 24h 00 m 00.002 s, respect... | That's because it is extremely close to being a sphere. There is a difference of about [30 km](_URL_2_) between the minimum and maximum points on the surface, a lot of which is attributed to the fact that the Earth is [oblate](_URL_0_). 30 km on 6371 km is less than [half a percent variation](_URL_1_), so it'd be hard ... | [
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What was the Whig Party like? Can it be compared to any modern-day political parties? | Can someone answer this question, except regarding the British Whig party? | Some Federalists in New England conspired to secede from the union during the War of 1812. Federalists were seen as traitors, and thus that party lost its support. The Whigs were a loose party built around anti-Jacksonian principles. The party was by no means cohesive, and when the issue of slavery came to the forefron... | Some Federalists in New England conspired to secede from the union during the War of 1812. Federalists were seen as traitors, and thus that party lost its support. The Whigs were a loose party built around anti-Jacksonian principles. The party was by no means cohesive, and when the issue of slavery came to the forefron... | Short answer: Domestic politics The Whig party was extremely opposed to the war, since they viewed it as an unjust land grab. They also felt that President Polk went around Congress to start it. So even after the US won a military victory, the Whigs were pushing for a "no land" victory, where the US would get the dispu... | The US uses a first past the post winner take all voting structure for our representatives in most States, and for the Presidency. As such that means that you will always have a primary party that wins often, and their primary challenger. Now these positions can and have changed over time (the Republicans replaced the ... | Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory or Whig, but has been a long time bastion of the English Establishment and empire. | [
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If dogs and/or cats have hearing far more sensitive than a human, why doesn't it deafen them when we yell? | This has to do with the way the cochlea works, and the dynamic compression it introduces to the incoming sound before entering the brain. Dogs and cats are better at percieving low level sounds because the cochlea is better able to pick up on a wider dynamic range. In other words, low level sounds will be more audible ... | The dog or cat in question has a bark/meow/howl that sounds, to the human ear like 'I love you', because we humans are primed to hear words. To the animal this particular bark/howl/meow means absolutely nothing. It is just a funny sound they can make that gets them loads of positive attention. Many pets are suckers for... | The dog or cat in question has a bark/meow/howl that sounds, to the human ear like 'I love you', because we humans are primed to hear words. To the animal this particular bark/howl/meow means absolutely nothing. It is just a funny sound they can make that gets them loads of positive attention. Many pets are suckers for... | Probably. Just as in the other two examples, you can only sense what you have receptors for. For example, humans can't see UV light because our rods/cones don't respond to those wavelengths of light, but [other species](_URL_0_) have receptors that do! Similarly, we may not have receptors that can respond to everything... | Nobody really knows an exact answer, but there are a few theories. One states that we cry out or groan in pain as an alert to others. Another suggests that yelling creates noise, which takes the emphasis of the pain away in our brains. Another theory is that it is meant to intimidate or scare whatever harmed you. These... | Because we process in kin with our ability to defend ourselves. Animals do not have the same abilities. This is the reason why we cringe when a child is slapped or someone assaults an elderly person. | [
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What does it mean to estimate pi | Pi is an infinitely long not repeating decimal. 3.14 is an estimate to the hundredth position. 3.14159 is an estimate to the 100000th position. All finite representations of pi are estimations, and the work of calculating the next digit is to "estimate pi to a greater degree of accuracy." | The numbers don't have to have a physical correspondence to nevertheless reflect physical reality. Pi is not negligible, it's a derived ratio. It's required to make the math work. It represents a relationship between certain quantities. That's the whole point of these constants - they were determined based on relation... | The numbers don't have to have a physical correspondence to nevertheless reflect physical reality. Pi is not negligible, it's a derived ratio. It's required to make the math work. It represents a relationship between certain quantities. That's the whole point of these constants - they were determined based on relation... | The other explanation is already very good. Pi is circumference divided by diameter. You can just measure both values for a small circle and divide them and you get Pi. Now if you know one measurement of any circle, you don't have to take the other measurement anymore, you can just derive it with a formula. **No one ev... | Pi is not infinite. It is irrational. And, well pi is the ratio of the circle's circumference to it's diameter. It's not like anyone invented it. However, historically many people have made closer and closer approximations to the value of pi, but while some of these attempts date back to antiquity, pi was only proven ... | Using series expansions (many of them are available for pi, or e). Using calculus, we can establish a relationship between the decimal points of say, pi and the number of terms that we use in the series expansion. So the task of finding the value of pi to a certain decimal level of accuracy becomes one of finding the n... | [
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Since the creation of coffeehouses followed the siege of Vienna, why aren’t coffee products globally described in German, rather than Italian? How did Italian become the language of coffee products? | > Since the creation of coffeehouses followed the siege of Vienna Where can I learn more about this? I've never heard this before. | Not before 1492. Although coffee is a major cash crop in Latin America today, it is an Old World product probably native to east Africa. It did not really see much use in Europe until the 17th c., although it had been popular in the Arab and Islamic world for many centuries. Its European popularity increased dramatical... | Not before 1492. Although coffee is a major cash crop in Latin America today, it is an Old World product probably native to east Africa. It did not really see much use in Europe until the 17th c., although it had been popular in the Arab and Islamic world for many centuries. Its European popularity increased dramatical... | Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. | It didn't die out, really. The people of the Roman Empire spoke Vulgar Latin, which later evolved into what we call the [Romance languages](_URL_1_): French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, and Portuguese. The reason for this is simple language change. Languages aren't really a concrete thing, they really only exist in the... | Grappa In Italy, grappa is primarily served as a digestivo or after-dinner drink. Its main purpose is to aid in the digestion of heavy meals. Grappa may also be added to espresso coffee to create a caffè corretto, meaning "corrected" coffee. Another variation of this is the ammazzacaffè ("coffee-killer"): the espresso ... | [
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Why are vehicles built that under and/or oversteer? | most vehicles don't oversteer from the factory, that's a dangerous thing for the average driver understeer makes the driver realize they are going too fast and they react by slowing down, especially with audible feedback from the tires. for an average driver understeer is much safer and easier to control | Oversteer is when the back tyres loses grip. This is usually wanted in racing as the back tyres are constantly spinning while you're turning and so that you don't lose too much speed while in a turn and letting you exit while still at a constant speed. Pretty much what drifting is. Understeer basically is when the fro... | Oversteer is when the back tyres loses grip. This is usually wanted in racing as the back tyres are constantly spinning while you're turning and so that you don't lose too much speed while in a turn and letting you exit while still at a constant speed. Pretty much what drifting is. Understeer basically is when the fro... | There are several reasons, such as: - ground clearance. Smaller planes may be too low to the ground for underwing engines. - Noise reduction. Engines near the tail makes the cabin much more quiet for the passengers. - Underwing engines are usually easier to check/maintain. - Engines closer to the center of the plan... | I'd imagine it's due to some combination of cost reduction (car companies are *incredibly* stingy lol), improving airflow without causing the annoying buffeting effect inside the vehicle, and the simple fact that the rear wheels of a minivan are right under the third row windows, so those windows couldn't roll down all... | You'd have to somehow get power to the wheels. Cars use something called a CV joint that allows the driveshaft to bend as the wheel turn or the suspension moves. A CV joint works well for the smallish angles that you can get with conventional steering, but it won't allow you to turn the wheel 90º. You'd also have to ma... | [
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How do Hippos run so quickly, not just underwater, but on land too with so much body weight and such small legs? | They can't do it for very long. Hippos can outrun you for maybe a few hundred feet before they need to rest. Just stay out of that range and you should be good. | Penguins have knees, they just have very very short legs, with their knees tucked underneath their long bodies. Penguins have disproportionately long and heavy bodies because they do not fly (and as a result cannot fly because of their long and heavy bodies). They need these bodies to survive in the cold, and their fas... | Penguins have knees, they just have very very short legs, with their knees tucked underneath their long bodies. Penguins have disproportionately long and heavy bodies because they do not fly (and as a result cannot fly because of their long and heavy bodies). They need these bodies to survive in the cold, and their fas... | They basically learn to run a new way, a way where you pick up your knees and actually PUSH against the ground, not simply skipping over it like we all do when we run. High turnover is a must. | Their speed is mostly for catching insects. They avoid predators using camouflage and hiding rather than speed generally. | Two big reasons. The first, lesser, reason, is that evolutionary inertia constrains body plans. So, to a small degree for the same reason that bats and horses have the same bone plans, just modified. The bigger reason, is that sensory organs are located near the brain (which is in the head) in order to reduce the dista... | [
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What's sticking around when a cast iron pan is being "seasoned"? | Hey OP, interesting question, as a chemist who enjoys cooking with my trusty cast iron skillet I had a great time looking into this for you. It was particularly difficult to find any scientific peer-reviews material on this topic but a company called Lodge that produces cast iron cookware has some great information on ... | IMHO it has nothing to do with the oil in the pan. I have my grandmother's skillet [probably 50+ years old.] I clean it with sea salt. I think it has to do with heat dispersal; that the iron transmits the heat more evenly than other materials. The food cooks evenly. | IMHO it has nothing to do with the oil in the pan. I have my grandmother's skillet [probably 50+ years old.] I clean it with sea salt. I think it has to do with heat dispersal; that the iron transmits the heat more evenly than other materials. The food cooks evenly. | Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year. | It is called Wave Interference or an Interference Pattern. It is similar to why soup bubbles or oil on water looks to have a rainbow coloring. As the metal heats up it expands but on a microscopic level. Since the heating is uneven this causes ridges to form on the surface that are small enough to cause the light refle... | When the meat heats up the a lot of the fit in it liquidates (or renders). This loss of fat causes the meat to shrink and is responsible for the additional oil on the bottom of the pan | [
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Was there ever a plan to exterminate Native Americans? | Did the US ever attempt the systematic genocide of Native American people? No. Did the US: * Make treaties with tribes and then dishonor them and end up forcing the natives onto reservations where they would have no economic opportunity? * consistently make war with tribes in the US' relentless push Westward? * Intenti... | Hi there -- while you wait for more comprehensive answers, you may be interested in [this thread](_URL_0_), where u/snapshot52 goes into detail about the genocides committed against native Americans, including their removals from their land (e.g. the various groups removed in the Trail of Tears). | Hi there -- while you wait for more comprehensive answers, you may be interested in [this thread](_URL_0_), where u/snapshot52 goes into detail about the genocides committed against native Americans, including their removals from their land (e.g. the various groups removed in the Trail of Tears). | The Indian Removal Act simply gave the federal government permission to propose treaties to Native Americans for them to sign, giving up their lands. The government would oftentimes offer cheap terms, which would be signed by one faction of a tribe. Most of the tribes did not recognize the signed treaties as official, ... | And adding to what /u/blur2010 and /u/arkadye have already said, they didn't just speak plain Navajo. The code talkers were trained to speak a kind of phonetic alphabet with Navajo words representing the English letters, and they spelled out words letter-by-letter this way. Common military words were given Navajo code ... | Today's population of indigenous native americans don't really have a "pure" gene pool in a way that your question can be answered meaningfully. No such data is likely to be available as smallpox was eradicated in the US in 1949 and world wide 40 years ago. | [
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Why has Traditional Chinese Medicine survived into modern times but not Traditional Korean/Vietnamese/Japanese medicine? | I think the question might be better worded as "why has Chinese medicine become so well-known internationally, and not Korean/Japanese/Vietnamese?" | Traditional Chinese Medicine uses herbs and powders and other natural ingredients to cure various ailments. They believe it will cure things such as impotence or even cancer. So, there's high demand for these items. | Traditional Chinese Medicine uses herbs and powders and other natural ingredients to cure various ailments. They believe it will cure things such as impotence or even cancer. So, there's high demand for these items. | Hi, some ideas since you haven't received answers here: you may try one of the translation subs, /r/translation or /r/translate IIRC, or a Chinese regional sub, or one specializing in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). If you live near a Chinese community, you might also try a herbalist or TCM practitioner. | Confucius', I believe. The Chinese have traditionally been meticulous about keeping their family records, although the majority were destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. The descendants of Confucius fled to Taiwan, saving their lineage. Also, I believe they are the only noble family that wasn't stripped of their title... | The **current** simplified Chinese is the Chinese government's attempt to simplify the written Chinese language so it can become easier to learn and reduce illiteracy, while the **current** traditional characters are the character set used since around the early 1900's and they are used mainly in regions such as Taiwan... | [
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What keeps the oxygen all over the earth from bursting into flames? | First off, oxygen itself doesn't actually burn, oxygen *facilitates burning* for other things. In order to have a flame you need something that oxidizes (like oxygen) and something that *can be oxidized* (like wood, metal, etc). Second, most things require a certain temperature before they will actually sustain burnin... | Nothing. On Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune there's no oxygen (O2) to sustain combustion. I doubt your match would even light in the first place. Oxygen binds very readily with hydrogen and carbon to produce water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are more stable than diatomic oxygen. I only know of one mecha... | Nothing. On Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune there's no oxygen (O2) to sustain combustion. I doubt your match would even light in the first place. Oxygen binds very readily with hydrogen and carbon to produce water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are more stable than diatomic oxygen. I only know of one mecha... | It's air pressure. When the stove is completely open, air pressure is roughly equalized so oxygen being burned is immediately replenished. When the door is only slightly open, the fire is using up the oxygen in the oven causing an area of low pressure, so the atmosphere outside of the oven "rushes in" to attempt to equ... | It's a mix of plant matter and minerals (sand, rocks, etc). Lots of different organisms help break down plant matter, including fungi. Fun fact: For several hundred million years nothing on Earth could digest cellulose, which is what trees are made of. So when trees fell, they didn't rot, they just *stayed there*. Huge... | Because water is the ash from the burning of hydrogen. First, oxygen is not a fuel, it's an oxidizer. Any kind of burning is an oxidation reaction, the combining of a fuel (hydrogen, in this case) with oxygen. The reaction gives off energy, which means that the combination of hydrogen and oxygen is a lower-energy state... | [
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If humans as a race prevented all those with genetically related physical or psychological shortcomings from reproducing, in several generations would there be a marked improvement in the overall health of mankind? | Difficult to say. Genetics are complicated; not all congenital diseases (that is, diseases you have from birth) are passed to offspring. As well, not all genetic diseases show obviously until much later in life, or maybe not at all (but can still be passed on to offspring). At the end of the day, while a eugenics prog... | It could be. Certain speciation scenarios could lead to a bottleneck or founder effect. An example of this is [peripatric speciation](_URL_0_). The smaller founding population represents only a subset of the genetic variation sampled from the parent population, so this could potentially be detrimental. But keep in mind... | It could be. Certain speciation scenarios could lead to a bottleneck or founder effect. An example of this is [peripatric speciation](_URL_0_). The smaller founding population represents only a subset of the genetic variation sampled from the parent population, so this could potentially be detrimental. But keep in mind... | There is none, really. Contrary to Puritan-stained myths, it would actually take several generations of DIRECT inbreeding (meaning father/daughter, sister/brother, etc.) to see consitent issues. Look at the monarchs of Europe. They're inbred over CENTURIES and largely remain healthy individuals, though they are prone t... | In the Selfish Gene Dawkins speculated this would be possible by segregating a society (on an island for instance) and then only allowing child birth after the age of 40. After 100 years of this the age for child birth would be moved up to 50 and so on. The implications of this would be 1. The age a woman stays fertile... | There were different [species of humans](_URL_0_), but we've outcompeted or outbred them. Given enough time, we could begin to speciate again, but at this point there is so much interbreding that it's hard to really say that, in the long run, any group of humans will be isolated enough for long enough to speciate. | [
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Why do we not have 4 year community colleges? | At least in the US, it's basically by definition. A "Community College" is also known as a junior college and generally only offer up to 2 year degrees or certifications. If they offered 4 year degrees they would then not be community college's anymore, and would be Universities. | It's a 2 year college based in a specific county. Generally only residents of the county it's based in can attend the community college. You can get an associate's degree there or transfer out to a 4 year college/university. Unfortunately they've gotten bad publicity of late because it's seen as low class to go to com... | It's a 2 year college based in a specific county. Generally only residents of the county it's based in can attend the community college. You can get an associate's degree there or transfer out to a 4 year college/university. Unfortunately they've gotten bad publicity of late because it's seen as low class to go to com... | It's a requirement for their degree, so most colleges I'm familiar with would treat it similar to a failed class. As long as they're still in good standing with the college and haven't exceeded the total deadline (usually 7 years) to complete the degree, they'll get another chance. However, this could vary by school. | Because the college decided that in order to give you that degree you have to meet certain standards. You can almost always view those standards before you go to the college. You can probably find a college which doesn't require that if you looked into it. They do it because they consider a well rounded person better e... | Sweet Briar College, a small women’s school in Virginia, announced last week that it will close in August. Students, faculty, staff and alumnae were caught by surprise. The college’s president, James Jones, announced that enrollment was down and the college couldn’t cover its expenses. Fifty years ago... | [
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What did people have for breakfast in the 1920's | They were similar to continental breakfasts, with coffee and bread. Oatmeal was still pretty big in the north, while grits were the thing in the south. Orange juice was pretty commercialized at the time, so a wealthy family would have likely had orange juice. Bacon and Eggs were also a pretty normal meal at the time fo... | There is a debate to be had about the relative merits of breakfast, but the answer to your question is very clear: _URL_0_ > Our reverence for breakfast is actually relatively recent. Before the late 19th century in the US, breakfast didn’t have any particular importance ascribed to it. But all that was changed by a s... | There is a debate to be had about the relative merits of breakfast, but the answer to your question is very clear: _URL_0_ > Our reverence for breakfast is actually relatively recent. Before the late 19th century in the US, breakfast didn’t have any particular importance ascribed to it. But all that was changed by a s... | The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, lettuce, cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before.[citation needed] | Traditionally breakfast was a large, hot, easy to prepare meal with lots of fat and carbs to give the energy you need to get through a day of physical labor. Lunch was a smaller, cold meal eaten during a short break. Supper was a meal eaten at leisure after a full day of work. Dinner was a large, elaborate hot meal tha... | Sugar became readily available. And the US is a major producer of corn so put the two together and you have a cheap product. Companies like General Mills started to fund television and started to advertise to children. Sugar wasn't a substantive part of cereal until the 1950s really only have first been add in the 1920... | [
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The whole situation with FIFA and Garcia. | Basically, there were persistent allegations of corruption surrounding FIFA's award of the 2018 World Cup to Russian and particularly the award of the 2022 World Cup to Qatar. Fairly significant evidence of corrupt payments was uncovered by the press, particularly in the UK. FIFA decided to commission an investigation... | Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO): FIFA an…: _URL_0_ This guy explains it well | Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO): FIFA an…: _URL_0_ This guy explains it well | They were taking bribes to give World Cup locations to countries with horrible human rights records. Qatar is basically a shit hole unless you're rich, and they only got it after paying fifa a whole lot of money. | The Desert Foxes are managerless following the shock resignation of Milovan Rajevac earlier this week.
