bombshelll/rocobrain · Datasets at Hugging Face

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	Coronal T2-weighted magnetic resonance image of the brain showing a hyperintense aspect of the right hemi-tongue (seen in the left side of the Fig.: white arrows), which is atrophic because of a schwannoma of the 12th cranial nerve (note the normal aspect of the contralateral tongue delineated by the dashed white arrows).
	A coronal section shows clear atrophy of the right hippocampus with signal changes consistent with mesial temporal sclerosis.
	Ultrasound revealing ascites formation and presence of multiple echogenic lesions over the parietal peritoneum
	CT Brain showing encephalomalacia
	Computed tomography scan revealing a right temporoparietal abscess (arrow) with perilesional edema.Note: Actinomyces meyeri was found in cultures.
	Coronal T2 weighted MR image of the brain shows bilateral hippocampal atrophy (curved arrow). Thinning of the corpus callosum also noted on this image with no evidence of signal intensity change (straight arrow).
	Case 1: CT scan brain plain done on 1st post op day showing partial decompression of the tumor with a residual tumor in sella supra-sellar region and bilateral cavernous sinuses
	Ultrasound image of a normal lung shows the parietal pleura (arrow) and ribs (asterisks).
	The same patient as in Fig. 13b. Fournier gangrene in a 67-year-old diabetic man, with extensive arteriosclerosis, already submitted to aortic bifemoral bypass years ago, still permeable (red circles – patent common femoral bypass grafts located anteriorly to native arteries, occluded on the left). Contrast-enhanced CT scan at level of acetabular dome shows endopelvic fascia and extraperitoneal pelvic spaces. Endopelvic fascia and its two layers are illustrated. The parietal layer covers the elevator muscle of anus and coccygeus (pelvic diaphragm) and the intrapelvic portions of the internal obturator and the piriformis muscles. The visceral layer covers inferior segments of the urinary bladder, lower third of the ureters, uterus, vagina and seminal vesicles; it forms a continuous line enveloping the perirectal fat, the mesorectal fascia. Pelvic spaces. Prevesical space is bordered by transversalis fascia anteriorly and umbilicovesical fascia posteriorly. Paravesical and presacral spaces are limited by parietal and visceral sleeves of the endopelvic fascia. Perivesical space is surrounded by umbilicovesical fascia and rectovesical septum. Perirectal space is involved by the rectal fascia and separated from the perivesical space by the rectovesical septum
	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain.The arrow in the scan depicts a non-enhancing lesion in the left temporal lobe of the brain, which reflects either a low-grade primary brain malignancy or a metastatic disease.
	T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings. Note: No changes were observed in the signal intensity of the inferior frontal lobe and insular cortex.
	Mid-sagittal T1-weighted MR image showing thin corpus callosum mainly involving rostrum and genu (arrows) with frontoparietal lobe atrophy
	Small metastatic lesion in the left frontal lobe.
	T1-weighted magnetic resonance image of the patient’s brain. The arrow indicates a small, low intensity area in the right thalamus.
	Noncontrast CT of the brain shows multiple small foci of low density (HU-80), distributed in the lateral ventricles and basal cisterns (white arrows).
	Magnetic resonance imaging scan T2 axial view at level of midbrain. Arrow points to area of compression of left cerebral peduncle by posterior cerebral artery. Clear space filled with cerebral fluid is seen on the right.
	Computed tomography of the temporal bone showing the cystic malformation in the cochlea (A) and the vestibular dilatation (B).
	MRV of the brain; the left transverse sinus thrombosis
	Region of interest template.T1 weighted magnetic resonance image in MNI152 space (2mm resolution) showing frontal lobe left (L Frontal), frontal lobe right (R Frontal), anterior corpus callosum (ACC), thalamus left (L Thalamus), thalamus right (R Thalamus), occipital left (L Occipital), occipital right (R Occipital), putamen left (L Putamen) and putamen right (R Putamen). Additional regions not shown include body corpus callosum, posterior corpus callosum, dorsal mid brain, ventral mid brain and bilateral regions covering the corticospinal tract, anterior thalamic radiation, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, pallidum, hippocampus, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebral peduncle and pons.
	Axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence showing multiple lesions in the brainstem and cerebellum.
	Immediate post-operative axial non-contrast brain CT shows resolution of the mass effect after evacuation of epidural hematoma. There is minimal post-operative pneumocephalus.
	IRM cérébrale en coupe sagittale du patient montrant la localisation occipitale de la tumeur
	Axial T2W section showing “molar tooth” appearance of the midbrain due to elongation, thickening, and the horizontal orientation of the superior cerebellar peduncles and the small midbrain. Note increased depth and width of inter-pedicular distance.
	MRI brain scan tbl2 images showing areas of high intensities in the grey and white matter of the left cerebellar hemisphere suggestive of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).
	Brain computed tomography scan on admission which shows large subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and intraventricular hemorrhage.
	Longitudinal ultrasonogram of the vertebral canal. Longitudinal ultrasonogram of the vertebral canal in a 4.6-year-old Swiss Braunvieh cow at the level of the atlanto-occipital space immediately after euthanasia. Left is cranial and right is caudal. a Distance between skin and arachnoidea, b Dorsal compartment of the subarachnoid space, c Spinal cord, d Ventral compartment of the subarachnoid space, 1 Atlanto-occipital membrane, 2 Central canal, 3 Atlas, 4 Skin, 5 Nuchal ligament, 6 Major rectus capitis muscle, 7 Minor rectus capitis muscle
	Change in skull and brain conformation in Griffon Bruxellois with CM and syringomyelia.The T1-weighted midsagittal MRI image is from dog A (without CM or syringomyelia) and the framework of lines and angles is indicated in blue and higher case letters with the exception of angles 2 and 5 which are numbered in yellow. The framework of dog D (with CM and syringomyelia) has been superimposed on the image and aligned with baseline HAI and on the F-diameter. The framework of dog D is in red and with lower case letters. Angles 2 and 5 are yellow. It is possible to appreciate how with syringomyelia, the occipital lobe circle and height of cranial fossa increases (red circle). Angles 2 and 5 (yellow) are decreased as a consequence of the cranial base shortening and increased proximity of the atlas to the occiput. In addition the vertexes at E and D (red triangles) are closer together giving an appreciation of the overcrowding and change in shape of the caudal fossa. The white arrows depict the changes between the measurements.
	NCCT shows well defined hypodense lesion in left parietal lobe with edema and a hyperdensity of straight and sagittal sinuses
	MAC has a tendency to local infiltration and neurotropic spread; therefore, surgery requires wide resection margins of the parieto-occipitotemporal scalp (deep margin including the pericranium) and skin of the posterior neck.
	CECT scan showing destruction of right sphenoid, frontal bones and zygomatic arch with associated soft tissue component extending laterally into the infratemporal fossa and medially into the orbit.
	MRI scan of brain showing pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis
	MRI showing a ring-enhanced mass with mild edema in the right frontal lobe.
	Axial FLAIR MRI of the brain showing periventricular hyperintense areas in a patient with chronic HCV infection and cognitive changes.
	Axial diffusion weighted image (repetition time msec/echo time msec, 10000/82; b = 1000 msec) demonstrating hyperintensity compatible with reduced diffusion associated with an interhemispheric epidermoid between the frontal lobes (arrows).
	Brain sagittal T1-weighted image showing multiple, hypointense, and cystic lesions of varying size. Some cystic lesions possess a scolex (arrow).
	Cranial computerized tomography indicating discreet hypodensity on both occipital lobes (black arrows) and a hypodense lesion on the right parietal lobe (white arrow).
	Superior view of the brain with the fibers of the OR. The right OR traverse laterally over the temporal horn (=Temp), then courses alongside the trigonum (=Tr) after which a portion of the fibers traverse medially at the occipital hom (=Occ) and some course laterally alongside the occipital horn to end up in the visual cortex. Mind that this section is lower than Figure 9, therefore not evidently showing the trigonum/occipital horn.
	CT scan of the brain showing multiple scattered lesions of cysticercosis throughout the brain parenchyma, with some showing eccentric calcification
	Coronal post contrast T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging brain demonstrates sellar suprasellar enhancement (white circle)
	MRI of the brain. Thin slice axial T2-weighted with fat suppression shows dolichoectatic left vertebral artery exerting a pressure effect to the left medulla with a hypersignal T2 change at left medulla (arrow).Abbreviation: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
	Axial T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging shows multiple perimedullary and left cerebellopontine angle serpiginous flow voids.
	Brain magnetic resonance imaging study showing cerebral venous sinus with signs of thrombosis on right (squares)
	Axial image of brain CT scan, showing hyperdense basilar sign due to cocaine-induced basilar artery thrombosis (arrow).
	MRI brain with gadolinium: Coronal view showing the same falcine meningioma
	CT brain demonstrating bitemporal decompressive craniectomy
	T2-weighted oblique coronal images of brain of 17-year-old male with mesial temporal sclerosis showing marked atrophy, sclerosis and loss of normal morphology of right hippocampus with dilated ipsilateral temporal horn. Left hippocampus also shows mild atrophy and minimal sclerosis with prominent ipsilateral temporal horn