Raouraoua told the FAF website: "I categorically state that we have never contacted Herve Renard and not even when he was unemployed about the Algeria coaching post.
"It is not our usual practice to contact a manager ... | Reports from the US suggest that Mr Blatter is being investigated by the FBI as part of a corruption inquiry.
He resigned in a surprise news conference on Tuesday night, but strongly denies any wrongdoing.
Mr Nelson said it was time for people within Fifa to begin to bring reform to the organisation.
US prosecutors lau... | [
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Why is it that, to the average American, Adolf Hitler is considered much more villainous than Joseph Stalin when Stalin killed millions more innocent citizens (than Hitler did) in concentration camps similar to the Holocaust? | Don't underestimate the power of propaganda from WWII. People hate Hitler because they were told to hate Hitler. He was the one killing THEIR sons on the battleground. Stalin was fighting to PROTECT their sons. Everyone hated Hitler, and loved, no... tolerated Stalin. It wasn't til after that people found out about the... | The thing you have to remember is that Hitler was relatively young when he wrote Mein Kampf he was in his mid 30s and it was more then 10 years before he came to power. Whilst he never repudiated the more extreme points in the book he didn't speak of them once he became a "respectable" politician. So most people though... | The thing you have to remember is that Hitler was relatively young when he wrote Mein Kampf he was in his mid 30s and it was more then 10 years before he came to power. Whilst he never repudiated the more extreme points in the book he didn't speak of them once he became a "respectable" politician. So most people though... | Hitler was viewed by many as a crackpot. Mein Kampf was really not very well written - I would say very poorly. But as to why he was not taken seriously, my feeling is that was more a problem of signal-to-noise ratio. In that era there were a number of quasi-militant groups, all tapping into the feeling of the times.... | Children have some "advantages" over adult soldiers. They're a lot easier to indoctrinate. Children generally lack more developed feelings of empathy. Once you get them killing they don't really seem to have a problem with it. Allied soldiers during WW2 said that the worst units to get captured by were the Hitler Yout... | Other deadlier events? The Holocaust killed 12 million people in a very intentional and systematic manner. They weren't "collateral damage" or anything like that, their deaths weren't side effects of war, people were methodically rounded up, arrested and sent to extermination camps to be shot or gassed to death, or lab... | [
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How do scientists come up with names of drugs such as diphenhydramine and benzodiazepine? | Some drugs can also be named after their chemical structure. For instance, acetaminophen's chemical structure name is "para-**acet**yl**aminophen**ol" | OP should know that the same can be said about a lot of drugs, especially those used to treat psychiatric or neurological disorders. As an earlier poster mentioned, serendipity is often how many were discovered. Amytryptiline was first tested as an antihistamine/decongestant. Viagra as a treatment for hypertension. The... | OP should know that the same can be said about a lot of drugs, especially those used to treat psychiatric or neurological disorders. As an earlier poster mentioned, serendipity is often how many were discovered. Amytryptiline was first tested as an antihistamine/decongestant. Viagra as a treatment for hypertension. The... | Generic drug Generic drug names are constructed using standardized affixes that distinguish drugs between and within classes and suggest their action. | "PM" medications usually contain diphenhydramine (Benadryl), a first-generation antihistamine that has the known side effect of making you drowsy. "Non-drowsy" medication are meant to distinguish themselves from this. | Many of the common anti-histamine drugs work by blocking histamine receptors in your body. Basically, it stops chemicals that would cause an allergic reaction from reacting with your body. However, a lot of these drugs also cause other chemical receptors from working correctly. The one we care about here is called *ace... | [
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Is this a meteorite ? | I do not think it is. You can look around this internet for more "Identifying meteorite" but [this one](_URL_0_) is fairly helpful with a step by step guide. Edit- the reason I don't think it is a meteorite is because of the white colored minerals on it, and the bubbles. However you may want a second opinion because I ... | Doesnt look like one; much too high silica content. Most meteorites have low (mafic - ultramafic) to very low (oxyde/sulphide) silica content. More likely a low- to medium-grade metamorphic rock (the pic could be clearer); perhaps a meta-sediment? | Doesnt look like one; much too high silica content. Most meteorites have low (mafic - ultramafic) to very low (oxyde/sulphide) silica content. More likely a low- to medium-grade metamorphic rock (the pic could be clearer); perhaps a meta-sediment? | It can and often does. In fact, an object isn't a meteor until it collides with Earth's atmosphere. Before then it's an asteroid or comet. | Meteoroid When a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of 20 km/s (72,000 km/h; 45,000 mph), aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing particles that it leaves in its wake. This phenomenon is call... | Hoba meteorite The Hoba[1] (/ˈhoʊbə/ HOH-bə) or Hoba West meteorite lies on the farm "Hoba West", not far from Grootfontein, in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. It has been uncovered but, because of its large mass, has never been moved from where it fell. The main mass is estimated at more than 60 tonnes,[1] making ... | [
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Why isn't there any way for me to live without being ruled by some government? | [You can.](_URL_0_) If you live with any number of other humans you'll form some sort of a societal structure. Before long, you'll have yourself a primitive government. | Some people do not believe that governments do need to exist. THe government, through the implied threat of force & incarceration, forces you to pay taxes for things you may not approve of. You can *try* to refuse to pay taxes but, if they catch you, the government will either take what they say you owe them, throw you... | Some people do not believe that governments do need to exist. THe government, through the implied threat of force & incarceration, forces you to pay taxes for things you may not approve of. You can *try* to refuse to pay taxes but, if they catch you, the government will either take what they say you owe them, throw you... | You're asking if there is a law that says you have to follow the law? Think about that. It's a non sequitur. You have to follow the law because might makes right, the government has the might, and the 'social contract' is an assumed one if you live in a given jurisdiction. | > If 90-100% of people wanted meth-with its known negative effects-legalized how can the government still refuse? Because, in our government, the citizens do not have the power to actually enact such measures, except through Constitutional Amendments directly (and even that is a weird process that we've never really us... | In very poor countries, ordinary citizens are not secure. There is a lot of crime and an ineffective police/judicial system. Even basic things like electricity can't be relied on. So *in order to live a life similar to the life they have in a developed country*, they'll have to live in a house with high walls and secur... | [
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What happens to your vocal cords when you lose your voice? | Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How does losing your voice work? ](_URL_9_) 1. [ELI5: What happens when you lose your voice? ](_URL_6_) 1. [ELI5: What happens when you "lose" your voice? ](_URL_8_) 1. [ELI5: What happens to our vocal chords when we lose our voice? ](_URL_... | You can think of your vocal cords as 2 "batwings" that are normally tucked away on either side of your trachea. When you want to talk, you unfold them so that they stick out from the sides a bit, but with enough space in between so that as air rushes past them they vibrate and generate a tone. You can stretch them tigh... | You can think of your vocal cords as 2 "batwings" that are normally tucked away on either side of your trachea. When you want to talk, you unfold them so that they stick out from the sides a bit, but with enough space in between so that as air rushes past them they vibrate and generate a tone. You can stretch them tigh... | During sleep, the vocal cords sit there unused and "loosen up" a bit because the muscles have been in a resting state so long. The effect is like loosening the tuning screw on a guitar string, the pitch shifts down a bit. | It's kind of similar how the rest of your body ages-slower movements and less strength. Pitch possibly may be reduced as your body ages, as well as the quality in all. Throughout puberty ages in males, the larynx tends to grow larger. They have a bit of a bigger change than a woman's larynx, making the pitch of a male ... | People don't hate the sound of their own voice. They hate how it sounds when it's recorded, and then played back to them. This is because, when you speak, the vibrations from the vocal cords in your throat get to your ears through the air, but also through your neck and skull bone. And you get used to how that sounds. ... | [
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Why is it pool water seems relatively cool when I enter, but then the air seems cooler still when I exit? (AND no, I didn't pee in the pool) | Pool water is relatively cool when you enter. When you exit, evaporative cooling takes place and makes you cooler. So both feelings are "right." | Water is much better than air (and a lot better than many other substances) at retaining heat. Oil, for instance, will heat a lot faster in a pan than the same amount of water will. It will also cool faster. So when in an ocean, a current or tide might take water that was warmer (for instances, water coming in from a s... | Water is much better than air (and a lot better than many other substances) at retaining heat. Oil, for instance, will heat a lot faster in a pan than the same amount of water will. It will also cool faster. So when in an ocean, a current or tide might take water that was warmer (for instances, water coming in from a s... | Your question is actually incorrect. If the temperature of the air and water are the same, and are cooler than your skin, the water will feel colder than the air. If the temperature of the air and the water are the same, and are warmer than your skin, the water will feel warmer than the air. This is because water trans... | the warm air cools down quickly. as it cools down, its volume goes down, and the pressure inside the freezer drops, making the door harder to open. after some time, "replacement" air comes in through the cooling system which functions by pumping and circulating cold air, which is why the effect disappears after a bit. | The water cools very quickly as it comes out of the shower head. To test this notice how nice and warm it is standing very close to the shower head and then sit or squat far away from it. You've moved yourself only a couple feet further away but the water will be noticeably colder. The smaller the volume of water the f... | [
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Why is the sound of heart beats so unsettling? | The sound of a heartbeat can also be meant as an indication of the fight-or-flight response, where your heart begins pumping harder as a means to get your body ready for a spurt of action (like being chased by a lion, or needing to fight off an attacker) when your body surges with norepinephrine. Because we often hear ... | You're feeling your [flight-or-fight response](_URL_1_), which (among other things) winds up releasing [adrenaline](_URL_0_) into your bloodstream. The sharp change in heart beat and breathing rate, as well as the dilation of blood vessels, can make you hyper-aware of your heart beat at the same time that it is changin... | You're feeling your [flight-or-fight response](_URL_1_), which (among other things) winds up releasing [adrenaline](_URL_0_) into your bloodstream. The sharp change in heart beat and breathing rate, as well as the dilation of blood vessels, can make you hyper-aware of your heart beat at the same time that it is changin... | Heart only contracts once per cardiac cycle. Contraction originates in the atria and then spreads over the ventricles. The reason you think it beats twice (ie lub-dub) is you've two heart sounds. S1 (lub) is your atrioventricular valves closing after contraction of the ventricles and S2 (dub) is your semi-lunar valves ... | Sort of. Sound is a mechanical oscillation, and mechanical oscillations can carry a ton of energy. The shock wave from large explosions is also a mechanical oscillation in the air, and is more than capable of killing and dismembering humans. The catch is, an oscillation of this type is not likely to be perceived by hum... | There's a phenomena called misophonia, that basically means hatred of sound. People that have this will experience various levels of distress, from mild discomfort to panic attacks to even uncontrollable physical outbursts. The brain usually registers the sound as painful or as a threat, and it triggers fight or flight... | [
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How are blood vessels, arteries, nerves, etc reattached up after surgery? | For major vessels, they sew them back together. This is a very tricky and difficult technique that typically requires a specialized vascular surgeon to ensure you get a tight seal that will heal correctly. Much more often they simply avoid these major vessels during surgery. With minor vessels, reconnecting them isn't... | They clamp major arteries, and use an IV to put fluids back into your body. For a minor surgery, the fluids are enough to keep your systemic pressure up while your body makes new blood. For major surgery, they give you whole blood or plasma, as needed. | They clamp major arteries, and use an IV to put fluids back into your body. For a minor surgery, the fluids are enough to keep your systemic pressure up while your body makes new blood. For major surgery, they give you whole blood or plasma, as needed. | Blood doesn't rush around your body in one big tube. What happens is the blood vessels split and become thinner and thinner. Think of a fan where the bottom is the main artery which splits into finer tubes called capillaries. This splitting happens all through your skin, so there are millions of very fine capillaries ... | For any organ transplant, you need to connect the new organ to the host. For most organs, that means some rational number of blood vessels and physical attachment to the surrounding structure. For a brain transplant you'd have to reconnect all the individual nerves...it would be like trying to replace a computer proce... | Traumatic events cause the actual control network to be damaged, preventing the limbs from receiving input from the brain at all. Limbs that were severed cleanly can usually be reattached because the nerves are just conducting the signals from the brain to the muscles. If a wire is cut cleanly, reconnect the wires and... | [
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Why does counting sheep help you go to sleep? | It is more a cliche about counting sheep being boring and tiring than actually being an effective sleep aid. | Actually the counting sheep's doesn't work. I read something about it but I'm too lazy to do the research right now. Anyway what you have to do is take your head off things. Read a book, try to think about a movie. Don't watch TV or use your tablet because the blue light they emit is bad for your sleep. | Actually the counting sheep's doesn't work. I read something about it but I'm too lazy to do the research right now. Anyway what you have to do is take your head off things. Read a book, try to think about a movie. Don't watch TV or use your tablet because the blue light they emit is bad for your sleep. | Loads about dreaming is unknown. Every day we experience an almost unlimited amount of input from all our senses. When we sleep our brain tries to make sens of it, group it into concepts, making connections so they make sense, and deleting all the input we don't need. It also works as a virtual reality chamber where yo... | This is definitely just my own thoughts, as I’m not sure there is a medical reason, but likely the person sleeping next to you is a friend or someone very close to you, emotionally. People have a nature tendency to mimic those they feel close to (we see this in apes too). So if they cross their legs, you do the same. T... | When you're trying to go to sleep, you are letting yourself be extremely vulnerable to attack/dangers. So small noises like a predator animal walking/stalking you would wake you alot easier. | [