	Lateral angiogram of the left carotid arterial tree of a donkey shows variation from the common pattern of this structure. The origin of the linguofacial trunk (black arrow) is directly from the common carotid artery. 1 common carotid artery; 2 external carotid artery; 3 internal carotid artery; 4 occipital artery; 5 linguofacial trunk
	Magnetic resonance imaging of brain (T1W) showing normal pituitary and suprasellar region with normal pineal gland
	Coronal T2-weighted image of the brain shows hypointense signal of the lesion as compared to the cerebrospinal fluid.
	Postcontrast FLAIR image shows the enhancement of meninges at tentorium and in parietal region with evidence of dilated ventricles.
	An example of a computed tomographic scan of a patient with EPS. It shows ascites and bowel loops that are drawn into the centre of the abdominal cavity indicating adhesions and an enhanced thickened peritoneum with calcifications both visceral and parietal.
	Coronal enhanced T1W image showing left hemicerebral atrophy with ipsilateral frontal horn enlargement and left parietal lobe lesion
	Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showing multiple hypoechoic area indicating the air pockets in the subarachnoid space. Arrow indicating air pocket compressing the middle cerebral artery branches in the left sylvian fissure
	Diffuse T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in cerebellum, brainstem and cervical spinal cord (arrows)
	24 measurements used to map the hindbrain and craniocervical junction on T1w mid-sagittal MRIs of a CKCS without SM.Key. (a) dorsum of spheno-occipital synchondrosis. (b) basion of basioccipital bone. (c) rostral edge of the dorsal lamina of the atlas. (d) junction between the supraoccipital bone and the occipital crest. (e) most dorsal point of intersection of the cerebellum with the occipital lobe circle. (f) centre of occipital lobe circle placed on the baseline at the level of the basioccipital bone (ab) and extending to encompass the occipital lobes. Diameter of circle = f-diam. (g) point at which the optic nerve deviates into the optic canal. (h) rostral edge of supra-occipital bone. (i) intersection point with ventrally extended line dc with the caudally extended ab baseline (forms angle 3 dib). (j) most rostral aspect of the dens of the axis bone. (k) extended line from point b along the best fit line of the ventral medulla oblongata to where it changes angle to the spinal cord. (l) rostral extension of baseline abi (hence becoming baseline labi). 11 angles measured are (1) lae, (2) fac, (3) dib, (4) fae (5) aeb (6) abd (7) bdi (8) ebd (9) jcb (10) afg (11) dbk. * significant for CM in the Griffon Bruxellois [24].
	CT image of single brain metastasis of breast carcinoma
	Axial CT image shows expansion of the right frontal and temporal bones.
	Computed tomography scan of the temporal bone. Axial view demonstrating extra-axial left mastoid mass.
	Postoperative contrast CT at eight weeks. There was reexpansion of the right frontal lobe
	White cerebellum signTransverse CT image of infant shows “white cerebellum” that appears denser than cerebral parenchyma (arrow). This appearance has very poor prognosis.
	Non-enchanced brain MRI T1-WI medial sagittal plane of a patient with ephedrone encephalopathy: significant increase of signal intensity in pituitary gland frontal lobe. In healthy individuals the lobe is isointense with cerebral gray matter.
	The Magnetic resonance imaging of cranium showing Intra axial T2 hyperintense parenchymal lesion in right cerebellum
	MRI of face showing soft tissue mass in the left mastoid region with osteolytic lesion in the greater wing of sphenoid bone, left temporal, and right temporal regions.
	A large amount of acute subdural hemorrhage along the right cerebral hemisphere; brain CT shows the mass effect with right subfalcine herniation (arrow).
	CT-scan of a lethal gunshot injury of the brain with massive swelling and increased pressure despite of craniotomie. The patient died despite of immediate craniotomie.
	Cerebral edema. Axial non-contrast CT head showing diffuse hypodense cerebral parenchyma with loss of grey-white matter differentiation and classical white cerebellum sign (arrows).
	Brain CT scan.
	CT scan, axial section of the brain showing a right middle cerebral artery infacrt limited to the right temporal lobe.
	Ultrasonography right eye showing subtle retinochoroidal elevation noted posteriorly in the superotemporal quadrant with moderate surface and internal reflectivity with a peripapillary choroidal thickness of 1.8 mm
	T2-weighted sagittal MR image shows occipital encephalocele and dorsal meningomyelocele with low lying tethered cord (arrow) and syrinx (star)
	Tau sign. Sagittal T1-W image of the brain shows (A) flow voids of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in the precavernous segment (thick short arrow), in the cavernous segment (medium-sized arrow), and a persistent trigeminal artery (thin long arrow). Together, these flow voids form the Greek letter ‘τ’ (tau). Sagittal view of the MRI angiogram shows the persistent trigeminal artery (arrow) arising from the ICA and joining the basilar artery in its mid segment
	Computed tomographic scan of the brain obtained after the event revealed the presence of air gases (arrow), which suggested the infusion of subdural air while attaching an extension tube with a syringe filled with a local anesthetic.
	CT of the brain without intravenous contrast on the fifth day of admission showing development of a communicating hydrocephalus.
	Axial T1 MRI shows evidence of a small left parietooccipital infarction yet the patient was determined to be an unsafe driver.
	Postoperative magnetic resonance angiography demonstrating no brain aneurysm and disruption of regional blood–brain barrier at the site of hematoma
	Spontaneous pneumomediastinum seen on a chest radiograph. Arrows indicate detachment of the parietal pleura from the major mediastinal vessels and the pericardium; stars, the continuous diaphragm sign; arrowheads, air lines in the mediastinum and in the subcutaneous tissues of the neck.
	Simplified schematic drawing of central structures involved in the processing of vestibular and thermal information reaching the insular cortex as multisensory region via the thalamus. Intrainsular connections between vestibular (blue) and somatosensory signals (yellow) might lead to homeostasis and might be the basis for vestibular–somatosensory interaction (red arrow).
	Burch’s membrane opening area and width of gamma zone parapapillary atrophy.The BM opening is shown as a yellow line and the optic disc margin as a white dotted line. The distance between the BM opening and temporal optic disc margin (red arrow) along the line connecting the fovea and the center of the optic disc (red dotted line) was defined as the width of the temporal PPA without BM (i.e. gamma zone). The blue line delineates the beta zone PPA margin.
	Postoperative CT. Postoperative CT scan of the patient showing total excision of the tumor and the presence of free temporalis graft in the ethmoid and sphenoid sinus (arrow).
	Opioid receptors in thalamus (red) and secondary somatosensory cortex, S2 (arrow). Photo Researchers Picture Number: SF2687. Credit: Philippe Psaila/Photo Researchers, Inc. License: Rights Managed. Description: Opioid receptors. Colored frontal Positron Emission Tomography. (PET) scan showing the normal distribution of opioid receptors in the human brain. By injecting a patient with an opioid tagged with carbon-11 (radioactive tracer), a color-coded scan is produced, showing the concentration of opioid receptors from red (highest) through yellow and green to blue (lowest).
	Brain MRI shows multiple hyperintense lesions in both cerebellar hemispheres.
	T1-weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging scan of brain showing a large mixed intensity, hemorrhagic mass lesion of right frontal lobe causing mass effect
	T2-weighted coronal image of brain of 6-year-old male child with Rasmussen's encephalitis, who had intractable seizures, shows unihemispheric focal cortical atrophy with grey and white matter hyperintensity
	The brain computed tomography scan shows diffuse traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic subdural hematoma on the right cerebral hemisphere.
	Brain MRI of the patient with adult form of MLD 'arrows' indicate the lesions of the white matter.
	Computed tomography of the brain showing periventricular tubers (arrows).
	Computer tomography scan of the brain with old left frontotemporal infarct (arrowed)
	Basilar impression on brain MRI. The tip of the odontoid process (arrow) projects > 5 mm above the Chamberlain line (line between the hard palate and the opisthion which is the midpoint on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum).
	The second intraoperative radiogram after decompression, bone grafting and temporally plate fixation. It appears to show that the plate bridges the C5 and C6 vertebrae.
	Repeat MRI Axial T2 FLAIR sections after 2 weeks show almost complete resolution of the lesions in the brain
	(NMR) pituitary macroadenoma and left superior parietal extra-axial lesion compatible with meningioma.
	T1-weighted MR image with contrast enhancement. A large, well-demarcated tumor with cystic changes is seen in the left temporal lobe. The solid portion and the wall of the cysts are intensely enhanced
	Brain MRI showing SEGA located near the right foramen of Monro and causing hydrocephalus in a 1-week-old patient with TSC
	Axial CT scan brain contrast study showing significant increase in the lesion size with persistent compression and midline shift (imaging done in 2011)
	Computed tomography showing a heterogeneous lobulated lesion in the infratemporal region.
	Brain CT scan of the patient at admission
	A giant prolactinoma >6 cm in diameter (red arrows), involving the central skull base and compressing the brain stem.
	Transaxial section of brain positron emission tomography image with corresponding color scale, showing bilateral hypometabolism
	Computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain. Arrows show intraventricular air pockets and small intracranial air pockets in the sulci.
	Coronal brain MRI with FLAIR sequence.