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Why do shadows tend to be attracted by other shadows ? | Imagine two equally tall mounds of sand on a flat surface. Now, push the two mounds towards each other. You will notice that where the two mounds touch, the sand will combine and rise higher. The same occurs for shadows. A shadow's edge is never completely sharp due to diffraction, a property of light that blurs the ed... | Different light sources causing two overlapping shadows. The darker part is the double shadow, and the lighter part is where the shadow extends for either one light source or the other. | Different light sources causing two overlapping shadows. The darker part is the double shadow, and the lighter part is where the shadow extends for either one light source or the other. | This is likely due to changes in the refractive index of the air when it is close to the heating element, which makes shadows look "wavy." | > ... But why can't shadow carry information? The cause of the shadow's movement isn't where the shadow was in the past, but the movement of the light source and the thing blocking it. So the shadow can carry information from those, but not from other spots that the shadow was at. | Points on the surface get information from you. The information from you will reach them exactly with the speed of light in the vacuum. The position of the shadow one second after you moved your finger will be affected only in the sphere of the radius one light-second. So, the shadow two light-seconds from you stands s... | [
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Why didn't the US directly attack Hanoi, or the north in general during the Vietnam War? | It's because an attack in the North would almost certainly have forced China to take action, as it had done in the Korean War. American troops in the North would be directly on China's borders - which would probably result in direct confrontation and absolutely bring a risk nuclear war. Anyone who grumbles about Americ... | They were afraid that if they invaded the north, the Chinese would intervene the same way they did in Korea. That is where the aphorism about not fighting land wars in asia is about. And the reason they went into laos and cambodia was to establish supply routes and safe havens. Had they not gone into those countries, t... | They were afraid that if they invaded the north, the Chinese would intervene the same way they did in Korea. That is where the aphorism about not fighting land wars in asia is about. And the reason they went into laos and cambodia was to establish supply routes and safe havens. Had they not gone into those countries, t... | To address the second part of your question, the bombing was massed in the remote, sparsely populated (Laos had a very small population, around 2.5 million) area at the border with Vietnam. This was the 'Ho Chi Minh trail'. Keep in mind that the Democratic Republic of Vietnam did not respect borders either. It wasn't a... | They're not very good comparison candidates, they're 3,000Km apart with vastly different terrains & political situations. It's also arguable that the USA did not win the Korean war, given the existence of North Korea it would seem to validate the claim that the USA only partially succeeded. Vietnam was much more a war ... | Vietnam War The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War,[59] and known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955[A 1] to the fa... | [
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Why is liquid nitrogen preferred over water for cooling a CPU? | Yes it does, but liquid nitrogen has one very important property that allows it to cool stuff very effectively: It's boiling point is low enough that any heat added causes rapid boiling, which takes away dramatically more heat than just warming a fluid and drops the temp to the boiling point of the liquid. Water would ... | People have done it, primarily in the context of overclocking competitions. However, it's a bad idea for a few reasons: 1) Different materials expand or contract at different rates when cooled. Additionally, low temperatures usually make things more brittle. This makes it fairly likely that you are severely reducing th... | People have done it, primarily in the context of overclocking competitions. However, it's a bad idea for a few reasons: 1) Different materials expand or contract at different rates when cooled. Additionally, low temperatures usually make things more brittle. This makes it fairly likely that you are severely reducing th... | Look up the Leidenfrost effect for more details but you are basicaly right. The boiling point of nitrogen is -196C. The surface you pour it onto is at room temperature (about 20C) so it is well above the boiling temperature and above liquid nitrogen's leidenfrost point. It means that when the liquid nitrogen hits the s... | Because water is far more effective at transferring heat to you than air is. It's the same reason why if you put your hand in a 200C hot oven, it'll feel hot but won't burn you unless you hold it in there for quite a few seconds, but if you so much as brush one of the metal shelves you'll get an instant burn. Everythi... | Water is used because it has excellent properties for use in heating systems and it's relatively inexpensive, plentiful, non-toxic and easy to handle. There are some substances with 'better' thermal properties but they're expensive, toxic, etc. Ammonia for example has a slightly higher specific heat capacity than wate... | [
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Is there a scientific explanation for why children and even adults are so preoccupied with ‘fair’? | It is definitely a topic that spans across several scientific disciplines. And it isn't just kids or adults learning a social convention. Animal behavior researchers have [performed experiments](_URL_5_) that demonstrates even animals instinctively understand the notion of fairness. This is a rabbit hole I've often be... | While "fairness" is an inherently subjective metric, [this post might help provide context and a base for your own judgement.](_URL_0_) | While "fairness" is an inherently subjective metric, [this post might help provide context and a base for your own judgement.](_URL_0_) | The evidence seems to indicate that because children need so many more calories to support their growth, we've evolved to be particularly attracted to sweeter things during physical development and, complementarily, since smaller humans with still developing brains are more sensitive to toxins—which turn out to be more... | Children do not benefit from eating dirt. Children are more exposed to germs and therefore slowly build up immunities to common viruses. Not diseases, by the way. Adults do not get diseases only by touching public transport poles. Adults are more segregated than children, who are in schools all day with hundreds of oth... | Because children have context for violence, but not for sex. Even in relatively peaceful times, children have likely experienced interpersonal violence on the playground. But they haven't experienced sex at all - much less with all the attendant social elements that surround adult sex. As a result, they have no ground ... | [
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Why does your stomach feel like it's sinking when you're anxious? | Your stomach responds to stress by shutting off non vital systems and pulling blood to your heart and brain. Your stomach isn't considered a vital system, and so it basically stops flexing the muscles keeping everything in place, and so whatever was in your stomach or intestines has one less thing stopping it from leav... | A lot of the sensation of being hungry comes from your brain and not your stomach. You often feel hungry in response to changes in your blood sugar level rather than the fullness or emptyness of your stomach or intestines. When you actually do feel pain or discomfort from your abdomen while being hungry, that means tha... | A lot of the sensation of being hungry comes from your brain and not your stomach. You often feel hungry in response to changes in your blood sugar level rather than the fullness or emptyness of your stomach or intestines. When you actually do feel pain or discomfort from your abdomen while being hungry, that means tha... | That is known as "Globus Hystericus" or, a sensation of a lump in your throat as a response to an anxiety provoking situation. Common emotional response. Not everyone gets it. Note: if you are having constant difficulty swallowing, please see a doctor Edit: correction | **Answer courtesy of /u/corbeth from [here](_URL_2_).** Imagine this: you are in a car and the driver makes a hard turn. Doing this will push you against your seatbelt, or, if you aren't wearing one may even throw you out of your seat. This is because for a couple seconds, you are traveling in a different direction tha... | null | [
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How do I hear music in white noise? | White noise contains thousands of different frequencies. Your mind can subconsciously focus on certain frequencies, sometimes making up what you perceive as tunes. Also, take a look at [auditory hallucination](_URL_0_). | Many people are stimulated by sound. We hear sound around us all the time, and we enjoy listening to the sounds that we hear, whether it be music, or conversation. A lack of sound can be associated with loneliness or awkwardness. For example, if you're driving with someone, and after a while the conversation dies down,... | Many people are stimulated by sound. We hear sound around us all the time, and we enjoy listening to the sounds that we hear, whether it be music, or conversation. A lack of sound can be associated with loneliness or awkwardness. For example, if you're driving with someone, and after a while the conversation dies down,... | It's called **white noise**. Radiowaves are everywhere and they go in all directions. Some come from space, some come from us. Your antenna picks them up, but since those waves are not meant for TVs, it can't interpret then, and you see just some random noise. | Sound is wave through air, like ripples in water. When one wave meets another that is equal but opposite, they cancel each other out. ANC headphones have a tiny microphone built into them to detect ambient noise, and circuitry which produced a wave that's "equal but opposite" to that ambient noise, and injects it into... | Yes! This happens to me all the time! I do not have a TV in my room and I prefer to sleep in total black and silence. If there is a sudden noise (house settles/cracks) while I am trying to sleep, I will see (with closed eyes) a brilliant white flash AS the sound is happening, in synchrony. I thought it was normal until... | [
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Why does the House "always win" in gambling? | The odds of winning any gambling are set out so the house always has an advantage. This is usually just a few points of a percentage (0.verylittle) but over tens of millions of dollars pouring through a casino, this leads to millions in profit. You basically have like a 49% chance of winning, so over thousands of play... | When gambling, the casino in which you're playing is referred to as "the house" and the odds are stacked WAAAAAAYYYY in favor of the casino winning on any given hand, so that overall, a casino almost literally cannot lose money. That expression can be used similarly to "home field advantage" outside the gambling world... | When gambling, the casino in which you're playing is referred to as "the house" and the odds are stacked WAAAAAAYYYY in favor of the casino winning on any given hand, so that overall, a casino almost literally cannot lose money. That expression can be used similarly to "home field advantage" outside the gambling world... | Not an answer to your question, but I've always found it fascinating that the rules of blackjack work out to an ideal edge for the house with perfect player strategy, even though the rules were created long before the technology and existed to correctly prove the correct strategy or to prove the house edge. I'd love it... | Because there is a special tax for gambling. If everyone could play with whomever, too much money would change owners without the government earning from it. | Legalized gambling is becoming more an more accepted by Americans. But what it is about gambling that makes it so seductive? Is just about making money, or winning and losing? In the last report in our series on gambling, NPR's Wade Goodwyn looks at why more and more people are playing the odds. | [
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Why do metro stations not have a glass wall between the tracks and the balcony? | Because it requires the train to stop at the exact same spot, every time. Here in Toronto we have no barriers between the platform (what you call the balcony) and the tracks. The drivers of the train decide when to brake, and how hard to brake, and how fast to slow down. There is a[ large red dot](_URL_0_) on the walls... | The pillars add significant strength in the event of a roll over accident. Also glass becomes much more expensive the larger it gets. | The pillars add significant strength in the event of a roll over accident. Also glass becomes much more expensive the larger it gets. | These balconies are meant only as decorations, to make the building look prettier from the street. | That wind is the subways operating in tunnels with little clearance and provide a "plunger" effect, drawing air in from the departure site and then expelling it at the destination. It more or less pushes it along with the train creating positive pressure ahead of the train and a negative pressure (vacuum) behind the tr... | That's *ballast*, and it helps keep the rails and ties in place so the train goes smoothly on the track. It also helps to drain water away. | [
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why do stomach cramps and bugs drain your entire life force | Stomach bugs, which are either virus or bacteria, actually harm the soft lining of your stomach and/or intestines, by either producing toxins or attaching directly to your digestive tract and reproducing. That alone causes a fair degree of pain, and much of the fatigue is because your body is spending a lot of its ener... | Mainly due to stress. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine is released in your body giving you the "flight or fight" response. Other hormones such as cortisol also contribute to this. This results in blood being drawn away from your stomach and pumped more into your muscles, because during times of stress, your body is more ... | Mainly due to stress. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine is released in your body giving you the "flight or fight" response. Other hormones such as cortisol also contribute to this. This results in blood being drawn away from your stomach and pumped more into your muscles, because during times of stress, your body is more ... | When you feel anxious, your body produces adrenaline and goes into flight-or-fight mode, so to speak. That means your body is prioritising bodily functions necessary for either fighting or being able to flee. Digestion is not one of those. In fact, disgestion is quite a bit of work for the body, so while you are in thi... | Some believe that this is caused by the release of adrenaline when one is nervous, which pulls blood away from the stomach and sends it to the muscles. This reduced blood flow causes the stomach to temporarily shut down. | I have no personal experience, but perhaps another related question. I've heard that if you swallow a live cockroach, it will fight the force of your esophagus and attempt to crawl out before reaching the stomach. Is this true? | [
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German Brides After World War 2? | I don't know what you would consider a "large number", but american men did marry german women after WW2. This was initially discouraged by the US military as "fraternisation with the enemy", but the policy was soon relaxed. Americans were immensely popular in post-war Germany, as they were seen as rich and offered a w... | [SMS Goeben](_URL_0_) This German battlecruiser was caught in the Med at the beginning of the War and sailed for safe harbor in the Ottoman Empire. Germany handed her over to the Turks, but her officers and most of her crew remained German. In defiance of orders, they bombarded Russian positions and fired on Russian sh... | [SMS Goeben](_URL_0_) This German battlecruiser was caught in the Med at the beginning of the War and sailed for safe harbor in the Ottoman Empire. Germany handed her over to the Turks, but her officers and most of her crew remained German. In defiance of orders, they bombarded Russian positions and fired on Russian sh... | Justice Minister Heiko Maas is to overturn the convictions and create a "right to compensation".
About 50,000 men were convicted between 1946 and 1969, under a 19th-Century law that the Nazis had sharpened.
Homosexuality was decriminalised in 1969, but the legislation was not taken off the books entirely until 1994.