Coronal T2-weighted magnetic resonance image of the brain showing a hyperintense aspect of the right hemi-tongue (seen in the left side of the Fig.: white arrows), which is atrophic because of a schwannoma of the 12th cranial nerve (note the normal aspect of the contralateral tongue delineated by the dashed white arrows).

A coronal section shows clear atrophy of the right hippocampus with signal changes consistent with mesial temporal sclerosis.

Ultrasound revealing ascites formation and presence of multiple echogenic lesions over the parietal peritoneum

CT Brain showing encephalomalacia

Computed tomography scan revealing a right temporoparietal abscess (arrow) with perilesional edema.Note: Actinomyces meyeri was found in cultures.

Coronal T2 weighted MR image of the brain shows bilateral hippocampal atrophy (curved arrow). Thinning of the corpus callosum also noted on this image with no evidence of signal intensity change (straight arrow).

Case 1: CT scan brain plain done on 1st post op day showing partial decompression of the tumor with a residual tumor in sella supra-sellar region and bilateral cavernous sinuses

Ultrasound image of a normal lung shows the parietal pleura (arrow) and ribs (asterisks).

The same patient as in Fig. 13b. Fournier gangrene in a 67-year-old diabetic man, with extensive arteriosclerosis, already submitted to aortic bifemoral bypass years ago, still permeable (red circles – patent common femoral bypass grafts located anteriorly to native arteries, occluded on the left). Contrast-enhanced CT scan at level of acetabular dome shows endopelvic fascia and extraperitoneal pelvic spaces. Endopelvic fascia and its two layers are illustrated. The parietal layer covers the elevator muscle of anus and coccygeus (pelvic diaphragm) and the intrapelvic portions of the internal obturator and the piriformis muscles. The visceral layer covers inferior segments of the urinary bladder, lower third of the ureters, uterus, vagina and seminal vesicles; it forms a continuous line enveloping the perirectal fat, the mesorectal fascia. Pelvic spaces. Prevesical space is bordered by transversalis fascia anteriorly and umbilicovesical fascia posteriorly. Paravesical and presacral spaces are limited by parietal and visceral sleeves of the endopelvic fascia. Perivesical space is surrounded by umbilicovesical fascia and rectovesical septum. Perirectal space is involved by the rectal fascia and separated from the perivesical space by the rectovesical septum

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain.The arrow in the scan depicts a non-enhancing lesion in the left temporal lobe of the brain, which reflects either a low-grade primary brain malignancy or a metastatic disease.

T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings. Note: No changes were observed in the signal intensity of the inferior frontal lobe and insular cortex.

Mid-sagittal T1-weighted MR image showing thin corpus callosum mainly involving rostrum and genu (arrows) with frontoparietal lobe atrophy

Small metastatic lesion in the left frontal lobe.

T1-weighted magnetic resonance image of the patient’s brain. The arrow indicates a small, low intensity area in the right thalamus.

Noncontrast CT of the brain shows multiple small foci of low density (HU-80), distributed in the lateral ventricles and basal cisterns (white arrows).

Magnetic resonance imaging scan T2 axial view at level of midbrain. Arrow points to area of compression of left cerebral peduncle by posterior cerebral artery. Clear space filled with cerebral fluid is seen on the right.

Computed tomography of the temporal bone showing the cystic malformation in the cochlea (A) and the vestibular dilatation (B).

MRV of the brain; the left transverse sinus thrombosis

Region of interest template.T1 weighted magnetic resonance image in MNI152 space (2mm resolution) showing frontal lobe left (L Frontal), frontal lobe right (R Frontal), anterior corpus callosum (ACC), thalamus left (L Thalamus), thalamus right (R Thalamus), occipital left (L Occipital), occipital right (R Occipital), putamen left (L Putamen) and putamen right (R Putamen). Additional regions not shown include body corpus callosum, posterior corpus callosum, dorsal mid brain, ventral mid brain and bilateral regions covering the corticospinal tract, anterior thalamic radiation, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, pallidum, hippocampus, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebral peduncle and pons.

Axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence showing multiple lesions in the brainstem and cerebellum.

Immediate post-operative axial non-contrast brain CT shows resolution of the mass effect after evacuation of epidural hematoma. There is minimal post-operative pneumocephalus.