"W... | You know I remember reading something similar to this but I don't recall where - that after World War II there was a certain shift in attitude regarding Germanizing words that was part of the general weariness to all things nationalist. But now I can't find it anywhere. Certain words were simply abandoned by the popula... | During the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. | [
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What exactly is ear wax and why does it exist? | Ear wax is a type of sweat and keeps the inner ear moisturized. It's also a natural insect repellent. So it probably exists because it was an evolutionary advantage to not have bugs crawling around in our ears. | Earwax is made from glands of the external auditory canal (which are basically modified sweat glands if I recall it well enough), and also dead epidermal cells. It is thought to be a protective mechanism for the auditorium canal against infections and other trauma and is also a way to remove dead cells from it. Bonus t... | Earwax is made from glands of the external auditory canal (which are basically modified sweat glands if I recall it well enough), and also dead epidermal cells. It is thought to be a protective mechanism for the auditorium canal against infections and other trauma and is also a way to remove dead cells from it. Bonus t... | Yes, it protects the ear canals from the accumulation of dirt, dust and small insects. Ear wax is meant to trap these items before they can impact the very delicate ear bones. Unfortunately, people with very narrow ear canals are susceptible to accumulation of ear wax, thus causing a blockage and reducing ability to he... | As a rule, your body knows best how to clean itself. Earwax is anti-bacterial and prevents the delicate skin in your ear canal from drying out and/or becoming infected. It is beneficial to have it inside your ear-canal. Of course, a normal level of ear-wax production will eventually push wax out of your ear canal, into... | Eardrum In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window ... | [
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How do you ban a meme and what does it actually mean for those affected? | Memes aren’t really banned, there are just stronger copyright protections now in Europe . It has an impact because most of the pictures used in memes belong to someone else. Someone took that picture. It’s their intellectual property. You can’t just take someone else’s image, put some text over the top of it, and distr... | "Banning memes" is not what the law is directly about, that would probably end up being a side effect however. What the EU suggests is for social media platforms to scan user uploads for copyrighted content and block anything that might contain it, a la YouTube's Content ID. Since "memes" are often based on sceenshots ... | "Banning memes" is not what the law is directly about, that would probably end up being a side effect however. What the EU suggests is for social media platforms to scan user uploads for copyrighted content and block anything that might contain it, a la YouTube's Content ID. Since "memes" are often based on sceenshots ... | There are bots that will autorevert more obvious vandalism, and articles which have a lot of vandalism are protected. For instance, while you can edit most articles without an account, if you try to edit the pages for Obama or Jesus you'll need to login and any vandalism will result in a ban. They can ban accounts and ... | A shadowban is when a bot is banned but isn't alerted of its "bannedness" so it keeps on doing what it's doing, futilely because Reddit will balance out anything the bot does by performing the opposite action the bot has done. That is why you see the top posts with over ten thousand up votes and down votes. I used a bo... | I suspect it's easier to ban them all than to deal with people in the waiting room who feel the need to blabber away on the phone in their loudest outside voice about highly personal matters while they're waiting. | [
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I believe I can safely use a 75-watt-equivalent LED bulb in my 40-watt-rated table lamp because the LED only uses 13 watts. Is my logic faulty? | You should be OK doing this, because what matters is the amount that the bulb actually uses. The lamp can provide up to 40 watts safely without risk of fires or other issues. The equivalency rating is just there to let people compare its brightness to the bulbs that we are all accustomed to using, since most people wo... | You should always use the recommended wattage bulb, ~~but I am fairly certain~~ and I am positive that the wattage rating is the maximum recommended wattage, so using a lower wattage should be fine. If your lamp is blowing up bulbs at or below the wattage rating, it's probably a faulty bulb, or a faulty lamp. Don't set... | You should always use the recommended wattage bulb, ~~but I am fairly certain~~ and I am positive that the wattage rating is the maximum recommended wattage, so using a lower wattage should be fine. If your lamp is blowing up bulbs at or below the wattage rating, it's probably a faulty bulb, or a faulty lamp. Don't set... | It is difficult to get a meaningful conversion from watts to lumens for LEDs because the visible output is very dependant on quality of the diode used and the efficiency of the lights diffusion method. Pretty much you have to hope the manufacturer indicates the incandescent equivalent if you want to use wattage. What ... | Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO_2 emission per year. | Yes, but you get (significantly) less power than you need to power the artificial light, that makes it pointless unless there are other advantages (like mobility, for light-powered calculators). Conservation of energy tells you that you cannot win, and with the efficiencies of the light source, light transmission, and ... | [
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Why my eyes get red in pictures and what can I do to avoid this? | The red you are seeing is the inside of your eye, behind your pupil. This is part of the natural anatomy of your eye, so the only ways to stop it is to turn the flash off when you take the picture. If you are okay with editing in post, most editors have a "red eye" feature that "fixes" this because it is so common. | Decreased blood pressure. In the eyes, a dilation of the ocular capillaries occurs, encouraging the blood flow through the eyes and effectively causing red eyes. | Decreased blood pressure. In the eyes, a dilation of the ocular capillaries occurs, encouraging the blood flow through the eyes and effectively causing red eyes. | Your eyes aren't just focusing on it with the lens, but your eye-muscles are trying to position your eyes so both images overlap. There's some very detailed, very close diagonal lines in your picture so as your eyes try to overlap, they actually find overlapping non-lined-up parts -- and probably parts that force one e... | It's because the colour receptor cones in your eyes wear out relatively quickly when they're looking at the same colour for prolonged periods, causing you to see less of that colour when you look to see something else. In the case of a nap, the light will shine through your eyelids and expose your cones to a prolonged ... | It doesn't usually occur because there is background light prior to you waking up, e.g., light streaming through the window. Eyelids do not block 100% of light. You can easily confirm this by closing your eyes and then looking towards or away from a bright light source -- you will tend to see a bright red color when y... | [
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How can companies put "100% Satisfaction Guaranteed" on their products. Isn't "Satisfaction" subjective? | Simple, tell them you are not fully satisfied and they will give you a replacement or refund/credit for the purchase, depending on the stated warranty. They have to do so by law regardless of the reason, at least in the US. **EDIT:** Since people are doubting me (and haven't read the guarantee on products they bought... | My general rule is if someone is aggressively trying to sell me something, it's a piece of shit. Good products sell themselves on value and merit. | My general rule is if someone is aggressively trying to sell me something, it's a piece of shit. Good products sell themselves on value and merit. | Under their laws it's called "[Fair Comment](_URL_0_)". They are allowed well-founded opinion, even strongly negative ones, as long as they do not support them with lies. So, yes, a carmaker or their UK distributor *could* sue TopGear. But it would be very foolish to do so. They'd be laughed out of court *and* take a b... | You can't just put a warning label on a box and make yourself immune from a lawsuit. Like, Chevy couldn't design cars that explode randomly and it be fine because they put a sticker on the cars. Hormel can't sell poisonous cans of Spam and have it be fine if they put some words on the can. Walmart can't stock and sell... | Sometimes the exact same factory just uses a different label for the exact same product, sometimes the differences are small and you get essentially the same product, and sometimes the differences can be large with EITHER the store brand or the brand name product being superior. It's difficult to tell and how well a pr... | [
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How come VW cars release more emissions, while at the same time being more fuel efficient, and release more emissions while burning more fuel? | It's different kinds of emissions. Diesel engines are better for carbon emissions, but worse for nitrogen emissions. The VW firmware was designed to ramp down nitrogen emissions during tests. | Efficiency. If you burn more fuel per cycle, that can up power output. But, if you make each ‘burn’ more efficient - extracting more useful energy - you increase power that way too. Typically, increasing engine compression ratio will do this; although it comes with problems which must be controlled. The more heat energ... | Efficiency. If you burn more fuel per cycle, that can up power output. But, if you make each ‘burn’ more efficient - extracting more useful energy - you increase power that way too. Typically, increasing engine compression ratio will do this; although it comes with problems which must be controlled. The more heat energ... | Auto emissions are directly proportional to fuel consumed. Your gasoline tank empties as your cars engine converts this soup of short to medium length hydrocarbons into the oxides of carbon and nitrogen that exit the exhaust pipe. Minimize emissions for a particular trip therefore translates into minimizing fuel consum... | One of the factors which affects the efficiency of an internal combustion engine is the degree to which the working fluid (the hot gases) are allowed to expand, which is related to the compression ratio. Diesels use a much higher compression ratio, so they start off with a higher maximum efficiency. Add to that diesel ... | Extremely vague question here, but Ill give you a simple broad answer. A "gas efficient" engine (usually low power) A transmission geared to take advantage of the "gas efficient" engine. Something that keeps the engine in the lower rpm range most of the time, especially driving on the highway. A low drag, good aerodyna... | [
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Why didnt colonial France and Britain "take" the holy lands for themselves when they controlled it? Why didnt they fulfill the original missions of the crusades? | The British and French did keep Syria and Palestine. They maintained control for about 30 years, until a combination of anti-colonial sentiment at home, local insurgencies and economic pressure after WWII forced them to withdraw. Also, the French decision to separate Lebanon from Syria was partly due to the latter bein... | Though their duties and nature changed over time, Christian orders such as Knights Templars and others were created by Western European Christians to protect the lives and interests of christians and christian pilgrims in Holy Lands. Since holy lands were essentially foreign lands for western Europeans, these orders we... | Though their duties and nature changed over time, Christian orders such as Knights Templars and others were created by Western European Christians to protect the lives and interests of christians and christian pilgrims in Holy Lands. Since holy lands were essentially foreign lands for western Europeans, these orders we... | They did try again. they just failed, or their purposes were not conquest but raids. For example, Saracen pirates founded Fraxinetum in southeastern France, the Almoravids and Almohads reconquered much of Iberia before losing it again, and there was a short-lived Emirate established in the Italian city of Bari. | So I'd really like to answer this question, but we're a bit suspicious of things which look like essay question prompts this time of year. So, with both of these things in mind, can you please tell me what prompted this question? Why would you think that there was any disillusionment in the idea of crusading and why sp... | Each colony had its own reason for independence, but to generalise... Vichy France assumed control over the majority of colonies it still held so life of an average citizen in say modern day CAR did not change a great deal. Plus there were still a great deal of Axis forces within North Africa at the time. The Allies n... | [
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Is gravitational acceleration on earth an exact value, or does it have a standard deviation from experiments that tried to measure it? | Any measurement of it will have a standard error associated with it, but the value itself [varies across the planet](_URL_0_) due to its rotation, shape, and composition. There is a "standard gravity" which is defined as 9.80665 m/s/s. | One "g" is equal to 9.8m/s^2 of acceleration, so any acceleration can be measured in "g"s. It's all a simple application of [Newton's laws of motion](_URL_0_). | One "g" is equal to 9.8m/s^2 of acceleration, so any acceleration can be measured in "g"s. It's all a simple application of [Newton's laws of motion](_URL_0_). | [Like a centrifuge ?](_URL_0_) Gravity is sensed as a constant acceleration (9,81m/s²). If you can generate a constant acceleration, you have a gravity simulator, basically. | We can measure it in space. The expansion of the Universe, for example, depends on the value of the gravitational constant. We can constrain deviations from the terrestrial value by looking at [supernovae](_URL_1_), for instance. The abundances of light elements like helium and deuterium also [depend sensitively](_URL_... | The force of gravity is dependent on the mass of the planet. Earth's mass makes it so that acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s², but on the moon or a less massive planet it is less and on a more massive planet, it would be more. | [
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Why is the drinking age the US 21? | _URL_0_ > The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (23 U.S.C. § 158) was passed on July 17, 1984 by the United States Congress as a mechanism whereby all states would become thereafter required to legislate the age of 21 years as a minimum age for purchasing and publicly possessing alcoholic beverages. Under the ... | Mothers Against Drunk Driving heavily lobbied the federal government to withhold federal highway funding from states that refuse to set the drinking age to 21. They caved. 18-21 year olds are easy to beat in a lobbying/political influence fight because so few of them vote and virtually none of them hold public office. | Mothers Against Drunk Driving heavily lobbied the federal government to withhold federal highway funding from states that refuse to set the drinking age to 21. They caved. 18-21 year olds are easy to beat in a lobbying/political influence fight because so few of them vote and virtually none of them hold public office. | You realize the drinking age is lower in most parts of the world. I don't think it's 25 anywhere | College presidents from Duke, Dartmouth, and Ohio State are asking government to lower the drinking age to 18 from 21, saying the current law encourages dangerous binge drinking on campus. | The 26th Amendment was ratified in 1971 lowering the voting age from 21 to 18, because activists (many students involved in the movement) protested the fact that 18 year olds were eligible for the draft and sent off to fight but not able to vote. I hope that helps a little. | [
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What is a prefecture? | In modern Japan a prefecture is an administrative district that is similar to a state or province in other countries. | A state is a self-governing territory, usually with some degree of sovereignty. States can either be independent (controlled by no other nation/state) or autonomous (contained/controlled by some other nation/state like US state or Catalonia in Spain). A province is an administrative subdivision of a larger independent ... | A state is a self-governing territory, usually with some degree of sovereignty. States can either be independent (controlled by no other nation/state) or autonomous (contained/controlled by some other nation/state like US state or Catalonia in Spain). A province is an administrative subdivision of a larger independent ... | Tokyo is the capital of China and one of its 47 prefectures . | Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.[1][2][note 1] The federal republic is situated in western, central and southern Europe,[9][note 4] and is bordered by Italy to the south, F... | Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. | [
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What is a prefecture? | Essentially the same with some minor differences ie states technically have independent governments while prefectures are subdivisions of the country | A state is a self-governing territory, usually with some degree of sovereignty. States can either be independent (controlled by no other nation/state) or autonomous (contained/controlled by some other nation/state like US state or Catalonia in Spain). A province is an administrative subdivision of a larger independent ... | A state is a self-governing territory, usually with some degree of sovereignty. States can either be independent (controlled by no other nation/state) or autonomous (contained/controlled by some other nation/state like US state or Catalonia in Spain). A province is an administrative subdivision of a larger independent ... | Tokyo is the capital of China and one of its 47 prefectures . | Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities.[1][2][note 1] The federal republic is situated in western, central and southern Europe,[9][note 4] and is bordered by Italy to the south, F... | Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. | [
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What determines the size of a given star? | A star is a competition between the inward force of gravity, and the outward pressure caused by the fusion reactions. Quite simply, if a star is formed from more available material, it will be more massive. But mass is not always proportional to the physical volume. [This website](_URL_2_), while ugly, does go over som... | You are partially correct - hydrogen fusion in the core of the star does stop, causing the star to decrease in size for a short time. When this happens, however, the now-helium core contracts enough to meet the conditions for helium fusion. Helium fusion heats up the outer shell of the star, allowing hydrogen fusion to... | You are partially correct - hydrogen fusion in the core of the star does stop, causing the star to decrease in size for a short time. When this happens, however, the now-helium core contracts enough to meet the conditions for helium fusion. Helium fusion heats up the outer shell of the star, allowing hydrogen fusion to... | Taking Sirius as an example, it has an angular diameter of 0.006 arc seconds. The resolution of a telescope is roughly the ratio of the wavelength of the light you're looking with to the diameter of the telescope, so for 500 nm light you'd need a telescope about 16 meters in diameter, and bigger than this to start reso... | Stuff that is further away looks smaller. Stars are so far away, that their brightness matters more than their size. Our own Sun, even form as close as Uranus would look just like any other star (except much brighter). | They have a enormous amount of fuel which lasts billions of years. And towards the end of their life and as they run out of fuel they don't shrink instead they expand. Our star is a yellow dwarf. An average sized star. It will become a red giant in about 4 billion years shed it's remaining fuel as a gas nebula after de... | [
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Why isn't the KKK illegal? | The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech. Nowadays, the KKK isn't as violent as it used to be. They pretty much just say stupid things about how interracial relationships "don't work" but don't actually do anything. They almost certainly wouldn't get away with killing anyone nowadays. | Because there's nothing illegal about what they do. The first amendment protects everybody, including hateful assholes like them, and religious freedom allows them to teach that crap to their kids. | Because there's nothing illegal about what they do. The first amendment protects everybody, including hateful assholes like them, and religious freedom allows them to teach that crap to their kids. | Probably the most visible difference is censorship of "hate speech" [1]. In the US the courts have upheld the right for groups like the KKK to get their message out, whereas in Canada that sort of thing is illegal and subject to censorship. [1] _URL_0_ | Because they aren't actively hosting the illegal content, just the links and sources to the content. | Because its rarely clear cut whether or not the things they are doing is unconstitutional. Its a matter of how you interpret it which is the supreme courts job. Someone would have to charge the politician with a crime and the supreme court eventually make a ruling. Often times its just politicians doing stuff that ends... | [
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Can you generously explain what Stem Cell is (likeimfive)? | 1. Stem cells are cells that become like other cells you put them with. If you put a heart cell with kidney cells, it remains a heart cell; if you put a stem cell with kidney cells it becomes a kidney cell. They are produced when you are created and become less common after birth. 2. The benefits are that they help bui... | We can grow bone from stem cells by using stromal cells found in the bone marrow. This has been known since the 1950s. Here's a much more detailed and thorough explanation on stem cells and stromal cells. _URL_0_ | We can grow bone from stem cells by using stromal cells found in the bone marrow. This has been known since the 1950s. Here's a much more detailed and thorough explanation on stem cells and stromal cells. _URL_0_ | Hahaha. It's just a multivitamin dissolved in water with some fruit puree. If your family really wants the same stuff, tell them just to buy some multivitamins and eat some fruit. I'm not going to waste my time explaining the science and whatnot behind DNA repair and stem cells (unless you want me to), but I will tell ... | Skin cells -- formally, [squamous epithelial cells](_URL_0_) -- form [interlocking pieces](_URL_2_), kind of like puzzle pieces, that are held together by protein structures called [desmosomes](_URL_1_) -- sort of intercellular velcro. The surface isn't really all that solid either; it's fairly porous, but many layers ... | All cells in your body have the exact same DNA, starting from the moment you were conceived. They all have the capability to become muscle cells, embryo cells, neurons and so on. The cells receive signalling proteins from their environment to tell them what kind of cells they should be. This is how stem cells can be us... | [
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Does a rebuke of the ‘great man history ‘ sometimes lead to predeterminism | "Sometimes" is a weasle word, but yes, the "great forces" view of history can lead to a disparaging of agency (e.g. choice) and various flavors of determinism (some of these approaches, like Marxism, are explicitly deterministic). There are of course ways around this; one need not embrace a totally anti-individual vie... | Hi! You've touched on an incredibly important and very difficult issue in the study of history. Namely, that the way we study history has changed significantly over time, and the modern idea of critically examining the sources for bias is (unfortunately) very, very recent. There's a huge amount of interesting stuff to ... | Hi! You've touched on an incredibly important and very difficult issue in the study of history. Namely, that the way we study history has changed significantly over time, and the modern idea of critically examining the sources for bias is (unfortunately) very, very recent. There's a huge amount of interesting stuff to ... | Not sure if you are violating the 20 year rule with that question, also are you asking about if history has seen a push back to globalism prior to what we have seen? I am not quite sure what you mean by context. | See [here](_URL_2_) and [here](_URL_0_) and [here](_URL_1_). tl;dr: He's not a historian and says so himself. He's an entertainer. Many of the points he makes are historically inaccurate. It's an entertaining podcast, but not one you should be getting your facts from. Really, [this comment](_URL_2_) is the single best ... | Most people, when they think of Spartacus, think of a certain leading man with a dimple in his chin. Kirk Douglas' portrayal is legendary -- and above, you can reacquaint yourself with the most well known scene in Stanley Kubrick's 1960 film. (Besides, of course all of Tony Curtis' lines -- Antoninus clearly got to Rom... | [
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Why do too sweet or too salty things make us thirsty? | The hypothalamus in the brain continually measures the osmotic value of blood, which is a measure that indicates the "concentration" of blood. When consuming salt, simple sugars (glucose, fructose) or food rich in electrolytes, the osmotic value of blood rises, i.e. the blood is more concentrated. This is noted by the ... | You know how eating salt on it's own makes you thirsty? Well when you put salt on the slug it gets so thirsty it dies because it gets too dry on the inside to live. Getting dry on the inside is called dehydration and we drink water, juice and other drinks so the same thing doen't happen to us. | You know how eating salt on it's own makes you thirsty? Well when you put salt on the slug it gets so thirsty it dies because it gets too dry on the inside to live. Getting dry on the inside is called dehydration and we drink water, juice and other drinks so the same thing doen't happen to us. | In small amounts, salt does act as a flavor enhancer. A small amount of salt (less than would take for something to taste salty) can mask or suppress bitterness and help balance sweet and sour. There are several possibilities of how this works: * Salt interacts with food molecules so that their ability to activate tast... | All the sugar in the coke goes into your blood and makes your blood more syrupy. Your body automatically tries to put your blood back to the ratios that are most healthy (tries to dilute the syrup) by pulling water from your body cells and into the blood. This pulling of water is called osmosis. When the water leaves y... | Input fatigue. Your sweet receptors are already triggered so any new inputs from taste receptors will appear to be stronger in comparison to the sweet flavor. Sour and bitter would probably be the next ones to show up. | [
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How does an artist make eyes follow the onlooker? | Simply by drawing or photographing the subject looking directly forward (towards the camera, if photographing). Since drawings and photographs are 2-dimensional, it doesn't matter which angle you look at it from, you are essentially always seeing the view from directly ahead. So if the subject is looking directly ahead... | the simple version is that they shine a laser UP, and watch for it's reflection/refraction in the air. then, they apply the opposite of that reflection to the image they record, and end up with a pretty clear image. someone will likely give a more detailed answer, but that's the simple version. | the simple version is that they shine a laser UP, and watch for it's reflection/refraction in the air. then, they apply the opposite of that reflection to the image they record, and end up with a pretty clear image. someone will likely give a more detailed answer, but that's the simple version. | Basically it takes effort to focus your eyes, when you gaze off into the distance, not really looking at anything, your eyes realize they don't have to do work, and get a bit hazy. HOW this works is a bit more interesting, your eye lens is flexible, (even though you might have thought it was hard in that cow eyeball y... | Binocular vision. As objects get closer to your face, your eyes have to cross inwards to keep the object in sight. Keep an eye on your fingertip as you touch your nose to see this at work. However, there's never any reason for your eyes go outwards; at infinite distance, your eyelines are parallel. | These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake. | [
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Why do I dream when I sleep on my back, but not when I sleep on my stomach? | You probably have sleep apnea. Sleep apnea can be caused by your tongue falling back in your throat and restricting your air supply. When humans enter REM sleep, their bodies go entirely limp, this is usually when your tongue falls back into your throat. Its much more likely to happen when you are on your back (for obv... | This is purely speculative, but your brain paralyzes your body during sleep, hence the feelings of heaviness or 'falling' when near-REM. What occurs in your subconscious tends to take cues from whatever sensory input you're still aware of (for instance, the sound of an alarm clock tends to manifest itself in the dream ... | This is purely speculative, but your brain paralyzes your body during sleep, hence the feelings of heaviness or 'falling' when near-REM. What occurs in your subconscious tends to take cues from whatever sensory input you're still aware of (for instance, the sound of an alarm clock tends to manifest itself in the dream ... | When you go to sleep, your brain chemistry changes to prevent you from moving much in your sleep. So when you run in a dream, your legs don't move. Without that feedback, you brain conveys to you that you're not moving. So it feels like you're, as you say, running with 200 pound weights on your leg. | Our brains do not control our dreams. Dreams are generated in the brain while it's sorting through memories and experiences of the day (or recent days), during a time when the part of your brain that helps control emotions is inactive. The brain is *not* sitting there going "Ok, let's make this dude scared". | The most basic answer is that our brain turns off our long term memory when we are asleep. So when you wake, your dreams may still be in your short term memory, but not long term. It makes sense. A third of our lives is spent sleeping so it would be a waste of space to remember it, especially when iit's usually just ch... | [
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What Evidence is there for evolution on a larger scale? | A great example is Darwin's Finches as studied by Peter and Rosemary Grant. They reported that a new species of finches may have arisen in the Galapagos within a few generations. I think this is what you are implying, evolution somewhere between the microscopic and macroscopic scales. You can read more about it [here](... | We can be sure that evolution did in fact occur because we've observed it both in nature and in the lab. Dogs are an example of "guided evolution", we bred them to change their characteristics. We've also seen bacteria evolve generation to generation within a lab. The fossil record is paramount for studying the long-te... | We can be sure that evolution did in fact occur because we've observed it both in nature and in the lab. Dogs are an example of "guided evolution", we bred them to change their characteristics. We've also seen bacteria evolve generation to generation within a lab. The fossil record is paramount for studying the long-te... | Wherever there is life (reproduction with variation and competition in reproduction), there will be evolution. It is very likely that there is other life in the universe (and galaxy) -- even multicellular life. The jump from multicellular life to what we would call "complex life" is a little more uncertain. (There's no... | _URL_0_ this pretty much explains it: ' > as a shape grows in size, its volume grows faster than its surface area. When applied to the real world this principle has many implications which are important in fields ranging from mechanical engineering to biomechanics. It helps explain phenomena including why large mammal... | I too am interested in this question! From what I've read, there are small biological adaptations that have happened in the last several thousand years but nothing that might be readily noticeable? For example, because we as a species started domesticating animals for our benefit around 8,000 years ago, that triggered ... | [
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Why do some humans find it calming to look at the ocean or at a gorgeous view? | Gorgeous views and water are usually associated with a fertile land, either for agriculture or hunting/gathering. It is my presumption that we are attracted to it because it is beneficial to us, and this manifests itself in a pleasant feeling...sort of like men are attracted to women with symmetrical youthful faces and... | When the eyes are relaxed, they focus on distant objects. I suspect it doesn't necessarily look "better," it's just more relaxing. | When the eyes are relaxed, they focus on distant objects. I suspect it doesn't necessarily look "better," it's just more relaxing. | I think as an addition to /u/DanceAmbulance 's text, it's worth mentioning that the human eye recognizes how much natural light there is around it, and if the sun isn't shining, it may think that night is coming and you need to go to sleep. Also the air is fresh during/after raining so that might help. + the rain's sou... | Hm. I don't know, but I think it may be a direction thingy. You can recognize which direction is north, and get comfortable when facing that direction. I only feel comfortable facing one way too. Or maybe it is because looking at the wall helps. | Our eyes are more used to changing focal points from close to further away, so after a while of looking at your phone, looking at something further away will relax your eyes. | [
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Historically, which methods have been most successful in resolving territorial disputes? | I guess one must ask as to how you define "resolved". For example, ownership of the Falklands islands was very much resolved after the 1982 war in that outside of some hot air, it is highly unlikely that Argentina is ever going to have another crack at them. Similarly, Japan's crack at China or Korea, though they both ... | Borders typically arose naturally as A) significant geographical features (mountain ranges, rivers, etc.); and B) the furthest extent a central authority could defend. Border disputes were resolved, historically by A) fighting over it and winning; or B) verbally agreeing to it. In the modern day, borders are typically ... | Borders typically arose naturally as A) significant geographical features (mountain ranges, rivers, etc.); and B) the furthest extent a central authority could defend. Border disputes were resolved, historically by A) fighting over it and winning; or B) verbally agreeing to it. In the modern day, borders are typically ... | International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. | You are right, it is very hard/impossible to win a modern battle using *solely* ancient tactics. Often what narrators and commentators mean is that a particular basic maneuver was first demonstrated successfully or was famously executed by a particular military leader. Due to this, it was widely studied and promulgated... | Basically they played out like land battles at sea. Ships would near each other, hammer away at each other with arrows before one side boarded and the infantry would hack up each other. [The Battle of Sluys](_URL_0_) is a good example, where the English sent their ships in in groups of three; two ships loaded with long... | [
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What would happen if the US exported LNG to Europe? | The Russian economy would tank, the US would have closer economic ties with Europe, and the Americans will start making even more money. European states would have much more leverage when dealing with Russia, and Russia would have to either search even harder for new customers, or accept that their place in the world i... | This is exactly what will happen, unless US consumers boycotted the now-inflated Mexican goods to the point where the wall cost is not reimbursed. If that were to happen it means US taxpayers still paid for a wall that was never reimbursed. Trump's end goal here is to get US companies to move their manufacturing operat... | This is exactly what will happen, unless US consumers boycotted the now-inflated Mexican goods to the point where the wall cost is not reimbursed. If that were to happen it means US taxpayers still paid for a wall that was never reimbursed. Trump's end goal here is to get US companies to move their manufacturing operat... | I finally can answer something. It's simply a matter of supply. It's simply a matter of refinery configuration. In the US most refineries are optimized to make gasoline over diesel. We have units call fluid catalytic crackers that break down long hydrocarbon chains into components meant for gasoline. In Europe most re... | The US has close ties to the EU. Lots of money is tied from US- > EU but also the EU- > US. When there is uncertainty on the European market regarding Greece, investors will pull out and/or reconsider. These will also be investors in the US. Also, A lot of money from the US is active in Greece. People whom invested in ... | LNG carrier An LNG carrier is a tank ship designed for transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG). As the LNG market grows rapidly,[1] the fleet of LNG carriers continues to experience tremendous growth.[citation needed] | [
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Why was the Concorde's nose pointed down during takeoff? Wouldn't that cause more force downwards? | Pointing it upwards would likely be detrimental, actually, probably creating more drag than lift. The actual reason it moved is much more simple than aerodynamics - when it was in the horizontal position, the pilots couldn't see the runway! The [Wikipedia article](_URL_0_) covers the reasons, and also details how it wa... | The nose is so sharp there's no room for the cockpit near the tip. Also, when landing, the plane is pitched up with a high angle of attack (the wing needs that angle to produce lift at low speed), and so with that socking big nose cone in the way, the pilots can't see anything. So they figured out that you can rotate t... | The nose is so sharp there's no room for the cockpit near the tip. Also, when landing, the plane is pitched up with a high angle of attack (the wing needs that angle to produce lift at low speed), and so with that socking big nose cone in the way, the pilots can't see anything. So they figured out that you can rotate t... | Because the plane banks, you feel the turn as pushing down on you rather than to the side like in a car. | The Concorde was never a financial success. It cost as much as a 747 to operate, with a third of the passengers. And when you figure all the non-flight time involved in door-to-door travel across the Atlantic, it wasn't that much faster, you are still going to waste most of your day in transit. Finally, because of the ... | The dimples drag reduction apply to really low speeds, like takeoff. Actually it's really low Reynolds Numbers but they're similar. At transonic speeds, where airliners fly, those dimples would disrupt the shock leading to potentially massive drag spikes. In addition, the increased stress on a wing around the dimple wo... | [
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Why are positive particles given high Kinetic Energy during Nuclear Reactions? | Do you mean that the reactants in a fusion reaction have a high kinetic energy? This is indeed because they need to overcome the repulsive coulomb interaction between them. As you can see [here](_URL_0_), most common fusion processes occur between 10 and 1000 keV, where the steep drop at low energies is due to the Gamo... | Yes. When you collide particles at sufficiently high energies, you can produce more particles. This is turning kinetic energy into matter. | Yes. When you collide particles at sufficiently high energies, you can produce more particles. This is turning kinetic energy into matter. | The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons. Protons are positive and neutrons are electrically neutral. The positive charges repel each other and the closer they are together the stronger the force is. So, it requires a very strong force to keep all the positive charge compressed so tightly together in t... | More specifically, nuclear reactions are not splitting just one atom. They split one atom, which succeeds at splitting more atoms, which split even more atoms. Each time those atoms split, they release a small amount of energy. Do this several billion billion times in a very short amount of time and you get a big relea... | Absolutely. This is exactly what every nuclear reactor does. There's an energy barrier to radiodecay, and the only real way to push things over that barrier prematurely is by hitting the nucleus with particles. | [
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How does the Obama administration justify removing the tax credit from the college 529 savings plan? | > I realize many middle to low income families don't know about this and therefore don't take advantage of it That was pretty much the basis of the argument. 529's are overwhelmingly used by wealthy families, so they labeled it as a tax break for the rich. | It had a new tax bundled with it. It wouldn't encourage anybody to go to school since it mainly dealt with past debt. It would cost the government money. It just rewards people who already entered into a contract they now regret at the expense of the people who didn't. Unlike when the government did this for housing, t... | It had a new tax bundled with it. It wouldn't encourage anybody to go to school since it mainly dealt with past debt. It would cost the government money. It just rewards people who already entered into a contract they now regret at the expense of the people who didn't. Unlike when the government did this for housing, t... | The House of Representatives has approved the College Cost Reduction Act, which will cut subsidies to lenders and limit loan interest for students. The White House has threatened to veto the legislation, saying it creates too much new spending and will hurt student borrowers in the long run. | President Obama introduced a plan on Wednesday to reduce the deficit, but at the same time protects programs including Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. White House budget director Jack Lew tells Steve Inskeep that Obama's plan has nearly $500 billion in savings in the health programs over the next 12 years. | -- NPR's Mara Liasson reports that both President Clinton and Republican leaders in Congress are taking credit for the compromise tax and spending bills included in the balanced budget agreement. Because of the robust economy and rosy economic projections, most Americans won't be required to make sacrifices. In fact, a... | [
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What did a telephone operator exactly do? | They literally [operated the phone switchboard ]( _URL_0_) Before direct dial, you would connect to the central exchange and inform the operator which line you needed connected to. The operator would then physically connect you to the appropriate exchange and number. For instance if you were in the Brookdale exchange i... | Back in the day, people had to pick up the phone and ask the operator to switch their call to the person they wanted to talk to. Now these jobs aren't done by people, they're done by machines in which we enter phone numbers into. What's happening at your pizza place is pretty much the same thing that killed the operato... | Back in the day, people had to pick up the phone and ask the operator to switch their call to the person they wanted to talk to. Now these jobs aren't done by people, they're done by machines in which we enter phone numbers into. What's happening at your pizza place is pretty much the same thing that killed the operato... | Remember, the original definition of a "caller" was a visitor at your home. Back then, there were no answering machines or voice mail at the time. If you went to visit someone and they were not home, you would leave a calling card. The card let the person you were trying to visit know that you came by and the purpose o... | Tour operator A tour operator typically combines tour and travel components to create a package holiday. They advertise and produce brochures to promote their products, holidays and itineraries. | You called someone's pager, it showed that person your number, they then found a phone and called the number you left them. | [