IRM cérébrale en coupe sagittale du patient montrant la localisation occipitale de la tumeur

Axial T2W section showing “molar tooth” appearance of the midbrain due to elongation, thickening, and the horizontal orientation of the superior cerebellar peduncles and the small midbrain. Note increased depth and width of inter-pedicular distance.

MRI brain scan tbl2 images showing areas of high intensities in the grey and white matter of the left cerebellar hemisphere suggestive of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

Brain computed tomography scan on admission which shows large subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and intraventricular hemorrhage.

Longitudinal ultrasonogram of the vertebral canal. Longitudinal ultrasonogram of the vertebral canal in a 4.6-year-old Swiss Braunvieh cow at the level of the atlanto-occipital space immediately after euthanasia. Left is cranial and right is caudal. a Distance between skin and arachnoidea, b Dorsal compartment of the subarachnoid space, c Spinal cord, d Ventral compartment of the subarachnoid space, 1 Atlanto-occipital membrane, 2 Central canal, 3 Atlas, 4 Skin, 5 Nuchal ligament, 6 Major rectus capitis muscle, 7 Minor rectus capitis muscle

Change in skull and brain conformation in Griffon Bruxellois with CM and syringomyelia.The T1-weighted midsagittal MRI image is from dog A (without CM or syringomyelia) and the framework of lines and angles is indicated in blue and higher case letters with the exception of angles 2 and 5 which are numbered in yellow. The framework of dog D (with CM and syringomyelia) has been superimposed on the image and aligned with baseline HAI and on the F-diameter. The framework of dog D is in red and with lower case letters. Angles 2 and 5 are yellow. It is possible to appreciate how with syringomyelia, the occipital lobe circle and height of cranial fossa increases (red circle). Angles 2 and 5 (yellow) are decreased as a consequence of the cranial base shortening and increased proximity of the atlas to the occiput. In addition the vertexes at E and D (red triangles) are closer together giving an appreciation of the overcrowding and change in shape of the caudal fossa. The white arrows depict the changes between the measurements.

NCCT shows well defined hypodense lesion in left parietal lobe with edema and a hyperdensity of straight and sagittal sinuses

MAC has a tendency to local infiltration and neurotropic spread; therefore, surgery requires wide resection margins of the parieto-occipitotemporal scalp (deep margin including the pericranium) and skin of the posterior neck.

CECT scan showing destruction of right sphenoid, frontal bones and zygomatic arch with associated soft tissue component extending laterally into the infratemporal fossa and medially into the orbit.

MRI scan of brain showing pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis

MRI showing a ring-enhanced mass with mild edema in the right frontal lobe.

Axial FLAIR MRI of the brain showing periventricular hyperintense areas in a patient with chronic HCV infection and cognitive changes.

Axial diffusion weighted image (repetition time msec/echo time msec, 10000/82; b = 1000 msec) demonstrating hyperintensity compatible with reduced diffusion associated with an interhemispheric epidermoid between the frontal lobes (arrows).

Brain sagittal T1-weighted image showing multiple, hypointense, and cystic lesions of varying size. Some cystic lesions possess a scolex (arrow).

Cranial computerized tomography indicating discreet hypodensity on both occipital lobes (black arrows) and a hypodense lesion on the right parietal lobe (white arrow).

Superior view of the brain with the fibers of the OR. The right OR traverse laterally over the temporal horn (=Temp), then courses alongside the trigonum (=Tr) after which a portion of the fibers traverse medially at the occipital hom (=Occ) and some course laterally alongside the occipital horn to end up in the visual cortex. Mind that this section is lower than Figure 9, therefore not evidently showing the trigonum/occipital horn.

CT scan of the brain showing multiple scattered lesions of cysticercosis throughout the brain parenchyma, with some showing eccentric calcification

Coronal post contrast T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging brain demonstrates sellar suprasellar enhancement (white circle)

MRI of the brain. Thin slice axial T2-weighted with fat suppression shows dolichoectatic left vertebral artery exerting a pressure effect to the left medulla with a hypersignal T2 change at left medulla (arrow).Abbreviation: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Axial T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging shows multiple perimedullary and left cerebellopontine angle serpiginous flow voids.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging study showing cerebral venous sinus with signs of thrombosis on right (squares)

Axial image of brain CT scan, showing hyperdense basilar sign due to cocaine-induced basilar artery thrombosis (arrow).

MRI brain with gadolinium: Coronal view showing the same falcine meningioma

CT brain demonstrating bitemporal decompressive craniectomy

T2-weighted oblique coronal images of brain of 17-year-old male with mesial temporal sclerosis showing marked atrophy, sclerosis and loss of normal morphology of right hippocampus with dilated ipsilateral temporal horn. Left hippocampus also shows mild atrophy and minimal sclerosis with prominent ipsilateral temporal horn

Lateral angiogram of the left carotid arterial tree of a donkey shows variation from the common pattern of this structure. The origin of the linguofacial trunk (black arrow) is directly from the common carotid artery. 1 common carotid artery; 2 external carotid artery; 3 internal carotid artery; 4 occipital artery; 5 linguofacial trunk

Magnetic resonance imaging of brain (T1W) showing normal pituitary and suprasellar region with normal pineal gland

Coronal T2-weighted image of the brain shows hypointense signal of the lesion as compared to the cerebrospinal fluid.

Postcontrast FLAIR image shows the enhancement of meninges at tentorium and in parietal region with evidence of dilated ventricles.

An example of a computed tomographic scan of a patient with EPS. It shows ascites and bowel loops that are drawn into the centre of the abdominal cavity indicating adhesions and an enhanced thickened peritoneum with calcifications both visceral and parietal.

Coronal enhanced T1W image showing left hemicerebral atrophy with ipsilateral frontal horn enlargement and left parietal lobe lesion

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showing multiple hypoechoic area indicating the air pockets in the subarachnoid space. Arrow indicating air pocket compressing the middle cerebral artery branches in the left sylvian fissure

Diffuse T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in cerebellum, brainstem and cervical spinal cord (arrows)

24 measurements used to map the hindbrain and craniocervical junction on T1w mid-sagittal MRIs of a CKCS without SM.Key. (a) dorsum of spheno-occipital synchondrosis. (b) basion of basioccipital bone. (c) rostral edge of the dorsal lamina of the atlas. (d) junction between the supraoccipital bone and the occipital crest. (e) most dorsal point of intersection of the cerebellum with the occipital lobe circle. (f) centre of occipital lobe circle placed on the baseline at the level of the basioccipital bone (ab) and extending to encompass the occipital lobes. Diameter of circle = f-diam. (g) point at which the optic nerve deviates into the optic canal. (h) rostral edge of supra-occipital bone. (i) intersection point with ventrally extended line dc with the caudally extended ab baseline (forms angle 3 dib). (j) most rostral aspect of the dens of the axis bone. (k) extended line from point b along the best fit line of the ventral medulla oblongata to where it changes angle to the spinal cord. (l) rostral extension of baseline abi (hence becoming baseline labi). 11 angles measured are (1) lae, (2) fac, (3) dib, (4) fae (5) aeb (6) abd (7) bdi (8) ebd (9) jcb (10) afg (11) dbk. * significant for CM in the Griffon Bruxellois [24].

CT image of single brain metastasis of breast carcinoma

Axial CT image shows expansion of the right frontal and temporal bones.

Computed tomography scan of the temporal bone. Axial view demonstrating extra-axial left mastoid mass.

Postoperative contrast CT at eight weeks. There was reexpansion of the right frontal lobe

White cerebellum signTransverse CT image of infant shows “white cerebellum” that appears denser than cerebral parenchyma (arrow). This appearance has very poor prognosis.

Non-enchanced brain MRI T1-WI medial sagittal plane of a patient with ephedrone encephalopathy: significant increase of signal intensity in pituitary gland frontal lobe. In healthy individuals the lobe is isointense with cerebral gray matter.

The Magnetic resonance imaging of cranium showing Intra axial T2 hyperintense parenchymal lesion in right cerebellum

MRI of face showing soft tissue mass in the left mastoid region with osteolytic lesion in the greater wing of sphenoid bone, left temporal, and right temporal regions.

A large amount of acute subdural hemorrhage along the right cerebral hemisphere; brain CT shows the mass effect with right subfalcine herniation (arrow).

CT-scan of a lethal gunshot injury of the brain with massive swelling and increased pressure despite of craniotomie. The patient died despite of immediate craniotomie.

Cerebral edema. Axial non-contrast CT head showing diffuse hypodense cerebral parenchyma with loss of grey-white matter differentiation and classical white cerebellum sign (arrows).

Brain CT scan.

CT scan, axial section of the brain showing a right middle cerebral artery infacrt limited to the right temporal lobe.

Ultrasonography right eye showing subtle retinochoroidal elevation noted posteriorly in the superotemporal quadrant with moderate surface and internal reflectivity with a peripapillary choroidal thickness of 1.8 mm

T2-weighted sagittal MR image shows occipital encephalocele and dorsal meningomyelocele with low lying tethered cord (arrow) and syrinx (star)

Tau sign. Sagittal T1-W image of the brain shows (A) flow voids of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in the precavernous segment (thick short arrow), in the cavernous segment (medium-sized arrow), and a persistent trigeminal artery (thin long arrow). Together, these flow voids form the Greek letter ‘τ’ (tau). Sagittal view of the MRI angiogram shows the persistent trigeminal artery (arrow) arising from the ICA and joining the basilar artery in its mid segment

Computed tomographic scan of the brain obtained after the event revealed the presence of air gases (arrow), which suggested the infusion of subdural air while attaching an extension tube with a syringe filled with a local anesthetic.