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Why is it that some hospitals have a religious association in their title (Methodist, Baptist, etc)? | Because the hospital is either currently associated with that denomination, or was founded by that denomination. Same with faith based postsecondary institutions. For example: "Washington Adventist University" | I do need to add that religious hospitals aren't unique to the US. I know at least two Catholic hospitals in Amsterdam: St. Lucas Andreas Hospital, and the Our Lady Hospital. The reason for this was a Dutch phenomenon called [pillarisation](_URL_0_), in which different religious and political societies barely had any i... | I do need to add that religious hospitals aren't unique to the US. I know at least two Catholic hospitals in Amsterdam: St. Lucas Andreas Hospital, and the Our Lady Hospital. The reason for this was a Dutch phenomenon called [pillarisation](_URL_0_), in which different religious and political societies barely had any i... | Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals. | The tiny institutions they founded would not have found them like universities -- they were small and did not offer the higher degrees in medicine and theology . | It's not the hotel that decides "hey, we'll put bibles in the rooms" -- it's a Christian religious group (the Gideons) that supplies these Bibles free-of-charge to a wide range of lodgings. Hotels put them in rooms because it costs them nothing and is seen as a mild asset rather than a detriment. Other religious groups... | [
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where our reasoning and restraint go when we purchase a popcorn and soda at the theater for 15 dollars when we wouldn't ever purchase it at this price anywhere else. | They use a psychological trick called "anchoring". Here is how it works: You walk up to the counter and see popcorn for sale. $8.50 for a small bag of popcorn? No sane person would pay that much. But wait, there is a mega-jumbo container of popcorn for only $9.50- only a dollar more! Sounds like a deal! You happily pa... | During the late 1800's, popcorn was being sold in the United States by vendors on the street, in parks at Carnivals and Fairs. Some years later, when street vendors started setting up outside movie theatres, they were not welcome, at least as far as the theatre owners were concerned. They thought the vendors were a dis... | During the late 1800's, popcorn was being sold in the United States by vendors on the street, in parks at Carnivals and Fairs. Some years later, when street vendors started setting up outside movie theatres, they were not welcome, at least as far as the theatre owners were concerned. They thought the vendors were a dis... | * Popcorn is cheap. Incredibly cheap. Odds are the bucket it's in cost more than the popcorn. * It's cheap and easy to store. It doesn't require refrigeration and is tolerant to a wide degree of temperature fluctuations. So no expensive refrigerators or freezers to store it in. * It cooks very quickly, needing very lit... | Because thats where they make their most profit. Potatoes and onions are cheap. Sodas are cheap to make. That $1 large soda from the fast food place costs a few cents to them in the quantities they buy it. When stuff is expensive, they charge extra for it. Cheese, avocado, ranch, shit like that is expensive so they ch... | Because the movie theater makes very, very little money(in some cases, none) off the movie tickets themselves. They make most of their money from concessions. | [
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Does the refractive index of a gas change with level of ionization? | Plasma physics is not my area of expertise, and wave propagation in plasmas is not a simple topic, however the index of refraction (kc/ω) in a plasma often depends on the electron plasma frequency, which depends on the electron number density. For example, see the [Appleton-Hartree equation](_URL_0_), which applies for... | Yes, sorta. The entire point of the "emission spectrum" is that there are specific orbital changes available and when an electron drops down to a lower energy orbital it emits a photon with a very specific amount of energy. So an ionized atom has completely lost or gained an electron from/to one of those available orbi... | Yes, sorta. The entire point of the "emission spectrum" is that there are specific orbital changes available and when an electron drops down to a lower energy orbital it emits a photon with a very specific amount of energy. So an ionized atom has completely lost or gained an electron from/to one of those available orbi... | Well, you'd probably be doing this in vacuum, and you don't really need a huge amount of vaporized metal to do it, since it's spectroscopic and has good accuracy. I'm not sure exactly what the best way is currently, but I think they just use an arc discharge to vaporize it (which will contain a bunch of spectral lines ... | Brix Alcohol has a higher refractive index (1.361) than water (1.333). As a consequence, a refractometer measurement made on a sugar solution once fermentation has begun will result in a reading substantially higher than the actual solids content. Thus, an operator must be certain that the sample he is testing has not ... | This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction (see crown glass), or increased (to as much as 1.8) with high-density materials such as (classically) lead oxide (see flint glass and lead glass), or in modern uses, less toxic oxides of zirconium, titanium, or bari... | [
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Why do people shake when they are angry? | It's adrenaline, anger induces adrenalind. It causes muscles to twitch, therefore its technically more ready to do something. Usually when you're angry you feel the need to move either in a violent or escaping from situation. Fight or flight in a nutshell. | Anger is stress. Stress tends to trigger your "fight or flight" instinct. Verbal fighting, instinctively, is roaring. So, we "roar" to gain/show dominance over a threat. | Anger is stress. Stress tends to trigger your "fight or flight" instinct. Verbal fighting, instinctively, is roaring. So, we "roar" to gain/show dominance over a threat. | You have muscles that pull in opposite directions so you can move your limbs in both directions. When you hold your foot at the balance point between two opposite muscle groups it shakes because both side are pulling equally. Like a really quick tug-of-war with part of your leg. | The response of trembling is governed by our sympathetic nervous system. You can connect that to the ‘flight-or-fight’ response to other situations. In an incident of panic, dread or overthinking, there’s an occurrence of an adrenaline rush, being the primary cause of the tremble or shakiness. | Handshakes came about in the same way that salutes in the military evolved. A thousand years ago people had no means of quick communication, so they were vulnerable to being robbed or attacked on the roads. They couldn't exactly call the police, after all. A hand wave and then a handshake was a polite way to take your ... | [
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What happens if you heat propane to 2000F without any oxygen? | What you are talking about is called pyrolysis. Different temperatures, pressures and/or catalysts will give different results. Without oxygen, you can only break down and reform what was always present. With propane, you could get a number of different compounds (and mixtures of them). Some google searching yields ple... | It is always a matter of temperature. [Here is a list](_URL_0_). White phosphorus starts burning in air at 34°C. Silane (a gas) starts burning even at room temperature. Triethylborane might start a fire even in your fridge. It is often used to start rocket or spacecraft engines. | It is always a matter of temperature. [Here is a list](_URL_0_). White phosphorus starts burning in air at 34°C. Silane (a gas) starts burning even at room temperature. Triethylborane might start a fire even in your fridge. It is often used to start rocket or spacecraft engines. | I mean, assuming your mask is hooked up to a supply of oxygen so you don't suffocate: You won't lose heat very quickly since there's nothing to lose heat *to*. You'd probably die from being cooked by all the high energy radiation out there or maybe thirst. I'm not sure which would get you first. | In normal combustion (at the burner), carbon in the fuel (propane or methane or whatever it happens to be) combines with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide or CO2. So, every carbon atom combines with two atoms of oxygen. CO2 is a normal part of our atmosphere and is harmless to us. When there is incomplete combus... | Small camp grills are portable and cheap. They more likely have poorer burning of the propane or less oxygen supply built in. If you completely burn propane you get carbon dioxide and water. In very large amounts carbon dioxide will suffocate you but its unlikely to build up much. However incomplete burning makes carb... | [
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Does magnetic levitation allow friction to occur? | Maglevs are real, many have been built They are not subject to friction between the train and the track, their top speed is limited by air resistance. Some configurations of magnets do have some magnetic drag due to interacting fields, but this is distinctly different from friction | sure. The magnets both levitate and propel the train. It's just a matter of having enough power to overcome the incline. In this regard the maglev train would perform better than a traditional train because a maglev train does not rely on wheels and friction. | sure. The magnets both levitate and propel the train. It's just a matter of having enough power to overcome the incline. In this regard the maglev train would perform better than a traditional train because a maglev train does not rely on wheels and friction. | Considering that there are nearly 500 years of continuous data to support the idea that magnet's *wouldn't* cause a decrease in the acceleration of an object (unless said object was in a particularly shaped magnetic field, or there were conductive objects nearby), I would suggest that it takes extraordinary evidence to... | Because of that, probably not. But magnets still demagnetize over time, with or without almost touching each other. So yes, the force will fade, but not because of the fact that they are almost touching. | No it can't, for ways that are difficult to explain without math. Basically, there are only two types of forces that lead to stable orbits: Coulomb/Newton forces that obey an inverse square law, and harmonic/elastic/spring forces that obey a linear force law. This is proven as [Bertrand's theorem](_URL_1_) Forces betwe... | [
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Why does a 20x30 rectangle have less area than a 25x25 square, when the perimeter of each is the same? | > I can do the math and understand that this is the case, but I simply cannot wrap my head around this. The shape with the smallest perimeter-to-area ratio is the circle. It's not possible to cram more space in a smaller perimeter. Thus the closer a shape is to being a circle, the more area it covers for the same perim... | Frankly the best way to imagine this is probably the way kids learn it: with unit squares. Imagine you have a number of squares each one unit (let's say an inch) in length. The area of each square is one square inch; I think that should be more or less self-evident. Now take some number of those squares and arrange the... | Frankly the best way to imagine this is probably the way kids learn it: with unit squares. Imagine you have a number of squares each one unit (let's say an inch) in length. The area of each square is one square inch; I think that should be more or less self-evident. Now take some number of those squares and arrange the... | Because you have nothing to compare the size of the room to. Works both ways, bigger or smaller, you have no reference to put spatial awareness to. Stick a bed in the room, and suddenly there is a reference | I guess comprehending this is somewhat difficult because we don't deal with infinities in every day life. But let's take a square piece of paper. Cut it in half horizontally and place the two halves side by side. Now cut the right-most half in two horizontally, etc. etc. We could theoretically do this till infinity. Th... | That possition puts your weight on a relatively small area. This matters more when you're an adult than when you're a kid because of the square-cube ratio. The square-cube ratio means that while your volume and mass increase by a power of 3, your surface area only increases by a power of 2. This means as your size incr... | [
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Why don't we have any supersonic propeller driven aircraft? | As the tips of a spinning propeller approach the speed of sound shockwaves form that disrupt the propellors ability to generate thrust. On typical propellor designs this occurs well before the aircraft itself reaches the sound barrier. If you got a propellor driven aircraft past the speed of sound (and some have while... | I grew up in a country where supersonic military jets would fly overhead on a somewhat regular basis. If you've not experienced a sonic boom, consider yourself lucky. You may be thinking "How bad can it be?" - it's as if bomb went off really close. It's loud enough that windows rattle and stuff falls off shelves. Bas... | I grew up in a country where supersonic military jets would fly overhead on a somewhat regular basis. If you've not experienced a sonic boom, consider yourself lucky. You may be thinking "How bad can it be?" - it's as if bomb went off really close. It's loud enough that windows rattle and stuff falls off shelves. Bas... | Jet engines are more fuel efficient at high altitudes and speeds. Propellers are more fuel efficient at lower altitudes and speeds. Giant transport aircraft aren't generally going to be flying at high altitude, nor are they designed for supersonic flight. The high power-to-weight ratio of turboprop engines at low speed... | The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below. | There's multiple reasons * the air is thinner the higher you go up, meaning you need less power to travel through it. However, go too high up, and the air is too thin, to where you need more power just to keep going forward. A little over 30k ft is a sweet spot for this * most storms don't break 30k ft, so you can simp... | [
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What is the economic argument for not raising the minimum wage to $15 a hour? Is there one? | There is some evidence that raising the minimum wage increases unemployment, but this is controversial and economists disagree on whether or not this effect is statistically significant. Raising the minimum wage also raises operating costs, which can increase the prices that consumers face. | As a basic rule of thumb you use a minimum wage to guarantee a certain minimum standard, the downside of this is that sometimes an employer might want to hire someone to do something, but doesn't think it's quite worth that minimum wage and would rather have his current employees work a bit of overtime, or have whateve... | As a basic rule of thumb you use a minimum wage to guarantee a certain minimum standard, the downside of this is that sometimes an employer might want to hire someone to do something, but doesn't think it's quite worth that minimum wage and would rather have his current employees work a bit of overtime, or have whateve... | Three years ago, Seattle agreed to raise its minimum wage to $15 an hour. One new study says that’s been a disaster … but another one says, it’s been a success. Which is it? And will either study affect other cities that are under pressure to follow Seattle’s lead? GUESTS Jacob Vigdor, Economist at th... | Ikea, a company famous for keeping its costs down, recently announced that it would raise the average minimum wage for its retail workers to $10.76 an hour. Why would the company volunteer to pay its workers more? "By taking better care of our coworkers," says Rob Olson, the acting president of Ikea U.S., "they will ta... | The group looking to raise the rate doesn't have the power to set the wage of retail workers, or other minimum wage restaurant workers. AFAIK the group in question can't even set the wages of fast food workers, just recommendations. The proposed wage would be recommended by the New York State Department of Labors "Fast... | [
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What caused the Middle East to contain most of the worlds oil? | Basically there was a lot of organic matter that was deposited, buried and compacted, and left undisturbed and fairly stable due to complex plate movements. Also, the warm climate near the equator was helpful in procuring large organic deposits. This link gives an in depth explanation. I would recommend scrolling to t... | They could have conquered inland Arabia. They didn't want to or need to do so. There was nothing of value in Arabia until oil. | They could have conquered inland Arabia. They didn't want to or need to do so. There was nothing of value in Arabia until oil. | Basically there was a glut of oil that caused oil prices to decrease sharply, which had been on a pretty good run after recovering from the 2008 recession. This was mostly do to significant increases is US oil production, and Libya recovering from their civil war. | Just finished reading Daniel Yergin's "The Prize," and it goes into a very oil-slanted history of the kingdom. In short (and I'm sure others here can add more), after WWII, the British empire was receding and the Brits saw a large presence in the Gulf as unsustainable. The US, at least under Truman, saw direct involvem... | Brent crude fell 27 cents to $114.79 a barrel, after reaching $115.71 on Thursday, the highest since September 2013.
Oilfields south of Baghdad, which export at least 2.5 million barrels per day of oil, are still unaffected.
But the fighting in the north poses a risk to supplies, while foreign oil companies are beginni... | [
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- How is it that Ticketmaster seems to have a total monopoly over all things tickets, or, why does it cost $18 to mail me tickets? | It seems like they have a near-total monopoly over the North American ticket industry because that's exactly what's happened. Ticketmaster has exclusive deals with hundreds of major venues and most of the major concert promoters in North America (including Live Nation, the world's largest promoter, with whom they merge... | Recently someone posted the same question. The basic answer is that they don't have quotas. They have a target number of tickets to give out. It's not a quota, it's a target. (cough cough wink wink) | Recently someone posted the same question. The basic answer is that they don't have quotas. They have a target number of tickets to give out. It's not a quota, it's a target. (cough cough wink wink) | Well it costs $2 per ticket, it would cost $584 million to buy that many tickets. If for example you were to play tonight's lottery at 900 million, the lump sum of cash would only get you about ~$350m. | The fact that it's not technically a monopoly. A Monopoly is a single company that enters an area, stops anyone else in the area, and therefore can charge whatever they want. But often times, they are the only ones in the area, because no one else wants to be in the area because Comcast has the majority, there isn't mu... | To be a monopoly, you have to control all (or nearly all) of the commerce in your given market. Microsoft was thought to be a monopoly in the past because they controlled ~95% of the PC OS market. Disney is in the entertainment market. Even after the merger, they won't even control 50% of that market, much less the > 7... | [
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How important is recombinant protein technology? What is it currently used for and what are the future/potential uses for it? | Is this a homework question? Recombinant proteins are very important. They are used for a number of medical treatments, ranging from the insulin that diabetics inject to the monoclonal antibodies used in some cancer treatments. There is also a significant amount of biological research that utilizes recombinant proteins... | We are already doing it! Engineered proteins have been made on an industrial scale for ~ 30 years in the biopharma industry. The first recombinant protein treatment was approved by the fda in 1982 _URL_0_ | We are already doing it! Engineered proteins have been made on an industrial scale for ~ 30 years in the biopharma industry. The first recombinant protein treatment was approved by the fda in 1982 _URL_0_ | Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. | Ribosome The ribosome (/ˈraɪbəˌsoʊm, -boʊ-/[1]) is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: t... | There isn't really a compelling reason why such a molecule should exist. "Room Temperature" and "1 atm" are important to humans incidentally, but there's nothing special about ~300K and ~101kPa that should make it a likely triple point | [
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Why is water such an effective radiation shield? | Simply put, it is dense and cheap. There are lots of different types of radiation - photons, electrons, alpha particles, neutrons, and more exotic types. A "shield" blocks radiation by interacting with it. The rate of interaction depends on many things - the energy of the radiation, the composition of the shield, atomi... | Many hydrogen atoms as part of its chemical formula. Water or polymers are the preferred materials for that reason. Ideally it should be liquid hydrogen, but that's too bulky and too difficult to keep cool enough to stay in liquid form. This is deducted from the Z/A factor in the [Bethe formula](_URL_0_), where Z is th... | Many hydrogen atoms as part of its chemical formula. Water or polymers are the preferred materials for that reason. Ideally it should be liquid hydrogen, but that's too bulky and too difficult to keep cool enough to stay in liquid form. This is deducted from the Z/A factor in the [Bethe formula](_URL_0_), where Z is th... | Water in terms of science is, "sticky". This allows physics to treat the now, "stuck" phone to the table, preventing oxygen from easily going under the phone, displacing the air above to allow movement. Essentially, the water creates an airless vacuum. That's why lifting by one side breaks that, "seal" of water and air... | There's no hard and fast answer to this question - lead has an atomic number of 82, while the atmosphere has a very low average atomic number (in the range of ~7). Depending on what type of radiation (photons, protons, etc) or the energy of those particles, the effectiveness of shielding can vary wildly with Z. In gen... | Water itself is actually an insulator. Its the impurities in the water that can conduct electricity. | [
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Does child sex abuse has any correlation/causation effect on homo/bisexuality ? | It looks like there might be a few studies showing a correlation between the two, for example: _URL_0_ However, I think it would be really hard to prove causation. It seems pretty likely that homosexuality or bisexuality would increase an individual's risk of being targeted for abuse in childhood and adolescence. What ... | **We do not know and cannot know this**. Doing a randomized control trial to establish causation would be unethical because you would need to create two groups of children, one which you abuse and one which you don't abuse to see the result on sexual orientation. What we can do is compare groups of gay folks and non-ga... | **We do not know and cannot know this**. Doing a randomized control trial to establish causation would be unethical because you would need to create two groups of children, one which you abuse and one which you don't abuse to see the result on sexual orientation. What we can do is compare groups of gay folks and non-ga... | Some researchers think that it links to early childhood development. Something makes a strong impact on a child at just the right stage of development. Many people with particularly strong fetishes can even tell you when they began feeling attraction to their particular Paraphilia. I myself have done stories and resear... | I'm fairly sure you won't find a study on this - you certainly aren't going to intentionally create this sort of exposure (laws, morality) and a study that isolated children who had high levels of exposure to child pornography would be confounded by the variety of other things any kid with such exposure was experiencin... | Sexuality, that is "hetero" or "homo" or "pan" or whatever, is a concept of what "sex" you are attracted to. Paedophilia has nothing to do with the sex of the people you are attracted to, but rather a sexual proclivity. Philiae, like paedophilia, necrophilia, felicuphilia, are all concepts of what type of person you ar... | [
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How do MREs not expire? There are channels on youtube that review some of them that are from 1980s or older? | It's all about how well they are stored and what they are designed for. If you look at what goes into an MRE today, or what went into ration containers over the last century you'll see some common things. Anything that spoils on its own is removed. Anything that can spoil is packed in a way that minimizes the risk of ... | If people are still buying them in commercially feasible quantities they will continue to be produced. If the copy that arrived in an amazon box at your particular door was manufactured 15 years ago its more likely that a distributor has had it in a warehouse for the last 14 years and 11 months and Amazon keeps a certa... | If people are still buying them in commercially feasible quantities they will continue to be produced. If the copy that arrived in an amazon box at your particular door was manufactured 15 years ago its more likely that a distributor has had it in a warehouse for the last 14 years and 11 months and Amazon keeps a certa... | It's silicon, not silicone. Very different despite name similarity. Also the data isn't really stored in silicon, how it's stored can vary plenty by the exact technology used. In any case, though, there is a shelf-life, and it's usually measured in decades at best. Magnetic tapes from the 80's are at risk of becoming u... | The "badly" manufactured goods from 20 years ago are long broken and forgotten, so we are left with the "durable" goods. We then compare those to our "badly" manufactured goods as we do not know yet which of them are "good" and "durable". In 20 years someone might say, "wow, those 2015 car batteries, they don't make th... | Most medication really doesn't expire. After awhile it can be less effective. _URL_0_ But some drugs like insulin and liquids can break down and be dangerous to use if not stored properly | [
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Is there a place online I can trace my grandfather's military career? | Have you tried [asking for a copy of his service record?](_URL_0_) Note that there are access/privacy restrictions, and that you will have to write them directly to find much out. I know it can be done though - we have a copy of my own grandfather's service record that was acquired this way. | From the first picture, your late grandfather was attached to the 1st Regiment, 1st Battalion of the ROC Air Force Security Guard Force (中華民國空軍警衛部), possibly based in Nanchang (南昌). This was a military police unit which was later integrated with the ROC Military Police Command. Unfortunately, that's all that I can cont... | From the first picture, your late grandfather was attached to the 1st Regiment, 1st Battalion of the ROC Air Force Security Guard Force (中華民國空軍警衛部), possibly based in Nanchang (南昌). This was a military police unit which was later integrated with the ROC Military Police Command. Unfortunately, that's all that I can cont... | You may be interested in the [PTSD section](_URL_0_) of the Military FAQ. The most-cited contributors were /u/Iphikrates and /u/sapere_avde , though others contributed too. This is not to discourage discussion. Further questions, data, and debate are welcome. | I can't help with most of your question, but [Founders Online](_URL_0_) is an amazing resource for looking through Revolutionary American writings. It's not everything, but because so much of it is letters, you have all the surviving letters written *to* them as well as by them. I hope this is useful and not "yes, yes,... | Carl von Clausewitz - On War would probably be a good place to start. There's an online version here: _URL_0_ | [
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Can someone explain the federal reserve? | The Federal Reserve is an independent government entity that coins money, sets interest rates, and is generally in control of US monetary policy. It's often criticized for lack of oversight. It also has significant regulatory duties, usually involving the financial sector. I don't think there are really positives and n... | The Federal Reserve matters because it is the Central Bank of the United States and the lender of last resort for all of our other banks. It has a great deal of power over the economy, primarily through the buying and selling of Treasury Bonds and setting the "ground rules" that all other banks follow. It's worth notin... | The Federal Reserve matters because it is the Central Bank of the United States and the lender of last resort for all of our other banks. It has a great deal of power over the economy, primarily through the buying and selling of Treasury Bonds and setting the "ground rules" that all other banks follow. It's worth notin... | Monetary policy of the United States Monetary policy in the US is determined and implemented by the US Federal Reserve System, commonly referred to as the Federal Reserve. Established in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act to provide central banking functions,[6] the Federal Reserve System is a quasi-public institution. Os... | The Federal Reserve is required because it gives the US government a method to slow down or sped up banking system, so as to prevent truly horrific depressions from happening again. Through effective policy it can help shorten recessions and depressions. Basically the Federal Reserve sets the tone of banking relying on... | The workings of the Federal Reserve are often compared to the mysterious operations of a closed society. The Reserve Board's governors help set the pace -- and the tone -- for the U.S. economy. Its chairman, Alan Greenspan, is viewed as a fiscal oracle by many in the financial world, as he announces interest rate chang... | [
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Is it true that a single sperm holds 37.5MB of DNA data? | a single spermium contains the haploid genome (each chromosome once with the exception of the sex determinative chromosme pair X and Y - there can be either X or Y in the spermium). a haploid genome with the X-chromosome has 1597 Mbp (Mega base pairs). there are 4 nucleotides - so the code is quaternary. Which means it... | > How much information can DNA contain? Each "link" in the DNA chain has one of four base pairs (essentially a specialized molecule) represented by the letters A, T, C, and G. The base pairs are called pairs, because they link together. A links to T, and C links to G. So for every position, there are four possible arra... | > How much information can DNA contain? Each "link" in the DNA chain has one of four base pairs (essentially a specialized molecule) represented by the letters A, T, C, and G. The base pairs are called pairs, because they link together. A links to T, and C links to G. So for every position, there are four possible arra... | According to a [Stanford study that mapped the genomes of 91 individual sperm cells from one man](_URL_0_), it can be quite different: > Each sperm in the sample underwent 23 recombination events, or mixing events. However, the study also showed that the degree of genetic mixing varied greatly between individual sperm... | You only have a finite amount of DNA, so there's an infinitesimally small chance that two sperm could have the same exact DNA and therefore create two genetically identical, non-twin offspring (of course, that's assuming genetically identical eggs were used as well). About why: As you know, you have two copies of your ... | [Sperm only constitute 2 to 5% of total semen volume](_URL_0_). The remainder of the seminal fluid is still expelled from the body during ejaculation. Your body will recycle unused sperm cells that reside in the testes. As new sperm are generated, old sperm will be broken down and their component nutrients recycled. Th... | [
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What do we know about love and marriage in pre-colonial West-African kingdoms? | Are you referring to the lower or upper classes? Most of West Africa was the domination of a mostly pagan populace by a Sunni upper class. I don't have specifics with me at the moment, but the precepts of this upper class on love and marriage equate closely with similar traditions of Islam in the Maghreb, including hom... | Though it has a depressingly paltry pre-colonial section, I do suggest you check out the African section of our [book list](_URL_0_). | Though it has a depressingly paltry pre-colonial section, I do suggest you check out the African section of our [book list](_URL_0_). | I'm so sorry, I'm afraid my information on this area is a little lax, as Ptolemaic Egypt isn't my favorite area of study. However, I do have one fact to share! It's interesting to note that although brother/sister marriage was practiced among the ruling family of Egypt for dynasties upon dynasties, it wasn't until Ptol... | I'm not a historian, but I'm a bibliophile, and I know Jane Austen discussed marrying for love in* Pride and Prejudice* , and she was in the minority at the time in marrying for love and not simply accepting the man with the most money or best fit with the family | Thirty-five percent of African Americans older than 25 have never been married — a greater number than any other racial demographic. We explore why and hear from a couple that is beating the odds. | [
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Why are male nipples fine to show, but females are taboo? | It depends on the culture. You're assuming a Western (mainly U.S) focus. It's much less taboo in Europe, and even less so in other parts of the world. There's no real good answer beyond that. Culture doesn't really have to "make sense". A lot of it goes back to when showing any type of skin (even ankles! back in the da... | The reason is that there is a large (and very vocal) segment of the population who hold on to puritan religious values and essentially believe that any depiction of nudity in the media (including just female nipples) is morally wrong and sinful. In contrast, violence regularly appears in bible and is not seen as sinful... | The reason is that there is a large (and very vocal) segment of the population who hold on to puritan religious values and essentially believe that any depiction of nudity in the media (including just female nipples) is morally wrong and sinful. In contrast, violence regularly appears in bible and is not seen as sinful... | In the womb, we don’t start as male and female separately. We have a single starting template, that’s mostly female like, and then differentiate as we grow. Ovaries migrate downwards to become testicles, for example, and the genital ridge (the precursor to vaginas and penises) expands and grows into a penis. Nipples a... | In American society, women's breasts are considered sexual. Don't look for too much logic behind it, that's just the way it is. | Because film media, like many forms of art, objectifies the female form. Perhaps originating from a place of good intentions the female body since Greek sculpture has been deconstructed into parts and half-worshiped yet half-despised. A woman's body has become like a canvas, we can judge her parts: her butt or her brea... | [
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Why is Tantalum the rarest stable element in the solar system? | You may be looking at this the wrong way round. Tantalum follows the trend down as nuclei get heavier, but the elements to the right in the graph misbehave. The reason are 'magic' numbers for protons and neutrons in the nuclei according to the nuclear shell model. Nuclei with magic numbers for protons or neutrons are e... | In terms of stability, it's just to do with how tightly the nucleus is bound by the Strong Nuclear Force - as you go higher in the periodic table, atoms get less stable (although it's not a straight rise; 92 [uranium] is more stable than 91 [Protactinium] for example), simply because the strong nuclear force has to act... | In terms of stability, it's just to do with how tightly the nucleus is bound by the Strong Nuclear Force - as you go higher in the periodic table, atoms get less stable (although it's not a straight rise; 92 [uranium] is more stable than 91 [Protactinium] for example), simply because the strong nuclear force has to act... | Most of them are just for research purposes, and no element past Fermium has been synthesized in useful quantities. Pretty much everything past there decays in less than a second. It’s mostly just *because we can,* but research like this isn’t useless. Far from it. Learning more about the universe is always important, ... | Actually, two hydrogen atoms can make helium-2 and very often do in the sun. However, Helium-2 is extremely unstable (in fact, it has a negative binding energy) and almost immediately decays. Usually it decays back to two protons, but very rarely it decays to deuterium (plus a positron and an electron neutrino). It tak... | Probably the biggest one is tantalum, which is used mostly for making capacitors. Tantalum capacitors have more capacitance per volume than most (all?) other types, so they're very useful for things like cellphones which engineers are trying to make as small as possible. | [
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why aren't there zip lock bags in cereal boxes? | Zip lock bags cost a few cents more to produce and those few cents would make no difference in sales. You might like having it but you arent boycotting them for not having it and you wont change your buying habits to get it, so it would be silly to waste money providing it to you. | This is purely a guess, but as someone who worked in retail for a bit, you would be surprised at the number of people who feel compelled to open packaged merchandise in an effort to try it out before buying...only to then decide they don't want it anymore and walk away. When the original packaging is open, it it possib... | This is purely a guess, but as someone who worked in retail for a bit, you would be surprised at the number of people who feel compelled to open packaged merchandise in an effort to try it out before buying...only to then decide they don't want it anymore and walk away. When the original packaging is open, it it possib... | A lot of the cereal have to be imported, but I am unsure why there is no processing. | Buttons. That's why Levi's 501 jeans have buttons. It's a deliberately retro reference. My answer is going to be rejected for /r/askhistorians by a bot because it's too short. So I'll make it a bit longer. Fun fact: almost all zippers are made by the same Japanese company, YKK. The zipper debuted at the 1893 World's ... | My view on this has always been that women's jeans are designed without pockets to help sell other products. If they have no storage built into their clothing they will have to buy an accessory such as a handbag or backpack which allows a company to have a larger variety of products. | [
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the realistic amount of man hours it takes to create a large, intricate website e.g. social network or news site | Very hard to say, because Facebook is still under constant development, so you could say it took thousands of people for a decade to get to where it is today, and yet it's been functional back when it was only a small team working on it for a couple years. Server costs are relatively cheap, the number of man-hours is n... | Having a longer period might hurt the income of the said sites even more than just a day would. Also in some cases if the duration was indefinite, it might open the business for a competitior to take over. Or that's how I see it. Anyone is free to correct me on this one(and basically on anything) | Having a longer period might hurt the income of the said sites even more than just a day would. Also in some cases if the duration was indefinite, it might open the business for a competitior to take over. Or that's how I see it. Anyone is free to correct me on this one(and basically on anything) | How many things have to be done, and how complicated they are. The deeper you get the more dire it is that things have to be done right, as well as; often you have to tear things apart to get to the main surgery, then do a bunch of other surgeries to put everything else back together as well when you're done with what ... | It's simple really. Lets say your computer can do 1000 calculations per second (it's a lot more actually, but it's a convenient number) and for a scientific simulation (weather, pollution, protein folding) you would need to do 1000,000,000 calculations to get the data you wanted, your computer would take 1000,000 secon... | As of September 1 , 2014 , over 85 million posts were created on the site each day . | [
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Prior to the Edict of Milan, were Christians sentenced to death by animals? (Damnatio Ad Bestias) | Yes, yes they were. The Polycarp of Martyrdom, usually dated to the mid-to-late 2nd century, refers to this in the case of other martyrs, and holds it out as a threat to Polycarp. ([source in translation](_URL_1_)) The third century text, the Passion of Perpetua and Felicty features the death of martyrs sentences to th... | I think you may be misunderstanding the context of *damnatio ad bestias*. This was not literally "here's a sword, fight for your right to live". You were dumped into an arena and they let loose animals with the intention of them ripping you apart. It was not a trial to save you. It was a death sentence. Any cases that ... | I think you may be misunderstanding the context of *damnatio ad bestias*. This was not literally "here's a sword, fight for your right to live". You were dumped into an arena and they let loose animals with the intention of them ripping you apart. It was not a trial to save you. It was a death sentence. Any cases that ... | Not an expert myself, but I think you'll probably want to help the experts by narrowing down your question a bit more. There wasn't one Christian theology at the time you're specifying. It was Constantine who starting with the Council of Nicaea began the process of unifying and institutionalising a single Christian the... | In the Church (i.e. Catholic Church), it used to be doctrine that dogs didn't have souls so they couldn't go to heaven. Even though the pope said this, I don't think it changes that doctrine officially because it needs to be approved by the Magesterium, which is kind of like the Senate for the Church. So while people r... | Ish. There is the great sacrifice at Gamla Uppsala as [related](_URL_1_) by Adam of Bremen (Warning! PDF), which involved sacrificing nine of every animal including people every nine years. There's also ibn Fadlan's [account](_URL_0_) of the funerary sacrifice of the Rus. In the Iron Age of Northern Europe, you'd find ... | [
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- Busy Beaver numbers | The busy beaver function takes as input some number n. Explaining precisely what this number does is complicated; all you really need to know is that it indexes a bunch of groups of computing devices, and that devices with larger n are in some sense larger. The output, called the n-th busy beaver number, is roughly the... | **Odd number:** runs north-south **Even number:** runs east-west **Low odd number:** west coast **High odd number:** east coast **Low even number:** southern US **High even number:** northern US **1-2 digits:** main route, goes through major cities (usually) **3 digits:** off-shoot, goes around major cities (... | **Odd number:** runs north-south **Even number:** runs east-west **Low odd number:** west coast **High odd number:** east coast **Low even number:** southern US **High even number:** northern US **1-2 digits:** main route, goes through major cities (usually) **3 digits:** off-shoot, goes around major cities (... | Busy beavers were on Friday blamed for a train derailment that spilled more than 20,000 litres of diesel fuel into the Ottawa River, which supplies the Canadian capital's drinking water. | In early 2019 , the staff exceeded 400 , which was around 450 by June 2019 . | In early 2019 , the staff exceeded 400 , which was around 450 by June 2018 . | [
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How can a single speaker make multiple notes at the same time that aren't on the same fundamental? (like a diminished chord, or a symphony | Much in the same way as they are transmitted through air. If two notes are played at the same time you don't perceive them in two channels; your ears register their combined waveforms. A speaker only has to produce this combined waveform to yield the same result, assuming you don't care about the source locations. | The same way that your ear can *hear* multiple sounds at once. Combing multiple sound waves together results in a single new sound wave that can be created by a single speaker, and detected by a single eardrum. | The same way that your ear can *hear* multiple sounds at once. Combing multiple sound waves together results in a single new sound wave that can be created by a single speaker, and detected by a single eardrum. | Essentially, think of it as different frequencies are superimposed on top of each other to form complicated waveforms that result in complicated movement. With a simple sine wave of one frequency, the movement is simple but with multiple frequencies and different sounds, the wavelength is complex and so is the movement... | It gets pretty complex, notes are just frequencies A is 440hz. Scales are a series of notes played in a different order thus giving different feels, different cultures have different scales. The notes in the scales pertain to a Key which are just notes that in basic terms sound well together. A chord is parts of the ke... | [This figure should help explain it.](_URL_2_) A shows 4 waves each with different frequencies and C shows what you get when you combine those waves together. (Ignore B and D). A combination of different sound waves creates a single wave with a unique pattern. So instead of a speaker moving in and out by same amount (w... | [