CT of the brain without intravenous contrast on the fifth day of admission showing development of a communicating hydrocephalus.

Axial T1 MRI shows evidence of a small left parietooccipital infarction yet the patient was determined to be an unsafe driver.

Postoperative magnetic resonance angiography demonstrating no brain aneurysm and disruption of regional blood–brain barrier at the site of hematoma

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum seen on a chest radiograph. Arrows indicate detachment of the parietal pleura from the major mediastinal vessels and the pericardium; stars, the continuous diaphragm sign; arrowheads, air lines in the mediastinum and in the subcutaneous tissues of the neck.

Simplified schematic drawing of central structures involved in the processing of vestibular and thermal information reaching the insular cortex as multisensory region via the thalamus. Intrainsular connections between vestibular (blue) and somatosensory signals (yellow) might lead to homeostasis and might be the basis for vestibular–somatosensory interaction (red arrow).

Burch’s membrane opening area and width of gamma zone parapapillary atrophy.The BM opening is shown as a yellow line and the optic disc margin as a white dotted line. The distance between the BM opening and temporal optic disc margin (red arrow) along the line connecting the fovea and the center of the optic disc (red dotted line) was defined as the width of the temporal PPA without BM (i.e. gamma zone). The blue line delineates the beta zone PPA margin.

Postoperative CT. Postoperative CT scan of the patient showing total excision of the tumor and the presence of free temporalis graft in the ethmoid and sphenoid sinus (arrow).

Opioid receptors in thalamus (red) and secondary somatosensory cortex, S2 (arrow). Photo Researchers Picture Number: SF2687. Credit: Philippe Psaila/Photo Researchers, Inc. License: Rights Managed. Description: Opioid receptors. Colored frontal Positron Emission Tomography. (PET) scan showing the normal distribution of opioid receptors in the human brain. By injecting a patient with an opioid tagged with carbon-11 (radioactive tracer), a color-coded scan is produced, showing the concentration of opioid receptors from red (highest) through yellow and green to blue (lowest).

Brain MRI shows multiple hyperintense lesions in both cerebellar hemispheres.

T1-weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging scan of brain showing a large mixed intensity, hemorrhagic mass lesion of right frontal lobe causing mass effect

T2-weighted coronal image of brain of 6-year-old male child with Rasmussen's encephalitis, who had intractable seizures, shows unihemispheric focal cortical atrophy with grey and white matter hyperintensity

The brain computed tomography scan shows diffuse traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic subdural hematoma on the right cerebral hemisphere.

Brain MRI of the patient with adult form of MLD 'arrows' indicate the lesions of the white matter.

Computed tomography of the brain showing periventricular tubers (arrows).

Computer tomography scan of the brain with old left frontotemporal infarct (arrowed)

Basilar impression on brain MRI. The tip of the odontoid process (arrow) projects > 5 mm above the Chamberlain line (line between the hard palate and the opisthion which is the midpoint on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum).

The second intraoperative radiogram after decompression, bone grafting and temporally plate fixation. It appears to show that the plate bridges the C5 and C6 vertebrae.

Repeat MRI Axial T2 FLAIR sections after 2 weeks show almost complete resolution of the lesions in the brain

(NMR) pituitary macroadenoma and left superior parietal extra-axial lesion compatible with meningioma.

T1-weighted MR image with contrast enhancement. A large, well-demarcated tumor with cystic changes is seen in the left temporal lobe. The solid portion and the wall of the cysts are intensely enhanced

Brain MRI showing SEGA located near the right foramen of Monro and causing hydrocephalus in a 1-week-old patient with TSC

Axial CT scan brain contrast study showing significant increase in the lesion size with persistent compression and midline shift (imaging done in 2011)

Computed tomography showing a heterogeneous lobulated lesion in the infratemporal region.

Brain CT scan of the patient at admission

A giant prolactinoma >6 cm in diameter (red arrows), involving the central skull base and compressing the brain stem.

Transaxial section of brain positron emission tomography image with corresponding color scale, showing bilateral hypometabolism

Computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain. Arrows show intraventricular air pockets and small intracranial air pockets in the sulci.

Coronal brain MRI with FLAIR sequence.