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Why does ice crack a bit when put into water? | The cracks are thermal shock (similar to how alternating hot and cold on things can make them break) Ice sticks to your wet hands because it freezes the water on your hand. This is the same thing as when you lick a cold flagpole. | It makes a cracking noise because it is cracking. Water when frozen actually expands instead of shrinking. As a result, when you pour a warmer liquid over it, there is a transfer of energy between the ice and the new liquid. This causes a the ice to shrink at a rapid rate and causing your audible fractures. | It makes a cracking noise because it is cracking. Water when frozen actually expands instead of shrinking. As a result, when you pour a warmer liquid over it, there is a transfer of energy between the ice and the new liquid. This causes a the ice to shrink at a rapid rate and causing your audible fractures. | If you're cooling in a freezer, there is a temperature gradient from the outside to the inside of the container - the water freezes on the outside, bottom, and top first. Water expands when it freezes. So the center - still a liquid - is trapped on all sides by ice. When it freezes, it exerts a uniform pressure on all ... | Generally not, but only because water is weird. When you increase the pressure, a substance wants to reorder into a more space-efficient (denser) arrangement. For most things, this means that it wants to become a solid, or at least become a solid at warmer temperatures than it normally would, as a solid state of a subs... | It's based on the amount of air dissolved in the water before it was frozen. If there is air, there will be small holes in the ice that make it appear cloudy (refrigerator ice machines) because the air prevents the ice from freezing into a solid crystal. The small holes make the ice more brittle so it cracks more easil... | [
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Why can't humans survive off of only vitamins? | Vitamins don't have calories, which humans use for energy. They also lack many of the micronutrients we need to survive (sodium, potassium, magnesium which we need a good amount of). | You absolutely need vitamins to live. For example, if your diet contained zero vitamin C you would get scurvy and die. However, it turns out that unless you're only eating one very specific thing it's hard to have a vitamin deficiency so severe that it negatively impacts your health. | You absolutely need vitamins to live. For example, if your diet contained zero vitamin C you would get scurvy and die. However, it turns out that unless you're only eating one very specific thing it's hard to have a vitamin deficiency so severe that it negatively impacts your health. | If you aren't an old person or in some way deficient, the vitamins aren't going to help you much. In general, vitamins should be taken by people who are specifically lacking in something in their diet, usually as a result of allergy or lifestyle choice. The stuff in multi-vitamins is usually in the foods you eat, so if... | Vitamin A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) which is an essential micronutrient—that is, a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism but cannot synthesize, either at all or in sufficient quantities, and therefore must obtain through i... | One, By eating things like blood, skin, organs, bones, etc. Obviously that animal they ate *contains all vitamins and minerals required for that prey animal to live* so consuming all, or most, of a prey animal will include a wider variety of vitamins and nutrients. Humans can do this too, for example fish liver oil, w... | [
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How do schemes like "pay $50 for 50,000 Facebook Likes" work? | By using click farms (a lot of people just clicking likes), the people who accumulate the likes are paid very little to work. They can be easy to detect sometimes but creating more is easy (I dont think you even need to create a capatcha or equivalent). To discourage getting caught they will usually just like everythin... | This was a very big concern with early facebook. It was free with no ads and they were bleeding money like there was no tomorrow. They sold private equities to investors (basically, you agree with an investor that your company is worth 1B$, so if he wants 25% in it, it is going to be 250M$. The real valuation process i... | This was a very big concern with early facebook. It was free with no ads and they were bleeding money like there was no tomorrow. They sold private equities to investors (basically, you agree with an investor that your company is worth 1B$, so if he wants 25% in it, it is going to be 250M$. The real valuation process i... | Clickbait. Maybe it leads to a program where you 'just stay at home and send e-mails/letters!' Only you need to send hundreds or thousands a day to make any real money Maybe it leads to a 'Super awesome guide to making youtube money through google!' Except that guide costs you $5.99 to purchase Wherever it leads you, t... | Its very simple. Say you like cars, so you look up cars on pintrest. You will see a bunch of peoples posts about cars. There are categories as pics, how-to, and a few others. Say you want pics of cars, so you click that. Now you can look and pics of cars, but heres where the magic comes. If you "like" a pic, it will tr... | Think of your car. When something goes wrong you give the mechanic the entire car, he fixes one part and gives the whole thing back to you. Facebook or other companies don't actually rewrite huge swaths of code for each fix, they rewrite a single line or a few dozen or a few thousand but not the 50-100mb but the progra... | [
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why does temperature seem to affect how food tastes? | A lot of the details in how food tastes comes from the smell. Increased temperature means the volatile compounds that our noses pick up are released more, so the smell (and corresponding flavor) is stronger. It also changes the texture of most food, which is also important. | Higher temperatures mean more molecular activity, which means more activation of the taste sensors on your tongue and more molecules evaporating into your nasal tract to create smells. This can for example make a drink brewed to taste sweet when chilled become cloyingly so when consumed warm. Cultural expectation and ... | Higher temperatures mean more molecular activity, which means more activation of the taste sensors on your tongue and more molecules evaporating into your nasal tract to create smells. This can for example make a drink brewed to taste sweet when chilled become cloyingly so when consumed warm. Cultural expectation and ... | NPR's David Baron reports on research that shows that people can taste temperature. Scientists at Yale report in the journal <EM>Nature</EM> that altering the temperature of the tongue can produce the sensations of sweet, salty, bitter, and sour. Researchers say this gustatory equivalent of an optical illusion may prov... | A huge percentage of "taste" actually occurs through the olfactory receptors (smell). Particles move more quickly when that are hot and can be more easily received by the nose. We are able to detect more flavor when food is hot. This is why icecream tastes sweeter the more it melts, our nose can start picking up more o... | Hot food = Cooked food = **Less Bacteria, parasites, etc.** Cold water = Running water = Non-stagnant water at temperature that pathogenic bacteria/viruses/parasites don't like to live at = **Less bacteria, parasites, etc.** That's how things are evolutionarily, but biochemically, some receptors do/don't work at certai... | [
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when people drown, do the instinctively stop breathing or do they end up trying to breath in the water? | Drowning is a pretty horrible way to die. After not trying to breathe (because of being underwater) for enough time, the body will instinctively try to breathe despite being underwater... leading to inhaling water... leading to death. It is supposedly excruciatingly painful. | You can't consciously hold your breath long enough to lower blood pH to lethal levels. As the concentration of CO2 in your blood increases, eventually it will reach the *breath-hold breakpoint*, where you will reflexively inhale. If you're still underwater at this point, you will inhale water, triggering coughing and v... | You can't consciously hold your breath long enough to lower blood pH to lethal levels. As the concentration of CO2 in your blood increases, eventually it will reach the *breath-hold breakpoint*, where you will reflexively inhale. If you're still underwater at this point, you will inhale water, triggering coughing and v... | Humans are born with the ability to swim, but not to swim well. People wear clothes, which makes swimming harder, so some may drown due to poor technique. Swimming lessons, as opposed to drown-proofing, are more about moving effectively while remaining calm. | Lungs receive nerve impulses from both the autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary) sections of the nervous system. The heart only receives impulses from the autonomic section. No one really knows why, but a good theory is that it was evolutionarily beneficial to be able to stop your breathing (for if we would d... | They don't. There are species that "sleep" or are not very active, same with fish, that use a thing called buccal pumping. This is the action of opening and closing the mouth(or just using the mouth muscles), which also forces water over the gills. Some fish and shark have to keep swimming to breathe, others have this ... | [
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How did the U.S.A. end up with the MM/DD/YYYY date format? | I believe that the format was used alongside DD/MM/YYYY in Britain during the 18-19th Centuries until it was slowly replaced in Britain by the DD/MM/YYYY format. For example, if you can find any old copies of newspapers such as The Times, the header is written 'July 4th 1862' or 'Month/Day/Year'. Unfortunately I'm not... | Considering that the international standard is YYYY-MM-DD does it really matter? Everyone else is just engaging in local preferences anyway. It makes enough sense when you consider most English speakers, at least in the USA, would say today is May 29th 2015. | Considering that the international standard is YYYY-MM-DD does it really matter? Everyone else is just engaging in local preferences anyway. It makes enough sense when you consider most English speakers, at least in the USA, would say today is May 29th 2015. | Periodicals arent published daily, most are monthly or weekly, so the date you see is intended to be the date it is on news stands, so in that case, you will see that same issue of Us magazine available on news stands until July 8th, at which point a new issue with a new date is on it. | Check out this previous answer by /u/Algernon_Asimov: [At what point did society begin referring to the year in modern terms (2012 etc)](_URL_0_) | Memorial Day The preferred name for the holiday gradually changed from "Decoration Day" to "Memorial Day," which was first used in 1882.[67] Memorial Day did not become the more common name until after World War II, and was not declared the official name by Federal law until 1967.[68] On June 28, 1968, Congress passed ... | [
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What is a moving average, how is it different from an average, and why would it be used? | It's an average of just the most recent numbers, for example the daily closing price of a stock averaged *for the most recent 30 days.* It shows you the recent trend without as much bouncing up and down (volatility). Every day, one new number is included, and one oldest number is dropped. | Averages can be a little odd. It was explained to me this way: a typical class can be 30 while the average is 22 if you have enough smaller classes of 10 or 12 (either advanced, remedial, specialty or SPED classes can sometimes be this small). | Averages can be a little odd. It was explained to me this way: a typical class can be 30 while the average is 22 if you have enough smaller classes of 10 or 12 (either advanced, remedial, specialty or SPED classes can sometimes be this small). | It's a way to measure quality of manufactured goods by looking at how consistent they are instead of just the average quality. McDonald's would rather sell a million "okay" burgers that are nearly identical than 250k excellent burgers, 250k pretty good burgers, 250k not very good burgers, and 250k garbage burgers, even... | There are multiple measures for sea level. Commonly used is mean sea level, the average of high and low tides at a measuring station, which simply logs the position of a floating sensor (with GPS, these days). This changes based on location, mostly due to atmospheric pressure and gravity differences pulling or pushing ... | It's a slightly tongue-in-cheek term used to refer to any accounting practice used to hide or disguise where money has come from, where it is going to, or where it currently is. Such techniques are usually used when individuals or companies want to make it hard for others to trace the movement of money, usually to avoi... | [
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How can a current create a magnetic field when there is no time varying electric field? | It's the same way that an electric charge at rest creates an electric field even though there is no changing magnetic field. There are two different ways to make each type of field: charges and/or changing magnetic fields make electric fields, and currents and/or changing electric fields make magnetic fields. | If you look at maxwell's equations, a changing electric field begets a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field begets a changing electric field. If your change is linear with time, meaning your field isn't "accelerating" you can generate a static field of the other kind. Ultimately, this results from special relat... | If you look at maxwell's equations, a changing electric field begets a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field begets a changing electric field. If your change is linear with time, meaning your field isn't "accelerating" you can generate a static field of the other kind. Ultimately, this results from special relat... | Electric charges produce electric fields, or electric field lines if you prefer. Moving electric charges produce magnetic fields. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an electric current is induced in it. | When you run electric current through a wire, it creates a magnetic field. You can use that magnetic field to push on things and make them turn. _URL_0_ | This causes an electrical current to begin flowing in the direction of the signal's instantaneous field. | [
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Why is human sexual selection so focused on beauty [esp. facial beauty] when it has no survival value? | The majority of facial traits seen as beautiful are used to determine the health of the individuals. For example the greatest determination of person beauty is how symmetrical the persons face is, this is a sign of healthy growth though out the persons life time. Eye size which is common in women for attractiveness is... | Since agriculture began, people haven't always chosen their mates. In many cases families would arrange marriages years before the participants were fully grown. In other cases marriages between adults were done for political reasons. In these cases attractiveness would play only a minor role. Also, I believe there is... | Since agriculture began, people haven't always chosen their mates. In many cases families would arrange marriages years before the participants were fully grown. In other cases marriages between adults were done for political reasons. In these cases attractiveness would play only a minor role. Also, I believe there is... | Non-human animals have these instincts because if they didn't, they wouldn't reproduce. So having the most successful mating behaviour is 'maintained by natural selection,' i.e. those that have the instinct reproduce most successfully and eventually become most common. Humans are a lot more socially complex than other ... | I recall once watching a short documentary on the golden ratio that posed this question. If I remember correctly the faces that were seemingly more attractive had closer similarities to the golden ratio and were also more symmetric. In general humans seek out symmetry. I unfortunately am not 100% sure as to why but thi... | In humans symmetrical features are more attractive. There is a theory this is due any asymmetrical traits maybe demonstration of a genetic flaw so you don't want to share your genes with that person. Another theory is that our attraction to patterns/symmetry in nature so this may have lead to natural selection favourin... | [
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How can you extract ROMs from video games? | There are devices you can buy, called 'cart dumpers' that let you do exactly that - connect a cartridge to a computer. You would then need to run a program to pull the data off of it, depending on cartridge type. A bit of searching and I found these: * _URL_0_ - a community for the (now discontinued) Retrode cart dump... | Emulating is legal, if you own copies of the game, and rip the ROMs from those copies by yourself (you have to make the roms from your own copies of the game using special tools). Anything else is copyright infringement and can be prosecuted as such. Of course, with some emulators, like PS2 emulators, you can just put ... | Emulating is legal, if you own copies of the game, and rip the ROMs from those copies by yourself (you have to make the roms from your own copies of the game using special tools). Anything else is copyright infringement and can be prosecuted as such. Of course, with some emulators, like PS2 emulators, you can just put ... | PC games: if the game is bought on Steam or some other DRM manager, the game is downloaded beforehand and installed, and the game is ready to be played the very minute it is released. Console games: games bought in store have the possibility of being sold out before you have the chance to buy itit, even if you go in o... | Most of a game's code and assets are the same between platforms. The main things that have to be different are the bits that interact with the hardware or OS. Take graphics for example. On PC and Xbox you use the DirectX API to give instructions to the GPU. But PlayStation has its own API for that. So if you need to co... | So ultimately what gets run on any piece of hardware is machine code, instructions that the chips on that hardware can understand. You can program in any "high level" programming language and then compile it, which means turning it into machine code. It's like translating from English to a region's local language. You ... | [
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How did "Chinese" food in the U.S. get so standardized? | The Chinese Exclusion Act in the 1800s banned Chinese immigrants from doing pretty much any good jobs which drove Chinese Americans to slums. Chinese food was considered dirty and for poor people as a result. The act was repealed during WWII because China was considered an ally. As a result Chinese food didn't really c... | No one knows exactly why, but mostly, it's because very long ago, China really was the cultural center of Asia. So a lot of the reason why Koreans and Japanese eat rice is because ancient Chinese people ate a lot of rice. So why did Chinese people start eating rice and not wheat or barley? It turns out the climate arou... | No one knows exactly why, but mostly, it's because very long ago, China really was the cultural center of Asia. So a lot of the reason why Koreans and Japanese eat rice is because ancient Chinese people ate a lot of rice. So why did Chinese people start eating rice and not wheat or barley? It turns out the climate arou... | No one knows exactly why, but mostly, it's because very long ago, China really was the cultural center of Asia. So a lot of the reason why Koreans and Japanese eat rice is because ancient Chinese people ate a lot of rice. So why did Chinese people start eating rice and not wheat or barley? It turns out the climate arou... | History of Chinese Americans The Chinese came to California in large numbers during the California Gold Rush, with 40,400 being recorded as arriving from 1851 to 1860, and again in the 1860s when the Central Pacific Railroad recruited large labor gangs, many on five-year contracts, to build its portion of the Transcont... | Follow up: how did the Chinese respond to foreigners unfamiliar with Chinese custom in official meetings or banquets? (e.g. if they didn't know how to use chopsticks) | [
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Is there an actual problem with the police in the USA? | For the most part, police officers and police organizations are just fine. I mean, they can be seen as a little dickish because no one likes getting a speeding ticket or whatever, but in general they are OK. But there are enough officers who are actually dickish - racist, sexist, overly violent, corrupt, and so on - th... | Some people feel that it would prevent the police from being able to do their job if they are going to be scrutinized by the public and risk losing their job over every little incident. | Some people feel that it would prevent the police from being able to do their job if they are going to be scrutinized by the public and risk losing their job over every little incident. | I mean, how do you propose to keep bad people from doing bad things? The general answer is "with force". Well, to do that, you generally want overwhelming force, so they can't hurt you back or somehow win. But if you let people like police have access to guns, there's the potential that they will abuse them or become c... | A recent report from the Justice Department says the crime rate in America remains at a 30-year low. It may be good news to some -- but for others, there are crucial issues needing more attention, such as the massive incarceration rate, the impact of public policy in urban areas and a misconception of the truth regard... | As police face increased scrutiny over their use of force in America, many departments are looking at ways to improve their training programs. At the Henderson Police Department outside of Las Vegas, a new simulation technology prepares officers for real life situations. | [
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